@ af9c48b7:a3f7aaf4

## Chef's notes This simple, easy, no bake desert will surely be the it at you next family gathering. You can keep it a secret or share it with the crowd that this is a healthy alternative to normal pie. I think everyone will be amazed at how good it really is. ## Details - ⏲️ Prep time: 30 - 🍳 Cook time: 0 - 🍽️ Servings: 8 ## Ingredients - 1/3 cup of Heavy Cream- 0g sugar, 5.5g carbohydrates - 3/4 cup of Half and Half- 6g sugar, 3g carbohydrates - 4oz Sugar Free Cool Whip (1/2 small container) - 0g sugar, 37.5g carbohydrates - 1.5oz box (small box) of Sugar Free Instant Chocolate Pudding- 0g sugar, 32g carbohydrates - 1 Pecan Pie Crust- 24g sugar, 72g carbohydrates ## Directions 1. The total pie has 30g of sugar and 149.50g of carboydrates. So if you cut the pie into 8 equal slices, that would come to 3.75g of sugar and 18.69g carbohydrates per slice. If you decided to not eat the crust, your sugar intake would be .75 gram per slice and the carborytrates would be 9.69g per slice. Based on your objective, you could use only heavy whipping cream and no half and half to further reduce your sugar intake. 2. Mix all wet ingredients and the instant pudding until thoroughly mixed and a consistent color has been achieved. The heavy whipping cream causes the mixture to thicken the more you mix it. So, I’d recommend using an electric mixer. Once you are satisfied with the color, start mixing in the whipping cream until it has a consistent “chocolate” color thorough. Once your satisfied with the color, spoon the mixture into the pie crust, smooth the top to your liking, and then refrigerate for one hour before serving.

@ 41e6f20b:06049e45

Let me tell you a beautiful story. Last night, during the speakers' dinner at Monerotopia, the waitress was collecting tiny tips in Mexican pesos. I asked her, "Do you really want to earn tips seriously?" I then showed her how to set up a Cake Wallet, and she started collecting tips in Monero, reaching 0.9 XMR. Of course, she wanted to cash out to fiat immediately, but it solved a real problem for her: making more money. That amount was something she would never have earned in a single workday. We kept talking, and I promised to give her Zoom workshops. What can I say? I love people, and that's why I'm a natural orange-piller.

@ bcea2b98:7ccef3c9

Weekends are the perfect time to unwind, explore, or spend time doing what we love. How would you spend your ideal weekend? Would it be all about relaxation, or would you be out and about? For me, an ideal weekend would start with a slow Saturday morning, a good book and coffee. Then I would spend the afternoon exploring local trails and looking for snacks. Then always a slow Sunday night hopefully. originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/760492

@ fd208ee8:0fd927c1

## You have no idea I regularly read comments from people, on here, wondering how it's possible to marry -- or even simply be friends! -- with someone who doesn't agree with you on politics. I see this sentiment expressed quite often, usually in the context of Bitcoin, or whatever _pig is currently being chased through the village_, as they say around here.  It seems rather sensible, but I don't think it's as hard, as people make it out to be. Further, I think it's a dangerous precondition to set, for your interpersonal relationships, because the political field is constantly in flux. If you determine who you will love, by their opinions, do you stop loving them if their opinions change, or if the opinions they have become irrelevant and a new set of opinions are needed -- and their new ones don't match your new ones? We could see this happen to relationships en masse, during the Covid Era, and I think it happens every day, in a slow grind toward the disintegration of interpersonal discourse. I suspect many people do stop loving, at that point, as they never really loved the other person for their own sake, they loved the other person because they thought the other person was exactly like they are. But no two people are alike, and the longer you are in a relationship with someone else, the more the initial giddiness wears off and the trials and tribulations add up, the more you notice how very different you actually are. This is the point, where best friends and romantic couples say, _We just grew apart._ But you were always apart. You were always two different people. You just didn't notice, until now.  I've also always been surprised at how many same-party relationships disintegrate because of some disagreement over some particular detail of some particular topic, that they generally agree on. To me, it seems like an irrelevant side-topic, but _they can't stand to be with this person_... and they stomp off. So, I tend to think that it's less that opinions need to align to each other, but rather than opinions need to align in accordance with the level of interpersonal tolerance they can bring into the relationship. ## I was raised by relaxed revolutionaries Maybe I see things this way because my parents come from two diverging political, cultural, national, and ethnic backgrounds, and are prone to disagreeing about a lot of "important" (to people outside their marriage) things, but still have one of the healthiest, most-fruitful, and most long-running marriages of anyone I know, from that generation. My parents, you see, aren't united by their opinions. They're united by their relationship, which is something _outside_ of opinions. Beyond opinions. Relationships are what turn two different people into one, cohesive unit, so that they slowly grow together. Eventually, even their faces merge, and their biological clocks tick to the same rhythm. They eventually become one entity that contains differing opinions about the same topics. It's like magic, but it's the result of a mindset, not a worldview. Or, as I like to quip: > The best way to stay married, is to not get divorced.  My parents simply determined early on, that they would stay together, and whenever they would find that they disagreed on something that _didn't directly pertain to their day-to-day existence with each other_ they would just agree-to-disagree about that, or roll their eyes, and move on. You do you. Live and let live. My parents have some of the most strongly held personal opinions of any people I've ever met, but they're also incredibly tolerant and can get along with nearly anyone, so their friends are a confusing hodgepodge of _people we liked and found interesting enough to keep around_. Which makes their house parties really fun, and highly unusual, in this day and age of mutual-damnation across the aisle.  The things that did affect them, directly, like which school the children should attend or which country they should live in, etc. were things they'd sit down and discuss, and somehow one opinion would emerge, and they'd again... move on. And that's how my husband and I also live our lives, and it's been working surprisingly well. No topics are off-limits to discussion (so long as you don't drone on for too long), nobody has to give up deeply held beliefs, or stop agitating for the political decisions they prefer. You see, we didn't like that the other always had the same opinion. We liked that the other always held their opinions strongly. That they were passionate about their opinions. That they were willing to voice their opinions; sacrifice to promote their opinions. And that they didn't let anyone browbeat or cow them, for their opinions, not even their best friends or their spouse. But that they were open to listening to the other side, and trying to wrap their mind around the possibility that they _might just be wrong about something_.  We married each other because we knew: this person really cares, this person has thought this through, and they're in it, to win it. What "it" is, is mostly irrelevant, so long as it doesn't entail torturing small animals in the basement, or raising the children on a diet of Mountain Dew and porn, or something. Live and let live. At least, it's never boring. At least, there's always something to ~~argue~~ talk about. At least, we never think... we've just grown apart.

@ 4ba8e86d:89d32de4

Tutorial feito por Grom mestre⚡poste original abaixo: http://xh6liiypqffzwnu5734ucwps37tn2g6npthvugz3gdoqpikujju525yd.onion/240277/tutorial-criando-e-acessando-sua-conta-de-email-pela-i2p?show=240277#q240277 Bom dia/tarde/noite a todos os camaradas. Seguindo a nossa série de tutoriais referentes a tecnologias essenciais para a segurança e o anonimato dos usuários, sendo as primeiras a openPGP e a I2P, lhes apresento mais uma opção para expandir os seus conhecimentos da DW. Muitos devem conhecer os serviços de mail na onion como DNMX e mail2tor, mas e que tal um serviço de email pela I2P. Nesse tutorial eu vou mostrar a vocês como criar a sua primeira conta no hq.postman.i2p e a acessar essa conta. É importante que vocês tenham lido a minha primeira série de tutoriais a respeito de como instalar, configurar e navegar pela I2P nostr:nevent1qqsyjcz2w0e6d6dcdeprhuuarw4aqkw730y542dzlwxwssneq3mwpaspz4mhxue69uhhyetvv9ujuerpd46hxtnfduhsygzt4r5x6tvh39kujvmu8egqdyvf84e3w4e0mq0ckswamfwcn5eduspsgqqqqqqsyp5vcq Esse tutorial é um pré-requisito para o seguinte e portanto recomendo que leia-os antes de prosseguir com o seguinte tutorial. O tutorial de Kleopatra nostr:nevent1qqs8h7vsn5j6qh35949sa60dms4fneussmv9jd76n24lsmtz24k0xlqzyp9636rd9ktcjmwfxd7ru5qxjxyn6uch2uhas8utg8wa5hvf6vk7gqcyqqqqqqgecq8f7 é complementar dado que é extremamente recomendado assinar e criptografar as mensagens que seguem por emails pela DW. Sem mais delongas, vamos ao tutorial de fato. ## 1. Criando uma conta de email no hq.postman Relembrando: Esse tutorial considera que você já tenha acesso à I2P. Entre no seu navegador e acesse o endereço hq.postman.i2p. O roteador provavelmente já contém esse endereço no seu addressbook e não haverá a necessidade de inserir o endereço b32 completo. Após entrar no site vá para a página '1 - Creating a mailbox' https://image.nostr.build/d850379fe315d2abab71430949b06d3fa49366d91df4c9b00a4a8367d53fcca3.jpg Nessa página, insira as credenciais de sua preferências nos campos do formulário abaixo. Lembre-se que o seu endereço de email aceita apenas letras e números. Clique em 'Proceed' depois que preencher todos os campos. https://image.nostr.build/670dfda7264db393e48391f217e60a2eb87d85c2729360c8ef6fe0cf52508ab4.jpg Uma página vai aparecer pedindo para confirmar as credenciais da sua nova conta. Se tudo estiver certo apenas clique em 'Confirm and Create Mailbox'. Se tudo ocorrer como conforme haverá uma confirmação de que a sua nova conta foi criada com sucesso. Após isso aguarde por volta de 5 minutos antes de tentar acessá-la, para que haja tempo suficiente para o servidor atualizar o banco de dados. https://image.nostr.build/ec58fb826bffa60791fedfd9c89a25d592ac3d11645b270c936c60a7c59c067f.jpg https://image.nostr.build/a2b7710d1e3cbb36431acb9055fd62937986b4da4b1a1bbb06d3f3cb1f544fd3.jpg Pronto! Sua nova conta de email na I2P foi criada. Agora vamos para a próxima etapa: como acessar a sua conta via um cliente de email. ## 2. Configurando os túneis cliente de SMTP e POP3 O hq.postman não possui um cliente web que nos permite acessar a nossa conta pelo navegador. Para isso precisamos usar um cliente como Thunderbird e configurar os túneis cliente no I2Pd que serão necessários para o Thunderbird se comunicar com o servidor pela I2P. Caso não tenha instalado o Thunderbird ainda, faça-o agora antes de prosseguir. Vamos configurar os túneis cliente do servidor de email no nosso roteador. Para isso abra um terminal ou o seu gestor de arquivos e vá para a pasta de configuração de túneis do I2P. Em Linux esse diretório se localiza em /etc/i2pd/tunnels.d. Em Windows, essa pasta se localiza em C:\users\user\APPDATA\i2pd. Na pasta tunnels.d crie dois arquivos: smtp.postman.conf e pop-postman.conf. Lembre-se que em Linux você precisa de permissões de root para escrever na pasta de configuração. Use o comando sudoedit <nome_do_arquivo> para isso. Edite-os conforme as imagens a seguir: Arquivo pop-postman.conf https://image.nostr.build/7e03505c8bc3b632ca5db1f8eaefc6cecb4743cd2096d211dd90bbdc16fe2593.jpg Arquivo smtp-postman.conf https://image.nostr.build/2d06c021841dedd6000c9fc2a641ed519b3be3c6125000b188842cd0a5af3d16.jpg Salve os arquivos e reinicie o serviço do I2Pd. Em Linux isso é feito pelo comando: ``` sudo systemctl restart i2pd ``` Entre no Webconsole do I2Pd pelo navegador (localhost:7070) e na seção I2P Tunnels, verifique se os túneis pop-postman e smtp-postman foram criados, caso contrário verifique se há algum erro nos arquivos e reinicie o serviço. Com os túneis cliente criados, vamos agora configurar o Thunderbird ## 3. Configurando o Thunderbird para acessar a nossa conta Abra o Thunderbird e clique em criar uma nova conta de email. Se você não tiver nenhum conta previamente presente nele você vai ser diretamente recebido pela janela de criação de conta a seguir. https://image.nostr.build/e9509d7bd30623716ef9adcad76c1d465f5bc3d5840e0c35fe4faa85740f41b4.jpg https://image.nostr.build/688b59b8352a17389902ec1e99d7484e310d7d287491b34f562b8cdd9dbe8a99.jpg Coloque as suas credenciais, mas não clique ainda em Continuar. Clique antes em Configure Manually, já que precisamos configurar manualmente os servidores de SMTP e POP3 para, respectivamente, enviar e receber mensagens. Preencha os campos como na imagem a seguir. Detalhe: Não coloque o seu endereço completo com o @mail.i2p, apenas o nome da sua conta. https://image.nostr.build/4610b0315c0a3b741965d3d7c1e4aff6425a167297e323ba8490f4325f40cdcc.jpg Clique em Re-test para verificar a integridade da conexão. Se tudo estiver certo uma mensagem irá aparecer avisando que as configurações do servidores estão corretas. Clique em Done assim que estiver pronto para prosseguir. https://image.nostr.build/8a47bb292f94b0d9d474d4d4a134f8d73afb84ecf1d4c0a7eb6366d46bf3973a.jpg A seguinte mensagem vai aparecer alertando que não estamos usando criptografia no envio das credenciais. Não há problema nenhum aqui, pois a I2P está garantindo toda a proteção e anonimato dos nossos dados, o que dispensa a necessidade de uso de TLS ou qualquer tecnologia similar nas camadas acima. Marque a opção 'I Understand the risks' e clique em 'Continue' https://image.nostr.build/9c1bf585248773297d2cb1d9705c1be3bd815e2be85d4342227f1db2f13a9cc6.jpg E por fim, se tudo ocorreu como devido sua conta será criada com sucesso e você agora será capaz de enviar e receber emails pela I2P usando essa conta. https://image.nostr.build/8ba7f2c160453c9bfa172fa9a30b642a7ee9ae3eeb9b78b4dc24ce25aa2c7ecc.jpg ## 4. Observações e considerações finais Como informado pelo próprio site do hq.postman, o domínio @mail.i2p serve apenas para emails enviados dentro da I2P. Emails enviados pela surface devem usar o domínio @i2pmai.org. É imprescindível que você saiba usar o PGP para assinar e criptografar as suas mensagens, dado que provavelmente as mensagens não são armazenadas de forma criptografada enquanto elas estão armazenadas no servidor. Como o protocolo POP3 delete as mensagens no imediato momento em que você as recebe, não há necessidade de fazer qualquer limpeza na sua conta de forma manual. Por fim, espero que esse tutorial tenha sido útil para vocês. Que seu conhecimento tenha expandido ainda mais com as informações trazidas aqui. Até a próxima.

@ a367f9eb:0633efea

Last week, an investigation by Reuters revealed that Chinese researchers have been using open-source AI tools to build nefarious-sounding models that may have some military application. The [reporting](https://www.reuters.com/technology/artificial-intelligence/chinese-researchers-develop-ai-model-military-use-back-metas-llama-2024-11-01/) purports that adversaries in the Chinese Communist Party and its military wing are taking advantage of the liberal software licensing of American innovations in the AI space, which could someday have capabilities to presumably harm the United States. > In a June paper reviewed by Reuters, six Chinese researchers from three institutions, including two under the People’s Liberation Army’s (PLA) leading research body, the Academy of Military Science (AMS), detailed how they had used an early version of Meta’s Llama as a base for what it calls “ChatBIT”. > > The researchers used an earlier Llama 13B large language model (LLM) from Meta, incorporating their own parameters to construct a military-focused AI tool to gather and process intelligence, and offer accurate and reliable information for operational decision-making. While I’m doubtful that today’s existing chatbot-like tools will be the ultimate battlefield for a new geopolitical war (queue up the computer-simulated war from the Star Trek episode “A Taste of Armageddon“), this recent exposé requires us to revisit why large language models are released as open-source code in the first place. Added to that, should it matter that an adversary is having a poke around and may ultimately use them for some purpose we may not like, whether that be China, Russia, North Korea, or Iran? The number of open-source AI LLMs continues to grow each day, with projects like Vicuna, LLaMA, BLOOMB, Falcon, and Mistral available for download. In fact, there are over one million open-source LLMs available as of writing this post. With some decent hardware, every global citizen can download these codebases and run them on their computer. With regard to this specific story, we could assume it to be a selective leak by a competitor of Meta which created the LLaMA model, intended to harm its reputation among those with cybersecurity and national security credentials. There are potentially trillions of dollars on the line. Or it could be the revelation of something more sinister happening in the military-sponsored labs of Chinese hackers who have already been caught attacking American infrastructure, data, and yes, your credit history? As consumer advocates who believe in the necessity of liberal democracies to safeguard our liberties against authoritarianism, we should absolutely remain skeptical when it comes to the communist regime in Beijing. We’ve written as much many times. At the same time, however, we should not subrogate our own critical thinking and principles because it suits a convenient narrative. Consumers of all stripes deserve technological freedom, and innovators should be free to provide that to us. And open-source software has provided the very foundations for all of this. Open-source matters When we discuss open-source software and code, what we’re really talking about is the ability for people other than the creators to use it. The various licensing schemes – ranging from GNU General Public License (GPL) to the MIT License and various public domain classifications – determine whether other people can use the code, edit it to their liking, and run it on their machine. Some licenses even allow you to monetize the modifications you’ve made. While many different types of software will be fully licensed and made proprietary, restricting or even penalizing those who attempt to use it on their own, many developers have created software intended to be released to the public. This allows multiple contributors to add to the codebase and to make changes to improve it for public benefit. Open-source software matters because anyone, anywhere can download and run the code on their own. They can also modify it, edit it, and tailor it to their specific need. The code is intended to be shared and built upon not because of some altruistic belief, but rather to make it accessible for everyone and create a broad base. This is how we create standards for technologies that provide the ground floor for further tinkering to deliver value to consumers. Open-source libraries create the building blocks that decrease the hassle and cost of building a new web platform, smartphone, or even a computer language. They distribute common code that can be built upon, assuring interoperability and setting standards for all of our devices and technologies to talk to each other. I am myself a proponent of open-source software. The server I run in my home has dozens of dockerized applications sourced directly from open-source contributors on GitHub and DockerHub. When there are versions or adaptations that I don’t like, I can pick and choose which I prefer. I can even make comments or add edits if I’ve found a better way for them to run. Whether you know it or not, many of you run the Linux operating system as the base for your Macbook or any other computer and use all kinds of web tools that have active repositories forked or modified by open-source contributors online. This code is auditable by everyone and can be scrutinized or reviewed by whoever wants to (even AI bots). This is the same software that runs your airlines, powers the farms that deliver your food, and supports the entire global monetary system. The code of the first decentralized cryptocurrency Bitcoin is also open-source, which has allowed thousands of copycat protocols that have revolutionized how we view money. You know what else is open-source and available for everyone to use, modify, and build upon? PHP, Mozilla Firefox, LibreOffice, MySQL, Python, Git, Docker, and WordPress. All protocols and languages that power the web. Friend or foe alike, anyone can download these pieces of software and run them how they see fit. Open-source code is speech, and it is knowledge. We build upon it to make information and technology accessible. Attempts to curb open-source, therefore, amount to restricting speech and knowledge. Open-source is for your friends, and enemies In the context of Artificial Intelligence, many different developers and companies have chosen to take their large language models and make them available via an open-source license. At this very moment, you can click on over to Hugging Face, download an AI model, and build a chatbot or scripting machine suited to your needs. All for free (as long as you have the power and bandwidth). Thousands of companies in the AI sector are doing this at this very moment, discovering ways of building on top of open-source models to develop new apps, tools, and services to offer to companies and individuals. It’s how many different applications are coming to life and thousands more jobs are being created. We know this can be useful to friends, but what about enemies? As the AI wars heat up between liberal democracies like the US, the UK, and (sluggishly) the European Union, we know that authoritarian adversaries like the CCP and Russia are building their own applications. The fear that China will use open-source US models to create some kind of military application is a clear and present danger for many political and national security researchers, as well as politicians. A bipartisan group of US House lawmakers want to put export controls on AI models, as well as block foreign access to US cloud servers that may be hosting AI software. If this seems familiar, we should also remember that the US government once classified cryptography and encryption as “munitions” that could not be exported to other countries (see The Crypto Wars). Many of the arguments we hear today were invoked by some of the same people as back then. Now, encryption protocols are the gold standard for many different banking and web services, messaging, and all kinds of electronic communication. We expect our friends to use it, and our foes as well. Because code is knowledge and speech, we know how to evaluate it and respond if we need to. Regardless of who uses open-source AI, this is how we should view it today. These are merely tools that people will use for good or ill. It’s up to governments to determine how best to stop illiberal or nefarious uses that harm us, rather than try to outlaw or restrict building of free and open software in the first place. Limiting open-source threatens our own advancement If we set out to restrict and limit our ability to create and share open-source code, no matter who uses it, that would be tantamount to imposing censorship. There must be another way. If there is a “Hundred Year Marathon” between the United States and liberal democracies on one side and autocracies like the Chinese Communist Party on the other, this is not something that will be won or lost based on software licenses. We need as much competition as possible. The Chinese military has been building up its capabilities with trillions of dollars’ worth of investments that span far beyond AI chatbots and skip logic protocols. The theft of intellectual property at factories in Shenzhen, or in US courts by third-party litigation funding coming from China, is very real and will have serious economic consequences. It may even change the balance of power if our economies and countries turn to war footing. But these are separate issues from the ability of free people to create and share open-source code which we can all benefit from. In fact, if we want to continue our way our life and continue to add to global productivity and growth, it’s demanded that we defend open-source. If liberal democracies want to compete with our global adversaries, it will not be done by reducing the freedoms of citizens in our own countries. Last week, an investigation by Reuters revealed that Chinese researchers have been using open-source AI tools to build nefarious-sounding models that may have some military application. The reporting purports that adversaries in the Chinese Communist Party and its military wing are taking advantage of the liberal software licensing of American innovations in the AI space, which could someday have capabilities to presumably harm the United States. > In a June paper reviewed by[ Reuters](https://www.reuters.com/technology/artificial-intelligence/chinese-researchers-develop-ai-model-military-use-back-metas-llama-2024-11-01/), six Chinese researchers from three institutions, including two under the People’s Liberation Army’s (PLA) leading research body, the Academy of Military Science (AMS), detailed how they had used an early version of Meta’s Llama as a base for what it calls “ChatBIT”. > > The researchers used an earlier Llama 13B large language model (LLM) from Meta, incorporating their own parameters to construct a military-focused AI tool to gather and process intelligence, and offer accurate and reliable information for operational decision-making. While I’m doubtful that today’s existing chatbot-like tools will be the ultimate battlefield for a new geopolitical war (queue up the computer-simulated war from the *Star Trek* episode “[A Taste of Armageddon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Taste_of_Armageddon)“), this recent exposé requires us to revisit why large language models are released as open-source code in the first place. Added to that, should it matter that an adversary is having a poke around and may ultimately use them for some purpose we may not like, whether that be China, Russia, North Korea, or Iran? The number of open-source AI LLMs continues to grow each day, with projects like Vicuna, LLaMA, BLOOMB, Falcon, and Mistral available for download. In fact, there are over [one million open-source LLMs](https://huggingface.co/models) available as of writing this post. With some decent hardware, every global citizen can download these codebases and run them on their computer. With regard to this specific story, we could assume it to be a selective leak by a competitor of Meta which created the LLaMA model, intended to harm its reputation among those with cybersecurity and national security credentials. There are [potentially](https://bigthink.com/business/the-trillion-dollar-ai-race-to-create-digital-god/) trillions of dollars on the line. Or it could be the revelation of something more sinister happening in the military-sponsored labs of Chinese hackers who have already been caught attacking American[ infrastructure](https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/security/chinese-hackers-cisa-cyber-5-years-us-infrastructure-attack-rcna137706),[ data](https://www.cnn.com/2024/10/05/politics/chinese-hackers-us-telecoms/index.html), and yes, [your credit history](https://thespectator.com/topic/chinese-communist-party-credit-history-equifax/)? **As consumer advocates who believe in the necessity of liberal democracies to safeguard our liberties against authoritarianism, we should absolutely remain skeptical when it comes to the communist regime in Beijing. We’ve written as much[ many times](https://consumerchoicecenter.org/made-in-china-sold-in-china/).** At the same time, however, we should not subrogate our own critical thinking and principles because it suits a convenient narrative. Consumers of all stripes deserve technological freedom, and innovators should be free to provide that to us. And open-source software has provided the very foundations for all of this. ## **Open-source matters** When we discuss open-source software and code, what we’re really talking about is the ability for people other than the creators to use it. The various [licensing schemes](https://opensource.org/licenses) – ranging from GNU General Public License (GPL) to the MIT License and various public domain classifications – determine whether other people can use the code, edit it to their liking, and run it on their machine. Some licenses even allow you to monetize the modifications you’ve made. While many different types of software will be fully licensed and made proprietary, restricting or even penalizing those who attempt to use it on their own, many developers have created software intended to be released to the public. This allows multiple contributors to add to the codebase and to make changes to improve it for public benefit. Open-source software matters because anyone, anywhere can download and run the code on their own. They can also modify it, edit it, and tailor it to their specific need. The code is intended to be shared and built upon not because of some altruistic belief, but rather to make it accessible for everyone and create a broad base. This is how we create standards for technologies that provide the ground floor for further tinkering to deliver value to consumers. Open-source libraries create the building blocks that decrease the hassle and cost of building a new web platform, smartphone, or even a computer language. They distribute common code that can be built upon, assuring interoperability and setting standards for all of our devices and technologies to talk to each other. I am myself a proponent of open-source software. The server I run in my home has dozens of dockerized applications sourced directly from open-source contributors on GitHub and DockerHub. When there are versions or adaptations that I don’t like, I can pick and choose which I prefer. I can even make comments or add edits if I’ve found a better way for them to run. Whether you know it or not, many of you run the Linux operating system as the base for your Macbook or any other computer and use all kinds of web tools that have active repositories forked or modified by open-source contributors online. This code is auditable by everyone and can be scrutinized or reviewed by whoever wants to (even AI bots). This is the same software that runs your airlines, powers the farms that deliver your food, and supports the entire global monetary system. The code of the first decentralized cryptocurrency Bitcoin is also [open-source](https://github.com/bitcoin), which has allowed [thousands](https://bitcoinmagazine.com/business/bitcoin-is-money-for-enemies) of copycat protocols that have revolutionized how we view money. You know what else is open-source and available for everyone to use, modify, and build upon? PHP, Mozilla Firefox, LibreOffice, MySQL, Python, Git, Docker, and WordPress. All protocols and languages that power the web. Friend or foe alike, anyone can download these pieces of software and run them how they see fit. Open-source code is speech, and it is knowledge. We build upon it to make information and technology accessible. Attempts to curb open-source, therefore, amount to restricting speech and knowledge. ## **Open-source is for your friends, and enemies** In the context of Artificial Intelligence, many different developers and companies have chosen to take their large language models and make them available via an open-source license. At this very moment, you can click on over to[ Hugging Face](https://huggingface.co/), download an AI model, and build a chatbot or scripting machine suited to your needs. All for free (as long as you have the power and bandwidth). Thousands of companies in the AI sector are doing this at this very moment, discovering ways of building on top of open-source models to develop new apps, tools, and services to offer to companies and individuals. It’s how many different applications are coming to life and thousands more jobs are being created. We know this can be useful to friends, but what about enemies? As the AI wars heat up between liberal democracies like the US, the UK, and (sluggishly) the European Union, we know that authoritarian adversaries like the CCP and Russia are building their own applications. The fear that China will use open-source US models to create some kind of military application is a clear and present danger for many political and national security researchers, as well as politicians. A bipartisan group of US House lawmakers want to put [export controls](https://www.reuters.com/technology/us-lawmakers-unveil-bill-make-it-easier-restrict-exports-ai-models-2024-05-10/) on AI models, as well as block foreign access to US cloud servers that may be hosting AI software. If this seems familiar, we should also remember that the US government once classified cryptography and encryption as “munitions” that could not be exported to other countries (see[ The Crypto Wars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Export_of_cryptography_from_the_United_States)). Many of the arguments we hear today were invoked by some of the same people as back then. Now, encryption protocols are the gold standard for many different banking and web services, messaging, and all kinds of electronic communication. We expect our friends to use it, and our foes as well. Because code is knowledge and speech, we know how to evaluate it and respond if we need to. Regardless of who uses open-source AI, this is how we should view it today. These are merely tools that people will use for good or ill. It’s up to governments to determine how best to stop illiberal or nefarious uses that harm us, rather than try to outlaw or restrict building of free and open software in the first place. ## **Limiting open-source threatens our own advancement** If we set out to restrict and limit our ability to create and share open-source code, no matter who uses it, that would be tantamount to imposing censorship. There must be another way. If there is a “[Hundred Year Marathon](https://www.amazon.com/Hundred-Year-Marathon-Strategy-Replace-Superpower/dp/1250081343)” between the United States and liberal democracies on one side and autocracies like the Chinese Communist Party on the other, this is not something that will be won or lost based on software licenses. We need as much competition as possible. The Chinese military has been building up its capabilities with [trillions of dollars’](https://www.economist.com/china/2024/11/04/in-some-areas-of-military-strength-china-has-surpassed-america) worth of investments that span far beyond AI chatbots and skip logic protocols. The [theft](https://www.technologyreview.com/2023/06/20/1075088/chinese-amazon-seller-counterfeit-lawsuit/) of intellectual property at factories in Shenzhen, or in US courts by [third-party litigation funding](https://nationalinterest.org/blog/techland/litigation-finance-exposes-our-judicial-system-foreign-exploitation-210207) coming from China, is very real and will have serious economic consequences. It may even change the balance of power if our economies and countries turn to war footing. But these are separate issues from the ability of free people to create and share open-source code which we can all benefit from. In fact, if we want to continue our way our life and continue to add to global productivity and growth, it’s demanded that we defend open-source. If liberal democracies want to compete with our global adversaries, it will not be done by reducing the freedoms of citizens in our own countries. *Originally published on the website of the [Consumer Choice Center](https://consumerchoicecenter.org/open-source-is-for-everyone-even-your-adversaries/).*

@ 06639a38:655f8f71

One year ago I wrote the article [Why Nostr resonates](https://sebastix.nl/blog/why-nostr-resonates/) in Dutch and English after I visited the Bitcoin Amsterdam 2023 conference and the Nostrdam event. It got published at [bitcoinfocus.nl](https://bitcoinfocus.nl/2023/11/02/278-waarom-nostr-resoneert/) (translated in Dutch). The main reason why I wrote that piece is that I felt that my gut feeling was tellinng me that Nostr is going to change many things on the web. After the article was published, one of the first things I did was setting up this page on my website: [https://sebastix.nl/nostr-research-and-development](https://sebastix.nl/nostr-research-and-development). The page contains this section (which I updated on 31-10-2024):  One metric I would like to highlight is the number of repositories on Github. Compared to a year ago, there are already more than 1130 repositories now on Github tagged with Nostr. Let's compare this number to other social media protocols and decentralized platforms (24-10-2024): * Fediverse: 522 * ATProto: 159 * Scuttlebot: 49 * Farcaster: 202 * Mastodon: 1407 * ActivityPub: 444 Nostr is growing. FYI there are many Nostr repositories not hosted on Github, so the total number of Nostr reposities is higher. I know that many devs are using their own Git servers to host it. We're even capable of setting up Nostr native Git repositories (for example, see [https://gitworkshop.dev/repos](https://gitworkshop.dev/repos)). Eventually, Nostr will make Github (and other platforms) absolute. Let me continue summarizing my personal Nostr highlights of last year. ## Organising Nostr meetups  This is me playing around with the NostrDebug tool showing how you can query data from Nostr relays. Jurjen is standing behind me. He is one of the people I've met this year who I'm sure I will have a long-term friendship with. ## OpenSats grant for Nostr-PHP   In December 2023 I submitted my application for a OpenSats grant for the further development of the Nostr-PHP helper library. After some months I finally got the message that my application was approved... When I got the message I was really stoked and excited. It's a great form of appreciation for the work I had done so far and with this grant I get the opportunity to take the work to another higher level. So please check out the work done for so far: * [https://nostr-php.dev](https://nostr-php.dev) * [https://github.com/nostrver-se/nostr-php](https://github.com/nostrver-se/nostr-php) ## Meeting Dries  One of my goosebumps moments I had in 2022 when I saw that the founder and tech lead of Drupal Dries Buytaert posted '[Nostr, love at first sight](https://dri.es/nostr-love-at-first-sight)' on his blog. These types of moments are very rare moment where two different worlds merge where I wouldn't expect it. Later on I noticed that Dries would come to the yearly Dutch Drupal event. For me this was a perfect opportunity to meet him in person and have some Nostr talks. I admire the work he is doing for Drupal and the community. I hope we can bridge Nostr stuff in some way to Drupal. In general this applies for any FOSS project out there. [Here](https://sebastix.nl/blog/photodump-and-highlights-drupaljam-2024/) is my recap of that Drupal event. ## Attending Nostriga  A conference where history is made and written. I felt it immediately at the first sessions I attended. I will never forget the days I had at Nostriga. I don't have the words to describe what it brought to me.  I also pushed myself out of my comfort zone by giving a keynote called 'POSSE with Nostr - how we pivot away from API's with one of Nostr superpowers'. I'm not sure if this is something I would do again, but I've learned a lot from it. You can find the presentation [here](https://nostriga.nostrver.se/). It is recorded, but I'm not sure if and when it gets published. ## Nostr billboard advertisement  This advertisment was shown on a billboard beside the [A58 highway in The Netherlands](https://www.google.nl/maps/@51.5544315,4.5607291,3a,75y,34.72h,93.02t/data=!3m6!1e1!3m4!1sdQv9nm3J9SdUQCD0caFR-g!2e0!7i16384!8i8192?coh=205409&entry=ttu) from September 2nd till September 16th 2024. You can find all the assets and more footage of the billboard ad here: [https://gitlab.com/sebastix-group/nostr/nostr-ads](https://gitlab.com/sebastix-group/nostr/nostr-ads). My goal was to set an example of how we could promote Nostr in more traditional ways and inspire others to do the same. In Brazil a fundraiser was achieved to do something similar there: [https://geyser.fund/project/nostrifybrazil](https://geyser.fund/project/nostrifybrazil). ## Volunteering at Nostr booths growNostr  This was such a great motivating experience. Attending as a volunteer at the Nostr booth during the Bitcoin Amsterdam 2024 conference. Please read my note with all the lessons I learned [here](https://nostrver.se/note/my-learned-nostr-lessons-nostr-booth-bitcoin-amsterdam-2024). ## The other stuff * The Nostr related blog articles I wrote past year: * [**Run a Nostr relay with your own policies**](https://sebastix.nl/blog/run-a-nostr-relay-with-your-own-policies/) (02-04-2024) * [**Why social networks should be based on commons**](https://sebastix.nl/blog/why-social-networks-should-be-based-on-commons/) (03-01-2024) * [**How could Drupal adopt Nostr?**](https://sebastix.nl/blog/how-could-drupal-adopt-nostr/) (30-12-2023) * [**Nostr integration for CCHS.social**](https://sebastix.nl/blog/nostr-integration-for-cchs-social-drupal-cms/) (21-12-2023) * [https://ccns.nostrver.se](https://ccns.nostrver.se)  CCNS stands for Community Curated Nostr Stuff. At the end of 2023 I started to build this project. I forked an existing Drupal project of mine (https://cchs.social) to create a link aggregation website inspired by stacker.news. At the beginning of 2024 I also joined the TopBuilder 2024 contest which was a productive period getting to know new people in the Bitcoin and Nostr space. * [https://nuxstr.nostrver.se](https://nuxstr.nostrver.se)  PHP is not my only language I use to build stuff. As a fullstack webdeveloper I also work with Javascript. Many Nostr clients are made with Javascript frameworks or other more client-side focused tools. Vuejs is currently my Javascript framework I'm the most convenient with. With Vuejs I started to tinker around with Nuxt combined with NDK and so I created a starter template for Vue / Nuxt developers. * [ZapLamp](nostr:npub1nfrsmpqln23ls7y3e4m29c22x3qaq9wmmr7zkfcttty2nk2kd6zs9re52s) This is a neat DIY package from LNbits. Powered by an Arduino ESP32 dev board it was running a 24/7 livestream on zap.stream at my office. It flashes when you send a zap to the npub of the ZapLamp. * [https://nosto.re](https://nosto.re)  Since the beginning when the Blossom spec was published by @hzrd49 and @StuartBowman I immediately took the opportunity to tinker with it. I'm also running a relay for transmitting Blossom Nostr events `wss://relay.nosto.re`. * [Relays I maintain](https://nostrver.se/note/relays-i-maintain) I really enjoy to tinker with different relays implementations. Relays are the fundamental base layer to let Nostr work. I'm still sharing my contributions on [https://nostrver.se/](https://nostrver.se/) where I publish my weekly Nostr related stuff I worked on. This website is built with Drupal where I use the Nostr Simple Publish and Nostr long-form content NIP-23 modules to crosspost the notes and long-form content to the Nostr network (like this piece of content you're reading).  ## The Nostr is the people Just like the web, the web is people: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WCgvkslCzTo](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WCgvkslCzTo)  > the people on nostr are some of the smartest and coolest i’ve ever got to know. who cares if it doesn’t take over the world. It’s done more than i could ever ask for. - [@jb55](nostr:note1fsfqja9kkvzuhe5yckff3gkkeqe7upxqljg2g4nkjzp5u9y7t25qx43uch) Here are some Nostriches who I'm happy to have met and who influenced my journey in Nostr in a positive way. * Jurjen * Bitpopart * Arjen * Jeroen * Alex Gleason * Arnold Lubach * Nathan Day * Constant * fiatjaf * Sync ## Coming year Generally I will continue doing what I've done last year. Besides the time I spent on Nostr stuff, I'm also very busy with Drupal related work for my customers. I hope I can get the opportunity to work on a paid client project related to Nostr. It will be even better when I can combine my Drupal expertise with Nostr for projects paid by customers. ### Building a new Nostr application When I look at my Nostr backlog where I just put everything in with ideas and notes, there are quite some interesting concepts there for building new Nostr applications. Filtering out, I think these three are the most exciting ones: * nEcho, a micro app for optimizing your reach via Nostr (NIP-65) * Nostrides.cc platform where you can share Nostr activity events (NIP-113) * A child-friendly video web app with parent-curated content (NIP-71) ### Nostr & Drupal When working out a new idea for a Nostr client, I'm trying to combine my expertises into one solution. That's why I also build and maintain some Nostr contrib modules for Drupal. * [Nostr Simple Publish](https://www.drupal.org/project/nostr_simple_publish) Drupal module to cross-post notes from Drupal to Nostr * [Nostr long-form content NIP-23](https://www.drupal.org/project/nostr_content_nip23) Drupal module to cross-post Markdown formatted content from Drupal to Nostr * [Nostr internet identifier NIP-05](https://www.drupal.org/project/nostr_id_nip05) Drupal module to setup Nostr internet identifier addresses with Drupal. * [Nostr NDK](https://drupal.org/project/nostr_dev_kit) Includes the Javascript library Nostr Dev Kit (NDK) in a Drupal project. One of my (very) ambitious goals is to build a Drupal powered Nostr (website) package with the following main features: * Able to login into Drupal with your Nostr keypair * Cross-post content to the Nostr network * Fetch your Nostr content from the Nostr content * Serve as a content management system (CMS) for your Nostr events * Serve as a framework to build a hybrid Nostr web application * Run and maintain a Nostr relay with custom policies * Usable as a feature rich progressive web app * Use it as a remote signer These are just some random ideas as my Nostr + Drupal backlog is way longer than this. ### Nostr-PHP With all the newly added and continues being updated NIPs in the protocol, this helper library will never be finished. As the sole maintainer of this library I would like to invite others to join as a maintainer or just be a contributor to the library. PHP is big on the web, but there are not many PHP developers active yet using Nostr. Also PHP as a programming language is really pushing forward keeping up with the latest innovations.  ### Grow Nostr outside the Bitcoin community We are working out a submission to host a Nostr stand at FOSDEM 2025. If approved, it will be the first time (as far as I know) that Nostr could be present at a conference outside the context of Bitcoin. The audience at FOSDEM is mostly technical oriented, so I'm really curious what type of feedback we will receive. Let's finish this article with some random Nostr photos from last year. Cheers!       

@ 3f770d65:7a745b24

**Amber** [Amber](https://github.com/greenart7c3/Amber) is a Nostr event signer for Android that allows users to securely segregate their private key (nsec) within a single, dedicated application. Designed to function as a NIP-46 signing device, Amber ensures your smartphone can sign events without needing external servers or additional hardware, keeping your private key exposure to an absolute minimum. This approach aligns with the security rationale of NIP-46, which states that each additional system handling private keys increases potential vulnerability. With Amber, no longer do users need to enter their private key into various Nostr applications. <img src="https://cdn.satellite.earth/b42b649a16b8f51b48f482e304135ad325ec89386b5614433334431985d4d60d.jpg"> Amber is supported by a growing list of apps, including [Amethyst](https://www.amethyst.social/), [0xChat](https://0xchat.com/#/), [Voyage](https://github.com/dluvian/voyage), [Fountain](https://fountain.fm/), and [Pokey](https://github.com/KoalaSat/pokey), as well as any web application that supports NIP-46 NSEC bunkers, such as [Nostr Nests](https://nostrnests.com), [Coracle](https://coracle.social), [Nostrudel](https://nostrudel.ninja), and more. With expanding support, Amber provides an easy solution for secure Nostr key management across numerous platforms. <img src="https://cdn.satellite.earth/5b5d4fb9925fabb0005eafa291c47c33778840438438679dfad5662a00644c90.jpg"> Amber supports both native and web-based Nostr applications, aiming to eliminate the need for browser extensions or web servers. Key features include offline signing, multiple account support, and NIP-46 compatibility, and includes a simple UI for granular permissions management. Amber is designed to support signing events in the background, enhancing flexibility when you select the "remember my choice" option, eliminating the need to constantly be signing events for applications that you trust. You can download the app from it's [GitHub](https://github.com/greenart7c3/Amber) page, via [Obtainium ](https://github.com/ImranR98/Obtainium)or Zap.store. To log in with Amber, simply tap the "Login with Amber" button or icon in a supported application, or you can paste the NSEC bunker connection string directly into the login box. For example, use a connection string like this: bunker://npub1tj2dmc4udvgafxxxxxxxrtgne8j8l6rgrnaykzc8sys9mzfcz@relay.nsecbunker.com. <img src="https://cdn.satellite.earth/ca2156bfa084ee16dceea0739e671dd65c5f8d92d0688e6e59cc97faac199c3b.jpg"> --- **Citrine** [Citrine](https://github.com/greenart7c3/Citrine) is a Nostr relay built specifically for Android, allowing Nostr clients on Android devices to seamlessly send and receive events through a relay running directly on their smartphone. This mobile relay setup offers Nostr users enhanced flexibility, enabling them to manage, share, and back up all their Nostr data locally on their device. Citrine’s design supports independence and data security by keeping data accessible and under user control. <img src="https://cdn.satellite.earth/46bbc10ca2efb3ca430fcb07ec3fe6629efd7e065ac9740d6079e62296e39273.jpg"> With features tailored to give users greater command over their data, Citrine allows easy export and import of the database, restoration of contact lists in case of client malfunctions, and detailed relay management options like port configuration, custom icons, user management, and on-demand relay start/stop. Users can even activate TOR access, letting others connect securely to their Nostr relay directly on their phone. Future updates will include automatic broadcasting when the device reconnects to the internet, along with content resolver support to expand its functionality. Once you have your Citrine relay fully configured, simply add it to the Private and Local relay sections in Amethyst's relay configuration. <img src="https://cdn.satellite.earth/6ea01b68009b291770d5b11314ccb3d7ba05fe25cb783e6e1ea977bb21d55c09.jpg"> --- **Pokey** [Pokey](https://github.com/KoalaSat/pokey) for Android is a brand new, real-time notification tool for Nostr. Pokey allows users to receive live updates for their Nostr events and enabling other apps to access and interact with them. Designed for seamless integration within a user's Nostr relays, Pokey lets users stay informed of activity as it happens, with speed and the flexibility to manage which events trigger notifications on their mobile device. <img src="https://cdn.satellite.earth/62ec76cc36254176e63f97f646a33e2c7abd32e14226351fa0dd8684177b50a2.jpg"> Pokey currently supports connections with Amber, offering granular notification settings so users can tailor alerts to their preferences. Planned features include broadcasting events to other apps, authenticating to relays, built-in Tor support, multi-account handling, and InBox relay management. These upcoming additions aim to make Pokey a fantastic tool for Nostr notifications across the ecosystem. --- **Zap.store** [Zap.store](https://github.com/zapstore/zapstore/) is a permissionless app store powered by Nostr and your trusted social graph. Built to offer a decentralized approach to app recommendations, zap.store enables you to check if friends like Alice follow, endorse, or verify an app’s SHA256 hash. This trust-based, social proof model brings app discovery closer to real-world recommendations from friends and family, bypassing centralized app curation. Unlike conventional app stores and other third party app store solutions like Obtainium, zap.store empowers users to see which apps their contacts actively interact with, providing a higher level of confidence and transparency. <img src="https://cdn.satellite.earth/fd162229a404b317306916ae9f320a7280682431e933795f708d480e15affa23.jpg"> Currently available on Android, zap.store aims to expand to desktop, PWAs, and other platforms soon. You can get started by installing [Zap.store](https://github.com/zapstore/zapstore/) on your favorite Android device, and install all of the applications mentioned above. --- Android's openness goes hand in hand with Nostr's openness. Enjoy exploring both expanding ecosystems.

@ 8f2fe968:0fbf4901

[](https://image.nostr.build/2e1a93e3e571f1d6f6cced4f80eb31869c293812dd84f35b014a7bc27c6965b7.gif) [](https://image.nostr.build/a7f6c6163818946a4d65854e620f4f4a3d98146f2a8b003a2dd10f71507735b8.gif) [](https://image.nostr.build/d311aa74127c8adb4ea69ffab75ead93bd0f891e1dedf60c561488da432c9527.gif) [](https://image.nostr.build/0ce57a8707b6bba8ef844eda16fad4ebaff646ea7436cbc10482238e63714c42.gif) [](https://image.nostr.build/7a8c6d146eb8cb17d74db05eb4989d2dcf2a4ede9d9d8a488a17583fc4a10003.gif) [](https://image.nostr.build/30151bcbba2f3f4a8b1978a951a537474b35c0ef8565985f23844f81b04836ce.gif) [](https://image.nostr.build/9b8ac91ebe33cbf5fc330f6f96d6cdeffe5efe7b7432897ffc522d80f80f43d5.gif)

@ 5e5fc143:393d5a2c

Just revisiting some quick tips for #newbies #pow #public #blockchain users only. if you just getting started with bitcoin or any pow crypto coins or been using or storing them for a while, you not must forget the roots and fundamentals. Hot Wallet — It gets connected to live internet at some point in time essentially to sign / send a tx i.e. spending transaction — exposes the private key of the address from in the process Cold Wallet — It never ever gets connected or online and can always keep receiving inbound amounts Paper wallets are best n cheapest form of cold wallet that can used once n thrown away. #Cold wallets need to either “import”ed or “sweep”ed in order to used or spend — https://coinsutra.com/private-key-import-vs-sweep-difference/  Any thin #wallet is always dependent on connectivity to live up2date node server where-as self-sufficient qt / cli wallet takes a while to sync up to latest block height in order to be usable. Beginners should always resist the attraction of quick and fast — thin n 3rd party wallets and always start a long learning journey of core wallets of any coin — either “qt” GUI wallet or command line “coin-cli” wallet Almost all #proofofwork #blockchains i.e. #POW has #node #wallet - everyone who use support he #public #blockchain secures own you coin value You can run fullnode either on clearnet or over onion 🧅 #BTC has >55% of nodes running in onion out of total 15000+ live fullnodes and 50000+ bitcoincore wallets around blockheight 777000 . Other notable pow chains are #LTC #RVN and rest are babychains for now ! Always delete hot wallet to test practice restoration before sending any large refunds to it to be safe. Large funds are always best to keep in self custody node wallets rare n occasional use Final word — Cannot see private key 🔑 or seed 🌱 in any wallet means not your coin. 😲 Use wallet which u learn or understand best only That’s all for now n Thank you 🙏 ! ⚡️ https://getalby.com/p/captjack ⚡️ Some Cold wallet nostr posts nostr:note1p6ke5wqshgxtfzj5de3u04hejl2c5ygj8xk8ex6fqdsg29jmt33qnx57y2 nostr:note1rse0l220quur6vfx0htje94ezecjj03y6j7lguwl09fmvmpt6g3q0cg7yw nostr:note1q5w8dyjuqc7sz7ygl97y0ztv6sal2hm4yrf5nmur2tkz9lq2wx9qcjw90q some nostr specific lightning ⚡️ Layer2 wallets with blockchain mainnet option nostr:naddr1qqsky6t5vdhkjm3qd35kw6r5de5kueeqf38zqampd3kx2apqdehhxarjqyv8wue69uhkummnw3e8qun00puju6t08genxven9uqkvamnwvaz7tmxd9k8getj9ehx7um5wgh8w6twv5hkuur4vgchgefsw4a8xdnkdgerjatddfshsmr3w93hgwpjdgu8zdnswpuk2enj0pcnqdnydpersepkwpm8wenpw3nkkut2d44xwams8a38ymmpv33kzum58468yat9qyt8wumn8ghj7un9d3shjtngv9kkuet59e5k7tczyqvq5m2zcltylrpetrvazrw45sgha24va288lxq8s8562vfkeatfxqcyqqq823ckqlhc8 related blog post nostr:naddr1qqxnzd3cxyenjv3c8qmr2v34qy88wumn8ghj7mn0wvhxcmmv9uq3zamnwvaz7tmwdaehgu3wwa5kuef0qydhwumn8ghj7mn0wd68ytn4wdjkcetnwdeks6t59e3k7tczyp6x5fz66g2wd9ffu4zwlzjzwek9t7mqk7w0qzksvsys2qm63k9ngqcyqqq823cpdfq87

@ 472f440f:5669301e

As we sprint toward the 2024 US Presidential election the case for using bitcoin as an asset to store value for the long term has never been stronger. The insanity of the incumbent power structure is being laid bare and it is becoming impossible to ignore the headwinds that the Borg faces moving forward. Yesterday morning and earlier today it became clear that inflation is rearing its head again. Not ideal for the soft landing Jerome Powell and Yellen are signaling to the markets after the first Fed Funds rate cut in years. It seems like the yield curve predicted this earlier this week when it inverted after a temporary normalizing period after the Fed's rate cut. Futhermore, it is becoming glaringly obvious that running historically high fiscal deficits while interest rates were at multi-decade highs was a pretty bad idea. As James Lavish points out, the data from the CBO earlier this week shows that the US federal government is running a deficit that is 13% higher than it was last year. This is at a time when real wages are still depressed, inflation is still suffocating American consumers and the private sector job market for American citizens is cratering. Speaking of the job market, the numbers that came in yesterday were worse than expected: The effect of Hurricane Helene should certainly be taken into consideration when looking at this jobs miss. However, even with the miss we know that these numbers have been under reported for years to make the economy seem healthier than it actually is. Even with Helene's effect taken into consideration this print will likely be revised higher 3-6 months from now. All of this points to a breaking point. A breaking point for the economy and, more importantly, a breaking point for overall confidence in the US government and its ability to operate with any semblance of fiscal responsibility. The chart that Pierre Rochard shares in the tweet at the top of this letter is the only chart that matters for anyone attempting to gauge where we find ourselves on the path to bitcoin realizing its full potential. There is $133 TRILLION worth of value sitting in global bond markets. Bitcoin is a far superior asset to store one's wealth in. Bond markets are beholden to the whims of the actors who issue those bonds. In the case of the US Treasury market, the largest bond market in the world, the US government. And as we have pointed out above, the US government is recklessly irresponsible when it comes to issuing debt with a complete inability to pay it back on the long-term. Inflation is up, the jobs market is cratering for the native born Americans who actually pay taxes, and the push toward a multi-polar geopolitical landscape is becoming more pronounced by the day. All of this points to a long-term weakening in demand for US treasuries. The only way out of this mess is to overtly default on this debt or inflate it away. The latter will most certainly be the route that is taken, which positions bitcoin extremely well as people seek the confines of an asset that cannot be debased because it cannot be controlled by a central authority. The levels of sovereign debt in the world are staggering. Do not let the bitcoin price consolidation of the last six months lull you into a state of complacency. Even the results of the Presidential election won't have a material effect on these dynamics. Though, a Donald Trump presidency would certainly be preferable if you prefer to see relatively sane policy enacted that would provide you with time to find safety in bitcoin. But, in regards to this sovereign debt crisis, that is the only benefit you can hope for; more time to prepare. I'll leave you with some thoughts from Porter Stansberry: "We are about to see the final destruction of the American experiment. Every economist knows this (see below) is correct; but nobody is going to tell you about it. I’ll summarize in plan English: We are fucked. 1. Debt is growing much faster than GD and interest expense is growing much faster than debt; and the real growth in entitlement spending hasn’t even begun yet. 2. Progressive taxation means nobody will ever vote for less spending + the combined size of government employees and dependents, there’s no way for America’s actual taxpayers (about 20m people) to ever win an election, so the spending won’t stop growing and, ironically, inflation will make demands for more spending to grow. 3. Inflation undermines both economic growth and social cohesion. The purple hair man-women weirdos are only the beginning; what comes next is scapegoating jews, blacks, immigrants and a huge increase in violence/domestic terror. Get ready America. This election has nothing to do with what’s coming. And neither Trump nor Kamala can stop it. Our experiment in freedom and self-government died in 1971 (when all restraint on government spending was abandoned with the gold standard.) You can only live at the expense of your neighbor until he runs out of money. And that day is here." --- Final thought... I hope my tux still fits for this wedding. Enjoy your weekend, freaks.Use the code "TFTC" for 15% off

@ 460c25e6:ef85065c

In the early days of Nostr, developers often competed to see who could implement the most NIPs. Although all were optional (except NIP-01), it became a point of pride and vital for the ecosystem's growth. Back then, there were only a few dozen relatively simple NIPs to implement. Fast forward to today, with nearly 100 NIPs, maintaining and implementing everything has become nearly impossible. Yet, the drive among developers to "code all things Nostr" remains as strong as ever. nostr:nprofile1qqsrhuxx8l9ex335q7he0f09aej04zpazpl0ne2cgukyawd24mayt8gprfmhxue69uhhq7tjv9kkjepwve5kzar2v9nzucm0d5hszxmhwden5te0wfjkccte9emk2um5v4exucn5vvhxxmmd9uq3xamnwvaz7tmhda6zuat50phjummwv5hsx7c9z9 raised the point that everyone, even I, agrees: nostr:nevent1qqsqqqp2zrs7836tyjlsfe7aj9c4d97zrxxqyayagkdwlcur96t4laspzemhxue69uhhyetvv9ujumt0wd68ytnsw43z7q3q80cvv07tjdrrgpa0j7j7tmnyl2yr6yr7l8j4s3evf6u64th6gkwsxpqqqqqqzgcrrrp But how big is too big? How can we better understand the range of options available for devs out there? I went out for a hunt in my own brain to figure out how to clarify the situation. I came up with the following 4 categories for Nostr Clients: - **Super Clients**: These apps merge vastly different domains into a single application, offering basic support for reading, writing, configuration, and data management for each use case within each domains. An example would be an app that combines a Marketplace and Live Streams under one roof. - **Clients**: These apps provide comprehensive support for a single domain, handling all its use cases in a single home. They manage the complete set of reading, writing, configuration, and long-term data management within that domain. An example is a marketplace app that helps users manage product catalogs, process orders, collect payments, and handle fulfillment and reports. - **Mini Clients**: These apps focus on read and write functionality for a single use case, including configuration management and any actions related to that specific task. For example, a fulfillment app that helps users view orders placed from another client to then pack and ship them. - **Micro Clients**: These apps have a single interface and perform one specific action. Viewing and creating a record is handled by separate micro apps. An example is an app that simply scans an order's QR code and marks it as shipped. Based on my made-up categories described at the end, this is how I would split our most known apps. **Super Clients** - [amethyst](https://amethyst.social) - [nostrudel](https://nostrudel.ninja) - [coracle](https://coracle.social) **Clients** - [damus](https://damus.io) - twitter - [primal](https://primal.net) - twitter - [snort](https://snort.social) - twitter - [gossip](https://github.com/mikedilger/gossip) - twitter - [lume](https://lume.nu) - twitter - [ditto](https://soapbox.pub/ditto/) - twitter - [rabbit](https://rabbit.syusui.net) - twitter - [freefrom](https://freefrom.space) - twitter - [nos](https://nos.social) - twitter - [flycat](https://flycat.club) - twitter - [straylight](https://straylight.cafe) - twitter - [nostter](https://nostter.app) - twitter - [iris](https://iris.to) - twitter - [nostur](https://nostur.com) - twitter - [nostrmo](https://apps.apple.com/us/app/nostrmo/id6447441761) - twitter - [yana](https://yana.do) - twitter - [openvibe](https://openvibe.social) - twitter - [freerse](https://freerse.com) - twitter - [0xchat](https://0xchat.com) - chats - [cornychat](https://cornychat.com) - chats - [coop](https://github.com/lumehq/coop) - chats - [nostrchat](https://nostrchat.io) - chats - [blowater](https://blowater.deno.dev) - chats - [habla](https://habla.news) - blogs - [yakihonne](https://yakihonne.com) - blogs - [highlighter](https://highlighter.com) - blogs - [blogstack](https://blogstack.io) - blogs - [stemstr](https://stemstr.app) - music - [wavlake](https://wavlake.com) - music - [fountain](https://fountain.fm) - podcasts - [zap.stream](https://zap.stream) - live streaming - [shopstr](https://shopstr.store) - marketplace - [plebeian.market](https://plebeian.market) - marketplace - [flotilla](https://flotilla.coracle.social) - communities - [satellite](https://satellite.earth) - communities - [zapddit](https://zapddit.com) - communities - [nostr.kiwi](https://nostr.kiwi) - communities - [hivetalk](https://hivetalk.org) - video calls - [flare](https://flare.pub) - long-form videos - [nostrnests](https://nostrnests.com) - audio spaces - [wherostr](https://wherostr.social) - location - [yondar](https://go.yondar.me) - location - [stacker.news](https://stacker.news) - news - [flockstr](https://flockstr.com) - events - [nostrocket](https://nostrocket.org) - issue tracker - [docstr](https://docstr.app) - docs - [satshoot](https://satshoot.com) - freelance - [wikifreedia](https://wikifreedia.xyz) - wiki - [formstr](https://formstr.app) - forms - [chesstr](https://chesstr.pages.dev) - chess - [memestr](https://memestr.app) - meme feed - [npub.cash](https://npub.cash) - wallet - [npub.pro](https://npub.pro) - websites - [gitworkshop](https://gitworkshop.dev) - dev tools - [onosendai](https://onosendai.tech) - metaverse - [degmods](https://degmods.com) - games - [turdsoup](https://turdsoup.com) - prompts **Mini Clients** - [amber](https://github.com/greenart7c3/Amber) - signer - [alby](https://getalby.com) - signer - [nos2x](https://github.com/fiatjaf/nos2x) - signer - [nsec.app](https://nsec.app) - signer - [keys.band](https://keys.band) - signer - [nostrame](https://github.com/Anderson-Juhasc/nostrame) - signer - [nokakoi](https://nokakoi.com) - anon - [zap.cooking](https://zap.cooking) - recipes - [anonostr](https://anonostr.com) - anon - [getwired](https://getwired.app) - anon - [lowent](https://lowent.xyz) - anon - [creatr](https://creatr.nostr.wine) - exclusive content - [lightning.video](https://lightning.video) - exclusive content - [zaplinks](https://zaplinks.lol/slides) - slides - [listr](https://listr.lol) - lists - [zap.store](https://zap.store) - app store - [badges.page](https://badges.page) - badges - [oddbean](https://oddbean.com) - news - [dtan](https://dtan.xyz) - torrents - [nosta](https://nosta.me) - user pages - [pinstr](https://pinstr.app) - pinterest - [pollerama](https://pollerama.fun) - polls - [swarmstr](https://swarmstr.com) - trending - [nostrapp](https://nostrapp.link) - apps manager - [noogle](https://noogle.lol) - search - [ostrich.work](https://ostrich.work) - job postings - [emojito](https://emojito.meme) - emoji manager - [nostree](https://nostree.me) - links - [citrine](https://github.com/greenart7c3/citrine) - local relay - [joinstr](https://joinstr.xyz) - coinjoins - [heya](https://heya.fund) - crowdfunding - [zapplepay](https://zapplepay.com) - zaps - [nosbin](https://nosbin.com) - clipboard - [shipyard](https://shipyard.pub) - scheduler - [tunestr](https://tunestr.io) - live streams - [filestr](https://filestr.vercel.app) - files - [nostrcheck.me](https://nostrcheck.me/) - media hosting - [sheetstr](https://sheetstr.amethyst.social) - spreadsheets - [crafters](https://crafters.amethyst.social) - curriculum vitae **Micro Clients** - [w3](https://w3.do) - url shortener - [nosdrive](https://nosdrive.app) - backups - [zaplife](https://zaplife.lol) - zaps dashboard - [zapper.fun](https://zapper.fun) - payments - [nostrends](https://nostrends.vercel.app) - trends - [zephyr](https://zephyr.coracle.social) - trends - [wavman](https://wavman.app) - music player - [nostrrr](https://nostrrr.com) - relay info - [nosdump](https://github.com/jiftechnify/nosdump) - relay info - [notestack](https://notestack.com) - blogs - [nostr.build](https://nostr.build) - media hosting - [nostr.watch](https://nostr.watch) - relay info - [nostr hours](https://snowcait.github.io/nostr-hours/) - use reports - [lazereyes](https://lazereyes.nosfabrica.com) - vision prescriptions - [snakestr](https://satoshipuzzles.github.io/Snakestr) - games - [deletestr](https://zaplinks.lol/deletestr) - deletion requests - [2048str](https://zaplinks.lol/2048str) - games - [nostrqr](https://zaplinks.lol/nostrqr) - qr generator - [notanostrclient](https://zaplinks.lol/notanostrclient) - anon Super apps will try to do everything, but can't really do most things super well. Regular-sized Clients will try to manage most of a given domain but are likely to centralize users on themselves, an unwanted effect inside of Nostr. If we want Nostr to grow in a decentralized fashion, we have to start betting on and using more **Mini** and **Micro** clients.

@ 4ba8e86d:89d32de4

O que é Cwtch? Cwtch (/kʊtʃ/ - uma palavra galesa que pode ser traduzida aproximadamente como “um abraço que cria um lugar seguro”) é um protocolo de mensagens multipartidário descentralizado, que preserva a privacidade, que pode ser usado para construir aplicativos resistentes a metadados. Como posso pronunciar Cwtch? Como "kutch", para rimar com "butch". Descentralizado e Aberto : Não existe “serviço Cwtch” ou “rede Cwtch”. Os participantes do Cwtch podem hospedar seus próprios espaços seguros ou emprestar sua infraestrutura para outras pessoas que buscam um espaço seguro. O protocolo Cwtch é aberto e qualquer pessoa é livre para criar bots, serviços e interfaces de usuário e integrar e interagir com o Cwtch. Preservação de privacidade : toda a comunicação no Cwtch é criptografada de ponta a ponta e ocorre nos serviços cebola Tor v3. Resistente a metadados : O Cwtch foi projetado de forma que nenhuma informação seja trocada ou disponibilizada a ninguém sem seu consentimento explícito, incluindo mensagens durante a transmissão e metadados de protocolo Uma breve história do bate-papo resistente a metadados Nos últimos anos, a conscientização pública sobre a necessidade e os benefícios das soluções criptografadas de ponta a ponta aumentou com aplicativos como Signal , Whatsapp e Wire. que agora fornecem aos usuários comunicações seguras. No entanto, essas ferramentas exigem vários níveis de exposição de metadados para funcionar, e muitos desses metadados podem ser usados ​​para obter detalhes sobre como e por que uma pessoa está usando uma ferramenta para se comunicar. Uma ferramenta que buscou reduzir metadados é o Ricochet lançado pela primeira vez em 2014. Ricochet usou os serviços cebola Tor v2 para fornecer comunicação criptografada segura de ponta a ponta e para proteger os metadados das comunicações. Não havia servidores centralizados que auxiliassem no roteamento das conversas do Ricochet. Ninguém além das partes envolvidas em uma conversa poderia saber que tal conversa está ocorrendo. Ricochet tinha limitações; não havia suporte para vários dispositivos, nem existe um mecanismo para suportar a comunicação em grupo ou para um usuário enviar mensagens enquanto um contato está offline. Isto tornou a adoção do Ricochet uma proposta difícil; mesmo aqueles em ambientes que seriam melhor atendidos pela resistência aos metadados, sem saber que ela existe. Além disso, qualquer solução para comunicação descentralizada e resistente a metadados enfrenta problemas fundamentais quando se trata de eficiência, privacidade e segurança de grupo conforme definido pelo consenso e consistência da transcrição. Alternativas modernas ao Ricochet incluem Briar , Zbay e Ricochet Refresh - cada ferramenta procura otimizar para um conjunto diferente de compensações, por exemplo, Briar procura permitir que as pessoas se comuniquem mesmo quando a infraestrutura de rede subjacente está inoperante, ao mesmo tempo que fornece resistência à vigilância de metadados. O projeto Cwtch começou em 2017 como um protocolo de extensão para Ricochet, fornecendo conversas em grupo por meio de servidores não confiáveis, com o objetivo de permitir aplicativos descentralizados e resistentes a metadados como listas compartilhadas e quadros de avisos. Uma versão alfa do Cwtch foi lançada em fevereiro de 2019 e, desde então, a equipe do Cwtch dirigida pela OPEN PRIVACY RESEARCH SOCIETY conduziu pesquisa e desenvolvimento em cwtch e nos protocolos, bibliotecas e espaços de problemas subjacentes. Modelo de Risco. Sabe-se que os metadados de comunicações são explorados por vários adversários para minar a segurança dos sistemas, para rastrear vítimas e para realizar análises de redes sociais em grande escala para alimentar a vigilância em massa. As ferramentas resistentes a metadados estão em sua infância e faltam pesquisas sobre a construção e a experiência do usuário de tais ferramentas. https://nostrcheck.me/media/public/nostrcheck.me_9475702740746681051707662826.webp O Cwtch foi originalmente concebido como uma extensão do protocolo Ricochet resistente a metadados para suportar comunicações assíncronas de grupos multiponto por meio do uso de infraestrutura anônima, descartável e não confiável. Desde então, o Cwtch evoluiu para um protocolo próprio. Esta seção descreverá os vários riscos conhecidos que o Cwtch tenta mitigar e será fortemente referenciado no restante do documento ao discutir os vários subcomponentes da Arquitetura Cwtch. Modelo de ameaça. É importante identificar e compreender que os metadados são omnipresentes nos protocolos de comunicação; é de facto necessário que tais protocolos funcionem de forma eficiente e em escala. No entanto, as informações que são úteis para facilitar peers e servidores também são altamente relevantes para adversários que desejam explorar tais informações. Para a definição do nosso problema, assumiremos que o conteúdo de uma comunicação é criptografado de tal forma que um adversário é praticamente incapaz de quebrá-lo veja tapir e cwtch para detalhes sobre a criptografia que usamos, e como tal nos concentraremos em o contexto para os metadados de comunicação. Procuramos proteger os seguintes contextos de comunicação: • Quem está envolvido em uma comunicação? Pode ser possível identificar pessoas ou simplesmente identificadores de dispositivos ou redes. Por exemplo, “esta comunicação envolve Alice, uma jornalista, e Bob, um funcionário público”. • Onde estão os participantes da conversa? Por exemplo, “durante esta comunicação, Alice estava na França e Bob estava no Canadá”. • Quando ocorreu uma conversa? O momento e a duração da comunicação podem revelar muito sobre a natureza de uma chamada, por exemplo, “Bob, um funcionário público, conversou com Alice ao telefone por uma hora ontem à noite. Esta é a primeira vez que eles se comunicam.” *Como a conversa foi mediada? O fato de uma conversa ter ocorrido por meio de um e-mail criptografado ou não criptografado pode fornecer informações úteis. Por exemplo, “Alice enviou um e-mail criptografado para Bob ontem, enquanto eles normalmente enviam apenas e-mails de texto simples um para o outro”. • Sobre o que é a conversa? Mesmo que o conteúdo da comunicação seja criptografado, às vezes é possível derivar um contexto provável de uma conversa sem saber exatamente o que é dito, por exemplo, “uma pessoa ligou para uma pizzaria na hora do jantar” ou “alguém ligou para um número conhecido de linha direta de suicídio na hora do jantar”. 3 horas da manhã." Além das conversas individuais, também procuramos defender-nos contra ataques de correlação de contexto, através dos quais múltiplas conversas são analisadas para obter informações de nível superior: • Relacionamentos: Descobrir relações sociais entre um par de entidades analisando a frequência e a duração de suas comunicações durante um período de tempo. Por exemplo, Carol e Eve ligam uma para a outra todos os dias durante várias horas seguidas. • Cliques: Descobrir relações sociais entre um grupo de entidades que interagem entre si. Por exemplo, Alice, Bob e Eva se comunicam entre si. • Grupos vagamente conectados e indivíduos-ponte: descobrir grupos que se comunicam entre si através de intermediários, analisando cadeias de comunicação (por exemplo, toda vez que Alice fala com Bob, ela fala com Carol quase imediatamente depois; Bob e Carol nunca se comunicam). • Padrão de Vida: Descobrir quais comunicações são cíclicas e previsíveis. Por exemplo, Alice liga para Eve toda segunda-feira à noite por cerca de uma hora. Ataques Ativos Ataques de deturpação. O Cwtch não fornece registro global de nomes de exibição e, como tal, as pessoas que usam o Cwtch são mais vulneráveis ​​a ataques baseados em declarações falsas, ou seja, pessoas que fingem ser outras pessoas: O fluxo básico de um desses ataques é o seguinte, embora também existam outros fluxos: •Alice tem um amigo chamado Bob e outro chamado Eve • Eve descobre que Alice tem um amigo chamado Bob • Eve cria milhares de novas contas para encontrar uma que tenha uma imagem/chave pública semelhante à de Bob (não será idêntica, mas pode enganar alguém por alguns minutos) • Eve chama essa nova conta de "Eve New Account" e adiciona Alice como amiga. • Eve então muda seu nome em "Eve New Account" para "Bob" • Alice envia mensagens destinadas a "Bob" para a conta falsa de Bob de Eve Como os ataques de declarações falsas são inerentemente uma questão de confiança e verificação, a única maneira absoluta de evitá-los é os usuários validarem absolutamente a chave pública. Obviamente, isso não é o ideal e, em muitos casos, simplesmente não acontecerá . Como tal, pretendemos fornecer algumas dicas de experiência do usuário na interface do usuário para orientar as pessoas na tomada de decisões sobre confiar em contas e/ou distinguir contas que possam estar tentando se representar como outros usuários. Uma nota sobre ataques físicos A Cwtch não considera ataques que exijam acesso físico (ou equivalente) à máquina do usuário como praticamente defensáveis. No entanto, no interesse de uma boa engenharia de segurança, ao longo deste documento ainda nos referiremos a ataques ou condições que exigem tal privilégio e indicaremos onde quaisquer mitigações que implementámos falharão. Um perfil Cwtch. Os usuários podem criar um ou mais perfis Cwtch. Cada perfil gera um par de chaves ed25519 aleatório compatível com Tor. Além do material criptográfico, um perfil também contém uma lista de Contatos (outras chaves públicas do perfil Cwtch + dados associados sobre esse perfil, como apelido e (opcionalmente) mensagens históricas), uma lista de Grupos (contendo o material criptográfico do grupo, além de outros dados associados, como apelido do grupo e mensagens históricas). Conversões entre duas partes: ponto a ponto https://nostrcheck.me/media/public/nostrcheck.me_2186338207587396891707662879.webp Para que duas partes participem de uma conversa ponto a ponto, ambas devem estar on-line, mas apenas uma precisa estar acessível por meio do serviço Onion. Por uma questão de clareza, muitas vezes rotulamos uma parte como “ponto de entrada” (aquele que hospeda o serviço cebola) e a outra parte como “ponto de saída” (aquele que se conecta ao serviço cebola). Após a conexão, ambas as partes adotam um protocolo de autenticação que: • Afirma que cada parte tem acesso à chave privada associada à sua identidade pública. • Gera uma chave de sessão efêmera usada para criptografar todas as comunicações futuras durante a sessão. Esta troca (documentada com mais detalhes no protocolo de autenticação ) é negável offline , ou seja, é possível para qualquer parte falsificar transcrições desta troca de protocolo após o fato e, como tal - após o fato - é impossível provar definitivamente que a troca aconteceu de forma alguma. Após o protocolo de autenticação, as duas partes podem trocar mensagens livremente. Conversas em Grupo e Comunicação Ponto a Servidor Ao iniciar uma conversa em grupo, é gerada uma chave aleatória para o grupo, conhecida como Group Key. Todas as comunicações do grupo são criptografadas usando esta chave. Além disso, o criador do grupo escolhe um servidor Cwtch para hospedar o grupo. Um convite é gerado, incluindo o Group Key, o servidor do grupo e a chave do grupo, para ser enviado aos potenciais membros. Para enviar uma mensagem ao grupo, um perfil se conecta ao servidor do grupo e criptografa a mensagem usando a Group Key, gerando também uma assinatura sobre o Group ID, o servidor do grupo e a mensagem. Para receber mensagens do grupo, um perfil se conecta ao servidor e baixa as mensagens, tentando descriptografá-las usando a Group Key e verificando a assinatura. Detalhamento do Ecossistema de Componentes O Cwtch é composto por várias bibliotecas de componentes menores, cada uma desempenhando um papel específico. Algumas dessas bibliotecas incluem: - abertoprivacidade/conectividade: Abstração de rede ACN, atualmente suportando apenas Tor. - cwtch.im/tapir: Biblioteca para construção de aplicativos p2p em sistemas de comunicação anônimos. - cwtch.im/cwtch: Biblioteca principal para implementação do protocolo/sistema Cwtch. - cwtch.im/libcwtch-go: Fornece ligações C para Cwtch para uso em implementações de UI. TAPIR: Uma Visão Detalhada Projetado para substituir os antigos canais de ricochete baseados em protobuf, o Tapir fornece uma estrutura para a construção de aplicativos anônimos. Está dividido em várias camadas: • Identidade - Um par de chaves ed25519, necessário para estabelecer um serviço cebola Tor v3 e usado para manter uma identidade criptográfica consistente para um par. • Conexões – O protocolo de rede bruto que conecta dois pares. Até agora, as conexões são definidas apenas através do Tor v3 Onion Services. • Aplicativos - As diversas lógicas que permitem um determinado fluxo de informações em uma conexão. Os exemplos incluem transcrições criptográficas compartilhadas, autenticação, proteção contra spam e serviços baseados em tokens. Os aplicativos fornecem recursos que podem ser referenciados por outros aplicativos para determinar se um determinado peer tem a capacidade de usar um determinado aplicativo hospedado. • Pilhas de aplicativos - Um mecanismo para conectar mais de um aplicativo, por exemplo, a autenticação depende de uma transcrição criptográfica compartilhada e o aplicativo peer cwtch principal é baseado no aplicativo de autenticação. Identidade. Um par de chaves ed25519, necessário para estabelecer um serviço cebola Tor v3 e usado para manter uma identidade criptográfica consistente para um peer. InitializeIdentity - de um par de chaves conhecido e persistente:i,I InitializeEphemeralIdentity - de um par de chaves aleatório: ie,Ie Aplicativos de transcrição. Inicializa uma transcrição criptográfica baseada em Merlin que pode ser usada como base de protocolos baseados em compromisso de nível superior O aplicativo de transcrição entrará em pânico se um aplicativo tentar substituir uma transcrição existente por uma nova (aplicando a regra de que uma sessão é baseada em uma e apenas uma transcrição). Merlin é uma construção de transcrição baseada em STROBE para provas de conhecimento zero. Ele automatiza a transformação Fiat-Shamir, para que, usando Merlin, protocolos não interativos possam ser implementados como se fossem interativos. Isto é significativamente mais fácil e menos sujeito a erros do que realizar a transformação manualmente e, além disso, também fornece suporte natural para: • protocolos multi-round com fases alternadas de commit e desafio; • separação natural de domínios, garantindo que os desafios estejam vinculados às afirmações a serem provadas; • enquadramento automático de mensagens, evitando codificação ambígua de dados de compromisso; • e composição do protocolo, usando uma transcrição comum para vários protocolos. Finalmente, o Merlin também fornece um gerador de números aleatórios baseado em transcrição como defesa profunda contra ataques de entropia ruim (como reutilização de nonce ou preconceito em muitas provas). Este RNG fornece aleatoriedade sintética derivada de toda a transcrição pública, bem como dos dados da testemunha do provador e uma entrada auxiliar de um RNG externo. Conectividade Cwtch faz uso do Tor Onion Services (v3) para todas as comunicações entre nós. Fornecemos o pacote openprivacy/connectivity para gerenciar o daemon Tor e configurar e desmontar serviços cebola através do Tor. Criptografia e armazenamento de perfil. Os perfis são armazenados localmente no disco e criptografados usando uma chave derivada de uma senha conhecida pelo usuário (via pbkdf2). Observe que, uma vez criptografado e armazenado em disco, a única maneira de recuperar um perfil é recuperando a senha - como tal, não é possível fornecer uma lista completa de perfis aos quais um usuário pode ter acesso até inserir uma senha. Perfis não criptografados e a senha padrão Para lidar com perfis "não criptografados" (ou seja, que não exigem senha para serem abertos), atualmente criamos um perfil com uma senha codificada de fato . Isso não é o ideal, preferiríamos confiar no material de chave fornecido pelo sistema operacional, de modo que o perfil fosse vinculado a um dispositivo específico, mas esses recursos são atualmente uma colcha de retalhos - também notamos, ao criar um perfil não criptografado, pessoas que usam Cwtch estão explicitamente optando pelo risco de que alguém com acesso ao sistema de arquivos possa descriptografar seu perfil. Vulnerabilidades Relacionadas a Imagens e Entrada de Dados Imagens Maliciosas O Cwtch enfrenta desafios na renderização de imagens, com o Flutter utilizando Skia, embora o código subjacente não seja totalmente seguro para a memória. Realizamos testes de fuzzing nos componentes Cwtch e encontramos um bug de travamento causado por um arquivo GIF malformado, levando a falhas no kernel. Para mitigar isso, adotamos a política de sempre habilitar cacheWidth e/ou cacheHeight máximo para widgets de imagem. Identificamos o risco de imagens maliciosas serem renderizadas de forma diferente em diferentes plataformas, como evidenciado por um bug no analisador PNG da Apple. Riscos de Entrada de Dados Um risco significativo é a interceptação de conteúdo ou metadados por meio de um Input Method Editor (IME) em dispositivos móveis. Mesmo aplicativos IME padrão podem expor dados por meio de sincronização na nuvem, tradução online ou dicionários pessoais. Implementamos medidas de mitigação, como enableIMEPersonalizedLearning: false no Cwtch 1.2, mas a solução completa requer ações em nível de sistema operacional e é um desafio contínuo para a segurança móvel. Servidor Cwtch. O objetivo do protocolo Cwtch é permitir a comunicação em grupo através de infraestrutura não confiável . Ao contrário dos esquemas baseados em retransmissão, onde os grupos atribuem um líder, um conjunto de líderes ou um servidor confiável de terceiros para garantir que cada membro do grupo possa enviar e receber mensagens em tempo hábil (mesmo que os membros estejam offline) - infraestrutura não confiável tem o objetivo de realizar essas propriedades sem a suposição de confiança. O artigo original do Cwtch definia um conjunto de propriedades que se esperava que os servidores Cwtch fornecessem: • O Cwtch Server pode ser usado por vários grupos ou apenas um. • Um servidor Cwtch, sem a colaboração de um membro do grupo, nunca deve aprender a identidade dos participantes de um grupo. • Um servidor Cwtch nunca deve aprender o conteúdo de qualquer comunicação. • Um servidor Cwtch nunca deve ser capaz de distinguir mensagens como pertencentes a um grupo específico. Observamos aqui que essas propriedades são um superconjunto dos objetivos de design das estruturas de Recuperação de Informações Privadas. Melhorias na Eficiência e Segurança Eficiência do Protocolo Atualmente, apenas um protocolo conhecido, o PIR ingênuo, atende às propriedades desejadas para garantir a privacidade na comunicação do grupo Cwtch. Este método tem um impacto direto na eficiência da largura de banda, especialmente para usuários em dispositivos móveis. Em resposta a isso, estamos ativamente desenvolvendo novos protocolos que permitem negociar garantias de privacidade e eficiência de maneiras diversas. Os servidores, no momento desta escrita, permitem o download completo de todas as mensagens armazenadas, bem como uma solicitação para baixar mensagens específicas a partir de uma determinada mensagem. Quando os pares ingressam em um grupo em um novo servidor, eles baixam todas as mensagens do servidor inicialmente e, posteriormente, apenas as mensagens novas. Mitigação de Análise de Metadados Essa abordagem permite uma análise moderada de metadados, pois o servidor pode enviar novas mensagens para cada perfil suspeito exclusivo e usar essas assinaturas de mensagens exclusivas para rastrear sessões ao longo do tempo. Essa preocupação é mitigada por dois fatores: 1. Os perfis podem atualizar suas conexões a qualquer momento, resultando em uma nova sessão do servidor. 2. Os perfis podem ser "ressincronizados" de um servidor a qualquer momento, resultando em uma nova chamada para baixar todas as mensagens. Isso é comumente usado para buscar mensagens antigas de um grupo. Embora essas medidas imponham limites ao que o servidor pode inferir, ainda não podemos garantir resistência total aos metadados. Para soluções futuras para esse problema, consulte Niwl. Proteção contra Pares Maliciosos Os servidores enfrentam o risco de spam gerado por pares, representando uma ameaça significativa à eficácia do sistema Cwtch. Embora tenhamos implementado um mecanismo de proteção contra spam no protótipo do Cwtch, exigindo que os pares realizem alguma prova de trabalho especificada pelo servidor, reconhecemos que essa não é uma solução robusta na presença de um adversário determinado com recursos significativos. Pacotes de Chaves Os servidores Cwtch se identificam por meio de pacotes de chaves assinados, contendo uma lista de chaves necessárias para garantir a segurança e resistência aos metadados na comunicação do grupo Cwtch. Esses pacotes de chaves geralmente incluem três chaves: uma chave pública do serviço Tor v3 Onion para o Token Board, uma chave pública do Tor v3 Onion Service para o Token Service e uma chave pública do Privacy Pass. Para verificar os pacotes de chaves, os perfis que os importam do servidor utilizam o algoritmo trust-on-first-use (TOFU), verificando a assinatura anexada e a existência de todos os tipos de chave. Se o perfil já tiver importado o pacote de chaves do servidor anteriormente, todas as chaves são consideradas iguais. Configuração prévia do aplicativo para ativar o Relé do Cwtch. No Android, a hospedagem de servidor não está habilitada, pois essa opção não está disponível devido às limitações dos dispositivos Android. Essa funcionalidade está reservada apenas para servidores hospedados em desktops. No Android, a única forma direta de importar uma chave de servidor é através do grupo de teste Cwtch, garantindo assim acesso ao servidor Cwtch. Primeiro passo é Habilitar a opção de grupo no Cwtch que está em fase de testes. Clique na opção no canto superior direito da tela de configuração e pressione o botão para acessar as configurações do Cwtch. Você pode alterar o idioma para Português do Brasil.Depois, role para baixo e selecione a opção para ativar os experimentos. Em seguida, ative a opção para habilitar o chat em grupo e a pré-visualização de imagens e fotos de perfil, permitindo que você troque sua foto de perfil. https://link.storjshare.io/raw/jvss6zxle26jdguwaegtjdixhfka/production/f0ca039733d48895001261ab25c5d2efbaf3bf26e55aad3cce406646f9af9d15.MP4 Próximo passo é Criar um perfil. Pressione o + botão de ação no canto inferior direito e selecione "Novo perfil" ou aberta no botão + adicionar novo perfil. - Selecione um nome de exibição - Selecione se deseja proteger este perfil e salvo localmente com criptografia forte: Senha: sua conta está protegida de outras pessoas que possam usar este dispositivo Sem senha: qualquer pessoa que tenha acesso a este dispositivo poderá acessar este perfil. Preencha sua senha e digite-a novamente Os perfis são armazenados localmente no disco e criptografados usando uma chave derivada de uma senha conhecida pelo usuário (via pbkdf2). Observe que, uma vez criptografado e armazenado em disco, a única maneira de recuperar um perfil é recuperando a chave da senha - como tal, não é possível fornecer uma lista completa de perfis aos quais um usuário pode ter acesso até inserir um senha. https://link.storjshare.io/raw/jxqbqmur2lcqe2eym5thgz4so2ya/production/8f9df1372ec7e659180609afa48be22b12109ae5e1eda9ef1dc05c1325652507.MP4 O próximo passo é adicionar o FuzzBot, que é um bot de testes e de desenvolvimento. Contato do FuzzBot: 4y2hxlxqzautabituedksnh2ulcgm2coqbure6wvfpg4gi2ci25ta5ad. Ao enviar o comando "testgroup-invite" para o FuzzBot, você receberá um convite para entrar no Grupo Cwtch Test. Ao ingressar no grupo, você será automaticamente conectado ao servidor Cwtch. Você pode optar por sair do grupo a qualquer momento ou ficar para conversar e tirar dúvidas sobre o aplicativo e outros assuntos. Depois, você pode configurar seu próprio servidor Cwtch, o que é altamente recomendável. https://link.storjshare.io/raw/jvji25zclkoqcouni5decle7if7a/production/ee3de3540a3e3dca6e6e26d303e12c2ef892a5d7769029275b8b95ffc7468780.MP4 Agora você pode utilizar o aplicativo normalmente. Algumas observações que notei: se houver demora na conexão com outra pessoa, ambas devem estar online. Se ainda assim a conexão não for estabelecida, basta clicar no ícone de reset do Tor para restabelecer a conexão com a outra pessoa. Uma introdução aos perfis Cwtch. Com Cwtch você pode criar um ou mais perfis . Cada perfil gera um par de chaves ed25519 aleatório compatível com a Rede Tor. Este é o identificador que você pode fornecer às pessoas e que elas podem usar para entrar em contato com você via Cwtch. Cwtch permite criar e gerenciar vários perfis separados. Cada perfil está associado a um par de chaves diferente que inicia um serviço cebola diferente. Gerenciar Na inicialização, o Cwtch abrirá a tela Gerenciar Perfis. Nessa tela você pode: - Crie um novo perfil. - Desbloquear perfis. - Criptografados existentes. - Gerenciar perfis carregados. - Alterando o nome de exibição de um perfil. - Alterando a senha de um perfil Excluindo um perfil. - Alterando uma imagem de perfil. Backup ou exportação de um perfil. Na tela de gerenciamento de perfil: 1. Selecione o lápis ao lado do perfil que você deseja editar 2. Role para baixo até a parte inferior da tela. 3. Selecione "Exportar perfil" 4. Escolha um local e um nome de arquivo. 5.confirme. Uma vez confirmado, o Cwtch colocará uma cópia do perfil no local indicado. Este arquivo é criptografado no mesmo nível do perfil. Este arquivo pode ser importado para outra instância do Cwtch em qualquer dispositivo. Importando um perfil. 1. Pressione o +botão de ação no canto inferior direito e selecione "Importar perfil" 2. Selecione um arquivo de perfil Cwtch exportado para importar 3. Digite a senha associada ao perfil e confirme. Uma vez confirmado, o Cwtch tentará descriptografar o arquivo fornecido usando uma chave derivada da senha fornecida. Se for bem-sucedido, o perfil aparecerá na tela Gerenciamento de perfil e estará pronto para uso. OBSERVAÇÃO Embora um perfil possa ser importado para vários dispositivos, atualmente apenas uma versão de um perfil pode ser usada em todos os dispositivos ao mesmo tempo. As tentativas de usar o mesmo perfil em vários dispositivos podem resultar em problemas de disponibilidade e falhas de mensagens. Qual é a diferença entre uma conexão ponto a ponto e um grupo cwtch? As conexões ponto a ponto Cwtch permitem que 2 pessoas troquem mensagens diretamente. As conexões ponto a ponto nos bastidores usam serviços cebola Tor v3 para fornecer uma conexão criptografada e resistente a metadados. Devido a esta conexão direta, ambas as partes precisam estar online ao mesmo tempo para trocar mensagens. Os Grupos Cwtch permitem que várias partes participem de uma única conversa usando um servidor não confiável (que pode ser fornecido por terceiros ou auto-hospedado). Os operadores de servidores não conseguem saber quantas pessoas estão em um grupo ou o que está sendo discutido. Se vários grupos estiverem hospedados em um único servidor, o servidor não conseguirá saber quais mensagens pertencem a qual grupo sem a conivência de um membro do grupo. Ao contrário das conversas entre pares, as conversas em grupo podem ser conduzidas de forma assíncrona, para que todos num grupo não precisem estar online ao mesmo tempo. Por que os grupos cwtch são experimentais? Mensagens em grupo resistentes a metadados ainda são um problema em aberto . Embora a versão que fornecemos no Cwtch Beta seja projetada para ser segura e com metadados privados, ela é bastante ineficiente e pode ser mal utilizada. Como tal, aconselhamos cautela ao usá-lo e apenas o fornecemos como um recurso opcional. Como posso executar meu próprio servidor Cwtch? A implementação de referência para um servidor Cwtch é de código aberto . Qualquer pessoa pode executar um servidor Cwtch, e qualquer pessoa com uma cópia do pacote de chaves públicas do servidor pode hospedar grupos nesse servidor sem que o operador tenha acesso aos metadados relacionados ao grupo . https://git.openprivacy.ca/cwtch.im/server https://docs.openprivacy.ca/cwtch-security-handbook/server.html Como posso desligar o Cwtch? O painel frontal do aplicativo possui um ícone do botão "Shutdown Cwtch" (com um 'X'). Pressionar este botão irá acionar uma caixa de diálogo e, na confirmação, o Cwtch será desligado e todos os perfis serão descarregados. Suas doações podem fazer a diferença no projeto Cwtch? O Cwtch é um projeto dedicado a construir aplicativos que preservam a privacidade, oferecendo comunicação de grupo resistente a metadados. Além disso, o projeto também desenvolve o Cofre, formulários da web criptografados para ajudar mútua segura. Suas contribuições apoiam iniciativas importantes, como a divulgação de violações de dados médicos em Vancouver e pesquisas sobre a segurança do voto eletrônico na Suíça. Ao doar, você está ajudando a fechar o ciclo, trabalhando com comunidades marginalizadas para identificar e corrigir lacunas de privacidade. Além disso, o projeto trabalha em soluções inovadoras, como a quebra de segredos através da criptografia de limite para proteger sua privacidade durante passagens de fronteira. E também tem a infraestrutura: toda nossa infraestrutura é open source e sem fins lucrativos. Conheça também o Fuzzytags, uma estrutura criptográfica probabilística para marcação resistente a metadados. Sua doação é crucial para continuar o trabalho em prol da privacidade e segurança online. Contribua agora com sua doação https://openprivacy.ca/donate/ onde você pode fazer sua doação em bitcoin e outras moedas, e saiba mais sobre os projetos. https://openprivacy.ca/work/ Link sobre Cwtch https://cwtch.im/ https://git.openprivacy.ca/cwtch.im/cwtch https://docs.cwtch.im/docs/intro https://docs.openprivacy.ca/cwtch-security-handbook/ Baixar #CwtchDev cwtch.im/download/ https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=im.cwtch.flwtch

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M5Stick-NEMO: Firmware para Pegadinhas de Alta Tecnologia em Dispositivos M5Stack ESP32 , Este projeto oferece uma solução eficaz sem comprometer a qualidade, ideal para quem busca uma experiência educativa e divertida no universo do hacking. https://nostrcheck.me/media/public/nostrcheck.me_2674216785970862911706546228.webp Desenvolvido por Noah Axon-n0xa, o M5Stick-NEMO é um projeto pessoal que surgiu da vontade de aprender mais sobre o desenvolvimento do ESP32 com o Arduino IDE. Inspirado por desafios populares na comunidade de tecnologia, NEMO replica pegadinhas comuns, proporcionando uma experiência educativa e divertida. Características Principais: - Portal NEMO WiFi: um captive portal login que tenta criar credenciais de e-mail de engenharia social - salva nomes de usuário e senhas no cartão SD (se inserido em um leitor compatível) - Porta TV B-Gone para desligar dispositivos controlados por infravermelho. - Spam de emparelhamento de dispositivo AppleJuice iOS Bluetooth. - Spam de notificação de dispositivo Bluetooth para SwiftPair (Windows) e Android. - Spam de WiFi com SSIDs engraçados, WiFi Rickrolling e modo aleatório. - Scanner SSID WiFi: exibe e clona SSIDs próximos. - Relógio digital ajustável pelo usuário com suporte do M5 Stick RTC. - Configurações apoiadas por EEPROM para rotação, brilho, escurecimento automático e SSID do Portal NEMO. - Nível da bateria e créditos no menu de configurações. Interface de Usuário: - Três controles principais: Home, Próximo e Selecionar. Portal NEMO: No modo NEMO Portal, o NEMO ativa um Hotspot WiFi aberto chamado "Nemo Free WiFi" (configurável em portal.h) com servidores DNS, DHCP e Web ativados. - O Portal NEMO exibe uma página de login falsa que afirma fornecer acesso à Internet se você fizer login. - Este é um ataque de engenharia social e registrará o nome de usuário e as senhas inseridas na página. - Nos detalhes do Wifi Scan, você pode clonar um SSID existente na lista de verificação. Sair do Portal NEMO limpará o SSID Evil Twin - Você pode visualizar as credenciais capturadas conectando-se ao portal a partir do seu próprio dispositivo e navegando até http://172.0.0.1/creds - Você pode definir um SSID personalizado conectando-se ao portal a partir do seu próprio dispositivo e navegando até http://172.0.0.1/ssid - Se o seu dispositivo suportar EEPROM para configurações, o SSID personalizado inserido será salvo como padrão, mesmo se estiver desligado. - Se o seu dispositivo tiver um leitor de cartão SD com um cartão formatado em sistema de arquivos FAT inserido, os nomes de usuário e senhas serão registrados em nemo-portal-creds.txt no cartão SD para você ler mais tarde. - O suporte a cartão SD só está habilitado por padrão na plataforma M5Stack Cardputer. Ele pode ser habilitado em dispositivos M5Stick, mas um leitor de cartão SD deve ser construído e conectado ao pino do painel frontal. - O Portal NEMO deve ser usado apenas em compromissos profissionais com um escopo válido de trabalho, fins educacionais ou de demonstração. O armazenamento, venda ou uso de informações pessoais sem consentimento é contra a lei.🤓 Instalação: 1. Visite o site oficial: M5Stack Docs https://docs.m5stack.com/en/download 2. Baixe o programa oficial M5Burner. 3. Procure pelo projeto "NEMO For M5Stick C Plus". 4. Conecte o M5 à porta USB do seu PC. 5. Abra o M5Burner, selecione o projeto e clique em "Burn". Experimente algumas funções do FlipperZero no seu M5. Para recursos adicionais e a liberdade de personalização, compile e baixe diretamente o programa "NEMO-M5Stick C Plus" no GitHub do projeto. Isso não só permite explorar, mas também modificar e aprimorar o projeto de acordo com suas preferências. Repositório oficial no GitHub https://github.com/n0xa/m5stick-nemo Assista a um tutorial sobre a implementação do M5Stick-NEMO. https://youtu.be/uFzQTzZo-6E?si=BJJzNmiN0Jzw42Eu https://youtu.be/uTeCbR_hWjc?si=l88w_Hl3EXuKa6gv Além disso, você pode aprimorar seu M5 com o MURAUDER, um conjunto abrangente de ferramentas ofensivas e defensivas WiFi/Bluetooth para o ESP32. Encontre-o no GitHub: ESP32Marauder https://github.com/justcallmekoko/ESP32Marauder Assista a um tutorial sobre a implementação do MURAUDER: https://youtu.be/GQPzgYksdkg?si=dWN-GwEP5r6hk9IC

@ e83b66a8:b0526c2b

If you’re thinking of buying a Bitaxe, here is some information about pools vs solo mining. Firstly, although the terms are clear “pool mining”, “solo mining” there is nuance in these definitions, so I want to explain these terms fully. Solo mining pools exist, such as: https://solo.ckpool.org/ It is called a pool, because you are using their credentials to mine, but you keep all the rewards if you win a block. Despite the name, this is not a pool. You then have a pool such as https://ocean.xyz/ who are a pool, you use their credentials to mine, and you earn a share of their income relative to your contribution in hash power. There has been some publicity about a solo miner winning a pool recently, there were about 12 blocks won in 2023 by solo miners. However a winning solo miner is likely to be a server farm with hundreds or even thousands of S19’s or S21’s sharing the same payout wallet address. The image of a home miner with a Bitaxe winning a block is extremely unlikely. A solo miner is defined as a group of miners that share a payout wallet address, so for example you could have 10 Bitaxe’s at home all configured with the same BTC wallet address, this is considered a single solo miner. And so it is with mid tier mining farms, often privately owned, who have a number of machines set to the same payout address. Most of the time, they share earnings for a more reliable income, but the owner may decide to gamble on winning a block and so choose to solo (lottery) mine. So far, my Bitaxe, which has been running for 4 days now and is part of the Ocean pool. It is earning about 50 Sats a day. If I were to wait for an on-chain payout, it would take around 60 years to receive one. I can, however, setup a BOLT12 lightning payout address and earn this tiny income through Lightning. So here’s my recommendation. Currently, there are two pools that control more than 50% of mining, Foundry USA and AntPool. This is a dangerous position and in fact Bitmain, who provide around 90% of all mining hardware actually invest and have stakes in these and several other pools. This is centralising mining and could potentially allow a 51% attack, which could compromise Bitcoin. Jack Dorsey is currently developing competing mining hardware chipset, through his company Block and Ocean are attempting to decentralise the pools by building a truly independent option for miners to join. If you buy a Bitaxe, the best way you can help alleviate the dominance of Bitmain is to join a true pool like Ocean to slowly move control away from the dominant pools. Bear in mind that many of the other smaller pools are still controlled by Bitmain. If you're still interested in lottery mining, here are your chances of winning a block: Represented as Hash rates of different miners: Nerdminer: 20 KH/s = 20,000 H/s Bitaxe: 750 GH/s = 750,000,000,000 H/s Bitmain Antminer S9: 13.5 TH/s = 13,500,000,000,000 H/s Bitmain Antminer S19: 110TH/s = 110,000,000,000,000 H/s Bitmain Antminer S21: 200TH/s = 200,000,000,000,000 H/s Current Global Hash rate 628EH/s (Sept 2024) = 628,000,000,000,000,000,000 If you're running a Bitaxe, your percentage chance of winning a block is: 0.000000119426751592357% Over a year, your chances increase to: 0.00627707006369428% Your chances of winning the UK national lottery (assuming 20M tickets sold and you buy one): 0.000005% Over a year, your chances increase to: 0.00026% Like in all things in Bitcoin, I don’t ask you to trust me. If you want to verify, here are the references I used in making my conclusions: https://protos.com/chart-when-solo-miners-found-a-bitcoin-block/ https://investors.block.xyz/investor-news/news-details/2024/Blocks-New-Bitcoin-Mining-Chip-to-Be-Part-of-an-Ongoing-Project-With-Core-Scientific-to-Decentralize-Mining-Hardware/default.aspx https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wo91DWvZRs8 https://i.nostr.build/9rQ9Plv6XQYtt6xd.jpg

@ e83b66a8:b0526c2b

Here are some of the more interesting projects that I like: Messaging: https://www.0xchat.com/#/ - Private messaging - think WhatsApp Xitter Like Clients: https://damus.io/ - iPhone client https://nostrapps.com/amethyst - Android client https://primal.net/downloads - Android, iPhone & Desktop https://shipyard.pub/posts - Schedule future posts Interesting sites: https://zap.stream/ - Video streaming https://fountain.fm/ - Podcasting https://wavlake.com/ - Music streaming https://shopstr.store/ - Online shop https://zap.cooking/recent - Cooking recipes https://ostrich.work/ - NOSTR jobs board NOSTR tools https://nostr.band/ - Powerful search tool https://nostr.wine/ - Powerful, but centralised paid relay https://npub.pro/ - Website creation tool https://nostr.build/ - Media and file storage https://relay.tools/ - Build and curate your own relay https://creatr.nostr.wine/subscriptions/new-user - Creator tools List of NOSTR apps: https://nostrapps.com/

@ 6ad3e2a3:c90b7740

I’ve occasionally been called cynical because some of the sentiments I express strike people as negative. But cynical, to me, does not strictly mean negative. It means something more along the lines of “faithless” — as in lacking the basic faith humans thrive when believing what they take to be true, rather than expedient, and doing what they think is right rather than narrowly advantageous. In other words, my [primary negative sentiment](https://chrisliss.substack.com/p/utilitarianism-is-a-scourge) — that the cynical utilitarian ethos among our educated classes has caused and is likely to cause [catastrophic outcomes](https://chrisliss.substack.com/p/off-the-cliff) — stems from a sort of disappointed idealism, not cynicism. On human nature itself I am anything but cynical. I am convinced the strongest, long-term incentives are always to believe what is true, no matter the cost, and to do what is right. And by “right,” I don’t mean do-gooding bullshit, but things like taking care of one’s health, immediate family and personal responsibilities while pursuing the things one finds most compelling and important. That aside, I want to touch on two real-world examples of what I take to be actual cynicism. The first is the tendency to invoke principles only when they suit one’s agenda or desired outcome, but not to apply them when they do not. This kind of hypocrisy implies principles are just tools you invoke to gain emotional support for your side and that anyone actually applying them evenhandedly is a naive simpleton who doesn’t know how the game is played. Twitter threads don’t show up on substack anymore, but I’d encourage you to read [this one](https://twitter.com/KanekoaTheGreat/status/1681458308358737920) with respect to objecting to election outcomes. I could have used many others, but this one (probably not even most egregious) illustrates how empty words like “democracy” or “election integrity” are when thrown around by devoted partisans. They don’t actually believe in democracy, only in using the word to evoke the desired emotional response. People who wanted to coerce people to take a Pfizer shot don’t believe in “bodily autonomy.” It’s similarly just a phrase that’s invoked to achieve an end. The other flavor of cynicism I’ve noticed is less about hypocrisy and more about nihilism: I’d encourage people to read the [entire thread](https://twitter.com/Chris_Liss/status/1681474427551363073), but if you’re not on Twitter, it’s essentially about whether money (and apparently anything else) has essential qualities, or whether it is whatever peoples’ narratives tell them it is. In other words, is money whatever your grocer takes for the groceries, or do particular forms of money have qualities wherein they are more likely to be accepted over the long haul? The argument is yes, gold, for example had qualities that made it a better money (scarcity, durability, e.g.) than say seashells which are reasonably durable but not scarce. You could sell the story of seashells as a money (and some societies not close to the sea used them as such), but ultimately such a society would be vulnerable to massive inflation should one of its inhabitants ever stroll along a shore. The thread morphed into whether everything is just narrative, or there is an underlying reality to which a narrative must correspond in order for it to be useful and true. The notion that anything could be money if attached to the right story, or any music is good if it’s marketed properly is deeply cynical. I am not arguing people can’t be convinced to buy bad records — clearly they can — but that no matter how much you market it, it will not stand the test of time unless it is in fact good. In order to sell something that does not add value, meaning or utility to someone’s life, something you suspect they are likely to regret buying in short order, it’s awfully useful to convince yourself that nothing has inherent meaning or value, that “storytelling is all that matters.” I am not against marketing per se, and effective storytelling might in fact point someone in the right direction — a good story can help someone discover a truth. But that storytelling is everything, and by implication the extent to which a story has correlates in reality nothing, is the ethos of scammers, the refuge of nihilists who left someone else holding the bag and prefer not to think about it.

@ ee11a5df:b76c4e49

# Bye-Bye Reply Guy There is a camp of nostr developers that believe spam filtering needs to be done by relays. Or at the very least by DVMs. I concur. In this way, once you configure what you want to see, it applies to all nostr clients. But we are not there yet. In the mean time we have ReplyGuy, and gossip needed some changes to deal with it. ## Strategies in Short 1. **WEB OF TRUST**: Only accept events from people you follow, or people they follow - this avoids new people entirely until somebody else that you follow friends them first, which is too restrictive for some people. 2. **TRUSTED RELAYS**: Allow every post from relays that you trust to do good spam filtering. 3. **REJECT FRESH PUBKEYS**: Only accept events from people you have seen before - this allows you to find new people, but you will miss their very first post (their second post must count as someone you have seen before, even if you discarded the first post) 4. **PATTERN MATCHING**: Scan for known spam phrases and words and block those events, either on content or metadata or both or more. 5. **TIE-IN TO EXTERNAL SYSTEMS**: Require a valid NIP-05, or other nostr event binding their identity to some external identity 6. **PROOF OF WORK**: Require a minimum proof-of-work All of these strategies are useful, but they have to be combined properly. ## filter.rhai Gossip loads a file called "filter.rhai" in your gossip directory if it exists. It must be a Rhai language script that meets certain requirements (see the example in the gossip source code directory). Then it applies it to filter spam. This spam filtering code is being updated currently. It is not even on unstable yet, but it will be there probably tomorrow sometime. Then to master. Eventually to a release. Here is an example using all of the techniques listed above: ```rhai // This is a sample spam filtering script for the gossip nostr // client. The language is called Rhai, details are at: // https://rhai.rs/book/ // // For gossip to find your spam filtering script, put it in // your gossip profile directory. See // https://docs.rs/dirs/latest/dirs/fn.data_dir.html // to find the base directory. A subdirectory "gossip" is your // gossip data directory which for most people is their profile // directory too. (Note: if you use a GOSSIP_PROFILE, you'll // need to put it one directory deeper into that profile // directory). // // This filter is used to filter out and refuse to process // incoming events as they flow in from relays, and also to // filter which events get/ displayed in certain circumstances. // It is only run on feed-displayable event kinds, and only by // authors you are not following. In case of error, nothing is // filtered. // // You must define a function called 'filter' which returns one // of these constant values: // DENY (the event is filtered out) // ALLOW (the event is allowed through) // MUTE (the event is filtered out, and the author is // automatically muted) // // Your script will be provided the following global variables: // 'caller' - a string that is one of "Process", // "Thread", "Inbox" or "Global" indicating // which part of the code is running your // script // 'content' - the event content as a string // 'id' - the event ID, as a hex string // 'kind' - the event kind as an integer // 'muted' - if the author is in your mute list // 'name' - if we have it, the name of the author // (or your petname), else an empty string // 'nip05valid' - whether nip05 is valid for the author, // as a boolean // 'pow' - the Proof of Work on the event // 'pubkey' - the event author public key, as a hex // string // 'seconds_known' - the number of seconds that the author // of the event has been known to gossip // 'spamsafe' - true only if the event came in from a // relay marked as SpamSafe during Process // (even if the global setting for SpamSafe // is off) fn filter() { // Show spam on global // (global events are ephemeral; these won't grow the // database) if caller=="Global" { return ALLOW; } // Block ReplyGuy if name.contains("ReplyGuy") || name.contains("ReplyGal") { return DENY; } // Block known DM spam // (giftwraps are unwrapped before the content is passed to // this script) if content.to_lower().contains( "Mr. Gift and Mrs. Wrap under the tree, KISSING!" ) { return DENY; } // Reject events from new pubkeys, unless they have a high // PoW or we somehow already have a nip05valid for them // // If this turns out to be a legit person, we will start // hearing their events 2 seconds from now, so we will // only miss their very first event. if seconds_known <= 2 && pow < 25 && !nip05valid { return DENY; } // Mute offensive people if content.to_lower().contains(" kike") || content.to_lower().contains("kike ") || content.to_lower().contains(" nigger") || content.to_lower().contains("nigger ") { return MUTE; } // Reject events from muted people // // Gossip already does this internally, and since we are // not Process, this is rather redundant. But this works // as an example. if muted { return DENY; } // Accept if the PoW is large enough if pow >= 25 { return ALLOW; } // Accept if their NIP-05 is valid if nip05valid { return ALLOW; } // Accept if the event came through a spamsafe relay if spamsafe { return ALLOW; } // Reject the rest DENY } ```

@ bf95e1a4:ebdcc848

This is the lightly-edited AI generated transcript of Bitcoin Infinity Show #125. The transcription isn't perfect, but it's usually pretty good! If you'd like to support us, send us a zap or check out the Bitcoin Infinity Store for our books and other merchandise! <https://bitcoininfinitystore.com/> # Intro **Luke:** Paolo, Mathias, welcome to the Bitcoin Infinity Show. Thank you for joining us. **Paolo:** Thank you for having us. **Knut:** Yeah, good to have you here, guys. We're going to talk a bit about Keet and Holepunch and a little bit about Tether today, aren't we? **Luke:** Sounds like that's the plan. So thank you again, both for joining us. # Introducing Paolo and Mathias **Luke:** would you both mind giving a quick introduction on yourselves just so our listeners have the background on you **Paolo:** Sure, I'm Paolo Arduino, I'm the CEO at Tether. I started my career as a developer, I pivoted towards more, strategy and execution for, Tether and Bitfinex. And, co founded with Matthias, Holepunch, that is, building very, crazy and awesome technology, that is gonna be disrupting the way people communicate. **Luke:** And, Mathias, over to you. **Mathias:** Yeah, thank you. Yeah, I've been, so I come from a peer-to-peer background. I've been working with peer-to-peer technology. The last, I always say five, but it's probably more like 10 years. I did a lot of work on BitTorrent and I did a lot of work on JavaScript. and a little bit later to, Bitcoin and I saw a lot of potential on how we can use Bitcoin with pureology and like how we can use. P2P technology to bring the same mission that Bitcoin has, but to all kinds of data, setting all data free and, making everything private per default and self sovereignty and that kind of thing. I'm very into that. and I've been lucky to work with, like I said, with Paolo for, many years now and, Get a lot of, valuable, feedback and, idea sharing out of that. And we're on a mission to, build some, really cool things. In addition to all the things we've already been building. So it's super exciting and glad to be here. **Luke:** Oh, fantastic. # Introduction to Holepunch **Luke:** Matthias, that was a perfect segue into basically, an introduction to, can you tell us about, Holepunch. What is Holepunch and what are you doing? **Mathias:** Yeah, sure. like I said, we co founded the company a couple of years ago. Now, we've been building up a team of really talented peer to peer engineers. we're always hiring also. So if anybody's listening and want to join our mission, please, apply. we have some really smart people working with us. but we teamed up to basically. like I said in my introduction, I've been working on peer to peer technology for many years now and thinking ahead how we can, stop using all that technology when I started it was only used for basically piracy. I'm from the Nordics, and I think Knut is from the Nordics also, so he knows all about, the Nordics know about piracy. It wasn't back in the day. A lot of very interesting technologies came out of that. But basically, how can we use those ideas that were proven by piracy back then to be really unstoppable, because a lot of people wanted to stop it, but apply that same kind of mindset to the general data, so we can build actual applications that has that kind of quality, that can withstand the wrath of God. that can work without any centralization. Actually, nobody can shut down, not even the authorities if they wanted to. Basically unkillable and make that general enough that it can basically run any kind of application, solve a lot of really hot problems. it works on your own computers, your own networks. Mobile phones, and tie that up. I'm a developer by heart, into a software stack that people can just build on. So not everybody has to go in and tackle all these problems individually, but just give them some software to solve all this so they can, as much as possible, just worry about making really cool applications that we use, Yeah, like I said, we've been working really intensely on this, for a long time and in Holepunch, we made this our co mission to scale this up and, deliver a software stack on that. it's been really exciting and it's been really fun and it's been very, challenging, but if it's not challenging, then why, do it? and, especially, with the backing of, Tether, through Paolo and also just expertise from there, we have a good hand built to deliver this to the world. And, the first thing we did was, like, think about what's, a good first application that we can build that can showcase this, but also something we really want to use ourself and see scale have also have on the world. And obviously that was a communications app, keyed, which we was our first project. And, we're still in beta and we're still lots of work to do. And we're still iterating that really heavily, but I like to show that you can build these kind of apps without any kind of. central points. and we released that also, like the first thing we released when we launched the company. And like I said, we're still, building and still iterating it. A lot of fun. and then take the software stack from that, which we call the pair runtime and then split that out. So anybody else can build similar apps on top. With that same technology stack, and, yeah, that's, we launched that earlier this year also, and, it's been really exciting so far, and it's, I love going to work every day and solve, even though, you can see on my hair that it's not really good for, the head scratching, but, but, it's really fun, and it's really challenging, and it's interesting thing. goal as a company, basically to have that if we go out of business tomorrow, our technology continues to exist because we're not in the loop of anything. It's also sometimes really hard to explain that we don't have any, chip coins involved or any kind of limitations on the stack because we're basically engineering it not to be part of it, because that's the only way you can actually engineer these things that they can understand. anything, super exciting and, encourage everybody to try to check it out. **Luke:** we've both used Keet and I've certainly enjoyed the experience. I, think, the, basics of this, as I understand it, is that it's, entirely on both sides. The communicators end, or a group of communicators, it's all on their end, and the communication is entirely peer to peer, what is Keet really, what is the basics of Keet as, say, a product? What is the easiest way that you would explain what it is? # The Vision Behind Keet **Mathias:** But We're basically trying to just build a world class communications app that works to a large degree, like normal communication apps that you know, like Signal, Telegram, WhatsApp. Just with all the centralization tucked away, with all the costs of running it tucked away, and then adding all the features that also we can, because we're peer to peer People don't care about technology. We loved it, but don't have that surface off too much to the user. Just have the user use it as any other app, but then just have it be 100 percent private per default, 100 percent like no strings attached. It just works. if we get caught off by a. From the internet tomorrow, it will still work, that kind of thing, but deliver that in a way, and this is always our mission where users don't really need to worry about it. It just works. And, it works the same way to a large degree as their other apps work, except obviously, there's no phone numbers and things like that. Very cryptographically sound and, but trying always not to bubble it up. And I think that's, so it's actually a really simple mission, but it's obviously really hard. And that requires a lot of smart people, but luckily our users in a good way, don't need to be very smart about that. # Keet vs Nostr **Knut:** Yeah, a quick one there. No strings attached starts with the letters Nostr, so is, Keet and Nostr, do they go mix well together or, is there an integration there between the two? I see a lot of similarities here. **Paolo:** I tried to explain the differences between Kit and Nostr. I think Nostr is a very interesting protocol, but also is very, simple. the way I like to describe it is that, if you are familiar with the history of filesharing, Starting from the first one, super centralized, and then eventually every single step, you get to a decentralized platform. And the last one, the most decentralized one, that is BitTorrent. the history of file sharing proved that every time you try to centralize something, it ends up badly, right? if you have any special node in the system that does a little bit more than others and requires more resources than others to run, that will end up badly. You might end up in a small room with a lamp in your room. Point it to your face, and then everyone suddenly will stop running an indexer. That reminds me about Nostr structure. if you are building a peer to peer system, or if you are building a very resilient communication system, if you think about Nostr, you would imagine that if you have, 10 million or 100 million users, the number of relays would be probably less than the square root of the number of users. So that surface, although a hundred million users is very, they're not attackable, right? But the surface of, the relays is much more attackable. look at what is happening with, the coin joinin platforms, right? very similar. the beauty of KIT versus Nostr is that in KIT you have number of relays is actually equal to the number of users because the users are their own relays. and they can act as relays for others to, further their connectivity. That is how we think a technology that, has to be ready for the apocalypse and resilient to the wrath of God should, work. if you have, a log number of users or square root of number of users as relates, I don't think it's cool technology. It will work better than centralized, Technologies like WhatsApp and so on, or Twitter, but eventually will not work when you will need it the most. Because the point is that we will not know what will happen when we will need this technology the most. Today, not for everyone, but the world is still almost at peace. Things might unfold, in the future, maybe sooner rather than later. But when things unfold, you will need the best technology, the one that is truly independent, the one that is truly peer to peer. it's not really peer to peer if you have specialized relays, but where you have super peers randomly. **Luke:** Yeah, the difference here, between the Realize and not having any other centralized infrastructure in the picture is certainly an interesting distinction. I hadn't heard anything about that you can act as a next connector or something like that. # Pear Runtime **Luke:** So there's a couple of related things. I know there was an announcement about the, pair runtime, is that right? can you talk a little bit about that or any other, ways that this is growing in your whole, platform, **Mathias:** Yeah, sure. so basically when we talk about ideas, internally, also from our software background, We want to solve a small problem that then can solve it for everybody. So We want to build technology that can just send data around efficiently, so you can build any kind of app on top. We're all about modularity and taking these things to the extreme so we can repurpose it into any kind of application and other people can, get value out of it. And, that's been our mission from the get go. So basically, like Paolo said, when we built Keed. We took all of these primitives we have, it's all open source on our GitHub, that can do various things, relay encrypted data in a way that's completely private, nobody can read it, and in a generalizable way, so it can run on any applications. We have databases that can interpret, work with this data on device, but still in a way where nobody else knows what's going on, fully private, and we spent many years perfecting this, and it's still ongoing. And we, similar to like connectivity, it might seem really easy if you don't know what's going on that, connecting this computer to another computer and another place, but it's really hard because ISPs and, your internet providers, et cetera, they don't really want you to do that. So there's a lot of firewalls involved that you have to work around to get around This is all really, hard problems that took a long time to solve. But luckily, all of these are like generalizable problems where you just solve them once to a large degree, and then it's solved for everybody. If you put them in a modular framework where anybody can put the Legos together on top. And that's what we've been heavily invested in. And then as we were building Keed, we realized that Keete is just like 95 percent of these Lego blocks that are applicable for anything. So why not take all this stuff, pack it up for free, we don't make any money on it. and an open source runtime that we're just giving away so other people can contribute to it, but also build their own apps. the more peer to peer apps the world has, the better from my point of view. and document it and make it really easy to install. And I think actually Paolo said something interesting because as soon as you have, one point of centralization, you can always unravel it. coming from the Bitcoin days, I remember how quickly things can unravel. people went to jail for linking to things because authorities, when they crack down, really hard. so if you have one weak spot, it will be taken advantage of at some point by somebody. And so even things like distributing updates to your software can be really hard because this often requires a central point, like you go to a website and you don't download it. And so all apps built on our runtime, for example. It's distributed through the runtime, which is a little bit mind bending. So all apps are peer to peer data applications themselves, and the network doesn't care, which means that we can continue to distribute updates even, if everything gets shut down, you only need like a bootstrap for the first install when you get the app. So we're thinking that in. At every level, because it's really, important to us to, basically learn from everything that happened in the past and then actually build things that are resilient. And we take this to a degree where I'm sure we could move 10 times faster if we just let go a little bit of that idea, because it is easier to just put all the data in one place or put all the updates in one place. But then it's then we're just building the same old thing that's going to die eventually anyway. So we're very, uncompromising in that mission of actually decentralizing everything from updates to data, and then also always solving in a way where everybody can take advantage of that. And then the final thing I'll say about that is that, every time we update. That runtime, those building blocks of that runtime, every time we fix a bug, every time we make it faster, every app becomes faster. That's also very exciting. It's because you're building the whole infrastructure into this layer that runs on your phone. And it's all somewhat generalizable. Every time we fix something, it's just better for the entire ecosystem. And that's obviously really, exciting. And like I said, actually, no strings attached. Yeah, so I think you were referring to the trial of the Pirate Bay people there In Sweden, right? lucky enough to meet a couple of them in Denmark and it's been very fun to hear about their journey and, yeah, like **Knut:** and there, there's, there was a great documentary made about it called TPBAFK. So the Pirate Bay Away From Keyboard, about that whole trial and how, corrupt the system was even back then. And, throwing people in jail for providing links. they didn't do any more wrong than Google did, from a certain perspective. And, I remember even, before BitTorrents, there was a program called. DC or Direct Connect Do you remember that? **Mathias:** I used to, it was one of my first introductions to decentralization. it as you just shared your, like a Google Drive for everyone or something. Like you just shared parts of your file tree to everyone who wanted to peek into it, Yeah, anyway. Oh, that's good that you didn't know you were going with that. it interesting what you said, because I think it's interesting to think that I think to a large degree, the whole decentralization movement that was happening with BitTorrent back in the day got shut down because At some point, authorities figured out that they could just block DNS requests to shut it down for normal people, and as soon as they did that, it was actually effective. And to Paolo's point, no matter how weak it is, they're done. and they tried to kill the technology elsewhere, but that's actually what killed them. Then, obviously, alternatives came that people could pay for, and it also shows that people actually want, to stay on the right side of things. I think, now it's going very much in the wrong direction again, because now we're back at abusing that centralization again. the cycle will repeat. But, yeah, like any point of weakness will be attacked at any point. # Decentralization vs. Centralization **Luke:** So what are the drawbacks to decentralization? I think we and our audience certainly understand the benefit of decentralization, what you gain by decentralizing, but what do you naturally give up in terms of the user experience and the convenience factor? **Mathias:** yeah, I'm sure Paola has stuff to say here, but I'm just, I love talking about this stuff, so I'll go first. Mattias. I think it's a really interesting question, first of all, because it's one of those questions where You know, obviously I want to say there's no drawbacks, but like anything, it's a balance, right? Because it's not that there's drawbacks and advantages, there obviously is, but it's also just a different paradigm. first of all, with sensitization, I think one of the biggest thing I noticed also with developers is that we all come out of systems, education systems. That teaches how to think centralized, which makes us biased towards centralized solutions. and that's, I remember my whole curriculum was about servers and clients and stuff like that. it's actually really hard to think about decentralization as a developer. And I think that's actually part of why a lot of people think it's hard. It's complex because it is complex, but also because we're just like, we've been trained massively in the other direction, and it's really hard to go back because decentralization can be as simple as what Knut said about DC Connect, DC where it's just, oh, I'm just browsing other people's computers. That's amazing. That's a really, simple experience, and it's like something you can never do But like in today's world, people, the first thing I always get asked is like, how do I get a username? And I'm like, usernames have an inherent centralization and there's trade offs there. And we need to think that through and stuff. and most applications don't necessarily require usernames. I'm not saying that's a bad feature, but it's that's where you need to think more about the trade offs because there's governance involved to some degree. But for the core experience, and I think that's what we've shown in Keith so far. Then, there's obviously tons of upsides also, it's much easier to do big data transfers. Money is less of a concern, which actually changes the thinking, how you think about features. And that, again, is something we've been trained in a lot as developers, because we think centralized. When we talk about features at Holepunch, hey, we should add podcast recording to Keed. Normally somebody would say, that's going to cost a lot of money to host that data. And we just always we don't even have that discussion because it doesn't matter because it's just between the users. And then it's more about like the UX. But then other simple, like I said, other simple discussions, let's add a username index. That's where we're like, okay, let's think that through because there's like various things to think about there because there's no centric governance, and we don't want to introduce that because again, one point is. It's bad. so it's, more like you really need to think differently and it's really hard to wire your brain to think differently. but once you get past that point, I think it's, super interesting. And I, think actually developers care way more than normal people because, developers care a lot about how links look and links and structure and that. And normal people are just used to just clicking buttons and apps and going with the flow on that. And that's also what we're seeing, I think, with, a lot of key **Paolo:** I think the hiring has proven a little bit more challenging, as Matthias was saying, when you are told that the cloud is your friend, hosting, on, Google Cloud or AWS is the right thing to do. And, of course, it got cheaper and cheaper, so now everyone can host their websites. But the reality is that 70 percent of, the entire internet knowledge is hosted in the data centers of three companies. developers should think about that, should think about the fact that internet was born to be point to point and peer to peer. And, we are very far away from that initial concept. over the years, especially with the boom in, in the year 2000 for the internet boom, and bubble, then, realized that, holding people's data is the way to go, with social media and social network. That is even worse. And so you have these friendly advertisements that are telling you, That, with a smiley face that, you know, yeah, you should, upload all your data on, Apple cloud or Google cloud. And in general, cloud backups are great, right? You want to have some sort of redundancy in your life, but the reality is that you should be able to upload those. In an encrypted way, and yet most of this data sits unencrypted because, the big tech companies have to decrypt it and use it for, to milk the information to pay for, for, another month of their new data centers. the, issue is, we have so much power in our hands through our phones. the phones that we have today are much more powerful than the phones that we, or even the computers that we have 10 years ago or 5 years ago. And so We should, we are at a stage where we can use this hardware, not only for communicating, but also for in the future for AI processing and inference and so on. is, we need to, understand that the word cannot be connected to Google. I mean we cannot be a function of Google. We cannot be a function of AWS. And so I think that, there is, escalating pace of, towards centralization and it's almost a black hole. And eventually, the, we'll attract all the lights and if we are too close to it, no lights will come out anymore. And, that's why we want to really to double down on this technology, because it's not going to be easy, right? It's going to be very challenging, and most of the people don't care, as Maite has said before. Most of the people will think, everything works with WhatsApp and, Signal, but Signal announced that their 2023 costs for data centers and data center costs are around 50 million, and they, apart from the mobile coin that was not The best thing that they could do, there is, it's not easy for them to monetize. And the problem is that if you are, you're basically almost the only way to monetize it is to sell your customer's data. So if you don't want to sell your customer data, eventually your service will not be sustainable. So the only way to make it sustainable is actually going back to peer, where you can leverage people, infrastructure, people, connectivity, people, phones, people, processing power, Deliver very high quality communication system. And when they will care, it will be probably usually too late if nothing exists yet. when people will care is because shit is hitting the fan. And, you really want to have a solution that is not, that will survive if, the countries around you or around the country where you live are not going to be nice to your own country. So that's the view to peer-to-peer. The peer-to-peer wheel system will keep working if your neighbor countries are not going to be nice towards you. That's independence, that's resiliency, those are terms that, we need to take very seriously, especially seeing where the, world is going to. **Knut:** Yeah, I think we're all primed for, centralized solutions, from a very young age. this is the state, this is what it is like, state funded schooling. state funders or state subsidized media. We are, like brainwashed into, trusting, institutions all our lives. So I think that is somewhat connected to why people are so reluctant to be vigilant about this on the internet. I think the two go hand in hand that we, take the comfortable way, or most people take the comfortable route of, not taking responsibility for their own stuff. not only on the internet, but outsourcing responsibility to the government is basically the, another side of the same coin, right? **Mathias:** I also find it very interesting, especially being from a small country like Denmark that doesn't have a lot of homegrown infrastructure. And I'm just seeing how much communication with some of the public entities is happening through centralized platforms like Facebook and things like that, where even though we centralize it, we also centralize it in companies that we don't even have any control over in different countries where we probably have, no rights at all. So it's like hyper centralization, especially from the weakest point of view. And I think that's super problematic. And I'm always. Thinking it's, weird that we're not talking about that more especially when you look at the things that they're trying to do in the EU, they're almost trying to just push more in that direction, which I find even more interesting. yeah, definitely. it's, a huge problem and it's only getting bigger. And that's, why # Challenges and Future of Decentralization **Luke:** So to what level can decentralization actually get there? What is the limit to decentralization? And I'll calibrate this with an example. The internet itself, you said it was built to essentially originally be decentralized, but we don't have it. For physical links, like individual physical links between each other, the fiber or whatever the wire is goes together into another group of wires, which eventually go into some backbone, which is operated by a company. And then that goes into the global Internet. And so somewhere it centralizes into telecom companies and other services. It might be decentralized on one level, but there is a layer of centralized services that make the internet work that isn't necessarily the so called cloud providers and that sort of thing. So is there a limitation to how far this can go? **Paolo:** I think the, in general, sure, there are the ISPs and, their physical infrastructure is in part centralized, but also you start having redundancy, right? So for example, the backbones are redundant. There are multiple companies running, cross connects across different areas of the world. Now you have Starlink if you want. that is a great way to start decentralizing connectivity because Starlink will not be the only one that will run satellites, so there will be multiple companies that will allow you to connect through satellites, plus you have normal cabling. So you will have, it will become a huge mesh network, it's already in part, but it will become more and more a huge mesh network. in general, you will always find a way, even with a pigeon, to start sending bits out of your house. I think the most important part is, you have to be in control of your own data, and then, you need to send this data with the shortest path to the people that you want to talk to. Right now, I usually make this example, because I think it's When we do this presentation, we try to make people think about how much waste also centralized systems have created. imagine you live in Rome, you live in Rome and you have your family. Most people live nearby their families. That is a classic thing among humans. 90 percent of the people live nearby their families. Maybe nearby, like 10km, 50km nearby. If you talk to your family, every single message, every single photo that you will send to your family, that message will travel, instead of going 50 kilometers in a nearby town where your mother lives or your father lives, it will travel every single message, every single bit of every single video call or every single bit of every photo will travel 5, 000 miles to Frankfurt just to go back 50 kilometers from you. Imagine how much government spent in order to create these internet lines and to empower them to make it bigger, more, with more capacity Peer to peer allows with a lower latency, allows to save on bandwidth, allows to save on cost of global infrastructure. So that's how, actually, We can create better mesh networks, more resilient mesh networks, just because data will always find the shortest path from one point to another. And still all roads lead to Rome. I'm Italian, so I need to use Rome as an example. **Knut:** Yeah. **Mathias:** I think the discussion here is really interesting compared to Bitcoin, because it's actually the scaling longer term. Sovereignty, like how, Bitcoin kind of told us very direct terms that if you have a key pair, you have your money. And it doesn't matter where you are in the world. If you have that key pair, you have a way to get to that money. the means of transportation, it's actually very uninteresting in that sense, because you have it with you. The Internet today, the centralized Internet is designed in a way where, what does it mean to go to Facebook? it's really hard to explain because it's like some certificate that issued by somebody, and there's. Some, cabal of companies that manages them, there's some regulations around it, but we don't really actually understand it that well as normal people. Technically, we can understand it, but it's very, centralized and it's very, opaque and it's built into the infrastructure in that way, in a bad way. And, with Pure Technology, we're taking the same approach as Bitcoin here and saying, You're just a key pair, and the other person is just a key pair, and there's a bunch of protocols around that, but the transportation is actually not that interesting. Right now, we use the internet to do it. We'll probably do that for a long time, but there's no reason why we can take the same technology we have right now and in 50 years run it on, laser beams or something else, because we're taking the software and feedback. # Bitcoin and Holepunch: Drawing Parallels **Mathias:** I think, that's the main thing to think about in that. Discussion. **Luke:** when, Paolo, when you were talking about that people don't care, when you were saying that people don't care because WhatsApp just works, I was at the same time thinking that's the parallel of people saying that, I don't care because Visa just works, right? And so the parallel between Bitcoin and what you're doing at Holepunch, Keet, everything else here, really seems to be tracking along the same line. And I guess there's the connection that, I won't say all, but a lot of the people involved are already in the Bitcoin ecosystem. But can you comment on is there a little more of a connection there between Holepunch and Keet and Bitcoin? **Paolo:** Yeah, Bitcoin definitely is working and servicing, I think, in a good way, many, people in communities. The users of Bitcoin today are, unfortunately, and also that relates to Tether, mostly, in the Western world, in the richer countries, as a way to save wealth and, as a store of value, more than a means of exchange. For different reasons, right? We'd like a network that would improve, of course, over time, and there will be different approaches, but, still, the world is not yet using Bitcoin, but the world will use Bitcoin when shit will hit the fan. but the beauty of Bitcoin is that an option is already there, is available, and when something bad will happen, people immediately, with a snap of a finger, will turn to Bitcoin, and will have it and can use it. don't have that in communications. What is our communica our parallel with communications, if we don't have it? I don't know, because if, if suddenly centralized communications will, be blocked, then, or privacy in communications will be blocked, and you cannot, you cannot use Whatsapp, or Whatsapp has to start giving all the information to every single government. and the government will become more evil than what they are today, also western governments then. don't, we wanted to build the exact parallel as we said it, we just tried to describe it, that with Bitcoin, for communications. We need to have something that, since there are so many alternatives that are working as with your, you can make the parallel with Visa, right? Visa is working today, so people are still using a lot of Visa, but if something will happen, they will use Bitcoin from one day to another. Whatsapp is working, and Zoom is working, and Google Meet is working, so people don't feel the urge, but there will be a trigger point when people will feel the urge at some point in their lives, because something happened around them, and we need to make sure that kit will be available to them. and will be an option, will be stable, will be well designed so that when they will need it the most that option will be available to them. **Luke:** Yeah, fantastic. # The Future of Decentralized Communication **Luke:** And so I think the follow up I have, and just to get back to the earlier discussion a little bit with Nostr, the communication in terms of messaging, I absolutely see that and directly in what Keet is, I already absolutely see that. Is there a goal to get somewhere towards more like Social media, social networking, things like that in a, in certainly a decentralized way, but right now there isn't something like that as I understand it, coming from, Keet. So is, that a goal? Is that on the roadmap? **Paolo:** Yeah, it is on the roadmap, it's something that, so we had to start with the thing that we thought was more urgent and also the thing that could have been, would have been a game changer. social media is very important, especially In difficult situation, you want to get news, and you want to get unbiased news, so you want to use, social networks to see what's happening in the world. But we, think that the most sacrosanct thing that you need in your life is to be able to talk to your family and friends in any situation with the highest privacy possible. that's the first thing that we tackled, and also was a way to battle test the technology with, KIT you can do high quality video calls as well, so if we are able to tackle in the best way possible privacy and extreme scalability of peer to peer communications, then on top of that foundation we can build also social media and every single other application that we have in mind. **Mathias:** But first, we wanted to tackle the hardest problem. No, I think it makes a lot of sense. And I also just want to say, as a, probably like one of the most prolific KEET users, I use KEET right now also as a very, like a social media, we have big public rooms where we talk about KEET and talk about technology. I get a lot of the value I would get otherwise on Twitter X from that because I, it's like a public platform for me to, get ideas out there, but also interact with users directly. And I think, there's many ways to take them as a young app. And we're talking about this a lot, obviously it has to be simple, has to be parent approved. My parents can figure it out, but I think, to a large degree, all really healthy social networks that are actually, to some degree, a communication app. And it's also just a really good way to get local news and to get this locality that Peter is good at. That doesn't mean that we might not also make other things, but I think it's a hard line to set the difference between a social network and a communications app when it's structured correctly, # Interoperability and User Experience **Luke:** Yeah, and this, another thing that came to mind just as, you were talking about these parallels, as, I understand it, the account system with Keet is, essentially still just a, Key pair. Correct me if I'm, wrong, **Mathias:** Very, true. **Luke:** you backups with the same 1224 words. Is, that fully interoperable as well? Is that, could be your Bitcoin key. That could be **Mathias:** We use the, same, I can't remember the date, the BIP, but there's a BIP for like during key generation. So we can use it also in the future for other things. and you have those words, you have your account, and that's, we never store that. And that's like your sovereignty and, no, I was just going to say that lets you use it seamlessly on different devices also. It's one of those things that I love because I know what's going on when you use keyed Insanely hard problem, but it's solved by the runtime, and it just works seamlessly and I think that's, the beauty of it. **Paolo:** I think there's some UX stuff to figure out about onboarding that stuff a little bit easier for normal people. That's probably to a large degree the same for Bitcoin. The other part that I would do with Bitcoin is that, with Bitcoin, with your 12, 24 words, you can access your private wealth. the beauty of Bitcoin is that you can remember 12 24 words, you cross borders, and you carry with you your wealth. You can do the same thing with your digital private life. You remember 12 24 words, they could be the same by the way. whatever happens, you can spawn back your digital private life fully encrypted from, one of your other devices that you connected that is somewhere else in the world. So when you start seeing and understanding the unlock in terms of also human resilience that this creates is very, insane and can create a very powerful, that can be used for, to create a very, powerful applications, not just communications, but you can build. Really any sort of interaction, even mapping. Imagine peer to peer mapping, where basically data is not stored in one single location. You can access, tiles of the maps, from, local people that curate them in a better way. So the, level of applications that you can build, All unlocked by the same technology that is being used by Bitcoin is very, incredible. **Luke:** Yes, absolutely it is. And what do you think of the idea that all of this stuff is just interoperable now based on essentially you have your private key and there you go. It doesn't matter the technology stack. Is that sort of an agnostic thing where you can take your data to any one of these systems? What you're building with Keith being one, Nostr being another, Bitcoin being a third, what do you think of that? **Paolo:** Yeah, the fact that, data is yours, right? So you should do whatever you want with your data. That is, I think, an axiom that we should assume. And, it shouldn't even, we shouldn't even discuss about this, right? We are discussing about it because people are trying to take away this axiom from us. The, you are a key pair, and you're basically, unique, and uniqueness is expressed by the cryptography around those 24 words, and that's, that also is a way to prove your identity, it's a mathematical way to prove your identity. No one can steal that from you, of course, but no one can track it as no one can impersonate, should not be able to impersonate you. So it's truly powerful. **Mathias:** also think it's like worth remembering here also in this discussion that a lot of very high valuable data for yourself is actually not that big, but centralized platforms take it hostage anyway. if you take all my chat history and, I have pictures, but like a couple of the pictures would probably be bigger than all my chat history ever. but a lot of that, those messages have a lot of value for me, especially personally and also being able to search through it and have infinite history, it's very valuable for me personally. But it's very scary for me if that's on some other platform where it gets leaked at some point, et cetera, et cetera. But we already have the devices, just normal consumer devices that we buy, that we all have, phones, computers, whatever, that have more than enough capacity to store multiple copies of this. In terms of like per user, data production, it's a manageable problem. And I think it's interesting how, providers force us to think in terms of giving that data away, even though we could easily store it. **Paolo:** And this is even more important when we think about potential, AI applications, right? So imagine your best assistant. Paolo's assistant should go through all my emails, my kids chats, my old social stuff, and be able to be my best assistant. But in order to do that, I have two options. Either, I imagine that OpenAI would come with an assistant. They would upload, All the information on their servers, crunch that information, and then, use it to serve, me, but also service their own needs. And that can become very scary, also because they wear a hat. It's public, right? you don't want your most intimate codes that your best personal assistant could know, to be on somewhere else, rather than your devices. And so people were, people never uploaded, at least most of the people would never upload medical, information on Facebook, right? But they are uploading it on ChatGPT to get a second opinion. so things can be, get even scarier than what we described today because, we, discussed about social media, that is basically, the fun part where we upload photos, But, things can become scarier when it comes to privacy and data control with ai. So I want to see a future where I have a local AI that can read all key messages that I have from my local phone on my local device, and can become the best powers assistant possible without renouncing to my privacy, and also still governed by the same 24 words. the fine tuning that is applied on that LLM should stay local to my own device, and it should be in control of that. And still, the current power of the devices that we have makes it possible. We should not fall for the same lie. We don't need, of course, big data centers with GPUs are important for training a huge LLM, but that is a generic LLM. You can take that one and then fine tune it with your own data and run it by yourself. And for most of it, unless you want to do crazy things, that is more than enough and can run on modern GPUs or local GPUs or your phones. We should start thinking that we can build local experiences without having an API all the time connected to someone else's data center. **Knut:** Yeah. # The Role of Tether in the Crypto Ecosystem **Knut:** It's super interesting. you briefly just briefly mentioned tether before and I think we need to get into this. what is it and how much of a maxi are you, Paolo? And, what, made this thing happen? Can you give us the story here about Tether? # Tether's Origin and Evolution **Paolo:** Tether started in 2014. I consider myself a maxi, but running Tether, you could say that, I'm a shit coiner. I don't mind, right? I like what I do, and I think I'm net positive, so it's okay. Tera was born in 2014 with a very simple idea. there were a few crypto exchanges in, 2014. it was Bitfinex, Coinbase, Kraken, Bitstamp. OKCoin, there was BTCChina, and just a few others, right? Around 10 that were meaningful. The problem back then was to do, trading arbitrage, you sell Bitcoin on the exchange where the price is higher, you take the dollars. From that sale, you move the dollars on the exchange where the price is lower and rinse and repeat. That is called arbitrage. It is a property of every single efficient financial system. And that also helps to keep the price of Bitcoin in line across different exchanges. But, that was very, hard in 2014. If you remember in 2013 was the first year that Bitcoin broke the 1, 000. But on some exchanges the price was 1. 2, on others was 900. in order to arbitrage that price difference, you have to move dollars from one exchange to another and Bitcoin from one exchange to another. You can move Bitcoin from one exchange to another. 10 minutes, but dollars would take days, right? International wires. And so of course the opportunity arbitrage was, fully gone by, the, time the wire was hitting the, receiving exchange. the reason why we created that was, USDT was simply to put the dollar on a blockchain so that we could have the same user experience that we had with bitcoin. For the first two years, almost no exchange apart Bitfinex understood USDT. Then Poloniex in 2016 started to add the USDT across for against every single trading pair. There was the start of the ICO boom. 2017 was the peak of the ICO boom and, USDT reached 1 billion in market cap. Fast forward in 2020, we had around 10 billion in market cap, and then the bull run started, but also another important thing started, that was the pandemic. # USDT's Impact on Emerging Markets **Paolo:** So the pandemic had a huge effect on many economies around the world, in all the economies around the world, but especially in emerging markets, developing countries. Basically pandemic also killed entire economies. And so as a Bitcoin you would think, oh, all these people that are in countries like Argentina and Venezuela and Turkey and so on, they should use Bitcoin and they should, they should, only use Bitcoin because everything else is cheap. So that is pretty much, the approach that we have as Bitcoiners that, I believe in. But the problem is that. Not everyone is ready, so not everyone has our time to understand Bitcoin. Not everyone has yet the full skill set to understand Bitcoin at this stage, at this moment in time. we as Bitcoiners didn't build the best user experience in the world, right? So one of the best wallets for Bitcoin is still Electrum. That, is not necessarily nice and well done for and simple to be used for, a 70 year old lady. so we need to do a better job as Bitcoiners to build better user experiences we want Bitcoin to be more used around the world. At the same time, 99 percent of the population knows, especially the ones that are living in high inflation areas, knows that there is the dollar that is usually Much better currency than what they hold in their hands. the US dollar is not, definitely not perfect. It's not the perfect fiat currency. but it's like the tale of the two friends running away from the lion, right? you have, one friend tells to the other, Oh, the lion is gonna kill us. We have to run really fast. And one of the two friends says to the other, I just have to run faster than you, right? So the US dollar is the friend that is running faster, in a sense that is the one that is likely better than the others. And so being better than the others is creating a sort of safety feeling among 5 billion people in the world that live in high inflation countries. And for those people that, they don't have yet the time, they didn't have the luck also, maybe, to understand Bitcoin, they are, in fact, using USDT. If you live in Argentina, peso lost 98% against the US dollar in the last five years. The Turkish L lost 80% against the US dollar in, the last five years. So of course, Bitcoin would be better than the US dollar, but even already, if you hold the dollar, you are the king of the hill there, right? So because it's, you are able to preserve your wealth much, better than almost anyone else in the region. I think, USDT is offering a temporary solution and is providing a service, a very good service to people that don't have alternatives and good alternatives and they are very, familiar with the U. S. dollar already. so eventually, the hyperbitcoinization, I think it will happen. there is no way it won't happen. It's hard to pinpoint on a time when, that will happen. But it's all about the turning point. What the economy will look like in the next, 10, 20 years and what trigger point there will be for fiat currencies to blow up and become irrelevant. # Bitcoin as a Savings Account **Paolo:** the way I see it is that it's likely that the U. S. dollar will stay around for a while, and people might still want to use, the U. S. dollar as a checking account, but they, should start to use, Bitcoin as their savings account, in the checking account, you, are happy to not make interest, It's something that you use for payments, it's something that you are okay to detach from because it's the money that you are ready to spend. The savings account is the thing that we should fight for. This thing is the thing that matter the most, and, it's the thing that will is protecting people wealth. And so in the long term. And in the medium term, we should push for this savings account to be Bitcoin. also with Tether, we are heavily investing in companies, in Bitcoin companies. we support the Blockstream. We supported so many in the space that are, we, are supporting RGB. That is a protocol that is building, assets on top of, like network, style channels. Thank you for listening. and we buy Bitcoin ourselves. We do a lot of Bitcoin mining. We develop, I think, the best and most sophisticated Bitcoin mining software, by the way, based on hole punch technology. It's like IoT for Bitcoiners and Bitcoin mining. It's very cool. we are relying on the dollar and, you could say that USDT is helping the dollar, expansion, but the same way I don't think Dollar and Bitcoin aren't necessarily opposed to one or the other. I think that Bitcoin has its own path. And no matter what happens, there is no way to slow it down. I think, it's going to be inevitable success. It's going to be inevitable that it will become global internet money and global words money. No country will trust to each other with, with each other currencies for, for a longer time, and so the only viable solution is a currency that is governed by math. That is the only objective way, objective thing that we have in the universe. that's my train of thoughts on, Tether and Bitcoin. **Knut:** Oh, thank you. Thank you for that explanation. It explains a lot of things. To me, it sounds a bit like you're a lubrication company, like selling lubrication for the transition between the rape of the dollar to the love fest of the hyperbitcoinized world, to make the transition a little smoother. **Paolo:** we are more than, at Tether we have also this educational arm and, believe it or not, the majority of the creation we do is actually on Bitcoin, right? So we are supporting the Plan B network led by the great Giacomo Zucco. The unfortunate thing is that USDT, didn't have a marketing team up to, 2022 with Tether. So basically, I wish I could say that success of Tether is because we were super intelligent and great. but actually the success of Tether, unfortunately is a symptom of the success of, of, national economies. And it's sad if you think about it, right? So the success of your main product U as it is, They're actually proportional to the FACAP of many central banks. And, but it is what it is, right? So we need to do what we do at, really, at DataRace, creating all these educational contents to try to explain that, sure, we are providing a tool for today, but, For tomorrow you probably need, you need to understand that you have other options, you need to understand Bitcoin, because as we said for, Keith, right? So the moment when you will need the most Bitcoin, it has to be available, you need to understand it, so that is a true option for you. The way we, see bitcoin education. **Knut:** No, and, something like Tether would have, emerged, either way, and it's very comforting to know that it's run by Bitcoiners and not by a central bank itself or something. yeah, and the Plan B Network, I was a guest lecturer there in Logano and it was fantastic. I love what you're doing there with the educational hub. And we even got Giacomo to write the foreword to our new book here that you can see here behind Luke. **Luke:** Always say the title, Knut. Always say the title. **Knut:** Bitcoin, the inverse of Clown World. It's, you, if, you're good at maths and emojis, you might be able to figure out the title from the cover, but it's one divided by Clown World anyway, which is on the opposite side of the everything divided by 21 million equation, So anyway, looking forward to seeing you in Lugano and giving you both a copy of the book, of course. **Paolo:** Oh, with pleasure, with great pleasure, with a nice, education. **Luke:** Absolutely. Yep. # Plan B Forum and Future Events **Luke:** 100%. And we have to wind things down, but I'll just say as well, yeah, absolutely looking forward to Lugano Plan B Forum. Always a highlight of the year. It was my first time last year. I absolutely loved it. can't wait to attend this year. so it's the 25th, 2020 6th of October, 2024. this year, it's a Bitcoin event that is not made to make money. So the problem with events is that. You have to find sponsors, and usually, sponsor might not be well aligned with the message you want to give, right? I think Tether is lucky enough, to not have to make money on the event. **Paolo:** I want to have, good, guests. I want to have great speakers. I want to have the messaging. That is not only about Bitcoin, it's about, freedom of speech as well. We had the family of Assange for the last few years, and I think that they will come also this year. I'm going to be probably killed by the By our marketing team, I'm not sure if they announced it, but we are going to have another Plan B event also in El Salvador next year, so we're trying to create this network of cities and countries that have things in common and, invite people that want to share knowledge around the world. And, yeah, and of course we, are very proud of the good food that we, serve in Lugano. So that is another thing that, not all the bands can say the same thing. **Knut:** No, it's fantastic. And we happened to bump into the Assange family at the cocktail bar in a fancy hotel and, had a very interesting conversation with them there. So if you're listening. Anyone from the Assange family is welcome on the show any time. So yeah, no looking forward to that event for sure, we had a great time. And I think we're even playing this year, aren't we, Luke? **Paolo:** You're **Luke:** yeah, the Satoshi Rakamoto is in the event there, we, played, back in Prague, it was my first, time, but Knut is a regular at the Rakamotos. Yeah, we played at Lugano last year Oh, anything and everything, what did we do in Prague? **Knut:** paranoid and, **Paolo:** Can I commission a **Knut:** What song would you like to hear? **Paolo:** I have two that I would suggest. One is Nothing Else Matters. **Knut:** Alright. **Paolo:** So I think that, is very inspiring, right? **Knut:** Bitcoin, for sure. Nothing Else Matters. it's perfectly aligned with Bitcoin. And, the other one is Sad But True. Oh, that would be fun. We'll squeeze in some Metallica there, won't we, Luke? **Mathias:** we'll 100% have those songs ready to go. We also have, a big peer to peer track at the conference, **Knut:** Yeah. **Mathias:** not so much music, but yeah, that's peer to **Knut:** Nothing else matters. **Luke:** looking forward to that. **Knut:** Sorry, brain fart. Sad but true is about the dollar still being around, **Paolo:** Yeah, you can say that. **Luke:** Okay. # Final Thoughts and Closing Remarks **Luke:** Hey, we have to wind things down here because, we're, almost, out of time. So I'll just hand this, back to you both. Is there anything else you'd like to, mention about, your plans in the upcoming couple of years, in, key, toll, punch, anything like that?   **Mathias:** only that we're, like I said, we're integrating really hard right now, and it's a really fun time to, join the company because, we're small and efficient We get to work with Tether, which has a lot of benefits and it's getting really fast, so definitely check that out. And it's also a really fun time to join Keith in our public rooms. There's a lot of very personal, in a good way, intense chats where you get to be part of the loop. I love to be part of those early communities and I would suggest everybody to check that out and go to the website and try it out. **Paolo:** we will certainly do that. Yeah, I couldn't agree more. So go check out Keith and Holepunch and the Plan B forum in Lugano, You could visit tether. io, that is, the website where we are trying to explain what we have in our minds between, finance, bitcoin mining, energy production, AI, communications, brain chips and stuff, right? I think it's more exciting. **Mathias:** Just those things, that's all. **Paolo:** Yeah, we can piss off more than this. Thanks. **Mathias:** a **Luke:** No, It's just perfect. and is on that note, is there anywhere else specific you'd like to direct our listeners? **Paolo:** just follow the social channels and give us feedback on kit all the time because these technologies, needs everyone's help to be nailed them. **Mathias:** We love technical feedback. We love UX feedback. We're trying to make something that works for the masses, so anything is good.   **Luke:** So that's, all at Keet. Is that correct? For Keet? **Mathias:** Key. io and pairs. com for our runtime. It's all peer to peer. **Knut:** Alright, **Mathias:** Wonderful. And you're also still on the legacy social media platforms, right? Yeah. **Knut:** we'll make sure to include links to your handles so people can find you there if they would like. forward to seeing you in Lugano. **Paolo:** Likewise, I **Knut:** But yeah, worth saying again.   **Paolo:** Thank you for having an invitation. **Luke:** Yes, we'll wrap things up here. This has been the Bitcoin Infinity Show.

@ 8cb60e21:5f2deaea

<div style="position:relative;padding-bottom:56.25%;height:0;overflow:hidden;max-width:100%;"><iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/9_SRpCjeJiM" style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;border:0;" allowfullscreen></iframe></div>

@ 5d4b6c8d:8a1c1ee3

It was great having football back. The 49ers and Chiefs continue to dominate, the Raiders, Jets, and Donkeys continue to disappoint. I only made two picks last week. The Raiders money line was a dud, but my parlay of the Steelers money line with the under was a big hit. Unfortunately, [freebitcoin](https://freebitco.in/?r=51325722) hasn't put any NFL games up, yet. Hopefully they get around to it at some point. I really like this type of parlay. The house treats outcomes as though they're independent, but I don't think that makes sense. In the event of a Steelers' win, the under was far more likely than the over, because their offense stinks and the game was likely a defensive slog. In line with that thinking, I made two parlays this week: 1. Raiders money line with the under (7:1): yes, I'm going back to the Raiders. They're probably going to lose, but if they win, it will be because of awesome defense. 2. Bengals money line with the over (4.5:1): Maybe Joe Burrow stinks this season, but maybe the Bengals had been looking ahead to KC. The Chiefs offense is phenomenal again, so the Bengals are only likely to win if this turns into a shootout. Are there any odds you're excited about (doesn't have to be football)? originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/679894

@ 09fbf8f3:fa3d60f0

### 由于gmail在中国被防火墙拦截了，无法打开，不想错过邮件通知。 通过自建ntfy接受gmail邮件通知。 怎么自建ntfy，后面再写。 --- 2024年08月13日更新： > 修改不通过添加邮件标签来标记已经发送的通知，通过Google Sheets来记录已经发送的通知。 为了不让Google Sheets文档的内容很多，导致文件变大，用脚本自动清理一个星期以前的数据。 --- ### 准备工具 - Ntfy服务 - Google Script - Google Sheets ### 操作步骤 1. 在Ntfy后台账号，设置访问令牌。 [](https://tgpic.lepidus.me/file/db4faa1a82507771a2412.jpg "访问令牌") 2. 添加订阅主题。 [](https://tgpic.lepidus.me/file/c55b5e2f455918fc38c48.jpg "订阅主题") 2. 进入[Google Sheets](https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/u/0/ "Google Sheets")创建一个表格.记住id，如下图： [](https://tgpic.lepidus.me/file/d33272bd247b71a61314a.jpg "Google Sheets id") 3. 进入[Google Script](https://script.google.com/home "Google Script")创建项目。填入以下代码（注意填入之前的ntfy地址和令牌）： ```javascript function checkEmail() { var sheetId = "你的Google Sheets id"; // 替换为你的 Google Sheets ID var sheet = SpreadsheetApp.openById(sheetId).getActiveSheet(); // 清理一星期以前的数据 cleanOldData(sheet, 7 * 24 * 60); // 保留7天（即一周）内的数据 var sentEmails = getSentEmails(sheet); var threads = GmailApp.search('is:unread'); Logger.log("Found threads: " + threads.length); if (threads.length === 0) return; threads.forEach(function(thread) { var threadId = thread.getId(); if (!sentEmails.includes(threadId)) { thread.getMessages().forEach(sendNtfyNotification); recordSentEmail(sheet, threadId); } }); } function sendNtfyNotification(email) { if (!email) { Logger.log("Email object is undefined or null."); return; } var message = `发件人: ${email.getFrom() || "未知发件人"} 主题: ${email.getSubject() || "无主题"} 内容: ${email.getPlainBody() || "无内容"}`; var url = "https://你的ntfy地址/Gmail"; var options = { method: "post", payload: message, headers: { Authorization: "Bearer Ntfy的令牌" }, muteHttpExceptions: true }; try { var response = UrlFetchApp.fetch(url, options); Logger.log("Response: " + response.getContentText()); } catch (e) { Logger.log("Error: " + e.message); } } function getSentEmails(sheet) { var data = sheet.getDataRange().getValues(); return data.map(row => row[0]); // Assuming email IDs are stored in the first column } function recordSentEmail(sheet, threadId) { sheet.appendRow([threadId, new Date()]); } function cleanOldData(sheet, minutes) { var now = new Date(); var thresholdDate = new Date(now.getTime() - minutes * 60 * 1000); // 获取X分钟前的时间 var data = sheet.getDataRange().getValues(); var rowsToDelete = []; data.forEach(function(row, index) { var date = new Date(row[1]); // 假设日期保存在第二列 if (date < thresholdDate) { rowsToDelete.push(index + 1); // 存储要删除的行号 } }); // 逆序删除（从最后一行开始删除，以避免行号改变） rowsToDelete.reverse().forEach(function(row) { sheet.deleteRow(row); }); } ``` 4.Goole Script需要添加gmail服务，如图： [](https://tgpic.lepidus.me/file/42afddf2441556fca7ddb.jpg "gmail服务") 5.Google Script是有限制的不能频繁调用，可以设置五分钟调用一次。如图： [](https://tgpic.lepidus.me/file/b12042613a793f08bce55.png "触发器") [](https://tgpic.lepidus.me/file/768be170e04ebfd6788fc.png "触发器设置详细") ### 结尾 本人不会代码，以上代码都是通过chatgpt生成的。经过多次修改，刚开始会一直发送通知，后面修改后将已发送的通知放到一个“通知”的标签里。后续不会再次发送通知。 如需要发送通知后自动标记已读，可以把代码复制到chatgpt给你写。 效果预览： [](https://tgpic.lepidus.me/file/f934acd1c188e475cd9e5.jpg "效果预览")

@ 655a7cf1:d0510794

Currently have kyc BTC, huge fan of lightning Network. Because I am a constant user of lightning. Plan on doing my business with lightning as well , peer-to-peer I'm not sure if I'm so worried about kyc I might be misguided in this situation. originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/679520

@ 6ad3e2a3:c90b7740

I’ll write a separate Week 1 Observations later, but I wanted to dedicate this space solely to mourning my Circa Survivor entry. Circa Survivor costs $1000 to enter and has a $10M prize for the winner, usually split by several as things get down to the wire. Three years ago, when the prize was $6M Dalton Del Don and I — the first time we ever entered — [made it to the final 23](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=huDt630lNXs) in Week 12. The value of our share was something like $260K at that point, but we got bounced by the Lions who beat the 12-point favored Cardinals and took home nothing. When you enter a large survivor pool, the overwhelming likelihood is you’ll meet this fate at some point, whether in Week 1 or 12. So it’s not really the loss that’s painful, so much as not getting to live and die each week with a chosen team. You lose your status as “[the man in the arena](https://www.trcp.org/2011/01/18/it-is-not-the-critic-who-counts/) whose face is marred by dust and sweat and blood” and become just an observer watching and commentating on the games without the overarching purpose of surviving each week. This year was also different due to the lengths to which I went to sign up. It’s not just the $1000 fee, it’s getting to Vegas in person, the $400 in proxy fees (you need locals to input your picks for you if you don’t live there), the $60 credit card fee, the $200 crappy hotel I booked at the last minute, the flights (one of which was cancelled due to heat), the rental car that necessitated, the gas, getting lost in the desert, [the entire odyssey](https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/a-real-man-would/id1023898853?i=1000661712394) while sick and still jet-lagged in 122-degree heat. But it’s not about the money, and it’s not even about the herculean effort per se, but the feeling and narrative I crafted around it. *I* was the guy who got this done. *I* flew from Portugal to San Francisco for 12 hours, two days later from SF to Palm Springs to help my 87-YO uncle with his affairs, improvised to get from Palm Springs to Vegas, which took six hours due to road closures, signed up for the contests, made the flight back to San Francisco, flew to Denver at 7 am the next day, took my daughter the Rockies game in the afternoon and then on to Boulder the following day. Maybe that’s not so impressive to some of you, but for me, an idle ideas person, a thinker, observer, someone who likes to express himself via a keyboard, it was like Alexander the Great conquering Persia. And it’s not only about that smaller mission, or the narrative I crafted around it, but a larger one which was to bring [sports content to nostr](https://iris.to/npub1dwhr8j9uy6ju2uu39t6tj6mw76gztr4rwdd6jr9qtkdh5crjwt5q2nqfxe) which I vowed to do before the summer which is why I felt I had to make the effort to get to Vegas to sign up for the contests, to have sufficient skin in the game, to have something real about which to write. And I got the idea to do this seriously because Heather wrote a [guide to Lisbon](https://njump.me/nevent1qqs9tlalaaxc9s0d3wtldcxjcu2xtwmda03ln37l05y465xfppc7x5gzyqy0v0mtymwefaha06kw286cnq5rqnv9vsku8eh89rg3szqnqnpfxqcyqqqqqqgpp4mhxue69uhkummn9ekx7mqpzemhxue69uhhyetvv9ujumn0wd68ytnzv9hxgqgnwaehxw309aex2mrp09skymr99ehhyecpz3mhxue69uhhyetvv9ujuerpd46hxtnfduq3vamnwvaz7tmzw33ju6mvv4hxgct6w5hxxmmdqyw8wumn8ghj7mn0wd68ytndw46xjmnewaskcmr9wshxxmmdyj9jl7) which [I posted on nostr](https://njump.me/nevent1qqsfqv5gzytdxmtt2kfj2d3565qe848klnkxne9jaquzudrmzzq5vcqzyp4d8c4rfqvtz57grayvtr6yu5veu760erd7x7qs5qqdec7fpdm5qqcyqqqqqqgpz3mhxue69uhhyetvv9ujuerpd46hxtnfduq3vamnwvaz7tmjv4kxz7fwdehhxarj9e3xzmnyqyt8wumn8ghj7cn5vvhxkmr9dejxz7n49e3k7mgpr3mhxue69uhkummnw3ezumt4w35ku7thv9kxcet59e3k7mgpp4mhxue69uhkummn9ekx7mqgucshh), and a few prominent developers there were surprisingly excited about getting that kind of quality content on the protocol. And I thought — if they’re this excited about a [(very in-depth) guide](https://njump.me/nevent1qqs9tlalaaxc9s0d3wtldcxjcu2xtwmda03ln37l05y465xfppc7x5gzyqy0v0mtymwefaha06kw286cnq5rqnv9vsku8eh89rg3szqnqnpfxqcyqqqqqqgpp4mhxue69uhkummn9ekx7mqpzemhxue69uhhyetvv9ujumn0wd68ytnzv9hxgqgnwaehxw309aex2mrp09skymr99ehhyecpz3mhxue69uhhyetvv9ujuerpd46hxtnfduq3vamnwvaz7tmzw33ju6mvv4hxgct6w5hxxmmdqyw8wumn8ghj7mn0wd68ytndw46xjmnewaskcmr9wshxxmmdyj9jl7) to one particular city in Europe, how much more value could I create posting about a hobby shared by 50-odd million Americans? And that thought (and the fact I had to go to Palm Springs anyway) is what set me off on the mission in the first place and got me thinking this would be [Team of Destiny](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=huDt630lNXs), Part 2, only to discover, disappointingly, it’s real destiny was not to make it out of the first week. . . . While my overwhelming emotion is one of disappointment, there’s a small element of relief. Survivor is a form of self-inflicted torture that probably subtracts years from one’s life. Every time Rhamondre Stevenson broke the initial tackle yesterday was like someone tightening a vice around my internal organs. There was nothing I could do but watch, and I even thought about turning it off. At one point, I was so enraged, I had to calm down consciously and refuse to get further embittered by events going against me. Mike Gesicki had a TD catch overturned because he didn’t hold the ball to the ground, The next play Tanner Hudson fumbled while running unimpeded to the end zone. I kept posting, “Don’t tilt” after every negative play. There’s a perverse enjoyment to getting enraged about what’s going on, out of your control, on a TV screen, but when you examine the experience, it really isn’t good or wholesome. I become like a spoiled child, ungrateful for everything, miserable and indignant at myriad injustices and wrongs I’m powerless to prevent. At one point Sasha came in to tell me she had downloaded some random game from the app store on her Raspberry Pi computer. I had no interest in this as I was living and dying with every play, but I had forced myself to calm down so much already, I actually went into her room to check it out, not a trace of annoyance in my voice or demeanor. I don’t think she cared about the game, or about showing it to me, but had stayed with her friends most of the weekend and was just using it as an excuse to spend a moment together with her dad. I scratched her back for a couple seconds while standing behind her desk chair. The game was still going on, and even though I was probably going to lose, and I was still sick about it, I was glad to have diverted a moment’s attention from it to Sasha. . . . In last week’s [Survivor post](https://www.realmansports.com/p/surviving-week-1-d02), I wrote: *What method do I propose to see into the future? Only my imagination. I’m going to spend a lot of time imagining what might happen, turn my brain into a quantum device, break space-time and come to the right answers. Easier said than done, but I’m committed.* It’s possible I did this, but simply retrieved my information from the wrong branch of the multiverse. It happens. . . . I [picked the Bengals](https://www.realmansports.com/p/surviving-week-1-d02) knowing full well the Bills were the correct “pot odds” play which is my usual method. Maybe when the pot-odds are close, I might go with my gut, but they were not especially close this week, and yet I still stuck with Cincinnati because they were the team I trusted more. And despite it being a bad pick — there are no excuses in Survivor, no matter what happens in the game, if you win it’s good, and lose it’s bad — I don’t feel that badly about it. I regret it only because I wish I were still alive, but it was my error. I went with what I believed, and it was wrong. That I can live with 100 times better than swapping out my belief for someone else’s and losing. Had I done that I’d be inconsolable. . . . I won’t let the Survivor debacle undermine my real mission to bring sports to nostr. Team of Destiny 2 would have been a compelling story, but it was never essential. After all, my flight was cancelled and I had to improvise, so now my Survivor entry is cancelled, and I’ll have to improvise again. The branch of the multiverse where the Bengals won didn’t give me the information I wanted, but maybe it was what I really needed to know. That I am the man in the arena yet, the battle was ever against myself, and for a brief moment, while my team was losing, I prevailed.

@ 6bae33c8:607272e8

I went 1-3 in my NFFC leagues for two reasons: (1) Christian McCaffrey failed to score 17 points (because he was inactive), and I failed to bid enough on Jordan Mason because at the time of the FAAB last week, the Niners were flat-out lying about his likelihood of playing and like an idiot I believed them; and (2) I sat Mason in another league at the last minute for Jaleel McLaughlin because Fantasy Pros (that scourge of a site I swear off every year) had Mason not just lower, but absolutely buried in its RB rankings. I would have ignored a close call between the two, but I thought if he’s this low, the market must place a high likelihood on McCaffrey playing, and I don’t want to take a zero. This is the problem with being lazy and outsourcing your research to a bunch of midwits with misaligned incentives. I really should have delved deeply into all the McCaffrey reports and made my own assessment. The problem with sites like Fantasy Pros is the grading system is different than the fantasy game itself. I imagine you’d get dinged hard for ranking Mason high if McCaffrey plays, and so it’s safer to rank him low. Moreover, one thing the fantasy industry is really bad at is pricing in that kind of risk. If everyone’s playing the market is pretty good at evaluating opportunity, per-play production and hence output, but if someone is 50/50 to get opportunities at all, they can’t handle it very well. Obviously Mason was a good bet to go for 20 points if McCaffrey were scratched, and so he should have been projected for 14 if it were 50/50 (he’d get *some* points even if McCaffrey played), but that we was projected for less than five (IIRC) made me think it was like 80/20. But I knew it was a *very* bad sign Monday morning (after it was too late to pivot) when McCaffrey was still not deemed definite — it’s not like he got hurt last week, but he’s had a full month to heal. (Actually maybe the Achilles was last week, but because injury reporting sucks and teams lie, it’s impossible to know the real reason he missed the game. If it’s still the calf, all bets are off because if he’s not back in a month, five weeks won’t magically heal him.) In any event, I’m glad I have Mason in two NFFC leagues, and I went all-in to get him (and I used him) in my RotoWire Dynasty one at least. But I should have been 3-1 if I had used my brain, and am instead 1-3, the win thankfully in the [Primetime](https://www.realmansports.com/p/nffc-primetime-fa7). - The 40-minute edited version of the game for God knows what reason flashed the final score (32-19) briefly after I hit play. So it spoiled the game for me, and the whole time I was just trying to figure out how they got to that number, realizing probably Jake Moody went bananas for some people, and he did. - I love that Allen Lazard got the TDs and not Garrett Wilson. Sometimes schadenfreude is all you got. I don’t think Lazard is a priority pickup, but the Jets tree is pretty thin, and Rodgers knows and apparently still trusts him. - Aaron Rodgers looked good to me, like his old self. He threw accurate passes, had a few drops, and the pick was bad luck. No idea why Mike Williams was ignored though. - Breece Hall got all the work until garbage time. No surprise, but he still looks like a top-five pick despite the fumble and poor per-play output. - Jordan Mason ran hard, looked a bit like Isiah Pacheco out there. If McCaffrey is out, that’s how I’d value him. - Deebo Samuel benefits a little (eight carries) with McCaffrey out. Just has a slightly bigger role in the ground game. - Brock Purdy played well, but didn’t have to do much. - You have to love that Juaun Jennings led the 49ers in receiving yards and Kyle Juszczyk was third when you have no part of the 49ers passing game. George Kittle and Brandon Aiyuk will get theirs eventually, but you just can’t count on volume for either one.

@ 129f5189:3a441803

Project 2025, outlined in the Heritage Foundation's "Mandate for Leadership" document, serves as a fundamental guide for the next Republican administration. Despite Trump's extensive denial, in today's material, we will explore the deepening and continuation of many policies already employed during his first term. The idea is that this material will serve as a reference document to consult and verify what was actually implemented and/or followed. https://image.nostr.build/e3b89d71ff929258e5d9cb0b5ca8709a381598f43d8be4b17df3c69c0bc74d4a.jpg This document presents proposals for the foreign policy and the State Department of the United States of America, as well as the strategy with its political partners and adversaries. We will also address the U.S. government's communication strategy abroad. https://image.nostr.build/a4250b786f611b478aaf0be559427ad7d4296fbcacb2acc692c7f0d7eb06b0dd.jpg Reorienting U.S. Foreign Policy: Proposals for a Conservative Future In the chapter "The Department of State" from the "Mandate for Leadership," also known as "Project 2025," Kiron K. Skinner presents a comprehensive plan to reform U.S. foreign policy under a conservative administration. Skinner, a renowned foreign policy expert and former Director of Policy Planning at the U.S. State Department, outlines global threats and offers specific recommendations to strengthen the U.S. position on the international stage. Below, we present a detailed analysis of the proposals, emphasizing direct quotes and explanations of the key points discussed. https://image.nostr.build/278dcd7ef0439813ea35d0598319ee347f7a8cd7dfecac93be24ffdd0f6ecd04.jpg History and Structure of the State Department Since its founding in 1789, the State Department has been the primary diplomatic channel of the U.S. With nearly 80,000 employees and 275 posts around the world, it faces significant structural challenges. Skinner highlights that "the biggest problem of the State Department is not a lack of resources," but the belief that it is "an independent institution that knows what is best for the U.S." (Skinner). The scholar and former Director of Policy Planning at the U.S. State Department during the Trump administration emphasizes these points, considering the difficulty in accepting a conservative international approach by State Department employees (the equivalent of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in other countries). https://image.nostr.build/049939926793e86000b300b9a962dc0ae7e271d9a607ae36d8cb08642adf4174.jpg Political Leadership and Bureaucratic Support To align the State Department with presidential priorities, Kiron suggests appointing political leaders who are committed to the president's vision. "Leadership should include political appointees in positions that do not require Senate confirmation, including senior advisors and deputy secretaries" (Skinner). Furthermore, she emphasizes the importance of training and supporting these appointees to ensure effective coordination between agencies. https://image.nostr.build/6ed704cc9612aa6489e048b143f1e489c1f8807fdf2ab011b4ba88e4a1e3619a.jpg Global Threats to the U.S. The document identifies five countries that pose significant threats to the security and prosperity of the U.S.: China, Iran, Venezuela, Russia, and North Korea. 🇨🇳 China: Skinner argues that China represents an existential threat. "The U.S. needs a strategic cost-imposing response to make Beijing's aggression economically unviable" (Skinner). Additionally, she emphasizes that the issue is not with the Chinese people, but with the communist dictatorship that oppresses them: "As with all global struggles against communist and other tyrannical regimes, the issue should never be with the Chinese people, but with the communist dictatorship that oppresses them" (Skinner). https://image.nostr.build/e707273f1d08bdc4187123a312bd116695b5f603066e11ad30fcef4466730b6b.jpg 🇮🇷 Iran: The Obama administration, through the 2015 nuclear deal, provided the Iranian regime with a "crucial cash bailout" (Skinner). Kiron criticizes this approach, asserting that the U.S. should support the Iranian people in their demands for a democratic government. "The correct policy for Iran is one that recognizes that it is in the U.S. national security interests and the human rights of Iranians that they have the democratic government they demand" (Skinner). https://image.nostr.build/cda7d29a62981f59ad8d77362b3867b552f190c8d7e0e8d9233cb7c1d1d0309e.jpg 🇻🇪 Venezuela: Under the regimes of Hugo Chávez and Nicolás Maduro, Venezuela has transitioned from a prosperous country to one of the poorest in South America. Skinner suggests that the U.S. should work to contain Venezuelan communism and support its people. "The next administration should take steps to put Venezuela's communist abusers on notice and make progress in helping the Venezuelan people" (Skinner). https://image.nostr.build/f53e12564cae74d4b50c24b0f3752dd2c53b70bd1c00a16df20736fb8588417d.jpg 🇷🇺 Russia: The war between Russia and Ukraine divides opinions among conservatives, and the document considers three lines of action. Some advocate continuing support for Ukraine, while others believe that such support does not serve U.S. security interests. "The conservative approach rejects both isolationism and interventionism, first asking: What is in the interest of the American people?" https://image.nostr.build/8fedaf77129f4801f4edb8b169b2ac93a3e518b8bf3642b3abc62575b5435fa3.jpg One conservative school of thought believes that "Moscow's illegal war of aggression against Ukraine represents major challenges to U.S. interests, as well as to peace, stability, and the post-Cold War security order in Europe" (Skinner). This view advocates for continued U.S. involvement, including military and economic aid, to defeat Russian President Vladimir Putin and return to pre-invasion border lines. Another conservative school of thought argues that U.S. support for Ukraine is not in the interest of U.S. national security. According to this view, "Ukraine is not a member of the NATO alliance and is one of the most corrupt countries in the region" (Skinner). It is argued that the European nations directly affected by the conflict should help defend Ukraine, but the U.S. should seek a swift end to the conflict through a negotiated settlement. https://image.nostr.build/22db3d0e79340c1d62344a2b8a3bfddbe4d5bd923cf77d70cfbf5ebf73e4db3e.jpg A third conservative viewpoint avoids both isolationism and interventionism, proposing that "each foreign policy decision should first ask: What is in the interest of the American people?" (Skinner). From this perspective, continued U.S. involvement should be fully funded, limited to military aid while European allies address Ukraine's economic needs, and must have a clear national security strategy that does not endanger American lives. https://image.nostr.build/939fea0bb5c69f171a3da1073e197edcff23a600430b3bc455f6d41bc8a0319f.jpg Although not stated explicitly, I believe this third viewpoint is the one Kiron Skinner desires, as she considers American intervention important but advocates for balancing the costs of the war with its partners in the European Union and NATO. https://image.nostr.build/d1d0c7fb27bfc5dd14b8dde459b98ed6b7ca2706473b2580e0fbf5383f5a9c10.jpg 🇰🇵 North Korea: North Korea must be deterred from any military conflict and cannot be allowed to remain a de facto nuclear power. "The U.S. cannot allow North Korea to remain a de facto nuclear power with the capability to threaten the U.S. or its allies" (Skinner). https://image.nostr.build/95febb04f6d2e0575974a5e645fc7b5ec3b826b8828237ccc1f49b11d11d6bce.jpg Detailed Policy Proposals Refugee Admissions: The Biden administration has caused a collapse in border security and internal immigration enforcement, according to Skinner. She argues that the U.S. Refugee Admissions Program (USRAP) should be resized. "The federal government should redirect screening and verification resources to the border crisis, indefinitely reducing the number of USRAP refugee admissions until the crisis can be contained" (Skinner). https://image.nostr.build/a5740b33842e47b9a1ab58c7b72bd6514f9b6ffbb18706deed1445c59236bc0d.jpg Corporate Collaboration with China: Skinner criticizes the collaboration of companies like BlackRock and Disney with the Chinese regime, noting that "many are invested in an unwavering faith in the international system and global norms," refusing to acknowledge Beijing's malign activities. She emphasizes that the real issue is the communist dictatorship that oppresses the Chinese people, not the Chinese citizens themselves (Skinner). https://image.nostr.build/05a3c787f144c4519c2ee8a4b22e64b8729842819ace4b439c849ef70ecd60b4.jpg Fentanyl and Mexico: The trafficking of fentanyl, facilitated by Mexican cartels in collaboration with Chinese precursor chemical manufacturers, is a critical problem. "Mexican cartels, working closely with Chinese manufacturers of fentanyl precursor chemicals, are sending this drug to the U.S., causing an unprecedented lethal impact" (Skinner). The next administration should adopt a firm stance to halt this public health crisis. https://image.nostr.build/59e32aeef5dabab3344a94a3e415d57fed91fece8bc3c5f068e9f6f7d71f99bd.jpg Re-hemispherization of Manufacturing: Kiron proposes that the U.S. promote the relocation of manufacturing to partner countries such as Mexico and Canada. "The U.S. should do everything possible to shift global manufacturing to Central and South American countries, especially to move it away from China" (Skinner). This would improve the supply chain and represent a significant economic boost for the region. https://image.nostr.build/5d5d7d792f1c94eb6e2bd7a4b86c43236765719e183be8ba8e00ed7dd07eca66.jpg Abraham Accords and a New “Quad”: Skinner suggests that the next administration should expand the Abraham Accords to include countries like Saudi Arabia and form a new security pact in the Middle East that includes Israel, Egypt, Gulf states, and possibly India. "Protecting the freedom of navigation in the Gulf and the Red Sea/Suez Canal is vital for the global economy and, therefore, for U.S. prosperity" (Skinner). https://image.nostr.build/c87cd99cb3ea2bef40e9d1f1fea48b0c9f9f031f3077fff658f15f850e7b8589.jpg Policy for Africa: The U.S. strategy for Africa should shift focus from humanitarian assistance to economic growth and countering China’s malign activities. "Development assistance should focus on fostering free market systems and involving the U.S. private sector" (Skinner). She also highlights that African nations are opposed to the imposition of policies such as abortion and LGBT lobbying. https://image.nostr.build/44df42f32e61c14786ac46c231d368b14df4dc18124a0da458e8506f917302f2.jpg Relations with Europe and Asia Europe: The U.S. should demand that NATO countries increase their contributions to defense. "The U.S. cannot be expected to provide a defense umbrella for countries that do not contribute adequately" (Skinner). Additionally, urgent trade agreements should be pursued with the post-Brexit United Kingdom. https://image.nostr.build/6c013bacfa9e6505ad717104d9a6065f27664a321dd2c3d41fd7635258042d2f.jpg Asia: The withdrawal of U.S. troops from Afghanistan was humiliating and created new challenges. Skinner emphasizes the importance of India as a critical partner to counterbalance the Chinese threat and promote a free and open Indo-Pacific. Cooperation within the Quad, which includes the U.S., India, Japan, and Australia, is essential to this strategy. "The priority is to advance U.S.-India cooperation as a pillar of the Quad" (Skinner). https://image.nostr.build/1cc988b2f70d855c9676d7e38ffdb23564d04ad6333a8d256698f416a1c6704e.jpg International Organizations Skinner criticizes the corruption and failure of the World Health Organization (WHO) during the Covid-19 pandemic. "The next administration should end blind support for international organizations and direct the Secretary of State to initiate a cost-benefit analysis of U.S. participation in all international organizations" (Skinner). She also supports the “Geneva Consensus Declaration on Women’s Health and Protection of the Family,” which is against abortion, and believes that the U.S. government should not fund international organizations that promote abortion (Skinner). https://image.nostr.build/0b583511fef16d68736804fae2f15850eb5c803af01f006a3fe10cdbc583f48c.jpg Conclusion Skinner’s document provides a detailed vision for reorienting U.S. foreign policy under a conservative administration, with an emphasis on ensuring that the State Department serves the national interests defined by the president. With these guidelines, the next administration has the opportunity to redefine the U.S. position on the global stage, promoting security, prosperity, and freedom. https://image.nostr.build/697522745c5947cd4384cdd302b531ee98ce5d59a5d72de0b4f3a52c9abd4821.jpg

@ 129f5189:3a441803

Project 2025, outlined in the "Mandate for Leadership" document by the Heritage Foundation, is a crucial guide for the next Republican administration. Crafted by conservative intellectuals from major American think tanks, this plan promises to have significant influence on a potential Donald Trump administration, even if he does not formally acknowledge it as his government plan. https://image.nostr.build/443d69c16dc32659be2353ce48d170d397e0ee682ffc3c4108df3047fd54472d.jpg This document presents proposals to depoliticize government agencies, increase efficiency, and reduce costs, aiming to dismantle the Deep State and combat the Woke agenda associated with the Democratic Party. https://image.nostr.build/06de3f0de3d48e086f47d0418d30e32cbfe0d88f452a93706987b7394458952d.jpg Dissolution of the DHS and Redistribution of Functions The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) was established in 2002 in response to the September 11 attacks, with the goal of consolidating various agencies responsible for domestic security under a single command. The DHS includes agencies such as FEMA, TSA, ICE, and CISA. Project 2025's proposal to dissolve the DHS and redistribute its functions to other agencies aims to address excessive bureaucracy and a lack of cohesion, arguing that centralization has failed to effectively integrate its diverse missions. https://image.nostr.build/ffca8d274914b725183b8fb19162c1b63f4d987c24e598f2eca88901d4a1a43c.jpg Impact on the Democratic Deep State: The dissolution of the DHS would pose a significant threat to the Democratic Deep State, as it would redistribute the power concentrated in a single entity across multiple other agencies, making it more difficult to politicize and centralize control over domestic security operations. This decentralization would reduce the ability to use the DHS as a political tool against opponents. https://image.nostr.build/1597e3b88572fe8aae7ce67cdaf975a873cf8bc68f76d59cb4253ad1520fc7bc.jpg Primary Recommendations Combining Immigration Agencies: Merge U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP), Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS), the Office of Refugee Resettlement (ORR) of the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), and the Executive Office for Immigration Review (EOIR) of the Department of Justice (DOJ) into a new autonomous border and immigration agency. https://image.nostr.build/58eef4f2eca0ed2400261ec878c1dba2ca4bca519a16751b1fb7abd45da2906b.jpg Privatization of the TSA: Privatize the Transportation Security Administration (TSA), drawing inspiration from Canadian and European models, to reduce costs and improve service for travelers. Division of the Secret Service (USSS): The U.S. Secret Service (USSS), responsible for protecting national leaders and investigating financial crimes, would be divided. The protective element would be transferred to the Department of Justice (DOJ), while the financial investigations element would be moved to the Department of the Treasury. https://image.nostr.build/0a065cdbf158db4bc17b9aacd4af5a94029004caaa152eebf2c557042b08a641.jpg Impact on the Democratic Deep State: The division of the USSS would significantly weaken centralized control over protection and financial investigations, making it more difficult to use these functions for political purposes. Transferring the protective element to the DOJ and the financial investigations element to the Treasury would complicate efforts for any group or party to manipulate these crucial government functions for partisan objectives. https://image.nostr.build/1597e3b88572fe8aae7ce67cdaf975a873cf8bc68f76d59cb4253ad1520fc7bc.jpg Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) Established in 2018, CISA is a federal agency responsible for protecting the U.S. critical infrastructure from cyber threats. CISA's mandate includes ensuring cybersecurity for sectors such as energy, transportation, and healthcare, and it collaborates with public and private entities to strengthen the country’s cyber resilience. Criticisms and Restructuring Proposals: Project 2025 strongly criticizes CISA for deviating from its original mission and being used as a political tool for censoring speech and influencing elections. The proposal is to transfer CISA to the Department of Transportation (DOT) and return the agency to its statutory focus. https://image.nostr.build/8bfb4a45053de96a775f67e3e1b83a44d9a65fee4705e3b16d3359bd799b8af2.jpg Review of Executive Order 12333 Executive Order 12333, issued in 1981, sets guidelines for U.S. intelligence activities, including the collection, analysis, and dissemination of information. Project 2025 proposes a review of this order to ensure that intelligence agencies are not used for political purposes but are focused on protecting national security. Objectives of the Review: Prevent Abuse: Ensure that intelligence collection is conducted legally, without being used to target political opponents. Ensure Impartiality: Reaffirm that intelligence operations must be conducted impartially, with a sole focus on the country's security. https://image.nostr.build/90d31cb35a33048d311716df2fbc65c97bd4c1972977e266133654404393fca0.jpg Reforms in Public Service Facilitation of Public Employee Dismissal: Project 2025 emphasizes the need to simplify the process for dismissing public employees who do not perform their duties impartially or who promote specific political agendas. Performance Evaluations: The document highlights the importance of merit-based compensation, stating that performance evaluations are only effective when tied to real consequences. Research indicates that 90% of major private companies in the U.S. use a merit-based pay system linked to evaluations. However, in the federal government, compensation remains largely based on seniority, despite efforts to adopt merit-based pay. https://image.nostr.build/1b858fd7b2a23c3c65c0677d3e69c44976721bbdcbe7facf4682ba3371562cff.jpg Inclusion of Employees Aligned with Conservative Values: Aligned Hiring: Establish mechanisms to hire public employees who share conservative values, ensuring that the policies and practices of agencies are consistent with the principles endorsed by the administration. https://image.nostr.build/ddbf5c59e7bb479998433991347f9d301dd117fbca0edb0f94e98fcac90b2974.jpg Controversial Cases and Politicization: Hunter Biden Laptop Case: Project 2025 harshly criticizes the FBI and the Department of Justice, accusing them of acting in a biased and politically motivated manner. The authors suggest that the agency is intimidating parents who protest by labeling them as "domestic terrorists," while simultaneously suppressing politically unfavorable speech under the guise of combating "disinformation." Furthermore, the critique highlights that the FBI is alleged to be neglecting violent attacks on pregnancy centers and violations of laws prohibiting attempts to intimidate Supreme Court justices. The criticism intensifies with allegations that the FBI interfered in domestic elections and engaged in propaganda operations, specifically citing the purported Russian collusion conspiracy in 2016 and the suppression of the Hunter Biden laptop case in 2020, which is seen as a threat to the Republic. https://image.nostr.build/e4f571a14102a939164465498bef514379ec0443e71a58e12f50c518e00570c6.jpg Politicization of the FBI: Election Interference: Russia Hoax and Trump, Suppression of Hunter Biden’s Laptop, and Big Tech Collusion. Revelations about the FBI’s role in the 2016 "Russia Hoax" and the suppression of Hunter Biden’s laptop in 2020 suggest that the agency may have strayed from its impartial duties. These actions indicate concerning politicization, where the agency appears to have been used to influence the political landscape in favor of certain interests. This includes collaboration between the FBI and Big Tech companies to control discourse. https://image.nostr.build/5dcd45fcec939b782d29d8d2e3d3b45244c525b5dbd3240f1629a4632e390a86.jpg Comprehensive Review of FBI Investigations: It is crucial to conduct an immediate and thorough review of all significant investigations and activities within the FBI, terminating those that are illegal or contrary to national interests. This step is essential for restoring public trust in the FBI. A public report on the findings of this review could enhance transparency and confidence. https://image.nostr.build/df98e2c6aff123d806187eab13d24a3ebb30a87df1f44cf57be97dc5624fff88.jpg Structural Reorganization: Align the FBI within the Department of Justice (DOJ) according to its purposes of national security and law enforcement. The agency should be under the supervision of the Assistant Attorney General for the Criminal Division and the National Security Division, ensuring that the FBI does not operate as an independent entity but is instead subordinated to the DOJ’s directives. https://image.nostr.build/0d1c0015c6b67a8afc2dd1595357ea571fcd5a9d83829065f49f9b60cf553eb0.jpg Prohibition on Policing Speech: Prohibit the FBI from engaging in activities related to combating "disinformation" or "misinformation" disseminated by Americans who are not linked to plausible criminal activities. The Constitution, through the First Amendment, prohibits the government from policing speech, ensuring a healthy public debate without governmental intervention. All these measures represent a significant attack on the "Deep State" within American institutions. These public policies have been considered a dictatorial threat by many sectors of the American press. However, the real issue should be the politicization of unelected bureaucrats by a political faction. https://image.nostr.build/9a44b19d15d53314f89528c1d89e2f637030ea18d8907a6a8c4e27d07064b8ec.jpg Combating Woke Culture in the Intelligence Community Future leadership of the Intelligence Community (IC) needs to implement a plan to replace the "woke" culture and identity politics that have spread throughout the federal government. The goal is to restore traditional American values such as patriotism, racial impartiality, and job competence, which have been replaced by advocacy for "social justice" and identity politics. https://image.nostr.build/7929dca5e36273c8e751f36d6ca6229f362e30792bce735f10be7e5d8581af5f.jpg Final Considerations The Heritage Foundation’s Project 2025 is not merely an administrative reform plan; it is a manifesto of resistance against the Washington status quo. The proposals aim to dismantle established power structures, eliminate politicization, and combat the Woke agenda. If implemented, this plan would profoundly impact how the U.S. government operates, promoting a more efficient, limited government aligned with conservative principles. Threat to the Democratic Deep State: A potential new administration under Donald Trump represents an existential threat to the Democratic Deep State entrenched in American institutions. The dissolution of the DHS, depoliticization of intelligence agencies, division of the Secret Service, review of Executive Order 12333, privatization of the TSA, and the hiring of employees aligned with conservative values are all measures that would significantly weaken centralized control and the ability to use these institutions for political purposes. By dismantling concentrated power and promoting a more transparent and accountable government, Project 2025 aims to restore public trust and ensure that government agencies serve national interests rather than partisan ones. Of course, not all aspects of the plan may be implemented, but the prospect of several of these measures being enacted should be a cause for concern for the Democratic Deep State.

@ 129f5189:3a441803

Today we will understand how Argentina, when under the control of the Foro de São Paulo, was an important asset for the Chinese Communist Party in South America and how Javier Milei is charting paths to change this scenario. The Chinese government has been making diplomatic overtures to areas near the polar regions as part of its maritime strategy. After a "strategic retreat," the Southern Hemisphere has assumed a new dimension for Chinese interests in South America. Beijing has been increasing its diplomatic engagement with countries in the region, especially Argentina in recent times, through a series of economic, sociocultural, and to a lesser extent, military agreements. This includes the delivery of vaccines and the intention to accelerate an investment plan worth $30 million. China has focused on several geopolitically sensitive projects in Argentina, all strategic: controlling air and maritime space and strategic facilities in territorial areas monitored by Beijing over Antarctica and the South Atlantic. However, doubts arise about China's intentions... https://image.nostr.build/f55fc5464d8d09cbbddd0fe803b264a5e885da387c2c6c1702f021875beb18c2.jpg For Xi Jinping's government, Argentina stands out for its strategic location, the influential posture of its leaders, and its alignment with China's economic and military power expansion. China has made significant investments and infrastructure initiatives in various Argentine regions. In addition to establishing a presence in the province of Neuquén, China has targeted the port city of Ushuaia in Tierra del Fuego, Antarctica, the South Atlantic islands, and the San Juan region near the Chilean border. A 2012 agreement between authorities in Argentina's Neuquén province and Beijing allowed the construction of a deep space tracking station near the Chilean border, which caught Washington's attention. https://image.nostr.build/a3fa7f2c7174ee9d90aaecd9eadb69a2ef82c04c94584165a213b29d2ae8a66e.jpg In 2014, through a bilateral agreement between the Chinese Lunar Exploration Program, represented by the Satellite Launch and Tracking Control General (CLTC) of the People's Liberation Army (PLA) and Argentina's National Commission on Space Activities (CONAE), the agreement identified the Argentine space station at Bajada del Agrio as the most favorable location for hosting a Chinese base in the Southern Hemisphere. The project became operational in 2017 on a 200-hectare area and represents the third in a global network and the first outside China. It features a 110-ton, 35-meter-diameter antenna for deep space exploration (telemetry and technology for "terrestrial tracking, command, and data acquisition"), with the CLTC having a special exploration license for a period of 50 years. https://image.nostr.build/0a469d8bab900c7cefa854594dfdb934febf2758e1a77c7639d394f14cd98491.jpg The 50-year contract grants the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) the ability to operate freely on Argentine soil. The facility, known as Espacio Lejano, set a precedent for a Chinese ground tracking station in Río Gallegos, on the southeastern coast of Argentina, which was formally announced in 2021. In 2016, a document issued by the U.S. State Council Information Office raised concerns among the U.S. government and European Union (EU) countries about the potential military and geopolitical uses of the base in the Southern Hemisphere and Antarctica. Another element fueling suspicion is the existence of "secret clauses" in a document signed by the General Directorate of Legal Advisory (DICOL) of Argentina’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs, International Trade, and Worship with the Chinese government. https://image.nostr.build/1733ba03475755ddf9be4eafc3e9eb838ba8f9fa6e783a4b060f12b89c3f4165.jpg Since the Espacio Lejano contract was signed, U.S. analysts and authorities have repeatedly expressed concern about China's growing collaboration with Argentina on security and surveillance issues. In 2023, a general from the U.S. Southern Command stated during a hearing of the House Armed Services Committee: "The PRC [People's Republic of China] has expanded its capacity to extract resources, establish ports, manipulate governments through predatory investment practices, and build potential dual-use space facilities." https://image.nostr.build/16bbdeae11247d47a97637402866a0414d235d41fe8039218e26c9d11392b487.jpg The shift in the Argentine government from a leftist spectrum, led by leaders of the São Paulo Forum, to a Milei administration, which has always advocated for libertarian and pro-Western rhetoric, has altered the dynamics of Chinese-Argentine relations in 2024. Milei assumed office on December 10, 2023, replacing the progressive president Alberto Fernández, who had strengthened ties with China and signed an agreement in 2022 to join the CCP’s Belt and Road Initiative. During his campaign, Milei did not hide his disdain for communist regimes and signaled his intention to move away from socialist policies in favor of a more libertarian direction. In the nearly seven months since taking office, Milei has implemented major economic reforms and streamlined the government. https://image.nostr.build/1d534b254529bf10834d81e2ae35ce2698eda2453d5e2b39d98fa50b45c00a59.jpg Other recent "positive indicators" suggest that the Milei administration is prioritizing defense relations with the United States over China, according to Leland Lazarus, Associate Director of National Security at the Jack D. Gordon Institute for Public Policy at Florida International University. "The fact is that, in just six months, he has already visited the United States several times. He has met with Secretary [Antony] Blinken, been to the White House... all of this is like absolute music to General Richardson's ears; to President [Joe] Biden's ears," Lazarus told Epoch Times. General Richardson visited Argentina in April, a trip that included the donation of a C-130H Hercules transport aircraft to the Argentine Air Force and a visit to a naval facility in Ushuaia, Tierra del Fuego, at the southern tip of the country. "We are committed to working closely with Argentina so that our collaborative security efforts benefit our citizens, our countries, and our hemisphere in enduring and positive ways," she said in a statement at the time. In Ushuaia, General Richardson met with local military personnel to discuss their role in "safeguarding vital maritime routes for global trade." https://image.nostr.build/f6d80fee8a7bba03bf11235d86c4f72435ae4be7d201dba81cc8598551e5ed24.jpg In a statement from the Argentine Ministry of Defense, Milei confirmed that General Richardson also reviewed the progress of an "integrated naval base" at the Ushuaia naval facility. Argentine officials said they also discussed "legislative modernization on defense issues." Under the previous administration, China had received preferential treatment. In June 2023, Tierra del Fuego Governor Gustavo Melella approved China's plans to build a "multi-use" port facility near the Strait of Magellan. The project was met with legislative backlash, as three national deputies and members of the Civic Coalition filed an official complaint against the governor's provincial decree to build the port with Beijing. The same group also accused Melella of compromising Argentina’s national security. No public records show that the project has progressed since then. https://image.nostr.build/3b2b57875dc7ac162ab2b198df238cb8479a7d0bbce32b4042e11063b5e2779b.jpg Argentina's desire for deeper security cooperation with Western partners was also evident in April when Argentine Defense Minister Luis Petri signed a historic agreement to purchase 24 F-16 fighter jets from Denmark. "Today we are concluding the most important military aviation acquisition since 1983," Petri said in an official statement. "Thanks to this investment in defense, I can proudly say that we are beginning to restore our air sovereignty and that our entire society is better protected against all the threats we face." https://image.nostr.build/8aa0a6261e61e35c888d022a537f03a0fb7a963a78bf2f1bec9bf0a242289dba.jpg The purchase occurred after several media reports in 2022 indicated that the previous Fernández administration was considering buying JF-17 fighter jets made in China and Pakistan. A former minister from ex-president Mauricio Macri's government, who requested anonymity, confirmed to Epoch Times that a deal to acquire JF-17 jets was being considered during the Fernández era. Chinese investment did not occur only in Argentina. According to a document from the U.S. House Foreign Affairs Committee: "From 2009 to 2019, China transferred a total of $634 million in significant military equipment to five South American countries—Argentina, Bolivia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela. The governments of Venezuela, Ecuador, Bolivia, and Argentina purchased defense equipment from the PRC, cooperated in military exercises, and engaged in educational exchanges and training for their military personnel." https://image.nostr.build/ed6d8daeea418b7e233ef97c90dee5074be64bd572f1fd0a5452b5960617c9ca.jpg Access to space plays a crucial role in the CCP's strategic objectives. Thus, when reports emerged in early April that Milei's government wanted to inspect Espacio Lejano, experts suggested it supported his national security moves away from China. According to the Espacio Lejano contract, signed under Cristina Fernández de Kirchner's Peronist regime, CCP officials are not required to let anyone—including the Argentine president—enter the facility without prior notice. According to Article 3, the agreement stipulates that Argentine authorities cannot interfere with or interrupt the "normal activities" of the facility and must explore alternative options and provide an unspecified amount of notice before being granted access. China has maintained that Espacio Lejano is for deep space exploration, lunar missions, and communication with satellites already in orbit. However, there is deep skepticism that the claim of space exploration alone is highly unlikely. The big question is: what could this facility do in times of war? https://image.nostr.build/f46a2807c02c512e70b14981f07a7e669223a42f3907cbddec952d5b27da9895.jpg Neuquén is just one of 11 ground stations and space research facilities China has in Latin America and the Caribbean. This represents the largest concentration of space equipment China has outside its own country. According to data from the Gordon Institute, the Chinese Espacio Lejano station and the Río Gallegos facility provide an ideal surveillance position near the polar orbit. The polar orbit is useful for data collection, transmission, and tracking because it allows for observation of the entire planet from space. The resolution of communications is also improved due to the proximity of satellites in orbit to the Earth's surface. Additionally, it offers strategic advantages for any government involved in espionage. https://image.nostr.build/39215a4c9f84cbbaf517c4fda8a562bba9e0cd3af3d453a24d3a9b454c5d015d.jpg Regarding deeper security collaboration with the United States, the trend is that Milei’s government will do as much as possible without jeopardizing its contracts with China, which is currently Argentina's second-largest trading partner. However, if Argentina's defense cooperation with China cools, the communist regime might wait for another Argentine government to continue its expansion—a government that could be more favorable to the CCP's objectives. Everything will depend on the continued success of Javier Milei's economic miracle, ensuring his government is re-elected and he can appoint a successor, making it more challenging for China, and avoiding a situation similar to what occurred in Brazil starting in 2023. https://image.nostr.build/a5dd3e59a703c553be60534ac5a539b1e50496c71904d01b16471086e9843cd4.jpg

@ 129f5189:3a441803

Precious metals have served as monetary backing for millennia, but this does not guarantee that gold is a safe investment or a good hedge against economic crises and monetary collapses. Since its last major rally in the 1980s, gold has been progressively demonetized. Those who acquired gold in the late 1980s will need to rely on a significant increase in demand or a supply shock for its price to rise by 561% and regain the purchasing power it had 40 years ago. https://image.nostr.build/dd5fec2b474ea34cd72ddf5781393b528e63a358d523c9428f3ba4649f4f42aa.jpg If you look at the purchasing power of $1 (green line), you'll see that the depreciation is even faster. This might create the impression that gold is a good store of value. But does the fact that something loses value more slowly amidst a general decline really make it a store of value? Unless the total demand for gold increases at the same rate as its supply has grown in recent years, the purchasing power of the metal is likely to decline. https://image.nostr.build/9f24f6cf37780fe851746057520064ed94acd96547be53bd341c9e15b8762773.jpg In other words, if you own an ounce of gold, that ounce will represent an increasingly smaller fraction of the total gold reserves, meaning you are being diluted. Additionally, one should also consider the cost and risk of storage, but that's another issue. If you don't want to compare the purchasing power of gold today with the 1980s, you can consider its value from 9 years ago. Between September 2011 and November 2015, the Fed printed approximately $2.8 trillion. This also provides a perspective on gold's depreciation relative to the significant monetary expansion during that period. https://image.nostr.build/822e0a861e16ca258e0427875a84b5c8e5420e51bcf65674b453b55ed78edefd.jpg In other words, the Fed expanded its monetary base by about 30% during that 4-year period. However, the price of an ounce of gold fell by 45% (from $1,900 to $1,057) over the same interval. A true store of value should protect against excessive money printing. In contrast, during that same period, Bitcoin appreciated by 8,500% (from $5 to $419). https://image.nostr.build/32a7ca39a6e69e2780f9ab49390c7b7380499fcfe54ae4ef693e6fc91686a41e.jpg Indeed, while it is interesting to note that this was the exact period when gold derivatives were launched on CME Group, it's important to remember that correlation does not imply causation. Many factors can influence the price of gold and Bitcoin, and establishing a direct causal relationship requires more detailed analysis. https://derivsource.com/2011/06/21/cme-group-announces-the-launch-of-three-new-short-term-gold-crude-oil-and-natural-gas-options-contracts/ In an asset where supply can only be physically verified, flooding the market with gold contracts could lead to significant issues. This might result in market manipulation, legal liabilities, fines, and potentially even imprisonment for those involved. Such actions can undermine the integrity of the market and lead to regulatory and legal consequences. https://www.cnbc.com/2018/11/06/ex-jp-morgan-trader-pleads-guilty-to-manipulating-metals-markets.html Over longer periods, gold has not functioned as a true "store of value" relative to the dollar for quite some time, despite recently returning to its price from 9 years ago. This suggests that, while gold may have periods of price recovery, it has struggled to maintain its value over extended horizons compared to fiat currencies. It's worth noting that before 1980, aluminum was valued higher than gold. This reflects how market dynamics and technological advancements can significantly impact the value of commodities over time. https://www.mgsrefining.com/blog/why-aluminum-is-no-longer-a-precious-metal/ While gold has been undergoing a gradual demonetization process since 1980, another asset appears to be experiencing the opposite—hyper-monetization. (See in red; don't be alarmed.) https://image.nostr.build/435a5369f778a7be727b50e4c6328cfc353240bf804e1ed69313b9a8e1233f7e.jpg With the advent of Bitcoin, you believe that gold will continue on the same path as silver since the end of the bimetallic standard in 1853: a prolonged process of demonetization, with increasing volatility and reduced liquidity. https://image.nostr.build/5b9c8bfdb09e51d639e380df160c98beb9ee1d917ea13d28ef67711cfa5f8086.jpg Since 1913, the dollar has lost 97% of its purchasing power. Over the same period, the gold supply has increased significantly. Since 1980, gold has lost about 82% of its purchasing power. Given that the dollar is used as the unit of account and gold's liquidity is measured in dollars, these changes reflect the complex interaction between the currency and the precious metal. The U.S. is by far the country with the largest gold reserves in the world and is also the fourth-largest miner of the metal. Additionally, the country controls and issues the currency that serves as the unit of account for gold and has the highest liquidity in global trade. Is gold easy to transport? Is it simple to verify its supply and authenticity? Is it practical to store? Is its industrial utility significant? Can it be disrupted? And what about the continuous increase in its supply? These are important questions to consider. In my humble opinion, it will not be the dollar or fiat currencies that will suffer the most from the existence of Bitcoin, but rather the market cap of gold. https://image.nostr.build/61dddefabc4b69f784631a3294bdd978e3411bba40fb52d585e13b48002389fe.jpg

@ e83b66a8:b0526c2b

We have a confession to make. NOSTR is not perfect, we are still building. No client you use does everything you want it to, and everything it does is imperfect. Therefore, I strongly advise you to run multiple clients. On iPhone, I run: Damus: https://nostrapps.com/damus Primal: https://primal.net/downloads Nostur: https://nostrapps.com/nostur On Android I run: Primal: https://primal.net/downloads Amethyst: https://nostrapps.com/amethyst On desktop I run: Primal: https://primal.net/downloads noStrudel: https://nostrapps.com/nostrudel Also, because I run a node (Umbrel & Start9), I self host noStrudel on my own relay. If you haven’t taken the plunge to run a node, now might be a good time to think about it. There are many, many options for clients, the “Social” section of https://nostrapps.com/ lists 23 currently. Play with them, see what they do, if you’re a developer, you could even consider building or forking your own. Have fun and realise we are building freedom tech, not just running it.

@ e83b66a8:b0526c2b

First, Key management. When you “created” your NOSTR account, what you actually created was a cryptographic key pair. This consists of a private key, which starts “nsec” and a public key which starts with “npub”. As the names suggest, your “nsec” key is private and you should never reveal it to anyone. Your “npub” key is your public key, feel free to share that everywhere. Your “npub” key is used by others to verify your identity, through the signature added to your messages. It is also used by others to encrypt private messages to you. We don’t have perfect key management yet and because of the limitation of smart phones and various eco systems, it often becomes necessary for you to copy and paste your private key into apps in order to use them. This is less than ideal, but until we have ubiquitous cross platform key management devices, this situation will remain necessary. For the moment, consider using software key management options, some of which are listed under “signers” here: https://nostrapps.com/ N.B. We do have projects like Seedsigner that provide more secure hardware key management, but this isn’t for the faint hearted: Secondly, Lightning wallets. It is common for most people to link a Bitcoin Lightning wallet to their NOSTR profile N.B. Your profile is stored on relays and signed by your private key, which is verified by others through your public key. You are not tied to any specific wallet for sending payments (called zaps), but you do provide a specific incoming LN address for receiving payments. This could be something like a wallet of Satoshi Address i.e. “randomname@walletofsatoshi.com” or could you be your own node with a connection to it via “Nostr Wallet Connect” a free plugin that connects a lightning wallet. Enabling this allows people to “zap” any posts or content or even send you payments directly at any time or for any reason. N.B. It is called freedom money for a reason…. It also allows you to send small micropayments to posts or people you like. Thirdly, Paid Services As you go deeper into the NOSTR ecosystem, you’ll notice there is no advertising being pushed at you and there are no algorithms manipulating the content you receive. This is because there is no company behind NOSTR, it is a protocol. Because of this, while all the ecosystem is free to use and will remain so for the foreseeable future, most of it is run by enthusiastic volunteers or developers and incurs a cost to them. For that reason many of us choose to support these #devs by paying for services. This can also enhance our experience, giving our “npub” greater reach and discoverability. I, for example choose to pay for the following services: https://nostr.wine/ - 120,000 Sats for 2 years relay https://relay.tools/ - My own relay - https://nortis.nostr1.com/ 12,000 Sats a month https://nostr.build/ - Media storage - 69,000 Sats for 1 year Total: 22,750 Sats per month Approx $15 per month This is not strictly necessary, but I decided to support the various developers behind these projects. Do not feel any pressure at this early stage to pay for any service, but if you enjoy the freedom NOSTR brings, you may want to consider supporting the projects that become important to you going forward.

@ c11cf5f8:4928464d

 originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/678432

@ e968e50b:db2a803a

 Open the frozen pizza bay doors, Hal. originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/678403

@ 6bae33c8:607272e8

I’ll write a separate Week 1 Observations later, but I wanted to dedicate this space solely to mourning my Circa Survivor entry. Circa Survivor costs $1000 to enter and has a $10M prize for the winner, usually split by several as things get down to the wire. Three years ago, when the prize was $6M Dalton Del Don and I — the first time we ever entered — [made it to the final 23](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=huDt630lNXs) in Week 12. The value of our share was something like $260K at that point, but we got bounced by the Lions who beat the 12-point favored Cardinals and took home nothing. When you enter a large survivor pool, the overwhelming likelihood is you’ll meet this fate at some point, whether in Week 1 or 12. So it’s not really the loss that’s painful, so much as not getting to live and die each week with a chosen team. You lose your status as “[the man in the arena](https://www.trcp.org/2011/01/18/it-is-not-the-critic-who-counts/) whose face is marred by dust and sweat and blood” and become just an observer watching and commentating on the games without the overarching purpose of surviving each week. This year was also different due to the lengths to which I went to sign up. It’s not just the $1000 fee, it’s getting to Vegas in person, the $400 in proxy fees (you need locals to input your picks for you if you don’t live there), the $60 credit card fee, the $200 crappy hotel I booked at the last minute, the flights (one of which was cancelled due to heat), the rental car that necessitated, the gas, getting lost in the desert, [the entire odyssey](https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/a-real-man-would/id1023898853?i=1000661712394) while sick and still jet-lagged in 122-degree heat. But it’s not about the money, and it’s not even about the herculean effort per se, but the feeling and narrative I crafted around it. *I* was the guy who got this done. *I* flew from Portugal to San Francisco for 12 hours, two days later from SF to Palm Springs to help my 87-YO uncle with his affairs, improvised to get from Palm Springs to Vegas, which took six hours due to road closures, signed up for the contests, made the flight back to San Francisco, flew to Denver at 7 am the next day, took my daughter the Rockies game in the afternoon and then on to Boulder the following day. Maybe that’s not so impressive to some of you, but for me, an idle ideas person, a thinker, observer, someone who likes to express himself via a keyboard, it was like Alexander the Great conquering Persia. And it’s not only about that smaller mission, or the narrative I crafted around it, but a larger one which was to bring [sports content to nostr](https://iris.to/npub1dwhr8j9uy6ju2uu39t6tj6mw76gztr4rwdd6jr9qtkdh5crjwt5q2nqfxe) which I vowed to do before the summer which is why I felt I had to make the effort to get to Vegas to sign up for the contests, to have sufficient skin in the game, to have something real about which to write. And I got the idea to do this seriously because Heather wrote a [guide to Lisbon](https://njump.me/nevent1qqs9tlalaaxc9s0d3wtldcxjcu2xtwmda03ln37l05y465xfppc7x5gzyqy0v0mtymwefaha06kw286cnq5rqnv9vsku8eh89rg3szqnqnpfxqcyqqqqqqgpp4mhxue69uhkummn9ekx7mqpzemhxue69uhhyetvv9ujumn0wd68ytnzv9hxgqgnwaehxw309aex2mrp09skymr99ehhyecpz3mhxue69uhhyetvv9ujuerpd46hxtnfduq3vamnwvaz7tmzw33ju6mvv4hxgct6w5hxxmmdqyw8wumn8ghj7mn0wd68ytndw46xjmnewaskcmr9wshxxmmdyj9jl7) which [I posted on nostr](https://njump.me/nevent1qqsfqv5gzytdxmtt2kfj2d3565qe848klnkxne9jaquzudrmzzq5vcqzyp4d8c4rfqvtz57grayvtr6yu5veu760erd7x7qs5qqdec7fpdm5qqcyqqqqqqgpz3mhxue69uhhyetvv9ujuerpd46hxtnfduq3vamnwvaz7tmjv4kxz7fwdehhxarj9e3xzmnyqyt8wumn8ghj7cn5vvhxkmr9dejxz7n49e3k7mgpr3mhxue69uhkummnw3ezumt4w35ku7thv9kxcet59e3k7mgpp4mhxue69uhkummn9ekx7mqgucshh), and a few prominent developers there were surprisingly excited about getting that kind of quality content on the protocol. And I thought — if they’re this excited about a [(very in-depth) guide](https://njump.me/nevent1qqs9tlalaaxc9s0d3wtldcxjcu2xtwmda03ln37l05y465xfppc7x5gzyqy0v0mtymwefaha06kw286cnq5rqnv9vsku8eh89rg3szqnqnpfxqcyqqqqqqgpp4mhxue69uhkummn9ekx7mqpzemhxue69uhhyetvv9ujumn0wd68ytnzv9hxgqgnwaehxw309aex2mrp09skymr99ehhyecpz3mhxue69uhhyetvv9ujuerpd46hxtnfduq3vamnwvaz7tmzw33ju6mvv4hxgct6w5hxxmmdqyw8wumn8ghj7mn0wd68ytndw46xjmnewaskcmr9wshxxmmdyj9jl7) to one particular city in Europe, how much more value could I create posting about a hobby shared by 50-odd million Americans? And that thought (and the fact I had to go to Palm Springs anyway) is what set me off on the mission in the first place and got me thinking this would be [Team of Destiny](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=huDt630lNXs), Part 2, only to discover, disappointingly, it’s real destiny was not to make it out of the first week. . . . While my overwhelming emotion is one of disappointment, there’s a small element of relief. Survivor is a form of self-inflicted torture that probably subtracts years from one’s life. Every time Rhamondre Stevenson broke the initial tackle yesterday was like someone tightening a vice around my internal organs. There was nothing I could do but watch, and I even thought about turning it off. At one point, I was so enraged, I had to calm down consciously and refuse to get further embittered by events going against me. Mike Gesicki had a TD catch overturned because he didn’t hold the ball to the ground, The next play Tanner Hudson fumbled while running unimpeded to the end zone. I kept posting, “Don’t tilt” after every negative play. There’s a perverse enjoyment to getting enraged about what’s going on, out of your control, on a TV screen, but when you examine the experience, it really isn’t good or wholesome. I become like a spoiled child, ungrateful for everything, miserable and indignant at myriad injustices and wrongs I’m powerless to prevent. At one point Sasha came in to tell me she had downloaded some random game from the app store on her Raspberry Pi computer. I had no interest in this as I was living and dying with every play, but I had forced myself to calm down so much already, I actually went into her room to check it out, not a trace of annoyance in my voice or demeanor. I don’t think she cared about the game, or about showing it to me, but had stayed with her friends most of the weekend and was just using it as an excuse to spend a moment together with her dad. I scratched her back for a couple seconds while standing behind her desk chair. The game was still going on, and even though I was probably going to lose, and I was still sick about it, I was glad to have diverted a moment’s attention from it to Sasha. . . . In last week’s [Survivor post](https://www.realmansports.com/p/surviving-week-1-d02), I wrote: *What method do I propose to see into the future? Only my imagination. I’m going to spend a lot of time imagining what might happen, turn my brain into a quantum device, break space-time and come to the right answers. Easier said than done, but I’m committed.* It’s possible I did this, but simply retrieved my information from the wrong branch of the multiverse. It happens. . . . I [picked the Bengals](https://www.realmansports.com/p/surviving-week-1-d02) knowing full well the Bills were the correct “pot odds” play which is my usual method. Maybe when the pot-odds are close, I might go with my gut, but they were not especially close this week, and yet I still stuck with Cincinnati because they were the team I trusted more. And despite it being a bad pick — there are no excuses in Survivor, no matter what happens in the game, if you win it’s good, and lose it’s bad — I don’t feel that badly about it. I regret it only because I wish I were still alive, but it was my error. I went with what I believed, and it was wrong. That I can live with 100 times better than swapping out my belief for someone else’s and losing. Had I done that I’d be inconsolable. . . . I won’t let the Survivor debacle undermine my real mission to bring sports to nostr. Team of Destiny 2 would have been a compelling story, but it was never essential. After all, my flight was cancelled and I had to improvise, so now my Survivor entry is cancelled, and I’ll have to improvise again. The branch of the multiverse where the Bengals won didn’t give me the information I wanted, but maybe it was what I really needed to know. That I am the man in the arena yet, the battle was ever against myself, and for a brief moment, while my team was losing, I prevailed.

@ d3052ca3:d84a170e

I bought this for my son but it's a little advanced for his skills. Well, somebody has to find the princess and save Hyrule, right? Looks like it's gotta be me. :) I have found the climbing, skydiving, and barbarian armor sets most useful. What other items can I unlock that will enhance my play experience? I just found the gloom resistance helmet but haven't tried it out yet. What is the deal with horses? I tamed and boarded two so far but I haven't found an actual use for them yet except one korok hidden under a drain plug that I needed a horse to unplug. You don't need them for travel. They can't climb steep slopes or cross water so it's just easier and faster to skydive close to your destination and cover the last miles on foot. Do mounts serve a purpose or just look cool and help you get a few korok seeds? What is your experience? I'd love to hear about it!

@ 3875a16c:988456c9

**ORIGINAL PANEL TITLE:** MAKING BITCOIN MORE PRIVATE WITH CISA **SPEAKERS:** NIFTY NEI, CRAIG RAW, FABIAN JAHR, JAMESON LOPP **CONFERENCE:** BITCOIN NASHVILLE 2024 **ORIGINALLY PUBLISHED ON:** BITLYRICS.CO ## Introduction This edited transcription comes from a panel titled “Making Bitcoin More Private With CISA”, featuring an insightful discussion on cross-input signature aggregation ( [CISA](https://cisaresearch.org/faq)). Moderated by NiftyNei from [Base58](https://base58.info/), the panel includes Jameson Lopp from [Casa](https://casa.io/), Craig Raw from [Sparrow Wallet](https://sparrowwallet.com/), and Fabian Jahr from [Brink](https://brink.dev/). Recorded at the Bitcoin – Nashville 2024 conference, the panel explores how a Bitcoin CISA soft fork can enhance privacy and efficiency in Bitcoin transactions by aggregating signatures. The speakers share their personal experiences with CISA, its potential economic incentives, and the technical challenges it faces, while offering a clear explanation of its role in privacy-focused Bitcoin development. --- ### NiftyNei (Moderator): Hey everyone, my name is Nifty, and I’m going to be moderating this panel today. We’re here to talk about CISA (cross-input signature aggregation). Joining me today on the stage, I have Jameson Lopp from Casa, Craig Raw of Sparrow Wallet, and Fabian Jahr of Brink. So, welcome them to the stage. We’re excited to be talking to you guys about this. I think it’d be great to maybe start off by hearing a little bit more about who’s on our panel today. If the panelists could tell the audience about the project they’re working on and where they first heard about CISA. Craig, do you want to start? --- ### Craig Raw (Sparrow Wallet): I built Sparrow Wallet. It’s a security and privacy-focused wallet. The first time I heard about CISA was really from other privacy activists in the Bitcoin space who were talking about how they were really hoping that this cross-input signature aggregation would be shipped as part of the Taproot upgrade. Obviously, we know that didn’t happen. When you’re looking at things from a privacy point of view, you want to do things like create multi-party transactions, and as we’ll hear, cross-input signature aggregation provides an interesting basis for being able to do that more economically. So, that was the first time I really started to look at it from the privacy angle. --- ### Fabian Jahr (Brink): I primarily work on Bitcoin Core, and I can’t really remember a specific time when I first heard about it. Between the SegWit soft fork and the Taproot soft fork was when I really got deeper into Bitcoin and started contributing to Bitcoin Core. Somehow, CISA was always there, but I only started researching it and going deeper into it over the last couple of months. I saw that it was a topic brought up for the Taproot soft fork but was cut at some point to keep the scope smaller. I forgot about it for a year or two until it kept popping up in privacy discussions, as Craig mentioned, which triggered me to look deeper into it. --- ### Jameson Lopp (Casa): I’m Jameson Lopp. I work at Casa, where we help people with highly distributed, secure, multi-signature self-custody setups. I think the first time I heard about CISA was in an Andrew Poelstra talk. I mostly remember being blown away by the vision he painted of a future where we were all financially incentivized to participate in CoinJoin transactions for everything we transacted. This would break a lot of the potential for chain surveillance because, if we’re all honest, Bitcoin has pretty poor privacy characteristics. --- ### NiftyNei (Moderator): That’s a great point. Okay, so I think now that we’ve had an intro into how each of you came to hear about it, and maybe some of the things you thought were important or cool when you first heard about it, maybe we could take a little bit of time to explain a little bit more about what CISA is and what those letters stand for. Does anyone have a good explanation of how it works? --- ### Fabian Jahr (Brink): I can start off. So, it’s really already all in the name: cross-input signature aggregation. If you think of a Bitcoin transaction as it looks today, you have, sometimes, one but often multiple inputs, and with each input, usually, a signature is associated. What the linearity property of Schnorr signatures allows you to do is to aggregate these signatures. You can aggregate them across the different inputs that you have in a transaction. So, that means that in the future, we could have transactions with multiple inputs—if you think specifically about transactions that have a lot of inputs, like CoinJoins, for example, as we just mentioned—these could have just one signature. And depending on what technique you use, these can be just as big as one single signature before. Of course, that saves a lot of space, both on-chain and also in terms of the fees, because you take up less space in a block. That is the general idea. --- ### NiftyNei (Moderator): I have a quick question about that. So, whenever you say you can do cross-input signature aggregation on a transaction, usually, you’ll have a couple of things called inputs, and each of those inputs will have a signature on it, right? So, the general idea is that, on that same one signature, instead of having a couple of them, you’d be able to roll them all up and just have a single signature. Is that a good summary of what you’re explaining? --- ### Fabian Jahr (Brink): Yeah, I would say so. --- ### Craig Raw (Sparrow Wallet): So, there are two major ways to do this. One is what we call a half-signature aggregation, or half-SIG, as we abbreviate it. That’s where you don’t need an interactive process. Anybody can take all of the signatures that appear currently for every input in a transaction, and they can aggregate them into one. Now, the size of that one is unfortunately not the size of a normal signature—it’s slightly bigger. In fact, the size is determined by the number of inputs that you have. So, that’s one way to do it. Then there’s a more comprehensive way to do it, which is called full-signature aggregation. That gets you a much more compact signature, which is the aggregate of all the other ones. Unfortunately, the downside of that is that you have to do the interaction while you sign. The problem with that is that interaction always contains a lot of complexity, so unless you own all of the inputs, you are going to have to interact with everyone else who’s adding an input to that transaction, and that creates a much more difficult process in terms of signing. As a result, I personally am more excited about the kind of half-signature aggregation because it’s just so much easier to do and gets you a lot of the benefits, even though it’s not quite as efficient. --- ### NiftyNei (Moderator): Cool, so it sounds like we’re taking signature data, and it’s all the same signature data in a single transaction, right? You wouldn’t have multiple transactions that you’re doing—it’s like on a single transaction level? --- ### Jameson Lopp (Casa): Well, there’s also full-block aggregation, right? This is going really far down the rabbit hole, and I think it’s not even something that’s on the table. There are too many additional edge cases that come up, especially when you start thinking about blockchain reorganizations. My understanding is you would have to have this other mempool to keep track of things that weren’t sufficiently buried enough in the blockchain that they could be reorganized. If there was a reorg, it would not be as simple as how we do reorgs right now, where we just take every transaction out, put it back into the mempool, and start over again. --- ### NiftyNei (Moderator): So, it sounds like you’re saying there are a couple of different ways we could do signature aggregation. We could do it at the transaction level, and there’s a proposal to do it at the block level, but again, there are some trade-offs there. One of the nice things about taking signature aggregation at the block level is that you take all the signatures in any transaction inside a block, and you create maybe a single signature object, right? Maybe it’s not exactly a signature, but something similar to that. What is one reason you’d want to do this? It sounds complicated. --- ### Jameson Lopp (Casa): Well, there are the privacy characteristic improvements, but also, I think it’s interesting when we’re talking about incentivizing people economically. If anyone was around and paying attention in 2016 or 2017, when we were talking about Segregated Witness, there was this concept of a witness discount. It was basically put in place to help rebalance the cost between creating a UTXO and spending a UTXO. You run into problems where, if you’re receiving a lot of transactions, you’re creating a lot of unspent transaction outputs in your wallet. It becomes problematic if, at some point in the far future, you want to go spend them, and perhaps the fee rates in the market for block space have gone up a lot. It can become insanely expensive to spend your own money. This inevitably catches a lot of people by surprise if they haven’t been through a full market cycle before. So, I think this is another interesting aspect of aggregation—we’d be pushing the balance forward a bit to help incentivize people to clean up their UTXOs because we’re not penalizing them as much by making it really expensive to do so. --- ### Fabian Jahr (Brink): And maybe to expand on that, there is a financial incentive for people to participate in CoinJoins, and that gives them additional privacy. The nice effect of that is that hopefully, this would lead to wide adoption of CoinJoin, which means that when more people are CoinJoining, there’s a higher anonymity set that benefits everyone after this anonymity property. Everyone that participates in CoinJoin can also use this as plausible deniability, even if they are doing it primarily for the privacy aspect. They can always say, “Hey, I’m saving fees here, so that’s my primary motivation.” Hopefully, a further trickle-down effect would be that, as people ask for this and it becomes more widely adopted, more and more wallets will adopt it. Easier-to-use wallets, the complexity gets hidden, and it becomes more of a mainstream feature. --- ### Jameson Lopp (Casa): Yeah, we have to think about the incentives, right? I consider myself a cypherpunk; I’m a big privacy advocate. I assume we all are. But the reality of the situation, and this is pessimistic, is that most people don’t care about privacy or they don’t care until it’s too late. We can stand up here and talk about how awesome it is to have really strong privacy and why you should be using all of these niche tools, but if we actually want people to adopt privacy tools, we need to give them the financial incentive to do so. It should not be a situation where the average person has to go out and ask their wallet providers or software developers to bake in additional privacy tools and protections into the software. Really, it should be: why are you making me spend more of my money to use Bitcoin when I could be using this technology that happens to enhance privacy but is actually saving me money? --- ### Craig Raw (Sparrow): So you might be wondering at this stage what the savings actually look like. It turns out that if you apply what I was describing earlier—this half-signature aggregation technique—you can fit about 20% more average-size transactions into a block. You can immediately think that’s going to reduce the average fee level for any point in time when people are submitting transactions to the mempool to be included in a block. You can now fit 20% more average-size transactions into that block, and that’s obviously a big advantage. Now, the actual effect on a particular transaction, because of the witness discount that Jameson mentioned earlier, is less—it’s like 7 to 8%. But remember, the average fee rate is going to be lower because we’re fitting more transactions into a block, which means there’s less pressure on block space. So that’s how I would encourage you to think about it from the start. For me, the efficiency in terms of block space is a good reason to do this anyway, regardless of whether we get privacy benefits. The privacy benefits come along for the ride. We actually have this really restricted data space in the blockchain, and if we can apply a fairly simple and low-risk form of compression, I think it’s a serious thing to think about. --- ### NiftyNei (Moderator): I think, now that we’ve talked about how great this is, we’re going to get more transactions in a block, save money, and get better privacy. I’d be really interested to hear why it didn’t make it into Taproot originally. Was there opposition to this proposal? What was it about the Taproot process where this proposal didn’t make it over the line? --- ### Fabian Jahr (Brink): I wasn’t in the room when this was discussed, but I’ve read all of the transcripts available from when these things were discussed. From what I can see, I don’t think there was any direct opposition. The primary motivator was to keep Taproot manageable in terms of review effort and to keep the scope smaller. I mean, the only thing I can see reading between the lines, which Craig already kind of mentioned, is that if you just look at the pure fee savings numbers and the number of weight units you save, for half aggregation, it’s in the single digits. People are often a bit disappointed as a first reaction, and you have to really discuss it and fill it with understanding. I think that might have turned off some people, and maybe developers felt like this would be the easiest thing, to chop it off and people wouldn’t miss it as much. --- ### Craig Raw (Sparrow): Yeah, so in terms of the pushback I’ve heard so far, it’s what Fabian was saying—it doesn’t do enough. There’s a general perception that we can only push for one soft fork at a time, so all the soft forks have to compete to be “the one.” That’s an interesting point of view. --- ### Jameson Lopp (Casa): It’s interesting because I was in the room in Hong Kong when Pieter Wuille announced that we were changing the flagging system so that we could do 32 soft forks in parallel. Of course, we haven’t taken advantage of that yet. --- ### Craig Raw (Sparrow): Yeah, so we’re in a very different space now. Something to bear in mind if you’re thinking about it from that point of view is that, and I heard Brandon Black, who was here earlier today, talking about OP_CAT, I think CISA is probably the lowest-risk soft fork we could imagine. I’m talking about the well-understood half-signature aggregation form of it. From a security model point of view, the cryptographers tell us there is no risk, or very low risk, to doing this. It takes well-understood properties of Schnorr, which is just adding signatures up, and uses that. So, in terms of risk, it’s not really enabling other things that Bitcoin can do. It’s not going to be groundbreaking—it’s really just compressing. If you think about it, compression is a fairly bounded area. You’re not going to suddenly have people developing all kinds of perhaps unwanted things on top of Bitcoin just because you compressed the signature size down. So, maybe it opens up the space for other soft forks if we do a soft fork with such low risk that it actually gets across the line. --- ### Jameson Lopp (Casa): I think it’s also worth noting that this is by no means the only signature aggregation scheme happening in Bitcoin. With the Taproot soft fork a few years ago, we got the theoretical ability to do Schnorr signatures, but that’s been an ongoing process. As far as I’m aware, there’s been limited adoption of Schnorr so far. I think MuSig2 is the main production-ready standard people are using, but that can only do an “n of n,” like a 2-of-2 or 3-of-3 type of scheme, so it’s kind of limited in its flexibility. I care about this a lot, operating a multi-signature self-custody wallet. We’re waiting for the further evolution of threshold signature schemes like FROST that can do more arbitrary K-of-N type multi-signature. That evolution, that research, is still ongoing. We’re continuing to see new iterations of FROST come out. So, we do expect to see more adoption of aggregated signatures across the ecosystem, but the ultimate end goal would be something where there’s only one signature per block. --- ### NiftyNei (Moderator): So, we only have a few minutes left. Maybe we can spend a little bit of time talking about what it would take to get CISA to the point where we could soft fork it in. --- ### Fabian Jahr (Brink): There are still quite a few things to hammer out in terms of all the details, like defining a spec. For half-signature aggregation, there’s a BIP draft, but it’s not a pull request on the BIP repository—it’s just a draft, with test vectors that are open. However, for full aggregation, we still need to develop the signature scheme. That requires quite a bit of effort from people well-versed in cryptography, specifically on the side of interactivity. We will also want to have a security proof for that scheme. That means we’ll need people with specific talents and experience in that area to come together and work on it. I personally spend quite a bit of time on it right now. --- ### Jameson Lopp (Casa): Yeah, call your local developer and demand signature aggregation today. --- ### Craig Raw (Sparrow): Fabian has developed a great site where you can learn more. If the concepts we’ve talked about here today make sense and you want to understand them better, if you go to [CISAResearch.org](https://cisaresearch.org/), you can learn more about it. It’s very easy to read, not overly technical, and I think it gives a good grounding in these things. Largely, the way soft forks happen is that people need to express views about them, and ultimately, we need to develop some form of rough consensus around whether we want to do it or not. As far as I’m aware, this is the first panel we’ve had that talks about it. Even though it’s an old and simple concept, we don’t really have a lot of discussion about it right now. So, talk about it, try to develop an understanding of what it’s trying to do, and see whether you want to have it in Bitcoin or not. --- ### Jameson Lopp (Casa): I don’t know, do you want to save money? It should be an easy question. --- ### Fabian Jahr (Brink): And have better privacy. --- ### NiftyNei (Moderator): Great! Thanks y’all. --- **Follow the speakers: ** [NiftyNei](https://njump.me/npub1e0z776cpe0gllgktjk54fuzv8pdfxmq6smsmh8xd7t8s7n474n9smk0txy) – [Craig Raw](https://njump.me/npub1hea99yd4xt5tjx8jmjvpfz2g5v7nurdqw7ydwst0ww6vw520prnq6fg9v2) – [Jameson Lopp](https://njump.me/npub17u5dneh8qjp43ecfxr6u5e9sjamsmxyuekrg2nlxrrk6nj9rsyrqywt4tp) – [Fabian Jahr](https://github.com/fjahr) **Watch the original content: ** [Click here](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HvI7NPI_Pk0&list=PLe0djdakvnFYPDH8_rd4NsABQCODVZ-ru&index=107) **Also read: Build It Right: ** [Achieving Interoperability with Open Networks](https://bitlyrics.co/transcripts/interoperable-businesses-open-networks/) **Disclaimer: ** Transcripts provided on bitlyrics.co represents solely the opinion of the speaker and is not by any means financial/legal advice or an opinion of the website. The content has been transcribed with maximum accuracy. Repetitions and fill words have been amended in order to enhance the reading experience. The full text may not be confirmed by the speaker. Please, refer back to the above-provided source of content for more certainty. If you are a speaker and wish to confirm/amend your speech please [contact us](https://bitlyrics.co/contact/).

@ e968e50b:db2a803a

I just wanted to let y'all know that I added a more sports themed UI option for the [crossword puzzle from last week](https://stackernewscrosswordpuzzle5.vercel.app/). You can get to it like so:  Also, there's still an [unclaimed bounty](https://stacker.news/items/674645) for anybody interested in solving the additional puzzle. originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/678010

@ 44dc1c2d:31c74f0b

## Chef's notes Makes an excellent Chicken sandwich. ## Details - ⏲️ Prep time: 6 Ish hours - 🍳 Cook time: 40 min - 🍽️ Servings: 1 loaf ## Ingredients - 3 ½ - 4 cups bread flour, or more as needed - 1 ⅓ cups warm milk (110°F – 115°F) - 5 tablespoons honey - 4 tablespoons salted butter, melted and slightly cooled - 1 tablespoon instant “rapid rise” yeast - 1 ½ teaspoons salt - Oil or butter for greasing the bowl - 1 tablespoon melted salted butter, for brushing the crust at the end ## Directions 1. To prepare the dough, weigh the flour or measure it by gently spooning it into a cup, then leveling off any excess. In a large bowl, combine the flour with the warm milk, honey, melted butter, instant yeast, and salt. Mix by hand or with the paddle attachment of a stand mixer until a shaggy dough forms, gradually adding more flour, as necessary, to get the dough to come together so that it just pulls away from the sides of the bowl. 2. Switch to the dough hook attachment (or use your hands) to knead the dough until fairly smooth, about 7-8 minutes. 3. Oil a large mixing bowl. Place the dough in the greased bowl, turning once to grease the top. Cover and let rise in a warm place until doubled, 1 ½ - 2 hours. 4. Punch down the dough. Transfer to a lightly floured work surface. Pat the dough into a 9 x 12-inch rectangle. Starting on one of the short sides, roll up the dough to make a log; pinch the seams. Place the dough seam-side down in a lightly greased 9 x 5-inch loaf pan. 5. Cover the pan with lightly greased plastic wrap; allow to rise for 1-2 hours, until it’s crowned about 1-2 inches over the rim of the pan. Towards the end of the rising time, preheat the oven to 350°F. 6. Bake the bread for 40-45 minutes, tenting the top of the bread loosely with foil towards the end if the top starts to get too brown. The bread should be golden brown, and it should sound hollow when tapped. 7. Brush the top of the warm bread with melted butter. 8. Remove from the pan and cool on a wire rack for at least 1 hour before slicing.

@ 8dc86882:9dc4ba5e

Why do lightning nodes need channels? Why can a node not just send and receive without a channel? I wonder what the benefit it serves other than making running a node difficult or making it cost to open one? Thanks originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/677439

@ eed76ece:afa98124

Seems like if you want to sell an item on SN using @AGORA makes logical sense. Perhaps if your a manufacturer, importer, exporter, stocking distributor, wholesaler etc. you should also consider using @Import_Export or both @AGORA and see if they help each other. Being totally upfront Import_Export is probably a better use case especially if you are running over 75% B2B. We are note promoting the use of B2C on SN. We're 100% focused on interactions between businesses only. Our primary markets are in Asia and Southeast Asia. Europe and the UK are dying a slow death, and the last straw was the Telegram event. So I am endorsing you to please at least on SN refer to @AGORA for basic B2C (retail). Thank you, https://www.globalmerchant.io originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/677390

@ e8b86bc1:3503c58f

Opinion about Freewallet Multi Crypto Wallet (iphone) <!--HEADER END--> Freewallet is now charging inactivity fees, a sneaky method to take money from users who aren’t regularly using the app. Avoid this scam wallet! <!--FOOTER START--> #WalletScrutiny #nostrOpinion [Join the conversation!](https://walletscrutiny.com/iphone/mw.org.freewallet.app)

@ c11cf5f8:4928464d

Considering the "whatever" item in question is a random item, a unique piece --not something you produce or need to market-- which platform, website or which strategy you'll put in place to get the value of your item in sats, immediately, anonymously, via the Lightning Network? originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/677270

@ 6f170f27:711e26dd

 > Far too many people: "GDP is bad. I prefer [thing correlated at 0.9 with GDP]." Manufacturing:  Life expectancy:  Happiness:  Many other metrics & discussion in the source: https://x.com/cremieuxrecueil/status/1832588128084730334 originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/677211

@ 09fbf8f3:fa3d60f0

> 由于telegram的政策调整，不允许滥用telegraph匿名上传图片了。 导致之前通过telegraph搭建的图床无法上传（已上传的能正常查看）。 --- ### 有人通过原项目的基础上分支另外项目，可以通过频道上传图片。 项目是通过cloudflare pages搭建的。 - 项目地址：https://github.com/MarSeventh/CloudFlare-ImgBed 项目的教程很详细，具体去看项目教程。 ### telegram设置： - 需要有telegram账号 - 通过[@BotFather](https://t.me/BotFather "@BotFather")创建一个telegram机器人，并获取api key。 - 创建一个频道，获取频道id，通过转发一条消息到 [@VersaToolsBot](https://t.me/VersaToolsBot "@VersaToolsBot")机器人可以查看频道id。 - 一定要添加创建的机器人到频道作为管理员才能使用。 ### cloudflare的设置 - 通过git项目部署，设置变量：TG_BOT_TOKEN和TG_CHAT_ID就基本可以使用了。 - 如果需要后台，需要添加kv空间，并在设置里面的函数，选择对应的kv空间，如图： [](https://imgbed.lepidus.me/file/AgACAgEAAyEGAASHShAaAAMFZt2erJ5-KyEOHIwfkCjN64RmA68AAtSsMRtrRvBGWZXC5Glh0M0BAAMCAAN3AAM2BA.png "kv") - BASIC_USER 后台登陆名 - BASIC_PASS 后台密码 - AUTH_CODE 鉴权，防止别人使用，设置后，别人使用必须输入这个。 ### 其他 - 成人内容屏蔽 - pico 使用api接口 去项目地址看 ### 最后 我搭建的地址： https://imgbed.lepidus.me

@ d52f4f20:98efcdfb

_original post 28/12/2010 .net_ Para você que se sente meio preso ao instalar o Ubuntu, pois ele já vem pronto para um usuário final, mas isso não me agrada parece que perco o espirito de liberdade. Mas o ponto forte Ubuntu são suas atualizações, então eu fui em busca de como fazer uma instalação customizada somente com os pacotes do Ubuntu. Depois de muita pesquisa e anos de experiência com linux desenvolvi o que chamo de instalação mínima **Alguns conceitos da minha instalação** – Não tem gerenciador de login gráfico. – Precisar habilitar o root, na unha e você usa isso. – Não tem menus, os aplicativos são chamados via tecla de atalho ou docks. – Não tem menu para desligar. – Não é um desktop, usa apenas um gerenciador de Janelas. – Aqui tudo é minimalista, não é bonito também não quer dizer que é feio, é apenas simples faz o necessário. – Não importa a versão do ubuntu, atual ou não essa técnica quase nunca mudará. **Seria bom/Pré-Requisitos** – Se você tem conceitos de particionamento. – Se você já instalou um Debian. – Se você sabe usar o vim. – Conexão com internet via placa de rede 10/100 (sim tem que ser assim). **Introdução** A idéia é usar a instalação mínima do Ubuntu (https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Installation/MinimalCD), onde é bem parecida com a NetInstall do Debian. Iremos baixar a imagem(12 ~ 13MB) do link acima e queimar em um cd rom e dar boot. Vamos usar o assistente de instalação, e não selecionaremos nenhum pacote na instalação, tudo sera instalado via linha de comando usando o apt. Pra quem já instalou usando o anaconda da RedHat não terá problemas, qualquer ser capaz de ler consegue instalar.  Esta é a primeira tela exibida após o boot, selecione o menu  Va seguindo o instalador conforme as telas, não quer que eu fique explicando tudo né?    Coloque o nome que quiser, este é o nome da sua maquina pense em algo inspirador.  Aqui você estara selecionando daonde pacotes serão baixados.  Se não tiver proxy de um [enter], se tiver pesquise no google como configurar.    Chegamos a parte onde todo usuário de windows faz cagada, na configuração das particões, bom use o método manual, não vou entrar em detalhes, pra esse tutorial eu criei uma partição só.    Após criar, FINISH!  Aguarde, vai demorar, o instalador esta baixando o minimo para poder instalar o sistema, no debian o cd é de 170mb essa parte é mais rápida.  O nome do usuario, eu coloquei “lion”, coloque ai o seu usuário.  senha é bom por né.  Aqui você tem a opção de encriptar seus dados, tudo que estiver no /home/ você deve pro governo? eu encriptei.   Aqui você pode selecionar a primeira opção, eu prefiro atualizar manualmente.  Neste tela desmarque tudo, isso faz você ser o cara livre do sistema, aguarde pois vai demorar.  Grub é o gerenciador de boot, instale ele ai sem medo.  Cara se você chegou nessa tela eu já estou orgulhoso, pois provavelmente não fez nenhuma cagada. Logue-se com seu usuário, meu caso “lion” (que coisa gay figura 24 ainda).  **Apartir daqui acabou as figurinhas fio, espero que você saiba o mínimo de VI. **Torna-se root** Isso é primordio no linux, sempre somos o ROOT, o Ubuntu tem essa filosofia para você não fazer cagada, mas na vida uma boa técnica de aprendizado é fazendo cagada, então vamos habilitar o root. Calma usaremos o root para tarefas como instalar novos software, mas a execução e configuração de nosso ambiente será com nosso usuário. ``` $ sudo passwd root ``` Pronto a partir de agora os comandos começados com # quer dizer que você tem que estar logado como root, e quando estiver $ você deve executar com seu usuário. Loge-se como root vamos usar bastante de um $su ou entre num novo tty como root. **Instalando o vim** ``` #apt-get install vim ``` (repare # você tem que estar logado como root) **Removendo o boot-splash** Amigos estamos falando de uma maquina limpa, o boot splash só come memória. Faça um backup antes e depois edite o arquivo “/boot/grub/grub.cfg” procure a palavra splash e apague somente ela e salve o arquivo. É necessário dar diretos de gravação e depois volte como somente leitura. **Removendo Mensagem de boas vindas MOTD** Logo após o login, é exibida uma mensagem de boas vindas enorme do ubuntu, eu não gosto dela, nem do debian eu gostava e eu a removia editando o script “/etc/init.d/boot-misc.sh” mas no ubuntu esse arquivo não existe. Depois de muito fuçar eu descobri que removendo os arquivos do diretorio “/etc/update-motd.d/” a mensagem some, pra mim basta, também removi o conteudo do arquivo /var/run/motd ; **UPDATE** Dica do comentário do Marcelo Godim Ele é gerenciado pelo pam_motd basta ir em /etc/pam.d nos arquivos “login” e “sshd” e comentar essas linhas abaixo: login: #session optional pam_motd.so sshd: #session optional pam_motd.so # [1] **Mudando mensagem da versão** Dica velha edite o arquivo “/etc/issue” coloque o que preferir. ——Se você não precisa de modo gráfico a instalação terminou aqui. Alterando o sources.list adicionando outros repositórios Edite o arquivo /etc/apt/sources.list e deixe assim, basicamente adicionados pacotes do site Medibuntu, se prefereir siga esses passos é melhor do que editar o arquivo. **Instalando o resto dos pacotes** #apt-get install xserver-xorg xinit alsa-base alsa-utils openbox obconf obmenu feh nitrogen tint2 k3b conky gmrun pcmanfm gtk-theme-switch ssh smbfs smbclient dosfstools setserial usbutils leafpad x11-apps openbox-themes terminator chromium-browser xcompmgr gcc g++ openjdk-6-jdk mysql-server mysql-query-browser gftp gcc-avr avrdude imagemagick gparted ntfs-3g file-roller zip unrar gpicview gtk2-engines gnome-icon-theme-gartoon vim unace rar unrar zip unzip p7zip-full p7zip-rar sharutils uudeview mpack lha arj cabextract file-roller pidgin pidgin-data pidgin-lastfm pidgin-guifications msn-pecan pidgin-musictracker pidgin-plugin-pack pidgin-themes mplayer vlc cairo-dock w32codecs audacious Vai dormir, seila vai baixar ai uns 500mb, você pode tirar ou por o que quiser ai isso é minha instalação. Como entrar no modo gráfico? Logue-se com seu usuário ``` $startx ``` O comando antigo, simples, que dei a primeira vez no meu conectiva 4.  Este é o resultado final, mas para isso vamos algumas dicas. Toda incialização dos aplicativos eu concentrei no .config/openbox/autostart.sh segue o meu ai ``` # Set desktop wallpaper nitrogen –restore & # Enable Eyecandy – off by default xcompmgr -cCfF -r7 -o.65 -l-10 -t-8 & # Launch network manager applet (sleep 4s && nm-applet) & # Launch clipboard manager #(sleep 1s && parcellite) & # Uncomment to enable system updates at boot #(sleep 180s && system-update) & cairo-dock & # Launch Conky #conky -q & # Launch panel tint2 & ``` **Configurando teclas de atalho**, edite o arquivo .config/openbox/rc.xml, vá até a seção keybinds as minhas são essas abaixo: ``` <keybind key=”W-a”><action name=”Execute”> <execute>audacious</execute></action></keybind><keybind key=”W-1″><action name=”Execute”> <execute>xcompmgr -cCfF -r7 -o.65 -l-10 -t-8</execute></action></keybind><keybind key=”W-2″><action name=”Execute”> <execute>pkill xcompmgr</execute></action></keybind><keybind key=”W-a”><action name=”Execute”> <execute>audacious</execute></action></keybind><keybind key=”W-e”><action name=”Execute”> <execute>pcmanfm</execute></action></keybind><keybind key=”W-g”><action name=”Execute”> <startupnotify> <enabled>true</enabled> <name>transset</name> </startupnotify> <command>transset .50</command></action></keybind><keybind key=”W-h”><action name=”Execute”> <startupnotify><enabled>true</enabled><name>transset 1</name></startupnotify><command>transset 1</command></action></keybind><keybind key=”W-l”><action name=”Execute”><startupnotify><enabled>true</enabled><name>Lock screen</name></startupnotify><command>gnome-screensaver-command -l</command></action></keybind><keybind key=”W-t”><action name=”Execute”><execute>terminator</execute></action></keybind><keybind key=”W-r”> <action name=”Execute”> <execute>gmrun</execute> </action></keybind> ``` Pesquise como instalar temas GTK, configurar o TINT2 (desk bar), Cairo Dock, também tem muitas configurações de openbox na internet. Esse tutorial vem de anos de convivio com linux, é duro passar tudo a limpo aqui, uma dica e testar o Linux Crunch-Bang aprendi muitas customizações com ele. #blog #tech

@ c11cf5f8:4928464d

 - - - Here we are again with our [The Magnificent Seven](https://stacker.news/AGORA#the-magnificent-seven---of-all-times), trying to give you a hit of what you missed this past month in the ~AGORA territory. - - - ### Top-Performing Ads Drumroll please 🥁 ... for the most engaging ones: * `01` [[SELL] 1 Million Products, Travel Agency, Concierge and Cars - ShopinBit.com](https://stacker.news/items/673616/r/AG) by @shopinbit * `02` [[SELL] Satoffee⚡️☕️ Cafeteras automáticas que aceptan Bitcoin Lightning 🇪🇸 🌐](https://stacker.news/items/675680/r/AG) by @VEINTIUNO * `03` [[⚖️SELL] Hand-Made Flecktarn Pouch(es)](https://stacker.news/items/650741/r/AG) by Fabs * `04` [[OFFER] Proton Wallet - 3 invites left](https://stacker.news/items/656656/r/AG) by @npub1q67p49masrcjf__d7qaq6mwh0q * `05` [[SELL] Bitcoin Accepted Here – Unisex organic cotton Black T-shirt](https://stacker.news/items/666650/r/AG) by @VEINTIUNO * `06` [[FOR SALE] Playstation 2 (PS2) Games - Excellent Condition - Pay In SATS!!!](https://stacker.news/items/647968/r/AG) by @watchmancbiz * `07` [[OFFER] Happy Bitcoin Infinity Day](https://stacker.news/items/657338/r/AG) by @thebullishbitcoiner - - - ##### In case you missed Here some interesting post opening conversation and free speech: This edition winner look's @proofoftaste, with his request for help finding a way to get a local product delivered to his country. The challenge was that the producer, required an ID number on checkout! Pretty unusual... or it will be soon the norm? Thanks a lot for @supratic for being so active in the territory and sharing so many topics and articles about commerce and law, basically giving us a hit on how the world is currently ruled, pretty fascinating! * `01` [Can someone in Italy help me get my favourite sauce to Germany?](https://stacker.news/items/644918/r/AG) by @proofoftaste * `02` [The History of Banking – Ernest Rauthschild](https://stacker.news/items/643333/r/AG) by @supratic * `03` [10 Hidden Rules of Commerce](https://stacker.news/items/654215/r/AG) by @supratic * `04` [How to Start Your Own Micronation](https://stacker.news/items/647294/r/AG) by @supratic * `05` [Understanding the One People's Public Trust: A Beginner's Guide to the OPPT(https://stacker.news/items/641554/r/AG) by @supratic * `06` [A Bank Whistleblower called me...](https://stacker.news/items/646118/r/AG) by @supratic * `07` [One Stupid Fu*K 🥒 Contract Killer Course 2.0 - Brandon Joe Williams](https://stacker.news/items/675943/r/AG) by @02a0eb55b5 - - - ##### 🏷️ Spending Sunday is back! https://stacker.news/items/653241/r/AG
 Share your most recent Bitcoin purchases of just check what other stackers are buying with their sats! - - - ##### Just a reminder for you all To incentivize more conversation and a more _libre_ mindset, we decided to adopt the zapshare approach, so we'll split the rewards of this TM7 to the best contributors plus zaps to the posts that offer much PoW when posting. - - - ### Create your Ads now!  This territory aims to connect stackers and curious buyers online and IRL for exclusive P2P Bitcoin deals. Have fun checking what else stackers are shilling globally in the ~AGORA. This is a great time for you to make some space un-dusting some stuff that has been sitting there for too long and get some sats for it! Let's start something new? Hit one of the links below to free your mind: * [💬 TOPIC](https://stacker.news/~AGORA/post?type=discussion) for conversation, * [\[⚖️ SELL\]](https://w3.do/b_v2wutP) anything! or, * if you're looking for something, hit the [\[🛒 BUY\]](https://w3.do/zvixtuSh)! * [\[🧑‍💻 HIRE\]](https://w3.do/_j0kpVsi) any bitcoiner skill or stuff from bitcoiners * [\[🖇 OFFER\]](https://w3.do/EfWF8yDL) any product or service and stack more sats * [\[🧑‍⚖️ AUCTION\]](https://w3.do/sbbCjZ0e) to let stackers decide a fair price for your item * [\[🤝 SWAP\]](https://w3.do/V_iP4lY5) if you're looking to exchange anything with anything else * [\[🆓 FREE\]](https://w3.do/DdVEE1ME) your space, make a gift! * [\[⭐ REVIEW\]](https://w3.do/CAZ5JxCk) any bitcoin product or LN service you recently bought or subscribed to - - - Or contact @AGORA team on [nostr DM](https://iris.to/agora_sn) and we'll help you publish a personalized post. originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/676777

@ c11cf5f8:4928464d

Let's hear some of your latest Bitcoin purchases, feel free to include links to the shops or merchants you bought from too. If you missed our last thread, [here](https://stacker.news/items/668607/r/AG) are some of the items stackers recently spent their sats on. originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/676757

@ c6f7077f:ad5d48fd

***“The more you learn about something, the more you realize you know nothing.”*** This saying resonates deeply with me. The truth is, **no one really has all the big answers**. Many in the scientific community seem to pretend they do. Let’s explore this further. #### ***Consider the Most Fundamental Questions*** 1. **The Origin of the Universe** 2. **The Origin of Life on Earth** #### ***The Origin of the Universe*** You might think we have a solid answer: **the Big Bang**. However, this explanation has its limitations, and calling it a “start” can be misleading. In fact, this theory might be entirely wrong. New research challenges the Big Bang theory, and I highly recommend listening to **Sir Roger Penrose** for a deeper understanding. The only substantial evidence we have is the universe's expansion. Penrose proposes a different hypothesis: **the endless expansion and contraction of the universe**. This idea doesn’t contradict our current understanding. Thus, the evidence for the Big Bang and Penrose’s theory are both radically different, yet **neither can be definitively proven** over the other. This highlights the **limitations of our current understanding**. #### ***The Origin of Life on Earth*** The origin of life is even more complex. Life requires three essential components: - **Proteins** for basic functioning - **RNA** for storing and replicating genes - **Lipids** (cell walls) to create separation from the environment Mathematical models suggest that while proteins and lipids have a reasonable probability of forming, the creation of RNA seems nearly impossible through random mutations in a short time frame. The best explanations indicate that we either lack crucial information or that these RNA molecules—and life as a whole—might have come from **outside sources**. Some scholars even question the entire **random mutation model**. #### ***The Question of Certainty*** If scientists don’t know the answers, **why do they pretend they do?** In my humble opinion, **It seems they do this to distance science from religion and to close the discussion before the wealthiest can fit God into the narrative,** Interestingly, I’m not alone in believing they closed the books too early. #### ***Reclaiming Control of Science and Education*** The best way to reclaim control of science and education is to **learn**. If you’re looking for a starting point, I highly recommend: - **“A Brief History of Time”** by **Stephen Hawking** for physics - **“Sapiens”** or **“The Selfish Gene”** for evolutionary biology All three are excellent starting points—densely packed with information and covering a wide range of topics in a concise and accessible manner.

@ 6bae33c8:607272e8

With all five of my football drafts/auctions in the books, here's the portfolio I've amassed for 2024, not including the RotoWire Dynasty League: **Links**: [BCL1](https://www.realmansports.com/p/beat-chris-liss-1-344), [BCL2](https://www.realmansports.com/p/beat-chris-liss-2-77e?utm_source=publication-search), [BCL3](https://www.realmansports.com/p/beat-chris-liss-3-062), [Steak League](https://www.realmansports.com/p/steak-league-879), [Primetime](https://www.realmansports.com/p/nffc-primetime-fa7)  **Players in whom I have the most shares:** **QB**: Justin Fields (4), CJ Stroud (2), Anthony Richardson (2), Tua Tagovailoa (2) **RB**: Jonathan Brooks (2), Brian Robinson (2), Jerome Ford (2), Jordan Mason (2), JK Dobbins (2), Khalil Herbert (2), Dalvin Cook (2) **WR:** Stefon Diggs (5), Ja’Marr Chase (3), Rashid Shaheed (3), Ladd McConkey (2), Roman Wilson (2) **TE:** Jonnu Smith (3) **K**: Younghoe Koo (3), Harrison Butker (2) **D:** Giants (4) **Notes:** Obviously, I thought Stefon Diggs was mispriced, though I only had to pay close to what I thought he was worth in the [Primetime](https://www.realmansports.com/p/nffc-primetime-fa7) — in the rest of the leagues he fell to me at ADP or below. He and Ja’Marr Chase are massively important to me this year, and to a lesser extent CJ Stroud. I also have Justin Fields and the Giants defense everywhere, but both were essentially free, and I could swap them out without issue. I also have a lot of Younghoe Koo, but he too could obviously be swapped out. I like having a couple key players to build around rather than five disparate teams. Of course if Diggs gets hurt or turns out to be washed up, it’ll be rough, but in some ways it’s like the old days where you had only one team, and you had to live and die with it. **Prominent Players I Don't Have (bold is by choice):** Bijan Robinson, Tyreek Hill, Breece Hall, Amon-Ra St. Brown, Justin Jefferson, Garrett Wilson, A.J. Brown, Jonathan Taylor, Puka Nacua, **Davante Adams**, **Saquon Barkley**, Chris Olave, Rashee Rice, **Kyren Williams**, Travis Etienne, Cooper Kupp, Isiah Pacheco, **Michael Pittman**, **Nico Collins**, **DK Metcalf**, **Mike Evans**, **Deebo Samuel, Josh Allen,** DJ Moore, Brandon Aiyuk, Derrick Henry, Zay Flowers, **James Cook**, Terry McLaurin, Kenneth Walker, **Xavier Worthy**, Amari Cooper, Josh Jacobs, Trey McBride, **George Pickens**, Lamar Jackson, **Christian Kirk**, Tee Higgins, **Calvin Ridley**, **Rachaad White,** Jayden Reed, Diontae Johnson, **Travis Kelce**, **Joe Mixon**, **Alvin Kamara**, Christian Watson, **Jalen Hurts**, Aaron Jones, Patrick Mahomes, David Montgomery, **Zamir White, Keenan Allen,** Kyle Pitts, **D’Andre Swift**, George Kittle **Past Portfolios:** [**2023**](https://www.realmansports.com/p/my-portfolio-ef6?utm_source=publication-search)**, [2022](https://www.realmansports.com/p/my-portfolio?utm_source=%2Fsearch%2Fmy%2520portfolio&utm_medium=reader2), [2021](https://www.rotowire.com/football/article/nfl-chris-lissrsquo-portfolio-58839), [2020](https://www.rotowire.com/football/article.php?id=52704)[, 2019](https://www.rotowire.com/blog/post.php?id=29428), [2018](https://www.rotowire.com/blog/post.php?id=26158), [2017](https://www.rotowire.com/blog/post.php?id=23069), [2016](https://www.rotowire.com/blog/post.php?id=13592), [2015](https://www.rotowire.com/blog/post.php?id=8991)**

@ 6bae33c8:607272e8

I submitted my five picks for the Circa Millions contest today. I think it’s $6M in total prizes. I want to put a disclaimer here: I’m putting these behind a paywall not because you should pay for these picks — never pay for anyone’s picks. If the picks were that good, whoever was making them could just print money and wouldn’t need yours. If you want to subscribe in earnest, do so because you’re interested to see who I chose and read the reasoning, not because you (erroneously) think it’s the way to get some easy winners. Or if you want to support my substack generally because you think it adds value to you. Those are fine reasons to subscribe, but doing so because you think copying my picks will make you money is dumb. Okay that out of the way, here are the picks:  **Dolphins -3.5 vs Jaguars** — I like taking the Dolphins in early September, it’s hot and humid there, difficult for opposing teams to adjust to it. It’s like Lambeau Field in December, only in reverse. Moreover, the Dolphins are a veteran offense that’s played together for years, while the Jaguars are working in two new receivers. **Falcons -3.5 vs Steelers** — Justin Fields is probably an upgrade over Russell Wilson at this point, but he’s haphazard and will have to learn the players and offense on the fly. The Falcons have a new QB too, but he’s an old pro, has better weapons and a better offensive line. **Giants +1 vs Vikings** — The Giants have three Pro-Bowl level pass rushers, finally have a playmaking receiver and upgraded their offensive line this offseason. And yet despite facing Sam Darnold at home, they’re still getting a point. **Cardinals +6.5 at Bills** — Kyler Murray is now another year removed from knee surgery, should be his usual spry self, and Marvin Harrison adds another dimension to the offense it sorely needed. The Bills will move the ball, but I think Arizona will hang with them and keep it close enough. **Browns -2 vs Cowboys** — The Browns should be able to run the ball and keep the Dallas pass rush off Deshaun Watson, while Dallas’ offensive line has slipped a bit, and the Browns defense was No. 1 against the pass last year. Dak Prescott also has big home/road splits.

@ 6bae33c8:607272e8

This is my main event for fantasy football, the $1700 buy-in NFFC Primetime. I wound up picking 11th (I had the fourth to last choice), and while in retrospect maybe I should have opted for ninth or 10th, I wanted to get a share of Jahmyr Gibbs which is why I chose that slot. I also ran through some scenarios beforehand — what if Ja’Marr Chase (still not signed) falls — do I take him in a fourth league? But as you’ll see, the first round was complete chalk, and no windfalls whatsoever fell to me. But I had a plan for that, and I more or less executed it. Without further ado, here are the results: <img src="https://blossom.primal.net/4bbf1f4369c4eea958b04922892f9c485dcbce7d68f011e55c11997f05ae6006.png"> **1.11 Jahmyr Gibbs** — This was the most likely scenario, and it took me about two seconds to make the pick once the top three backs and seven receivers were gone. If Gibbs (who is not on the injury report) hadn’t had a hamstring injury in camp, I’d have him close to the middle of the round rather than the end. Let’s hope he doesn’t aggravate it. **2.2 Marvin Harrison** — I would have taken either Puka Nacua or Jonathan Taylor, but no breaks here either. Both went at the turn, and I knew I was taking a receiver. Starting RB-WR is the easiest build, in my opinion, but Harrison was kind of an agnostic pick. I had considered Rashee Rice, but as Alan Seslowsky pointed out, while his suspension for hit and run might not kick in until after the season (when the legal process has run its course), that could be pushed up if his lawyers negotiate a plea. Between that an the presence of so many options for the Chiefs, I went Harrison over him narrowly. But it was a close call. **3.2 Stefon Diggs** — I missed Malik Nabers, Cooper Kupp, (maybe Jaylen Waddle) and De’Von Achane who went with the four consecutive picks ahead of me, so it was Diggs, Nico Collins (his teammate who has a higher ADP), DeVonta Smith or (maybe) Derrick Henry. I went Diggs who I had personally ranked the highest, wouldn’t make it back to me, who I have in every league and was part of my “unfriendly” draft plan, i.e., the Plan B I had talked about. **4.11 Tank Dell** — He’s too small to hold up, but whenever he played he produced, and he gives me a bit of a Diggs hedge. I also wanted Trey McBride on this turn (as I had Marvin Harrison and could have drafted Kyler Murray — who I love this year — later), but he went on the turn. I thought about taking McBride first, but they were side by side in ADP, and my Plan B was to stack Texans, so I went Dell and took a chance. **5.2 Chris Godwin** — This was the one pick I kind of regret (though it’s debatable.) I like Jayden Reed a lot, but he was half a round lower per ADP, and there was *some* chance I could get him on the way back. I had Godwin everywhere last year, and he was a disappointment, but apparently he’s healthier now and is going back to the slot full time where he excels. **6.11 Jaxon Smith-Njigba** — The other pivot off Godwin was JSN, and sure enough he made it back all the way, though he starts off as my first bench player. That’s okay though — you need at least five viable receivers throughout the year, and I didn’t have to take C.J. Stroud because if the guy at the turn took him, I would just pivot to the Kyler Murray/Harrison stack. **7.2 C.J. Stroud** — He was there, and I executed Plan B. Yes, I have a weak first three rounds by ADP, but I have Gibbs, Harrison and a big piece of the Texans passing game which I think will lead the NFL in yardage. **8.11 Jaylen Warren** — I needed a second back, and Warren is one. He’s a good pass catcher and should see half the snaps in Pittsburgh. **9.2 Brian Robinson** — I like Robinson as a player, he’s the undisputed early-down option on what should be a better offense. (Think Ricky Pearsall, but at RB.) Too soon? Austin Ekeler will obviously see the passing-down work unless he proves totally washed up. The Robinson pick cost me David Njoku and Brock Bowers unfortunately, which was a gamble I knew I was making. **10.11 Jordan Mason** — At 29 and playing into the Super Bowl, Christian McCalfinjury was already a risk, and that he’s “expected” to play Monday night rather than 100 percent fine is worrying. Mason could be a league winner if McCaffrey goes down. **11.2 J.K. Dobbins** — The Mason pick cost me Jaleel McLaughlin, so I pivoted to Dobbins who still has a high ceiling if he can ever stay healthy. **12.11 Dallas Goedert** — Tight ends had flown off the board, but I was happy to get Goedert who has been valuable on a per-game basis the last couple years and is still just 29 which is late prime for the position. **13.2 Dalton Schultz** — Why not stack it even harder? The Texans could throw for 5,000-plus yards, and I have three of the four top targets and the QB. **14.11 Andrei Iosivas** — He’s gotten a lot of buzz in camp, seems like the No. 3 receiver right now, Tee Higgins is hurt and Ja’Marr Chase is still unsigned. **15.2 Cam Akers** — The Iosivas pick cost me Jalen McMillan who would have served as Godwin insurance, but Akers could easily take an aging Joe Mixon’s job. Maybe it’s too much Houston, but if it’s a top-three offense, I’m good with it. **16.11 Justin Fields** — The backup QBs had flown off the board, and Fields has too much upside to pass up. Plus he might even start Week 1 with Russell Wilson already hurt, and if he plays well, he might never look back. **17.2 Harrison Butker** — It’s either the based af kicker or a Younghoe for me. Plus he locked in a decent Week 1. **18.11 Dalvin Cook** — He had only 67 carries last year for a bad Jets offense. What if he isn’t as washed up as we think? He could easily win that job over Zeke Elliott and Rico Dowdle. **19.2 Jonnu Smith** — TE is my weakest position, so I took another upside gamble. What if he’s the Dolphins third target? **20.11 Giants Defense** — I think I took them in all four NFFC leagues. They get the Darnold Vikings at home and then Jayden Daniels in his second career start. And they have three Pro Bowl level pass rushers. **Roster By Position** **QB** CJ Stroud **RB** Jahmyr Gibbs/Jaylen Warren **WR** Marvin Harrison/Stefon Diggs/Tank Dell **TE** Dallas Goedert **FLEX** Chris Godwin **K** Harrison Butker **D** Giants **B** Jaxon Smith-Njigba/Brian Robinson/Jordan Mason/JK Dobbins/Dalton Schultz/Andrei Iosivas/Cam Akers/Justin Fields/Dalvin Cook/Jonnu Smith

@ 6bae33c8:607272e8

Unfortunately, I didn’t have a ton of action in this game. I had the Packers with the points and am now 0-2 to start the week in my home picking pool. I had Xavier McKinney in the [Steak League](https://www.realmansports.com/p/steak-league-879?utm_source=publication-search) which was nice as like Roquan Smith he too started the year with a pick. But I was missing the principal scorers namely Saquon Barkley (maybe I let the nerds talk me out of him, as I had him [ranked highly initially](https://www.realmansports.com/p/running-back-rankings?utm_source=publication-search)) and Jayden Reed. Barkley I’m okay with because the potential for Jalen Hurts TDs was something I hadn’t initially considered, but Reed was a major error and in fact I passed on him for freaking Chris Godwin in my [Primetime last night](https://www.realmansports.com/p/nffc-primetime-fa7?utm_source=publication-search)! I had even argued with Alan Seslowsky that Reed was the [obvious choice](https://www.realmansports.com/p/week-1) among the Packers receivers. So seeing him go off (and he should have had a third TD, but it was called back due to something I’ve never seen before (both teams having 12 men on the field) was painful. Godwin is almost sure to have a terrible season now just to hammer home the lesson for me: Don’t worry about 10 spots of ADP, take the fucking guy you like. Stop listening to the consensus when you have a real lean. I don’t know how many times I need to learn this lesson, but apparently at least one more! - Reed looked like the most electrifying receiver on the field for the Packers. He had only six targets, not including the TD called back due to the penalties, but it’s obvious he’ll get more, and the handoff he took 33-yards to the house will incentivize them to do that again too. Year 2 after the surprisingly strong Year 1. He belongs in the second round now, along with Rashee Rice. - Christian Watson caught a TD and will be involved, but as great an athlete as he is he doesn’t have Reed’s football skills. Romeo Doubs is just a guy, but he’s reliable, and Dontayvion Wicks had a rough game — he’s an easy cut for me. - Jordan Love didn’t scramble much, and the Packers settled for a ton of field goals, but he looked okay. I think once they give Reed his 10 targets, Love will have his expected numbers. *(Just read on RotoWire that Love left the game for the last two plays with an unspecified leg injury, something not apparent on the 40-minute edited version. I thought they brought Malik Willis to throw a Hail Mary!* *Obviously, if he’s out for any length of time, all bets are off for the Packers receivers.)* - Josh Jacobs got stuffed in short yardage early, fumbled (though the Packers recovered), but ran well and hard late and even caught two passes. I have zero shares, but he looks like a fine pick for the late-third/early fourth. His backup Emanuel Wilson looked pretty spry too. Marshawn Lloyd is a cut now too in most formats. - Brayden Narveson missed a key kick off the post, but got a lot of attempts. He seems to have landed in the right place for a big season. - Jalen Hurts was a bit sloppy with two picks and a lost fumble, never got going on the ground (seemed like the Packers were really dedicated to taking that away), and the ass-smash didn’t work as well without Jason Kelce. But his receivers are so good, and Saquon Barkley is a big upgrade too. I would downgrade him a little though as his rushing TD projection maybe went from 10 to seven. - AJ Brown didn’t even look like he was running fast as he easily scored a 67-yard TD past the Packers defense. DeVonta Smith seemed to line up more in the slot and was automatic on key third-downs. There was no third receiver of which to speak, and even Dallas Goedert saw only five targets. - Barkley looked great, both on his TD catch, and as a rusher. As I said I don’t have any shares despite being high on him initially, but I love Barkley as a player (and bitcoiner!), and still kind of root for him. I hope he smashes this year.

@ 9358c676:9f2912fc

## Introduction The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) began as a pandemic in the 1980s. In its early days, it was seen as a certain death sentence, a taboo associated with marginalized groups, and it highlighted the failures of poverty in accessing healthcare. Gradually, the struggle for life and the suffering of those who are no longer with us, including both famous and anonymous individuals, became visible. Today, 40 years later, HIV is presented as a chronic disease with effective treatment. **Patients living with HIV who receive appropriate treatment have no detectable virus in their circulating blood, enjoy a good quality of life, and are more concerned about other aspects of their health during medical consultations, almost forgetting their condition.** For these patients, daily treatment is the cure, similar to someone taking a pill every day for high blood pressure or diabetes. ## The Global Impact HIV is a lentivirus, a subgroup of retroviruses composed of RNA. The natural history of HIV infection involves an attack on the immune system, particularly targeting CD4 cells, where chronic deterioration can lead to the acquisition of infectious and oncological diseases that may be fatal over the years, resulting in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Interestingly, there is a small group of people known as "elite controllers" who manage to control HIV infection without treatment and remain healthy for much of their lives, despite having a hidden deep viral reservoir. The primary modes of transmission are sexual, followed by blood and vertical transmission from mother to child, with the first mode predominating today. Today, in the downward trend of the HIV epidemic, **it is estimated that 39 million people are living with HIV worldwide.** Depending on the region, nearly half of this population belongs to at-risk groups, such as men who have sex with men (MSM), transgender individuals, sex workers, and people who inject drugs. These vulnerable groups are especially important for prevention efforts. However, little is done for prevention in the general population, which sometimes represents the other half of the cake of people living with HIV (PLWH). ## Breaking the Dogma: The Concept of Undetectable = Untransmittable (U=U) The introduction of highly effective antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in 1994 broke the curve of the HIV epidemic. The introduction of new medications with fewer side effects and greater effectiveness in controlling the virus has been crucial. In 2007, the launch of Raltegravir as the first viral integrase inhibitor marked a milestone in current treatments, **allowing patients to effectively control the virus within 3 to 6 months.** The positive impact of these treatments led health organizations to launch the concept of **undetectable = untransmittable (U=U)** to impact the general population and at-risk groups, updating the dogma and eradicating stigma: **a patient living with HIV who maintains an undetectable viral load in their blood through treatment will not transmit HIV sexually.** Although this concept has transformed the social dynamics and stigma surrounding the disease, adherence to treatment must be complete to achieve this new paradigm. ## Prophylaxis as a Method to Prevent HIV in Healthy Populations The correct use of condoms has been the cornerstone of HIV prevention and other sexually transmitted infections over the years. However, it is not the only tool available today and can be complemented for comprehensive sexual health. **Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP)** is a novel strategy that involves administering antiretroviral medication to vulnerable groups before they are exposed to HIV (MSM, transgender individuals, sex workers, people who inject drugs). It involves taking medication daily, effectively reducing the risk of contracting HIV and providing protection to these groups. It is similar to taking a contraceptive pill daily. It has had a very positive impact on protecting these populations. In the Americas, it has been successfully implemented in the United States, Mexico, Peru, and Brazil. Other countries, although with some delay, are now implementing this strategy. **Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP),** on the other hand, is a strategy that involves administering antiretroviral treatment after a potential exposure to HIV. If the treatment is administered within the first 72 hours and maintained for 4 weeks, the chances of contracting HIV decrease substantially. Both strategies have been remarkably successful in preventing HIV in at-risk populations and healthy populations, although their dissemination and awareness remain limited. https://image.nostr.build/08682bf763ade56741d8e4c8c6d870cb8d71ab7d72c605b9aa805af2234348ff.jpg ## The New Horizon: Long-Acting Antiretrovirals, HIV Vaccines, and Promising Therapies The introduction of viral integrase inhibitors and new nucleoside analogs in the last 15 years has allowed for the availability of safe drugs with minimal side effects in the treatment of HIV, **many of which are included in a single pill regimen per day.** However, the pharmaceutical industry continues to diversify the offerings in a healthy manner. **Cabotegravir is a new long-acting integrase inhibitor that is administered via injection.** Combined with Rilpivirine, it has proven to be effective and safe in the treatment of HIV, with injections every 2 months. This has revolutionized treatment for people who are tired of taking pills daily, as well as in PrEP, where effective prevention against HIV can be achieved with injections every 2 months for at-risk groups. Additionally, **subdermal implants of Islatravir,** a new long-acting nucleoside analog, are being tested as a PrEP strategy. Similar to monthly hormonal contraceptive injections or hormonal contraceptive implants, this strategy has proven effective in at-risk groups. Regarding the **HIV vaccine,** we have been developing it for over two decades, with advances and setbacks. While vaccines have shown promising results in terms of safety and antibody generation, we still need to await conclusive phase III results demonstrating their effectiveness in at-risk groups and the general population. ## The Eradication of HIV and Patients Cured Without Treatment While current treatment allows for the elimination of HIV from the bloodstream and sexual transmission, there remains a reservoir in some deep immune cells that have been infected by the retrovirus, which contain latent HIV DNA and have the potential to reactivate if daily treatment is interrupted. However, **there are patients who have managed to eliminate HIV from their bodies, including these deep cells, and HIV is undetectable upon discontinuation of treatment.** These cases are very rare, with only 7 to 8 individuals being the subject of intensive scientific study. Among them are the "Berlin patient" of Germany and "City of Hope patient" from Argentina. Some of these cases involved patients under effective HIV treatment who underwent suppressive chemotherapy for bone marrow transplants and managed to eliminate these deep cells with latent HIV DNA. Unfortunately, this treatment is not scalable for the entire HIV-positive population, both due to its cost and potential side effects. However, **"Shock and Kill" strategies** have been proposed, aiming to use monoclonal antibodies to activate these latent cells during HIV treatment, exposing them to antiretroviral medication for elimination, thereby eradicating these small reservoirs of HIV. ## WHO Goals The World Health Organization (WHO) has established clear objectives that are constantly updated to achieve the eradication of HIV in the population. **The updated goals of the WHO propose that, to end the HIV epidemic, three objectives must be met by the year 2025-2030:** 1. 95% of people living with HIV must be diagnosed through testing. 2. 95% of diagnosed individuals must be on highly effective antiretroviral therapy (HAART). 3. 95% of those on HAART must have an undetectable viral load in their blood. Developing and underdeveloped countries currently have an effectiveness rate for these strategies that disagree significantly. https://image.nostr.build/ac6693df57aaca6dac0b06b5db9eb1a2757e7c08511edb0f11617e12653d3db5.png ## Key Takeaways * HIV has a cure, and the cure is permanent treatment. * Treatment for HIV is free and accessible to the population, as it is a public health impact disease. * A person living with HIV who receives appropriate treatment will not transmit the virus sexually, will enjoy a full life without the disease, and can have children without HIV. * In the event of a potential HIV exposure (such as unprotected sexual contact with an infrequent partner), you can go to a hospital within the first 72 hours to receive treatment that will prevent HIV infection. * Just as we witnessed the eradication of smallpox from the face of the earth in 1978 due to scientific advances, we will live to see the eradication of HIV. ## Autor **Kamo Weasel - MD Infectious Diseases - MD Internal Medicine - #DocChain Community** npub1jdvvva54m8nchh3t708pav99qk24x6rkx2sh0e7jthh0l8efzt7q9y7jlj ## Resources 1. [World Health Organization (WHO)](https://www.who.int/en/health-topics/hiv-aids#tab=tab_1) 2. [Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)](https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/?CDC_AAref_Val=https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/default.html) 3. [UNAIDS](https://www.unaids.org/en) ## Bibliography 1. The natural history of HIV infection. DOI: 10.1097/COH.0b013e328361fa66 2. Changing Knowledge and Attitudes Towards HIV Treatment-as-Prevention and "Undetectable = Untransmittable": A Systematic Review. DOI: 10.1007/s10461-021-03296-8 3. Challenges of HIV diagnosis and management in the context of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP), test and start and acute HIV infection: a scoping review. DOI: 10.1002/jia2.25419 4. Long-acting cabotegravir and rilpivirine dosed every 2 months in adults with HIV-1 infection (ATLAS-2M), 48-week results: a randomised, multicentre, open-label, phase 3b, non-inferiority study. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32666-0 5. Efficacy and safety of long-acting cabotegravir compared with daily oral tenofovir disoproxil fumarate plus emtricitabine to prevent HIV infection in cisgender men and transgender women who have sex with men 1 year after study unblinding: a secondary analysis of the phase 2b and 3 HPTN 083 randomised controlled trial. DOI: 10.1016/S2352-3018(23)00261-8 6. Safety and immunogenicity of a subtype C ALVAC-HIV (vCP2438) vaccine prime plus bivalent subtype C gp120 vaccine boost adjuvanted with MF59 or alum in healthy adults without HIV (HVTN 107): A phase 1/2a randomized trial. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1004360 7. Shock and kill within the CNS: A promising HIV eradication approach?. DOI: 10.1002/JLB.5VMR0122-046RRR

@ 41d0a715:9733c512

>Blaise Pascal: 'I have made this letter longer than usual, only because I have not had the time to make it shorter.' Some of you Stackers need to spend a little more time to make your posts short and sweet. Sometimes I realize a post doesn't even have a point after wasting time reading it. A long poorly written post is a waste of my time and yours too! originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/676136

@ 655a7cf1:d0510794

I can't stop thinking about it. When I go to clear out a cave in Skyrim I always find the troll the spider some version of some enemy with gold. I ask myself how did they get this gold.? Is there someone in the cities that goes to and fro to have commerce with underworld. If so what would this market look like. Would it be trade based or commodity based. Sometimes in these caves I can find upwards of 100 gold I can also find individuals with upwards of 20 gold on them. Assuming they live paycheck to paycheck this is a moderate size of money they're carrying around from week to week. It tells me that the trade is doing well. Am I completely psychotic for constantly thinking about this? Does anybody else thought about this or done any research or have any links that I can find? originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/673609

@ 8cb60e21:5f2deaea

JavaScript For Cats An introduction for new programmers cat So easy your human companion could do it too! JavaScript is a programming language or, in other words, a means by which a computer is instructed to do things. Just the same as one controls humans with hisses and meows, one controls computers with statements written in a programming language. All web browsers understand JavaScript and you can take advantage of that to make web pages do crazy things! JavaScript started as a way to make web pages more interactive. Nowadays JavaScript runs in more places than just web browsers — it runs on web servers, phones and even robots! This page will teach you some JavaScript basics so that you can get up and running in no time*. * Actual time: more than none. Probably an hour or two. Also since you are a cat you are less likely to run and more likely to lay around in the sun Table of contents The console Strings Values and variables Using functions Built in JS functions Download new JS functions Writing new functions Loops Arrays Objects Callbacks Recommended reading Don't be a scaredy-cat cat You will always land on your feet — even when programming! Unlike pawing over a glass of water on your laptop, nothing in these tutorials will damage your computer in any way, even if you mistype a command or click the wrong button. Like cats, computer programmers make mistakes all time: misspelling things, forgetting quotes or brackets, and being forgetful of how basic functions (and yarn, lasers) work. Programmers care more about making it work eventually rather than trying to make it work the very first time. The best way to learn is by making mistakes! So don't be a scaredy-cat! The absolute worst thing that will happen is that you might have to refresh this page in your web browser if you get stuck. Don't worry though, this will happen very rarely. # The basics There is JavaScript running on this page right now. Let's play around with it a little. For the sake of simplicity I'll assume you are using Google Chrome to read this page (if you aren't it's probably easier on both of us if you follow along with Chrome). First, right click anywhere on the screen and hit Inspect Element, then click on the Console tab. You should see a thingy that looks like this: console This is a console, otherwise known as a "command line" or "terminal". Basically it's a way to type one thing at a time into a computer and immediately get the computers answer back. They are super useful as a learning tool (I still use the console nearly every day that I'm coding). The console does some pretty cool stuff. Here I have started to type something and the console is helping me out by giving me a list of all the possible things I could continue to type! Another thing you could do is type 1 + 1 into the console and then hit the Enter key and watch what happens. Using the console is a very important part of learning JavaScript. If you don't know if something works or what the command is for something, go to the console and figure it out! Here's an example: # Strings Since I am a cat I want to replace every instance of the word dog on the Internet with those blasted dogs. First go into your console and type in a few sentences that contain the word dog at least once. In JavaScript a bunch of letters, numbers, words or anything else is known as a String (as in a string of characters). Strings have to begin AND end with a quotation mark. Single ' or double " is fine, just make sure you use the same at the beginning as you do at the end. console See the nasty error message? Don't worry - you didn't break any laws. SyntaxError ILLEGAL is just the way it sounds when robots tell you that your program has a problem. The first two sentences had matching quotation marks at the beginning and end, but when I mixed single and double quotation marks it freaked out on me. OK, to fix up one of these sentences (by replacing dog with our enhanced version) we have to first save the original sentence so that we can call it up later when we do our replacing magic. Notice how the string gets repeated in red when we type it into the console? This is because we haven't told it to save the sentence anywhere so it just gives it right back (or it gives us an Error back if we messed something up). # Values and variables Values are the simplest components in JavaScript. 1 is a value, true is a value, "hello" is a value, function() {} is a value, the list goes on! There are a handful of different types of values in JavaScript but we don't need to go over them all right away — you will learn them naturally the more you code! To store values we use things called variables. The word 'variable' means 'can change' and is used because variables can store many different types of values and can change their value many times. They are pretty much like mailboxes. We put something in a variable, like our sentence, and then give the variable an address that we can use to look up the sentence later. In real life mailboxes have to have PO Box numbers but in JavaScript you usually just use lowercase letters or numbers without any spaces. console var is shorthand for variable and the = means store the thing on the right-hand side in the thing on the left-hand side. Also as you can see, now that we are storing our sentence in a variable the console doesn't just return our sentence right away, but instead gives us undefined which means there was nothing to return. If you simply type a variable name into the console it will print out the value stored in that variable. A note about variables is that by default they go away when you switch to a different page. If I were to hit the Refresh button in Chrome, for example, my dogSentence variable would get wiped and it would be like it never existed. But don't worry about this too much for now — you can just hit the up or down arrows on your keyboard while in the console to go through everything you've entered in recently. # Functions Now that we have our sentence stored in a variable, let's change a word stored in it! We can do this by performing a function. Functions are a type of value that, well, serve a specific function (AKA purpose or action) for us. Calling them "actions" sounded weird I guess so they went with the word "function" instead. JavaScript has a function called replace that does exactly what we want! Functions take in any number of values in their parentheses (zero, one or many) and return either nothing (undefined) or the changed string. The replace function is available to use on any strings and takes in two values: the characters to take out and the characters to swap in. It gets confusing to describe these things so here is a visual example: console Notice how the value of dogSentence is the same even after we run replace on it? This is because the replace function, (and most JavaScript functions for that matter) takes the value we give it and returns a new value, without modifying the value we passed in. Since we didn't store the result (there is no = on the left side of the replace function) it just printed out the return value in our console. # The "standard library" You might be wondering what other functions are available in JavaScript. The answer: A TON. There are lots built in, standard libraries that you can learn about at MDN (A site run by Mozilla that has lotsa nifty information about web technologies). For example here is the MDN page on JavaScript's Math object. # Third-party JavaScript There is also a lot of JavaScript code available that is not built in. JavaScript from third parties is usually referred to as a "library" or "plugin". One of my favorites is called Underscore.js. Let's go and grab it and load it into our page! First go to the Underscore site, http://underscorejs.org/, click on the download link (I usually use development versions because they are easier to read but both will give you the same basic functionality), and then copy all the code onto your clipboard (you can use Select All from the Edit menu to select everything). Then paste it into your console and hit enter. Now your browser has a new variable in it: _. Underscore gives you a ton of helpful functions to play with. We'll learn more about how to use them later. console # Making new functions You aren't limited to using other peoples functions — you can also write them yourself. It's pretty easy! Let's make a function called makeMoreExciting that adds a bunch of exclamation points to the end of a string. function makeMoreExciting(string) { return string + '!!!!' } In my head I read it out loud like this: "there's a function called 'make more exciting' that takes in a string and returns a new copy of that string that has a bunch of exclamation points at the end". Here is how we would write this in the console manually if we weren't using a function: console The expression string + '!!!!' returns a new string and our variable called string stays the same as before (since we never updated it to anything else with =). Let's use our function instead of doing it manually. First, paste the function into the console and then call the function by passing in a string: console You could also call the same function by passing in a variable that points to a string (in the above example we just typed the string straight in there as a value instead of saving it to a variable first): console The line makeMoreExciting(sentence) is equivalent to saying sentence + '!!!!'. What if we wanted to modify in-place (aka update) the value of sentence? Simply save the return value of the function back into our sentence variable: var sentence = "time for a nap" sentence = makeMoreExciting(sentence) Now sentence will have the exclamation marks in it! Note that you only have to use var when you are initializing a variable — the first time you ever use it. After that you shouldn't use var unless you want to re-initialize (reset/clear/empty) the variable. What would happen if we took out the return statement in our function? console Why is sentence empty? Because functions return undefined by default! You can choose to return a value by returning something. Functions should take in a value and, if they change the value or create a new value that is supposed to be used later, return a value (fun fact: a fancy term for this style is functional programming). Here is another function that doesn't return anything but instead uses a different method to show us the output: function yellIt(string) { string = string.toUpperCase() string = makeMoreExciting(string) console.log(string) } This function, yellIt, uses our previous function makeMoreExciting as well as the built-in String method toUpperCase. Methods are just a name for a function when it belongs to something — in this case toUpperCase is a function that belongs to String so we can refer to it as either a method or a function. makeMoreExciting on the other hand doesn't belong to anyone so it would be technically incorrect to refer to it as a method (confusing, I know). The last line of the function is another built-in that simply takes in any values that you give it and prints them out into the console. console So is there something wrong with the above yellIt function? It depends! Here are the two major types of functions: functions that modify or create values and return them functions take in values and perform some action that cannot be returned console.log is an example of the second type of function: it prints things out to your console — an action that you can see with your eyes but that cannot be represented as a JavaScript value. My own rule of thumb is to try to keep the two types of functions separate from each other, so here's how I would rewrite the yellIt function: function yellIt(string) { string = string.toUpperCase() return makeMoreExciting(string) } console.log(yellIt("i fear no human")) This way yellIt becomes more generic, meaning it only does one or two simple little things and doesn't know anything about printing itself to a console — that part can always be programmed later, outside the function definition. # Loops Now that we have some basic skills under our belt (Author's note: do cats even wear belts?) we can start being lazy. What?! Yes, that's right: programming is about being lazy. Larry Wall, inventor of the Perl programming language, called laziness the most important virtue of a good programmer. If computers didn't exist you would have to do all sorts of tedious tasks by hand, but if you learn to program you can lay in the sun all day while a computer somewhere runs your programs for you. It is a glorious lifestyle filled with relaxation! Loops are one of the most important ways to harness the power of a computer. Remember Underscore.js from earlier? Make sure you have it loaded in the page (remember: you can just hit the up arrow on your keyboard a few times and then hit Enter to load it in again if you need to) and try copy/pasting this into your console: function logANumber(someNumber) { console.log(someNumber) } _.times(10, logANumber) This code uses the times method of Underscore which takes in 1 number and 1 function and then starts from 0 and for 10 steps counts up by 1, calling the function with the number each step of the way. console If we were to manually write out what times is doing in the above code it would look like this: logANumber(0) logANumber(1) logANumber(2) logANumber(3) logANumber(4) logANumber(5) logANumber(6) logANumber(7) logANumber(8) logANumber(9) But cats refuse to do unnecessary manual work like this so we must always ask ourselves, "am I doing this in the laziest way possible?". So why is this called looping? Think of it like this: If we were to write out a list of 10 numbers (from 0 to 9) using a JavaScript Array it would look like this: var zeroThroughTen = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] What times really does is visit each number and repeat a task: in the example above the task was to call the logANumber function with the current number. Repeating tasks in this way is referred to as looping over the Array. # Arrays I've mentioned these a few times but let's spend a minute learning about them. Imagine you need to keep track of all your buddies. Well, an Array will do just fine. Think of an Array like a sorted list that you can keep tons of stuff in. This is how you make one: var myCatFriends = ["bill", "tabby", "ceiling"] Sweet! Now you have a list of your cat buddies. Elements (that is what you call a single item in an array) that are stored within arrays start at 0 and count up from there. So myCatFriends[0] returns bill and myCatFriends[1] returns tabby... etc etc. To get buddies out of your brand new Array you can just access an element directly like so: console.log(myCatFriends[0]) console If you made a brand new cat friend at the hippest cat club the other night and you want to add them to your list it is super simple: myCatFriends.push("super hip cat"). To check that the new cat made it into your array you can use .length: console Notice how push returned the length? Handy! Also take note that arrays will always preserve ordering which means they will remember the order in which you added or defined things. Not everything in JavaScript preserves ordering so remember this special property of Arrays! # Objects Arrays are good for lists, but for other tasks they can be hard to work with. Consider our array of cat friends. What if you also wanted to store more than just names? var myCatFriends = ["bill", "tabby", "ceiling"] var lastNames = ["the cat", "cat", "cat"] var addresses = ["The Alley", "Grandmas House", "Attic"] Sometimes it is nice to have all of the addresses or names in one variable. But sometimes you have a cat in mind, let's say Bill, and you just want to look up that cat's address. With arrays it takes a lot of work because you can't just say 'hey array, give me Bill's address' because 'Bill' is in one array and his address is in a totally different array. console This can be brittle because if our arrays change and we add a new cat to the beginning we would have to also update our billsPosition variable to point to the new location of Bill's information in the arrays! Here is a easier to maintain way to store information like this using objects: var firstCat = { name: "bill", lastName: "the cat", address: "The Alley" } var secondCat = { name: "tabby", lastName: "cat", address: "Grandmas House" } var thirdCat = { name: "ceiling", lastName: "cat", address: "Attic" } Why would we do it this way? Because now we have a variable for each cat that we can use to get that cats values in a more convenient and readable way. console You can think of Objects like keys on a keyring. Each one is for a specific door and if you have nice labels on your keys you can open doors very fast. In fact, the things on the left hand side of the : are called keys (are also known as properties) and the things on the right hand side are values. // an object with a single key 'name' and single value 'bill' { name: 'bill' } So why would you ever use arrays if you can just put your data in objects? Because objects don't remember the order of the keys that you set. You might enter in an object like this: { date: "10/20/2012", diary: "slept a bit today", name: "Charles" } But the computer could give it back to you like this: { diary: "slept a bit today", name: "Charles", date: "10/20/2012" } Or like this! { name: "Charles", diary: "slept a bit today", date: "10/20/2012" } So you can't ever trust the order of keys in objects. If you wanna get REALLY fancy you can make an array filled with objects, or an object filled with arrays! var moodLog = [ { date: "10/20/2012", mood: "catnipped" }, { date: "10/21/2012", mood: "nonplussed" }, { date: "10/22/2012", mood: "purring" } ] // ordered from least to most favorite var favorites = { treats: ["bird sighting", "belly rub", "catnip"], napSpots: ["couch", "planter box", "human face"] } When you combine different things like this you are making data structures, just like legos! # Callbacks Callbacks aren't really a feature of JavaScript like Object or Array, but instead just a certain way to use functions. To understand why callbacks are useful you first have to learn about asynchronous (often shortened to async) programming. Asynchronous code by definition is code written in a way that is not synchronous. Synchronous code is easy to understand and write. Here is an example to illustrate: var photo = download('http://foo-chan.com/images/sp.jpg') uploadPhotoTweet(photo, '@maxogden') This synchronous pseudo-code downloads an adorable cat photo and then uploads the photo to twitter and tweets the photo at @maxogden. Pretty straightforward! (Author's note: I @maxogden do happily accept random cat photo tweets) This code is synchronous because in order for photo to get uploaded to the tweet, the photo download must be completed. This means that line 2 cannot run until the task on line 1 is totally finished. If we were to actually implement this pseudo-code we would want to make sure that download 'blocked' execution until the download was finished, meaning it would prevent any other JavaScript from being executed until it finished, and then when the download completes it would un-block the JavaScript execution and line 2 would execute. Synchronous code is fine for things that happen fast, but it's horrible for things that require saving, loading, downloading or uploading. What if the server you're downloading the photo from is slow, or the internet connection you are using is slow, or the computer you are running the code on has too many youtube cat video tabs open and is running slowly? It means that it could potentially take minutes of waiting before line 2 gets around to running. Meanwhile, because all JavaScript on the page is being blocked from being run while the download is happening, the webpage would totally freeze up and become unresponsive until the download is done. Blocking execution should be avoided at all costs, especially when doing so makes your program freeze up or become unresponsive. Let's assume the photo above takes one second to download. To illustrate how long one second is to a modern computer, here is a program that tests to see how many tasks JavaScript can process in one second. function measureLoopSpeed() { var count = 0 function addOne() { count = count + 1 } // Date.now() returns a big number representing the number of // milliseconds that have elapsed since Jan 01 1970 var now = Date.now() // Loop until Date.now() is 1000 milliseconds (1 second) or more into // the future from when we started looping. On each loop, call addOne while (Date.now() - now < 1000) addOne() // Finally it has been >= 1000ms, so let's print out our total count console.log(count) } measureLoopSpeed() Copy-paste the above code into your JavaScript console and after one second it should print out a number. On my computer I got 8527360, approximately 8.5 million. In one second JavaScript can call the addOne function 8.5 million times! So if you have synchronous code for downloading a photo, and the photo download takes one second, it means you are potentially preventing 8.5 million operations from happening while JavaScript execution is blocked. Some languages have a function called sleep that blocks execution for some number of seconds. For example here is some bash code running in Terminal.app on Mac OS that uses sleep. When you run the command sleep 3 && echo 'done sleeping now' it blocks for 3 seconds before printing out done sleeping now. console JavaScript doesn't have a sleep function. Since you are a cat you are probably asking yourself, "Why am I learning a programming language that does not involve sleeping?". But stay with me. Instead of relying on sleep to wait for things to happen the design of JavaScript encourages use of functions instead. If you have to wait for task A to finish before doing task B, you put all of the code for task B into a function and you only call that function when A is done. For example, this is blocking-style code: a() b() And this is in a non-blocking style: a(b) In the non-blocking version b is a callback to a. In the blocking version a and b are both called/invoked (they both have () after them which executes the functions immediately). In the non-blocking version you will notice that only a gets invoked, and b is simply passed in to a as an argument. In the blocking version, there is no explicit relationship between a and b. In the non-blocking version it becomes a's job to do what it needs to do and then call b when it is done. Using functions in this way is called callbacks because your callback function, in this case b, gets called later on when a is all done. Here is a pseudocode implementation of what a might look like: function a(done) { download('https://pbs.twimg.com/media/B4DDWBrCEAA8u4O.jpg:large', function doneDownloading(error, png) { // handle error if there was one if (err) console.log('uh-oh!', error) // call done when you are all done done() }) } Think back to our non-blocking example, a(b), where we call a and pass in b as the first argument. In the function definition for a above the done argument is our b function that we pass in. This behavior is something that is hard to wrap your head around at first. When you call a function, the arguments you pass in won't have the same variable names when they are in the function. In this case what we call b is called done inside the function. But b and done are just variable names that point to the same underlying function. Usually callback functions are labelled something like done or callback to make it clear that they are functions that should be called when the current function is done. So, as long as a does it's job and called b when it is done, both a and b get called in both the non-blocking and blocking versions. The difference is that in the non-blocking version we don't have to halt execution of JavaScript. In general non-blocking style is where you write every function so that it can return as soon as possible, without ever blocking. To drive the point home even further: If a takes one second to complete, and you use the blocking version, it means you can only do one thing. If you use the non-blocking version (aka use callbacks) you can do literally millions of other things in that same second, which means you can finish your work millions of times faster and sleep the rest of the day. Remember: programming is all about laziness and you should be the one sleeping, not your computer. Hopefully you can see now that callbacks are just functions that call other functions after some asynchronous task. Common examples of asynchronous tasks are things like reading a photo, downloading a song, uploading a picture, talking to a database, waiting for a user to hit a key or click on someone, etc. Anything that takes time. JavaScript is really great at handling asynchronous tasks like these as long as you take the time to learn how to use callbacks and keep your JavaScript from being blocked. The end! This is just the beginning of your relationship with JavaScript! You can't learn it all at once, but you should find what works for you and try to learn all of the concepts here. I'd recommend coming back again tomorrow and going through the entire thing again from the beginning! It might take a few times through before you get everything (programming is hard). Just try to avoid reading this page in any rooms that contain shiny objects . . . they can be incredibly distracting. Got another topic you wanna see covered? Open an issue for it on github. # Recommended reading JavaScript For Cats skips over lots of details that aren't important for getting started (cats are not known for their attention spans), but if you feel like you need to dive in deeper then check these out: NodeSchool.io is a community driven, open source educational software that teaches various web development skills in an interactive, self-guided format. I helped make NodeSchool! Sadly it features fewer cats than this page. Eloquent Javascript is a free book that teaches you JavaScript! It's pretty good! Especially the chapter on values, variables, and control flow Mozilla's JavaScript Guide also has a pretty sweet intro chapter called values, variables and literals standard JS Style Guide is a "zero configuration" linter for JS style that I use Let's Write Code by @shama a great series of YouTube coding tutorials made by a friend of mine # Satisfied customers satisfied customer satisfied customer satisfied customer satisfied customer satisfied customer JSForCats.com is a labor of love and work in progress by @maxogden. If you would like to contribute and make this tutorial better there is a Github repo right over here. console

@ 8cb60e21:5f2deaea

<div style="position:relative;padding-bottom:56.25%;height:0;overflow:hidden;max-width:100%;"><iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/XL3DbEkeFWA" style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;border:0;" allowfullscreen></iframe></div>

@ 472f440f:5669301e

I had the pleasure of sitting back down with Will Reeves, Founder and CEO of Fold, on TFTC last week to discuss Fold's journey from a startup to (soon to be) a publicly listed company. I particularly liked this conversation because it was a great lens into the grit it takes to run a successful bitcoin company. https://fountain.fm/episode/1FrspxmpK5bsoReGx73n Building a successful company is extremely hard in its own right. Building a successful bitcoin company is significantly harder considering the fact that you're building a company in parallel with a nascent and volatile monetary asset that is monetizing in real time. Bitcoin adoption comes in waves. People flood in when the price is ripping and fade out when the price corrects and goes into a multi-year bear market before the tide comes back in. This means that your potential user base is expanding and contracting more than it would be in other industries. As a company you need to be able to absorb the incoming waves of new adopters and then capture and retain the users who stick around for the bear market. To do this correctly, a founder and their team needs to thread many needles. First, can you assemble a team that can actually build something? Second, can you bring a product to market that people actually use because it provides value to them? Third, can you stick out against the crowd? So on and so forth. One of the most important aspects of building a bitcoin company during bitcoin's monetization phase is timing. There are many great ideas that people have in terms of companies, products and tools that can built using bitcoin. There are sci-fi futures that can be built today on bitcoin if people really wanted to. The problem that arises is that adoption and understanding of bitcoin are at a point where, even though a functional product could be brought to market, it won't be adopted by a large number of people because there 1.) aren't enough people who would understand how to use it and 2.) for the people who do understand how to use it and could benefit from it, the universe of people they can interact with using that product is minuscule. Timing is everything. And I think Fold nailed the timing of their product. Allowing people to passively stack sats by offering a product that enables them to go about their daily spending and get sats back instead of cash back rewards is a great first-touch bitcoin experience. Once Fold found their sticky user base and perfected their sats back experience, they began expanding their product offering to provide their users with more bitcoin services. Buy/sell bitcoin in-app, bill pay for sats back, and more. They'll eventually roll out a credit card and additional financial services. Start simple, provide something of value, nail the timing and then expand from there. That seems to be the recipe. For any founders in the space reading this, I highly recommend you listen to the episode. Particularly for the advice Will gives about knowing when to sprint on product and when to lean into growth. Bear markets are for building and bull markets are for casting the widest net possible and capturing as many new users as possible. At Ten31 we are extremely proud to back Fold and a number of other companies in the bitcoin space that understand the intricacies described above. We work with some of the best founders in the world. Founders who know how to eat glass with the best of them. Bitcoin can be a cruel mistress and no one knows that more intimately than the founders building bitcoin companies. --- Final thought... The NFL having a week 1 game in Brazil should get Roger Godell fired. Enjoy your weekend, freaks.

@ e83b66a8:b0526c2b

The founder of Telegram has just been arrested in France. Charges include lack of cooperation with law enforcement, drug trafficking and fraud. Aside from Telegram, social media is controlled by two billionaires who decide what you say, are themselves controlled by overbearing governments and make money through advertising and selling your personal data. There is a different way. NOSTR stands for Notes and Other Stuff Transmitted on Relays and it is a social media protocol in the same way http is a web protocol. The protocol is open and anybody can build upon it. It has some fundamental concepts that are very different to existing social media platforms. Firstly it is decentralised, it runs across relays and anybody can run a relay. They can be open or closed, public or private, free or paid. Secondly as a user, you don’t have an account, you have a private key which is used to secure your data. Your profile (account) is yours, you own and control it using your private keys and verified by others with your public key. Your posts are yours and you can store them on your own relay in your own home or business or you can rely on free public relays or more feature rich paid public relays. All your public data is signed by your private keys to verify it is you that owns it and all your private data is encrypted so nobody can read it. Messages (i.e. think NOSTR WhatsApp) are encrypted with your private keys so NOBODY can hack it or listen in, not even the NSA through a companies backdoor. You message other users privately by encrypting messages to them using their public key, which they decrypt using their private key. Relays store your data in a decentralised network of private and public relays and you discover relays automatically when searching for people or content. Data is normally sent on the clearnet, but can be relayed across the darknet (Tor) in highly censored regions. Because it is built using Bitcoin principles and technology, so it has Bitcoin money built in, meaning you actually send / receive money from / to any participant. As money is built in, the commercial options are different to centralised corporate owned platforms. It would be technically possible to build a platform that supports advertising, however that hasn’t really happened because influencers can be paid directly from their audience in many different ways. Ad hoc tips, subscriptions, pay to view or pay per time models. The great thing for content creators is that they control, own and keep all the money they make. There is no third party intermediary or merchant deciding whether they are allowed to be paid or not. NOSTR is censorship resistant, as there is no way to stop anybody publishing anything they want, in the same way nobody can stop or interfere with a Bitcoin payment. From an end users point of view, if they want to self censor, they can do this in multiple ways. You can mute users individually, or you can choose to use relays that adhere to your views or interests, so if you don’t want to see certain categories of content, you would avoid relays that carry those feeds. You can even run your own relay and curate content that you then charge other like minded users to connect to. You can of course connect to multiple relays for multiple different type of feed. While NOSTR is a protocol, platforms have to be built to use it, so the first platforms were twitter like clients and they are still very prevalent. However, NOSTR now has clients that emulate most social media platforms, Instagram, Facebook, YouTube, Soundcloud, WhatsApp etc. They are even creating their own categories as well as emulating other functions such as Office Suite tools, collaborative calendars, contact lists or e-commerce shops. If you want to give it a go, the easiest, but not the best, way to get started is download Primal on your phone from here: https://primal.net/downloads It will create a private key for you and setup a Bitcoin wallet. Once you have done this you can visit me here: nostr:npub1aqakd28d95muqlg6h6nwrvqq5925n354prayckr424k49vzjds4s0c237n If you want to see a small part of the ecosystem, then visit https://www.nostrapps.com/ where volunteers are listing some of the many apps that exist already. NOSTR is being backed by Jack Dorsey, Twitter founder, and you can see his account here: nostr:npub1sg6plzptd64u62a878hep2kev88swjh3tw00gjsfl8f237lmu63q0uf63m Or you can see his account like this: https://primal.net/jack Edward Snowden is also on the platform and you can find him here: https://primal.net/Snowden NOSTR has around 2 million users or public keys, although nobody really knows how many, because it is decentralised and not controlled or run by any person or organisation. Once you’ve setup Primal, you can use those same private keys to access any platform you wish and you can use a browser extension such as Alby to manage your keys: https://getalby.com/ Primal looks great, but there are other better functioning twitter like clients, probably the most reliable for iPhone is Damus: https://www.nostrapps.com/apps/damus or Amethyst for Android: https://nostrapps.com/amethyst The content and user base is very Bitcoin and freedom focused right now, but more and more people are starting to use the various platforms and some are transferring exclusively to it. Some of the more interesting projects right now are: https://www.0xchat.com/#/ – Private messaging – think WhatsApp https://zap.stream/ – Video streaming https://fountain.fm/ – Podcasting https://wavlake.com/ – Music streaming https://shopstr.store/ – Online shop https://npub.pro/ – Website creation tool https://nostr.build/ – Media and file storage https://relay.tools/ – Build and curate your own relay https://creatr.nostr.wine/subscriptions/new-user – Creator tools Remember, the same keys you created for Primal can be used across the whole ecosystem. If you want to see some of the other apps that have been built on the NOSTR protocol visit: https://nostrapps.com/

@ e968e50b:db2a803a

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mn4whdycgxQ I'm about to go play with a swing band from Pittsburg at an Italian music festival and am reviewing my Louis Prima for tonight. I thought I'd share a silly take on Body and Soul by the band's trombone player. The first chorus is ballad style, and then a romp through anything you can imagine (including the Hall of the Mountain King over Body and Soul changes)! Happy weekend! originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/675086

@ ffd375eb:4529ed08

## Chef's notes Watch the video 🇫🇷: https://youtu.be/cYl4Lb0vbyc ## Details - ⏲️ Prep time: 20 min - 🍳 Cook time: 3 months - 🍽️ Servings: Many ## Ingredients - 1 fennel bulb - 1 large onion - 3 garlic cloves - 1/2 tsp salt per fennel bulb - 1 tbsp turmeric powder per fennel bulb - 1 tbsp oil per fennel bulb - 1 tsp black pepper per fennel bulb - 1 tbsp honey per fennel bulb ## Directions 1. Thinly slice the fennel bulb, onion, and garlic using a mandoline slicer. 2. In a bowl, mix the sliced fennel, onion, garlic, and salt. Let sit for a bit to allow the salt to act on the ingredients. 3. In a separate bowl, mix the turmeric, oil, black pepper, and honey to make a sauce. 4. Combine the fennel, onion, garlic mixture with the turmeric sauce and mix well.

@ 3bf0c63f:aefa459d

# Nostr: a quick introduction, attempt #2 Nostr doesn't subscribe to any ideals of "free speech" as these belong to the realm of politics and assume a big powerful government that enforces a common ruleupon everybody else. Nostr instead is much simpler, it simply says that servers are private property and establishes a generalized framework for people to connect to all these servers, creating a true free market in the process. In other words, Nostr is the public road that each market participant can use to build their own store or visit others and use their services. (Of course a road is never truly public, in normal cases it's ran by the government, in this case it relies upon the previous existence of the internet with all its quirks and chaos plus a hand of government control, but none of that matters for this explanation). More concretely speaking, Nostr is just a set of definitions of the formats of the data that can be passed between participants and their expected order, i.e. messages between _clients_ (i.e. the program that runs on a user computer) and _relays_ (i.e. the program that runs on a publicly accessible computer, a "server", generally with a domain-name associated) over a type of TCP connection (WebSocket) with cryptographic signatures. This is what is called a "protocol" in this context, and upon that simple base multiple kinds of sub-protocols can be added, like a protocol for "public-square style microblogging", "semi-closed group chat" or, I don't know, "recipe sharing and feedback".

@ 6bae33c8:607272e8

I got back into the Circa Survivor Contest this year at great cost (my flight out of Palm Springs on July 5 was cancelled due to heat, so I had to rent a car and drive through the Mojave Desert, and the road to Vegas was closed, so I had to double back another 100 miles, which in total took six hours), so this is Team Of Destiny 2.0. Or at least it had better be. I’m not going to stick to any one method or philosophy. Put differently, I realize that in order to win, I need to go into the future, find out what has already happened and pick on that basis. Pot odds is great, but even if you do that properly every week, your edge over the field isn’t that huge. Instead of a 1 in 10,000 chance to win, maybe you have 1 in 6,500. Sure, if you had 100 entries in every high stakes contest, it might be enough to eke out a reliable profit, but I’m not here for that. I’m here to navigate one boat through the icebergs and take down the $10M. And for that, you can’t hope to get lucky. You have to know in advance. What method do I propose to see into the future? Only my imagination. I’m going to spend a lot of time imagining what might happen, turn my brain into a quantum device, break space-time and come to the right answers. Easier said than done, but I’m committed. . . . In any event, let’s take a look at the slate: Here are the ownership numbers per [Officefootballpools.com](http://Officefootballpools.com). <img src="https://blossom.primal.net/4143b814092950ec28820e3d86d7608059d8a767b14eb9e2f19821b57ccb0856.png"> The pot-odds play is the Bills if you buy into the Vegas numbers — Bengals roughly 78.5 and the Bills at 72.6%. That means the Bengals have a 21.5% chance to lose, the Bills 27.4%. That’s a 27.4 percent increase in risk (coincidentally.) But if the Bengals lose they take out 39 people, and if the Bills lose they take out only 15. Let’s assume another 20-odd people lose with other teams (in a hypothetical 100-person pool) and you’re down to 41 if the Bengals lose/Bills win, 65 if the Bills lose/Bengals win. If we say each person put in $10, the former scenario is $1000 (total pot)/41 = $24.39, and the latter $1000/65 = $15.38. The ratio of 24.39/15.38 = 1.59. In other words, you have 59 percent percent more equity in Week 2 on the Bills if the Bengals lose than you would on the Bengals if the Bills lose. You’re talking a 27.4 percent greater risk for a 59 percent greater reward. So normally I’d snap call the Bills. But I’m probably going Bengals because I think the Cardinals are dangerous this year, and the Pats are arguably the worst team in the league and in surrender mode after they dealt Matthew Judon to the Falcons. (All this is *supposed* to be priced in, of course, but I don’t care.) I’ll finalize my pick before Saturday’s deadline, but that’s how I see it for now.

@ 6bae33c8:607272e8

An odd thing happened — I squinted when opening my laptop this morning so as not to see the final score, but I *thought* I read a headline saying the Ravens beat the Chiefs. Maybe it was a cached headline from the night before saying what they’d have to do to beat the Chiefs? but I shut the laptop and logged into my Apple TV account to stream the game on the TV, fully expecting the Ravens to win. I mean up until the moment they overturned the Isaiah Likely TD, I thought the Ravens would win. Funny, but not funny because I picked the Ravens in my low-stakes picking pool, and I HATE starting off the week 0-1, no matter the stakes. In any event, it was an okay game, not great, but there were some interesting takeaways. - Derrick Henry looked fine but is going to do almost nothing in the passing game. He had two awkward targets, but Justice Hill was in the game on passing downs and during the end-of-half two-minute drill. Plus Lamar Jackson almost always takes off when he’s in trouble, so if the play isn’t a designed pass to the back, which will be rare for Henry, he’s not getting the ball except via handoff. - Jackson looked smooth to me and he’ll have a huge year for as long as he can stay healthy, especially now that Isaiah Likely looks like a real threat. But at 6-2, 205, 16 carries per game is a big ask. - Likely looked great. On his long TD, he made great moves, and even on the TD that was overturned, he showed great footwork to make it that close. I’m awfully curious to see where the near-invisible Mark Andrews slips in my NFFC Primetime tonight. (I think Round 8 or so, and I’d have to think about it.) - Rashod Bateman had five targets, four of them down the field. He’s their field stretcher, and though it was a quiet day, there should be more. - Zay Flowers got 10 targets (good), but it was dink and dunk stuff. To be honest, Likely (12 targets!) looked like the WR1, the alpha running the intermediate routes, Bateman the deep guy and Flowers the midget in the slot. - Patrick Mahomes didn’t have a big game, but that was against a top defense and he still got 10.4 YPA. And they were missing one of their field stretchers in Hollywood Brown. - Rashee Rice was the story for the Chiefs IMO. He had nine targets and made it look so easy, like Cooper Kupp schemed open on the Rams a few years ago. Xavier Worthy scored twice, but on only three targets even without Brown. He did look awfully fast, though. - Isiah Pacheco ran hard against a tough defense, but didn’t do much as a receiver. He’ll be fine — I wouldn’t move his stock much after this game. - Travis Kelce had a quiet night, but I wouldn’t read much into it. It’s not like Noah Gray is Likely to take his role. - After all these years, I finally ditched the loyal Justin Tucker for a Younghoe, and I feel like a new man. It still brought me no joy to see him miss that 53-yard FG. - You have to love [Steak League IDP Roquan Smith](https://www.realmansports.com/p/steak-league-879) getting a pick for you opening night.

@ a30cdfee:2d2f97ff

# Orqestra: Converting Business Sales to Bitcoin [Orqestra](https://orqestra.io/) lets businesses automatically convert portions of their sales to bitcoin! What is Orqestra and how can it be useful for businesses? ## Protect Against Inflation with Bitcoin Long-term saving in bitcoin is a good way to hedge against inflation. Not just for individuals, but also for companies. Case in point: MicroStrategy  Bitcoin's strong liquidity also allows quick conversions to fiat if needed, giving companies financial flexibility. ## Converts Portions of Sales to Bitcoin Orqestra simplifies Bitcoin acquisition, targeting small and medium-sized businesses. You can connect your payment providers, and the platform will automatically convert portions of your sales to bitcoin. Start small or go all in, it's up to you!  Orqestra integrates with e.g. PayPal, QuickBooks, Square and Stripe. You can also link e.g. [Clams](https://clams.tech/), a Bitcoin-focused accounting software for automated bookkeeping. You can learn more about Clams here: https://stacker.news/items/552799 ## Custodial, but You Can Withdraw to Your Own Wallet Orqestra states that it partners with industry-leading custodians to store the BTC. You can also withdraw the BTC to your own wallet, or convert it to US dollars. The platform is currently only supporting businesses in the United States. ## KYC Required Orqestra was founded by João Almeida, former CTO and co-founder of a Bitcoin payment infrastructure provider [OpenNode](https://opennode.com/). Orqestra can give tax-ready reports that meet industry standards on demand. To use the platform, businesses need to provide proof of legal existence of the company, proof of address and all beneficiaries with over 25% ownership in the company need to perform KYC. ## Project Links [Website](https://orqestra.io/) [X (Twitter)](https://x.com/orqestraio) originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/674222

@ 84b0c46a:417782f5

- 1:nan: - **2** - 2[irorio絵文字](https://nostviewstr.vercel.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) - 1nostr:npub1sjcvg64knxkrt6ev52rywzu9uzqakgy8ehhk8yezxmpewsthst6sw3jqcw - 2 - 2 - 3 - 3 - 2 - 1 |1|2| |--|--| |test|:nan:| --- ### :nan: **:nan:** 1. 1 2. 2 - tet - tes 3. 3 1. 1 2. 2 > t >> te >>> test

@ c7eadcf0:7821e562

Who would have thought that we would have the change to buy sub 60K Bitcoin again? With all the talk of mooning after the halving, seeing Bitcoin's price back around 56k at the time of this post is disappointing to the lettuce handed, ETF buying individuals that are not here for the revolution, but to make a quick buck. Bitcoin being a neutral money, it is not unexpected that it would gain the attention of these types of people. I am actually glad that they are participants in this market has it helps transfer Bitcoin from weak unconverted holders to people who are fully dyed in the orange wool of the Bitcoin thesis. Every time there is some geopolitical event, or some kind of economic crisis brewing on the other side of the world, Bitcoin normally takes a hit because it is a high liquid asset. This should be taken as a good sign when the price goes down as it shows that you can easily move in and out of Bitcoin with relative ease. Try doing that with your house, car or other assets. Sure you can sell them eventually but its not nearly as seamless as Bitcoin. This lull in price will not last long, so if you got some dry powder sitting on the sidelines, today is a good day to buy some cheap corn. Framing Bitcoin as a liquid asset that can be sold in times of need is a good way to introduce Bitcoin to your nocoiner friends and family. I would hate for them to have to buy Bitcoin at much higher prices. Good for us. Bad for them. Amirite? Just a short post from the Obsidian Nostr Writer Plugin. If you like writing long from content, I would highly recommend giving it a shot! Peace out.

@ 472f440f:5669301e

[https://x.com/parkeralewis/status/1831746160781938947]() Here's a startling chart from an American staple, Walgreens. The convenience store and pharmacy chain has seen its stock price plummet by more than 67% this year and by more than 90% from its all time high, which was reached in 2015. The combination of the COVID lock downs and the lax laws around theft that followed were materially detrimental to Walgreens business. The crux of their problem at the moment, however, is a double whammy of those disruptions in their business coupled with the "higher for longer" interest rate policy from the Fed over the last couple of years. As Tuur points out in the tweet above, Walgreens has $34B in debt, which means they definitely have significant interest rate payments they need to make on a monthly basis. Tuur also points out that Walgreens has very little cash compared to their debt obligations. Let's take a look at their balance sheet as of May of this year. ![https://www.tftc.io/content/images/2024/09/Screenshot-2024-09-05-at-3.59.46-PM.png]() Less than $1B in cash for $34B debt with $67.56B in total liabilities. Even worse, their cash balance was drained by more than 27% over the course of the year between May 2023 and May 2024. As you may notice their total assets fell by more than 15% over the same period. This is because Walgreens understands the dire financial straits it finds itself in and has begun shutting down thousands of their locations across the country. ![https://www.tftc.io/content/images/2024/09/Screenshot-2024-09-05-at-4.49.58-PM.png]() The recent efforts of Walgreens to sell off their assets to raise cash to pay down their debts seem to be completely ineffective as their cash balance is falling faster than their total assets, which is falling 7x faster than their total liabilities. These numbers are most definitely going to get worse as cascading sell pressure in commercial real estate markets (which is the bucket that Walgreens locations fall into) drive down the value of their assets. Leaving them with less cash to pay down their debts as time goes on. To make matters worse, it puts the institutions that lent money to Walgreens in a terrible position. How many commercial and investment banks has Walgreens tapped to fund their operations with expensive debt? How exposed to Walgreens is any individual lender? Could a default on some or all of their loans catch these financial institutions off sides? If it isn't Walgreens that pushes them off sides, how many more bad borrowers would it take to push them off sides? As our good friend Parker Lewis points out, the only way the hemorrhaging can be stopped is if the Federal Reserve and Federal Government step in with bail outs in the form of massive liquidity injections via quantitative easing and other emergency measures. On top of this, the Fed and the Federal Government find themselves in a classic catch-22. If they let Walgreens fall into bankruptcy it could set off a domino effect that could exacerbate inflation. Riteaid, a similar retail convenience store and pharmacy chain, filed for bankruptcy last October and is still wading its way through that process. Part of that process has been shuttering many of their storefronts. One has to imagine that since Walgreens and Riteaid are having these problems, some of their other competitors must be feeling the pain as well. If enough of these convenience stores, which tens of millions of Americans depend on for everyday goods, find themselves in a position where they have to shut down their stores it could lead to a supply crunch. People will obviously not be able to get their goods from Riteaid or Walgreens and will flee to alternatives, exacerbating the stress on their supplies, which will drive prices higher. This is a catch-22 because the only way to avoid this mad dash for consumer goods in the midst of a convenience store Armageddon is to re-introduce ZIRP and flood the market with freshly printed dollars, which will drive prices up as well. Talk about a rock and a hard place. You better get yourself some bitcoin. --- Final thought... Zach Bryan radio crushes.

@ acc925af:db9fb0bb

While tinkering about NWC and twitter I decided to hack a python script that might perhaps begin something good **Here's a high-level overview of how you could connect your Twitter account to a Nostr Wallet using NWC and automate a 21 satoshi payment for every like:** # Prerequisites: 1. Twitter Developer Account 2. Nostr Wallet with NWC support (e.g., Alby, Nostrify) 3. Twitter API credentials (API key, API secret key, Access token, Access token secret) 4. Python script with Tweepy (Twitter API library) and nostr-client (Nostr library) ### Step 1: Set up Twitter API credentials > Create a Twitter Developer account and obtain API credentials > Install Tweepy using pip: pip install tweepy ### Step 2: Connect Nostr Wallet using NWC > Choose a Nostr Wallet with NWC support (e.g., Alby, Nostrify) > Set up the wallet and obtain the NWC credentials (e.g., public key, private key) ### Step 3: Create a Python script > Import Tweepy and nostr-client libraries > Authenticate with Twitter API using Tweepy > Connect to Nostr Wallet using NWC credentials > Define a function to send 21 satoshis for every like > Use Tweepy to stream likes and trigger the payment function `Python` script: ``` import tweepy from nostr_client import Client # Twitter API credentials twitter_api_key = "YOUR_API_KEY" twitter_api_secret_key = "YOUR_API_SECRET_KEY" twitter_access_token = "YOUR_ACCESS_TOKEN" twitter_access_token_secret = "YOUR_ACCESS_TOKEN_SECRET" # Nostr Wallet NWC credentials nwc_public_key = "YOUR_NWC_PUBLIC_KEY" nwc_private_key = "YOUR_NWC_PRIVATE_KEY" # Set up Tweepy auth = tweepy.OAuthHandler(twitter_api_key, twitter_api_secret_key) auth.set_access_token(twitter_access_token, twitter_access_token_secret) api = tweepy.API(auth) # Set up Nostr Client nwc_client = Client() nwc_client.connect(nwc_public_key, nwc_private_key) # Define payment function def send_satoshis(): # Create a new Nostr event with 21 satoshis event = nwc_client.create_event(21) # Send the event to the Nostr network nwc_client.send_event(event) # Stream likes and trigger payment function class LikeStream(tweepy.StreamListener): def on_like(self, like): send_satoshis() stream = tweepy.Stream(auth, LikeStream()) stream.filter(track=["likes"]) ``` ##### _Please note that this is a simplified example and may require additional error handling, security measures, and modifications to work as intended._ originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/673795

@ 8cb60e21:5f2deaea

## Part 1: Fundamentum Javascripti ### 1.1 Introductionis Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Nullam euismod, nisi vel consectetur interdum, nisl nunc egestas nunc, vitae tincidunt nisl nunc euismod nunc. Sed euismod, nisi vel consectetur interdum, nisl nunc egestas nunc, vitae tincidunt nisl nunc euismod nunc. ```javascript console.log("Salve, mundi!"); ``` ### 1.2 Variabiles et Typi Datorum Pellentesque habitant morbi tristique senectus et netus et malesuada fames ac turpis egestas. Integer convallis, nunc ac blandit tincidunt, ipsum augue tincidunt nunc, vitae tincidunt nisl nunc euismod nunc. ```javascript var numerus = 42; let textus = "Lorem ipsum"; const CONSTANTIA = true; ``` #### 1.2.1 Typi Numerorum Curabitur in libero ut massa volutpat convallis. Morbi odio odio, elementum eu, interdum eu, tincidunt in, leo. ```javascript let integer = 10; let floatinum = 3.14; let scientificum = 2.998e8; ``` #### 1.2.2 Typi Textuum Maecenas tristique, est et tempus semper, est quam pharetra magna, ac consequat metus sapien ut nunc. ```javascript let textusBrevis = 'Carpe diem'; let textusLongus = "Quod erat demonstrandum"; let textusTemplatum = `Cogito, ${textusBrevis.toLowerCase()}, sum`; ``` ### 1.3 Operatores Donec dapibus. Duis at velit eu est congue elementum. In hac habitasse platea dictumst. ```javascript let a = 5; let b = 3; console.log(a + b); // Additio console.log(a - b); // Subtractio console.log(a * b); // Multiplicatio console.log(a / b); // Divisio console.log(a % b); // Modulus console.log(a ** b); // Potentia ``` ### 1.4 Structurae Controli Morbi non lectus. Aliquam sit amet diam in magna bibendum imperdiet. Nullam orci pede, venenatis non, sodales sed, tincidunt eu, felis. #### 1.4.1 Conditionales ```javascript let aetas = 20; if (aetas >= 18) { console.log("Adultus es"); } else if (aetas >= 13) { console.log("Adolescens es"); } else { console.log("Puer es"); } ``` #### 1.4.2 Iterationes ```javascript for (let i = 0; i < 5; i++) { console.log(`Iteratio ${i}`); } let j = 0; while (j < 5) { console.log(`Dum iteratio ${j}`); j++; } ``` ### 1.5 Exercitia Parti I 1. Scribe programma quod convertat gradus Celsius in Fahrenheit. 2. Crea algorithmum qui determinat si numerus est par vel impar. 3. Implementa "FizzBuzz" pro numeris 1 ad 100.

@ 8cb60e21:5f2deaea

## Part 2: Functiones et Objecta ### 2.1 Functiones Fusce posuere felis sed lacus. Morbi sem mauris, laoreet ut, rhoncus aliquet, pulvinar sed, nisl. ```javascript function salutatio(nomen) { return `Salve, ${nomen}!`; } console.log(salutatio("Cicero")); const valedictio = (nomen) => { console.log(`Vale, ${nomen}!`); }; valedictio("Seneca"); ``` #### 2.1.1 Parametri Default et Rest Nunc purus. Phasellus in felis. Donec semper sapien a libero. ```javascript function congregatio(primus, secundus = "mundi", ...ceteri) { console.log(`${primus} ${secundus}`); console.log(`Ceteri: ${ceteri.join(", ")}`); } congregatio("Salve"); congregatio("Lorem", "ipsum"); congregatio("Veni", "vidi", "vici", "et", "cetera"); ``` ### 2.2 Objecta Nam congue, risus semper porta volutpat, quam pede lobortis ligula, sit amet eleifend pede libero quis orci. ```javascript const persona = { nomen: "Iulius", cognomen: "Caesar", aetas: 55, salutatio: function() { return `Salve, ${this.nomen} ${this.cognomen}!`; } }; console.log(persona.salutatio()); ``` #### 2.2.1 Methodi Object Nullam porttitor lacus at turpis. Donec posuere metus vitae ipsum. Aliquam non mauris. ```javascript const claves = Object.keys(persona); console.log(claves); const valores = Object.values(persona); console.log(valores); const paria = Object.entries(persona); console.log(paria); ``` ### 2.3 Arrays Morbi porttitor lorem id ligula. Suspendisse ornare consequat lectus. In est risus, auctor sed, tristique in, tempus sit amet, sem. ```javascript const fructus = ["malum", "pirum", "uva", "cerasum"]; fructus.forEach((fructus) => { console.log(fructus); }); const longiFructus = fructus.filter((fructus) => fructus.length > 4); console.log(longiFructus); const maiusculaFructus = fructus.map((fructus) => fructus.toUpperCase()); console.log(maiusculaFructus); ``` ### 2.4 Exercitia Parti II 1. Crea functionem quae calculat factorialem numeri. 2. Implementa methodum quae invenit maximum valorem in array. 3. Scribe programma quod ordinat objecta in array secundum proprietatem specificam.

@ 8cb60e21:5f2deaea

## Part 3: Asynchroni et DOM Manipulatio ### 3.1 Promissa et Async/Await Praesent blandit. Nam nulla. Integer pede justo, lacinia eget, tincidunt eget, tempus vel, pede. ```javascript function simulaRequest(data, probabilitasErroris = 0.1) { return new Promise((resolve, reject) => { setTimeout(() => { if (Math.random() < probabilitasErroris) { reject("Error: Aliquid mali accidit"); } else { resolve(`Data accepta: ${data}`); } }, 1000); }); } simulaRequest("Lorem ipsum") .then((responsum) => console.log(responsum)) .catch((error) => console.error(error)); async function fetchData() { try { const responsum = await simulaRequest("Dolor sit amet"); console.log(responsum); } catch (error) { console.error(error); } } fetchData(); ``` ### 3.2 DOM Manipulatio Morbi non lectus. Aliquam sit amet diam in magna bibendum imperdiet. Nullam orci pede, venenatis non, sodales sed, tincidunt eu, felis. ```javascript document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded", () => { const titulus = document.createElement("h1"); titulus.textContent = "Lorem Ipsum JavaScript"; document.body.appendChild(titulus); const paragraphus = document.createElement("p"); paragraphus.textContent = "Neque porro quisquam est qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, consectetur, adipisci velit..."; document.body.appendChild(paragraphus); const button = document.createElement("button"); button.textContent = "Fac Clic Me"; button.addEventListener("click", () => { alert("Gratias tibi ago pro clic!"); }); document.body.appendChild(button); }); ``` ### 3.3 Fetch API Maecenas leo odio, condimentum id, luctus nec, molestie sed, justo. Pellentesque viverra pede ac diam. ```javascript async function fetchLoremIpsum() { try { const responsum = await fetch("https://api.lorem.space/image/game?w=150&h=220"); if (!responsum.ok) { throw new Error(`HTTP error! status: ${responsum.status}`); } const data = await responsum.blob(); const imago = document.createElement("img"); imago.src = URL.createObjectURL(data); document.body.appendChild(imago); } catch (error) { console.error("Problema cum fetching imagine:", error); } } fetchLoremIpsum(); ``` ### 3.4 Local Storage Cras mi pede, malesuada in, imperdiet et, commodo vulputate, justo. In blandit ultrices enim. ```javascript function salvaPreferentias(clavis, valor) { localStorage.setItem(clavis, JSON.stringify(valor)); } function accipePreferentias(clavis) { const valor = localStorage.getItem(clavis); return valor ? JSON.parse(valor) : null; } const preferentiae = { thema: "clarus", lingua: "Latina", notificationes: true }; salvaPreferentias("userPrefs", preferentiae); const salvataePreferentiae = accipePreferentias("userPrefs"); console.log(salvataePreferentiae); ``` ### 3.5 Exercitia Parti III 1. Crea paginam web simplicem quae utitur fetch API ad exhibendum datos ex API publica. 2. Implementa functionalitatem "drag and drop" utens DOM API. 3. Construe applicationem "todo list" quae persistit datos in local storage. ## Conclusio Vivamus vestibulum sagittis sapien. Cum sociis natoque penatibus et magnis dis parturient montes, nascetur ridiculus mus. Etiam vel augue. Vestibulum rutrum rutrum neque. Aenean auctor gravida sem. Praesent id massa id nisl venenatis lacinia. Aenean sit amet justo. Morbi ut odio. Cras mi pede, malesuada in, imperdiet et, commodo vulputate, justo. In blandit ultrices enim. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Proin interdum mauris non ligula pellentesque ultrices. Phasellus id sapien in sapien iaculis congue. Vivamus metus arcu, adipiscing molestie, hendrerit at, vulputate vitae, nisl. Aenean lectus. Pellentesque eget nunc. Donec quis orci eget orci vehicula condimentum. Curabitur in libero ut massa volutpat convallis. Morbi odio odio, elementum eu, interdum eu, tincidunt in, leo. Maecenas pulvinar lobortis est. Phasellus sit amet erat. Nulla tempus. Vivamus in felis eu sapien cursus vestibulum. Proin eu mi. Nulla ac enim. In tempor, turpis nec euismod scelerisque, quam turpis adipiscing lorem, vitae mattis nibh ligula nec sem. Duis aliquam convallis nunc. Proin at turpis a pede posuere nonummy. Integer non velit. Donec diam neque, vestibulum eget, vulputate ut, ultrices vel, augue. Vestibulum ante ipsum primis in faucibus orci luctus et ultrices posuere cubilia Curae; Donec pharetra, magna vestibulum aliquet ultrices, erat tortor sollicitudin mi, sit amet lobortis sapien sapien non mi. Integer ac neque. Duis bibendum. Morbi non quam nec dui luctus rutrum. Nulla tellus. In sagittis dui vel nisl. Duis ac nibh. Fusce lacus purus, aliquet at, feugiat non, pretium quis, lectus. Suspendisse potenti. In eleifend quam a odio. In hac habitasse platea dictumst. Maecenas ut massa quis augue luctus tincidunt. Nulla mollis molestie lorem. Quisque ut erat. Curabitur gravida nisi at nibh. In hac habitasse platea dictumst. Aliquam augue quam, sollicitudin vitae, consectetuer eget, rutrum at, lorem. Integer tincidunt ante vel ipsum. Praesent blandit lacinia erat. Vestibulum sed magna at nunc commodo placerat. Praesent blandit. Nam nulla.

@ e968e50b:db2a803a

ATTENTION PARENTS! I have revamped my LNBITS [bitcoin piggy bank](http://bitcoinpiggybank.vercel.app) so you don't need to deploy it yourself. Check it out at http://bitcoinpiggybank.vercel.app. All you need now is a LNBITS wallet. I've deployed a website that you can just log into with that and nothing else. I'm thinking about actually renting out my own domain for this one if people find it useful. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X-MNqJiLCM4 Teach your kids about sound money while they're actually stacking sats and using a fun interface. originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/673739

@ e968e50b:db2a803a

The squeaky wheel gets the persistent state. @WeAreAllSatoshi asked me a couple of times to make it so you can walk away from the weekly crossword puzzle, cuss it out in frustration, bang your head against the wall, CLOSE THE BROWSER, and then continue where you left off. Now that dream is a reality. All previous and future crossword puzzles now use local storage to plant ~~malware~~ your progress directly into your browser. Here's a recap of the current state of the unofficial, probably unwelcome, and certainly inaccurately titled weekly stacker crossword puzzle. [Week 1](https://stackernewscrosswordpuzzle.vercel.app/) - bounty claimed by @OneOneSeven [Week 2](https://stackernewscrosswordpuzzle2.vercel.app/) - bounty claimed by @OneOneSeven [Week 3](https://stackernewscrosswordpuzzle3.vercel.app/) - bounty claimed by @SimpleStacker [Week 4](https://stackernewscrosswordpuzzle4.vercel.app/) - bounty claimed by @grayruby Expect Week 5 in the next couple of weeks! If you still want to solve more crossword puzzles by bitcoiners, [here's an educational one with a much better ui](https://bitcoin-crossword.com/) by @handsome_latino. Have fun! originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/673339

@ 9977c3ad:43a20d63

## Details - 🍽️ Servings: 2 ## Ingredients - 1 cup Jasmine rice - 1 Tbsp. lavender flowers, crushed with mortar and pestle - 1/4 cup apple cider vinegar - 2 Tbsp. fine cane sugar - 2 Tbsp. honey - 1 sprig rosemary - 1/4 tsp angostura bitters - 1/2 cup blackberries - 1/2 cup blueberries - 4 cups trimmed and quartered shiitake mushrooms - 1 tsp fresh coriander crushed - 1/4 tsp fresh cumin ground - 1/2 tsp red pepper flakes - 3 sprigs of thyme - 2 Tbsp. olive oil - 1 tsp soy sauce - 1 cup creamy coconut milk ## Directions 1. Combine rice, lavender, 1/4 tsp salt, and 2 cups of water in a saucepan. Bring the rice to a boil, cover the pan with a lid and turn the heat off. Let the rice sit in the pan for at least 20 minutes. 2. Combine 1/4 cup of water, the vinegar, sugar, honey, rosemary, angostura bitters in a saucepan and bring the brine to a boil. Season with a pinch of salt. Add the berries and wait until the brine comes back to a boil. Lower the heat, so the brine simmers but does not boil. When the brine thickens, after about 15 minutes, remove the saucepan from the heat and set it aside. 3. Pre-heat the oven to 400F. In a bowl big enough to hold all the shiitake, combine the olive oil, the soy sauce and the spices. Whisk vigorously, so the oil emulsifies with the other liquid. Toss the shiitake in the mix to marinate, then evenly lay them out on a baking sheet with parchment paper. Bake the shiitake for 10 minutes. When you remove the shiitake from the oven, remove the thyme and throw it out. In a saucepan, bring the coconut milk to a boil. Add the shiitake and reduce the heat to a light boil until the sauce thickens.

@ 472f440f:5669301e

For the last few months many people in bitcoin, myself included, have been focused on bitcoin's role as a macroeconomic asset. Bitcoin as a strategic reserve for the US government. Bitcoin as a strategic treasury asset for corporations. Bitcoin as a geopolitical hedge in a world that is trending toward a multi-polar power dynamic. This is where the focus has been. And for good reason. These trends will ultimately have a material effect on the price of bitcoin if they pick up steam. However, with all of the focus on bitcoin as a strategic asset I think a couple of technical developments and trends have been overlooked. Particularly in the realm of second layer privacy. I'll touch on two of them in this letter; BOLT 12 invoices and the progression of ecash. Yesterday afternoon the Strike (a company Ten31 is very proud to be backing) team released a blog post that detailed their journey to implementing BOLT 12 offers in their product stack. For those who are unaware of BOLT 12 and why it is important, in short, it is an upgrade to the lightning network that would make receiving bitcoin on the lightning network more private while also significantly improving the user experience. The current standard for invoicing people via the lightning network is BOLT 11, which forces users to create a unique invoice every time they want to receive bitcoin and comes with privacy tradeoffs for the party receiving bitcoin. BOLT 12 brings with it route blinding which allows a receiver to publish a lightning offer to the network without revealing their node's public key. It also brings with it onion messaging, which allows users of the lightning network to communicate without a dependence on HTTP, which can be censored by a motivated state actor. On top of this, it enables users to create a static invoice that can be paid multiple times by multiple people. Think of a band putting their Venmo or Cash App QR code next to their tip jar on the stage. They'll be able to add a private lightning invoice their audience can pay to now. https://strike.me/blog/bolt12-offers/ As it stands right now, Strike has only enabled BOLT 12 offers and there is work to do at the protocol layer of lightning and the different implementations of that protocol to get the full benefits of BOLT 12, but this is material progress that gets us closer to a significantly better user experience on the lightning network. If you read Strike's blog post you'll come to appreciate the collaboration between the teams working on these implementations and the companies implementing the protocol that is necessary to get these features live. Shout out to everyone who worked on this. Everyone who uses the lightning network will be better off when BOLT 12 is fully implemented. Moving on. Earlier today the founder of the BTCPay Server open source project, Nicolas Dorier, published a blog post outlining his thoughts on how ecash has the potential to solve problems that many have tried to solve by launching their own blockchains in the past. The problem with trying to "blockchain the world" is that blockchains are very inefficient and only really work for one application; enabling a peer-to-peer digital cash system with no trusted third parties (i.e., bitcoin). However, the ultimate goals of the thousands of blockchain projects that spun up in bitcoin's wake are desirable. Cheap, private and instant transactions. The ability to trivially spin up private money tokens suited for very particular use cases. Overall great UX that makes it easy for people to realize the benefits of "blockchain technology". The problem that has existed to date is that you don't need a blockchain for all of these things. In fact, having a blockchain for these things proves to be detrimental to their ultimate goals. Instead, what people really need is a protocol that gives you the granular control, privacy, instantaneous transactions and UX that anchors to bitcoin. This is exactly what Chaumian Mints bring to the bitcoin stack. This is something that we've been screaming about for more than seven years in this rag. Now with ecash protocols like Cashu and Fedimint maturing, gaining traction and bringing products to market that highlight the power and flexibility of ecash systems, people are beginning to see the promise. It is only a matter of time before more and more people begin to realize this potential. Another benefit of ecash protocols is the fact that they are siloed from each other. Ecash mints are permissionless; any one person or group of people can spin them up, offer their preferred services and maintain (or fail to maintain) their mints. The failure of one mint is not a systemic risk to other mints. This is very different from token projects that are spun up on blockchains. The last ten years have proven that individual token projects can prove to be systemic problems for individual blockchains (i.e., The DAO token on Ethereum). Being able to silo mints is the only way to ensure that the utility of ecash overall is actually scalable and robust. Don't get so distracted by the bitcoin macro talk that you miss out on the incredible technical developments happening on top of and adjacent to bitcoin. --- Final thought... Vibes are high.

@ e6fbeb1c:6ac8fc04

When I have stale bread, I often use it to make a bread salad. The base is croutons of stale bread and then there are no limits to your imagination. In this salad there was also - Onions stewed in balsamic vinegar - Spring onions (raw) - Cherry tomatoes - Eggplants and sweetcorn (fried, lukewarm) - Pine nuts - Finely sliced cheese - Basil https://image.nostr.build/ce0c7490f2adbd2aa4ccdfe80203a15dbb10686859a3256a0147d5f423478fd0.jpg https://image.nostr.build/f930e0984ec9603b84c7a7868a97486140ee44590590102f7e460bfbfd3d70be.jpg originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/672404

@ d830ee7b:4e61cd62

Bitcoin ถือกำเนิดขึ้นในปี 2009 จากวิสัยทัศน์ของ Satoshi Nakamoto บุคคลหรือกลุ่มบุคคลปริศนา ที่ใฝ่ฝันถึง "เงินสดดิจิทัล" อิสระไร้พรมแดน ไร้การควบคุมจากรัฐบาล ในช่วงแรกเริ่ม Bitcoin เป็นเสมือนเพชรดิบที่ซ่อนตัวอยู่ในเงามืด เป็นที่รู้จักกันเฉพาะในกลุ่มเล็กๆ ที่หลงใหลในเทคโนโลยีและศักยภาพอันไร้ขีดจำกัดของมัน แต่แล้ว Bitcoin ก็เริ่มฉายแสงเจิดจรัส ดึงดูดความสนใจจากผู้คนทั่วโลก ราคาพุ่งทะยานอย่างรวดเร็ว บริษัทและบริการต่างๆ ผุดขึ้นมาราวกับดอกเห็ด ทว่า.. เส้นทางสู่ความสำเร็จของ Bitcoin ไม่ได้โรยด้วยกลีบกุหลาบ Bitcoin ยังต้องเผชิญกับความท้าทายมากมาย ทั้งปัญหาทางเทคนิค ความขัดแย้งภายในชุมชนและการต่อสู้แย่งชิงอำนาจ ## **Blocksize Limit จุดเริ่มต้นของความขัดแย้งและสงคราม Big Blocks VS Small Blocks** ย้อนกลับไปในปี 2010 Satoshi Nakamoto ได้เพิ่ม **"Blocksize Limit"** ซึ่งเป็นข้อจำกัดขนาดของ Block ใน Bitcoin ไว้ที่ 1MB เพื่อป้องกันการโจมตีทางไซเบอร์ในยุคแรกเริ่ม แต่เมื่อ Bitcoin ได้รับความนิยมมากขึ้น ธุรกรรมก็เพิ่มขึ้นอย่างรวดเร็ว Blocksize Limit 1MB เริ่มจะกลายเป็นปัญหา.. เกิดการถกเถียงอย่างดุเดือดในชุมชน Bitcoin ว่าควรเพิ่ม Blocksize Limit หรือไม่ ฝ่าย **"Small Blockers"** นำโดยนักพัฒนา Bitcoin Core ส่วนใหญ่ เชื่อว่า Blocksize Limit ควรคงที่ เพื่อรักษาความปลอดภัยและการกระจายอำนาจ พวกเขากล่าวอ้างว่า Big Blocks จะทำให้ Bitcoinรวมศูนย์อยู่ที่ Miners รายใหญ่ และยากต่อการรัน Full Nodes สำหรับผู้ใช้งานทั่วไป ซึ่งจะบั่นทอนความเป็น Decentralized ของ Bitcoin ฝ่าย **"Big Blockers"** นำโดย Gavin Andresen ผู้สืบทอดตำแหน่งจาก Satoshi Nakamoto และ Mike Hearn เชื่อว่า Bitcoin ควรเติบโตอย่างไม่จำกัด "Big Blocks" คือคำตอบ พวกเขามองว่า Small Blocks จะทำให้ Bitcoin ไม่สามารถรองรับธุรกรรมที่เพิ่มขึ้น ค่าธรรมเนียมจะพุ่งสูงและ Bitcoin จะไม่สามารถใช้งานได้จริงในชีวิตประจำวัน.. ความขัดแย้งนี้สะท้อนให้เห็นถึงวิสัยทัศน์ที่แตกต่างกัน Gavin Andresen ผู้ที่เคยได้รับความไว้วางใจจาก Satoshi รู้สึกผิดหวังที่ Bitcoin Core ไม่ยอมเพิ่ม Blocksize Limit เขาเชื่อมั่นว่า Bitcoin ควรเป็นระบบการชำระเงินที่ใช้งานได้จริง รวดเร็ว และมีค่าธรรมเนียมต่ำ ## **Blockstream บริษัทผู้ทรงอิทธิพลและความกังวลเรื่องผลประโยชน์ทับซ้อน** ปี 2014 กลุ่มนักพัฒนา Bitcoin Core บางส่วนได้ก่อตั้งบริษัท **Blockstream** (นำโดย Adam Back) พวกเขาเน้นการพัฒนาเทคโนโลยี Blockchain และกลายเป็นที่มถกเถียงว่าอิทธิพลอย่างมากต่อ Bitcoin Core Blockstream สนับสนุน "Small Blocks" เช่นเดียวกับ Bitcoin Core พวกเขาพัฒนา **"Sidechains"** ซึ่งเป็น Blockchain แยกต่างหากที่เชื่อมต่อกับ Bitcoin เช่น **Liquid Network Sidechains** ซึ่งช่วยให้ Blockstream สามารถเก็บค่าธรรมเนียมจากธุรกรรมและขายบริการให้กับองค์กรหรือบริษัทต่างๆ ได้ ความสัมพันธ์อันใกล้ชิดระหว่าง Blockstream และ Bitcoin Core ทำให้เกิดความกังวลขึ้นในชุมชน Bitcoin ในขณะนั้นว่า Blockstream อาจมีผลประโยชน์ทับซ้อนและต้องการให้ Bitcoin คงขนาดเล็ก เพื่อผลักดันให้คนใช้งาน "Sidechains" ของพวกเขา ## **BitcoinXT และ Bitcoin Classic ความพยายามแก้ไข Blocksize ที่ถูกต่อต้าน** ปี 2015 Mike Hearn และ Gavin Andresen ตัดสินใจเสนอทางออกด้วยการสร้าง **"BitcoinXT"** ซอฟต์แวร์ Bitcoin เวอร์ชั่นใหม่ที่ **เพิ่ม Blocksize Limit เป็น 8MB** แต่ BitcoinXT ถูกต่อต้านอย่างรุนแรงจากฝ่าย Small Blockers Bitcoin.org เว็บไซต์หลักของ Bitcoin และ r/Bitcoin ฟอรัมหลักของ Bitcoin ได้เซ็นเซอร์ BitcoinXT ไม่ให้ปรากฏ เกิดการโจมตีทางไซเบอร์ที่มุ่งเป้าไปที่ BitcoinXT โดยตรง Coinbase บริษัทแลกเปลี่ยน Cryptocurrency รายใหญ่ ประกาศสนับสนุน BitcoinXT แต่กลับถูกถอดออกจาก Bitcoin.org ต่อมา **Bitcoin Classic** ถูกสร้างขึ้นเป็นอีกหนึ่งทางเลือก แต่ก็ล้มเหลวเช่นกัน เนื่องจาก Bitcoin Core ยังคงมีอิทธิพลอย่างมากในชุมชน Bitcoin ในช่วงเวลานั้น.. ## **Hong Kong Agreement และ New York Agreement ความพยายามประนีประนอมที่ไม่ลงตัว** ปี 2016 และ 2017 เกิดความพยายามในการประนีประนอมระหว่างฝ่าย Small Blocks และ Big Blockers ถึงสองครั้ง คือ "Hong Kong Agreement" และ "New York Agreement" ทั้งสองข้อตกลงมีเป้าหมายที่จะเปิดใช้งาน **SegWit** และ **เพิ่ม Blocksize Limit เป็น 2MB** แต่ Bitcoin Core ไม่ทำตามสัญญาในการเพิ่ม Blocksize Limit ทำให้ข้อตกลงล้มเหลว ความล้มเหลวของข้อตกลงทั้งสอง สะท้อนให้เห็นถึงความไม่ไว้วางใจระหว่างสองฝ่าย และความยากลำบากในการหาจุดร่วมที่ทุกฝ่ายยอมรับ ## **SegWit ก้าวสำคัญของ Bitcoin และจุดกำเนิดของ Bitcoin Cash** ในที่สุด SegWit ก็ถูกเปิดใช้งานบน Bitcoin ในเดือนสิงหาคม 2017 SegWit เป็น **Soft Fork** ที่เปลี่ยนแปลงวิธีการจัดเก็บข้อมูลใน Block เพื่อเพิ่มประสิทธิภาพและความปลอดภัย SegWit ช่วยแก้ปัญหา **"Transaction Malleability"** ซึ่งเป็นช่องโหว่ด้านความปลอดภัย และปูทางไปสู่การพัฒนา **"Layer 2 solutions"** เช่น **Lightning Network** ในเวลาต่อมา.. อย่างไรก็ตาม.. กลุ่ม "Big Blockers" มองว่า SegWit ไม่ใช่ทางออกที่แท้จริงสำหรับปัญหาการขยายขนาด (พวกเขาต้องการขยายขนาดบล็อกบนเลอเยอร์ฐาน) พวกเขาไม่พอใจที่ Bitcoin Core ไม่ทำตามสัญญาในการเพิ่ม Blocksize Limit ในเดือนสิงหาคม 2017 กลุ่ม "Big Blockers" ได้ทำการ **"Hard Fork"** Bitcoin เพื่อสร้าง **"Bitcoin Cash (BCH)"** ซึ่งอ้างว่ามุ่งสืบทอดจุดมุ่งหมายดั้งเดิมของ Bitcoin ในฐานะ **"เงินสดดิจิทัล"** ## **ความเสี่ยงด้านความปลอดภัย Bug ร้ายแรงใน Bitcoin Core และบทเรียนที่ได้รับ** ในเดือนกันยายน 2018 Awemany นักพัฒนา BCH ค้นพบ Bug ร้ายแรงใน Bitcoin Core (CVE-2018-17144) ซึ่งอาจทำให้เกิดภาวะเงินเฟ้อได้ Bug นี้เกิดจากความผิดพลาดในการเขียนโค้ด และอาจทำให้ผู้ไม่หวังดีสามารถสร้าง Bitcoin ปลอมขึ้นมาได้ Awemany ได้แจ้งเตือนนักพัฒนา Bitcoin Core อย่างเงียบๆ แทนที่จะใช้ประโยชน์จาก Bug นี้ แสดงให้เห็นถึงความรับผิดชอบของเขา และ Bug นี้ได้รับการแก้ไขอย่างรวดเร็ว เหตุการณ์นี้แสดงให้เห็นถึงความสำคัญของการตรวจสอบโค้ดอย่างละเอียด และความจำเป็นของการมีนักพัฒนาจากหลายฝ่ายเพื่อช่วยกันตรวจสอบความถูกต้องของโค้ด นอกจากนี้.. ยังเป็นเครื่องเตือนใจว่าแม้แต่ระบบที่ถูกออกแบบมาอย่างดีก็ยังมีความเสี่ยงด้านความปลอดภัย ## **Bitcoin Cash แตกแยก การ Hard Fork ครั้งที่สอง และบทบาทของ Craig Wright** ในเดือนพฤศจิกายน 2018 Bitcoin Cash (BCH) ได้แตกออกเป็นสองสาย คือ **Bitcoin ABC (BCH)** และ **Bitcoin SV (BSV)** การ Hard Fork นี้เกิดจากความขัดแย้งระหว่างกลุ่มนักพัฒนา Bitcoin ABC นำโดย Amaury Séchet และกลุ่ม Bitcoin SV นำโดย Craig Wright ผู้ที่อ้างว่าเป็น Satoshi Nakamoto 🤔 ความขัดแย้งหลักคือเรื่องขนาดของ Block และทิศทางการพัฒนา Bitcoin Cash กลุ่ม Bitcoin SV ต้องการเพิ่มขนาด Block อย่างมาก ในขณะที่กลุ่ม Bitcoin ABC ต้องการปรับปรุง Bitcoin Cash ในด้านอื่นๆ เช่น Smart Contracts Craig Wright มีบทบาทสำคัญในการผลักดัน Bitcoin SV เขาเชื่อมั่นว่า Bitcoin ควรเป็นไปตามวิสัยทัศน์ดั้งเดิมของ Satoshi Nakamoto โดยเน้นที่การเป็น "เงินสดอิเล็กทรอนิกส์แบบ peer-to-peer" การ Hard Fork นี้แสดงให้เห็นถึงความหลากหลายของความคิดเห็นในชุมชน Cryptocurrency และความยากลำบากในการหาจุดร่วมที่ทุกฝ่ายยอมรับ นอกจากนี้.. ยังสะท้อนให้เห็นถึงความท้าทายในการกำหนดทิศทางของ Cryptocurrency ในอนาคตอีกด้วย ## **Bitcoin ในปัจจุบัน เส้นทางสู่ทองคำดิจิทัล และวิวัฒนาการของเทคโนโลยี** หลังจากการ Hard Fork ของ Bitcoin Cash Bitcoin ได้ก้าวเข้าสู่ยุคใหม่ Bitcoin ได้รับการยอมรับมากขึ้นในวงกว้าง มีมูลค่าตลาดสูง และถูกมองว่าเป็น **"ทองคำดิจิทัล"** ที่สามารถใช้เก็บรักษามูลค่าในระยะยาว (Store of Value) การพัฒนา **Lightning Network** เป็นก้าวสำคัญในการแก้ปัญหาเรื่องค่าธรรมเนียมและความเร็วในการทำธุรกรรม Lightning Network เป็น **"Second Layer"** ที่สร้างขึ้นบน Bitcoin Blockchain ช่วยให้สามารถทำธุรกรรมได้รวดเร็วขึ้น มีค่าธรรมเนียมต่ำ และมีความเป็นส่วนตัวสูง อย่างไรก็ตาม.. Lightning Network ยังคงต้องเผชิญกับความท้าทาย เช่น ปัญหาเรื่องการบริหารจัดการ Liquidity และความซับซ้อนในการใช้งาน นอกจาก Lightning Network แล้ว ยังมีการพัฒนาเทคโนโลยีอื่นๆ ที่ช่วยเพิ่มขีดความสามารถของ Bitcoin เช่น **Taproot** ซึ่งเป็น Soft Fork ที่ช่วยเพิ่มความเป็นส่วนตัว และ **Schnorr signatures** ซึ่งเป็น Digital Signature แบบใหม่ที่ช่วยลดขนาดของธุรกรรมให้เล็กลง นอกจากนี้.. ยังเริ่มมีการพัฒนา DeFi (Decentralized Finance) บน Bitcoin และ Bitcoin Ordinals ซึ่งเป็นวิธีการใหม่ในการฝังข้อมูลลงใน Bitcoin Blockchain Bitcoin ยังคงถูกนำไปใช้ในประเทศอื่นๆ นอกจาก El Salvador และมีความพยายามในการแก้ปัญหาความกังวลด้านสิ่งแวดล้อมจากการขุด Bitcoin ## **บทเรียนจากมหากาพย์แห่งวิวัฒนาการ** ประวัติศาสตร์ Bitcoin สอนให้เรารู้ว่า.. เทคโนโลยี Blockchain มีศักยภาพในการเปลี่ยนแปลงโลก แต่เส้นทางสู่ความสำเร็จนั้นก็ไม่ได้โรยด้วยกลีบกุหลาบ ความขัดแย้ง การต่อสู้แย่งชิงอำนาจ และการตัดสินใจที่ยากลำบาก ล้วนเป็นส่วนหนึ่งของการเดินทาง สิ่งที่สำคัญที่สุดคือ.. เราต้องศึกษา ทำความเข้าใจ และอาจมีส่วนร่วมในการกำหนดทิศทางของเทคโนโลยีนี้ เพื่อให้ Blockchain สามารถสร้างประโยชน์สูงสุดให้กับมวลมนุษยชาติต่อไป # **เจาะลึกวิวัฒนาการของ Bitcoin การ Soft Forks, Hard Forks และมุมมองที่แตกต่าง** ## **SegWit, Taproot และ Soft Forks อื่นๆ การปรับปรุง Bitcoin อย่างนุ่มนวล** Bitcoin Core ไม่ได้หยุดนิ่งอยู่กับที่ นักพัฒนาได้ทำงานอย่างต่อเนื่องเพื่อปรับปรุง Bitcoin ให้ดีขึ้น โดยใช้ **"Soft Forks"** ซึ่งเป็นการอัพเกรดที่เข้ากันได้กับซอฟต์แวร์เวอร์ชั่นเก่า ### **SegWit (Segregated Witness)** เปิดตัวในปี 2017 SegWit เป็นเหมือนการจัดระเบียบข้อมูลใน Block ใหม่ ย้ายส่วนที่เรียกว่า "Witness data" (ข้อมูลลายเซ็น) ออกไปไว้ข้างนอก ทำให้มีพื้นที่ว่างใน Block มากขึ้น รองรับธุรกรรมได้มากขึ้น และลดค่าธรรมเนียมได้ SegWit ยังช่วยแก้ปัญหา "Transaction Malleability" ซึ่งเป็นช่องโหว่ด้านความปลอดภัยและปูทางไปสู่การพัฒนา Lightning Network ### **Taproot** เปิดตัวในปี 2021 Taproot เป็น Soft Fork ที่ช่วยเพิ่มความเป็นส่วนตัว และประสิทธิภาพของ Bitcoin Taproot ทำให้ธุรกรรมที่ซับซ้อน เช่น Smart Contracts มีขนาดเล็กลงและยากต่อการแยกแยะจากธุรกรรมทั่วไป Soft Forks อื่นๆ ที่ Bitcoin Core ได้นำมาใช้ เช่น BIP 65 (CheckLockTimeVerify) และ BIP 112 (CSV) ช่วยเพิ่มความยืดหยุ่นในการใช้งาน Bitcoin และปูทางไปสู่การพัฒนาฟังก์ชันใหม่ๆ ## **Hard Forks เส้นทางที่แตกต่างและการถือกำเนิดของเหรียญใหม่** ในขณะที่ Soft Forks เป็นการอัพเกรดที่นุ่มนวล **"Hard Forks"** นั้นนับว่าเป็นการเปลี่ยนแปลงครั้งใหญ่ ที่ทำให้เกิดสาย Blockchain ใหม่และเหรียญใหม่ ### **Bitcoin XT (2015)** เป็นความพยายามครั้งแรกในการเพิ่ม Blocksize Limit โดย Mike Hearn และ Gavin Andresen Bitcoin XT เสนอให้เพิ่ม Blocksize Limit เป็น 8MB แต่ถูกต่อต้านอย่างรุนแรง และไม่ประสบความสำเร็จ ### **Bitcoin Classic (2016)** เป็นอีกหนึ่งความพยายามในการเพิ่ม Blocksize Limit โดยเสนอให้เพิ่มเป็น 2MB แต่ก็ล้มเหลวเช่นกัน ### **Bitcoin Unlimited (2016)** เสนอให้ Miners สามารถกำหนด Blocksize Limit ได้เอง แต่มีข้อบกพร่องด้านความปลอดภัย และไม่เป็นที่ยอมรับในวงกว้าง ### **Bitcoin Cash (BCH) (2017)** เกิดจากการ Hard Fork ของ Bitcoin โดยกลุ่ม "Big Blockers" ที่ไม่พอใจที่ Bitcoin Core ไม่ยอมเพิ่ม Blocksize Limit Bitcoin Cash เพิ่ม Blocksize Limit เป็น 8MB และมุ่งเน้นที่การเป็น "เงินสดดิจิทัล" ที่ใช้งานได้จริง ### **Bitcoin SV (BSV) (2018)** เกิดจากการ Hard Fork ของ Bitcoin Cash โดยกลุ่มที่นำโดย **Craig Wright** ผู้ที่อ้างว่าเป็น Satoshi Nakamoto Bitcoin SV ต้องการเพิ่มขนาด Block อย่างมาก และกลับไปสู่วิสัยทัศน์ดั้งเดิมของ Bitcoin ### **Bitcoin ABC (2020)** เกิดจากการ Hard Fork ของ Bitcoin Cash โดยกลุ่มนักพัฒนา Bitcoin ABC ที่ต้องการเปลี่ยนแปลงกลไกการระดมทุน Bitcoin ABC ถูกเปลี่ยนชื่อเป็น eCash ในภายหลัง ## **มุมมองที่แตกต่าง Bitcoin ถูก "แย่งชิง" หรือไม่?** หนังสือ **"Hijacking Bitcoin"** โดย Roger Ver นำเสนอมุมมองที่แตกต่างจาก Bitcoin Maximalists Roger Ver เชื่อว่า Bitcoin ถูก **"แย่งชิง"** โดยกลุ่มนักพัฒนา Bitcoin Core และ Blockstream ที่ต้องการเปลี่ยนแปลง Bitcoin จาก "เงินสดดิจิทัล" ให้กลายเป็น **"สินทรัพย์เก็บมูลค่า"** Roger Ver วิพากษ์วิจารณ์ Bitcoin Core ในหลายประเด็น เช่น.. ### **การไม่ยอมเพิ่ม Blocksize Limit** Roger Ver เชื่อว่า Bitcoin Core จงใจจำกัดการเติบโตของ Bitcoin เพื่อผลักดันให้คนใช้งาน Sidechains ของ Blockstream ### **การเซ็นเซอร์ข้อมูล** Roger Ver กล่าวหาว่า Bitcoin Core เซ็นเซอร์ข้อมูลและปิดกั้นการสนทนาเกี่ยวกับ Big Blocks บนแพลตฟอร์มต่างๆ ### **การต่อต้านนวัตกรรม** Roger Ver เชื่อว่า Bitcoin Core ต่อต้านนวัตกรรม และไม่ยอมรับการเปลี่ยนแปลงที่อาจทำให้ Bitcoin ดีขึ้น ### **การควบคุมโดยกลุ่มเล็กๆ** Roger Ver มองว่า Bitcoin Core ถูกควบคุมโดยกลุ่มเล็กๆ ที่ไม่คำนึงถึงความต้องการของชุมชน Bitcoin Roger Ver สนับสนุน Bitcoin Cash ซึ่งเขาเชื่อว่าเป็น Bitcoin ที่แท้จริง ที่สืบทอดวิสัยทัศน์ดั้งเดิมของ Satoshi Nakamoto ## **บทสรุป:** การต่อสู้แย่งชิง Bitcoin และการเกิดขึ้นของ Hard Forks ต่างๆ เป็นส่วนหนึ่งของวิวัฒนาการของ Cryptocurrency มุมมองที่แตกต่าง ความขัดแย้ง และการแข่งขัน ล้วนเป็นแรงผลักดันให้ Bitcoin และ Cryptocurrency อื่นๆ พัฒนาต่อไป สุดท้ายแล้ว.. เราคงไม่อาจตัดสินได้ว่าฝ่ายใดคิดถูกหรือฝ่ายใดผิด **"เสียงของตลาด** จะช่วยทำหน้าที่ให้คำตอบนั้นกับเรา ว่าแท้ที่จริงแล้วผู้คนกำลังต้องการอะไรกันแน่.. ลองมองไปที่มูลค่าของแต่ละแนวคิด มองไปที่ Network effect และกำลังการขุด มองไปที่การยอมรับและความเชื่อมั่นของผู้คน เหล่านี้ล้วนเป็นข้อบ่งชี้ที่เห็นได้ง่าย.. เพราะนั่นคือเสียงแห่งการเพรียกหาอิสรภาพ และอธิปไตยทางการเงินที่แท้จริง.. — Jakk Goodday

@ 1739d937:3e3136ef

This is the sixth in a series of weekly(ish) updates detailing progress on bringing MLS protocol DMs and group messaging to Nostr. ## Previous Updates - [June 28th 2024](https://habla.news/u/jeffg.fyi/1719562889267) - [July 6th 2024](https://habla.news/u/jeffg.fyi/1720256910765) - [July 12th 2024](https://habla.news/u/jeffg.fyi/1720778880538) - [July 19th 2024](https://habla.news/u/jeffg.fyi/1721419437737) - [August 16th 2024](https://habla.news/u/jeffg.fyi/1723802138254) ## Progress this week Sorry about the very late update this week. Catching up on everything after a week in Riga for Nostriga and Baltic Honeybadger took a bunch of time, every other moment was spent coding. 👨‍💻 The response at Nostriga to NIP-104 and my two talks on the subject were overwhelmingly positive. It was very helpful to spend time with other devs going through the spec in detail. We found a few minor improvements and clarifications but no major issues surfaced. Thanks to nostr:npub1v0lxxxxutpvrelsksy8cdhgfux9l6a42hsj2qzquu2zk7vc9qnkszrqj49, nostr:npub1lunaq893u4hmtpvqxpk8hfmtkqmm7ggutdtnc4hyuux2skr4ttcqr827lj, and nostr:npub1ye5ptcxfyyxl5vjvdjar2ua3f0hynkjzpx552mu5snj3qmx5pzjscpknpr in particular for the lengthly interrogations and nostr:npub1wmr34t36fy03m8hvgl96zl3znndyzyaqhwmwdtshwmtkg03fetaqhjg240 for the introductions. Last week, I started work on a reference implementation of the spec. It's still early but going quickly. My PR adding support for secp256k1 was also merged into the hpke-rs library yesterday. That's one more step in the right direction towards having secp256k1 ciphersuite support. ### The NIP If you haven't already, check out my talk; [The Past and Future of DMs and Group messaging on Nostr](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PWKd9aoZ-Cg). This was a basic overview of the various DM and group messaging schemes and talks a little about the progress on NIP-104. I _believe_ there is a recording of the technical talk on the spec but it hasn't yet been released. I'll link it up when it is. At this point I've been discouraging anyone from trying to implement the NIP quite yet. As I mentioned above there are a few adjustments that need to be made and a few open questions that I'm working on answering with my implementation (which I'm very happy to have contributors on). My plan at the moment is to do this first implementation with the default ciphersuite that MLS already supports while I continue to work on the dependencies to get secp256k1 support across the board. ### The Implementation I've started on a cross-platform native client that will run on Mac, Windows, Linux, iOS, and Android. Think of it as Signal or Telegram but over Nostr. I hope that this will not only become the reference implementation for other client developers but also will be one of the most secure and privacy focused clients in the Nostr ecosystem. Building it has already been helpful in clarifying some of the more complex implementation details in the NIP. It's still early but I'll have more to share on this in the coming weeks. ### HPKE-RS My [PR](https://github.com/franziskuskiefer/hpke-rs/pull/66) to add support for secp256k1 is merged! ## Onward and Upward Thanks again to everyone for the support and feedback on this stuff at Nostriga. It was hugely motivating to hear the kind words, have you introducing me to people that could help, and spending time giving me feedback! This community is the best. 🫂

@ e0e92e54:d630dfaa

_This is a copy of the email received from newsletter@Rumble.com_  # Free Speech Under Attack -- A Note from the CEO of Rumble Dear Rumble Users, I don't typically send messages to our users through email, but red lines have been crossed. There have been major developments with free speech platforms, and I feel it’s important to let everyone know what is going on and how you can help Rumble. Rumble is no longer available to the citizens of Brazil, joining the ranks of France, Russia, and China. From media reports, Brazil no longer has Elon Musk's X due to attacks on free speech by Alexandre De Moreas, a justice of Brazil's Supreme Federal Court. World powers don’t want Rumble, they don’t want X, they don’t want Telegram, and they don't want Truth Social. They want to control information, but our companies won’t let them. There are no other large companies fighting for freedom like we are. We put everything on the line for it, and the Telegram CEO was recently arrested for it. Advertisers boycott our companies to try and cut our economic lifeline, but they underestimate our support among the people. The people keep us alive and keep us going. If you want to help us, join Rumble Premium. If Rumble Premium gets big enough, you help us change the game and fight for freedom of expression. We are also offering a $10 dicount for any new annual subscribers when they use the promo code "brazil". Sincerely, Chris Pavlovski Chairman and CEO of Rumble  444 Gulf of Mexico Dr. Longboat Key, FL 34228, USA.

@ 3b7fc823:e194354f

Nyms, Personas, and Digital Identity #GHOSTn If you want #privacy then embrace compartmentlization and obscuration in your digital life. Get used to having multiple identities that you can switch between for various needs. Your legal "matrix" name that pays taxes and has no controversal opinions or associations. Don't try to obscure this person. They are a open book. Put your best foot forward. Show them what you want them to see. Your private online persona. You let your hair down, have hot takes on social media, purchase legal but potentially embarrassing items or just have hobbies and associations that you are not ashamed of but don't want to advertise for some reason. You use a VPN and no kyc sudo anonymous accounts. Have fun but don't go crazy, know that on a long enough timeline this persona will be linked back to you. The more connections and data that you put out there the easier this will be. Your anonymous nym that only uses #tor, VMs, hidden drives, and rarely used accounts. Plausible deniability is baked in. Used by dissidents, freedom fights, truth to power, and anyone in oppressive regimes. Finally you have your Nemo. This person does not exist. No name, no files and only uses #Tails or disposable systems that does not leave a trace. Not everyone would ever have a need for a Nemo but it is good to know how to just in case you ever do.

@ 3b7fc823:e194354f

Encryption is the promethium fire that the cypherpunks secured from heaven for me and you. It is our sacred duty to use and advance that in the world. Encryption is so powerful that governments tried to keep it away from the people and to this day have tried to weaken and backdoor it at every turn. So what is encryption? It is a deep deep rabbit hole and involves a lot of numbers but in a nutshell it uses math to scramble up the data of your file so it is gibberish and can't be read without decrypting it back to regular data. Encryption technology has continued to advance over time and cracking technology to break the encryption has as well. For our purposes all you really need to remember is to use modern cyphers and your encryption is really only going to be as good as the password (use a passphrase) strength you are using to lock it down with. > BEGINNER LEVEL - Encrypt your phone and computer. People walk around with their whole lives on their phone. Protect it. -phone: Congratulations, if you already have a lock screen set on either your iPhone or Android device then device encryption is enabled. If your lock screen password is only 4 digits then we still have work to do. Four digits is only about 10,000 combinations and fairly easy to crack. I believe it only took them about 40 minutes to crack the iPhone of the attempted Trump shooter. Go into settings and set it up for 6 digits or for extra credit use a alphanumeric password. After your phone then your personal computer probably has the most important data to you. Banking records, tax documents, photos, etc. Encrypt your drive. -Windows: from Settings, select Privacy security -> Device encryption. Just follow the prompts. -Apple: from Apple icon, select System Preferences -> Security & Privacy icon. Click "Turn On FileVault". -Linux: most distros gives you the option during installation. If you didn't do so then search for how to enable it after the fact based on your distribution. Awesome sauce. You have achieved minimum status. > ADVANCED LEVEL - Encrypt individual files. You already encrypted your computer but guess what, once you start up your computer and log in the key is stored in RAM for as long as it stays on. The beginner level encryption protects your computer when it is off and it means no one can just steal your hard drive and access your files. This is good, but what if someone grabs you while you're sitting there working on it? What if you leave it in sleep mode and not turned off? Then that whole disk encryption is not really going to help you. What if you had individual files that you consider more secret than the others? That finance spreadsheet or that special pic your spouse sent you? That's where individual file encryption comes in. You are just scrolling nostr when they grab you, your computer is on, and unlocked, but those special files are still safely encrypted. I will share with you one of my favorite small programs: Picocrypt. Download the Paranoid pack and store it in multiple drives, email accounts, and cloud storage. That way you will always have a copy to decrypt any files that you stored away. Use it to encrypt any files that you feel need extra attention. It is also very useful for encrypting any files that you intend to store online in cloud storage. You do encrypt your files that are stored online don't you? Yes, even with the company that offers "encrypted" storage. Don't trust their encryption, use your own. > EXPERT LEVEL - Encrypt containers and hidden containers. What if you want to encrypt several files and keep them all together in like a folder or container? That's where Veracrypt comes in. Free, open source, cross platform, and powerful. Veracrypt allows you to create encrypted containers from any file that act like individual drives that can be mounted or unmounted as needed. You can name these files anything that you want, move them around or delete like any file, and make as many as you want. This allows you to have compartmentation of your files and drives. Next trick, Veracrypt allows you to create a hidden container inside that container. Enter one passphrase and you open the encrypted container. Enter a different passphrase and you open a different hidden container. This allows deniability. When they grab you and start pulling your fingernails off until you tell them the password to open the encrypted container, give it to them. They don't have to know that there is another hidden one under that. These features allow you to do all sorts of interesting things only limited by your need and imagination. What if you have a container named as some random config file in your /etc folder? What if you just encrypted a removable storage drive? What if you have multiple hard drives on your computer that have multiple containers and hidden containers? What if you have a hidden container that can only be accessed from booting up in a amnesiac OS like Tails leaving no trace that the files exist or trail that they were ever accessed? Go crazy, have fun. > NEMO - Failsafe Nemo has no files, encrypted or otherwise. If they did you couldn't prove it. Nemo does use something like Tails that retains no memory from boot to boot. Nemo also uses a failsafe. A simple lanyard attached to the flashdrive running the OS and the other end around their wrist while they work. When you try to separate them from the computer the flashdrive pulls out and everything is gone. > > Using these programs you can create a layered and compartmentlized approach to your encryption scheme. There are also plenty of other encryption programs to check out such as Cryptomator, AES Crypt, etc > Last point and most important: Encryption is only as good as the passphrase you use to lock it down. Use a shitty password and it doesn't matter how uncrackable your encryption is.

@ 8cb60e21:5f2deaea

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@ 8cb60e21:5f2deaea

<div style="position:relative;padding-bottom:56.25%;height:0;overflow:hidden;max-width:100%;"><iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/R5fzBNJP6Rk" style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;border:0;" allowfullscreen></iframe></div>

@ 8cb60e21:5f2deaea

# Lesson 3: Arrays, Objects, and Callbacks ### Arrays: Lists of Things Arrays are ordered lists of values. They're perfect for storing multiple related items, like a list of your favorite cat toys: ```javascript var catToys = ["mouse", "ball", "laser pointer"]; console.log(catToys[0]); // Prints "mouse" ``` ### Objects: Grouping Related Information Objects allow you to group related information together. They're like detailed profiles for each of your cat friends: ```javascript var myCat = { name: "Fluffy", age: 3, favoriteFood: "tuna" }; console.log(myCat.name); // Prints "Fluffy" ``` ### Callbacks: Doing Things Later Callbacks are functions that are executed after another function has finished. They're useful for handling asynchronous operations, like waiting for your cat to finish eating before giving it a treat: ```javascript function feedCat(callback) { console.log("Feeding the cat..."); setTimeout(function() { console.log("Cat has finished eating!"); callback(); }, 2000); } feedCat(function() { console.log("Time for a treat!"); }); ``` This code simulates feeding a cat, waiting 2 seconds, and then giving it a treat. Remember, learning JavaScript is a journey. Take your time, practice regularly, and soon you'll be coding like a pro cat!

@ 8cb60e21:5f2deaea

# Lesson 2: Functions and Loops ### Functions: Your Own Commands Functions are reusable blocks of code that perform specific tasks. They're like teaching your cat a new trick: ```javascript function meow(times) { for (var i = 0; i < times; i++) { console.log("Meow!"); } } meow(3); // This will print "Meow!" three times ``` ### Built-in Functions JavaScript comes with many built-in functions. For example, `console.log()` is a function that prints things to the console: ```javascript console.log("I'm a cat!"); ``` ### Loops: Repeating Tasks Loops allow you to repeat a task multiple times without writing the same code over and over. It's like telling your cat to chase its tail for a specific number of rounds: ```javascript for (var i = 0; i < 5; i++) { console.log("Chasing tail, round " + (i + 1)); } ``` This will print "Chasing tail, round X" five times, where X goes from 1 to 5.

@ 4c96d763:80c3ee30

# Changes ## William Casarin (7): - debug: add subid debugging - fix bug where it was subscribing too many times - arg: add -c profile{,:pubkey} arg column - env: add some test npubs - arg: add -c universe column - appease clippy - fonts: add thai support pushed to [notedeck:refs/heads/master](http://git.jb55.com/notedeck/commit/989f88c989f5d6ec85f719efab6f80fb1a95ee00.html)

@ 6bae33c8:607272e8

I do this every year, and every year I get at least one correct. [Last year](https://www.realmansports.com/p/grading-my-bold-predictions-e72?utm_source=publication-search), I got exactly one correct and unfortunately it was the surefire prediction that not all of them would be right, i.e., I got really zero correct. But that just goes to show how bold they were. These aren’t layups, more like three pointers and half-court shots. I fared much better the [previous](https://www.realmansports.com/p/grading-my-bold-predictions) two [years](https://www.rotowire.com/football/article/east-coast-offense-grading-my-predictions-61196), so hopefully these will get back on track. *(Actually, probably better to just link to all of them for full transparency: [2023](https://www.realmansports.com/p/grading-my-bold-predictions-e72?utm_source=publication-search), [2022](https://www.realmansports.com/p/grading-my-bold-predictions), [2021](https://www.rotowire.com/football/article/east-coast-offense-grading-my-predictions-61196), [2020](https://www.rotowire.com/football/article.php?id=54494), [2019](https://www.rotowire.com/football/article.php?id=48921), [2018,](https://www.rotowire.com/football/article.php?id=41171) [2017](https://www.rotowire.com/football/article.php?id=37079), [2016](https://www.rotowire.com/football/article.php?id=31269), [2015](https://www.rotowire.com/football/article.php?id=26515), [2014](https://www.rotowire.com/football/article.php?id=22258).) I’m not going to argue it matters, or that anyone even clicks through on these, but I want to pat myself on the back for being so organized in archiving my old work.)* 1. **Stefon Diggs leads the Texans in targets, catches and receiving yards** Right now, he’s getting drafted more than a round behind Nico Collins and less than a round ahead of Tank Dell. Diggs is 30, but he was one of the league’s best receivers until halfway through last year when the Bills made an offensive play-calling change. Moreover, Diggs is getting paid $22.5 million, so the Texans obviously don’t think he’s washed up, and he’s also in a contract year. 2. **CJ Stroud leads the NFL is passing yards** This is +600 on DraftKings, so the real odds are probably north of 8:1. Stroud adds Diggs to his receiving corps, doesn’t run much and heads into Year 2. 3. **Roman Wilson (ADP 211) has more receptions than George Pickens (ADP 47)** Pickens is a boom or bust downfield playmaker, not high-target alpha, and Wilson is a good fit for the slot for the Steelers new QBs. Think Martavis Bryant not Antonio Brown. (Not that Wilson is Brown!) Van Jefferson isn’t good, and someone will need to fill the void. Moreover, because Pittsburgh has new QBs, neither has an existing rapport with the incumbent Pickens. 4. **DeAndre Hopkins (ADP 82) out produces Calvin Ridley (ADP 54) in PPR** Hopkins wasn’t terrible last year, has a rapport with Will Levis and is a future Hall of Famer who can still run routes. Ridley is already 29 and is just a guy outside of his monster season in 2020. 5. **The Giants will field a top-10 fantasy defense.** I’ve been crushed by my homer bold predictions in the past, but they added Brian Burns to a rush that already had Dexter Lawrence and Kayvon Thibodeaux, the offense should be on the field more and generate some leads with a real playmaking receiver in Malik Nabers. 6. **One of the following Year 2 receivers will finish in the top-15 PPR: Jaxon Smith-Njigba, Jayden Reed, Jordan Addison, Dontayvion Wicks, Michael Wilson, Josh Downs, Andrei Iosivas, Quentin Johnston, Marvin Mims, Jalin Hyatt** I make this prediction every year, and it often pans out as Year 2 is when receivers typically make the leap. I left out Tank Dell because he’s now got a fifth-round ADP, as well as the obvious ones: Zay Flowers, Rashee Rice and Puka Nacua. 7. **Rome Odunze (ADP 77) will outproduce Xavier Worthy (ADP 59)** Both receivers enter crowded situations, and while Worthy’s is far better, he’s also got essentially the same skill-set as teammate Marquise Brown. Moreover, Andy Reid rarely entrusts rookies with large roles, especially early on. Odunze is 6-3, 215 and has the pedigree of a true NFL alpha, while Worthy weighs only 165 pounds at 5-11. Finally, Patrick Mahomes already has an established rapport with both Travis Kelce and Rashee Rice, while Odunze gets a more open competition with the Bears veteran WRs, given all three will play with Caleb Williams for the first time. 8. **Dalvin Cook will lead the Cowboys in rushing yards** Cook is 29 and looked beyond “cooked” last year on the Jets, but his 3.3 YPC was on a small sample (67 carries), and prior to that, he’d been very good for the Vikings. At the very least he should have fresh legs, and he’d only need to beat out the ancient Ezekiel Elliott and Rico Dowdle. (Of course, Cook would have to be promoted from the practice squad first, so I really should hedge and make the prediction “neither Elliott, nor Dowdle will lead the Cowboys in rushing yards,” but I’ll push it and say it’s Cook.) 9. **Jonathan Taylor (ADP12 ) will lead the NFL in rushing yards.** He’s got little competition in the Indy backfield and a running QB who should open lanes for him. Draft Kings has him at +600, so his real odds are probably about 10:1, but I’d take him over the favored Christian McCaffrey (age/mileage) and all the other backs who are more hybrid types or old (Derrick Henry.) 10. **Dalton Kincaid (TE4) will lead all TE in catches** I guess this is a chalky pick because he and Kelce are both favored at the position at +3000, while Evan Engram is +5000! (I’d way rather bet on Engram at those odds.) But straight up, I’m going with Kincaid who is likely Josh Allen’s de facto No. 1 target with Diggs gone. In his final 11 regular season games Kincaid had 56 catches which prorates to 87 catches over the full year. And rookie tight ends rarely do anything and often make a leap in Year 2. 11. **Some of these predictions will be wrong** No one’s perfect, but you never want to get shut out.

@ 161c8564:2d633b95

Opinion about Freewallet Multi Crypto Wallet (iphone) <!--HEADER END--> FRWT Wallet uses deceptive marketing to lure in unsuspecting users. Once you deposit funds, they’ll block your account under the guise of KYC checks. It’s a fraudulent app—don’t download it! <!--FOOTER START--> #WalletScrutiny #nostrOpinion [Join the conversation!](https://walletscrutiny.com/iphone/mw.org.freewallet.app)

@ eed76ece:afa98124

As the World continues to create more and more NEW regulations. And as free speech get attacked from every angle. Bonafide business owners, especially importers will need to find ways to migrate sales offerings of goods and services. It feels like the majority of business owners have to really take this seriously. Obviously so many different methods are used around the World already, but when the upcoming new mandatory vaccinations, vaccine passport travel restrictions really hit, businesses will have to jump to more selling online. SN, Nostr and other unknown communication methods are Paramount. As usual it feels like no one is taking free speech attacks seriously. The amount of postings my customers around the World do daily on WhatsApp, LINE (Asia), Telegram, Twitter will move where it is allowed to move. Feels like there's an ongoing increase in the attack not just on the West, but from WITHIN the West. Regardless if you retail, wholesale, manufacture, are an agent we try hard to be pro active on marketing on multiple methods. It seems very logical that in the future Nostr and SN will pick up International users as a way to get their goods posted somehow someway. Examples Customers in these regions I deal with primarily communicate with me in Japan, Thailand using LINE and Tik Tok daily. Most of the rest of the World communicate with me using WhatsApp. Certain parts of Eastern Europe and Asia Telegram. Interestingly my resellers in the USA primarily post on WhatsApp. Westerners especially Americans seem to have enough money, they are not hungry for making more money, or increasing their business growth, they think everything is ok. "We will always be okay, there will NEVER be a Worldwide depression, recession, deflation, increased restrictions, they will NEVER force a new vaccine on us again, they will NEVER lock business and us down again". "So I will always have free speech, the politicians told me so". originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/670041

@ 56a6da9b:7f5a2243

IO used to have a lot of content and now the only thing that shows up is my fouintain stuff. when i go into other nostr things it's not there anymore and i look like an anonymous user with no profile pic, or profile and no activity. originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/669994

@ 6bae33c8:607272e8

I did the third and final NFFC Beat Chris Liss league last night, and it was one of the more interesting and aggressive drafts I’ve ever done. I picked from the seven slot. Here are the results: ([Link to livestream](https://www.realmansports.com/p/beat-chris-liss-3-livestream)) <img src="https://blossom.primal.net/269209e3c21e86749662ec594f0344c7aa45073d1c590d61fec611e74e1e15a8.png"> **1.7 Ja’Marr Chase** — I made seven my first choice, but then realized I probably should have gone with four or five, or maybe nine or 10. That’s because if the first six picks went chalk (and they did), I’d be faced with Chase who is holding out for a new contract (and who I have in two other leagues already), Justin Jefferson (new, bad QB) or Garrett Wilson (new QB, never been a Round 1-level WR.) At 1.9 I’d have gotten one of those guys anyway, but earlier picks on the way back. And at 1.4, I’d have gotten a shot at Bijan Robinson for an easier hero-RB build. But I had pick seven, and I tripled-down on Chase because I think it’s very likely he’ll get his extension (or play if he doesn’t), and he’s an all-time talent with a top QB and projects for a massive target share. Plus, if he busts [it’s Alan Seslowsky’s fault](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9n2l5ywZY4M), and having someone to blame is paramount. **2.6 Drake London** — I had it mapped out via ADP that I’d likely get De’Von Achane here, but he went at his min pick (I’m pretty sure) at the 1-2 turn, and so I was scrambling a bit. I really wanted Puka Nacua, who I missed by one pick, considered Cooper Kupp, but ended up going for the ADP-faller London who I had not remotely planned on getting. London obviously benefits from the massive QB upgrade in Atlanta, but it’s an open question whether he’s really an elite receiver or just a good one, and Kyle Pitts could easily emerge as Kurt Cousins favorite target instead. **3.6 DeVonta Smith** — When Derrick Henry went one pick ahead of me, it was between Smith and Jaylen Waddle who I took in [BCL2](https://www.realmansports.com/p/beat-chris-liss-2-77e). Normally I avoid receivers this undersized but Smith has always produced at every level and is locked into his sizeable target share. Plus I read some [Scott Barrett tweets](https://x.com/ScottBarrettDFB/status/1829973477131952161) about how Kellen Moore’s offense boosts the slot receiver a ton and that Smith thrives in the slot and could see more work there. **4.7 Stefon Diggs** — This was ideal. I now have Diggs in all four of my leagues so far. Maybe he’s hit a cliff at age 30, but he’s getting $22.5M to play in arguably the league’s top passing game that lacks a true No. 1 alpha. I also considered Tee Higgins to pair with Chase (and serve as Chase insurance), but Diggs has more upside as a potential No. 1 target. **5.6 Dalton Kincaid** — I’ve been high on him all summer, but he never quite fell to me in the right place until now. I expect him to be Josh Allen’s No. 1 receiver now that Diggs is gone. **6.7 James Conner** — I needed a RB, and Conner is one. I’m a bit wary of a 29-YO guy with an extensive injury history, but he averaged 5.0 YPC last year and has never had a massive workload so he’s fresh for his age at least. Plus, the Cardinals offense should be good this year. **7.6 Anthony Richardson** — I wasn’t planning on taking a QB here, or even Richardson who I have in [BCL2](https://www.realmansports.com/p/beat-chris-liss-2-77e) in Round 5!, but I couldn’t pull the trigger on Zamir White over someone with Richardson’s upside. I’m trying to win the overall contest, not simply cover the bases with starters at every position. **8.7 Jonathon Brooks** — Jaylen Warren was still on the board, and he was a viable Week 1 starter for me, but Brooks who is on IR, struck me as the upside play. I heard somewhere, can’t remember where, that Brooks was an elite prospect in college before the injury, and there’s a lot of hype about Carolina’s new offensive brain trust boosting the offense generally. But it might have been a rash pick given my zero-RB build to take a rookie on IR. **9.6 Marquise Brown** — I missed Warren by one pick on the way back, and instead of pivoting to Tyjae Spears I leaned into the zero-RB by taking Brown who was going in the fifth or sixth round before his injury. The beauty of this pick is I don’t need Brown right away as I wouldn’t start him anyway, so I pay no price for him missing Week 1. The ugly of this pick is I missed out on Spears, Zack Moss and Chuba Hubbard (who would have been nice to pair with Brooks.) **10.7 Joe Burrow** — The obvious pick was Trey Benson to pair with Conner. In fact, I could have had Hubbard in Round 9 and Benson in 10 to lock up two backfields for my zero-RB team. But no, I had to take a *second* QB here because (a) Richardson has a low floor; (b) this was cheap for Burrow; and (c) I could potentially pair Burrow with Chase for the playoffs. If you’re gonna go zero RB, lean the into it. (The other problem with this pick is the weekly headache of picking my starting QB.) **11.6 Jaleel McLaughlin** — The Burrow pick cost me not only Benson but JK Dobbins too, but I had my eye on McLaughlin who apparently was a god in college, and [per Barrett](https://x.com/ScottBarrettDFB/status/1829971593852043394) is in an ideal spot as the RB2 in Sean Payton’s offense. Now that stat has to be tempered a bit given that peak Alvin Kamara was the source of so much of it, but how much of that was Payton’s offense? In any event, I’m seriously rolling into Week 1 with McLaughlin in my active lineup because of the Richardson, Brooks, Brown and Burrow picks. **12.7 Jordan Mason** — Obviously he’s not usable unless and until Christian McCaffrey gets hurt, and the Niners badly need Trent Williams to report, but he’s a top-10 RB if McCaffrey, who played into February last year, goes down. This also furthers my extreme “what could go right” build. **13.6 Braelon Allen** — Oddly I view this pick as a mistake as he was higher in ADP, so I thought I could wait another round on Giants backup Tyrone Tracy. (Tracy went three picks ahead of me in the next round.) Allen might be good, but only a Breece Hall injury could free him up whereas Tracy could just outplay Devin Singletary. Granted the Jets might be a better environment than the Giants, so Allen could have more upside if he did get a shot, but Tracy is also a converted WR and would likely catch a lot of passes if he got the job. **14.7 Khalil Herbert** — Once Tracy was gone, I pivoted to Herbert. The Chicago backfield is crowded, but D’Andre Swift always gets hurt, and Roschon Johnson isn’t as good a runner as Herbert. **15.6 Jalen McMillan** — I wanted to get Cam Akers because Joe Mixon is old, but I missed him by two picks and pivoted (finally) back to WR. McMillan’s created some buzz in camp, and both Mike Evans and Chris Godwin are getting old. **16.7 Will Shipley** — I love Saquon Barkley, but he’s getting old and has been hurt a lot. Kenneth Gainwell is ostensibly ahead of Shipley, but is just a guy. Another top-10 upside back should the starter go down. **17.6 Dalvin Cook** — He’s on the practice squad for now, and he looked beyond done last year with the Jets, but keep in mind he only got 67 carries, and the Cowboys don’t have serious obstacles ahead of him should he regain even 60 percent of his prior form. Cook was still very good in 2022, and he should have fresh legs too. **18.7 Quentin Johnston** — I needed one more receiver, and Johnston is one. Seriously, though he was a first-round pick only last year, and he’s competing with only Josh Palmer and a rookie. **19.6 Younghoe Koo** — All these years I was with a wonderful kicker in Justin Tucker, but I’m trading him in for a Younghoe. (That joke will get old one day, just not in any of our lifetimes.) **20.7 Giants Defense** — They draw Sam Darnold and Jayden Daniels the first two weeks, and added Brian Burns to Kayvon Thibodeaux and Dexter Lawrence. **Roster By Position** **QB** Anthony Richardson **RB** James Conner/Jaleel McLaughlin **WR** Ja’Marr Chase/Drake London/DeVonta Smith **TE** Dalton Kincaid **FLEX** Stefon Diggs **K** Younghoe Koo **D** Giants **Bench** Jonathan Brooks/Marquise Brown/Joe Burrow/Jordan Mason/Braelon Allen/Khalil Herbert/Jalen McMillan/Will Shipley/Dalvin Cook/Quentin Johnston

@ 3b7fc823:e194354f

First steps into privacy. You are a normie, but maybe you are privacy curious. Maybe you are ready to take a first step or two into security and privacy but don't know where to start. Don't worry, here are some absolute beginner first steps that will make a big difference. > 1. No one except your friends and family should know your personal phone number and email address. Stop giving away your data! You don't have to fill out every blank on that form. Unless they are mailing you something they don't need your home address. Use a email aliasing service or just create a burner email account as a spam trap. Get a second VOIP phone number. Look up the address of a local hotel. Use these instead of your personal information or maybe just skip the customer reward program. > 2. Speaking of giving away your data. Stop using spyware! Facebook, Instagram, Tiktok, etc. It is "free" software designed to suck every ounce of personal data from you to be repackaged and sold. Don't just delete the app, search for how to delete your account data. BTW Windows, google, and 90% of the apps on your phone are also spyware but one thing at a time. Maybe start reading up on FOSS. > 3. Clean up your communications. Stop using unencrypted calls and SMS texts. There are several options but just get Signal and make your friends use it. Its easy and works. > 4. Clean up your email. This one is probably going to take you some time if you are like most people who have hundreds of emails from years gone bye. Go through every single one and unsubscribe from every newsletter or sales pitch from every store you have ever bought anything from. Block every spam email you see. If you are using a email provider that literally scans every email you send or receive in order to sell you stuff like gmail, then now is the time to switch to a private and encrypted provider like proton or tuta. > 5. Clean up your web surfing. Switch to a privacy browser and search engine. If you don't know which one just get Brave. There are ones that I like better but Brave is good enough and easy, especially if you like Chrome. A hardened Firefox is better but requires some homework and if on desktop Mullvad browser is a excellent choice. > BONUS TIP: Clean up your security. Make sure all of your software is setup for automatic updates, especially security updates. Also, I don’t know who needs to hear this but get a password manager if you don’t have one. (Don't save passwords on the browser!) Get an actual password manager and then add 2FA to all of your online accounts and you will have better security than 90% of the population. > OK, nothing too exciting but we got the big rocks. Data leaks, communications, email, web surfing, and basic security. What, no VPN or Tor or super secret stuff? No, not yet. This is your level zero default. Your identity and activity is still transparent but you are no longer leaking your data all over the place. This will provide a general base for everyone. The next step is to perform a basic threat assessment of your personal situation. What are you most at risk for? Targeted attacks or passive? Cyber or physical? What do you most need to defend against? Government mass surveillance, surveillance capitalism, censorship, or public exposure? There will be some overlap with all of them but your next steps will really depend on your answer. We will cover each of these in greater depth later.

@ 266815e0:6cd408a5

After 7 months of work and procrastination I've decided to release another version of noStrudel There a ton of new features and a few bugs fixed. This article highlights the biggest changes but if you want to read the full changelog you can find it in the [github repo](https://github.com/hzrd149/nostrudel/blob/master/CHANGELOG.md) And as always if you want to check it out you can use [nostrudel.ninja](https://nostrudel.ninja) or run it locally using docker ```sh docker run --rm -p 8080:80 ghcr.io/hzrd149/nostrudel:0.40.0 ``` ## New Features ### Support for NIP-49 encrypted nsec Now when logging into to the app it will prompt you to set a password to encrypt your nsec so it can be stored securely (if that's even possible for a web client...) There is also a new "Account" settings view that lets you export you nsec as a ncryptsec so you can copy it to other apps  ### Blindspot feeds There are also new "blindspot" feeds that show what others are seeing in their timeline that your missing  ### NIP-42 Relay authentication The app now supports NIP-42 relay authentication. Its opt-in though, so if you want to use popular authenticated relays like nostr.wine or relay.snort.social you will have to enable it in the settings  ### Wasm relay and event verification The app now supports using [@snort/worker-relay](https://git.v0l.io/Kieran/snort/src/branch/main/packages/worker-relay) as a local relay. Its at least 10x faster than the internal browser cache and can hold at least 100x more events. Its not enabled by default though so if you want to use it you have to switch to it in the "Relays" -> "Cache Relay" view  The app also supports using [nostr-wasm](https://github.com/fiatjaf/nostr-wasm) to speed up event signature verification. This is enabled by default, but if you want to still use the JavaScript verification or no verification you can find it in the performance setting  ### Thread tabs Threads now have a set of tabs that let you see the Replies, Quotes, Zaps, and other stuff related to the note   ### Wiki articles Its not feature complete but you can now view and edit wiki articles in the app  ### Finished the launchpad The launchpad is now usable and shows the latest notifications, messages, streams, and tools  ### Blossom uploads The app now lets you upload images and video to blossom server, this isn't enabled by default though so your going to have to enable it in the settings  And then setup some blossom servers in the settings. A few good public ones are `https://cdn.satellite.earth` and `https://cdn.nostrcheck.me`  ### Task Manager There is also a new "Task Manager" in the side nav that lets you see whats going on under the hood in the app  You can see what relays the app is currently connected to  And which relays are requesting NIP-42 authentication  ## Bug fixes - Fix null relay hints in DMs - Fix users own events being hidden by muted words - Fix random events showing up as DM messages - Fix app prompting NIP-07 extension to unlock when app opens - Remove corsproxy.io as default service for CORS proxy

@ 38d0888d:bd8e1246

To foster collective improvement, it is essential to implement social programs that encourage voluntary engagement and mutual support. These initiatives should serve as fertile ground, nurturing altruistic values and deepening the understanding of humanity’s true needs. By integrating spiritual connections into these efforts, a ripple effect of kindness, understanding, and enlightenment can spread throughout society. Each individual, endowed with intellectual abilities by a higher power, is invited to contribute to the creation of a harmonious and enlightened world. Sharing inspirational concepts that blend spirituality with social responsibility has the potential to profoundly influence and unite public sentiment. A sense of community and interconnectedness must be cultivated within these programs. Creating spaces for shared experiences and collective growth extends their impact beyond individual actions, fostering a network of mutual support and understanding. It is crucial to promote inclusive development that transcends bureaucratic constraints, aiming to dismantle inequality and confront corruption. These initiatives do more than foster a fairer world; they also reveal the latent spiritual dimensions of the human mind. To encourage spiritual growth and overcome selfishness, collaborative efforts across society, decentralized governance structures, educational institutions, and individual contributions are imperative. Moral codes must emerge from deeply rooted spiritual ethics that are interwoven into the societal fabric, surpassing the interests of a privileged few. Humanity’s ultimate goal is to transcend mere cooperation among individuals, striving for absolute transparency and openness across all spheres of existence. Achieving this vision requires unwavering dedication from every stakeholder committed to guiding society along the path of enlightenment.

@ 79008e78:dfac9395

ระบบเงินอิเล็กทรอนิกส์แบบ peer-to-peer ---- ระบบเงินอิเล็กทรอนิกส์แบบ peer-to-peer นั้นจะช่วยให้เราสามารถชำระเงินผ่านทางออนไลน์ได้โดยตรงจากฝ่ายหนึ่งไปยังอีกฝ่ายหนึ่งโดยไม่ต้องผ่านตัวกลางอย่างพวกสถาบันการเงิน โดยใช้ digital signature เป็นส่วนหนึ่งในการแก้ปัญหานี้ แต่มันจะไม่มีประโยชน์ใด ๆ เลยหากยังคงต้องอาศัยตัวกลางที่เชื่อถือได้มาแก้ปัญหา double spending เราขอเสนอวิธีแก้ปัญหา double spending โดยใช้เครือข่ายแบบ peer-to-peer ให้เครือข่ายคอยประทับเวลาธุรกรรมต่าง ๆ ในระบบและนำมาเรียงร้อยกันเป็นเส้นสายของ proof-of-work ที่ใช้ hash เพื่อสร้างธุรกรรมที่ไม่สามารถเปลี่ยนแปลงได้ โดยไม่ต้องทำ proof-of-work ใหม่ โดยให้เส้นสายที่ยาวที่สุดนั้น ไม่เพียงแต่ทำหน้าที่เป็นลำดับของธุรกรรมที่เกิดขึ้นเท่านั้น แต่ยังเป็นสิ่งที่พิสูจน์ได้ว่ามาจากกำลังประมวลผล CPU ที่มากที่สุด และตราบใดที่ nodes ส่วนใหญ่ไม่ได้ร่วมมือกันโจมตีเครือข่ายและยังคงควบคุมกำลังประมวลผลส่วนใหญ่ในระบบไว้ พวกเขาก็จะสร้างเส้นสายที่ยาวที่สุดและสามารถเอาชนะผู้ประสงค์ร้ายที่จะโจมตีระบบได้ ตัวเครือข่ายเองไม่ได้ต้องมีโครงสร้างอะไรที่ซับซ้อน ข้อมูลต่าง ๆ ในเครือข่ายจะถูกกระจายส่งต่อโดยไม่ต้องสนใจว่าผู้รับจะได้รับหรือไม่ และ nodes ต่าง ๆ เองก็สามารถที่จะออกจากเครือข่ายและกลับเข้าร่วมใหม่ได้ตามที่ต้องการ โดยยอมรับเส้น proof-of-work ที่ยาวที่สุด เป็นหลักฐานของสิ่งที่เกิดขึ้นในขณะที่ node นั้น ๆ ไม่ได้อยู่ในเครือข่าย 1.บทนำ (Introduction) ----- ไม่ว่าใครจะใคร่ซื้อใคร่ขายอะไรใด ๆ บนอินเตอร์เน็ตนั้น ก็จำเป็นต้องพึ่งพาสถาบันการเงินในฐานะของบุคคลที่สามเพื่อดำเนินการชำระเงินทางอิเล็กทรอนิกส์เสมอ ๆ ซึ่งถึงแม้ว่าระบบนี้มันจะทำงานได้ดีสำหรับธุรกรรมส่วนใหญ่ ๆ แต่ระบบก็ก็มีจุดอ่อนอยู่ที่ยังต้องอาศัยความไว้เนื้อเชื่อใจ (trust) ในระบบนี้การทำธุรกรรมที่ไม่สามารถย้อนกลับได้อย่างสมบูรณ์นั้นมันแทบจะเป็นไปไม่ได้เลย เนื่องจากสถาบันการเงินไม่สามารถหลีกเลี่ยงการเป็นตัวกลางในการไกล่เกลี่ยข้อพิพาทต่าง ๆ ที่อาจเกิดขึ้นได้ มิหนำซ้ำต้นทุนในการไกล่เกลี่ยยังทำให้ต้นทุนการทำธุรกรรมเพิ่มสูงขึ้น และเมื่อต้นทุนสูงขึ้นขนาดของธุรกรรมที่สามารถใช้งานได้จริงก็สูงขึ้นตามไปด้วย ธุรกรรมเล็ก ๆ น้อย ๆ ก็ไม่สามารถเกิดขึ้นได้ เมื่อมีความเป็นไปได้ที่ธุรกรรมจะเกิดการย้อนกลับ ความจำเป็นในการสร้างความไว้วางใจก็ยิ่งทวีคูณมากขึ้น ผู้ค้าก็จำเป็นต้องระมัดระวังลูกค้า ต้องเรียกร้องข้อมูลมากกว่าที่จำเป็น การฉ้อโกงกลายเป็นเรื่องที่หลีกเลี่ยงไม่ได้เพราะต้นทุนและความไม่แน่นอนในทำธุรกรรมเหล่านี้ แน่นอนว่าเราสามารถหลีกเลี่ยงมันได้โดยการใช้เงินสด แต่ก็ไม่มีกลไกใดที่ทำให้สามารถใช้เงินสดผ่านช่องทางการสื่อสาร (เอาให้เข้าใจง่ายก็อินเตอร์เน็ต)ได้ โดยไม่ต้องมีตัวกลาง ;-; แปลว่าสิ่งที่จำเป็นสำหรับการแก้ไขปัญหานี้คือระบบการชำระเงินทางอิเล็กทรอนิกส์ ที่อยู่บนพื้นฐานของการพิสูจน์ด้วยการเข้ารหัสแทนที่จะเป็นความไว้วางใจ ซึ่งจะทำให้คู่สัญญาสองฝ่ายที่ยินยอมสามารถทำธุรกรรมร่วมกันได้โดยตรง โดยไม่จำเป็นต้องมีบุคคลที่สามมาคอยเป็นตัวกลาง ธุรกรรมที่ยากต่อการย้อนกลับจะช่วยปกป้องผู้ขายจากการฉ้อโกง และสามารถใช้กลไก escrow เพื่อปกป้องผู้ซื้อได้อีกด้วย ในเอกสารชุดนี้ เราขอเสนอวิธีแก้ปัญหาการใช้จ่ายซ้ำซ้อนโดยใช้เซิร์ฟเวอร์ timestamp กระจายศูนย์แบบ peer-to-peer เพื่อสร้างหลักฐานการคำนวณลำดับเวลาของธุรกรรม โดยระบบนี้จะปลอดภัยตราบใดที่กลุ่มของ node ที่ซื่อสัตย์ ยังคงมีกำลังประมวลผลที่มากกว่ากลุ่มที่ประสงค์ร้ายกับระบบ 2.ธุรกรรม (Transactions) ---- นิยามของเหรียญอิเล็กทรอนิกส์ในที่นี้ คือห่วงโซ่ที่คล้องเกี่ยวกันของ digital signature โดยที่เจ้าของเหรียญอิเล็กทรอนิกส์จะโอนเหรียญไปยังเจ้าของคนถัดไป ด้วยการลง digital signature บน hash ของธุรกรรมก่อนหน้ารวมถึงกุญแจสาธารณะของเจ้าของคนถัดไป และผนวกมันไว้ที่ส่วนท้ายของธุรกรรม และผู้รับเงินเองก็สามารถตรวจสอบลายเซ็นเพื่อยืนยันความเป็นเจ้าของได้ https://image.nostr.build/a467896797a9fb9f98c3c234f0adb4df2376f2c3d9a7cc9d8672d7a9f5aa9efa.png แน่นอนว่าปัญหาก็คือผู้รับเงินไม่สามารถตรวจสอบได้ว่าเจ้าของคนใดคนหนึ่งก่อนหน้าเขาได้ใช้เหรียญดังกล่าวซ้ำซ้อนมากกว่าหนึ่งครั้งหรือไม่ และวิธีการแก้ไขปัญหานี้โดยทั่วไปก็คงเป็นการกำหนดตัวกลางที่มีความน่าเชื่อถือมาเป็นคนตรวจสอบทุกธุรกรรมเพื่อป้องกันการใช้จ่ายซ้ำซ้อน และหลังจากการทำธุรกรรมแต่ละครั้ง เหรียญจะต้องถูกส่งกลับไปยังตัวกลางเพื่อออกเหรียญใหม่ และจะมีเพียงเหรียญที่ออกจากตัวกลางโดยตรงเท่านั้นที่จะเชื่อถือได้ว่าจะไม่ถูกใช้จ่ายซ้ำซ้อน แต่ปัญหาก็คือ ชะตากรรมของระบบเงินทั้งหมดจะขึ้นอยู่กับตัวกลางตัวนี้ เพราะทุกธุรกรรมจำเป็นจะต้องผ่านพวกเขา ซึ่งก็ไม่ต่างอะไรกับธนาคาร เราจึงต้องการวิธีการที่ทำให้ผู้รับเงินทราบได้ว่าเจ้าของคนก่อน ๆ ไม่ได้ลงนามในธุรกรรมใด ๆ มาก่อน เพื่อให้บรรลุวัตถุประสงค์นี้ เราจะทำการนับว่าธุรกรรมที่เกิดขึ้นก่อนเป็นธุรกรรมที่ถูกต้อง และจะไม่สนใจความพยายามใด ๆ ในการที่จะใช้เหรียญนั้น ๆ ซ้ำอีก และวิธีเดียวที่ทำแบบนี้ได้ คือการรับรู้ถึงธุรกรรมทั้งหมด เช่นเดียวกับโมเดลที่ได้กล่าวข้างต้น ที่ตัวกลางจะรับรู้ถึงธุรกรรมทั้งหมดและตัดสินว่าธุรกรรมใดมาก่อนมาหลัง เพื่อให้บรรลุเป้าหมายนี้โดยไม่ต้องมีบุคคลที่สามที่เชื่อถือได้ ธุรกรรมทั้งหมดจะต้องถูกประกาศต่อสาธารณะ [1] และเราต้องการระบบที่ผู้เข้าร่วมเห็นพ้องในประวัติธุรกรรมชุดเดียวกันตามลำดับที่ได้รับ ส่วนผู้รับเงินก็จำเป็นจะต้องมีหลักฐานว่า ในขณะที่ทำธุรกรรม "โหนด" ส่วนใหญ่ในระบบเห็นพ้องต้องกันว่าธุรกรรมนั้นได้รับเป็นลำดับแรก(ไม่มีธุรกรรมที่ใช้เหรียญพวกนี้มาก่อน) 3.ระบบบันทึกเวลา (Timestamp Server) ---- สำหรับแนวทางการแก้ปัญหาในครั้งนี้ เราจะใช้ประโยชน์จาก timestamp server ที่จะทำหน้าที่บันทึก hash ของบล๊อกที่ต้องการให้มีการบันทึกเวลา และจากนั้นจะทำการเผยแพร่ hash ดังกล่าว เหมือนกับหนังสือพิมพ์หรือโพสต์ใน Usenet [2-5] (ฟีลแบบทุกคนจะเห็นโพสต์นี้น้าา ประมาณนั้น) การบันทึกเวลานี้จะพิสูจน์ได้ว่าข้อมูลที่ถูก hash นั้นจะต้องมีอยู่จริงในเวลานั้นเพื่อให้ได้มาซึ่ง hash ดังกล่าว แต่ละการบันทึกเวลาจะรวมการบันทึกเวลาของหน้านี้ไว้ใน hash ของมันเพื่อสร้างเป็น chain โดยการบันทึกเวลาแต่ละครั้งจะยืนยันความถูกต้องของการบันทึกก่อนหน้าได้อีกด้วยด้วย https://image.nostr.build/ddf92417c45dbb6e25da0af80a10d4cdbc3e725d047d65f54a3e3bfcf358c4d6.png 4.พรูฟ-ออฟ-เวิร์ค (Proof-of-Work) ---- ในการสร้าง Timestamp Server แบบกระจายศูนย์บนพื้นฐานแบบ peer to peer เราจำเป็นต้องใช้ระบบ Proof-of-Work (PoW) ที่คล้ายกับ Hashcash ของ Adam Back [6] แทนที่จะใช้วิธีการแบบเดิม ๆ อย่างการประกาศในหนังสือพิมพ์หรือ Usenet โดย PoW ใช้ในการตรวจสอบค่าที่มาจากกระบวนการ hash เช่น SHA-256 แล้ว ผลลัพธ์ที่ได้ (Hash) จะขึ้นต้นด้วยเลขศูนย์จำนวนหนึ่ง โดยที่ work (ประมาณว่าพลังประมวลผล) ที่ต้องใช้จะเพิ่มขึ้นแบบทวีคูณตามจำนวนเลขศูนย์ที่ต้องการ และสามารถตรวจสอบได้โดยการรัน Hash เพียงครั้งเดียว ซึ่งสำหรับ timestamp network ของเรานั้น เราใช้ PoW โดยการเพิ่มค่า Nonce ในบล็อกไปเรื่อย ๆ จนกว่าจะพบค่าที่ทำให้ Hash ของบล็อกนั้นมีเลขศูนย์ตามที่กำหนด และเมื่อใช้กำลังประมวลผลของ CPU ไปกับการทำ PoW จนสำเร็จแล้ว บล็อกจะไม่สามารถเปลี่ยนแปลงได้ หากไม่มีการทำงานซ้ำใหม่ เนื่องจากบล็อกที่สร้างขึ้นภายหลังจะเชื่อมโยงกับบล็อกก่อนหน้า การเปลี่ยนแปลงบล็อกใด ๆ จะต้องทำ PoW ของบล็อกนั้นและบล็อกที่ตามมาใหม่ทั้งหมด https://image.nostr.build/c039ef4ca6833cb1ecee65ac5991df2406be9b7e490b86b3b19f94f267767182.png นอกจากนี้ PoW ยังช่วยแก้ปัญหาของเสียงส่วนมากที่มาตัดสินใจในระบบนี้ เพราะหากเสียงข้างมากอ้างอิงจากหลักการหนึ่ง IP หนึ่งเสียง ใครก็ตามที่สามารถสร้าง IP ได้จำนวนมากก็จะสามารถควบคุมระบบได้ จึงใช้หลักการหนึ่ง CPU หนึ่งเสียงแทน การตัดสินใจของเสียงข้างมากจะแสดงด้วย Chain ที่ยาวที่สุด ซึ่งบ่งบอกถึงความพยายามในการคำนวณ (Proof-of-Work) ที่มากที่สุด หาก Node ที่ซื่อสัตย์ (Honest nodes) มีกำลังประมวลผลของ CPU ส่วนใหญ่อยู่ในการควบคุม Honest Chain ก็จะเติบโตเร็วที่สุดและแซงหน้า Chain อื่น ๆ ได้ ผู้โจมตีที่ต้องการแก้ไขบล็อกในอดีตจะต้องทำ Proof-of-Work ของบล็อกนั้นและบล็อกที่ตามมาใหม่ทั้งหมด และต้องทำงานให้เร็วกว่า Honest Node ด้วย ซึ่งโอกาสที่ผู้โจมตีจะตามทันนั้นจะลดลงแบบทวีคูณเมื่อมีการเพิ่มบล็อกมากขึ้น เพื่อชดเชยความเร็วของฮาร์ดแวร์ที่เพิ่มขึ้นและความสนใจในการรัน Node ที่ผันผวน ระดับความยากของ Proof-of-Work จะถูกกำหนดโดยค่าเฉลี่ย โดยตั้งเป้าไว้ที่จำนวนบล็อกเฉลี่ยต่อชั่วโมง หากสร้างบล็อกได้เร็วเกินไป ระดับความยากก็จะเพิ่มขึ้น 5.เครือข่าย (Network) ---- เครือข่ายนั้นมีการทำงาน ดังนี้ 1. การประกาศธุรกรรมใหม่: ธุรกรรมใหม่จะถูกประกาศ (broadcast) ไปยังทุก node ในเครือข่าย 2. การรวบรวมธุรกรรม: แต่ละ node จะรวบรวมธุรกรรมใหม่ ๆ เหล่านี้ ไว้ในบล็อก 3. การค้นหา Proof-of-Work: แต่ละ node จะทำการคำนวณ เพื่อค้นหา Proof-of-Work ตามค่า difficulty สำหรับบล็อกนั้น ๆ 4. การประกาศบล็อก: เมื่อ node ใดค้นหา Proof-of-Work ได้แล้ว node นั้นจะทำการประกาศบล็อกไปยังทุก node ในเครือข่าย 5. การตรวจสอบและยอมรับบล็อก: node อื่น ๆ จะทำการตรวจสอบและยอมรับบล็อกนั้น เฉพาะเมื่อธุรกรรมทั้งหมดภายในบล็อกนั้นถูกต้องและยังไม่ถูกใช้มาก่อน 6. การสร้างบล็อกถัดไป: node ต่าง ๆ แสดงการยอมรับบล็อกโดยการเริ่มต้นสร้างบล็อกถัดไปใน chain ด้วย hash ของบล็อกที่ยอมรับ เป็น hash ก่อนหน้าในโครงสร้างของบล๊อกใหม่ที่กำลังสร้าง node ต่าง ๆ จะถือว่า chain ที่ยาวที่สุดเป็น chain ที่ถูกต้องและจะทำงานเพื่อขยาย chain นั้นต่อไป หากมีสอง node ที่ได้ประกาศบล็อกเวอร์ชันที่แตกต่างกันในเวลาพร้อมกัน node บาง node อาจได้รับบล็อกหนึ่งก่อน อีกบล็อกหนึ่ง ในกรณีนี้ node เหล่านั้น จะทำงานบนบล็อกที่ได้รับก่อน แต่จะเก็บสำเนาของบล็อกอีกอันหนึ่งไว้ ในกรณีที่บล็อกนั้น กลายเป็นบล็อกที่อยู่ใน chain ที่ยาวกว่าปัญหาข้อโต้แย้งนี้ก็จะได้รับการแก้ไข เมื่อพบ Proof-of-Work อันถัดไปและ chain ใด chain หนึ่งยาวขึ้น node ที่กำลังทำงานอยู่บน chain ที่สั้นกว่าก็จะเปลี่ยนไปทำงานบน chain ที่ยาวกว่าแทน การประกาศธุรกรรมใหม่ ไม่จำเป็นต้องไปถึงทุก node ในเครือข่าย ตราบใดที่พวกเขายังไปถึง node ส่วนใหญ่ในระบบได้ ธุรกรรมเหล่านั้นก็จะถูกบรรจุอยู่ในบล็อกในไม่ช้า นอกจากนี้การประกาศบล็อกยังไม่ต้องกังวลเรื่องจะมีบล๊อกที่สูญหาย เนื่องจากหากว่า node ไม่ได้รับบล็อกใด ๆ node ก็จะตระหนักได้ว่าพลาดบล็อกก่อนหน้าไปเมื่อได้รับบล๊อกใหม่มา และ node จะทำการร้องขอ block ที่ขาดไปจากเครือข่าย 6.แรงจูงใจ(Incentive) ---- โดยปกติแล้ว ธุรกรรมแรกของแต่ละบล๊อกนั้นจะเป็นธุรกรรมพิเศษที่จะขุดเหรียญที่สร้างขึ้นใหม่ซึ่งเป็นกรรมสิทธิ์ของผู้สร้างบล็อกนั้น ๆ ซึ่งจะเป็นการเพิ่มแรงจูงใจให้กับ node ต่าง ๆ ในการสนับสนุนเครือข่าย และเป็นวิธีการกระจายเหรียญให้หมุนเวียน เนื่องจากไม่มีหน่วยงานส่วนกลางที่ทำหน้าที่ในการออกเหรียญ การเพิ่มเหรียญใหม่ในปริมาณคงที่อย่างต่อเนื่องนั้นคล้ายคลึงกับการที่คนงานเหมืองทองคำใช้แรง และ เวลา เพื่อเพิ่มทองคำให้หมุนเวียน ในกรณีนี้ คือ เวลา กำลังประมวลผล และไฟฟ้าที่ถูกใช้ไป นอกจากนี้แรงจูงใจจะมาจากค่าธรรมเนียมการทำธุรกรรม หากมูลค่าผลลัพธ์ของธุรกรรมน้อยกว่ามูลค่าที่ใส่เข้ามา ส่วนต่างนั้นก็คือค่าธรรมเนียมการทำธุรกรรมที่จะเพิ่มเข้าไปในมูลค่าแรงจูงใจของบล็อกที่มีธุรกรรมนั้น เมื่อเหรียญทั้งหมดในระบบมีจำนวนเท่ากับที่กำหนดไว้แล้ว แรงจูงใจหลักก็จะถูกเปลี่ยนมาเป็นค่าธรรมเนียมการทำธุรกรรม และปราศจากภาวะเงินเฟ้อโดยสิ้นเชิง แรงจูงใจอาจช่วยกระตุ้นให้ node ต่าง ๆ ยังคงซื่อสัตย์ หากผู้โจมตีที่ละโมบสามารถรวบรวมกำลังประมวลผล ได้มากกว่า node ที่ซื่อสัตย์ทั้งหมด เขาจะต้องเลือกระหว่างการใช้มันเพื่อฉ้อโกงผู้อื่นโดยการใช้จ่ายซ้ำซ้อน หรือใช้มันเพื่อสร้างเหรียญใหม่ พวกเขาจะพบว่าการเล่นตามกฎ กฎที่เอื้อประโยชน์ให้กับเขาด้วยเหรียญใหม่มากกว่าคนอื่น ๆ รวมกันนั้นทำกำไรได้มากกว่าการบ่อนทำลายระบบและความถูกต้องของทรัพย์สินของเขาเอง 7.การจัดการพื้นที่ดิสก์(Reclaiming Disk Space) ---- เมื่อธุรกรรมถูกบรรจุลงในบล๊อกแล้ว สามารถกำจัดธุรกรรมที่ใช้ไปแล้วก่อนหน้านั้นออกได้เพื่อประหยัดพื้นที่ดิสก์ แต่การจะทำอย่างนี้ได้โดยไม่ให้เลข hash ของบล๊อกมีการเปลี่ยนแปลงนั้น ธุรกรรมจึงจำเป็นต้องถูก hash ในรูปแบบของ Merkle Tree [7][2][5] โดยมีแค่ root node ของ tree เท่านั้นที่จะรวมอยู่ใน hash ของบล๊อก นี่เป็นวิธีที่ทำให้สามารถบีบอัดข้อมูลในบล๊อกเก่า ๆ ได้โดยการตัดพวก hash ส่วนอื่น ๆ ของ tree ที่ไม่ใช่ root node ออก (ไม่จำเป็นต้องเก็บ hash ในชั้นอื่น ๆ ของ tree) https://image.nostr.build/3ed95334891d91baca3f3f6f624a7ae22620be4ebfe0db5eb652cfce11255b9a.png โดยในส่วน header ของบล็อกที่ไม่มีธุรกรรมจะมีขนาดประมาณ 80 ไบต์ หากเราสมมติว่าบล็อกถูกสร้างขึ้นทุก ๆ 10 นาที 80 ไบต์ * 6 * 24 * 365 = 4.2MB ต่อปี โดยที่ระบบคอมพิวเตอร์ทั่วไปที่วางขายในปี 2551 มี RAM 2GB และกฎของมัวร์ทำนายการเติบโตในปัจจุบันที่ 1.2GB ต่อปี การจัดเก็บข้อมูลไม่น่าจะเป็นปัญหาแม้ว่าส่วนหัวของบล็อกจะต้องถูกเก็บไว้ในหน่วยความจำก็ตาม 8.การตรวจสอบธุรกรรม (Simplified Payment Verification) ---- การที่จะยืนยันการชำระเงินโดยไม่จำเป็นต้องรัน full node ได้นั้น ผู้ใช้เพียงแค่เก็บสำเนาของส่วนหัวบล็อก (block header) ของสายบล็อก (chain) ที่ยาวที่สุด ซึ่งสามารถรับได้โดยการสอบถามจาก node อื่น ๆ ในเครือข่ายจนมั่นใจว่าได้รับสายที่ยาวที่สุด และรับ Merkle branch ที่เชื่อมโยงธุรกรรมกับบล็อกที่มีการประทับเวลา (Timestamp) อยู่ ถึงแม้ผู้ใช้จะไม่สามารถตรวจสอบธุรกรรมด้วยตัวเองได้ แต่การเชื่อมโยงธุรกรรมกับตำแหน่งในสายบล็อกจะทำให้เห็นว่า node ในเครือข่ายยอมรับแล้ว และบล็อกที่เพิ่มเข้ามาหลังจากนั้นเป็นการยืนยันเพิ่มเติมว่าเครือข่ายยอมรับธุรกรรมนี้แล้ว https://i.imgur.com/VXtLpRF.png การตรวจสอบดังกล่าวจะเชื่อถือได้ตราบใดที่ node ที่ซื่อสัตย์ยังคงควบคุมเครือข่าย แต่จะมีความเสี่ยงมากขึ้นหากเครือข่ายถูกโจมตีและถูกควบคุม ในขณะที่ node ในเครือข่ายสามารถตรวจสอบธุรกรรมได้ด้วยตัวเอง แต่วิธีการแบบง่ายนี้อาจถูกหลอกลวงโดยการใช้ธุรกรรมปลอมของผู้โจมตี ตราบใดที่ผู้โจมตียังคงสามารถควบคุมเครือข่ายได้ กลยุทธ์หนึ่งในการป้องกันปัญหานี้คือ การรับการแจ้งเตือนจาก node อื่น ๆ ในเครือข่ายเมื่อตรวจพบบล็อกที่ไม่ถูกต้อง ซึ่งจะแจ้งให้ซอฟต์แวร์ของผู้ใช้ดาวน์โหลดบล็อกแบบเต็มและธุรกรรมที่แจ้งเตือน เพื่อยืนยันความไม่สอดคล้องกัน ธุรกิจที่ได้รับการชำระเงินบ่อยครั้งอาจยังคงต้องการรัน node ของตนเอง เพื่อความปลอดภัยที่เป็นอิสระและการตรวจสอบที่รวดเร็วยิ่งขึ้น 9.การควบรวมและแบ่งย่อยมูลค่า(Combining and Splitting Value) ---- แม้ว่าการจัดการเหรียญหลาย ๆ เหรียญจะเป็นสิ่งที่สามารถทำได้ แต่การจัดการธุรกรรมแยกต่างหากสำหรับแต่ละเหรียญในการโอนก็คงเป็นเรื่องที่น่าปวดหัวอยู่ดี ฉะนั้นแล้วเพื่อให้สามารถแยกและรวมมูลค่ากันได้ ธุรกรรมจึงสามารถมี input และ output ได้หลายรายการ ซึ่งโดยปกติแล้วจะมี input เดียวจากธุรกรรมก่อนหน้าที่มีขนาดใหญ่กว่า หรือ input จำนวนเล็ก ๆ หลาย ๆ รายการ และ output ไม่เกินสองรายการ คือ รายการหนึ่งสำหรับการชำระเงิน และอีกหนึ่งรายการสำหรับการส่งเงินทอน หากมีกลับไปยังผู้ส่ง https://image.nostr.build/9c6d3ce0e9f08c5b3fa3b82c2088ac6235603e5c0df3469060e6c9f74bce32fc.png ควรสังเกตว่า fan-out (กระจายของธุรกรรม) ซึ่งเป็นกรณีที่ธุรกรรม ธุรกรรมหนึ่งนั้นขึ้นอยู่กับหลายธุรกรรม และธุรกรรมเหล่านั้นเองก็ขึ้นอยู่กับอีกหลายธุรกรรม แต่ไม่ใช่ปัญหาในที่นี้ เพราะไม่มีความจำเป็นในการดึงประวัติการทำธุรกรรมทั้งหมดออกมาเป็นสำเนา 10.ความเป็นส่วนตัว(Privacy) ---- ในรูปแบบธนาคารแบบดั้งเดิมนั้น ความเป็นส่วนตัวเกิดขึ้นได้ด้วยการจำกัดการเข้าถึงข้อมูล โดยให้เฉพาะผู้ที่เกี่ยวข้องและบุคคลที่สามที่ได้รับความไว้วางใจเท่านั้น แต่เนื่องจากในระบบนี้เรามีความจำเป็นในการประกาศธุรกรรมทั้งหมดต่อสาธารณะ ทำให้ไม่สามารถใช้วิธีนี้ได้ แต่ยังจำเป็นต้องคงความเป็นส่วนตัวไว้ โดยการแบ่งการไหลของข้อมูล ด้วยการไม่เปิดเผยตัวตนของเจ้าของ public key คนทั่วไปสามารถเห็นว่ามีคนกำลังส่งเงินจำนวนหนึ่งให้กับคนอื่น แต่จะไม่ทราบข้อมูลที่เชื่อมโยงธุรกรรมนั้นกับบุคคลใด ๆ ซึ่งคล้ายกับระดับข้อมูลที่เปิดเผยโดยตลาดหลักทรัพย์ ซึ่งมีการเปิดเผยเวลาและขนาดของการซื้อขายแต่ละครั้งต่อสาธารณะ แต่ไม่ได้ระบุว่าคู่สัญญาคือใคร https://image.nostr.build/6ec3c84c7878dbd4558d2045518384daf5a341e86f4194cf367cc8426c2d72a7.png เพื่อเสริมในเรื่องของความปลอดภัย ควรใช้ key pair ใหม่สำหรับการทำธุรกรรมในแต่ละครั้ง เพื่อป้องกันไม่ให้เชื่อมโยงกับเจ้าของคนเดียวกันได้ อย่างไรก็ตาม การเชื่อมโยงบางอย่างยังคงหลีกเลี่ยงไม่ได้ ในธุรกรรมที่มี input หลายรายการ ซึ่งจำเป็นต้องเปิดเผยว่า input เหล่านั้นเป็นของเจ้าของคนเดียวกัน ความเสี่ยงก็คือ หากมีการเปิดเผยตัวตนของเจ้าของคีย์ การเชื่อมโยงอาจเปิดเผยธุรกรรมอื่น ๆ ที่เป็นของเจ้าของรายเดียวกันได้ 11.การคำนวณ(Calculations) ---- หากลองพิจารณาสถานการณ์ที่ผู้โจมตีพยายามสร้าง chain ปลอมให้เร็วกว่า chain จริง แม้ว่าจะทำได้สำเร็จ แต่มันก็ไม่สามารถทำให้ระบบเปิดรับการเปลี่ยนแปลงตามอำเภอใจได้อยู่ดี เช่น การสร้างมูลค่าจากอากาศธาตุ หรือการรับเงินที่ไม่เคยเป็นของผู้โจมตีมาก่อน Node ต่าง ๆ จะไม่ยอมรับธุรกรรมที่ไม่ถูกต้องเป็นการชำระเงิน และ Node ที่สุจริตก็จะไม่ยอมรับบล็อกที่มีธุรกรรมเหล่านั้นอย่างแน่นอน ผู้โจมตีทำได้เพียงพยายามเปลี่ยนแปลงธุรกรรมของตนเอง เพื่อนำเงินที่ใช้ไปแล้วกลับคืนมาเท่านั้น การแข่งขันระหว่าง chain สุจริตกับ chain ของผู้โจมตี สามารถอธิบายได้ด้วยแบบจำลองการเดินสุ่มทวินาม (Binomial Random Walk) โดยเหตุการณ์ที่สำเร็จ หมายถึง chain ที่สุจริตถูกขยายออกไปอีกหนึ่งบล็อก เพิ่มความยาวนำหน้าไป +1 และเหตุการณ์ที่ล้มเหลว หมายถึง chain ของผู้โจมตีถูกขยายออกไปหนึ่งบล็อก ลดช่องว่างลง -1 ความน่าจะเป็นที่ผู้โจมตีจะไล่ตามทันจากช่องว่างที่กำหนด สามารถเปรียบเทียบด้วย Gambler's Ruin problem โดยสมมติว่านักพนันที่มีเครดิตไม่จำกัด เริ่มต้นด้วยการขาดทุน และเล่นพนันไปเรื่อย ๆ เพื่อให้ถึงจุดคุ้มทุน เราสามารถคำนวณความน่าจะเป็นที่เขาจะกลับมาถึงจุดคุ้มทุนได้ หรือความน่าจะเป็นที่ผู้โจมตีจะไล่ทัน chain ที่สุจริตได้ ดังนี้ [8]: p = ความน่าจะเป็นที่ Node ที่สุจริตจะพบบล็อกถัดไป q = ความน่าจะเป็นที่ผู้โจมตีจะพบบล็อกถัดไป qz = ความน่าจะเป็นที่ผู้โจมตีจะไล่ทัน จากที่ตามหลังอยู่ z บล็อก https://i.imgur.com/vePe255.png จากสมมติฐานที่ว่า p > q ความน่าจะเป็นจะลดลงแบบเอกซ์โพเนนเชียล เมื่อจำนวนบล็อกที่ผู้โจมตีต้องไล่ตามทันเพิ่มขึ้น หากเขาไม่สามารถพุ่งขึ้นนำได้อย่างรวดเร็วตั้งแต่แรก โอกาสของเขาก็จะลดลงจนน้อยมาก ๆ เมื่อเขาตามหลังมากขึ้นเรื่อย ๆ ทีนี้ลองพิจารณาว่า ผู้รับธุรกรรมใหม่ต้องรอเป็นเวลานานเท่าใด จึงจะแน่ใจได้ว่าผู้ส่งไม่สามารถเปลี่ยนแปลงธุรกรรมได้แล้ว เราสมมติว่าผู้ส่งเป็นผู้โจมตี ที่ต้องการให้ผู้รับเชื่อว่าเขาได้รับเงินไปแล้ว จากนั้นจึงเปลี่ยนให้เงินกลับเข้าหาตัวเองหลังจากเวลาผ่านไประยะหนึ่ง ผู้รับจะได้รับแจ้งเมื่อเกิดเหตุการณ์นี้ขึ้น แต่ผู้ส่งหวังว่ามันจะสายเกินไปแล้ว ผู้รับจะสร้างคู่กุญแจใหม่ และให้กุญแจสาธารณะแก่ผู้ส่งไม่นานก่อนที่จะลงนาม ซึ่งจะป้องกันไม่ให้ผู้ส่งเตรียมบล็อกเชนปลอมไว้ล่วงหน้า โดยการทำงานอย่างต่อเนื่องจนกว่าเขาจะมีโอกาสได้บล็อกที่ยาวพอ จากนั้นจึงดำเนินธุรกรรมในทันที เมื่อส่งธุรกรรมแล้ว ผู้ส่งที่ไม่สุจริตจะเริ่มทำงานอย่างลับ ๆ บนบล็อกเชนคู่ขนาน ที่มีธุรกรรมในเวอร์ชันของเขาเองอยู่ ผู้รับจะรอจนกว่าธุรกรรมจะถูกเพิ่มลงในบล็อก และมีบล็อกที่ถูกเชื่อมต่อตามหลังมาอีก z บล็อก เขาไม่ทราบจำนวนความคืบหน้าที่แน่นอนที่ผู้โจมตีได้ทำไปแล้ว แต่สมมติว่าบล็อกที่สุจริตใช้เวลาเฉลี่ยต่อบล็อกตามที่คาดไว้ ความคืบหน้าที่อาจเกิดขึ้นได้ของผู้โจมตีจะเป็นการแจกแจงแบบปัวซง (Poisson distribution) ซึ่งมีค่าคาดหวังดังนี้: https://i.imgur.com/mYsb48i.png เพื่อให้ได้ความน่าจะเป็นที่ผู้โจมตียังคงสามารถไล่ทันได้ เราจะคูณความหนาแน่นของปัวซง สำหรับความคืบหน้าแต่ละระดับที่เขาสามารถทำได้ ด้วยความน่าจะเป็นที่เขาสามารถไล่ทันจากจุดนั้น: https://i.imgur.com/jQGkQ8r.png จัดเรียงใหม่เพื่อหลีกเลี่ยง infinite tail ของการแจกแจง https://i.imgur.com/OOO6Gm9.png แปลงมันให้เป็น C code #include <math.h> double AttackerSuccessProbability(double q, int z) { double p = 1.0 - q; double lambda = z * (q / p); double sum = 1.0; int i, k; for (k = 0; k <= z; k++) { double poisson = exp(-lambda); for (i = 1; i <= k; i++) poisson *= lambda / i; sum -= poisson * (1 - pow(q / p, z - k)); } return sum; } เมื่อรันผลลัพธ์บางส่วน เราจะเห็นว่าความน่าจะเป็นลดลงแบบเอกซ์โพเนนเชียลเมื่อ z เพิ่มขึ้น q=0.1 z=0 P=1.0000000 z=1 P=0.2045873 z=2 P=0.0509779 z=3 P=0.0131722 z=4 P=0.0034552 z=5 P=0.0009137 z=6 P=0.0002428 z=7 P=0.0000647 z=8 P=0.0000173 z=9 P=0.0000046 z=10 P=0.0000012 q=0.3 z=0 P=1.0000000 z=5 P=0.1773523 z=10 P=0.0416605 z=15 P=0.0101008 z=20 P=0.0024804 z=25 P=0.0006132 z=30 P=0.0001522 z=35 P=0.0000379 z=40 P=0.0000095 z=45 P=0.0000024 z=50 P=0.0000006 การแก้หาค่า P ที่น้อยกว่า 0.1%... P < 0.001 q=0.10 z=5 q=0.15 z=8 q=0.20 z=11 q=0.25 z=15 q=0.30 z=24 q=0.35 z=41 q=0.40 z=89 q=0.45 z=340 12.สรุป(Conclusion) เราได้นำเสนอระบบธุรกรรมอิเล็กทรอนิกส์ที่ไม่ต้องพึ่งพาความไว้วางใจ เริ่มต้นจากกรอบแนวคิดของเหรียญที่สร้างจากลายเซ็นดิจิทัล ซึ่งช่วยควบคุมความเป็นเจ้าของได้อย่างดีแต่ก็ยังไม่สมบูรณ์ หากปราศจากวิธีการป้องกันการใช้จ่ายซ้ำซ้อน เพื่อแก้ปัญหานี้ เราจึงเสนอเครือข่ายแบบเพียร์ทูเพียร์ที่ใช้ proof-of-work ในการบันทึกประวัติธุรกรรมสาธารณะ ซึ่งจะกลายเป็นเรื่องยากอย่างมากสำหรับผู้โจมตีที่จะเปลี่ยนแปลง หาก node ที่ซื่อสัตย์ควบคุมพลังประมวลผล CPU ส่วนใหญ่ เครือข่ายนี้มีความแข็งแกร่งในความเรียบง่ายที่ไม่มีโครงสร้างใด ๆ ที่ซับซ้อน node ต่าง ๆ ทำงานพร้อมกันโดยประสานงานกันเพียงเล็กน้อย ไม่จำเป็นต้องระบุตัวตน เนื่องจากข้อความไม่ได้ถูกส่งไปยังสถานที่ใดสถานที่หนึ่งโดยเฉพาะ และเพียงแค่ต้องส่งมอบให้ถึงมือผู้รับอย่างดีที่สุด node สามารถออกจากและเข้าร่วมเครือข่ายได้ตามต้องการ โดยยอมรับ chain ที่มี proof-of-work มากที่สุดเป็นสิ่งที่เกิดขึ้นในขณะที่ไม่ได้เชื่อมต่อ พวกเขาโหวตด้วยพลังประมวลผล CPU แสดงการยอมรับบล็อกที่ถูกต้องโดยการทำงานเพื่อขยายบล็อก และปฏิเสธบล็อกที่ไม่ถูกต้องโดยการปฏิเสธที่จะทำงานกับบล็อกเหล่านั้น กฎและแรงจูงใจใด ๆ ที่จำเป็นสามารถบังคับใช้ได้ด้วยกลไกฉันทามตินี้ ไปอ่านต่อกันเองเด้ออ --- [1] W. Dai, "b-money," http://www.weidai.com/bmoney.txt, 1998. [2] H. Massias, X.S. Avila, and J.-J. Quisquater, "Design of a secure timestamping service with minimal trust requirements," In 20th Symposium on Information Theory in the Benelux, May 1999. [3] S. Haber, W.S. Stornetta, "How to time-stamp a digital document," In Journal of Cryptology, vol 3, no 2, pages 99-111, 1991. [4] D. Bayer, S. Haber, W.S. Stornetta, "Improving the efficiency and reliability of digital time-stamping," In Sequences II: Methods in Communication, Security and Computer Science, pages 329-334, 1993. [5] S. Haber, W.S. Stornetta, "Secure names for bit-strings," In Proceedings of the 4th ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security, pages 28-35, April 1997. [6] A. Back, "Hashcash - a denial of service counter-measure," http://www.hashcash.org/papers/hashcash.pdf, 2002. [7] R.C. Merkle, "Protocols for public key cryptosystems," In Proc. 1980 Symposium on Security and Privacy, IEEE Computer Society, pages 122-133, April 1980. [8] W. Feller, "An introduction to probability theory and its applications," 1957.

@ 79008e78:dfac9395

Nostr: โปรโตคอลทางเลือกใหม่สำหรับโซเชียลมีเดียที่เป็นอิสระ ปลอดภัย และไร้การควบคุม --- Nostr คือโปรโตคอลแบบเปิดที่เรียบง่าย ซึ่งช่วยให้สามารถสร้างโซเชียลมีเดียระดับโลกที่กระจายอำนาจและป้องกันการเซ็นเซอร์ได้ จากที่กล่าวข้างต้น เราสามารถพูดได้ว่า Nostr นั้นถูกออกแบบมาให้ใช้งานง่าย โดยมีเป้าหมายหลัก ๆ เพื่อสร้างเครือข่ายโซเชียลระดับโลกที่ปราศจากการเซ็นเซอร์ แล้วทำไมมันถึงทำอย่างนั้นได้? ในจุดนี้เราก็ต้องมาเจาะดูคุณสมบัติหลัก ๆ ของโปรโตคอลที่เรียกว่า Nostr กันก่อน: **เรียบง่าย** - โปรโตคอลนี้ใช้โครงสร้างข้อมูลแบบ Event Object ที่เรียบง่ายและยืดหยุ่น (ซึ่งส่งเป็น JSON ธรรมดา) และใช้การเข้ารหัสแบบ Elliptic-curve มาตรฐานสำหรับคีย์และลายเซ็น - ช่องทางการสื่อสารที่รองรับเพียงอย่างเดียวคือการเชื่อมต่อ WebSockets จากไคลเอนต์ไปยังรีเลย์ - การออกแบบนี้ทำให้ง่ายต่อการพัฒนาไม่ว่าจะไคลเอนต์หรือรีเลย์ และยังช่วยส่งเสริมความหลากหลายของซอฟต์แวร์ **ยืดหยุ่น** - เนื่องจาก Nostr ไม่ได้พึ่งพาเซิร์ฟเวอร์ที่เชื่อถือได้เพียงจำนวนหยิบมือ สำหรับการเคลื่อนย้ายหรือจัดเก็บข้อมูล แต่ใช้เซิร์ฟเวอร์จำนวนมหาศาลและกระจายตัวอยู่ทั่วโลก จึงมีความยืดหยุ่นสูง และมีการกระจายศูนย์อย่างแท้จริง - โปรโตคอลนี้ถูกออกแบบมาโดยคำนึงถึงความเป็นไปได้ที่รีเลย์จะหายไป และอนุญาตให้ผู้ใช้เชื่อมต่อและเผยแพร่ข้อมูลไปยังรีเลย์จำนวนมากได้ตามต้องการ และยังสามารถเปลี่ยนแปลงได้ตลอดเวลาอีกด้วย **ตรวจสอบได้** - เนื่องจากบัญชี Nostr ใช้การเข้ารหัสแบบ PKE จึงง่ายต่อการตรวจสอบว่าข้อความถูกส่งมาจากผู้ใช้ที่ระบุจริงหรือไม่ เช่นเดียวกับ HTTP หรือ TCP-IP Nostr เป็นโปรโตคอลหรือมาตรฐานแบบเปิดที่ทุกคนสามารถนำไปสร้างต่อยอดได้ มันไม่ใช่แอปหรือบริการที่คุณจำเป็นต้องลงทะเบียน แล้วทำไมเราถึงต้องการ Nostr? --- ถึงในปัจจุบันโซเชียลมีเดียจะได้พัฒนามาเป็นช่องทางสำคัญในการไหลเวียนของข้อมูลทั่วโลก กลายเป็นช่องทางหลักในการติดต่อสื่อสาร แต่น่าเสียดายที่ระบบโซเชียลมีเดียในปัจจุบันของเรานั้นมีข้อบกพร่องมากมาย: 1. ใช้ความสนใจของคุณเพื่อขายโฆษณา 2. ใช้เทคนิคแปลกๆ เพื่อทำให้คุณเสพติด (อ้างอิงจากข้อ 1) 3. ตัดสินใจว่าจะแสดงเนื้อหาใดให้คุณเห็นโดยใช้อัลกอริทึมลับที่คุณไม่สามารถตรวจสอบหรือเปลี่ยนแปลงได้ 4. ควบคุมอย่างเต็มที่ว่าใครสามารถเข้าร่วมและใครถูกเซ็นเซอร์ 5. เต็มไปด้วยสแปมและบอท ด้วยข้อจำกัดเหล่านี้ Nostr จึงเป็นทางเลือกที่น่าสนใจในการสร้างโซเชียลมีเดียที่เป็นอิสระ ปลอดภัย และไร้การควบคุม องค์ประกอบของโปรโตคอลที่ชื่อว่า Nostr --- หลังจากได้ทำความรู้จัก Nostr กันไปแล้วเมื่อคราวก่อน คราวนี้เรามาเจาะดูองค์ประกอบของโปรโตคอลนี้กันดีกว่า **Keys ระบบบัญชีผู้ใช้และรหัสผ่านสำหรับ Nostr** - บัญชี Nostr แต่ละบัญชีจะใช้คู่กุญแจสาธารณะ/ส่วนตัว (Public/Private Key ) เปรียบเทียบง่าย ๆ คือ กุญแจสาธารณะของคุณคือชื่อผู้ใช้ และกุญแจส่วนตัวก็เป็นรหัสผ่าน แต่ว่า ก็มีข้อแตกต่างที่สำคัญอยู่ นั่นคือ กุญแจส่วนตัวของคุณนั้นจะไม่สามารถรีเซ็ตได้หากเกิดการสูญหายขึ้น คุณจะเสียบัญชีนั้นไปตลอดกาล - โดยทั่วไปแล้ว กุญแจสาธารณะจะแสดงเป็นข้อความที่ขึ้นต้นด้วย npub1 และกุญแจส่วนตัวจะขึ้นต้นด้วย nsec1 - ทั้งนี้คุณควรที่จะตรวจสอบให้แน่ใจว่าคุณได้เก็บกุญแจส่วนตัวของคุณไว้ในที่ปลอดภัย เช่น โปรแกรมจัดการรหัสผ่านอย่างเช่น Bitwarden **โปรโตคอลกับไคลเอนต์ ต่างกันอย่างไร?** Nostr เองเป็นเพียงโปรโตคอล หมายความว่า Nostr นั้นเป็นเพียงกระบวนการที่ตกลงกันไว้สำหรับการส่งข้อความผ่านอินเทอร์เน็ต (เหมือนข้อกำหนด) ซึ่งการที่คุณจะเข้าถึง Nostr (โปรโตคอล) นั้น ผู้ใช้ส่วนใหญ่จะใช้งานผ่านไคลเอนต์ ซึ่งตัวของไคลเอนต์นั้นอาจเป็นเว็บ แอปพลิเคชันเดสก์ท็อป หรือ แอปพลิเคชันมือถือ โดยไคลเอนต์สามารถดึงข้อมูลจากรีเลย์ และสร้างข้อมูลใหม่ และส่งข้อมูลนั้นไปยังรีเลย์เพื่อให้ผู้ใช้คนอื่น ๆ สามารถเรียกอ่าน ข้อมูลนั้น ๆ ได้ โดย "ข้อมูล" เพียงรูปแบบเดียวที่มีอยู่ใน Nostr คือสิ่งที่เราเรียกกันว่า event **การพิสูจน์ความเป็นเจ้าของข้อมูลบน Nostr** บน Nostr นั้นการพิสูจน์ตัวตนเป็นเรื่องที่ง่ายมากเนื่องจากทุก ๆ event ที่เกิดขึ้น **จำเป็น**ต้องมีลายเซ็นดิจิทัล (Digital Signature) โดยลายเซ็นนั้นจะช่วยให้มั่นใจได้ว่า ใครเป็นผู้สร้าง event นั้น ๆ ขึ้นมา โดยการพิสูจน์ทางคณิตศาสตร์ โดยในการสร้างลายเซ็นแต่ละครั้ง ไคลเอนต์จะจำเป็นต้องใช้กุญแจส่วนตัวของคุณ โดยทั่วไปแล้ว แอปพลิเคชันเจะมีที่ให้คุณใส่กุญแจส่วนตัวของคุณ เมื่อเปิดแอปพลิเคชันครั้งแรก พวกเขาสามารถคำนวณกุญแจสาธารณะของคุณได้จากกุญแจส่วนตัวเช่นกัน ส่วนในกรณีที่คุณใช้งานผ่านเว็บแอป ผมไม่แนะนำให้ใส่กุญแจส่วนตัวลงไป แต่แนะนำให้ใช้ส่วนขยายของเบราว์เซอร์ ที่ใช้งานฟังก์ชันที่เกี่ยวข้องกับ Nostr ซึ่งอนุญาตให้เว็บไคลเอ็นต์ส่ง event ที่ยังไม่ถูกเซ็นมาให้ส่วนขยายและส่วนขยายจะทำหน้าที่เซ็น สำหรับวิธีนี้ เว็บไคลเอ็นต์ต่าง ๆ ไม่จำเป็นต้องรู้กุญแจส่วนตัวของคุณ แต่คุณก็ยังสามารถลงนามใน event ต่าง ๆ ได้ตามปกติ โดยส่วนขยายที่ได้รับความนิยมก็จะเป็น **Flamingo**, **Alby** และ **nos2x** ไคลเอนต์ & รีเลย์ ----------- **ไคลเอนต์คืออะไร?** หากจะอธิบายให้เห็นภาพอยากให้มองว่าไคลเอ็นต์ Nostr นั้นเป็นเหมือนกับแอปที่คุณใช้งานเพื่อเข้าถึง Twitter, Facebook, youtube เป็นต้น พวกมันคือ แอปพลิเคชัน, เว็บแอป ที่เชื่อมต่อคุณกับโลกของ Twitter, Facebook, youtube โดยตัวของไคลเอนต์ใน Nostr เองก็เปรียบเสมือนแอปต่าง ๆ ที่คุณใช้ดูหน้าฟีดนั่นเอง แต่ข้อดีของ Nostr ที่เหนือแอปพลิเคชันอื่น ๆ คือความเรียบง่ายและยืดหยุ่น ส่งผลให้ไคลเอ็นต์แต่ละตัวมีวิธีนำเสนอและใช้งานที่แตกต่างกันไป บางไคลเอ็นต์อาจออกแบบให้ใช้งานง่ายเหมือน Twitter บางตัวเน้นให้เห็นบทบาทสำคัญของรีเลย์ หรือโหนดที่กระจายข้อมูลอยู่ทั่วโลก บางตัวใช้ระบบอัลกอริทึมเพื่อให้แน่ใจว่าข้อมูลไม่ถูกปิดกั้น โดยไม่ทำให้ผู้ใช้งานรู้สึกยุ่งยาก **เรียบง่ายและยืดหยุ่น?** เนื่องจากการออกแบบของโปรโตคอลที่ทำการแยกข้อมูลของผู้ใช้ทั้งหมดออกจากไคลเอนต์ ทำให้ตัวของผู้ใช้งานเองนั้นมีอิสระเต็มที่ที่จะเลือกใช้ไคลเอนต์ต่าง ๆ เพื่อเข้าใช้งาน Nostr และแน่นอนว่า ผู้ใช้งานสามารถสลับหรือลงชื่อเข้าใช้ ไคลเอ็นต์ได้หลายตัวตามต้องการ ตราบใดที่ไคลเอ็นต์ทั้งหมดเชื่อมต่อกับชุดรีเลย์เดียวกัน คุณก็จะเห็นข้อมูลเดียวกันในทุก ๆ ไคลเอ็นต์ **ลงชื่อเข้าใช้ ไคลเอ็นต์หลาย ๆ ตัวแล้วจะกระทบต่อความปลอดภัยของแอคเคาร์ไหม?** คำตอบของคำถามนี้นั้นขึ้นอยู่กับวิธีการที่คุณลงชื่อเข้าใช้ หากคุณลงชื่อเข้าใช้ด้วยกุญแจส่วนตัว ถึงแม้ว่าไคลเอ็นต์ส่วนใหญ่จะพยายามรักษาความปลอดภัยของกุญแจส่วนตัวอย่างดีที่สุด แต่ด้วยข้อจำกัดของซอฟต์แวร์ ย่อมมีความเสี่ยงที่จะเกิดช่องโหว่ การเจาะระบบ และข้อผิดพลาด ที่อาจทำให้กุญแจส่วนตัวของคุณรั่วไหลออกไปได้ ส่วนวิธีการป้องกันเกี่ยวกับเรื่องนี้คือการใช้ส่วนขยายของเว็บเบราว์เซอร์ เพราะการเข้าสู่ระบบในไคลเอนต์ต่าง ๆ ผ่านส่วนขยายนั้นจะใช้เพียงกุญแจสาธารณะในการเข้าสู่ระบบและทุกครั้งที่เราต้องการจะโพสต์หรือสร้าง event บน Nostr ไคลเอนต์จะทำการร่าง event นั้น ๆ และเว้นช่องของลายเซ็นเอาไว้จากนั้นเราจะต้องทำการเซ็นผ่านส่วนขยาย ด้วยวิธีนี้ทำให้กุญแจส่วนตัวของเราไม่หลุดออกไปไหนตลอดการใช้งาน **รีเลย์คืออะไร?** รีเลย์เปรียบเสมือนเซิร์ฟเวอร์ที่อยู่เบื้องหลังของ Nostr และทำหน้าที่รับ event ต่าง ๆ มาจากไคลเอนต์ Nostr และอาจจะจัดเก็บและกระจายข้อความเหล่านั้นไปยังไคลเอนต์อื่น ๆ ที่มีการเชื่อมต่ออยู่ เทคโนโลยีของรีเลย์นั้นเปลี่ยนแปลงอย่างรวดเร็ว ดังนั้นคาดว่าจะมีการเปลี่ยนแปลงอีกมากมายในอนาคต อย่างในปัจจุบันที่มีการนำเสนอ bostr หรือ รีเลย์ที่จะคอยส่ง event ของเราต่อให้กับรีเลย์อื่น ๆ ที่มีการเชื่อมต่อ เพื่อช่วยลดภาระของไคลเอนต์ในการรับส่งข้อมูลจากหลาย ๆ รีเลย์พร้อม ๆ กัน หรืออย่างการป้องกันสแปมด้วย POW หรือประเภทที่สามารถเก็บรูปหรือวิดีโอที่มีขนาดใหญ่ได้ แต่สิ่งหนึ่งที่ควรทราบก็คือ การที่ Nostr นั้นพยายามจะกระจายศูนย์และเหตุผลหลัก ๆ ที่สามารถทำแบบนั้นได้ก็ขึ้นอยู่กับรีเลย์ในการจัดเก็บและดึงข้อมูล ดังนั้น หากคุณรู้สึกว่าไคลเอนต์ Nostr ของคุณทำงานช้า ส่วนใหญ่ก็มักเกิดจากรีเลย์ที่คุณกำลังเชื่อมต่ออยู่ คุณอาจลองแก้ไขปัญญาโดยการเปลี่ยนหรือเพิ่มรีเลย์อีกสองสามรายการในไคลเอนต์ที่คุณใช้ **แล้วจะสามารถหารายการรีเลย์ได้จากไหน?** การที่เราจะหารายการรีเลย์ที่เราควรเชื่อมต่อนั้น ๆ จริงแล้ว ๆ สามารถทำได้หลายวิธี แต่วิธีที่ผมแนะนำที่สุดจะเป็นการใช้ตามคนที่เราติดตามอยู่ เพราะจะเป็นวิธีที่เราสามารถเห็น event ต่าง ๆ ของคนที่เราติดตามได้ง่ายที่สุด และเช่นเดียวกัน เพื่อน ๆ หรือคนที่เราติดตามก็จะสามารถเห็น event ของเราได้เช่นกัน และสำหรับในประเทศไทย เรามีรีเลย์ที่คนไทยส่วนใหญ่นิยมใช้กันอยู่สองอัน นั้นคือ wss://relay.siamstr.com/ และ wss://relay.notoshi.win/ ถ้าหากว่าอยากเห็นคนไทยเยอะ ๆ บนหน้าไทม์ไลน์ ผมแนะนำเป็นอย่างยิ่งว่าควรเพิ่ม รายการรีเลย์เหล่านี้ลงไปในบัชญีหรือไคลเอนต์ต่าง ๆ ที่คุณใช้ด้วย สำหรับอีกวิธีหนึ่งผมแนะนำให้เข้าไปในเว็บไซต์ nostr.watch เนื่องจากในเว็บไซต์นี้เป็นแหล่งข้อมูลที่ดีที่สุดสำหรับการค้นหาและประเมินความเร็วของรีเลย์ต่าง ๆ **จะเกิดอะไรขึ้นถ้ารีเลย์ทั้งหมดที่ฉันเชื่อมต่ออยู่หยุดให้บริการ?** สิ่งนี้เป็นสิ่งที่คุณต้องระวังมากที่สุดในการใช้งาน nostr เนื่องจากหากรีเลย์ทั้งหมดที่คุณเก็บข้อมูลไว้หยุดให้บริการทั้งหมดและคุณไม่มีการสำรองข้อมูล event ของคุณเก็บไว้เลย มันแปลว่าโพสต์ทั้งหมดของคุณ ผู้ติดตาม และรายการต่าง ๆ ที่คุณสรรค์สร้างไว้จะไม่สามารถกู้คืนได้ไปตลอดการ นี่จึงเป็นเหตุผลหลัก ๆ ที่ Nostr อนุญาตให้ผู้ใช้งานนั้นสามารถเชื่อมต่อกับรีเลย์ได้เป็นจำนวนมาก ก็เพื่อให้แน่ใจว่ามีข้อมูลสำรองเก็บไว้อยู่ที่ใดที่หนึ่งในระบบเสมอ แต่อย่างไรก็ตาม หากคุณต้องการที่จะมั่นใจได้ว่าข้อมูลต่าง ๆ ของคุณจะไม่ถูกเซ็นเซอร์ สิ่งที่คุณสามารถสามารถทำได้คือการใช้รีเลย์ส่วนตัวของคุณและกำหนดนโยบายต่าง ๆ ภายในรีเลย์ของคุณด้วยตัวคุณเอง **แล้วฉันจะสามารถใช้รีเลย์ส่วนตัวได้อย่างไร?** **อะแฮ่ม ๆ** ขอบอกไว้ก่อนว่ามันไม่คุ้มค่ากับความยุ่งยากสำหรับคนโดยทั่ว ๆ ไป ถึงในปัจจุบันจะมีเทคโนโลยีบางตัวที่เข้ามาช่วยให้มันทำได้ง่ายขึ้นแล้วก็ตาม หากคุณต้องการที่จะสำรองข้อมูลนั้น การที่จะมีรีเลย์ส่วนตัวที่ออนไลน์ตลอดเวลาอาจเป็นเรื่องที่ไม่ได้จำเป็นขนาดนั้น เนื่องจากเราสามารถใช้งานบริการอย่าง https://nostrsync.live/ ในการดาวน์โหลดข้อมูลของเราจากรีเลย์ต่าง ๆ ได้ หรือการติดตั้งรีเลย์ส่วนตัวอย่าง nostr-relay-tray: https://github.com/CodyTseng/nostr-relay-tray ที่ช่วยให้เราสามารถมีรีเลย์ส่วนตัวที่ใช้สำหรับสำรองข้อมูลได้ Nostr Implementation Possibilities (NIPs) NIP คืออะไร? --- NIP มีไว้เพื่อส่งเสริมความสามารถในการทำงานของ Nostr และเป็นตัวคอยกำหนดให้ เหล่านักพัฒนาทำสิ่งต่าง ๆ ที่เหมือนกันในรูปแบบเดียวกัน เพราะมันคงไม่ใช่ความคิดที่ดีนัก หากนักพัฒนาแต่ละคนจะคิดค้นวิธีแก้ปัญหาทั่วไปของตัวเองและนำไปใช้ในแอปของตัวเองเท่านั้น และคงจะเป็นการดีกว่า ถ้าหากทุกคนใช้วิธีแก้ปัญหาที่เหมือนกัน นั่นคือเหตุผลที่ต้องมี NIP อยู่ในโปรโตคอลของ Nostr และในทำนองเดียวกัน แนวคิดใหม่อาจดูดีในแอปของนักพัฒนาบางราย แต่จะดูดียิ่งขึ้นอย่างแน่นอนหากแอปอื่น ๆ อีกมากมายใช้มาตรฐานเดียวกันและสามารถทำงานร่วมกันได้อย่างราบรื่น **ทำไมมันถึงหน้าสนใจ?** อย่าลืมว่า Nostr เป็นระบบแบบกระจายอำนาจและไม่ได้มีบริษัทหรือใครที่เป็นเจ้าของมัน อย่างเช่นโซเชียลมีเดียอื่น ๆ เช่น ทวิตเตอร์ อ่อไม่สิตอนนี้คงต้องเรียกมันว่า X สินะ ซึ่งหมายความว่าทิศทางของโพรโทคอล Nostr นั้นขึ้นอยู่กับพวกเราทุกคน! ไม่ว่าใคร ๆ ก็สามารถเสนอแนะและสนับสนุนการเปลี่ยนแปลงและให้ข้อเสนอแนะเกี่ยวกับแนวคิดที่ผู้อื่นเสนอ และการที่คุณเป็นส่วนหนึ่งของชุมชนนี้ ก็ทำให้คุณมีส่วนร่วมในทิศทางของ Nostr อีกด้วย จากที่ส่งหากันได้แค่ข้อความ มาเป็นรูปภาพ มาเป็นวิดีโอ และมาเป็น”เงิน” นี่คือเส้นทางการเดินทางของโปรโตคอลนี้ในอดีต แล้วในอนาคตมันจะพัฒนาไปยังไงต่อก็ขึ้นอยู่กับเหล่าผู้ใช้งานและนักพัฒนาในอนาคต แล้วทำไมสิ่งนี้ถึงจะไม่น่าสนใจละ ? Event --- **Event คืออะไร?** Event เป็น object เพียงประเภทเดียวที่มีอยู่บน Nostr โดยมีโครงสร้างประมาณนี้ ``` {"id":"84d5d3dc9c388a702f39cad6360d41ebb804e809fb822f110ff8a14dfd35fc6c", "pubkey":"66df60562d939ada8612436489945a4ecf1d62346b3d9478dea8a338f3203c64", "created_at":1722315959, "kind":1, "tags":[["t","siamstr"]], "content":"ไปสั่งกาแฟเมื่อกี้ พส เจ้าของร้านชมว่าเดี๋ยวนี้คล่องภาษาญี่ปุ่นแล้วนะ ไอเราก็ดีใจ พอเดินกลับถึงที่ทำงานละก็ตระหนักได้ว่า ตะกี้เราสั่ง “ไอซ์โคฮี โอเนไงชิมัส” “เทคเอาส์” “คาโดะเดสส” ไอบ้าไหนญี่ปุ่นก่อนอังกฤษทั้งนั้น 🤣🤣\n\n#siamstr", "sig":"8f066a0099a5f580b605ebdb220179c4eca298947c38b855a0a8bf2783f28ddb537cb74a7f61d3ce8891189f719870efdf320ea4f895e03cdac44284c450c5c4"} ``` อย่าง Event ข้างต้นนี้มี kind เป็น 1 ซึ่งหมายถึง "ข้อความโน้ต" ซึ่งก็คือข้อความธรรมดา สั้น ๆ คล้ายกับที่ใช้กันใน Twitter เช่น บนฟีด การตอบกลับ และการโควท **ประเภทของ Event (Event Kinds)** หมายเลขของ kind แต่ละตัวมีความหมายแตกต่างกัน ตัวอย่างเช่น 0 หมายถึงอีเวนต์ "ข้อมูลเมตา" ใช้สำหรับให้รายละเอียดเกี่ยวกับผู้ใช้ เช่น ชื่อและรูปโปรไฟล์ รีเลย์ (Relays) สามารถจัดการกับ kind ที่แตกต่างกันได้ เช่น รีเลย์มักจะลบอีเวนต์ kind:0 เวอร์ชันเก่ากว่าออกไป และเก็บไว้เฉพาะเวอร์ชันล่าสุด ในขณะที่โดยทั่วไปจะเก็บอีเวนต์ kind:1 ไว้หลายรายการสำหรับแต่ละคีย์ โดยทั่วไปแล้ว คุณไม่จำเป็นต้องใช้ kind เกินกว่า 0 และ 1 ในการสร้างแอปพลิเคชันโซเชียลมีเดียบน Nostr แต่ kind อื่น ๆ ถูกคิดค้นขึ้นโดยไคลเอนต์ เพื่อมอบฟังก์ชันการทำงานอื่น ๆ ตามที่ระบุไว้ใน NIP บาง kind ไม่เกี่ยวข้องกับเครือข่าย และให้บริการตามความต้องการอื่น ๆ ของไคลเอนต์ที่เฉพาะเจาะจงกับฟังก์ชันการทำงานเหล่านั้น ซึ่งแนวคิดก็คือ สำหรับกรณีการใช้งานใหม่ ๆ แต่ละกรณี จะต้องมีการพิจารณาและเสนอซับโปรโตคอลเป็น NIP เพื่อให้สามารถทำงานร่วมกับไคลเอนต์ที่มีอยู่และในอนาคต ซึ่งอาจสนใจที่จะนำฟังก์ชันการทำงานนั้นไปใช้ ขณะเดียวกันก็มั่นใจได้ถึงความเข้ากันได้ย้อนหลัง และการรองรับสิ่งต่าง ๆ ที่มีอยู่และไม่ต้องการเปลี่ยนแปลง **คุณสมบัติอื่น ๆ ของ Event** created_at: เป็น Timestamp ของ UNIX ที่กำหนดโดยผู้สร้างอีเวนต์ โดยปกติจะเป็นเวลาที่สร้าง แม้ว่าจะไม่มีการตรวจสอบ แต่ก็ไม่ใช่ปัญหา content: ขึ้นอยู่กับความหมายของ kind ในกรณีของ kind:1 จะเป็นเพียงสตริงข้อความธรรมดาที่คนอื่น ๆ อ่านได้ tags: ขึ้นอยู่กับ kind เช่นกัน แต่แท็กทั่วไปบางอย่างที่มักปรากฏใน event kind:1 และ kind อื่น ๆ คือ "p" ซึ่งใช้เพื่อกล่าวถึงกุญแจสาธารณะ และ "e" ใช้เพื่ออ้างถึง event อื่น อยากมีส่วนร่วมในการพัฒนาของ Nostr ? --- จริง ๆ แล้วใคร ๆ ก็สามารถเข้ามามีส่วนร่วมในการพัฒนา Nostr ได้ ไม่จำเป็นต้องเป็น dev หรือมีความรู้ด้านคอมพิวเตอร์ก็สามารถทำได้ ไม่ว่าจะเป็นการให้ feedback กับ dev ของ client ที่คุณใช้, การสร้างคอนเทนต์ต่าง ๆ บน Nostr การสร้างชุมชน รวมไปถึงการช่วย client ต่าง ๆ ในการทำ UI ให้เป็นภาษาท้องถิ่น และอื่น ๆ อีกมากมาย ใคร ๆ ก็สามารถช่วยได้ตามความสามารถที่แต่ละคนมี มันเลยทำให้ Nostr โครตน่าอยู่ :)

@ d830ee7b:4e61cd62

บิตคอยน์ไม่ใช่แค่เงินดิจิทัล มันคือสมรภูมิแห่งความคิด การต่อสู้ระหว่างอุดมการณ์และเกมเศรษฐศาสตร์ที่ทุกคนมีสิทธิ์เข้าร่วม เรื่องราวของบิตคอยน์เริ่มต้นขึ้นในปี 2008 เมื่อ Satoshi Nakamoto บุคคลลึกลับปล่อย "Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System" เอกสารนี้ไม่ได้แค่เสนอระบบการเงินแบบใหม่ แต่ยังเป็นการท้าทายระบบเดิมที่ควบคุมโดยธนาคารและรัฐบาล ลองนึกภาพกลุ่มเพื่อนที่อยากเจอกัน แต่ไม่รู้จะไปร้านไหนดี นี่แหละคือปัญหา "Consensus" หรือ ภาวะเห็นพ้องต้องกัน บิตคอยน์แก้ปัญหานี้ด้วย "Blockchain" เหมือนสมุดบัญชีสาธารณะที่บันทึกทุกธุรกรรม ใครๆ ก็เข้าถึงได้ แต่การแก้ไขต้องใช้ "Proof of Work" หรือ การแก้โจทย์ยากๆ ที่ต้องใช้พลังงานมหาศาล เปรียบเหมือนการขุดหาเพชร ใครขุดเจอคนแรกก็ได้รางวัลไป บิตคอยน์ก็ใช้หลักการคล้ายๆ กัน ใครมีพลังประมวลผลมากก็มีโอกาสปิดบล็อกได้ก่อน แต่เหรียญก็มักจะมีสองด้านเสมอ.. ระบบนี้เปิดโอกาสให้เกิด **"Strategic Mining" หรือ การใช้กลยุทธ์ต่างๆ เพื่อโกยผลประโยชน์** มันเหมือนเกมเศรษฐศาสตร์ที่ทุกคนต่างแข่งขันกัน ใครมีกลยุทธ์ดีกว่าก็ได้เปรียบ แล้วอะไรล่ะที่ป้องกันไม่ให้บิคอยน์ถูกควบคุม? หนึ่งในแนวคิดคือ "Market Fragility Hypothesis" ที่เชื่อว่าหากเกิดการควบคุมระบบบิตคอยน์ ราคาของบิตคอยน์จะร่วงลงอย่างรุนแรง ทำให้ผู้ที่พยายามจะควบคุมก็ต้องเสียหายไปด้วย อีกแนวคิดคือ "Repeated Games and Institutional Norms" ที่มองว่าการทำตัวดีเป็นผลดีต่อทุกคนในระยะยาว ใครทำตัวไม่ดีก็อาจถูกลงโทษ เช่น การไม่ยอมรับธุรกรรมที่น่าสงสัย แต่การลงโทษก็มีปัญหา เพราะต้องอาศัยความร่วมมือจากผู้เล่นส่วนใหญ่ ซึ่งในโลกแห่งบิตคอยน์ที่ไร้ศูนย์กลาง การประสานงานจริงๆ นั้นทำได้ยาก บิตคอยน์ยังเผชิญความท้าทายอีกมากมาย เช่น การลดลงของรางวัลขุด (Block Subsidy) ที่อาจกระทบต่อความปลอดภัย หรือการต่อสู้กับการเซ็นเซอร์ธุรกรรม (Censorship Attack) อนาคตของบิตคอยฯ์จะเป็นอย่างไร? บางคนเชื่อว่าบิตคอยน์จะกลายเป็นสกุลเงินหลักของโลก (Hyperbitcoinization) แต่บางคนก็มองว่าความผันผวนของราคาและความเสี่ยงจากการถูกเข้าควบคุมจะเป็นอุปสรรคที่สำคัญ ไม่ว่าอนาคตจะเป็นเช่นไร.. บิตคอยน์ได้จุดประกายการปฏิวัติทางเศรษฐกิจครั้งใหญ่ ใครๆ ก็สามารถเข้าร่วมเกมนี้ได้ แต่การจะชนะต้องอาศัยความเข้าใจในกฎกติกาและกลยุทธ์ที่เหนือชั้น บทความนี้จึงได้เรียบเรียงเนื้อหาที่น่าสนใจมาจากใน **หนังสือ "Bitcoin: A Game-Theoretic Analysis"** ซึ่งเล่าเรื่องราวของบิตคอยน์ผ่านมุมมองของทฤษฎีเกมมาแบ่งปัน ซึ่งจะช่วยให้ผู้อ่านเข้าใจกลไกและความท้าทายของบิตคอยน์อย่างครอบคลุม อ่านสนุก และน่าติดตามมากขึ้น # Dominant Strategy ไพ่ตายที่ (แทบ) ไม่มีอยู่จริงในสมรภูมิบิตคอยน์ ในโลกของเกมและเศรษฐศาสตร์ **“Dominant Strategy” คือกลยุทธ์มหัศจรรย์ที่ทำให้ผู้เล่นได้เปรียบ** ไม่ว่าคู่แข่งจะงัดไม้ไหนมาสู้ก็ตาม ยกตัวอย่าง "Prisoner's Dilemma" เกมคลาสสิคที่ผู้ต้องหาสองคนต้องเลือกว่าจะร่วมมือ (ไม่ซัดทอดเพื่อน) หรือหักหลัง (ซัดทอดเพื่อน) ถ้าทั้งคู่ร่วมมือจะได้รับโทษเบาๆ ด้วยกัน แต่ถ้าคนหนึ่งหักหลัง อีกคนร่วมมือ คนหักหลังจะได้รางวัล คนร่วมมือจะโดนโทษหนัก และถ้าทั้งคู่หักหลัง จะโดนโทษหนักด้วยกันทั้งคู่ จะเห็นว่าการหักหลัง คือ Dominant Strategy เพราะไม่ว่าเพื่อนจะเลือกอะไร การหักหลังจะทำให้เราได้ผลลัพธ์ดีกว่าเสมอ (ไม่โดนโทษหนัก หรือได้รางวัล) แต่ในสมรภูมิ Bitcoin กลยุทธ์แบบไพ่ตายแทบไม่มีอยู่จริง เพราะการกระทำของนักขุดแต่ละคนล้วนส่งผลกระทบต่อคนอื่นๆ เสมอ ลองนึกภาพนักขุดจอมเจ้าเล่ห์ที่พยายามโกงระบบ เช่น - **Selfish Mining:** แอบขุดบล็อกไว้คนเดียว หวังจะฮุบรางวัลบล็อกทั้งหมด - **Block Withholding:** กั๊กบล็อกที่ขุดได้ บีบให้คนอื่นจ่ายค่าธรรมเนียมแพงๆ - **Censorship Attack:** ควบคุมเครือข่ายเพื่อบล็อกธุรกรรมบางอย่าง กลยุทธ์เหล่านี้อาจดูเหมือนไพ่ตายในแวบแรก แต่ความจริงแล้วมันขึ้นอยู่กับปฏิกิริยาของนักขุดคนอื่นๆ ด้วย เพราะถ้าคนอื่นๆ รู้ทันแผนการร้าย และเลือกที่จะลงโทษนักขุดจอมเจ้าเล่ห์ เช่น ไม่ยอมรับบล็อกที่ขุดได้ หรือหันไปใช้บริการแพลตฟอร์มอื่น นักขุดจอมเจ้าเล่ห์ก็จะขาดทุน ยิ่งไปกว่านั้น.. กลยุทธ์เหล่านี้มักจะทำลายความเชื่อมั่นในบิตคอยน์ (Market Fragility Hypothesis) ทำให้ราคาบิตคอยน์ร่วงลง นักขุดจอมเจ้าเล่ห์ก็จะเสียหายตามไปด้วย ดังนั้น.. ในบิตคอยน์จึงไม่มีกลยุทธ์ใดที่รับประกันความสำเร็จ 100% ทุกการกระทำล้วนมีความเสี่ยง และขึ้นอยู่กับการตัดสินใจของนักขุดคนอื่นๆ นี่คือเสน่ห์ของบิตคอยน์ที่ทำให้มันเป็นระบบที่มีพลวัต ซับซ้อน และท้าทาย ไม่มีใครสามารถควบคุมเกมได้อย่างสมบูรณ์ และทุกคนต้องเล่นอย่างชาญฉลาดเพื่อให้ได้ผลลัพธ์ที่ดีที่สุด.. # Nash Equilibrium สมดุลอันเปราะบางบนเส้นด้ายแห่งความไว้วางใจใน Bitcoin **"Nash Equilibrium"** เป็นแนวคิดสำคัญในทฤษฎีเกม อธิบายภาวะสมดุลที่เกิดขึ้นเมื่อผู้เล่นแต่ละคนเลือกกลยุทธ์ที่ดีที่สุดสำหรับตัวเอง โดยพิจารณาจากกลยุทธ์ของผู้เล่นคนอื่นๆ ณ จุดสมดุลนี้ ไม่มีใครอยากเปลี่ยนกลยุทธ์ เพราะรู้ว่าการเปลี่ยนจะทำให้ตัวเองเสียเปรียบ ยกตัวอย่างเกม **"Splitting $4"** ที่ผู้เล่นสองคนต้องเขียนตัวเลข ($1, $2, $3) หากผลรวมไม่เกิน $4 ทั้งคู่จะได้รับเงินตามที่เขียน แต่ถ้าเกิน $4 ทั้งคู่จะไม่ได้อะไรเลย Nash Equilibrium ของเกมนี้คือการที่ทั้งคู่เขียน $2 เพราะไม่ว่าใครจะเปลี่ยนตัวเลข คนที่ไม่เปลี่ยนจะได้เปรียบกว่าเสมอ ถ้าคนหนึ่งเขียน $3 อีกคนเขียน $2 คนเขียน $2 จะได้ $2 ส่วนคนเขียน $3 จะไม่ได้อะไรเลย ถ้าคนหนึ่งเขียน $1 อีกคนเขียน $2 คนเขียน $2 จะได้ $2 ส่วนคนเขียน $1 จะได้แค่ $1 ในบิตคอยน์ก็มี Nash Equilibrium เช่นเดียวกัน หนึ่งในนั้นคือการที่นักขุดส่วนใหญ่เลือก "Default Compliant" หรือ การทำตามกฎกติกาของบิตคอยน์อย่างเคร่งครัด ทำไมถึงเป็นเช่นนั้น? ลองนึกภาพนักขุดจอมโลภที่คิดจะแหกกฎเพื่อหาผลประโยชน์ใส่ตัว เช่น - Selfish Mining: แอบขุดบล็อกไว้คนเดียว - Block Withholding: กั๊กบล็อกที่ขุดได้ - Censorship Attack: บล็อกธุรกรรมบางอย่าง ถ้ามีนักขุดทำแบบนี้แค่คนเดียว ในขณะที่คนอื่นๆ ยังคงทำตามกฎ นักขุดคนนั้นอาจจะได้เปรียบในระยะสั้น แต่ในระยะยาว การกระทำแบบนี้จะ.. - **ทำลายความเชื่อมั่นในบิตคอยน์** (Market Fragility Hypothesis) ทำให้ราคาบิตคอยน์ร่วงลง - **ถูกนักขุดคนอื่นๆ ลงโทษ** เช่น ไม่ยอมรับบล็อกที่ขุดได้ หรือ รวมหัวกันแบนนักขุดจอมโลภ สุดท้าย.. นักขุดจอมโลภก็จะขาดทุนและสูญเสียโอกาสในการได้รับรางวัลบล็อกในอนาคต ดังนั้น.. การทำตามกฎจึงเป็นกลยุทธ์ที่ปลอดภัยและยั่งยืนกว่าสำหรับนักขุดส่วนใหญ่ อย่างไรก็ตาม Nash Equilibrium ในบิตคอยน์ไม่ได้หมายความว่าระบบจะมั่นคง 100% - **แรงจูงใจในการแหกกฎอาจเพิ่มขึ้นได้** เช่น เมื่อรางวัลบล็อก (Block Subsidy) ลดลงและค่าธรรมเนียม (Transaction Fee) ไม่สูงพอ นักขุดอาจมองว่าการโกงคุ้มค่ากับความเสี่ยงมากขึ้น - **การประสานงานเพื่อลงโทษผู้ทำผิดอาจทำได้ยาก** บิตคอยน์ไม่มีศูนย์กลางควบคุม การตัดสินใจใดๆ ต้องอาศัยความเห็นพ้องของนักขุดส่วนใหญ่ ซึ่งอาจทำได้ยากและใช้เวลานาน Nash Equilibrium ในบิตคอยน์จึงเป็นสมดุลที่เปราะบางที่สามารถถูกทำลายได้ หากแรงจูงใจและสภาพแวดล้อมเปลี่ยนไป.. นี่คือความท้าทายที่ชุมชนบิตคอยน์ต้องเผชิญในการรักษาสมดุลระหว่าง **"ผลประโยชน์ส่วนตัว"** ของนักขุด กับ **"ความมั่นคงของระบบ"** โดยรวม # Censorship Attack สมรภูมิปิดล้อมบิตคอยน์กับอาวุธลับ Soft Fork บิตคอยน์นั้นถูกออกแบบมาให้เป็นระบบการเงินแบบไร้ศูนย์กลาง ปราศจากการควบคุมของรัฐบาลหรือองค์กรใดๆ แต่ในโลกแห่งความเป็นจริง อำนาจและการควบคุมยังคงเป็นสิ่งที่หลายฝ่ายปรารถนา และ **"Censorship Attack"** คือหนึ่งในภัยคุกคามที่บิตคอยน์ต้องเผชิญ Censorship Attack คือ **ความพยายามในการปิดล้อม Bitcoin เพื่อบล็อกธุรกรรมบางอย่าง** เปรียบเสมือนการที่รัฐบาลเผด็จการพยายามปิดกั้นข้อมูลข่าวสาร หรือบริษัทผูกขาดพยายามกำจัดคู่แข่ง ใครบ้างที่อาจอยู่เบื้องหลัง Censorship Attack? - **รัฐบาล:** อาจต้องการควบคุมการไหลเวียนของ Bitcoin เพื่อรักษาอำนาจทางการเงิน หรือ ป้องกันการฟอกเงิน - **องค์กรขนาดใหญ่:** อาจต้องการควบคุมตลาดบิตคอยน์เพื่อผลประโยชน์ของตัวเอง - **กลุ่มคนที่ไม่เห็นด้วยกับ Bitcoin:** อาจต้องการทำลาย Bitcoin เพราะมองว่าเป็นภัยคุกคามต่อระบบเดิม พวกเขาจะใช้พลังขุดจำนวนมหาศาลในการควบคุมเครือข่ายบิตคอยน์ และบล็อกธุรกรรมที่ไม่พึงประสงค์ เหมือนกับการที่รัฐบาลเผด็จการใช้กำลังทหารปิดล้อมเมือง แต่บิตคอยน์ก็ไม่ใช่หมูที่จะให้เชือดได้ง่ายๆ ชุมชนบิตคอยน์มีอาวุธลับ นั่นคือ **"Soft Fork"** **Soft Fork คือการเปลี่ยนแปลงกฎกติกาของ Bitcoin โดยที่ยังคงเข้ากันได้กับกฎเดิม** Node ที่ใช้กฎเดิมจะยังคงมองว่าบล็อกที่สร้างขึ้นตามกฎใหม่นั้นถูกต้อง ยกตัวอย่างเช่น ชุมชนบิคคอยน์อาจใช้ Soft Fork เพื่อ.. - **ยกเลิกการบล็อกธุรกรรม:** ทำให้ธุรกรรมที่ถูกบล็อกสามารถดำเนินการได้ตามปกติ - **เพิ่มความสามารถของบิตคอยน์:** เช่น เพิ่มขนาดบล็อก หรือเพิ่มฟังก์ชั่นใหม่ๆ - **ลงโทษผู้พยายามควบคุม:** เช่น ลดรางวัลบล็อกหรือตัดสิทธิ์การขุด ของผู้ที่พยายามควบคุมเครือข่าย Soft Fork เปรียบเสมือนอาวุธลับที่จะช่วยให้ชุมชนบิตคอยน์สามารถแหกกฎที่ไม่เป็นธรรมได้ เหมือนกับการที่ประชาชนลุกขึ้นมาต่อต้านอำนาจเผด็จการด้วยการใช้สันติวิธี อย่างไรก็ตาม.. การใช้ Soft Fork ก็มีความเสี่ยงอยู่เช่นกัน.. - **อาจทำให้บิตคอยน์แตกเป็นสองสาย:** หากนักขุดส่วนใหญ่ไม่เห็นด้วยกับ Soft Fork อาจทำให้เกิด **"Hard Fork"** หรือ การแยกบิตคอยน์ออกเป็นสองเหรียญ - **อาจลดทอนความน่าเชื่อถือของบิตคอยน์:** หาก Soft Fork ถูกใช้บ่อยเกินไป อาจทำให้คนมองว่าบิตคอยน์ไม่มั่นคง และเปลี่ยนแปลงง่ายเกินไป ดังนั้น.. การใช้ Soft Fork จึงต้องทำอย่างรอบคอบ และคำนึงถึงผลกระทบในระยะยาว Censorship Attack จึงเป็นสมรภูมิที่ดุเดือดระหว่าง **"อำนาจ"** กับ **"เสรีภาพ"** ชุมชนบิตคอยน์ต้องต่อสู้เพื่อปกป้องอุดมการณ์ของบิตคอยน์ในฐานะระบบการเงินแบบไร้ศูนย์กลาง และปราศจากการเซ็นเซอร์ # Selfish Mining แผนร้ายใต้เงามืดของนักขุดในมุมมืดผู้แยบยล ในโลกของบิตคอยน์ที่เต็มไปด้วยการแข่งขัน นักขุดแต่ละคนต่างก็งัดกลยุทธ์ต่างๆ มาใช้เพื่อช่วงชิงรางวัลบล็อก และ "Selfish Mining" คือหนึ่งในกลยุทธ์ลับที่แยบยลแต่แฝงไปด้วยความเสี่ยง ลองจินตนาการถึงนักวิทยาศาสตร์สติเฟื่องผู้แอบซุ่มพัฒนาอาวุธร้ายแรงในห้องแล็บลับ ไม่ให้ใครล่วงรู้ Selfish Mining ก็เปรียบเสมือนนักวิทยาศาสตร์คนนี้ ที่แอบขุดบิตคอยน์ไว้คนเดียวเงียบๆ ไม่บอกใคร แผนการร้ายนี้มันทำงานอย่างไร? - **แอบขุดเงียบๆ:** เมื่อนักขุด Selfish Mining ขุดเจอบล็อกใหม่ แทนที่จะประกาศให้โลกรู้ พวกเขาจะเก็บมันไว้เป็นความลับ เหมือนกับนักวิทยาศาสตร์ที่ซ่อนอาวุธไว้ในห้องแล็บ - **แอบสร้างความได้เปรียบ:** นักขุด Selfish Mining จะแอบขุดบล็อกต่อไปเรื่อยๆ โดยหวังว่าจะขุดได้บล็อกต่อเนื่อง ยิ่งขุดได้มากเท่าไหร่ ความได้เปรียบก็ยิ่งมากขึ้น - **เผยไพ่ตาย:** เมื่อนักขุดคนอื่นๆ ใกล้จะขุดเจอบล็อกใหม่ นักขุด Selfish Mining จะรีบเผยแพร่บล็อกทั้งหมดที่แอบขุดไว้ทำให้บล็อกของพวกเขากลายเป็น "Longest Chain" หรือ "Heaviest Chain" และได้รับรางวัลบล็อกทั้งหมดที่ขุดได้ ด้วยกลยุทธ์นี้ นักขุด Selfish Mining สามารถโกงระบบ และได้รับรางวัลบล็อกมากกว่าที่ควรจะเป็น แต่นี่คือเกมแห่งความเสี่ยง เพราะ.. - **ถ้าคนอื่นขุดเจอบล็อกก่อน:** บล็อกทั้งหมดที่นักขุด Selfish Mining แอบขุดไว้จะกลายเป็น "Orphan Block" หรือ "Uncle Block" และไร้ค่าทันที เหมือนกับอาวุธที่ถูกยึดไปก่อนจะได้ใช้งาน - **ยิ่งแอบขุดนาน ความเสี่ยงยิ่งสูง:** ยิ่งนักขุด Selfish Mining แอบขุดบล็อกไว้นานเท่าไหร่ โอกาสที่คนอื่นจะขุดเจอบล็อกก่อนก็ยิ่งมากขึ้นเท่านั้น Selfish Mining ส่งผลกระทบต่อบิตคอยน์อย่างไร? - **ลดประสิทธิภาพของเครือข่าย:** ทำให้การยืนยันธุรกรรมช้าลง และสิ้นเปลืองพลังงานมากขึ้น - **บิดเบือนการกระจายรางวัล:** ทำให้นักขุดที่ทำตามกฎได้รับรางวัลน้อยลง และนักขุด Selfish Mining ได้รับรางวัลมากกว่าที่ควรจะเป็น - **ลดทอนความเชื่อมั่นในบิตคอยน์:** (Market Fragility Hypothesis) ทำให้คนมองว่าบิตคอยน์ไม่มั่นคง และเสี่ยงต่อการถูกควบคุม แล้วจะป้องกัน Selfish Mining ได้อย่างไร? - **การตรวจจับและลงโทษ:** ชุมชน บิตคอยน์ สามารถพัฒนาระบบตรวจจับ Selfish Mining และ ลงโทษนักขุดที่ทำผิดกฎ เช่น ลดรางวัลบล็อก หรือ ตัดสิทธิ์การขุด - **การปรับปรุงกลไก Difficulty Adjustment:** ทำให้การปรับระดับความยากของ Proof of Work ตอบสนองต่อการเปลี่ยนแปลงของ hashrate ได้รวดเร็วและแม่นยำยิ่งขึ้น เพื่อทำความเข้าใจกลยุทธ์ Selfish Mining ให้ลึกซึ้งยิ่งขึ้น เราสามารถใช้แบบจำลองทางคณิตศาสตร์ที่เรียกว่า **"Markov Chain"** ในการวิเคราะห์ได้ แบบจำลองนี้ช่วยให้เราคำนวณความน่าจะเป็นของผลลัพธ์ต่างๆ ที่อาจเกิดขึ้นจากการทำ Selfish Mining เช่น โอกาสที่นักขุด Selfish Mining จะประสบความสำเร็จในการยึดครองเครือข่าย หรือ โอกาสที่บล็อกที่แอบขุดไว้จะกลายเป็น Orphan Block ผลการวิเคราะห์โดยใช้ Markov Chain ตามที่ปรากฏในหนังสือ (บทที่ 8) แสดงให้เห็นว่า Selfish Mining สามารถทำให้นักขุดที่โกงได้รับรางวัลบล็อกมากกว่าส่วนแบ่ง Hashrate ที่พวกเขามี ตัวอย่างเช่น.. นักขุดที่มีพลังขุดเพียง 30% สามารถได้รับรางวัลบล็อกมากกว่า 30% ได้ หากพวกเขาใช้กลยุทธ์ Selfish Mining อย่างมีประสิทธิภาพ ยิ่งไปกว่านั้น Selfish Mining ยังส่งผลกระทบต่อเสถียรภาพของตลาด Hashrate ด้วย เพราะมันบิดเบือนกลไก Difficulty Adjustment ทำให้การปรับระดับความยากของ Proof of Work ไม่แม่นยำ และเกิดความผันผวนของ Hashrate Selfish Mining จึงเป็นภัยคุกคามที่แยบยล และท้าทายต่อความมั่นคงของบิตคอยน์ ชุมชนบิตคอยน์ต้องร่วมมือกันเพื่อป้องกัน และรักษาสมดุลของระบบนิเวศ # Block Withholding เกมบีบค่าไถ่บิตคอยน์ของเจ้าพ่อผู้โลภมาก ในโลกของบิตคอยน์ การยืนยันธุรกรรมต้องอาศัยนักขุดผู้ทำหน้าที่บรรจุธุรกรรมลงในบล็อก แต่หากนักขุดเหล่านี้เกิดโลภมาก จนละทิ้งอุดมการณ์และหันมาใช้กลยุทธ์ **“Block Withholding”** บิตคอยน์อาจกลายเป็นสนามเด็กเล่นของเจ้าพ่อผู้พยายามครอบงำตลาด Block Withholding คือกลยุทธ์ที่นักขุดจงใจกั๊กบล็อกที่ขุดได้ ไม่ยอมเผยแพร่ ทำให้ธุรกรรมต่างๆ ค้างเติ่งอยู่ใน Mempool หรือพื้นที่รอการยืนยัน เปรียบเสมือนเจ้าพ่อมาเฟียที่ยึดรถบรรทุกสินค้า แล้วเรียกค่าคุ้มครองจากพ่อค้า ใครอยากให้สินค้าของตัวเองถูกส่งไปถึงปลายทางก็ต้องยอมจ่าย ยิ่งธุรกรรมค้างคามากเท่าไหร่ ค่าธรรมเนียม (Transaction Fee) ก็จะยิ่งสูงขึ้น เจ้าพ่อก็จะยิ่งรวย แต่นี่คือเกมแห่งความเสี่ยง เจ้าพ่อผู้โลภมากอาจพลาดท่าได้ เพราะ.. - **ผลักไสผู้ใช้งาน:** ถ้าค่าธรรมเนียมแพงเกินไป คนอาจหนีไปใช้แพลตฟอร์มอื่น หรือหันไปใช้บริการ Layer 2 เช่น Lightning Network ที่รวดเร็วและค่าธรรมเนียมถูกกว่า - **ทำลายความเชื่อมั่นในบิตคอยน์:** (Market Fragility Hypothesis) ทำให้คนมองว่าบิตคอยน์ไม่น่าเชื่อถือ ช้า และ แพง ส่งผลให้ราคาบิตคอยน์ร่วงลง - **จุดชนวนความขัดแย้ง:** นักขุดคนอื่นๆ ที่ทำตามกฎ อาจไม่พอใจและรวมหัวกันลงโทษเจ้าพ่อ เช่น ไม่ยอมรับบล็อกที่กั๊กไว้ หรือแบนเจ้าพ่อออกจาก Mining Pool Block Withholding เกิดขึ้นได้อย่างไร? - **นักขุดรายใหญ่:** นักขุดที่มีพลังขุดมาก มีอำนาจต่อรองสูงกว่า และมีโอกาสใช้ Block Withholding ได้ผลมากกว่า - **ช่วงที่ธุรกรรมหนาแน่น:** ในช่วงที่ Mempool มีธุรกรรมค้างคามาก นักขุดมีแรงจูงใจในการ Block Withholding มากขึ้น เพราะสามารถเรียกเก็บค่าธรรมเนียมได้แพง - **การสมรู้ร่วมคิด:** นักขุดหลายรายอาจรวมหัวกัน Block Withholding เพื่อควบคุมตลาดและโกยผลประโยชน์ร่วมกัน แล้วจะป้องกัน Block Withholding ได้อย่างไร? - **การกระจายอำนาจ:** ยิ่งมีนักขุดจำนวนมาก และพลังขุดกระจายตัวมากเท่าไหร่ การ Block Withholding ก็จะทำได้ยากขึ้น - **การสร้างแรงจูงใจ:** ออกแบบระบบรางวัลที่ทำให้นักขุดได้รับผลประโยชน์จากการยืนยันธุรกรรมอย่างรวดเร็ว และไม่คุ้มค่ากับการ Block Withholding - **การพัฒนา Layer 2:** เช่น Lightning Network ที่ช่วยลดความแออัดของ Mempool และทำให้ค่าธรรมเนียมถูกลง Block Withholding จึงเป็นเหมือนเกมชักกะเย่อระหว่าง **"ความโลภ"** ของนักขุด กับ **"ความต้องการ"** ของผู้ใช้งาน การรักษาสมดุลและป้องกันไม่ให้บิตคอยน์ตกอยู่ใต้อำนาจของเจ้าพ่อ จึงเป็นสิ่งที่ชุมชนบิตคอยน์ต้องร่วมมือกันอย่างจริงจัง # The Flattening ASIC Cost Curve เมื่อสมรภูมิชิปขุดบิตคอยน์ร้อนระอุ **ASIC** (Application-Specific Integrated Circuit) คือชิปประมวลผลพิเศษที่ถูกออกแบบมาเพื่อขุดบิตคอยน์โดยเฉพาะ เหมือนกับอาวุธลับที่ช่วยให้นักขุดสามารถถล่มโจทย์ Proof of Work ได้อย่างรวดเร็ว ในช่วงแรกๆ ของบิตคอยน์ ASIC นั้นมีราคาแพงและหายาก เปรียบเสมือนดาบวิเศษในตำนานที่ใครครอบครองก็จะได้เปรียบเหนือคนอื่น ผู้ผลิต ASIC จึงเปรียบเสมือนพ่อค้าอาวุธที่กอบโกยกำไรมหาศาลจากการขายดาบวิเศษเหล่านี้ แต่เมื่อเวลาผ่านไป.. เทคโนโลยีการผลิต ASIC พัฒนาขึ้น ต้นทุนการผลิตก็ลดลง ผู้เล่นหน้าใหม่ก็กระโดดเข้ามาในตลาด การแข่งขันก็ดุเดือดขึ้น ราคา ASIC ก็ถูกลง กราฟแสดงความสัมพันธ์ระหว่างราคา ASIC กับเวลา จึงมีลักษณะลาดลงหรือ **"Flattening"** นี่คือสมรภูมิแห่งชิปขุดบิตคอยน์ที่ร้อนระอุ และผลลัพธ์ของสงครามราคาครั้งนี้ก็ส่งผลดีต่อความมั่นคงของบิตคอยน์ในระยะยาว ทำไมถึงเป็นเช่นนั้น? - **การบงการตลาดทำได้ยากขึ้น:** เมื่อ ASIC มีราคาถูกลง และ หาซื้อง่ายขึ้น การที่คนกลุ่มใดกลุ่มหนึ่ง จะ "กว้านซื้อ" ASIC เพื่อควบคุมพลังขุด และบงการเครือข่ายบิตคอยน์ก็จะทำได้ยากขึ้น - **กระจายอำนาจ:** เมื่อ ASIC มีราคาไม่แพง นักขุดรายย่อยก็สามารถเข้าถึง ASIC ได้ง่ายขึ้น ทำให้พลังขุดกระจายตัวมากขึ้น ลดโอกาสที่คนกลุ่มใดกลุ่มหนึ่งจะผูกขาดพลังขุด - **ลดแรงจูงใจในการโกง:** เมื่อกำไรจากการขุดบิตคอยน์ลดลง นักขุดก็มีแรงจูงใจในการโกงระบบน้อยลง เช่น Selfish Mining หรือ Block Withholding เพราะผลตอบแทนที่ได้รับอาจไม่คุ้มค่ากับความเสี่ยง ปัจจัยที่ส่งผลต่อ The Flattening ASIC Cost Curve - **Moore’s Law:** กฎของ Moore กล่าวว่า.. ประสิทธิภาพของชิปคอมพิวเตอร์จะเพิ่มขึ้นเป็นสองเท่าทุกๆ 18 เดือน ในขณะที่ราคาลดลง ส่งผลให้ ASIC มีประสิทธิภาพสูงขึ้น แต่ราคาถูกลง - **การแข่งขันในตลาด:** เมื่อมีผู้ผลิต ASIC จำนวนมาก การแข่งขันด้านราคาจะรุนแรงขึ้น ทำให้ราคา ASIC ถูกลง - **ความต้องการของตลาด:** หากราคาบิตคอยน์สูงขึ้น ความต้องการ ASIC ก็จะสูงขึ้นตามไปด้วย ทำให้ผู้ผลิต ASIC มีกำลังใจในการผลิตและพัฒนาเทคโนโลยี The Flattening ASIC Cost Curve จึงเป็นปรากฏการณ์ที่แสดงให้เห็นถึง **"พลังของตลาดเสรี"** ที่จะช่วยควบคุมและรักษาสมดุลของระบบนิเวศบิตคอยน์ อย่างไรก็ตาม.. การที่ราคา ASIC ถูกลงก็ไม่ได้หมายความว่าบิตคอยน์จะปลอดภัยจากการโจมตี 100% นักขุดที่ทุนหนา หรือได้รับการสนับสนุนจากรัฐบาล ยังคงสามารถทุ่มเงินซื้อ ASIC จำนวนมาก เพื่อบงการเครือข่ายได้ ดังนั้น ชุมชนบิตคอยน์ต้องตื่นตัว และคอยเฝ้าระวังภัยคุกคามอยู่เสมอ เพื่อปกป้องบิตคอยน์ให้คงอยู่และเติบโตอย่างยั่งยืน # บิตคอยน์กับเกมเดิมพันอนาคต เมื่อรางวัลบล็อกเหือดหายและค่าธรรมเนียมคือกุญแจ บิตคอยน์นั้นเปรียบเสมือนขุมทรัพย์ที่ถูกออกแบบมาให้มีจำนวนจำกัด และรางวัลบล็อก (Block Reward) คือแรงจูงใจหลักที่ทำให้นักขุดบิตคอยน์ทุ่มเทพลังขุด เพื่อรักษาความปลอดภัยของเครือข่าย แต่.. บิตคอยน์ Protocol ได้กำหนดตารางเวลาในการลด Block Reward ลงครึ่งหนึ่งทุกๆ 4 ปี (Halving) เหมือนกับระเบิดเวลาที่ค่อยๆ บีบรายได้ของนักขุดให้เล็กลงไปเรื่อยๆ ในอนาคต Block Reward จะหมดลงในที่สุด.. นักขุดบิตคอยน์จะต้องพึ่งพา **"ค่าธรรมเนียม" (Transaction Fee)** เป็นแหล่งรายได้หลัก นี่คือจุดเปลี่ยนสำคัญที่อาจส่งผลต่ออนาคตของบิตคอยน์ ### Transaction Fees รายได้ใหม่ของนักขุด Transaction Fee คือ **ค่าธรรมเนียมที่ผู้ใช้บิตคอยน์จ่ายให้กับนักขุด เพื่อเร่งการยืนยันธุรกรรม** ยิ่งมีธุรกรรมมาก และแข่งขันกันมากเท่าไหร่ Transaction Fee ก็จะยิ่งสูงขึ้นเท่านั้น เปรียบเสมือน **"ค่าผ่านทาง"** บนท้องถนน ยิ่งรถเยอะ ค่าผ่านทางก็ยิ่งแพง ความท้าทายเมื่อ Block Reward ลดลง.. - **ความปลอดภัยของเครือข่าย:** ถ้า Transaction Fee ไม่สูงพอ นักขุดอาจขาดทุนและไม่มีแรงจูงใจในการรักษาความปลอดภัยของเครือข่าย ทำให้บิตคอยน์ต้องเสี่ยงต่อการถูกโจมตีจากผู้ไม่หวังดี - **การทำตามกฎ:** นักขุดอาจละทิ้งอุดมการณ์ และหันไปใช้กลยุทธ์โกงๆ เช่น Selfish Mining หรือ Block Withholding เพื่อเพิ่มรายได้ - **การรวมศูนย์อำนาจ:** นักขุดรายย่อยอาจสู้ไม่ไหว และถูกบีบให้ออกไปจากตลาด ทำให้พลังขุดกระจุกตัวอยู่ในมือของนักขุดรายใหญ่ เพิ่มความเสี่ยงต่อการผูกขาด และบงการเครือข่าย นักขุดบิตคอยน์ต้องปรับตัวอย่างไร? - **เข้าร่วม Mining Pool:** รวมพลังกับนักขุดคนอื่นๆ เพื่อเพิ่มโอกาสในการได้รับรางวัล และลดความเสี่ยง - **พัฒนากลยุทธ์:** เลือก Mining Pool ที่มีระบบ Reward ที่น่าสนใจ ปรับแต่งซอฟต์แวร์เพื่อจัดลำดับความสำคัญของธุรกรรมที่มี Transaction Fee สูง - **มองหาโอกาสใหม่:** เช่น การให้บริการ Node Validation บน Layer 2 (Lightning Network) หรือการลงทุนในธุรกิจที่เกี่ยวข้องกับบิตคอยน์ ### อนาคตของบิตคอยน์ขึ้นอยู่กับ Transaction Fee Transaction Fee คือ กุญแจสำคัญที่จะกำหนดอนาคตของบิตคอยน์ - **ถ้า Transaction Fee สูงพอ:** บิตคอยน์จะยังคงเป็นระบบการเงินที่ปลอดภัย น่าเชื่อถือและกระจายอำนาจ - **แต่ถ้า Transaction Fee ต่ำเกินไป:** บิตคอยน์อาจล่มสลายหรือถูกควบคุมโดยคนกลุ่มใดกลุ่มหนึ่ง ชุมชนบิตคอยน์จึงต้องร่วมมือกันเพื่อสร้างระบบนิเวศที่เอื้อต่อการเติบโตของ Transaction Fee เช่น - **ส่งเสริมการใช้งานบิตคอยน์:** ยิ่งมีคนใช้บิตคอยน์มาก Transaction Fee ก็จะยิ่งสูงขึ้น - **พัฒนาเทคโนโลยี:** เช่น Layer 2 (Lightning Network) ที่ช่วยลดความแออัดของเครือข่าย และทำให้ค่าธรรมเนียมถูกลง - **สร้างความเชื่อมั่น:** ให้ความรู้และสร้างความเข้าใจเกี่ยวกับบิตคอยน์แก่สาธารณชน เพื่อเพิ่มความเชื่อมั่นและดึงดูดผู้ใช้งานใหม่ บิตคอยน์กำลังก้าวเข้าสู่ยุคใหม่ที่ Transaction Fee จะเป็นตัวกำหนดชะตากรรม ความสำเร็จของบิตคอยน์ขึ้นอยู่กับความร่วมมือ และความพยายามของชุมชน ในการสร้างระบบนิเวศที่ยั่งยืนและเป็นประโยชน์ต่อทุกคน # เมื่ออำนาจเก่าหวั่นไหว ภัยคุกคามบิตคอยน์จากรัฐบาลและองค์กร บิตคอยน์ คือนวัตกรรมที่ท้าทายอำนาจและระบบเดิม การเกิดขึ้นของบิตคอยน์ทำให้รัฐบาล และ องค์กรขนาดใหญ่หวั่นไหว เพราะมันสั่นคลอนเสถียรภาพของระบบการเงิน และอำนาจในการควบคุมที่พวกเขาเคยผูกขาด บิตคอยน์ จึงถูกมองว่าเป็นภัยคุกคามที่ต้องถูกกำจัด ### การโจมตีโดยตรง (Brute-Force Attack) ศึกชิงอำนาจ Hashrate การโจมตีแบบ Brute-Force คือการใช้พลังขุดจำนวนมหาศาล เพื่อยึดครองเครือข่ายบิตคอยน์ เปรียบเสมือนการที่กองทัพบุกตะลุยเข้ายึดเมือง รัฐบาลหรือองค์กร สามารถใช้เงินทุนจำนวนมหาศาล ในการซื้อ ASIC และพลังงาน เพื่อเพิ่ม Hashrate ของตัวเองให้เหนือกว่านักขุดบิตคอยน์คนอื่นๆ (ซึ่งใช้ทุนเยอะ และทำได้ยากมาก) เมื่อ Hashrate ของผู้โจมตีเกิน" 51% พวกเขาจะสามารถ.. - **ควบคุมการยืนยันธุรกรรม:** เลือกที่จะอนุมัติหรือปฏิเสธธุรกรรมตามใจชอบ - **Double-Spend:** ใช้บิตคอยน์ซ้ำสอง ทำให้เกิดความสับสนและสูญเสียความเชื่อมั่นในระบบ - **เปลี่ยนแปลงกฎกติกา:** บังคับให้ Hard Fork ไปสู่กฎใหม่ที่เอื้อประโยชน์ต่อพวกเขา การโจมตีแบบ Brute-Force เป็นภัยคุกคามที่ร้ายแรงที่สุด แต่ก็สิ้นเปลืองและเสี่ยงเช่นกัน.. - **ต้นทุนสูง: **การซื้อ ASIC และพลังงานต้องใช้เงินทุนมหาศาล - **ความเสี่ยงด้านชื่อเสียง:** การโจมตีบิตคอยน์อย่างโจ่งแจ้ง อาจทำให้เสียชื่อเสียง และถูกต่อต้านจากชุมชนบิตคอยน์ ### การบิดเบือนข้อมูล (FUD) สงครามจิตวิทยา FUD (Fear, Uncertainty, and Doubt) คือ สงครามจิตวิทยา ที่ใช้ข้อมูลเป็นอาวุธในการทำลายความเชื่อมั่นในบิตคอยน์ รัฐบาลและองค์กรสามารถใช้สื่อ และช่องทางต่างๆ ในการ.. - **สร้างข่าวลือ:** เช่น บิตคอยน์กำลังจะล่มสลาย (บิตคอยน์ตายแล้ว) หรือบิตคอยน์ถูกใช้ในการฟอกเงิน - **ปล่อยข่าวปลอม:** เช่น บิตคอยน์ถูกแฮ็ก หรือบิตคอยน์ไม่ปลอดภัย - **โจมตีบุคคลสำคัญ:** เช่น กล่าวหา Satoshi Nakamoto ว่าเป็นอาชญากร หรือกล่าวหาผู้สนับสนุนบิตคอยน์ว่าเป็นพวกต่อต้านรัฐบาล FUD อาจไม่รุนแรงเท่า Brute-Force Attack แต่ก็อันตรายไม่แพ้กัน เพราะสามารถ.. - **ลดความต้องการบิตคอยน์:** ทำให้ราคาบิตคอยน์ร่วงลง - **ขัดขวางการใช้งานบิตคอยน์:** ทำให้คนกลัวและไม่กล้าใช้บิตคอยน์ - **บั่นทอนความเชื่อมั่นในบิตคอยน์:** ทำให้คนลังเล และไม่มั่นใจในอนาคตของบิตคอยน์ ### การออกกฎหมายควบคุม กำแพงกั้นบิตคอยน์ รัฐบาลสามารถใช้กฎหมายเป็นเครื่องมือในการควบคุม และจำกัดการใช้งานบิตคอยน์ เช่น - **ห้ามซื้อขายบิตคอยน์:** ทำให้การซื้อขายบิตคอยน์เป็นเรื่องผิดกฎหมาย - **ควบคุมการแลกเปลี่ยนบิตคอยน์:** เช่น กำหนดให้ Exchange ต้องขอใบอนุญาต และปฏิบัติตามกฎ KYC/AML - **เก็บภาษีบิตคอยน์:** ทำให้การถือครอง และการซื้อขายบิตคอยน์มีต้นทุนสูงขึ้น กฎหมาย เป็นกำแพงที่แข็งแกร่ง ที่สามารถขัดขวางการเติบโตของบิตคอยน์ได้อย่างมีประสิทธิภาพ บิตคอยน์ จึงเป็นมากกว่าเงินดิจิทัล มันคือสัญลักษณ์ของอิสรภาพทางการเงินและการต่อต้านอำนาจ การต่อสู้ระหว่างบิตคอยน์กับอำนาจเก่า จึงเป็นสงครามที่ดุเดือดและไม่มีวันสิ้นสุด ชุมชนบิตคอยน์ต้องตื่นตัว เฝ้าระวัง และ ต่อสู้เพื่อปกป้องอุดมการณ์ของบิตคอยน์ให้คงอยู่ และเติบโตอย่างยั่งยืน # Hyperbitcoinization ยูโทเปียแห่งเสรีภาพหรือดิสโทเปียแห่งการผูกขาด? "Hyperbitcoinization" คือคำที่ใช้อธิบายถึงสถานการณ์สมมติที่บิตคอยน์กลายเป็น **"สกุลเงินหลักของโลก"** แทนที่สกุลเงิน fiat ที่เราใช้กันอยู่ในปัจจุบัน สำหรับสาวกบิตคอยน์ นี่คือฝันหวานที่โลกจะหลุดพ้นจากพันธนาการของรัฐบาลและธนาคารกลาง ที่คอยบงการค่าเงิน และควบคุมระบบเศรษฐกิจ แต่สำหรับผู้ที่มองบิตคอยน์ในแง่ลบ นี่คือฝันร้ายที่อาจนำไปสู่หายนะทางเศรษฐกิจและสังคม ### Hyperbitconization สองด้านของเหรียญ ด้านสว่าง ยูโทเปียแห่งเสรีภาพ - **อิสรภาพทางการเงิน:** ทุกคนมีอำนาจในการควบคุมเงินของตัวเองโดยไม่ต้องพึ่งพาคนกลาง เช่น ธนาคารหรือรัฐบาล - **ความโปร่งใส:** ธุรกรรมบิตคอยน์ถูกบันทึกไว้บน Blockchain ที่เปิดเผยและตรวจสอบได้ ลดปัญหาคอรัปชั่นและการควบคุมแทรกแซง - **การเข้าถึงบริการทางการเงิน:** ทุกคนสามารถเข้าถึงบริการทางการเงินได้ แม้แต่คนที่ไม่มีบัญชีธนาคาร - **ลดต้นทุน:** ค่าธรรมเนียมบิตคอยน์มักจะต่ำกว่าค่าธรรมเนียมของระบบการเงินแบบดั้งเดิม ด้านมืด ดิสโทเปียแห่งการผูกขาด **ความผันผวน:** ราคาบิตคอยน์มีความผันผวนสูง ทำให้ยากต่อการใช้เป็นหน่วยวัดมูลค่าและสื่อกลางในการแลกเปลี่ยน (ด้วยเหตุนี้จึงมีพัฒนาเกิดขึ้นบน Layer 2) - **ความเหลื่อมล้ำ:** คนที่ถือครองบิตคอยน์จำนวนมาก จะมีอำนาจและอิทธิพลเหนือระบบเศรษฐกิจ - **การควบคุมโดยกลุ่มคนหรือองค์กร:** บิตคอยน์อาจถูกครอบงำโดย Mining Pool ขนาดใหญ่ หรือกลุ่มคนที่สมรู้ร่วมคิดกัน - **ความเสี่ยงด้านความปลอดภัย:** บิตคอยน์อาจเสี่ยงต่อการถูกแฮ็ก หรือโจมตีจากผู้ไม่หวังดี Hyperbitcoinization จะเป็นจริงได้อย่างไร? - **การยอมรับอย่างกว้างขวาง:** บิตคอยน์ต้องได้รับการยอมรับจากคนส่วนใหญ่ ทั้งในฐานะสื่อกลางในการแลกเปลี่ยนและหน่วยเก็บมูลค่า - **โครงสร้างพื้นฐานที่แข็งแกร่ง:** ต้องมีระบบและบริการที่รองรับการใช้งานบิตคอยน์อย่างสะดวกและปลอดภัย - **กฎหมายและกฎระเบียบที่เอื้ออำนวย:** รัฐบาลควรสนับสนุนหรืออย่างน้อยก็ไม่ขัดขวางการใช้งานบิตคอยน์ ความเป็นไปได้ของ Hyperbitcoinization ความเป็นไปได้ที่ Hyperbitcoinization จะเกิดขึ้นจริงยังคงเป็นที่ถกเถียงกันอยู่ - **ฝ่ายสนับสนุน:** เชื่อว่าบิตคอยน์มีศักยภาพ ในการปฏิวัติระบบการเงิน และนำไปสู่โลกที่ดีกว่า - **ฝ่ายคัดค้าน:** มองว่าบิตคอยน์เป็นฟองสบู่ที่รอวันแตก และไม่สามารถทดแทนสกุลเงิน fiat ได้ Hyperbitcoinization เป็นอนาคตที่ไม่แน่นอน มันอาจเป็นทั้งฝันหวานและฝันร้าย ขึ้นอยู่กับว่าเราจะกำหนดและจัดการมันอย่างไร สิ่งสำคัญคือการศึกษาทำความเข้าใจ และเตรียมพร้อมสำหรับทุกความเป็นไปได้ เพื่อให้เราสามารถรับมือกับการเปลี่ยนแปลงที่กำลังจะเกิดขึ้นได้ บิตคอยน์ถือกำเนิดขึ้นมาเพียง 14 ปี แต่ได้เขย่าโลกและท้าทายระบบการเงินแบบดั้งเดิมอย่างที่ไม่เคยมีมาก่อน การเดินทางของบิตคอยน์ จึงเปรียบเสมือนมหากาพย์ที่เต็มไปด้วยการต่อสู้ การชิงไหวชิงพริบและความไม่แน่นอน ไม่มีใครสามารถทำนายอนาคตของบิตคอยน์ ได้อย่างแม่นยำ แต่เราสามารถวิเคราะห์และทำความเข้าใจปัจจัยต่างๆ ที่จะกำหนดทิศทางของมันได้ การเดินทางนี้ช่างน่าตื่นเต้นและเต็มไปด้วยความเป็นไปได้ เราทุกคนมีส่วนร่วมในการกำหนดอนาคตของบิตคอยน์ ด้วยการศึกษาทำความเข้าใจและตัดสินใจอย่างชาญฉลาด..

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Testing articles on Yakkihonne

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Let's hear some of your latest Bitcoin purchases, feel free to include links to the shops or merchants you bought from too! If you missed our last thread, [here](https://stacker.news/items/661607/r/AG) are some of the items stackers recently spent their sats on. originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/668607