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@ Bashno
2024-07-14 03:48:03
It is a technical school, founded by the German architect Walter Gropius in 1919 in the city of Weimar, Germany. Its purpose was to liberate art from industry, revive craftsmanship, and integrate art and craft. The school attracted the most important artists of that era, who aimed to rebuild the world from a new perspective after World War I, marking a new era. Consequently, new teaching methods, architectural techniques, drawing, and design were discovered and developed to train a new type of artist capable of working across all fields.
A mandatory course was created for all students to learn art and handicrafts, developed by the Swiss painter Johannes Itten, who encouraged students to work based on their instincts by allowing them to experiment with models, materials, and colors. The primary colors (red, yellow, blue) and geometric shapes (square, triangle, circle) became distinctive features and a registered trademark of the Bauhaus.
The Bauhaus school was relocated to Dessau in 1925 and then to Berlin in 1932. A year later, it was forcibly closed by the Nazis, who considered it a foreign influence that needed to be eliminated. This led to the migration of its patrons and architects out of Germany, who spread their ideas worldwide, especially in America.
Despite its short existence from 1919 to 1933, its impact is evident globally. For instance, the famous book "Neufert" by Ernst Neufert, a Bauhaus graduate, remains a fundamental reference for architects worldwide.
$$Characteristics of the Bauhaus school$$- Simplification, abstraction, and departure from the decorative elements prevalent in Europe at that time.
- Use of primary geometric forms.
- Utilization of primary colors.
- Fusion of Cubist and Expressionist influences.
- Integration of form and function.
$$The Bauhaus school$$- Architectural creativity should emphasize clarity, honesty, and a departure from anything unrelated to true architecture.
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Residential buildings should be designed with content and execution that align with economic feasibility, addressing the economic aspects of the time including construction materials and expenses.
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Furnishings and building equipment should be accessible, beautiful, and durable.
- Standardization and modeling of residential building design, emphasizing the importance of prefabricated construction methods that facilitate global architectural ideas, aiming for universal architecture.
- Bauhaus envisions a prosperous future of architecture through collaborative architectural work characterized by generosity, democracy, and defined intellectual direction.
Wassily Kandinsky was born in Moscow in 1866 and settled in Germany by the end of the 19th century. He became a key figure in the development of Expressionism in Northern Europe over the following years. His famous painting "Der Blaue Reiter" was an inspiration for the Expressionist art movement.
He began teaching at the Bauhaus school in 1922, where he focused on teaching his students how to analyze primary colors and their interactions. In 1923, he developed a survey where participants were asked to fill a circle, square, and triangle with the appropriate primary color. The result was the yellow triangle, red square, and blue circle, which became classic Bauhaus shapes discovered and popularized by Kandinsky through his famous work.
Marcel Breuer was born in Hungary in 1902 and was one of the youngest members of the original Bauhaus generation. At the age of eighteen, he left his hometown of Pecs and joined the Bauhaus in 1920, becoming one of its early standout talents. He was appointed head of the carpentry workshop at the Bauhaus and later taught in the newly established architecture department after the school moved from Weimar to Dessau in 1925.
One of his most famous works is the design of the chair known as the Model B3 chair, created between 1925-1926. Inspired by bicycle handlebars, this chair was developed while Breuer was head of the workshop at the Bauhaus.
Wassily Kandinsky admired the completed design of the chair and its embodiment of Bauhaus principles. Breuer subsequently created a duplicate version for Kandinsky's personal use, and later the chair became widely known as the "Wassily Chair."
And the list extends with names of pioneers of this legendary school who contributed to its flourishing, such as:
- Hannes Meyer
- Ludwig Mies van der Rohe
- Lilly Reich
- Lyonel Feininger
- Oskar Schlemmer
- Gerhard Marcks
One of the most prominent figures of the Bauhaus school is Paul Klee.
Paul Klee was among the most talented and enigmatic artists closely associated with the Bauhaus. He created the canvas painting "Red Balloon" in 1922, where geometric shapes (rectangles, squares, and domes) in primary colors were selected. A single red circle floats at the center of the upper part of the painting, resembling a hot air balloon.