@ dec2e28f:01746c77

序言：這是我在迪拜給一個私人觀眾的講話改編成的散文，之後在索非亞的一個小型會議上略作調整。我越來越覺得這篇文章值得更廣泛的讀者，並且可能更適合以文字形式呈現。目前這可能還不是最終版本，因為預期的讀者是傳統金融的資本分配者，因此很可能會在不久的將來製作成 PDF。現在，這算是初稿，練習如何以散文形式呈現，並向 Nostr 的朋友們徵求反饋。希望大家喜歡！ 這篇文章的標題毫無意義。沒有“Web π”這回事，因為也沒有“Web 3”這回事。這完全是胡說八道，是騙局。 不幸的是，它變成了一個極其有影響力的胡說八道和一個極其有利可圖的騙局。因此，我寫這篇文章的目的是給讀者提供工具，以便在這一切中穿行，並能夠在未被騙的情況下度過。為了不欺騙和不胡說，我應該明確說明這篇文章的預期讀者、我為何寫這篇文章以及這篇文章真正關於什麼。 ### 你是誰？ 我假設讀者不是神秘的軟體開發者，而是金融專業人士。這篇文章並非真正針對比特幣愛好者，但如果他們閱讀，我希望他們仍然覺得有趣。我真正寫作的對象是第一次接觸這個領域的人。希望你心中想的是進入「比特幣」領域，但如果你認為自己是進入「加密貨幣」領域，那麼這篇文章可能更有用。 ### 我是誰？ 我是某公司的創始人，這讓我對於我推廣的內容不僅高度偏頗，而且還有明顯的私利。我經營一家公司，通過各種不同的方式投資於比特幣生態系統。我不會在任何細節上誤導你，我的主要動機是讓你將資金配置給我們，而不是那些我稱為騙子和胡說八道的人。你也應該聽聽他們的說法，然後自己做決定，否則這有什麼意義呢？你怎麼知道我沒有欺騙或胡說八道？沒錯。不要信任，要驗證。 無論如何，這一切都假設你想要「配置資金」，而不是直接購買比特幣而不支付管理費。我希望主要的區別在於，我會坦誠對待這一點，並鼓勵你盡可能多地了解正在發生的事情和你正在做的事情（如果你有任何不確定，我建議你還沒有準備好，應該只購買比特幣並學習），而不是用「Web 3」這樣的完全胡說八道來迷惑你。 ### 這篇文章是關於誰？ 這篇文章完全不是關於在*加密貨幣領域工作的人*。比特幣愛好者可能會對我對這些人角色的慷慨解釋感到輕微惱火，因為他們從我這樣的人那裡聽到的解釋可能是最寬容的。這篇文章真正關注的是*金融家*。它關乎那些利用開發者、學者、企業家等大多數得不到回報的努力，從你身上榨取財富以供自己使用，留下一串無用的技術和被欺騙的散戶投資者——如果你繼續賦予他們權力，他們將繼續這樣做。 ### 為什麼寫這篇文章？ 我們正處於整個「加密貨幣」行業發展的一個有趣時刻，我強烈建議像你這樣的人在未來的幾個月和幾年內將會受到各種詐騙和廢話的推銷。如果你對這些人真正在說什麼有更多的背景了解，你就有希望避免這些騙局。 我計劃幫助你做到這一點，即展示區塊鏈的簡短版本和長版本，它們的用途是什麼，它們如何在歷史上被用來服務於騙局和廢話，以及一個高層次理論來解釋這個可悲歷史背後的敘事演變，並對這些花招的近期未來進行預測。 ### 區塊鏈的用途是什麼？ 區塊鏈是用於穩健、抗審查、P2P的數位貨幣。它並非用於其他任何目的。如果一個區塊鏈作為貨幣運作正常，可能也可以用於其他事情。有些人覺得這很有趣，有些人則覺得這很惱人，但不要讓這種微妙的事情使你困惑。它並不是用於任意的計算和存儲，也不是用於「去中心化互聯網」或運行非法證券勾當。  它就是為了錢，簡單明瞭。 它是如何實現這一點的？工作量證明和難度調整。這些創新是每一個其他理想特性或功能的基礎。工作量證明使得抗審查成為可能。如果有人試圖向你推銷「股權證明」：廢話。難度調整使得發行可以精確、預定和公平。如果有人試圖向你推銷他們免費且無限制發行的代幣：騙局。 比特幣解決的問題既是經濟上的，也是技術上的，其解決方案具有實質的技術和經濟價值。正因為這個非常具體且不可複製的原因，比特幣代幣才有價值。如果這一切對你聽起來過於極端，那麼我建議你對這個主題的理解是非常錯誤的，你將會非常受到愚弄和詐騙，你需要閱讀這篇文章。這就是簡短版的內容。 ### 長篇版本 我對這些話題聽起來極端的感受很敏感。畢竟，數千億美元被注入到加密貨幣，而不是比特幣——其中大部分被廣泛使用，許多能幹、誠實和聰明的人在這個行業工作。讀者可能會回想起我之前說過的，這些人並不是我批評的對象。我不是在說他們都是騙子和廢話者。但遺憾的是，我認為他們被騙和愚弄的可能性更大一些。 我認為我有資格指出這一點，因為作為比特幣領域的風險投資人，我越來越多地看到創始人告訴我這一點：他們最初被加密貨幣的炒作吸引，最終浪費了大量時間，意識到他們的想法在那個情境下在技術或經濟上都毫無意義，於是轉向比特幣。第一次聽到這樣的故事只是個案，但當你像我一樣多次聽到時，這就更像是一個代表性的樣本了。 接下來我想要涵蓋的是對前比特幣加密貨幣狀況的一個寬容的總結：我認為加密貨幣演變成了大致有四個類別：穩定幣、密碼學研究與開發、賭博和騙局。顯然這些不是互斥的；它們之間有很多重疊，而實際上，這些重疊可能是關鍵所在。 ### 騙局 騙局就是代幣，簡單明瞭。如果有人試圖從他們發行的代幣的投機價格行為中獲利，他們就在詐騙。也許他們在騙你，也許他們在騙散戶投資者，也許他們在騙客戶或供應商——如果這些在他們的貨物崇拜「商業模式」中真的存在的話。這裡肯定藏有騙局。 然而，它很少僅僅是一個騙局。幾乎總是會包含穩定幣、研究與開發或賭博的組成部分。因此，這些值得真正理解，認真對待，給予應有的認可，但也需要進行批判性分析。 對於這種加密貨幣的大致和高層次的評估如下，我將在下文中解釋我的意思：穩定幣在經濟上有價值，但在技術上具有可疑的價值；研究與開發在技術上具有價值，但在經濟上沒有價值；賭博在某種程度上具有價值，但這取決於你如何解釋它。顯然，騙局既沒有技術上的價值，也沒有經濟上的價值。  ### 穩定幣 所謂的「某種技術上的價值」指的是穩定幣有中心化發行者。你可以將它們發行為區塊鏈上的代幣，但實際上這沒有太大意義。發行者可以運行一個連接到互聯網的數據庫，使用一些簡單的簽名方案進行轉帳，這對運營幾乎沒有差異。事實上，這樣做會更便宜更快。事實上，你可能會運行一個Chaumian eCash鑄幣機（這是幾十年來的一項創新，最近在比特幣領域內重新被推崇），使你的比區塊鏈更便宜更快的數據庫同時也提供用戶的過渡性和隱私性，而不是區塊鏈的公共永久性。 事實上，以Tron為代表的穩定幣使用最多，從這一點可以看出：它幾乎根本沒有偽裝自己不是一個數據庫。這是作為監管套利的一種形式，因為監管機構認為這是「創新」，因為他們很愚蠢。 儘管如此，鑒於穩定幣與可悲的法定銀行和支付體系競爭的悲慘結果，這裡還是值得一些讚譽的。在轉移方面，穩定幣比任何法定銀行的責任更具有權限。至於它們似乎最重要的使用案例，它們在使用上是無需許可的，只需一個互聯網連接和正確的軟件，而不是各種歧視性的司法和合規標準。 然而，「某種技術上的價值」最終歸結為，特別是與比特幣相比，它們在其外部聯繫和價值上是高度可審查的。這些穩定幣所聲稱的資產（根據定義）仍然在法定貨幣系統內，即使這種新穎的轉移機制是不是如此。所謂的穩定幣「去中心化」實際上有些虛張聲勢，因為關閉中心化發行者是使得可以無許可交易的去中心化代幣價值歸零的唯一要求，技術上雖然無阻礙，但實際上毫無用處。相比之下，比特幣的技術創新很容易理解，因為它對這種類型的攻擊完全不關心。 另一方面，「經濟上的價值」指的是它們作為提供美元影子銀行和通常更優越的支付體系手段而被廣泛使用和重視。加密貨幣界的人通常喜歡指出這一點，許多比特幣愛好者試圖解釋它，而我則認為這與比特幣本質上無關。顯然有表面上的聯繫，但你可以通過「代幣化」任何事物而無需特別好的技術理由。我認為這是一個完全不同的行業。這更像是金融科技的一個子行業——既有銀行業的一部分，也有支付業的一部分——目前仍然依賴於我所關注的這些胡言亂語來迷惑監管機構。 坦率地說，對他們來說是好事。如果法定銀行無論如何都不會以真實貨幣來支持，那至少應該是無需許可的。它實際上應該是Chaumian eCash，如果它不僅僅是比特幣，正是監管使得它在第一次如此糟糕。使貨幣可用並非反烏托邦控制的工具，此時此刻，這是一個政治問題，而不是技術問題。穩定幣坦率地是朝著正確方向邁出的一步，特別是在使用戶適應數字資產方面。但我仍要警告，它們可能因無法承受似乎不可避免的政治攻擊而不具足夠的技術價值… ### 密碼學研究與開發 對於研究與開發而言，「技術上的價值」或多或少是不言自明的，但背景值得欣賞。只有在加密貨幣，特別是以太坊，人們才能無需許可地對實際上具有巨大價值的任意複雜的密碼學方案進行實驗。很多人因為他們的項目基本上是學術性質的，並且在野外試驗他們的想法比在ArXiv上發表研究論文或提交到期刊更有趣、更值得、當然也更有樂趣，因此他們能理解這樣的吸引力。 但是……被操控的價值最多是穩定幣，最糟糕的情況是毫無根據的炒作。如果不是穩定幣，那麼它很可能本來就是因為賭博或騙局而存在——即使在這種情況下，界線也非常模糊。 ### 賭博 將這一切視為賭博的角度是有趣的，因為這實際上是一個兆美元的行業。而且它是真實的。這是一種自願的、非犯罪的、合法的經濟活動，為那些能夠有效促成它的人帶來巨大的利潤。 因此，在這個意義上，賭博具有經濟價值。但在這種情況下如何表述它卻很棘手，因為你也可以認為這是非常不誠實的賭博，因為賭徒們沒有意識到他們在對抗庄家的負和遊戲。他們認為自己在做類似於投機證券的事情，這取決於如何進行，可能同樣愚蠢，但至少具有真正的經濟效用並有助於資本形成。 這裡的區別在於，被投機的對象「沒有經濟價值」。因此，如果這是你衡量價值的標準，那麼這裡就沒有價值。在這種行為和行業的真正經濟功能之間存在非常模糊的界線。也許參與其中的人認為他們在做的是驚人的研究與開發，也許這無意間只是一個騙局；也許他們知道這一切都是無稽之談，但他們認為自己可以在這個負和遊戲中獲利，因為總有更多的傻瓜。無論如何，我認為賭博是對用戶行為和行業的真實經濟功能非常有益的描述。 這一切中有一個有趣的社會組成部分，因為加密貨幣的人們通常會因為比特幣愛好者不關心穩定幣或加密貨幣研究與開發而對他們感到生氣：他們會說，你們為什麼不喜歡穩定幣，它們具有明確的經濟價值？答案是它們具有可疑的技術價值。或者，你們為什麼不喜歡我們的下一代零知識擴展協議，它具有明確的技術價值？答案是它沒有經濟價值。 如果你對其中一個感到滿意，就容易認為比特幣愛好者是封閉思維或教條主義者，但最終，我認為這只是關於紀律的問題。對於一個只能半工作的事物感到興奮有什麼意義呢？而且你知道它永遠不會完全工作？坦率地說，這很可能是出於善意，但這有點胡扯。它很可能最終基於賭博，而根本不是它所聲稱的目的……或者它只是一個騙局。 ### 我們是如何走到這一步的？ 以下並不是詳盡無遺，這裡的構架故意帶有些許調侃意味。雖然基本上是足夠準確的（難免有些偏見），但我的目標主要是為了設定我對接下來會發生什麼的預測。 **2015 現實：以太坊推出 叙事：「世界電腦」** 2015年，以太坊推出。當時的叙事是我們正在建立「世界電腦」，現在我們可以進行去中心化、無法審查的計算。不用在意任何擁有筆記本電腦的人都擁有了一個無法審查和去中心化的計算設備這一事實。同時也要牢記這個問題：“在這種方式下，計算哪些數據可能有意義？”答案將會變得更加清晰和明確…… **2016-17 現實：ICO泡沫 叙事：「Web 3」/「DApps」** 儘管如此，2015年末我們提出並採納了ERC20：這是以太坊合約內發行可替代代幣的標準，這就是為什麼在2016年，尤其是在2017年，我們看到了ICO泡沫的出現。叙事發生了變化。現在我們關注的是「Web 2」公司變得龐大、強大和中心化。相反，如果用戶可以合作擁有應用程序、控制自己的數據並參與他們使用所創造的經濟收益，會怎樣？ **2018-19 現實：加密冬季 叙事：「犯了些錯誤」** 2018年，這一切都瓦解了，所以不要擔心，繼續前進…… **2020-21 現實：DeFi夏季 叙事：「去中心化金融」** 到了2020年，叙事再次有了不同的轉變。到這個時候，人們基本上已經意識到實用代幣在技術和經濟上都沒有意義。在資本財品應該豐富和通縮的地方引入人為稀缺性，並不會有任何人在乎，更不用說珍視你的創作了。另一方面，“證券”應該是稀缺的，在某種意義上應該作為可交易的帳簿項目存在。也許它們可以被代幣化，在一個無法審查和去中心化的方式下進行計算？ 所以，我們看到了“DeFi”領域的繁榮，但不管怎麼說，在2021年9月，我和Axiom的合作創始人安德斯·拉爾森在我們的文章[《唯有強者生存》](https://www.axiombtc.capital/only)中預測，這將是一場完全的災難，因為除了其他無知的瘋狂行為外，這些證券幾乎完全沒有任何生產性資本的基礎。這個生態系統完全是自我參照的——甚至不是建立在穩定幣的可疑經濟價值上，而是堅定地建立在賭博和騙局、槓桿、再質押和資產化的虛無之上。 **2022 現實：幣市浩劫 叙事：「犯了些錯誤」** 我們絕對是對的，因為在2022年一切都崩潰了。首先是Terra/Luna崩潰——一個“DeFi”項目，基本上向世界展示了這樣的論點：發行信託貨幣的部分準備銀行從理論上來說永遠不會破產，因為它可以通過發行更多的資本來彌補存款不足。儘管短暫地接近五十億美元的市值，並受到各種無知的江湖郎中的擁護和奉承，這一論點最終被市場視為極其愚蠢，正如我和尼克·卡特在[《一切都崩了》](https://niccarter.info/wp-content/uploads/All-Falls-Down-Whitepaper-2022-06-11.pdf)中所分析的那樣。 這引發了信用傳染，很快就擊垮了3箭資本、Celsius、Voyager、BlockFi等公司。FTX通過一種我們現在了解到的方式，類似於詐騙方式擺脫債務，但最終在同年晚些時候也崩潰了。如果[《唯有強者生存》](https://www.axiombtc.capital/only)是對所有這一切的事前死因分析，那麼讀者可能會想要閱讀[《綠色的餐巾和火腿》](https://www.axiombtc.capital/green)，這也是我和安德斯·拉爾森共同撰寫的一種事後死因分析。 **2023-至今 現實：比特幣多重簽名 叙事：「比特幣復興」** 現在，很多這些東西正在轉向比特幣。本文的範圍之外無法詳細解釋這一點，但最近比特幣出現了幾個發展，無論其旨在如何，似乎都有一個集體副作用，那就是很多這些同樣的把戲現在可以（或者假裝可以）在更符合比特幣本質的背景下實施。 所以，新的叙事大致如下： *這些東西之所以失敗，並不是因為它們是糟糕的想法，在任何稍微批判性的分析下都會崩潰成為圍繞賭博和騙局的月球數學包裝，而是因為它們不在比特幣上。但同時，由於最近才可能（至少假裝能夠）在比特幣上實施它們，所以現在它們是值得的。我們在荒野中徘徊，但吸取了教訓，找到了應許之地。*  ### 技術和經濟價值 讓我們再次通過技術和經濟價值的角度來考慮所有這些。或者說，根據所述目標的所謂價值。暫時忽略是否有任何價值： **2015 技術目標：新的計算範式 經濟目標：國內生產總值的x%？** 最初的“加密”概念據稱具有計算革命的潛力。這個市場有多大呢？或許是全球GDP的一大塊——如果它有任何意義的話，但這并非如此。 **2016-17 技術目標：顛覆公司組織 經濟目標：標準普爾500指數的y%？** 然後ICO變得更具體了一些。現在它們僅僅是在顛覆我們如何組織公司。這值多少錢？我猜可以分擔現在可以去中心化和代幣化的公司價值的一部分？誰知道…… **2018-19 這段時間沒什麼值得一提** 那時候什麼也沒發生，別擔心。 **2020-21 技術目標：去中心化金融 經濟目標：紐交所、芝商所、國際授信和衍生品協會的z%？** DeFi再次變得更具體。現在我們僅僅是代幣化金融合同，擴展了訪問範圍，去除了中間人等等。那麼這應該也值得一些資本市場活動的一部分？ **2022 這段時間沒什麼值得一提** 哎呀，不要在意…… **2023-至今 技術目標：現在它在比特幣上！ 經濟目標：比特幣的i%？** ……現在它顯然在比特幣上。 ### 從事後來看…… 我認為最有趣的分析如下：它開始時完全瘋狂，每次都變得越來越克制——你可以戲謔地說，它開始變得越來越合理——但它也越來越接近比特幣。顯然，它正在逐漸聚焦於只有：比特幣。 這是人們痛苦地在幾十年間意識到區塊鏈的用途！它們不是用來“去中心化一切”的。它們是用來實現防止審查、誠實、p2p的數位貨幣的。  我認為這也是我們從前文中得到的當前加密狀態的原因。隨著它變得越來越合理（因為越來越接近比特幣），人們開始有如下的領悟：為人工稀缺和極其昂貴的計算而設的數字禮品券不是錢，因此我們需要在這裡加入“真實的貨幣”以使其具有經濟價值，因此你得到了穩定幣。另外，我們擁有一個豐富的編程環境，這似乎在技術上很有趣，但同時卻有一個嚴重的技術障礙，即無法完成世界上所有計算的千億分之一千億分之一千億的計算，因此你得到了加密研發。這些以一種補丁的形式出現，它們在孤立狀態下具有一些價值，而長期趨勢實際上是向比特幣趨同。 這是一個開放且引人入勝的問題，是否還有什麼學習可以轉移到比特幣。對於穩定幣而言，這似乎不太清楚，因為使用區塊鏈本身就會引入可疑的技術價值，而不僅僅是比特幣以外的區塊鏈。然而，努力創建相對某些外部價格穩定的比特幣餘額（無論是通過代幣化還是其他方式），應該值得稱讚，儘管仍需嚴格審視它們到底有多少真正的技術價值。 看起來加密研發在比特幣的上下文中將被證明在某種程度上是有用的，而在這種情況下，經濟價值實際上是通過轉向比特幣來解決的，前提是必要的技術價值可以被模仿。在撰寫本文時，這既是希望的來源，也是恐懼的來源：希望在開發的可行途徑中有可能性（儘管仍然高度不確定）；恐懼是由於這個方向的早期步驟已經在追求胡說八道和騙局。 ### 敘述進化 回到上面的表格，我想快速做三個觀察，這些觀察將整個論點聯繫在一起，並帶我們到文章的結尾：  首先，泡沫總是追隨比特幣的價格。希望我不需要為讀者包含價格走勢圖表，讓他們立即理解這一點。 其次，重要的是敘述總是在變化中。在2017年和2021年比特幣牛市後，為這些垃圾籌集了絕對驚人的巨額資金。做這些的人不能指向之前的絕對災難，因此他們必須編造類似於*我們吸取了教訓，我們已經改進了用例*之類的東西。這應該聽起來很熟悉，就在上面提到的地方。 第三，*然而*，無論他們提出了什麼樣的改進，新“敘述”的後果總是“買我的代幣”。 總是如此。 不管中間有什麼流行語沙拉。總是“比特幣很酷，xyz，fughayzi fughahzi，買我的代幣。” 這就是為什麼我很想不那麼在意開發人員、學者、企業家等人，實際上我的虛無假設更可能是，他們更有可能是受害者而不是行兇者。我認為如果沒有我指責的關鍵群體，他們甚至不能處於貢獻的位置。當你把所有這些因素結合在一起時，我認為這個分析的結果如下： 整個屎幣循環可以追溯到不道德的金融家在牛市中說服不明真相的資本配置者，他們認為，是的，比特幣很酷，但他們正在做的事情更相關、更酷，他們應該得到報酬。 讓我們將其標籤為屎幣循環的資本循環理論。我認為關於屎幣循環的任何其他事情都是這一核心認識的下游。 ### 如何避免它 鑑於我已經涵蓋了這麼多內容，這基本上就是文章的結尾。 你需要意識到為什麼這些事情現在正在發生。如果你（也就是資本配置業的目標讀者群）還沒有遭遇這些問題，我可以保證，你將會面臨：隨著ETF和剛剛過去的比特幣分叉，我們似乎正在開始一場比特幣牛市，這些人已經在騙局和胡扯上籌集了荒謬的資金。他們可能已經虧損慘重，或者甚至已經在零售投資者身上賣空並獲得了極好的“回報”。但無論如何，他們需要一個新的敘述。 他們可能圍繞穩定幣、研發或兩者之間擁有一個可行的敘述，並且他們對騙局的警惕性可能如我在這裡所建議的那樣。如果他們現在才意識到在七年和數千億美元之後每一個前述的加密貨幣敘述是多麼無意義和不誠實；如果他們的歷史記錄表明他們深度參與、豐厚報酬，但卻沒有創造任何持久價值；如果他們說：“建設者正在回到比特幣”之類的話，你應該非常、非常懷疑。應該警惕代幣，也就是說，應該警惕騙局。 特別令人沮喪的是，在撰寫時大受歡迎的“第二層”的技術旋轉，它們“建設者正在回到比特幣”以進行建設，幾乎可以肯定，這將會是你、作為資本配置讀者，幾乎肯定會被推銷的東西。它們本身是相當合理的，但它們不需要代幣，也不需要賭博來支持代幣價格。它們需要的是對比特幣技術和經濟的堅實遵循。至少，在這些設計折衷方案之後和計劃之前，它們需要誠實地溝通，以及這些折衷方案之後是否還剩下任何經濟和技術的價值。 敘述問題旁白，這些項目的現實是，它們的99%都是與多重簽名監管用戶存款的私人執行環境有關。這就是說，一方面，它們是從以太坊載入的“加密貨幣研發”神秘化，這在比特幣中根本不可能，以假裝技術上的優勢；另一方面，它們根本不是第二層。再次強調，它們可能最終就像Chaumian電子現金鑄造廠一樣，唯一的例外是，這會使旨在進行的代幣騙局幾乎不可能實現。 最近在他共同主持的“Hell Money”播客上，Ordinals協議的創造者Casey Rodarmor對於*現在每個人都在建立第二層*的想法發表了評論： *這完全是以太坊上悲慘的同樣的行為計劃在比特幣上的重演。這就是你在以太坊上得到風險投資支票的方式。它們都是高級的多重簽名，所以它們就像是，“嘿，讓我們將我們的高級多重簽名移植到比特幣上，並獲得風險投資支票。”我曾和一位正在從事一個有趣項目的朋友交談，一個開源的交易聚類分析器，我說：“也許你可以這樣做並籌集一些風險投資。”他說：“是的，好吧，但籌集風險投資有什麼意義？”我說：“不，不，不，這就是終點！這就是目標！你籌集風險投資，然後你從那筆風險投資中切割支票，直到錢用完，然後你再以10倍估值籌集更多。這就是新經濟，伙計們！* 1%有誠意嘗試在技術上和經濟上合理地將加密貨幣研發的教訓帶給比特幣，他們希望最終在長期競爭中獲得勝利（即使在撰寫時這還有些推測性），但在這些騙局和胡扯的牛市風暴中，他們可能得不到太多關注。 Axiom將盡最大努力來挖掘並投資於這些公司（我們已經開始了！），但鑒於屎幣循環的資本循環理論，我們已經接受，要在資本配置者眼中變得更加困難。坦率地說，鑒於過去輸掉這場戰鬥並面對未來可能輸掉這場戰鬥的真實前景，這整篇文章可能被公正地認為是我在應對中的應對。哦，好吧，至少我試過了。 ### 結尾 屎幣循環資本理論的精髓在於，我描述的問題最終來自於像你這樣的人被那些聽起來技術性很高的廢話，比如“Web 3”，所迷惑，讓你認為這一切比實際情況要複雜得多。只買比特幣。這當然是你應該做的第一件事情，也可能是你唯一需要做的事情。 如果你真的非常想額外承擔比特幣生態系統的投資風險，Axiom團隊將很樂意與你交流。但我們永遠不會勸說你不買比特幣。不存在比特幣表現不佳而我們表現出色的世界，也不存在我們承諾比比特幣“更好”的事情，如果你不已經相信這一點，與我們交流毫無意義。 如果你對此感興趣，我們很樂意交流。如果不是，那就只買比特幣吧。無論如何，提前警告，我們正進入一個比特幣牛市，騙局和胡扯即將如影隨形。祝你好運避開它們。 *[Allen Farrington](npub1sfhflz2msx45rfzjyf5tyj0x35pv4qtq3hh4v2jf8nhrtl79cavsl2ymqt) 艾倫·法林頓，2024年6月* 原文：[nostr](https://yakihonne.com/article/naddr1qvzqqqr4gupzpqnwn7y4hqdtgxj9ygngkfy7drgze2qkpr002c4yj08wxhlut36eqqf9wetz95ej6vf5xy6njttrv4ex5uekhzzfww)

@ dd3548d4:cedd4a2c

 Little snitch shows this - very peculiar :-) originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/621754

@ 41d0a715:9733c512

+ When the sun goes down, the spirits of the trees have nothing to do and they kinda wander around and fit the stereotypical ghost sighting. + Some people believe the Earth has a spirit. If the Earth has a spirit, then probably the Sun does too. I have seen evidence that the Sun responds in obvious ways to any high quality thought. + Sometimes spirits of dead people will attach themselves to physical people out of love or some other emotion. If you drink yourself into oblivion, then those spirits may take control of your unoccupied physical body. originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/621672

@ bbba037f:33dd566c

### ฉบับ Highlight > ## ทุกสิ่งทุกอย่างควรเป็นในสิ่งที่ควรเป็น > ## ผลของ Proof of work ทำให้คนนั้นเป็นแบบนั้น > ## บางเรื่อง คนบางคนต้องรู้ด้วยตัวเอง > ## ความสุข เหมือน ความทุกข์ > ## บางอย่างที่นิ่ง คือ สิ่งที่เปลี่ยนแปลงเป็นปกติ > ## 'ลงทุนด้วยฉันทะ แล้วจะสุข สำเร็จ มีเวลาเพื่อพิจารณา money management และ mindset ตามลำดับ' #siamstr

@ f507defa:1c20a9ac

What's up stackers! Wanted to share a recent update on CASCDR. **TLDR**: YouTube cracked down hard on access to third party scraping/APIs so we had to discontinue some services that rely on them (for now) in favor of an RSS focus. We have changed our YouTube agent to an [RSS Agent](https://cascdr.xyz/?tab=yt-agent) which performs substantially the same task with only a slight UX twist:  _Before: use YouTube as a proxy for surfacing relevant content_  _After: browse content by RSS feeds to analyze podcasts_ ## A Temporary Armistice Broken We knew the day would eventually come when big tech would start limiting our access to information. Like [Xitter last year](https://www.financialexpress.com/life/technology-twitter-now-x-to-crack-down-on-web-crawling-scraping-with-updated-terms-of-service-why-it-matters-3239775/) , YouTube [has begun cracking down](https://techcrunch.com/2024/06/20/youtube-confirms-crackdown-on-vpn-users-accessing-cheaper-premium-plans/) on anonymous access & web scraping. We decided it was time to implement the plan we made long ago and abstract out the YouTube source content in favor of the open RSS feeds.  We know of several other projects especially on nostr that were likewise affected. While this affront to the free and open internet is unsurprising it is disappointing. If your app was affected by the YT crackdown feel free to reach out for help. On a personal level this sucked for me because I was on vacation enjoying time with family and traveling for Bitcoin 2024 when this issue arose. That slowed us down quite a bit. Despite that, our team was able to put in a heroic effort and restore the core functionality our users need using RSS instead of YouTube. Thanks to everyone who was patient with us in the meantime. Our team put in a heroic effort and got us back on track. I am incredibly proud of the people at CASCDR and our team of tenacious, savvy devs. ## Our Response Timeline & Roadmap 1. Outage occurred [Friday July 19] 2. Implemented proxy measures to circumvent crack down on 1 out of 3 services (it initially succeeded) [Friday July 19 ~6pm] 3. Discovered the banning was more aggressive than first thought, hard pivoted to RSS [Saturday July 20] 4. Complete Testing and Release [just now, Wednesday July 24] **Roadmap:** 1. UX Optimizations on the RSS Agent (make it easier to search and explore analysis of particular podcasts a la carte) -> currently we just pull the most recent episode but plan to open it up in the coming days. 2. Restoration of batching/automation tools like CHADBot & CASCDRVision-like clip generation 3. More sophisticated AI analysis and research tools (SOON(^TM)) ## Closing Thoughts + CASCDR Mission Thanks to everyone who has supported us and remained patient despite these difficulties. We will continue to press forward with our vision of creating human centric, liberty focused applications that help individuals use the AI revolution to succeed without the fear of surveillance, censorship or other predatory behavior. I welcome your thoughts in the comment section below! Onward. originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/621497

@ 6bae33c8:607272e8

This is my preliminary cheat sheet, taken largely from my write-ups on [QB](https://yakihonne.com/article/naddr1qvzqqqr4gupzq6awx0ytcf49c4eez2h5h94kaa5syk82xu6m4yx2qhvm0fs8yuhgqq2ng4mexppyv5ztf9kyjn6vx4erzdn024x9yzfsyny), [RB](https://yakihonne.com/article/naddr1qvzqqqr4gupzq6awx0ytcf49c4eez2h5h94kaa5syk82xu6m4yx2qhvm0fs8yuhgqq24j6mef9ky26nnd9yy7j332e2hvwr8ddzhxhmuym8), [WR](https://yakihonne.com/article/naddr1qvzqqqr4gupzq6awx0ytcf49c4eez2h5h94kaa5syk82xu6m4yx2qhvm0fs8yuhgqq2n23jk0f65kdzwv9fxj4mpdp9rycjs23rrvelhmqs) and [TE](https://yakihonne.com/article/naddr1qvzqqqr4gupzq6awx0ytcf49c4eez2h5h94kaa5syk82xu6m4yx2qhvm0fs8yuhgqq2k5sjy23fxvunzxeunvvz5fp9hgn2y0g6xk2yyal6), and adjusted slightly after getting some feedback from readers. I still haven’t yet looked at NFFC ADP and will probably adjust further to account for market-based information.  I'll update this throughout the preseason.

@ f647c956:90f43673

Hey everyone! I'm super excited to announce that Global Sports Central and Nos.Social have teamed up to bring you the most epic coverage of the Parisien Olympics! 🎊 With this amazing partnership, tks Linda, we'll be bringing you live updates, stats, and behind-the-scenes fun straight from the action! Nostr's revolutionary technology will let us share real-time insights, stunning visuals, and insider info that'll make you feel like you're there in Paris, cheering on the athletes! 🏃‍♂️ Get ready for an unforgettable experience as we bring you the most exciting, inspiring, and jaw-dropping moments from the Olympics! Stay tuned for more updates and fun stuff, and don't forget to get in the Exclusive Relay for live coverage! 📱 If you use Nos.Social you're already in 🎉💥 Global Sports Central 🌐 #GSC360 - @npub1qspus6smkn8mcdxg5jflh50s69vdgtwsd5p74gmjpzp2qekn5duqfv5afj 🗼 Nos.Social - @npub1pu3vqm4vzqpxsnhuc684dp2qaq6z69sf65yte4p39spcucv5lzmqswtfch 🚀

@ 9dd283b1:cf9b6beb

I've spent a lot of time on shitcoin Twitter, bitcoin Twitter, and Reddit's r/wallstreetbets in the past. Nothing is more common among these places than the diamond hands/paper hands narrative, with some variations of the hands type like weak, strong, lettuce, etc. Also, everybody saw memes like 300 Spartans holding their bags or something like that. At the same time, we have another narrative where money is a store of value, medium of exchange, and unit of account. And Bitcoin is money, it's generational wealth, it's everything divided by 21M, right? So how do we do diamond hands to medium of exchange shift? Some might argue, that if you buy goods and services in bitcoin, it's not selling, so you just keep your diamond hands title and sprinkling your dust diamonds on sellers while you are passing by in a carriage and they bring you goods to your citadel later. And then they go and sell it for Micky Mouse money. In other words, if you buy something in Bitcoin, but the seller instantly sells it after for fiat - isn't it same as selling? Not taxwise, but a philosophical question here. Or you "don't care / never sell"? So you sell 1st and then buy - paper hands You buy 1st and then the seller sells - diamond hands. Ok, some might argue let's call it spending and converting, spending on goods and services is fine, converting to fiat to buy goods and services is bad. You need to support a circular economy, and to support it - it needs to exist or you need to create it. How do you create it - you spend your bitcoin. Cause if you are holding your diamond balls in your diamond hands sitting in your half-built citadel nothing is going to change. It's like wanting revolution while sitting in your castle and waiting for others to do the job. We need revolutionists, we need actions. We needed Laszlo_Hanyecz. And all these heroes (or call them misfits) of revolution will bleed, they will bleed so others can learn from them. They will fuck up their lightning nodes, get hacked, and people will laugh at them as they zapped the whole kids' college fund on a single meme and spent the whole block subsidy of 2084 on a cup of coffee. But without spenders nothing will happen. So the whole diamond hands/paper hands narrative is broken, leave this meme for shitcoinery, it doesn't help Bitcoin in the long run. When people hear this there is a strong connection with stocks and shitcoins. And Bitcoin is not another asset in your portfolio. It's your future life. And in your future life, you are going to spend, sell, convert, earn, save, you gonna do all these things. Because if you don't do it it will just not work. And there will be no future we hope for. Now, some toxic spenders will spend their Bitcoin to buy goods from you or return the money for a coffee and then shame and bully you in oblivion if you try to sell your Bitcoin. Fine, we need them too, shame your friends, just don't make it a global narrative. Cause Bitcoin is for our kids and grandkids. I can't tell my kids to have diamond hands and shame them for the paper hands later, that's ridiculous. Remember when you were a kid and you were saving money for something, not saving money for the sake of money? They are these kids now. They are getting their Bitcoin piggy bank that they will break one day to buy a bike/doll / Playstation / whatever the f they want. And then they start saving again. Ok, maybe the second time they won't have too much Bitcoin, ok maybe you need to sit and lecture them about the time preference - "In 5 years you will be able to get 100 bikes, son!" - "But Dad, I need a new bike now when I'm 15, I don't need 100 bikes when I'm 20." Kids can't have the same time preference as you are. 5 years for you is maybe 10% of your lived life. 5 years for them is like 35%. They cannot wait another 35% to get a bike, all friends will be gone by then and you will ride in the park alone on your 100 bikes. So kids will not have diamond hands or paper hands, kids just want to use it. Spend it, sell it, save it. Cause at the end you are not converting/selling your Bitcoin for fiat. You use your fiat as an extra medium of exchange. So when my kids need a bike they don't choose between bike for bitcoin or no bike, they choose between 2 paths here - Bitcoin -> Bike and Bitcoin -> Fiat -> Bike. And if the 1st option is not available they will just switch to the second and go on with their life. And please don't do this "it's just slavery with extra steps" meme here. It is for now, but we are gonna remove these extra steps sooner or later, one at a time. originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/620536

@ b804f68e:2fb0fa1f

For the most part, I'm quite confident with where my health is at right now. It's a never ending journey of continuous optimization, experimenting, learning, and adapting but I would say the past 5 years, especially since becoming a Bitcoiner and being able to lower my time preference, I've focused a lot of my time on getting myself as healthy as possible. With that being said, one aspect of my health that I'm still learning to improve is my overall voice projection. I don't have a weak voice (although at one point I did), but it's far from optimal in terms of volume and clarity. I've noticed that it could be that my breathing muscles, especially my external intercostals aren't the strongest and most conditioned. As I've focused more on slow, deliberate, and full length breaths, really making sure I engage all of my breathing muscles, I do feel I am better able to speak with good projection and clarity. Still a work in progress but progress. What is one thing that concerns you about your health? Are you doing anything specific to address it, or maybe you have questions or concerns that you would like to discuss here on SN? originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/620120

@ 2063cd79:57bd1320

Stablecoins sind Kryptowährungen, deren Preis anhand von Preisbindungsmechanismen (entweder aktiv gemanaged, automatisiert und algorithmusbasiert) versucht eine andere Währung abzubilden. Es gibt auch nicht-währungsgebundene Stablecoins, deren Ziel es sein soll z.B. Gold- oder Diamantenpreise (😅) abzubilden. Alleine auf coinmarketcap.com und coingecko.com sind über 85 aktive Stablecoins aller Art aufgelistet (kurze Sidenote: habe mir ein paar Coins aus reinem Interesse näher angesehen und bei den meisten war die angegebene Website nicht (mehr) online - ein Zeichen für die Anzahl an gestarteten und verwahrlosten Projekten in dem Bereich). Außerdem wichtig ist, dass Stablecoins von privaten Unternehmen geschaffen werden, niemals von Staaten oder Institutionen (zumindest bisher). Also, was ist also der eigentliche Nutzen eines Stablecoins, der einfach nur den Wert einer Währung abbildet? Warum benutzt man dann nicht einfach diese Währung? Und das ist genau der Punkt in Zeiten von Magic-Internet-Unicorn-Moneys. Nehmen wir z.B. US Dollar gebundene Stablecoins, wie Tether oder USDC (Circle): Möchte man auf gängigen Tauschbörsen (Cryptocurrency Exchange / CEXs), wie Kraken, FTX oder Binance Kryptowährungen kaufen, muss man zunächst den Gegenwert in einer Fiatwährung bereitstellen, d.h. man muss USD, EUR oder GBP auf ein Konto überweisen, mit Kreditkarte kaufen, oder anderweitige Drittanbieter zur Hilfe ziehen. Danach wird im Depot ein Kontostand über den eingezahlten Betrag in der jeweiligen Währung angezeigt, den man benutzen kann, um in den von der Tauschbörse angebotenen Kryptowährungen zu handeln. Hier kommen verschiedene Szenarien zu tragen, z.B. möchte man die gut angelegte Kryptowährung gewinnbringend verkaufen, und tauscht diese folglich entweder a) zurück in Fiat, b) in eine andere Kryptowährung, oder c) in einen Stablecoin. a) Zwar ist zurück nach Fiat tauschen bei den meisten angebotenen Kryptowährungen in der Regel möglich und die meisten grossen Tauschbörsen bieten die gängigen Fiatwährungen an. Jedoch sind manche Währungen deutlich liquider als andere und der einzig wirkliche Grund in Fiatwährung zu tauschen ist, dass man sein Depot liquidieren möchte, um die Investition und die Gewinne zurück auf sein Bankkonto zu überweisen. Außerdem können hier Steuern anfallen! Echt? Echt!  b) Sollte man verkaufen wollen, um in eine andere Kryptowährung zu tauschen, bietet es sich oft an direkt mithilfe von trading pairs von einer in die andere Währung zu swappen. Das Problem hierbei ist, dass bei obskuren Währungen oft nur direkte Swaps mit z.B. Bitcoin, Ether oder einer handvoll anderen Währungen angeboten werden. c) In diesem Fall tauscht man also von Währung 1 zu Stablecoin, um direkt anschließend zu Währung 2 zu tauschen. Das hat auch den Vorteil, dass die Liquidität bei den großen Stablecoins und der gewünschten Währung höher ist, als zwischen obskurer Währung 1 und obskurer Währung 2, da man für den gewünschten Trade auch Counterparties braucht. Desweiteren lassen sich Stablecoins auch über Tauschbörsen hinaus versenden. Wer mit seinen Gewinnen eine Währung kaufen möchte, die Börse 1 nicht anbietet, kann also den Stablecoin zu Börse 2 senden, um dort damit die gewünschte Währung zu kaufen. Das ist mit Fiat Währungen nicht möglich. Außerdem arbeiten die meisten automatisieren Swaps der DeFi Protokolle zwischen den vielen dezentralisierten Tauschbörsen (Decentralized Exchanges / DEXs) mit Stablecoins. Da dort die Funds non-custodial gehandelt werden, ist es hier unmöglich mit Fiat Währungen zu handeln. Stablecoins ermöglichen also den Handel mit Kryptowährungen ohne die langen Wartezeiten, bei niedrigen Transaktionskosten und ohne größere Volatilitätsrisiken (wie z.B. bei Bitcoin). Soweit zum Anwendungsfall von Stablecoins. --- #### 💩 CBDCs Bei Central Bank Digital Currencies handelt es sich um digitales Zentralbankgeld. Damit ist es digital und ein Zahlungsmittel. Das sind auch schon die einzigen Gemeinsamkeiten mit Kryptowährungen, ganz zu schweigen von Bitcoin. Was ist auch ein digitales Zahlungsmittel? Genau, Paypal. CBDCs sind näher verwandt mit Paypal, als mit Bitcoin. Jede//r, die//der in einem entwickelten Land ein Bankkonto hat, verfügt heute schon über digitales Geld, denn alles was man auf seinem Konto hat (oder nicht hat) sind in einem Zentralregister gespeicherte Transaktionen. Kein Geld wird bei Überweisungen physisch verschoben. De facto ähneln Bankdienste eher Messengern wie Whatsapp, über die Nachrichten über Ab- oder Zubuchungen übermittelt werden.  Der Unterschied zu Zentralbankgeld ist, dass die Zentralbank diese Konten verwaltet, also die//der Nutzer//in das Konto direkt bei der Zentralbank führt. Viele Zentralbanken spielen in der Theorie mit der Idee CBDCs zu schaffen, jedoch weicht die zugrundeliegende Architektur stark ab. Es gibt Modelle, die sich einer (privaten) Blockchain bedienen, solche die in der Tat einem zweiten Paypal gleichen und solche, die sich vom heutigen System gar nicht unterscheiden, bis auf den Fakt, dass keine Geschäftsbank, sondern die Zentralbank selbst das Konto führt. Es gibt also keine eindeutige Definition für CBDCs, denn die Ausgestaltung liegt bei der jeweiligen Zentralbank. Um bei den gängigen Währungen zu bleiben (Post #4), sehen wir heute, dass China weitläufige Versuche an seiner Bevölkerung durchführt (digitale Autokratien brauchen digitales Geld); die EZB sich mehrmals zu ihren Ambitionen geäußert und Berichte veröffentlicht hat (mit teils wahnsinnigen wie inkompetenten Inhalten); die BOJ eine bisher vernachlässigbare Versuchsperiode begonnen hat; die USA (vielleicht als einzig vernünftige Institution) CBDCs momentan grundlegend ablehnen, und stattdessen eine weitläufige Regulierung der existierenden Stablecoins durch die SEC vorantreiben. Gary Gensler (Vorsitzender der SEC) kennt sich mit Bitcoin aus (hat Blockchain technology, digital currencies, financial technology an der MIT gelehrt) und setzt sich dafür ein regulierte und sichere Stablecoins zu verwenden anstatt CBDCs zu schaffen.  Der größte Kritikpunkt bei der Idee die Zentralbank könnte ein eigenes digitales Geld in Umlauf bringen, ist dass dies außerhalb der eigentlichen Befugnis einer Zentralbank liegt. Konkret bedeutet dies, dass die Mandate der Zentralbanken Geldwertsicherung und Vollbeschäftigung vorsehen. Implizit bedeutet dies, dass die treibende Kraft weiterhin die Angst davor, Marktanteile an Bitcoin und digitale Währungen wie Tether oder andere ähnliche private digitale Währungen zu verlieren, ist. Das Problem für den//die Nutzer//in, Bürger//in, uns ist, dass CBDCs anders als Cash (Scheine und Münzen in unseren Taschen, deren Herkunft sich nicht oder nur sehr schwer nachvollziehen lässt), programmiertes und transparentes Geld darstellen. Damit lässt sich die Herkunft des Geldes und somit alle historischen Daten (Art der Einnahmen, Legalität der Herkunft, Steuern bezahlt, Verbindungen zu anderen Menschen, etc.) sowie Daten über den Verwendungszweck (zukünftige Verwendung des Geldes) nachvollziehen. In einer Welt, in der Cash durch CBDCs ersetz wird, besitzen wir unser Geld nicht. Das Geld wird zu einem Überwachungsinstrument, die Zentralbank kann den Verwendungszweck von digitalem Geld lenken bzw. einschränken (sprich ein Vorbestrafter Verkehrssünder kann mit seinem digitalen Wallet kein Auto kaufen oder tanken gehen), und die//der Verbraucher//in kann nicht mehr so viel sparen (Zentralbanken wollen nicht, dass wir sparen) wie sie//er will (I'm looking at you EZB, 3000 EUR cap 👀). Klingt nach autokratischer Planwirtschaft, klingt nach komplexen Systemen, die zentral gesteuert werden sollen... > Komplexe Systeme, wie die Energieversorgung eines Staates, müssen gesteuert, überwacht und reguliert werden, dazu sollten Politiker und Berater befähigt werden. Jedoch ist eine zentrale Planung dieser Systeme nicht möglich [.] --- #### Effekte dieser Entwicklung auf Bitcoin Die Entwicklung von Stablecoins im Speziellen und CBDSCs (Central Bank Digital Shit Coins) haben meines Erachtens einen sehr positiven Effekt auf Bitcoin. * Zunächst mal führt jegliche Einführung digitaler Zahlungsmittel dazu, dass sich Nutzer wohler fühlen mit Geld im digitalen Raum umzugehen. Egal ob Apple Pay, Paypal oder die Coinbase / Kraken Wallet auf dem Telefon machen es dem Endnutzer immer selbstverständlicher sich mit digitalem Geld auseinander zu setzen. Das wird dazu führen, dass sich Zahlungen via Bitcoin oder Lightning irgendwann ganz natürlich anfühlen werden. * Die angesprochene Regulierung von Stablecoins durch die SEC und damit auch in weiten anderen Teilen der Welt wird dazu führen, dass viele der heute existierenden Shit Coins und Scam Tokens als Ponzi- und Pyramidensysteme entlarvt und damit verboten werden. Auch Fälle wie Terra/LUNA oder Celsius werden damit seltener möglich, was eine höhere Glaubwürdigkeit im gesamten Digital Assets Bereich erzeugen wird, aber Bitcoin insbesondere von allen anderen Kryptowährungen entkoppeln wird, weil damit von regulatorischer Seite per definitionem Bitcoin nicht mehr als gleiche Asset Klasse geführt werden wird. * Sollten die Zentralbanken sich wirklich dazu durchringen unsere heutigen Währungen durch ihre digitalen Währungen zu ersetzen, werden viele Menschen einen Ausweg in Bitcoin suchen. CBDCs sind per Definition das Gegenteil für was Bitcoin steht. Bitcoin ist 🟢 dezentral (CBDC ❌) 🟢 zensurresistent (CBDC ❌) 🟢 erlaubnislos (CBDC ❌) 🟢 diskriminiert nicht (CBDC ❌) 🟢 ein weltweit liquides Zahlungsmittel (CBDC ❌) 🟢 ein extrem knappes Zahlungsmittel (CBDC ❌) 🟢 einfach selbst zu verwahren (CBDC ❌) **Bitcoin = Freedom Money**  --- In diesem Sinne, 2... 1... Risiko!‌ 

@ 2063cd79:57bd1320

In Zeiten in denen Ludwig Erhards Idee einer Sozialen Marktwirtschaft mit Füßen getreten wird, suchen viele Menschen nach einer gesunden Alternative. In seinem Buch "Wohlstand für Alle" wird das Bild des Staats als Schiedsrichter, der am Spiel teilnimmt ohne direkten Einfluss zu nehmen, aufgemalt. Das Spiel, also der Markt, muss gerecht gehalten werden (level playing field, wie es im Englischen schön heißt) und dies passiert durch ein Balancieren der Kräfte zwischen Angebot und Nachfrage, Arbeitgeber und Arbeitnehmer, Firmen und Kartellamt. Dieser Kräfteausgleich, oder anders Wettbewerb genannt, zwischen den Spielern führt zu einer prosperierenden Gesellschaft, in der auch alle Teilnehmer zu mehr Wohlstand gelangen können. Diese Idee kontrastiert stark mit der aktuellen Situation, in der der Staat nicht mehr die Rolle des Schiedsrichters innehat, sondern ganz aktiv in das Geschehen eingreift. Der Staat vereinnahmt immer weitreichendere Teile des Marktes für sich und interveniert, indem Banken aus Finanzkrisen, kranke oder zumindest vermeintlich risikobehaftete Bürger vor Pandemien und Kriegsfolgen in Europa und zuletzt vor steigenden Benzinpreisen gerettet werden müssen. Letzteres z.B. tut der Staat nicht, indem er das Kartellamt einschaltet und somit Mineralölunternehmen eine gelbe Karte erteilt, sondern indem er direkt eingreift und Energiesteuergesetze erlässt, die den Benzinpreis direkt beeinflussen sollen. Dies ist nur das letzte Beispiel für einen fortwährenden Trend weg von der freien Marktwirtschaft hin zu einem alles lenkenden Staat. In Post #2 habe ich schon folgendes gesagt: > Komplexe Systeme, wie die Energieversorgung eines Staates, müssen gesteuert, überwacht und reguliert werden, dazu sollten Politiker und Berater befähigt werden. Jedoch ist eine zentrale Planung dieser Systeme nicht möglich. Ob Energiepolitik oder Geldpolitik, für viele Menschen sind der übergriffige Staat und die ungreifbare Politik der Zentralbanken ein immer größerer Dorn im Auge, weshalb sie einen Ausweg in eine gesunde Geldpolitik suchen. Für Bitcoiner ist der sogenannte Bitcoin Standard (nicht mit dem großartigen Buch von Saifedean Ammous zu verwechseln) das finale Ziel, um unsere Welt in eine nachhaltigere, marktwirtschaftlich vernünftigere und finanziell gesunde Gesellschaft führen. Die Geldpolitik von Bitcoin ist programmatisch, ist in Code geschrieben, kann jederzeit von jedem geprüft werden und wird nicht von einer einzelnen Person oder Gruppe kontrolliert. Bitcoin ist eine automatisierte Zentralbank mit einer programmatischen Geldpolitik und somit völlig isoliert von jeglichem politischen Druck. Keine Änderung der Nachfrage in irgendeiner Richtung wirkt sich auf das Angebot aus, die Menge an bitcoins ist fest im Code verankert. Bitcoin ist die unabhängigste Zentralbank der Welt. Natürlich kann man argumentieren, dass der Bitcoin Preis, bzw. die damit verbundene Volatilität, oder der Wilde Westen, den die unregulierte Digital Assets Szene zurzeit ausmachen, für Außenstehende auch wie Kraut und Rüben aussehen. Doch wenn man Bitcoin mit dem aktuellen Chaos der von Menschen geführten Geldpolitik vergleicht, sieht die Geldpolitik von Bitcoin unglaublich attraktiv, weil transparent und stabil, aus. Die schon erwähnten kurzfristigen Preisbewegungen lenken die meisten Menschen, die in Bitcoin zunächst nur eine Investment Chance oder Hokus Pokus sehen, von der wahren Innovation ab. Bitcoin stellt ein digitales, solides und gutes Geld (sound money) dar. Doch was genau muss passieren, damit Bitcoin die Rolle einer Leitwährung übernehmen kann? Folgende Annahmen müssten dazu wahrscheinlich erfüllt werden, um solch ein Szenario zu realisieren: **1️⃣ Der US Dollar muss seine Rolle als exklusive globale Leitwährung bzw. Weltwährung verlieren.** Ein sehr aufschlussreicher Artikel zu diesem Thema wurde neulich auf [zerohedge.com](https://www.zerohedge.com/geopolitical/five-warning-signs-end-dollar-hegemony-near-heres-what-happens-next) veröffentlicht. In diesem Artikel werden fünf Anzeichen aufgelistet und erklärt, warum die Vormachtstellung des US Dollars in Gefahr ist. Ich rate jedem den original Artikel zu lesen, allerdings habe ich die fünf Thesen kurz zusammengefasst. > ‌Warning Sign #1: Russia Sanctions Prove Dollar Reserves “Aren’t Really Money” Provoziert durch den Krieg in der Ukraine haben die USA Sanktionen gegen Russland verhängt und u.A. die Dollarreserven der Russischen Zentralbank eingefroren. Dieser Schritt verdeutlicht die politischen Risiken, die mit dem Halten seiner Reserven in US Dollars behaftet sind. Das Vertrauen in den Dollar ist beschädigt und viele Staaten schauen sich nach Alternativen um. > ‌Warning Sign #2: Rubles, Gold, and Bitcoin for Gas, Oil, and Other Commodities Als einer der größten Exporteure für Wirtschaftsgüter aller Art (Rohstoffe, aber auch Gold und Uranium) hat Russland angekündigt keine Zahlungen in Dollar mehr zu akzeptieren und stattdessen nur noch Rubel, Gold oder Bitcoin anzunehmen. Das heißt, dass der Dollar als Zahlungsmittel im internationalen Handel seine Exklusivität verloren hat. > ‌Warning Sign #3: The Petrodollar System Flirts With Collapse Dank einem Abkommen zwischen Saudi Arabien und den USA in den 1970ern wird das von allen Mitgliedsstaaten der OPEC geförderte Öl in US Dollar gehandelt, im Gegenzug für militärischen Schutz der USA. Das sogenannte Petrodollar System hat dem US Dollar somit einen enormen Wert und hohe Liquidität verliehen. Russlands Ausschluss vom Dollar System als Teil der US Sanktionen könnte sich ähnlich mit China wiederholen, wenn diese Taiwan überfallen, und damit könnte China nicht mehr ohne weiteres Öl importieren. Um solch ein Risiko durch Abhängigkeit vom US Dollar zu vermeiden hat China seit Jahren ein Alternativsystem basierend auf den Chinesischen Yuan mit Hilfe des Shanghai International Energy Exchange (INE) aufgebaut. China ist der weltgrößte Importeur von Öl und Saudi Arabien den USA nicht mehr so wohl gesinnt, wie noch vor 50 Jahren, zu Beginn des Petrodollar Systems. Sollte also China als größter Kunde Saudi Arabiens diese dazu bringen den Yuan zu akzeptieren, wäre es mit dem Öl-gestützten Petrodollar System vorbei und somit bräche auch einer der Pfeiler des Dollars als Zahlungsmittel im internationalen Handel weg.  > Warning Sign #4: Out of Control Money Printing and Record Price Increases Mehr als 4 Billionen US Dollar wurden in den letzten zwei Jahren von der Federal Reserve bereitgestellt - die größte monetäre Ausweitung in der Geschichte der USA. Dies ist höchstwahrscheinlich einer der größten Preistreiber der aktuellen Inflation, selbst wenn die Federal Reserve dies nicht zugibt. > Warning Sign #5: Fed Chair Admits Dollar Supremacy Is Dead “It’s possible to have more than one reserve currency.” Es ist auch möglich, mehr als nur eine große Währung zu haben sagte Jerome Powell, der Präsident der Federal Reserve. Der Mann, dessen Job es ist die Leitwährung (bzw. Weltwährung) zu beschützen, gibt offen zu, dass es neben dem Dollar auch weitere Kandidaten für den Thron geben kann. **2️⃣ Bitcoin muss von einer Großzahl der wirtschaftlich stärksten Länder der Welt anerkannt werden.** Wie bereits erwähnt bahnen sich tektonische Verschiebungen in der Weltpolitik und der Weltwirtschaft an. Russland ist vom US Dollar System de jure ausgeschlossen (de facto wirft die ganze Welt Russland die immer noch hinterher), China hat an einem Alternativsystem zum Petrodollar gearbeitet und auch die Eurozone (mit dem Euro als zweitwichtigster Reservewährung und der Währung mit dem größten Geldvolumen weltweit) arbeitet zurzeit an einem digitalen Euro und/oder einer CBDC (Central Bank Digital Currency), was zumindest darauf schließen lässt, dass auch in Europa zumindest über Alternativszenarien nachgedacht wird und den Euro zumindest als zweitwichtigste Weltwährung platzieren möchte.   Aber auch die USA selbst müssten Bitcoin als legales und reguliertes Zahlungsmittel anerkennen, bevor es dann überhaupt als Leit- oder Reservewährung in Frage kommen kann. **3️⃣ Aus ökonomischer Sicht müssten einige der Messwerte von Bitcoin substantiell nach oben steigen.** Hier will ich das Pferd mal von hinten aufzäumen. Ohne auf Geldmengendefinitionen für M1, M2, M3, etc. und Geldschöpfungsmechanismen einzugehen, will ich hier eine einfache Bierdeckelrechnung anstellen, um nur eine grobe Hausnummer aufzuzeigen. Die monetäre Basis, also die Zentralbankgeldmenge, der USA beläuft sich auf 5,8 Billionen Dollar (5.885.200.000.000).   Das bedeutet für Bitcoin, dessen Geldmenge auf 21 Millionen (21.000.000) festgelegt ist, dass eine "Marktkapitalisierung" von 5,8 Billionen nur über den Anstieg des Preises pro bitcoin erreicht werden kann. Das bedeutet in Zahlen einen Preis von ca. 280.000 US Dollar, oder anders ausgedrückt eine Verzehnfachung des jetzigen Preises. Ist solch ein Anstieg möglich? Wir können auf jeden Fall festhalten, dass der Preis von Bitcoin noch im März 2020 bei unter 5.000 USD lag, bevor der rasante Anstieg auf über 60.000 im April 2021 stattfand. Also innerhalb eines Jahres, hatte Bitcoin seinen Preis mehr als verzehnfacht und das ist nur der letzte deutliche Sprung, denn natürlich waren zu Anfangszeiten Sprünge im Bereich Faktor 10 keine Seltenheit. Mit dieser Rechnung möchte ich nur zeigen, dass Bitcoin momentan noch viel zu "klein" ist, um in der Liga von Währungen, wie dem US Dollar, oder dem Euro zu spielen. Diese Milchmädchenrechnung zieht auch die gesagt in Dollar angegebene Geldmenge bei fremdländischen Banken (Eurodollar) etc. nicht in Betracht.  Das alles soll nicht heißen, dass die Welt plötzlich anfängt Bitcoin als Zahlungsmittel zu akzeptieren (es besteht auch ein Unterschied zwischen Bitcoin als Währung und Bitcoin als Zahlungsmittel). Aber in solch einer hypothetischen Währungsordnung würden die Zentralbanken der jeweiligen Länder Bitcoin als Reserve hinterlegen, wie es z.B. zu Zeiten des Goldstandards der Fall war. Das heißt, den Fiat-Währungen wird durch das Hinterlegen und Absichern der Geldmenge in Bitcoin ein tatsächlicher Wert verliehen und nicht wie es heutzutage der Fall ist, mit einem Versprechen die Liquidität der jeweiligen Währung "abgesichert". Hinzu kommt natürlich, dass alle oben aufgeführten Annahmen erstmal erfüllt werden müssten, um Bitcoin nur theoretisch in die Lage zu versetzen, als Leitwährung überhaupt in Frage zu kommen. Gold hat es schon immer gegeben und die Charakteristika von Gold als Reserve sind unbestreitbar, allerdings haben sich die Staaten gegen ein Gold-gestütztes Währungssystem entschieden, weil eine Abkopplung den Umgang mit Geld und Krediten viel flexibler gestaltet. Das bedeutet, dass entweder Staaten von sich aus entscheiden müssten, von nun an ihrer Währung mehr Glaubwürdigkeit und Stabilität zu verleihen, indem sie einen Bitcoin Standard für sich einführen, oder aber der Einsatz von Bitcoin weltweit so stark steigt, dass automatisch Währungssysteme, weltweiter Handel, etc. in Bitcoin benannt wird, anstatt in US Dollars wie es heute der Fall ist. > "The government currencies are so unreliable — they're also fiat currencies. They're not backed by anything," - Sen. Rand Paul --- Über 150 Millionen Menschen auf der ganzen Welt haben Bitcoin für sich akzeptiert und benutzen es mehr oder weniger täglich für sich. Die Nachfrage nach einem extrem knappen Zahlungsmittel, das relativ einfach selbst verwahrt und durch ein global verteiltes Netzwerk von Knoten, auf dem Open-Source-Software läuft, übertragen und gesichert werden kann, wird steigen. Wenn man sich alles ansieht, was zurzeit in der Welt vor sich geht, insbesondere mit Blick auf Regierungen, die ihre politische und wirtschaftliche Macht immer weiter expandieren und damit gegen den Gedanken der freien Marktwirtschaft vorgehen, indem sie die Kontrolle über das Geld-, Lebensmittel- und Energiesystem ausbreiten, wird die Nachfrage nach Bitcoin nicht nur steigen, sondern rasant zunehmen. Die steigende Nachfrage nach Bitcoin und die gleichzeitige Abkehr und der Vertrauensverlust in die Politik der Staaten und das aktuelle Geldsystem könnte zu einem Bitcoin-gestützten Währungssystem führen, dem sogenannten Bitcoin Standard. Die Frage ist, wie schnell wir es schaffen Bitcoin zur Reservewährung der Welt und damit die Menschheit insgesamt ein bisschen besser zu machen? Schaffen wir es in den nächsten Jahrhunderten, Jahrzehnten, oder sogar schon in den nächsten paar Jahren? Denn je länger der Übergang zu einem Bitcoin-Standard dauert, desto mehr Unsicherheit, politisches Missmanagement und korrupte (oder dumme) Entscheidungen wird die Menschheit ertragen müssen. 🫳🎤 --- In diesem Sinne, 2... 1... Risiko!‌ 

@ 2063cd79:57bd1320

Beginnen wir mit dem Terra/Luna Fiasko. TerraUSD (UST) ist (war) ein auf Algorithmen basierender Stablecoin herausgegeben von LFG (Luna Foundation Guard). Dies bedeutet, dass ein Algorithmus automatisch einen Preisbildungsmechanismus betreibt, was wiederum bedeutet, dass UST an den US Dollar gebunden war, allerdings (und das ist der grosse Unterschied z.B. zu Tether) keine USD Vermögenswerte zugrunde liegen hatte, wie bei anderen Stablecoins (angeblich) der Fall ist. Im Fall von UST gab es einen zweiten Token (LUNA), der Preisschwankungen beim UST absorbieren sollte. Ein spezieller Burn/Mint Mechanismus sollte so Angebot und Nachfrage ausbalancieren. Es gab einen gezielten Angriff auf das Terra Netzwerk nachdem im März angekündigt wurde, dass Terra Bitcoins im Wert von 10 Milliarden USD als Währungsreserve gekauft habe. Im April hatte Terra für über 40.000 USD gekauft. Terra war nach dem Angriff gezwungen seine Bitcoins (für ca. 32.000 USD) zu verkaufen, um die Bindung an den US Dollar Basiswert aufrecht zu erhalten. Dieses Entladen von 42.530 Bitcoins in den Markt führte zu einem weiteren Absinken der Kurse aller Kryptowährungen (denn wir wissen, wenn der OG Bitcoin steigt, steigen alle Shitcoins mit, wenn Bitcoin sinkt, fallen alle anderen auch). Wie oben schon erwähnt führte die Aneinanderreihung von Effekten dazu, dass es einen Überschuss von LUNA gab, was weiter zum Kursverfall führte und im Endeffekt als Resultat hat, dass LUNA (Stand heute) 0.000185 USD "wert" ist (im Vergleich zu fast 100 USD im April).  Die wichtigsten Takeaways von diesem Event sind meiner Meinung nach die folgenden: Es wird in Zukunft mehr und strengerer Regulierung bedürfen. Das Vertrauen in automatische auf Algorithmen basierenden Stablecoins dürfte zunächst bis auf weiteres stark gelitten haben. Die Verflechtungen von Kryptowährungen, Tokens und auch Bitcoin sollten nicht unterschätzt werden. Der Preisverlust von Bitcoin war der Todesstoß für Terra, aber auch Terras Ausverkauf hat zu einem weiteren Kursrutsch bei Bitcoin beigetragen. Wie oben schon angerissen, muss sich Bitcoin von "Crypto" emanzipieren. Die News rund um Terra und die damit einhergehenden schlimmen Meldungen über Selbstmorde, ruinierte Existenzen, etc. fallen auch auf Bitcoin zurück. Schlechte News sind wie Öl auf das Feuer aller Bitcoin Gegner und wenn keine haltbaren Anschuldigungen bei Bitcoin selbst gefunden werden um FUD zu schüren, werden News aus dem breiten Spektrum der Shitcoins herangeholt. Terras Blockchain wurde angehalten. Von Entwicklern. Angehalten. Wofür stand DeFi nochmal? Eben. Und damit genug von Terra & Luna und auf zu Sol(ar) .... sorry :( Ich habe mich letzte Woche ein wenig ausführlicher mit dem Thema Bitcoin Mining mit Solarenergie in Deutschland auseinandergesetzt. Sogenanntes Behind-the-meter Mining ist einer der wichtigsten Bausteine in der Umkehr des Narrativs Bitcoin Mining sei energieineffizient und klimaschädlich. Viel wird darüber geschrieben, dass Bitcoin pro Jahr Energie in der Höhe einzelner kleinerer Länder verbraucht. Es wird im gleichen Atemzug erwähnt, dass Bitcoins zugrundeliegender Wertschöpfungsmechanismus Proof of Work (PoW) der Grund allen Übels sei und durch Proof of Stake (PoS) "Mining" ersetzt werden solle. Sogar eine eigene Kampagne von Greenpeace unter dem Namen "Change the Code" / "Clean-up Bitcoin" setzt sich momentan dafür ein Bitcoins Code zugunsten PoS zu verändern. 🌐 [CHANGE THE CODE](https://netzpolitik.org/2022/change-the-code-umweltsuende-bitcoin) Das ist natürlich albern. Denn wenn auch große Mengen von Energie benötigt werden, um Bitcoin zu Minen (ich werde in diesem Zusammenhang nicht das deutsche Wort Schürfen verwenden - es hört sich für mich unästhetisch an), so wird diese Energie in ein Produkt umgewandelt. Niemand würde auf die Idee kommen BASF oder Apple vorzuwerfen, sie würden zu viele Rohstoffe verbrauchen. Denn in dieser Gleichung ist jedem bewusst, dass zur Herstellung eines Produkts immer ein Vorprodukt, ein Rohstoff oder eben Energie benötigt wird. Output benötigt Input. Im Fall vom Bitcoin Protokoll ist dieser Output bitcoin, also die Coins, und der Input ist Energie in der Form von Strom. Jetzt lässt sich natürlich über das Produkt streiten. Viele Menschen sehen in Bitcoin keinen Mehrwert und würden deshalb der These widersprechen, der hohe Energieverbrauch sei durch die Produktion dieser Coins gerechtfertigt. Allerdings würde sich auch niemand hinstellen und behaupten, dass alle von BASF hergestellten Produkte für ihre Leben relevant sind und damit in Frage stellen, welche die Umwelt belastende Produktionen dem öffentlichen Wohl dienen und damit als verantwortbar gelten sollten und welche eben nicht. Wer in dem Produkt Bitcoin nicht ein souveränes, transparentes und völlig dezentrales Geldsystem, in dem jeder volle Kontrolle über seinen Geldfluss, die Authentizität des erhaltenen Geldes und den Verbleib seines Ersparten hat, ohne dass Dritte Einfluss nehmen, Kontrolle walten oder Verbote aussprechen können, sollte sich nochmal Schlafen legen, nochmal neu aufstehen und nochmal von vorne denken. Energie ist wichtig für Menschen. Eine erhöhte Stromproduktion korreliert mit einem erhöhten menschlichen Wohlstand. Das führt direkt zum nächsten Punkt. Erhöhte Stromproduktion ist an sich nicht schlecht - im Gegenteil. Allerdings ist auch sehr wichtig, aus welchen Quellen diese zusätzliche Energie gewonnen wird. Geopolitische und klimabedingte Auswirkungen haben in den letzten Jahren gezeigt, dass ein Umdenken und ein Umschwenken (nicht zu jedem Preis und nicht ohne eine Grundsicherung zu gewährleisten) durchaus sehr vernünftig sind. Immer mehr private, aber auch semi-professionelle Gruppen investieren in Photovoltaik Equipment, um den Eigenbedarf zu decken, oder zumindest Stromkosten zu senken und im Falle von semi-professionellen Anlagen, um natürlich auch den ein oder anderen Euro hinzuzuverdienen. Mit einem semi-professionellen Anbieter habe ich mich über die Nachhaltigkeit und Wirtschaftlichkeit von Bitcoin Mining in so einer 1MWh unterhalten und zusammen haben wir ein paar Rechenbeispiele durchgespielt. Um eine Mining Operation in der Theorie zu planen, gilt es sich die verschiedenen Komponenten und Variablen anzuschauen. Ziel ist es eine Projektion zu erstellen, die Aufschluss darüber gibt, ob ein solches Unterfangen überhaupt profitabel sein kann. Bei den Komponenten und Variablen handelt es sich zunächst um die verschiedenen (1) Hardware Komponenten (also Solaranlage, Stromspeicher, Mining Equipment und Peripherie), die (2) stromseitigen Variablen (also Sonnenstunden, Einspeisungsvergütung und Länge der Abschreibung) und die (3) finanziellen bzw. Bitcoin-seitigen Variablen (also Hashrate und Difficulty, Bitcoin Preis, Block Reward und Pool Fee). 🖨️ Fangen wir mit Hardware Komponenten an: In dem vorliegenden Szenario handelt es sich um eine Solaranlage, die in der Lage ist 1 MWh (Megawattstunde) zu produzieren. Die Anlage existiert bereits und darum will ich hier nicht weiter auf Anschaffungskosten, Wartung, etc. eingehen. Also Annahme 1️⃣ für diese Projektion ist, dass Strom hergestellt werden kann, natürlich bis auf die anfallenden Eigenkosten und die Variable Einspeisungsvergütung, auf die wir später zu sprechen kommen. Bei dem Mining Equipment sind wir von einem Bitmain Antminer S19 XP ausgegangen, der eine Leistung von 140TH/s (Hashrate) erzeugt bei einem Verbrauch von 3040 W, oder ca. 3kW. Dieser Miner kostet zur Zeit etwa um die 10.000 Euro. Auch hier muss man wieder ein Caveat aussprechen, da die derzeitige weltwirtschaftliche Lage und die alzu beliebten Lieferkettenengpässe bei Halbleitern besonders bei ASIC (application-specific integrated circuit) Chips dazu führen, dass das Equipment entweder deutlich teurer wird, sich die Wartezeiten ins Unendliche ziehen, oder sogar dazu führen, dass gänzlich andere Hardware berücksichtigt werden muss. Also Annahme 2️⃣ ist, dass das Wunsch-Equipment relativ problemlos erworben werden kann. Stromseitig muss außerdem ein Stromspeicher berechnet werden, da das Mining Equipment im besten Fall zu 100% der Zeit ausgelastet werden soll und dafür tagsüber Strom gespeichert werden muss, der nachts und im Winter an sonnenarmen Tagen die direkte Versorgung mit Sonne überbrücken kann. Da im Dezember die Zeit zwischen Sonnenauf- und Sonnenuntergang lediglich 8 Stunden beträgt, müssen die übrigen 70% der Zeit aus dem Speicher geliefert werden. Bei 16 Stunden a 3 kW benötigt man also einen 50 kW Speicher, der zur Zeit in der Anschaffung mit 25.000 Euro zu Buche schlägt. Also in Annahme 3️⃣ gehen wir davon aus, dass ein Speicher mit 50 kW Speichervermögen benötigt wird und ähnlich wie beim Miner auch problemlos zu kaufen ist. Bei der Peripherie sprechen wir von Unterstellmöglichkeiten, LAN Verbindung, und weiterem Equipment, dass für diese Back-of-the-envelope Rechnung mal ausser Acht gelassen werden kann. Also für Annahme 4️⃣ erstmal egal. 🌦️ Soviel also zur Hardware. Weiter zu den stromseitigen Variablen: Die Jahreswerte für Sonnenstunden, also volle Stunden, die zur 100%igen Auslastung eines Solarpanels führen, lassen sich problemlos online abrufen. Bei 8760 Stunden, die so ein Jahr hat, beläuft sich die Anzahl der Sonnenstunden im Mittelwert auf ca. 1525 pro Jahr, was einem Anteil von 17.4% gleichkommt. Also ganz vereinfacht gesagt, ein Fünftel des Jahres gibts Sonnenschein 😎 Dieser Mittelwert schwankt natürlich extrem über das Jahr hinweg, da die sonnenreichsten Monate (Mai, Juni, Juli) etwa ein vierfaches der Sonnenstunden der sonnenärmsten Monate (November, Dezember, Januar) aufweisen. Und da wir bei Sonnenstunden natürlich über eine naturgemachte und anders als bei anderen Erzeugungsmethoden absolut unbeeinflussbare Energiequelle sprechen, müssen wir nicht lange diskutieren, dass auch diese Werte nur Anhaltspunkte liefern und niemals Fixwerte darstellen. Zusätzlich zu den "vollen" Sonnenstunden kommt, dass eine Solaranlage natürlich nicht nur ganz-oder-gar-nicht kennt, sondern schon in der Morgendämmerung anfängt Strom zu gewinnen, nur eben nicht in der vollen Kapazität, wie bei richtigen Sonnenstunden. Das heißt für Annahme 5️⃣ gehen wir rechnungsbedingt vom pessimistischen unteren Rand aus. Wahrscheinlich wird de facto mehr aus der Anlage zu holen sein, allerdings ist das gar nicht mal so wichtig, wenn wir sowieso einen 50 kW Speicher anschaffen müssen. Denn ob dieser am Ende des Tages die vollen 50 oder nur 30 liefert ist egal; der Anschaffungspreis bleibt der gleiche und zusätzliche laufende Kosten erzeugt er dadurch nicht. Der so hergestellte Strom hat also eingepreisten Kosten (Equipment und OPEX) von ca. 6 cent pro kWh. Der Break Even (Preis unter dem die Herstellung von Bitcoin profitabel ist) darf bei einer Modellrechnung also auf gar keinen Fall unter den Selbstkostenpreis fallen. Allerdings ist es damit nicht getan. Also Stromerzeuger bekommt man nämlich auf dem freien MArkt eine Einspeisevergütung, also einen Preis pro kWh, ausbezahlt, dafür dass man das Netz mit seinem Strom beliefert. Diese Einspeisevergütung liegt zur Zeit bei ca. 10 bis 12 Cent, was wiederum bedeutet, dass dies der neue Break Even ist. Also zusammengefasst, muss man pro kWh aufgewendeten Strom mindestens 12 Cent in Bitcoin generieren, damit sich der Aufwand überhaupt annähernd lohnt. Annahme 6️⃣ setzt also voraus, dass der Break Even mindestens 12 Cent beträgt - und das ist schon SEHR optimistisch geschätzt. Der Hashpreis errechnet sich aus der Hashrate und dem Bitcoin Preis. Wie in der Grafik zu sehen ist liegt dieser momentan sehr niedrig. Dazu aber mehr in der Rechnung.  Zum Thema Abschreibung halte ich mich kurz. Eine kurze Recherche zu dem Thema hat ergeben, dass eine neue Rechtsprechung erlaubt / vorgibt, Computer und Hardware Equipment im ersten Jahr vollständig abzuschreiben. Das bedeutet buchhalterisch ist das komplette Mining Equipment nach einem Jahr wertlos und in der Bilanz der Mining Operation nicht mehr zu berücksichtigen. Das ist also Annahme 7️⃣: Volle Abschreibung des Equipments in einem Jahr.  Bis dahin ist mir bei der Recherche rund um das Thema Energie die Verteuerung aller Produkte, aber insbesondere von Energie in Deutschland in die Arme gefallen. Da ich hier auch immer ein bisschen Meinung und These einbauen möchte also ein kurzer Überblick. Besonders Energiepreise haben sich in den letzten 5 Jahren bis zum Mai 2021 (also genau ein Jahr her) im einstelligen Prozentbereich mal hoch und mal runter bewegt. Seit Mai 2021 ist prozentuale Anstieg der Kosten zum ersten Mal über 10% und bleibt seit dem positiv und zweistellig, um dann sogar zum abgelaufenen April einen Wert von über 87% zu erreichen.    Der Situation in Russland die Schuld für diesen drastischen Anstieg der Energie- und Erzeugerkosten zuzuschreiben wäre faul und und falsch. Natürlich sind der Krieg in der Ukraine, die damit verbundenen Lieferengpässe über weite Industrien hinweg, und darüber hinaus auch vom Westen verhängte Sanktionen ein Katalysator der Preissteigerungen. Allerdings, darf man nicht vergessen, dass dies ein über Jahrzehnte hausgemachtes Problem darstellt. Die Verantwortlichen für diesen rapiden und unhaltbaren Preisanstieg sitzen weder in Moskau, Kiew oder Peking, sondern bei uns in Deutschland. Die deutsche Energiepolitik verfolgt seit über 20 Jahren konsequent nur zwei Ziele: Den Ausstieg aus der Kernenergie und den Ausstieg aus dem Kohlestrom. Investitionen in erneuerbare Energie werden zwar getätigt, aber nicht so konsequent und medienwirksam, wie der viel leichter vermarktbare Ausstieg aus den "dreckigen" Energiequellen. Dieser lässt sich mit Klimazielen, Umweltpolitik und unter ESG Mänteln sehr schön und werbewirksam vermarkten. Der Fakt, dass Deutschland mal Marktführer in der Photovoltaik war und sein gesamtes Know-How and China verloren hat, passt dabei nicht so recht ins Bild. Das heißt, wenn wir unseren Energiebedarf in Deutschland weder mit Atom-, Kohle-, noch erneuerbarem Strom vernünftig decken können, woher nehmen wir ihn dann? Genau, wir müssen ihn teuer einkaufen. Das Problem haben wir in Deutschland also selber erzeugt. Die systematische Stilllegung zuverlässiger Energiequellen im Laufe der Jahre hat erhebliche Auswirkungen auf die Stromkosten für die Industrie und die Haushalte im Land, die in Deutschland zu den höchsten in der entwickelten Welt zählen, und macht die Menschen und den Staat somit extrem abhängig von Energiequellen im Ausland, wie z.B. aus Russland oder Katar. Somit hat die deutsche Politik die Abhängigkeit von Russland und die damit verbundenen gesteigerten Kosten geschaffen, und nicht umgekehrt. Komplexe Systeme, wie die Energieversorgung eines Staates, müssen gesteuert, überwacht und reguliert werden, dazu sollten Politiker und Berater befähigt werden. Jedoch ist eine zentrale Planung dieser Systeme nicht möglich, oder um mit Ludwig von Mises zu zitieren: > The fundamental objection advanced against the practicability of socialism refers to the impossibility of economic calculation. [...]. A socialist management of production would simply not know whether or not what it plans and executes is the most appropriate means to attain the ends sought. It will operate in the dark, as it were. It will squander the scarce factors of production both material and human (labor). **Chaos and poverty for all will unavoidably result**.  💵 Nun endlich die finanziellen bzw. Bitcoin-seitigen Variablen. 🚂 Hashrate und Difficulty Die Hashrate bezeichnet die dem Bitcoin Netzwerk zur Verfügung gestellt Rechenleistung. Jeder Mining Node hat eine unterschiedliche Rechenleistung und die Hashrate summiert die gesamte Leistung, die gegenwärtig vorhanden ist. Es ist also keine im Protokoll vorgegebene Größe, sondern ein Abbild der Ist-Situation. Insgesamt bleibt festzuhalten, dass immer mehr Rechenleistung hinzu kommt, da das Mining immer mehr professionalisiert wird und auch die im letzten Post beschriebenen ASIC Chips immer leistungsfähiger werden. Wie bereits im letzten Post erwähnt gehen wir davon aus, dass unsere Operation mit einem Bitmain Antminer S19 XP arbeitet. Annahme 8️⃣ ist, dass wir eine Leistung von 140TH/s erzeugen.  Die steigende Hashrate hat direkten Einfluss auf die Difficulty. Bei der Difficulty handelt es sich um eine in Bitcoins Konsens-Algorithmus eingebaute Logik zur Erhaltung einer stetigen Blockzeit. Anders als die Hashrate ist die Difficulty also eine im Protokoll veranlagte Variable. Neue Blocks sollen ca. alle 10 Minuten der Chain hinzugefügt werden und um sicherzustellen, dass die Rate, mit der neue Blöcke erstellt werden, konstant bleibt und proportional zur Hashrate (Rechenleistung) ist, die dem Netzwerk gewidmet ist. Einfach gesprochen soll das "Rätsel" bei vielen Teilnehmern (Nodes) nicht zu einfach, und bei weniger Nodes nicht zu schwierig sein, und somit wird die Schwierigkeit (Difficulty) regelmäßig vom Protokoll angepasst. Das bedeutet, dass jedes Mal, wenn neue Miner dem Netzwerk beitreten und die Hashrate und damit auch der Wettbewerb zunimmt, auch die Difficulty steigt, wodurch verhindert wird, dass die durchschnittliche Blockzeit abnimmt. Andersherum sinkt die Difficulty, wenn Miner das Netzwerk verlassen. Dadurch bleibt die Blockzeit konstant, obwohl dem Netzwerk mehr oder weniger Rechenleistung gewidmet wird. Eine Anpassung der Schwierigkeit findet alle 2.016 Blocks statt (oder alle 20.160 Minuten = 14 Tage). Die Difficulty ist bisher mit Unterbrechungen immer weiter gestiegen, und seit dem ersten gemineten Block in 2009 ist die Schwierigkeit von 1 auf heute ca. 30 Billionen (Englisch Trillions) geklettert. Deshalb ist davon auszugehen, dass die Schwierigkeit auch weiterhin zunehmen wird.  Für unsere Rechnung gehen wir davon aus, dass sich die Schwierigkeit jedes Jahr verdoppelt, also einem Schwierigkeitsgrad von 100% jedes Jahr als Annahme 9️⃣. 📈 Bitcoin Preis Der Preis ist wohl die am einfachsten zu verstehende Variable. Den tagesaktuellen Bitcoin Kurs kennt mittlerweile sogar jede Großmutter, er wird auf allen Seiten jeglicher Finanzdienstleister angezeigt, und große Schwankungen sind meistens sogar einen Bericht in der Presse wert. Diese Schwankungen, z.B. der kürzliche Kursverlust von über 50% seit ATH (All time high) letztes Jahr, machen die Rechnung für jede Mining Operation gerade so kompliziert. Denn der Preis ist natürlich ausschlaggebend für die Profitabilität, allerdings lässt er sich genau so gut vorhersagen, wie die nächsten sechs Richtigen im Lotto. Diese Planungsunsicherheit macht das ganze Unterfangen viel risikoreicher als herkömmliche Operationen, bei denen der Preis des hergestellten Produkts einer gewissen Preisstabilität unterliegt, oder maximal im einstelligen Prozentbereich nach oben oder unten ausschlagen kann. Das Ziel der meisten Miner ist es auch so viele bitcoins wie möglich in der Bilanz zu halten, wegen der großen möglichen positiven Preisentwicklung. So wird versucht nur die Anzahl an bitcoins zu verkaufen, die nötig ist, um die Kosten zu decken, denn jeder bitcoin, der heute nicht verkauft wird, könnte morgen schon ein vielfaches wert sein. Oder aber genau andersrum, was einen weiteren Risikofaktor darstellt. In diesem Zusammenhang interessant zu beobachten ist, dass ein sinkender oder horizontal handelnder (vergleichsweise niedriger) Preis nicht unbedingt bedeutet, dass viele Miner ihr Equipment abstellen. So kann man in dem Chart hier unten sehen (BTC Price vs Hash Rate), dass am 16. Mai eine Hashrate von 258.04 EH/s (1 Exa Hash per Second = 1.000.000.000.000.000.000) erreicht wurde, was sehr nahe dem ATH für Hashrate liegen dürfte.  Für unsere Analyse haben wir konservativ rechnen wollen, weshalb wir von einem Mittelwert von 30.000 Euro ausgegangen sind, da die Anlage so zeitnah wie möglich in Betrieb genommen werden sollte (falls profitabel). Annahme 1️⃣0️⃣: Bitcoin Preis = 30.000 Euro. 💰 Block Reward Beim Mining sammeln die verschiedenen Nodes (Miner-Knoten) mm Netzwerk Transaktionen und bündeln diese zu Blocks. Als aller erstes, fügt der Miner-Knoten dem neuen Block jedoch eine Transaktion hinzu, bei der er sich selbst den Block Reward sendet, also eine Belohnung für die getane Arbeit. Diese Transaktion, auch Coinbase-Transaktion genannt, ist eine spezielle Art von Transaktion, bei der Coins „aus dem Nichts“ geschaffen werden. Der Block Reward ist also einer von zwei Wegen (noch!) mit dem Mining Geld zu verdienen (die andere Quelle ist die Mining Fee, also eine Gebühr, die bei jeder Transaktion zu entrichten ist). Noch in Klammern weil sich der Block Reward alle 210.000 Blocks halbiert, bis er schlussendlich keine relevante Größe mehr besitzt und demnach gleich Null ist. Zur Zeit liegt der Reward bei 6.25, was bedeutet, dass der erfolgreiche Miner für den neu erstellten Block 6.25 bitcoins (zuzüglich der Fees) erhält. Das nächste sogenannte Halvening findet in 2024 statt, wonach der Reward also auf 3.125 gesenkt wird. Das Protokoll rechnet nicht in Zeitabständen, sondern in Blocks. Da allerdings, wie oben erwähnt, die Blockzeit relativ konstant bei 10 Minuten pro Block gehalten wird, lässt sich rechnerisch ermitteln, wann die jeweiligen Halfenings eintreffen (und sogar wann ungefähr der letzte, einundzwan21gmillionste bitcoin gemined wird - Spoiler Alert: gar nicht. Durch das Halbieren wird es niemals dazu kommen, dass der einundzwan21gmillionste bitcoin gemined werden wird. Allerdings wird es einen letzten bitcoin geben und dieser wird voraussichtlich im Jahr 2140 das Licht des Lebens erblicken). Da wir uns einen kurz- bis mittelfristigen Planungshorizont ausgelegt haben, gehen wir als Annahme 1️⃣1️⃣ von einem Block Reward von 6.25 BTC aus. 🏊‍♀️ Pool Fee Zunächst mal muss ich hier das Konzept des Mining Pools erklären. Am einfachsten ist es einen Pool mit einer Lotto Spielgruppe zu erklären. Der Mining Prozess ähnelt einem Glücksspiel, bei dem jede//r Spieler//in eine möglichst kleine Zahl erraten muss, und je mehr Rechenleistung ein//e Spieler//in hat, desto häufiger darf diese//r raten bzw. desto schneller kann sie//er hintereinander raten. Um die Chancen zu verbessern schließt man sich also einer Spielgruppe bzw. einem Mining Pool an. Denn so kann man auch mit kleinerer Rechenleistung seine Chancen auf einen Gewinn erhöhen. Der Mining Pool bündelt die Rechenleistung seiner Mitglieder und suggeriert dem Netzwerk so, dass es sich um einen Teilnehmer mit enorm hoher Hashrate handelt. Bei erfolgreichem Minen eines Blocks, werden dann die Gewinne (Block Reward plus Transaktionsgebühr) vom Pool auf seine Mitglieder anteilig der zur Verfügung gestellten Rechenleistung aufgeteilt. Bei der Lotto Spielgruppe würde also der Jackpot auf die Anzahl der Spieler//innen und von der//dem jeweiligen Spieler//in bezahlten Reihen aufgeteilt. Für diese administrativen Aufgaben behält der jeweilige Poolbetreiber in der Regel eine Gebühr ein, meist um die 2%, jedoch ist das von Anbieter zu Anbieter unterschiedlich. Wie bereits angesprochen, wird das Mining immer professioneller und die Difficulty immer schwieriger. Deshalb ist es einer kleinen Mining Operation mit verschwindend geringer Hashrate, im Vergleich zum Gesamtaufkommen, sogut wie unmöglich ohne einen Pool zu arbeiten. Die Größe der Pools werden in der nächsten Grafik sehr gut deutlich, da man hier schön sieht, dass mehr als die Hälfte der gesamten Hashrate unter den sechs größten Pools aufgeteilt wird.  Also, für unsere Analyse nehmen wir also als Annahme 1️⃣2️⃣ eine Pool Fee von 2% an. 🧾 Womit wir endlich zur Rechnung bzw. dem Zusammenziehen aller Annahmen kommen. Annahme 1️⃣: Strom ist vorhanden Annahme 2️⃣: Mining Equipment ist im Handel vorrätig Annahme 3️⃣: Ein Stromspeicher mit 50 kWh Kapazität wird benötigt Annahme 4️⃣: Peripherie ist vorhanden bzw. vernachlässigbar Annahme 5️⃣: Wir rechnen mit 1525 Sonnenstunden pro Jahr Annahme 6️⃣: Der Break Even beträgt 12 Cents Annahme 7️⃣: Volle Abschreibung des Equipments in einem Jahr Annahme 8️⃣: Erzeugte Rechenleistung von 140TH/s Annahme 9️⃣: Schwierigkeitsgrad von 100% jedes Jahr Annahme 1️⃣0️⃣: Bitcoin Preis = 30.000 Euro Annahme 1️⃣1️⃣: Block Reward von 6.25 BTC Annahme 1️⃣2️⃣: Pool Fee von 2% Die Berechnung / Projektion ist jetzt eigentlich gar nicht mehr so schwierig. Nachdem man für sich alle Annahmen getroffen hat und diese mit den tatsächlichen Umständen / der Realität abgestimmt hat, bedarf es jetzt keinen großen mathematischen Fähigkeiten mehr. Stattdessen gibt es für diese Zwecke sogenannte Profitability Rechner, mit denen sich relativ schnell verschiedene Szenarien bei abweichenden Variables durchspielen lassen. Einen dieser Rechner stellt Braiins.com zur Verfügung, einer der führenden Anbieter für Mining Software. Trägt man nun die oben gesammelten Variablen in diesen Rechner ein, kalkuliert dieser anhand der der aktuellen Difficulty u.a. Gewinne/Verluste, den Break Even, die Anzahl gemineter bitcoins und auch den Cash Flow. Gibt man die Variablen nun in den Profitability Rechner ein und schaut sich nur die nächsten 12 Monate an, so bekommt man das folgende Bild.  Was hier gut zu erkennen ist, ist zunächst mal ein End Profit von 1.526 Euro im Jahr. Juhu, denkt man sich also, wir haben Gewinn gemacht. Allerdings ist dieser (1) sehr schmal und somit den Aufwand eigentlich schon gar nicht wert, denn wir haben in unserer Rechnung noch gar keine Arbeitsstunden oder weitere Overheads berücksichtigt, und (2) sind 12 Cents pro kWh ziemlich günstig und eine Anpassung auf nur 18 Cents sorgen schon dafür, dass der Gewinn zu einem Verlust wird. Weiterhin müssen wir sehen, dass unsere Hardware Value von 35.000 Euro innerhalb nur eines Jahres auf ca. 20.000 gefallen ist, da wir das Mining Equipment im ersten Jahr voll abschreiben müssen und ich für den Speicher mal 5 Jahre veranlagt habe. Unser Cashflow liegt also bei -33.124 Euro, da wir das ganze Equipment im ersten Jahr erstmal angeschafft haben. Jetzt kann man natürlich überlegen, an welchen Stellschrauben muss ich drehen, um mir ein Szenario zu basteln, das für mich sehr dankenswert ausgeht, ohne gleichzeitig absurd und komplett aus der Luft gegriffen scheint. Also nehmen wir an, der Bitcoin Preis steigt wieder auf sein voriges ATH und läge somit bei ca. 60.000 Euro und meinen Strom bekomme ich deutlich günstiger, also für 6 Cents pro kWh. In solch einem Szenario generieren wir dann tatsächlich ca. 7.800 Euro an Gewinn. Das heißt, wenn wir davon ausgehen, dass das Equipment 5 Jahre lang hält, hätten wir sogar einen kleinen Gewinn zu verbuchen und unsere Investitionskosten wieder raus. Wenn Mining so eine schlechte Marge hat, warum sollte jemand überhaupt in das Geschäft einsteigen fragt man sich da konsequenterweise. Zunächst Mal gibt es viele Länder auf der Welt, in denen Elektrizität immer noch sehr günstig zu bekommen ist, das steigert natürlich die Marge. Außerdem muss man an die Skalierbarkeit des Mining Equipments denken. Die Großzahl aller ASIC Chips (wenn nicht alle) wird in Asien hergestellt, was bedeutet, dass Mining Rigs dort auch viel günstiger zu kaufen sind, und weitere Betriebskosten (Personal, Miete für die Unterbringung, Wasser für die Kühlung, etc.) dort auch vergleichsweise günstig sind. Hinzu kommt, dass viele der großen Mining Operationen seit mehreren Jahren aktiv sind und dementsprechend von höheren Block Rewards profitieren konnten und viele Investitionen in Equipment dadurch auch schon wieder wettgemacht haben. Insgesamt bleibt aber festzuhalten, dass Bitcoin Mining kein leichtes und vor allem kein besonders profitables Unterfangen darstellt. Besonders in Deutschland führen die hohen Anschaffungskosten für die Hardware, sowie der hoch subventionierte Strom dazu, dass es sich lohnt seinen gewonnenen Solarstrom ins Netz einzuspeisen. Überschüssiger Strom kann leider durch Bitcoin Mining noch nicht kostengerecht umgewandelt und gespeichert werden (Alternativlösung ist die Umwandlung in Wasserstoff, allerdings ist auch dies eine teure Methode), sodass eine Hybridlösung, in der zwischen Einspeisevergütung zu Stoßzeiten und Bitcoin Mining zu Stromüberflusszeiten gewechselt wird, keinen profitablen Mehrwert erzeugt. --- Der Nutzen bei Bitcoin ist gegeben und rechtfertigt den Stromverbrauch. Welchen genauen Nutzen Bitcoin hat, ist ein sehr individuell zu betrachtendes Argument. In entwickelten Ländern und für Sparer, Investoren und Händler bietet Bitcoin z.B. Inflationsschutz und noch viel weiter gedacht könnte Bitcoin in Zukunft den Dollar als Leitwährung ablösen. In armen, viel weniger entwickelten Ländern wird der Nutzen viel kleiner gedacht. Geld ist dort wenig vorhanden und das Senden von solchem aus reicheren Ländern ist extrem teuer. Der Markt für globale Rücküberweisungen (Remittance market) wird auf 450 Milliarden Dollar jährlich geschätzt (zusätzlich einer Dunkelziffer von geschätzten 250 Milliarden Dollar) und die Kosten, die bei diesen Rücküberweisungen anfallen, liegen oft in zweistelligen Prozentbereichen. Dazu kommt, dass viele Menschen einfach keinen direkten Zugang zu Banken haben. Man geht davon aus, dass ca. 30% aller Erwachsenen auf der Welt unbanked sind. Banking the unbanked, also Menschen den Zugang zum Finanzsektor zu ermöglichen ist einer dieser, wenn nicht sogar Bitcoins größter, Nutzen.  Das heißt eine Debatte darüber, ob das Bitcoin Protokoll von PoW auf PoS umgestellt werden sollte, oder darüber ob Bitcoin Mining per se umweltschädlich ist, oder ob sogar sauberer Strom, der beim Mining genutzt wird nicht anderweitig besser verwendet werden könnte, muss nicht geführt werden. Die Frage, die sich stellt, ist ob Mining mit erneuerbaren Energien profitabel erreicht werden kann und ob dies hier in Deutschland möglich ist. Bei der Profitabilität eines Mining Betriebs auf Solarenergie kann man letztlich davon ausgehen, dass 6 Cent pro kWh bei einem deutlich höheren Bitcoin Preis erreicht werden müssen damit sich der Aufwand und die Investition lohnen. Der globale Mining Betrieb wird immer weiter professionalisiert, was den kWh Preis zusätzlich nach unten treibt. Dazu kommen steigende Difficulty Adjustments, sowie sinkende Block Rewards. Heutzutage sind fossile Brennstoffe weltweit oft noch günstig genug, dass sich an diesen Stellen das Bitcoin Mining lohnt. Allerdings gibt es insgesamt eine starke Tendenz hin zu erneuerbaren Energien und es ist davon auszugehen, dass schon heute über 50% des Mining Betriebs auf erneuerbaren bzw. anderweitig ungenutzten Energien läuft. Dadurch dass sich der Kostenbereich, in dem sich Bitcoin Mining lohnt immer weiter nach unten verschoben wird, erzeugt Bitcoin eine Incentivierung den überproduzierten Strom, der vom Stromnetz nicht absorbiert werden kann, zu verwenden. Anders als bei der Idee der Energiespeicherung in Wasserstoff, ist Bitcoin Mining eine viel transportablere und direktere Art der Energiespeicherung, da die überschüssige Energie nicht in einem weiteren Produkt wie Wasserstoff, sondern direkt in Geld, gespeichert wird. Diese Incentivierung jegliche Erzeugung von Strom profitabler zu gestalten und dauerhaft Strom zu erzeugen (selbst wenn der erzeugte Strom weniger brächte als die Subventionen und dadurch oft Anlagen ausgeschaltet werden) ist ein klassischer marktwirtschaftlicher Vorgang. Denn ein wichtiger Punkt ist die Subventionierung von Energie in Deutschland. Hierbei wird die Herstellung von erneuerbaren Energien vom Staat unterstützt wird, auch wenn z.B. gar keine Sonne scheint und somit die Solaranlage keinen Strom produziert. Insgesamt ist eine Tendenz hin zu 100%igem behind-the-meter Mining zu beobachten, also dass Bitcoin ausschließlich an Stellen geminet wird, an denen über produzierter Strom vorhanden ist, der sonst nicht ins Stromnetz eingespeist würde. Damit wären den Kritikern alle Argumente genommen, da auch nicht argumentiert werden kann, dass selbst bei Mining auf Basis von erneuerbaren Energien, dieser Strom anderweitig genutzt werden könnte und somit andernorts wieder fossile Brennstoffe benötigt werden. Es bleibt also festzuhalten, dass der gesamt Mining Betrieb immer effizienter und ressourcenschonender wird, dabei aber auch immer kompetitiver und somit immer weniger profitabel. Wenn es sich also nicht mehr lohnt selber zu minen, bedeutet dass nicht nur, dass die Einspeisevergütung oder Subventionierung höher ist, sondern auch, dass das nicht investierte Geld einfach direkt in Bitcoin gesteckt werden könnte um damit höhere Erträge zu erzielen. Ein immer professionalisierterer Mining Betrieb hat aber auch eine Clusterung zu folge, da sich immer stärker nur die großen Mining Operationen und Mining Pools langfristig durchsetzen, die mit viel niedrigeren Margen arbeiten können, als z.B. semi-professionelle Operationen. Anders als in den Kindertagen von Bitcoin, als Mining noch aus den Kellern und Kinderzimmern mit Spielegrafikkarten betrieben wurde und damit eine wirkliche Dezentralisierung der Hashrate garantiert wurde, führt die Clusterung dazu, dass eine kleinere Gruppe von Entscheidungsträgern größere politische und technische Einflussnahme erreicht. Das kann z.B. bei der Einführung von Updates im Protokoll nicht zu vernachlässigende Folgen haben. 🫳🎤 --- In diesem Sinne, 2... 1... Risiko! 

@ 5d4b6c8d:8a1c1ee3

This will be the first of two posts. This one will summarize what we know about the connection between punishment and providing public goods. The follow-up post will be in ~meta and will be my thoughts on how this applies to Stacker News, specifically. For the sake of brevity and clarity, I speak a little loosely in parts. ## What are public goods? A public good is an economic good that is neither rivalrous nor excludable in consumption. Ok, what does that mean? - Economic goods are anything with a positive equilibrium price; i.e. things people are willing to pay for. - Rivalrous goods can only be used by a single person; i.e. one person's use precludes someone else's use. - Excludable goods can only be used with the permission of the seller. So, a public good is something valuable that is available to everyone and usable by everyone. A common example of a public good is radio broadcasts. Once it's put out there anyone can receive it and my use won't prevent yours. The concern with public goods is under-provision. That's because each of us has an incentive to not pay for it, since we'll get it either way (as long as someone pays enough for it to be produced). That's the Free Rider Problem. There are many possible entrepreneurial solutions to overcome this (like inserting paid ads into the broadcast). Quick aside: the intentional combination of an economic good (the radio program) with an economic bad (the ads) is sometimes called a "kludge". ## The role of punishment Another solution to certain public goods situations, is to punish people for not chipping in. I'm most familiar with this in the setting of subsistence communities. Often, these communities have a communal food distribution because that acts as insurance for those who tried but had poor luck at hunting or fishing or whatever it is. Because they've created a public good out of their food supply, each member of the community now has an incentive to put in less effort, because they'll get to eat either way. If everyone shirks, though, there won't be enough food for the community. That's why shirking tends to be heavily punished in these communities. That punishment will generally come in the form of some type of ostracism, possibly including loss of access to the communal food. In that scenario, the public good was an artificial construct in the first place, so it was possible to exclude the bad actor. Also, as some of you probably thought, that food ends up being rivalrous if not enough was produced. Still, one way to deal with free-riding is to punish it sufficiently that it's preferrable to just do the work. ## Punishment itself can be a public good A punishment like ostracism is also costly to the punisher, assuming they value that relationship. I may be tempted not to ostracize my lazy friend, which makes him less likely to change his ways. If I choose to ostracize my friend, the cost is borne by me, but I share the benefits with the rest of the community. There are also scenarios where it's sufficient for one person to implement a punishment. This is basically the situation with criminal punishments. If I lock someone up for their antisocial behavior, the whole community benefits, but it comes at great expense to me. ## TL;DR In the context of producing public goods, punishing non-producers is itself a public good, because it produces benefits that are accessible to everyone. That means there likely won't be an optimal amount of punishment (dispersed benefits and concentrated costs), unless some other layer of compensation develops for those who do the punishing. ## Referrences Here are some publicly available sources for those who want to do a deep dive on the topic. I was initially going to tie them into this post, but I got carried away with my stream of consciousness and said most of what I wanted to say. [Cooperation and Punishment in Public Goods Experiments](https://web.mit.edu/14.160/www/Coop_PunAER.pdf) [Different punishment systems in a public goods game with asymmetric endowments](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022103120304364) [Implementing punishment and reward in the public goods game](https://thecommonsjournal.org/articles/10.18352/ijc.426) originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/619793

@ f73c257d:aaa26b19

**I am enjoying my kids so much these days.** I have a 10YO girl and 12YO boy. I feel like I just want time to stay still. But why do a need to feel like it is going to get worse or change? It got me thinking what can I do to always enjoy them. Please follow along on my journey while I learn and explore ways to always enjoy our kids. Here are some helpful ideas: 1. This is the most important thing I do to enjoy my kids. Fill your own cup first. That could be drinking coffee by yourself in the morning, working out, taking a shower (shout out new Moms), meeting up with other parents or just eating a carton of Ben and Jerry's. Whatever it may be, it needs to make you feel happy and satisfy your soul. *Personal Example*: I am a homeschool Mom and am with my kids all day. I love to wake up in the morning and take a walk or do yoga with my friends before my kids are awake. If that doesn't work out, I will sit and drink coffee by myself and read or scroll the internet. 2. When your child is talking to you about something important, stop what your doing and look into their eyes and listen to what they are saying. We get so busy that we are always multi-tasking but sometimes we need to stop and do the one thing that is most important and listen. Try to understand what is so important to them. Connect with them. *Personal Example*: My 12 YO son has a infrequent studder. If I am not paying attention to him while he is talking to me, it tends to become more frequent. This helps me to stop whatever thing I think is important and listen to what he is saying. 3. If at all possible, try to find time to spend one-on-one time with each child. This can be nearly impossible at times when our schedules are so busy but it is very important to try and do. Even if it is a 5 minute walk around the block or a trip to the grocery store. *Personal Example*: My alone time with each of my kids are when the other one is at their extracurricular activties. We live in a rural area so we can't run home during their activites. Instead we go to the library, grocery store or my favorite one in the summer is paddleboarding. 4. From @theconsciousparentinghub "the greatest gift a child can ever receive is a parent who can emotionally regulate. A parent who can emotionally regulate is patient, open for connection, and, most importantly, allows the child to fail, as that's where the most learning occurs." I am still guilty of trying to help my child not fail but am working on it daily. *Personal Example*: I have quit drinking alcohol since Feb 2023. This has helped me so much with connection of my children, being present and my emotional regulation is the best it's ever been, just ask my kids! Instead of worrying about when it's five o'clock so I can unwind with a glass of wine, cocktail or beer, I now am focusing on what healthy dinner I can make for my family, or what fun thing we can do after we eat. Some people can manage their alcohol, family life and everything but for me quiting has been a huge part of a missing peice of connection to my family. I hope this helps other families out there. And please let me know of other ideas so we can continue along this path of enjoyment. Thanks Shasta

@ 6f170f27:711e26dd

 https://ai.meta.com/blog/meta-llama-3-1/ originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/619556

@ b2caa9b3:9eab0fb5

Yesterday was a classic case of one step forward, two steps back. I spent the day wrestling with my digital chaos, trying to restore some order to my data. The drives were finally formatted, but the process of shuffling files and splitting folders felt like herding cats. Just as I started to feel a sense of accomplishment in putting everything together, my SSD decided to throw a tantrum, slipping into Read-Only mode. My heart sank as I feared the worst – a dying SSD. The prospect of losing precious data is a nightmare, and I was starting to feel like a helpless captain on a sinking ship.  To clear my head, I decided to escape the digital abyss for a while. A trip to the pharmacy was in order. The local pharmacy had previously tried to scam me, charging an exorbitant price for medication. Determined to find a better deal, I ventured to the larger pharmacy in town. Success! I managed to purchase the same medication for a fraction of the price. Victory was sweet. Armed with my medication and a slightly improved mood, I returned to the hostel to confront my data disaster once more. But first, a pit stop at the supermarket for some much-needed sustenance – chips, water, and the promise of a Kilimanjaro view from the hostel bar. As I enjoyed my surprisingly decent dinner, rice and beans, I took a break from the data madness and simply soaked in the stunning scenery. This morning, I woke up feeling refreshed and ready to tackle the data mess again. A fascinating conversation with a British man born in Kenya during the colonial era provided a welcome distraction before diving back into the digital trenches. While I'm hopeful of finishing the data cleanup in the next two days, I'm also prepared for the possibility of a longer battle. As for today, I plan on taking it easy. My foot is healing nicely, and I'm enjoying the little walks on the dusty streets of Tanzania once in a while. One step at the time. Stay tuned for more updates on my data adventure and other escapades of my nomadic life. On a side note, I recently had a chicken that was actually edible. It was a rare treat compared to the typical tough, bony specimens served here. The accompanying photo shows the chicken and my trusty 32-liter backpack, a testament to my minimalist lifestyle. Unfortunately, the internet is being particularly frustrating today, making even the simplest tasks feel like an uphill battle.  I'll keep you posted on my progress. Until next time!

@ 5d4b6c8d:8a1c1ee3

This is your chance to update your predictions from June: https://stacker.news/items/585231/r/Undisciplined. July picks are due before the end of July. If your new, check out the June link for details. This contest will be open to new entrants all the way through the end of the NBA regular season. If you want to join, put your predictions in the comments for MVP, Champion, and All NBA 1st Team. ## Current Predictions | | @Undisciplined | @grayruby | @gnilma | @BitcoinAbhi | @Bell_curve | @0xbitcoiner | |----|---------------|--------------|-----------|----------------|---------------|----------------| | Champ | Denver | Pacers | OKC | Denver | Celtics | Pacers | | MVP | Luka | Giannis | SGA | Luka | Luka | Jokic | | All NBA | Jokic | Jokic | SGA | Jokic | Jokic | Jokic | | | Giannis | Giannis | Jokic | Giannis | Giannis | Giannis | | | Luka | Luka | Luka | Luka | Luka | Luka | | | Ant | Mitchell | Brunson | Ant | Ant | Ant | | | SGA | Brunson | Wemby | SGA | SGA | Brunson | I'm going to bail on my Denver pick. They've clearly gotten worse, while other contenders have clearly gotten better. It's hard to choose between the Bucks and Thunder, but I'm going to take the Thunder as my 2025 champs. ## Prize 870 sats plus all future zaps originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/619305

@ 9dd283b1:cf9b6beb

So, as they say, idiot and bitcoin are soon parted or something like that. It happened so that I had a personal black swan event, where the car, the teeth, the house, the parent's health - all falling apart within a week. Ended maxing up my overdraft and still was out of required money. So that's why we need savings, right? As all of my savings are in Bitcoin, I had to use some of it to cover the required amount and decided to sell it on hodlhodl. Not really familiar with the platform as was buying on it 1 time, I just sorted by best available offers and chose 1st one with a 100% rating and 8 successful trades, sounds good - right? Entered details, locked btc, received the money via PayPal - had a nice chat with the seller, left a 5 start review and closed the browser. Only to get an email couple of min later that the buyer opened an ticket: -----  ----- I was devastated, I opened the link and replied on the case providing detailed explanation what happened and where. Only to find out that 10 min later Paypal decided to  Half an hour on the chat support with paypal - and no luck. I cannot give them confirmation of the purchase that they want - there is a hodlhodl chat, but no personal info so no proof. They told me to wait 72 hours, but I don't believe there is any outcome. Suggested me to file the police report, but I don't think it can go anywhere. Bad luck guys, never use Paypal there, transaction can be reverted in like 10 min originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/619262

@ 5d4b6c8d:8a1c1ee3

*Yesterday's edition https://stacker.news/items/617823/r/Undisciplined* * * - ### July 23, 2023 📅 ---- ### 📝 `TOP POST` **[Is Lightning Scaling Bitcoin in a Way Nobody Predicted? - Bitfinex blog](https://stacker.news/items/212823/r/Undisciplined)** Link to https://blog.bitfinex.com/education/is-lightning-scaling-bitcoin-in-a-way-nobody-predicted/ *3623 sats \ 11 comments \ @nicosey \ ~bitcoin* ---- ### 💬 `TOP COMMENT` **https://stacker.news/items/212838/r/Undisciplined?commentId=212842** #### Excerpt > Day 99 of snailposting everyday 'til BTC hits $100k. __@_'-' *114 sats \ 5 replies \ @orthwyrm* From **[Daily discussion thread](https://stacker.news/items/212838/r/Undisciplined)** by @saloon in ~null ---- ### 🏆 `TOP STACKER` 1st place **@k00b** *4351 stacked \ 2192 spent \ 2 posts \ 4 comments \ 0 referrals* ---- ### 🗺️ `TOP TERRITORY` **~bitcoin** > everything bitcoin related founded by @k00b on Tue May 02 2023 *15.3k stacked \ 0 revenue \ 22.3k spent \ 54 posts \ 119 comments* https://imgprxy.stacker.news/fsFoWlgwKYsk5mxx2ijgqU8fg04I_2zA_D28t_grR74/rs:fit:960:540/aHR0cHM6Ly9tLnN0YWNrZXIubmV3cy8yMzc5Ng ### July 23, 2022 📅 ---- ### 📝 `TOP POST` **[Tether is announcing something on Monday, but what?](https://stacker.news/items/48756/r/Undisciplined)** #### Excerpt > I'm assuming that's what is announcing ... the alpha release of some type of messenger with video, voice and text that does not rely on central servers and lets you send and receive bitcoin. Anyone have a better clue, or additional info on it? *830 sats \ 17 comments \ @P2P_bitcoin \ ~bitcoin* ---- ### 💬 `TOP COMMENT` **https://stacker.news/items/48572/r/Undisciplined?commentId=48576** #### Excerpt > I think I found a small "bug". All Daily Discussion threads always say "yesterday". No matter if they are from today or a month ago. *342 sats \ 2 replies \ @tomlaies* From **[Daily discussion thread](https://stacker.news/items/48572/r/Undisciplined)** by @saloon in ~null ---- ### 🏆 `TOP STACKER` 1st place **@cryptocoin** *3313 stacked \ 890 spent \ 15 posts \ 46 comments \ 0 referrals* ---- ### 🗺️ `TOP TERRITORY` **~bitcoin** > everything bitcoin related founded by @k00b on Tue May 02 2023 *43.2k stacked \ 0 revenue \ 48.6k spent \ 72 posts \ 192 comments* https://imgprxy.stacker.news/fsFoWlgwKYsk5mxx2ijgqU8fg04I_2zA_D28t_grR74/rs:fit:960:540/aHR0cHM6Ly9tLnN0YWNrZXIubmV3cy8yMzc5Ng ### July 23, 2021 📅 ---- ### 📝 `TOP POST` **["Either plebs will seek out the truth and choose to defend me while I build or I will fail." - Untapped Growth](https://stacker.news/items/549/r/Undisciplined)** Link to https://untappedgrowth.com/decentralizedgrazing-ug-response/ *3 sats \ 2 comments \ @ThrillerX_ \ ~bitcoin* ---- ### 💬 `TOP COMMENT` **https://stacker.news/items/548/r/Undisciplined?commentId=556** #### Excerpt > Did you used to show the Ethereum logo? My guess is this is jack proclaiming his preference for Bitcoin in a passive-aggressive way. *1 sat \ 1 reply \ @anthony* From **[#eth Hashtag on Twitter Shows Ethiopian Flag 🤣](https://stacker.news/items/548/r/Undisciplined)** by @k00b in ~bitcoin ---- ### 🏆 `TOP STACKER` 1st place **@nout** *5 stacked \ 13 spent \ 2 posts \ 2 comments \ 0 referrals* ---- ### 🗺️ `TOP TERRITORY` **~bitcoin** > everything bitcoin related founded by @k00b on Tue May 02 2023 *58 stacked \ 0 revenue \ 152 spent \ 9 posts \ 14 comments* originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/619227

@ 0176967e:1e6f471e

Co se nomádská rodina již 3 roky utíkající před kontrolou naučila o kontrole samotné? Co je to vlastně svoboda? Může koexistovat se strachem? S konfliktem? Zkusme na chvíli zapomenout na daně, policii a stát a pohlédnout na svobodu i mimo hranice společenských ideologií. Zkusme namísto hledání dalších odpovědí zjistit, zda se ještě někde neukrývají nové otázky. Možná to bude trochu ezo. Karel provozuje již přes 3 roky se svou ženou, dvěmi dětmi a jedním psem minimalistický život v obytné dodávce. Na cestách spolu začali tvořit youtubový kanál "[Karel od Martiny](https://www.youtube.com/@KarelodMartiny)" o svobodě, nomádství, anarchii, rodičovství, drogách a dalších normálních věcech. Nájdete ho aj [na nostr](nostr:npub1y2se87uxc7fa0aenfqfx5hl9t2u2fjt4sp0tctlcr0efpauqtalqxfvr89).

@ eed76ece:afa98124

Changed this territory name to Import_Export today, as postings are for actual Importers, Exporters, Traders, Wholesalers, that might someday in a few years, might run into one of these posts on specifics for this or other merchandise. Beach Sarongs, Full Size, seven prints in stock minimum of 800 pieces per print in stock. Individually packed in clear resealable plastic bags, 12 per master pack. https://globalmerchant.io/collections/sarongs MOQ: 72 pieces can be assorted with other goods. C.I.F. (Cost, Insurance, Freight) D.A.P. (Delivered at Place) Duty paid by Consignee. Shipped via DHL or FedEx, UPS International Economy Air ================================ Unit Price Each in SATS = 6,575 Unit Price Each in USD = $ 4.44 Unit Price Each in Thai Baht = 161 ================================ Country of Origin: India. Material: 100% Terivoile (Polyester). ================================ T/T, CC, BTC On Chain, Lightning, If your coming in person to Waikiki, we can discuss alternate terms. LINE @globalmerchant Ask for Rich Agents wanted especially in Bangkok, Pattaya, Phuket, Da Nang, Hanoi. Website: globalmerchant.io originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/618381

@ 6f170f27:711e26dd

 https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/716290 > Meta-analytically, women are strongly biased in favor of female candidates for election, whereas men are slightly biased in favor of... female candidates. originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/618382

@ 8e7462a8:c723a97b

```js import React, { createContext, useContext, useRef } from 'react'; import { Toast } from 'primereact/toast'; const ToastContext = createContext(); export const useToast = () => useContext(ToastContext); export const ToastProvider = ({ children }) => { const toast = useRef(null); const showToast = (severity, summary, detail) => { toast.current.show({ severity, summary, detail }); }; return ( <ToastContext.Provider value={{ showToast }}> <Toast ref={toast} /> {children} </ToastContext.Provider> ); }; ```

@ be39043c:4a573ca3

Growing up in Japan, we always had a rice cooker at home and didn't know any family that didn't have one. When I left my house for college I bought one. When I moved to the US, I naturally thought, I must have a rice cooker and bought a cheap one. At one point, our, me and my husband's, rice cooker broke. I looked up how to cook with a pan. To my surprise, rice tasted better when cooked by a pan over the gas stove. We have been without a rice cooker since, for a good 10 years. I recently read someone in Japan cooked rice for the first time on the stove as he couldn't use electricity because of an earthquake. He said "what the point of rice cooker, if we can cook better without it?" Well, a rice cooker keeps the rice warm. But, it is not a really necessary device as most of us, Japanese people, believe. The companies like panasonic and zojirushi, make a lot of money, selling rice cookers to us and many people are employed there. Maybe, this has been the point of rice cooker and the 20th century, growth, growth. I am not saying it was all bad. Still, I prefer to live in a way that any false belief, a certain product is necessary to do something, is unveiled and make a choice based on that.

@ 8e7462a8:c723a97b

<iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/WA9gVKKPsBo" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>

@ 1408bad0:4971f2ca

https://image.nostr.build/bde258ff45b8017e3ce76aa733718beb302bea7a4b7fe9aff7ff3af1e788baab.png Pretty much all of the alternative crypto tokens to Bitcoin seem to have DAOs or insiders have managed to pre-mine themselves some extra tokens to give themselves an advantage. The bad thing about DAOs are that they are used to enrich insiders at the expense of token holders. Many may claim you can vote how they are spent based on your stake or other such *democracy*, but in reality, token distribution or other such mechanisms have been put in place to rig a fair distribution. We can see even with OpenSats that many supported projects stop a year later without any passion and commitment from the Devs. But at least these projects are not funded at the behest of existing Bitcoin holders. They require an honest funding mechanism. It seems at some point or another, the DAOs will get drained and in the name of the community. Even if you as part of the community disagree with the spending, there is nothing much you can do to stop it. Some chains may do scheduled unlocks to the insiders to gradually drain away value from token holders. You may ask yourself, why should they get this reward at your expense? The answer is often they have been early investors and taken the risk. This isn't exactly true because the early adopters of this tech were on Bitcoin and they have already made bank. The new tokens are just fresh money grabs often without providing any utility. Why store any value in these tokens if they are just money grabs and will not hold value over the long term against Bitcoin. High time preference people are those usually chasing the short term gains instead of thinking longer term.

@ 82100056:e198089f

Was the Trump ‘assassination attempt’ a staged event that he was in on? Was it an inside job by the secret service seeking to eliminate the number one enemy of the deep state? Or was Thomas Crooks simply competent (and lucky) enough to pull off a lone-wolf attack on the 45th president of the USA? Whatever the truth is, which will surely come out over time, the ‘shooting’ has dramatically altered the course of American politics. The most obvious narrative shift has been Trump’s new-found God-like status among the American right. The image of Trump holding his fist in the air, right ear bloodied, while urging Americans to “fight”, symbolises this. His long-time friend and UFC chairman Dana White said in the aftermath of the ‘shooting’: “He [Trump] is one of the toughest, most resilient human beings that I have ever met in my entire life….This guy is the legitimate ultimate American badass of all-time!” In addition, a section of Trump supporters turned up to the recent Republican National Convention [wearing fake bandages](https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/videos/cldy39vpv4qo) on their ears in a humorous yet sincere show of solidarity with their leader. These are just two examples among many of the relentless outpouring of adulation that Trump is receiving. He has become a martyr without having to die. The Trump fist raise image and resulting strongman narrative is not what I will focus on, but it does provide crucial context for what I am going to say. Instead, I will look at the farcical performance of the secret service, which did not go unnoticed by social media users. Specifically, that of the female agents, and the resulting backlash against the perceived failures of DEI (diversity, equity and inclusion) within the US government. I will also look at why this narrative is being pushed by powerful players of the alternative-media industrial complex. First, [footage emerged](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tAtu1YU-PHo) of one female agent who struggled to holster her firearm, while looking completely disorientated, as Trump, who could have still been in danger, fled the scene in a blacked out SUV. It was reminiscent of Fredo Corleone’s bumbling efforts to save his father Vito, who faced a failed assassination attempt of his own in The Godfather 2. Second, there is the [ridiculous still image](https://www.google.com/search?sca_esv=5b98f86993edd4ca&sca_upv=1&rlz=1C5CHFA_enGB1069GB1069&q=trump+female+secret+service&udm=2&fbs=AEQNm0Aa4sjWe7Rqy32pFwRj0UkWd8nbOJfsBGGB5IQQO6L3J_86uWOeqwdnV0yaSF-x2joQcoZ-0Q2Udkt2zEybT7HdcghX_cULItgDQ-ic0tx97HU0om4eiEoFQ7LkCUAIN0k5ckfuXbaYID2cdV_OmGsEy_vSEauNj1_Mmv2J6NjBnVEvjRAhAzO6zw58Qt0lVtZUf36m&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj8_NWx5riHAxX5bEEAHROMDHIQtKgLegQICxAB&biw=1600&bih=781&dpr=1.8#vhid=k3BFXz5a0rU7wM&vssid=mosaic) of the female secret service agent standing in front of Trump by the podium in order to provide cover for the former president amid a possible active shooter situation. The image is ludicrous because the female agent is not nearly as tall as Trump, and so his head, including his ear that was just ‘clipped’ by a 'bullet', remains completely exposed. Third, the US secret service director Kimberly Cheatle, a woman, is [ultimately responsible](https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/17/us/politics/kimberly-cheatle-secret-service.html) for the ‘near-assassination’ of Donald Trump and the seemingly unlimited ‘mistakes’ made by the agency on the day. For example, Cheatle did not have a secret service gunmen on the roof used by Thomas Crooks because it was “too sloped”. An explanation that was shown to be comically bad in the immediate aftermath of the ‘shooting’ when photos emerged of cleaners standing on the roof to clear Crooks’ ‘blood’ away. The backlash against the female agents in question has been pretty relentless from the American right. But not just from anonymous MAGA social media users. Some of the key drivers of political narratives on the right have honed in on this issue and more generally against the perceived failings of DEI. “There should not be any women in the Secret Service. These are supposed to be the very best, and none of the very best at this job are women,” [said right-leaning activist Matt Walsh](https://x.com/MattWalshBlog/status/1812492702493057338?lang=en) in a direct response to the footage of the female secret service agents. Walsh works for The Daily Wire and rose to global prominence on the back of his documentary “What Is A Women?”. In other words, he is a key figure within the US culture war, who has a keen interest in discussions around gender. Then there is Andrew Tate. One could have predicted where the former kickboxer was going to stand on this issue. [Tate posted a video to social media](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cpw5Sm46f-4&t=44s) in which he lambasted Kimberly Cheatle and the other female secret service agents in a visibly heated manner. “There’s not a female alive who’s ever going to jump in front of a bullet for anybody. She’s gonna piss her panties and hide.” Tate carries on the rest of the video in the same vain, including a statement which in my view is a big clue about the narrative he is trying to push. “Society as a whole will be better off if we return to our [gender] roles.” Tate wants the secret service and the military to go back to being made up of men who are selected solely on the basis of merit. After years of military aged males being 'disenfranchised' by the institutions they once felt proud to represent - the pendulum may be about to swing back. At this point, it is worth mentioning that I believe both Matt Walsh and Andrew Tate are intelligence assets who push agendas to the wider public on behalf of the deep state, [as Miri AF explains here](https://miriaf.co.uk/the-most-important-question-about-andrew-tate-no-one-is-asking/). It is also worth considering that these women are akin to actors who are fulfilling their roles as incompetent, further driving the narrative of Walsh and Tate. Their incompetence is not necessarily because they are women - they might just be acting like they are incapable because they are women. On the face of it, it sounds overly conspiratorial - but in my view, it is plausible. Okay, let’s continue down this ‘conspiracy theory’ rabbit hole for a little longer. It is widely understood that intelligence agencies use terror attacks to further their insidious agendas. A clear example of this is how George Bush’s government, in conjunction with the media and the intelligence apparatus, weaponised the fear brought about by 9/11 in order to invade Iraq. So, what is the goal of Tate/Walsh and the deep state (and possibly Trump too) in pushing back against DEI and making the secret service/military a place that ‘respects’ male competence again? The same military whose soon-to-be commander-in-chief has God-like status, is the "ultimate American badass of all time", and who ‘literally’ just ‘took a bullet’ for his country. The same military that is currently in escalating proxy wars vs Russia and Iran - neither of which look like ending anytime soon. Are American military aged males being influenced to go and fight for their country in WW3 after years of being gaslighted? I want to state that I do not claim to know this for sure. I am stating a theory. I am asking questions that I believe need to be asked. But I will leave you with this quote by a World War Two veteran that has been doing the rounds on social media recently. “If president Trump was commander-in-chief I would go back to re-enlist today.” [Sgt. Bill Peril, 99, WW2 veteran. ](https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/rnc-trump-world-war-veteran-b2581928.html)

@ 6bae33c8:607272e8

These are my very preliminary WR rankings, my only research being the RotoWire depth charts and player notes. **Tier 1** **CeeDee Lamb, Tyreek Hill, Ja’Marr Chase, Amon-Ra St. Brown, AJ Brown** I thought about putting Lamb in his own tier since he’s in his prime and the dominant No. 1 on a pass-heavy team, but Hill is arguably a top-five all-time receiver, Chase projects just as highly over a full season if his QB is healthy, St. Brown is a target and receptions machine and Brown is a physical freak who is finally receiving the targets he deserves. **Tier 2** **Justin Jefferson, Puka Nacua, Garrett Wilson, Stefon Diggs** Jefferson might be the best receiver in the game, but the quarterback downgrade lands him in the top of Tier 2. Nacua also could have been in Tier 1, given his rookie year, but the presence of a healthy Cooper Kupp might cut into his role slightly (apparently Kupp was never fully healthy last year.) Wilson managed to produce with abominable QB play last year, but the threat of Aaron Rodgers being toast or Davante Adams getting brought in keep him out of Tier 1. Diggs is getting older, but landed in an ideal situation. **Tier 3** **Drake London, Marvin Harrison, DJ Moore, Jaylen Waddle, Chris Olave, DeVonta Smith, Davante Adams, Cooper Kupp** London gets a massive QB upgrade, Harrison is the clear No. 1 out of the gate, Moore gets an upgrade even with a rookie QB, though there’s a lot of competition for targets. Waddle, Olave and Smith are here based on their solid past production and skills, Adams is a wild card, depending on where he winds up and Kupp is an age and injury risk with Tier 1 upside if he somehow emerges as Matthew Stafford’s No. 1 again. **Tier 4** **Nico Collins, Michael Pittman Amari Cooper, Brandon Aiyuk, Tee Higgins, Deebo Samuel, Mike Evans, DK Metcalf, Keenan Allen, Christian Kirk** These are all either quality second fiddles or top dogs with limited ceilings. I never draft Allen, and he always produces, but he’s 32, playing with a rookie QB and in a crowded receiving corps. Kirk has a nice floor as Trevor Lawrence’s likely top target again. I had Pittman at the bottom of this tier originally, but moved him up because he’s a clear No. 1, and what if Anthony Richardson is good? I used to like Metcalf more, but he’s just an okay NFL player despite other-wordly athleticism. **Tier 5** **Terry McLaurin, Zay Flowers, Malik Nabers, Ladd McConkey, Christan Watson, George Pickens, Jayden Reed, Marquise Brown, DeAndre Hopkins, Calvin Ridley ** This is an odd tier of has-beens, maybes, rookies and guys getting a shot. McLaurin probably has the highest floor, but is a boring pick. Reed has a good chance to emerge ahead of Watson and Romeo Doubs as Jordan Love’s go-to in Year 2, but Watson has the size and speed. I won’t stump for my Giant Nabers this year — though I traded Marvin Harrison for him and an extra pick in a dynasty league! — but I love that he’s only 20 and produced at such a high level in college. McConkey has a chance to be Justin Herbert’s top target right away, Flowers should be the co-No. 1 with Mark Andrews in Baltimore and Pickens is the No. 1 in Pittsburgh, though I don’t trust him or that passing offense at all. Marquise Brown has massive upside in Kansas City, but some competition with Xavier Worthy (who does the same thing) and Rashee Rice if he doesn’t got to jail. Ridley and Hopkins will see targets at least. **Tier 6** **Jaxon Smith-Njigba, Rashid Shaheed, Courtland Sutton, Diontae Johnson, Rashee Rice, Jordan Addison, Chris Godwin, Tank Dell, Jameson Williams, Gabe Davis, Rome Odunze, Jerry Jeudy, Adam Thielen, Romeo Doubs, Brian Thomas** Smith-Njigba could emerge at Seattle’s No. 1 with Lockett aging and Metcalf plateauing. Shaheed should get more targets with Michael Thomas gone, Sutton is the No. 1 in a bad offense, Johnson should catch a lot of passes, Rice could be Tier 2 or 3 once he gets finished with a likely suspension, Addison has his own legal problems from driving drunk, plus a QB downgrade, Godwin is a boring second fiddle now, Dell drops due to Diggs’ arrival, Williams is third fiddle in a good offense, Davis is probably just a guy, but should get targets, Odunze is in a crowded receiving corps, Jeudy is running out of time to break out, Thielen will get targets, Doubs is steady and reliable and Thomas has upside in a receiving corps without a star. **Tier 7** **Joshua Palmer, Keon Coleman, Brandin Cooks, Xavier Worthy, Jakobi Meyers, Khalil Shakir, Tyler Lockett, Jahan Dotson, Mike Williams, Curtis Samuel, Rashod Bateman, Michael Wilson, Quentin Johnston** These are mostly just guys who should get targets. Worthy and Coleman are more upside than floor, but the rest are just here because the ball is probably coming their way.

@ 5d4b6c8d:8a1c1ee3

*Yesterday's edition https://stacker.news/items/616182/r/Undisciplined* * * - ### July 22, 2023 📅 ---- ### 📝 `TOP POST` **[I’m Henrik Skogstrom, CEO of LN Capital (Torq) AMA!](https://stacker.news/items/212479/r/Undisciplined)** #### Excerpt > https://ln.capital/ https://twitter.com/LN_Capital https://twitter.com/ohskogstrom *4016 sats \ 15 comments \ @ohskogstrom \ ~bitcoin* ---- ### 💬 `TOP COMMENT` **https://stacker.news/items/212283/r/Undisciplined?commentId=212402** #### Excerpt > I went to a party last year where we would all be betting on the outcomes of various fighting matchups on N64's (classic) Super Smash Bros. *554 sats \ 1 reply \ @gpvansat* From **[Who Wants To Build Sports Betting on Lightning?](https://stacker.news/items/212283/r/Undisciplined)** by @kr in ~bitcoin ---- ### 🏆 `TOP STACKER` 2nd place **@k00b** (1st hiding, presumed @siggy47) *3776 stacked \ 5791 spent \ 2 posts \ 16 comments \ 0 referrals* ---- ### 🗺️ `TOP TERRITORY` **~bitcoin** > everything bitcoin related founded by @k00b on Tue May 02 2023 *24.8k stacked \ 0 revenue \ 28.3k spent \ 66 posts \ 217 comments* https://imgprxy.stacker.news/fsFoWlgwKYsk5mxx2ijgqU8fg04I_2zA_D28t_grR74/rs:fit:960:540/aHR0cHM6Ly9tLnN0YWNrZXIubmV3cy8yMzc5Ng ### July 22, 2022 📅 ---- ### 📝 `TOP POST` **[I'm Simon, creator of Mempool.Space. AMA.](https://stacker.news/items/48270/r/Undisciplined)** #### Excerpt > Hi everyone! I am @softsimon_, creator and co-founder of the @Mempool open source project at Mempool.Space, an increasingly used and loved tool for Bitcoiners around the world and with self hosted installations on thousands of Raspberry Pi home node […] *47.3k sats \ 81 comments \ @softsimon \ ~bitcoin* ---- ### 💬 `TOP COMMENT` **https://stacker.news/items/48270/r/Undisciplined?commentId=48298** #### Excerpt > 1. I used bitcoin as an online "anonymous" currency 2013-2015 without understanding the monetary aspects. In 2016 after som austrian economics I finally started to get it and from 2017 it has been almost full time focus. *831 sats \ 0 replies \ @softsimon* From **[I'm Simon, creator of Mempool.Space. AMA.](https://stacker.news/items/48270/r/Undisciplined)** by @softsimon in ~bitcoin ---- ### 🏆 `TOP STACKER` 1st place **@softsimon** *50k stacked \ 171 spent \ 1 post \ 28 comments \ 0 referrals* ---- ### 🗺️ `TOP TERRITORY` **~bitcoin** > everything bitcoin related founded by @k00b on Tue May 02 2023 *108.1k stacked \ 0 revenue \ 114.6k spent \ 64 posts \ 303 comments* https://imgprxy.stacker.news/fsFoWlgwKYsk5mxx2ijgqU8fg04I_2zA_D28t_grR74/rs:fit:960:540/aHR0cHM6Ly9tLnN0YWNrZXIubmV3cy8yMzc5Ng ### July 22, 2021 📅 ---- ### 📝 `TOP POST` **[Yo, I got Strike - Jack Mallers Announcing the Bitcoin Tab](https://stacker.news/items/491/r/Undisciplined)** Link to https://jimmymow.medium.com/announcing-the-bitcoin-tab-133fffc5f668 *11 sats \ 4 comments \ @Yo_I_got_Strike \ ~bitcoin* ---- ### 💬 `TOP COMMENT` **https://stacker.news/items/463/r/Undisciplined?commentId=534** #### Excerpt > love it, just needs to implement ln url withdraw *108 sats \ 1 reply \ @bro* From **[This is dope.](https://stacker.news/items/463/r/Undisciplined)** by @falsefaucet in ~bitcoin ---- ### 🏆 `TOP STACKER` 1st place **@bro** *5 stacked \ 9 spent \ 0 posts \ 2 comments \ 0 referrals* ---- ### 🗺️ `TOP TERRITORY` **~bitcoin** > everything bitcoin related founded by @k00b on Tue May 02 2023 *122 stacked \ 0 revenue \ 225 spent \ 16 posts \ 35 comments* originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/617823

@ 3c984938:2ec11289

## Bienvenide a Nostr! **Introduccíon** Es tu primera vez aqui en Nostr? Bienvenides! Nostr es un acrónimo raro para "Notes and Other Stuff Transmitted by Relays" on un solo objetivo; resistirse a la censura. Una alternativa a las redes sociales tradicionales, comunicaciónes, blogging, streaming, podcasting, y feventualmente el correo electronico (en fase de desarrollo) con características descentralizadas que te capacita, usario. Jamas seras molestado por un anuncio, capturado por una entidad centralizada o algoritmo que te monetiza. Permítame ser su anfitrión! Soy Onigiri! Yo estoy explorando el mundo de Nostr, un protocolo de comunicacíon decentralizada. Yo escribo sobre las herramientas y los desarolladores increíbles de Nostr que dan vida a esta reino.  ## Bienvenides a Nostr Wonderland Estas a punto de entrar a un otro mundo digtal que te hará explotar tu mente de todas las aplicaciones descentralizadas, clientes, sitios que puedes utilizar. Nunca volverás a ver a las comunicaciones ni a las redes sociales de la mesma manera. Todo gracias al carácter criptográfico de nostr, inpirado por la tecnología "blockchain". Cada usario, cuando crean una cuenta en Nostr, recibe un par de llaves: una privada y una publico. Estos son las llaves de tu propio reino. Lo que escribes, cantes, grabes, lo que creas - todo te pertenece.  ### Unos llaves de Oro y Plata Mi amigo y yo llamamos a esto "identidad mediante cifrado" porque tu identidad es cifrado. Tu puedes compartir tu llave de plata "npub" a otros usarios para conectar y seguir. Utiliza tu llave de oro "nsec" para accedar a tu cuenta y exponerte a muchas aplicaciones. Mantenga la llave a buen recaudo en todo momento. Ya no hay razor para estar enjaulado por los terminos de plataformas sociales nunca más. Onigirl ``` npub18jvyjwpmm65g8v9azmlvu8knd5m7xlxau08y8vt75n53jtkpz2ys6mqqu3 ``` ### Todavia No tienes un cliente? Seleccione la mejor opción. Encuentra la aplicación adecuada para ti! Utilice su clave de oro "nsec" para acceder a estas herramientas maravillosas. También puedes visit a esta pagina a ver a todas las aplicaciones. Antes de pegar tu llave de oro en muchas aplicaciones, considera un "signer" (firmante) para los sitios web 3. Por favor, mire la siguiente imagen para más detalles. Consulte también la leyenda.  ### Get a Signer extension via chrome webstore Un firmante (o "signer" en inglés) es una extensión del navegador web. Nos2x and NostrConnect son extensiónes ampliamente aceptado para aceder a Nostr. Esto simplifica el proceso de aceder a sitios "web 3". En lugar de copiar y pegar la clave oro "nsec" cada vez, la mantienes guardado en la extensión y le des permiso para aceder a Nostr.  ### 👉⚡⚡Obtén una billetera Bitcoin lightning para enviar/recibir Zaps⚡⚡ (Esto es opcional)  Aqui en Nostr, utilizamos la red Lightning de Bitcoin (L2). Nesitaras una cartera lightning para enviar y recibir Satoshis, la denominacion mas chiquita de un Bitcoin. (0.000000001 BTC) Los "zaps" son un tipo de micropago en Nostr. Si te gusta el contenido de un usario, es norma dejarle una propina en la forma de un ¨zap". Por ejemplo, si te gusta este contenido, tu me puedes hacer "zap" con Satoshis para recompensar mi trabajo. Pero apenas llegaste, as que todavia no tienes una cartera. No se preocupe, puedo ayudar en eso! "[Stacker.News](https://stacker.news/r/Hamstr)" es una plataforma donde los usarios pueden ganar SATS por publicar articulos y interactuar con otros.  Stacker.News es el lugar mas facil para recibir una direccion de cartera Bitcoin Lightning. 1. Acedese con su extensión firmante "signer" - Nos2x or NostrConnect - hace click en tu perfil, un codigo de letras y numeros en la mano superior derecha. Veás algo como esto  2. Haga clic en "edit" y elija un nombre que te guste. Se puede cambiar si deseas en el futuro.  3. Haga clic en "save" 4. Crea una biografía y la comunidad SN son muy acogedora. Te mandarán satoshi para darte la bienvenida. 5. Tu nueva direccion de cartera Bitcoin Lightning aparecerá asi  **^^No le mandas "zaps" a esta direccion; es puramente con fines educativos.** 6. Con tu **Nueva** dirección de monedero Bitcoin Lightning puedes ponerla en cualquier cliente o app de tu elección. Para ello, ve a tu **página de perfil** y bajo la dirección de tu monedero en "**Dirección Lightning**", introduce tu nueva dirección y pulsa **"guardar "** y ya está. Enhorabuena. 👉✨Con el tiempo, es posible que desee pasar a las opciones de auto-custodia y tal vez incluso considerar la posibilidad de auto-alojar su propio nodo LN para una mejor privacidad. La buena noticia es que stacker.news tambien está dejando de ser una cartera custodio. ⭐NIP-05-identidad DNS⭐ Al igual que en Twitter, una marca de verificación es para mostrar que eres del mismo jardín "como un humano", y no un atípico como una mala hierba o, "bot". Pero no de la forma nefasta en que lo hacen las grandes tecnológicas. En el país de las maravillas de Nostr, esto te permite asignar tu llave de plata, "npub", a un identificador DNS. Una vez verificado, puedes gritar para anunciar tu nueva residencia Nostr para compartir. ✨Hay un montón de opciones, pero si has seguido los pasos, esto se vuelve extremadamente fácil. 👉✅¡Haz clic en tu **"Perfil "**, luego en **"Configuración "**, desplázate hasta la parte inferior y pega tu *clave Silver*, **"npub!"** y haz clic en **"Guardar "** y ¡listo! Utiliza tu monedero relámpago de Stacker.news como tu NIP-05. ¡¡¡Enhorabuena!!! ¡Ya estás verificado! Dale unas horas y cuando uses tu cliente **"principal "** deberías ver una marca de verificación. ### Nostr, el infonformista de los servidores.  En lugar de utilizar una única instancia o un servidor centralizado, Nostr está construido para que varias bases de datos intercambien mensajes mediante "relés". Los relés, que son neutrales y no discriminatorios, almacenan y difunden mensajes públicos en la red Nostr. Transmiten mensajes a todos los demás clientes conectados a ellos, asegurando las comunicaciones en la red descentralizada. ### ¡Mis amigos en Nostr te dan la bienvenida! Bienvenida a la fiesta. ¿Le apetece un té?🍵  ### ¡Hay mucho mas! Esto es la punta del iceberg. Síguenme mientras continúo explorando nuevas tierras y a los desarolladores, los caballeres que potencioan este ecosistema. Encuéntrame aquí para mas contenido como este y comparten con otros usarios de nostr. Conozca a los caballeres que luchan por freedomTech (la tecnología de libertad) en Nostr y a los proyectos a los que contribuyen para hacerla realidad.💋 Onigirl @npub18jvyjwpmm65g8v9azmlvu8knd5m7xlxau08y8vt75n53jtkpz2ys6mqqu3 ---- 🧡😻Esta guía ha sido cuidadosamente traducida por miggymofongo Puede seguirla aquí. @npub1ajt9gp0prf4xrp4j07j9rghlcyukahncs0fw5ywr977jccued9nqrcc0cs sitio [web](https://miguelalmodo.com/)

@ 8dc86882:9dc4ba5e

I was wondering what are the must have Nostr and Bitcoin related apps people keep on their Android phones? Anything related to either topic. originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/617668

@ 502ab02a:a2860397

เกริ่นนำก่อนนะครับว่า ฉบับนี้เป็นแบบลูกทุ่งลูกลุย ไม่ได้ทำความรู้จักแอพแบบละเอียด วิ่งก่อนเดินทีหลัง 5555 step แบบคร่าวมากๆเลยคือ 1. โหลด 2. รัน 3. ลุย ไม่ต้องเกริ่นกันแล้วนะครับว่าทุ่งม่วงคืออะไร ไปกดอ่านได้ในโน้ตอื่น เราเริ่มที่จุดนี้เลย เอาแอพมาโพสคุย โน้ตนี้เป็นสำหรับสาขาแอนดรอย์ ถ้าเริ่มจากแอพชื่อ Amethyst จะสะดวกสุด แค่กดๆๆๆๆ จบเลย เริ่มจากเข้า play store ค้นหาคำว่า amethyst หรือจะ nostr ก็ได้ถ้าขี้เกียจพิมพ์ โหลดเสร็จแล้ว จะมีไอคอนมาให้เรา กดเข้าไปเลยครับ   จากนั้นแอพมันจะแจ้งว่าเรายังไม่ได้เข้าสู่ระบบ แน่หละ เราเพิ่งจะโหลดมานี่หว่า กดไปตรงที่บอกว่า "ลงทะเบียน" ตามในรูปเลยครับ อันนี้ผมเลือกให้ระบบแสดงภาษาไทย เพราะต้องการให้พี่ป้าน้าอา ที่ไม่ใช่สายคอมสายซน กดตามได้ง่ายๆ ส่วนใครทำระบบเป็นภาษาอังกฤษ ก็เทียบเคียงปุ่มได้เลยนะครับ  จากนั้นแอพจะพามาที่หน้าการกรอกรายละเอียดการลงทะเบียน 3 ขั้นตอนเท่านั้น 1. กรอกชื่อที่เราต้องการ จะชื่อจริงๆเลย หรือ ชื่อในวงการ อันนี้ตามสะดวกครับ 2. เสร็จแล้วก็ติ๊ก ยอมรับเงื่อนไข ไปตามระเบียบก่อน 3. เสร็จแล้วก็กดปุ่ม "สร้างบัญชี" ได้เลย  เสร็จแล้ว!!!!!! แค่นี้เสร็จแล้ว คุณมีบัญชี nostr สำหรับใช้แทนความเป็นตัวคุณในทุ่งม่วงแล้ว 1 2 3 เสร็จเลย ง่ายใช่มะ ----------- **การใช้งาน แบบอนุบาล** ความสำคัญของการอยู่ในทุ่งม่วง ไม่ใช่การโพส cool cool แต่เป็นการพูดคุยการเข้าสังคมครับ ดังนั้นเราเริ่มจากการทักทายทุ่งม่วงกันก่อน ยังจำสิ่งสำคัญที่เรียกว่า แฮชแทค (#) ได้ใช่ไหมครับ ว่าเบสิคเลยเราจะใช้แฮชแทคที่เรียกว่า #siamstr ในการรวมประชากรคนไทยในทุ่งม่วง เรามาเริ่มโพสแรกของเรากันเลย กดที่ปุ่ม + กลมๆข้างล่างตามรูปครับ ใช่ครับ ไอ้กลมๆที่มีรูปขนนกนั่นแหละ เหมือนปากกานักเขียนสมัยก่อนที่เอาขนนกจิ้มหมึก  จากนั้นก็แค่ 2 ขั้นตอนครับ 1. พิมพ์ข้อความที่อยากจะพิมพ์ แล้วตามด้วย #siamstr เพื่อระบุว่าให้ใครก็ตามที่ follow หรือ ติดตามแฮชแทค #siamstr อยู่ได้เห็นข้อความนี้ด้วยง่ายๆ ถ้ายังคิดอะไรไม่ออก พิมพ์ว่า "เฮียโต้งสั่งลุย #siamstr" ก็ได้ครับ แล้วชาวทุ่งม่วงจะออกมาต้อนรับคุณอย่างอบอุ่น 5555555 2. กดปุ่ม "โพสต์" เพื่อส่งข้อความนี้ไปสู่ทุ่งม่วง เสร็จละ 2 ขั้นตอนคุณก็ส่งข้อความออกไปได้แล้ว  เรียบร้อยแล้วหน้าตาข้อความมันก็จะแสดงบนฟีดของคุณ เหมือนเฟสบุคเลย  สังเกตว่าตรงแฮชแทค มันจะเป็นสีๆ และสามาถคลิกได้ เมื่อกดไปแล้วคุณก็จะเห็นข้อความทั้งหมดในทุ่งม่วง ที่ติดแฮชแทคนนี้ เห็นภาพแล้วเนอะว่า การติดแฮชแทคไว้ในประโยคด้วยมันดียังไง และถ้าคุณกดปุ่ม "ติดตาม" มันก็จะทำการ ติดตามแฮชแทคนี้เอาไว้ แล้วนำมาแสดงบนฟีดของคุณทุกครั้งที่เข้าแอพ  ----------- **การตอบรับจากชาวทุ่งม่วง** ในตอนแรกๆเราอาจยังไม่มีคนมาคุยด้วยมากนัก เป็นธรรมดาของการยังไม่รู้จักกัน ดังนั้นเราอาจจะเริ่มเห็นการส่งอิโมจิให้กัน อย่างในรูปครับ หลังจากที่เราโพสไปพร้อมติดแฮชแทค ก็จะมีเพื่อนๆชาวทุ่งม่วงมาทักทายด้วยอิโมจิ ถ้าเราอยากรู้ว่าใครส่งอิโมจิอะไรมา ก็ให้กดลูกศร ตามในรูปครับ มันจะแสดงให้เราเห็นได้ทันที ว่าเอ๊ะ คนที่มากดอิโมจิไว้ 2 คนคือใครนะ เราก็สามารถกดที่ avatar ของเค้าเพื่อไปตามอ่านโพสที่เขาเขียนไว้ได้ และส่งอิโมจิให้โพสของเค้าได้เช่นกัน   คร่าวๆก็ประมาณนี้ครับ ไอคอนข้างๆอิโมจิ จะมี 2 อันที่ไปลองเล่นได้ก่อนเลยครับ 1. บอลลูนคำพูด อันนั้นมีไว้ reply หรือภาษาเฟสบุคเรียกว่า comment คุณสามารถเข้าไปตอบเมนท์ของตัวเอง หรือ ไปเม้นท์โพสคนอื่นๆได้ครับ 2. เครื่องหมาย วนไปมา อันนี้มีไว้แชร์ ภาษาเฟสบุคก็ share นั่นแหละครับ มันจะให้เลือกว่า แชร์ไปทั้งดุ้นเลย หรือ จะแชร์พร้อมกับโพสแสดงความเห็นไว้ด้วย เหมือนเฟสบุคทุกอย่างเลยครับ ----------- วันนี้เราถือว่าได้เบสิคมากๆ กับการใช้แอพ โพสข้อความในสังคมของ nostr แล้ว ต่อไปก็จะเป็นดีเทลเล็กๆน้อยๆ ที่ไม่ได้ถือว่าสำคัญขนาดว่าถ้าไม่ทำแล้วจะเล่น nostr ไม่ได้เลยยังไม่อธิบาย ณ วันนี้ เพราะอย่างที่บอกครับ วัตถุประสงค์คือ ลงเล่นแม่งก่อนเลย แล้วเรียนรู้ไปพร้อมๆกับสร้างประสบการณ์ ไม่งั้นไม่ได้ลองซักทีเนอะ 555555 ***** อันนี้หมายเหตุทิ้งไว้เฉยๆว่า ยังจำ "กุญแจคู่ รู้ตัวตน" ได้ใช่ไหมครับ Nostr Public Key ที่เอาไว้แจกคนอื่น กับ Nostr Secret Key ที่ห้ามใครรู้ ถ้าเรากดที่รูป อวตาลของเรา มันจะแสดงเมนู การตั้งค่าต่างๆ จุดที่เป็นเลข 1 ถ้ากดไปแล้วจะเห็นเลข Nostr Public Key (กุญแจสาธารณะ) หรือ npub จุดที่เป็นเลข 2 ถ่ากดไปแล้วจะเข้าเมนู ที่ระบบจะสำเนา Nostr Secret Key (กุญแจลับ) หรือ nsec เอาไว้ในหน่วยความจำของเครื่องคุณ  อ่ะ อันนี้คือหลังจากกด เมนู โปรไฟล์ (จุดที่เป็นเลข 1) มันจะปรากฎค่าโปรไฟล์ของคุณ เห็นไหมครับมีคำว่า npub อยู่ แต่ที่เราเห็นอยู่นี้มันเป็นแค่ส่วนนึงนะครับ ถ้าเราจะนำไปให้เพื่อนๆกด ติดตาม(follow) เรา คุณจะต้องกดปุ่ม สี่เหลี่ยมซ้อนกัน ตามที่ผมวงกลมเอาไว้ให้ เพื่อทำการสำเนาตัวเลขกุญแจสาธารณะ npub ไว้ในหน่วยความจำ ก่อนที่คุณจะนำไป "วาง (paste)" ในกล่องข้อความต่างๆ ที่คุณต้องการจะส่งให้เพื่อนหรือคนทั่วไป เช่น ในข้อความไลน์ โพสในเฟสบุค ส่งอีเมล ส่ง sms หรือ แชทต่างๆ มันจะเป็นชุดตัวอักษร ขึ้นต้นด้วย npub แล้วตามด้วยตัวเลขยาวๆ เช่น npub35465432435 (ตัวเลขเป็นรหัสกุญแจเฉพาะตัวคุณ แต่ละคนจะไม่เหมือนกัน)  อีกอันนึง ถ้าคุณกด จุดที่เป็นเลข 2 แอพจะพาคุณมาที่หน้านี้ ถ้าได้อ่านข้อความของแอพ เขาจะบอกว่าตรงนี้เป็นชุดรหัสลับ ที่คุณจะบอกใครไม่ได้ และคุณต้องสำเนาตัวเลขชุดนี้ไว้ในที่ปลอดภัย เพราะมันคือกุญแจลับ Nostr Secret Key (nsec) ที่เราเคยทำความรู้จักกันไปแล้ว ตรงนี้ให้คุณกดปุ่มแคปซูลที่เขียนว่า "คัดลอก secret key ของฉัน" แอพจะสำเนาชุดรหัสกุญแจลับเอาไว้ในหน่วยความจำของเครื่องคุณ และเช่นเดียวกันครับ ตรงนี้คุณก็นำไป "วาง (paste)" เพื่อทำการจดเก็บเอาไว้ หรือ จะเก็บไว้ในที่ใดก็ตามที่คุณถนัด และมั่นใจว่าไม่มีใครจะมาเห็นหรือลอกออกไปได้ เพราะนี่คือความเป็นตัวตนของคุณในโลกทุ่งม่วง nostr นี้ครับ  ----------- ทีนี้ หลังจากนี้คุณก็สามารถลองพูดคุยกับชาวทุ่งม่วงได้ และเริ่มหัดเรียนรู้เมนูต่างๆ เรียนรู้ประเพณีต่างๆของชาวทุ่งม่วง การใส่รูป การตั้ง bio profile การใส่กระเป๋าบิทคอยน์ การ zap หรือทิป ให้กับข้อความหรืองานที่ถูกใจ และของเล่นอื่นๆอีกมากมาย ที่จะต้องค่อยๆทำความเข้าใจกันไป แต่ก็นะ คุณสามารถคุยกับชาวทุ่งม่วงได้แล้ว ลองถามพวกเค้าดูสิ หลายๆคนยินดีให้คำแนะนำนะ ไม่ต้องคิดเยอะ เล่นเลย โดดลงน้ำแล้วค่อยหัดว่าย วิ่งก่อนแล้วค่อยเดิน 555555555

@ 8e7462a8:c723a97b

# test ## hello world **haha** lol ```js const y = (m * x) + b; ```

@ 8e7462a8:c723a97b

<pre class="ql-syntax" spellcheck="false"># Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System Satoshi Nakamoto [satoshin@gmx.com](mailto:satoshin@gmx.com) www.bitcoin.org **Abstract.** A purely peer-to-peer version of electronic cash would allow online payments to be sent directly from one party to another without going through a financial institution. Digital signatures provide part of the solution, but the main benefits are lost if a trusted third party is still required to prevent double-spending. We propose a solution to the double-spending problem using a peer-to-peer network. The network timestamps transactions by hashing them into an ongoing chain of hash-based proof-of-work, forming a record that cannot be changed without redoing the proof-of-work. The longest chain not only serves as proof of the sequence of events witnessed, but proof that it came from the largest pool of CPU power. As long as a majority of CPU power is controlled by nodes that are not cooperating to attack the network, they'll generate the longest chain and outpace attackers. The network itself requires minimal structure. Messages are broadcast on a best effort basis, and nodes can leave and rejoin the network at will, accepting the longest proof-of-work chain as proof of what happened while they were gone. ## 1. Introduction Commerce on the Internet has come to rely almost exclusively on financial institutions serving as trusted third parties to process electronic payments. While the system works well enough for most transactions, it still suffers from the inherent weaknesses of the trust based model. Completely non-reversible transactions are not really possible, since financial institutions cannot avoid mediating disputes. The cost of mediation increases transaction costs, limiting the minimum practical transaction size and cutting off the possibility for small casual transactions, and there is a broader cost in the loss of ability to make non-reversible payments for non-reversible services. With the possibility of reversal, the need for trust spreads. Merchants must be wary of their customers, hassling them for more information than they would otherwise need. A certain percentage of fraud is accepted as unavoidable. These costs and payment uncertainties can be avoided in person by using physical currency, but no mechanism exists to make payments over a communications channel without a trusted party. What is needed is an electronic payment system based on cryptographic proof instead of trust, allowing any two willing parties to transact directly with each other without the need for a trusted third party. Transactions that are computationally impractical to reverse would protect sellers from fraud, and routine escrow mechanisms could easily be implemented to protect buyers. In this paper, we propose a solution to the double-spending problem using a peer-to-peer distributed timestamp server to generate computational proof of the chronological order of transactions. The system is secure as long as honest nodes collectively control more CPU power than any cooperating group of attacker nodes. ## 2. Transactions We define an electronic coin as a chain of digital signatures. Each owner transfers the coin to the next by digitally signing a hash of the previous transaction and the public key of the next owner and adding these to the end of the coin. A payee can verify the signatures to verify the chain of ownership. ``` ┌─────────────────────┐ ┌─────────────────────┐ ┌─────────────────────┐ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Transaction │ │ Transaction │ │ Transaction │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ┌─────────────┐ │ │ ┌─────────────┐ │ │ ┌─────────────┐ │ │ │ Owner 1's │ │ │ │ Owner 2's │ │ │ │ Owner 3's │ │ │ │ Public Key │ │ │ │ Public Key │ │ │ │ Public Key │ │ │ └───────┬─────┘ │ │ └───────┬─────┘ │ │ └───────┬─────┘ │ │ │ . │ │ │ . │ │ │ │ ──────┼─────────┐ │ . ├───────────────┼─────────┐ │ . ├──────────────┼─────────┐ │ │ │ │ │ . │ │ │ │ . │ │ │ │ │ │ ┌──▼─▼──┐ . │ │ ┌──▼─▼──┐ . │ │ ┌──▼─▼──┐ │ │ │ Hash │ . │ │ │ Hash │ . │ │ │ Hash │ │ │ └───┬───┘ . │ Verify │ └───┬───┘ . │ Verify │ └───┬───┘ │ │ │ ............................ │ ........................... │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ┌──────▼──────┐ │ │ ┌─▼────▼──────┐ │ │ ┌─▼────▼──────┐ │ │ │ Owner 0's │ │ Sign │ │ Owner 1's │ │ Sign │ │ Owner 2's │ │ │ │ Signature │ │ ...........─►│ Signature │ │ ...........─►│ Signature │ │ │ └─────────────┘ │ . │ └─────────────┘ │ . │ └─────────────┘ │ │ │ . │ │ . │ │ └─────────────────────┘ . └─────────────────────┘ . └─────────────────────┘ . . ┌─────────────┐ . ┌─────────────┐ . ┌─────────────┐ │ Owner 1's │........... │ Owner 2's │.......... │ Owner 3's │ │ Private Key │ │ Private Key │ │ Private Key │ └─────────────┘ └─────────────┘ └─────────────┘ ``` The problem of course is the payee can't verify that one of the owners did not double-spend the coin. A common solution is to introduce a trusted central authority, or mint, that checks every transaction for double spending. After each transaction, the coin must be returned to the mint to issue a new coin, and only coins issued directly from the mint are trusted not to be double-spent. The problem with this solution is that the fate of the entire money system depends on the company running the mint, with every transaction having to go through them, just like a bank. We need a way for the payee to know that the previous owners did not sign any earlier transactions. For our purposes, the earliest transaction is the one that counts, so we don't care about later attempts to double-spend. The only way to confirm the absence of a transaction is to be aware of all transactions. In the mint based model, the mint was aware of all transactions and decided which arrived first. To accomplish this without a trusted party, transactions must be publicly announced [^1], and we need a system for participants to agree on a single history of the order in which they were received. The payee needs proof that at the time of each transaction, the majority of nodes agreed it was the first received. ## 3. Timestamp Server The solution we propose begins with a timestamp server. A timestamp server works by taking a hash of a block of items to be timestamped and widely publishing the hash, such as in a newspaper or Usenet post [^2] [^3] [^4] [^5]. The timestamp proves that the data must have existed at the time, obviously, in order to get into the hash. Each timestamp includes the previous timestamp in its hash, forming a chain, with each additional timestamp reinforcing the ones before it. ``` ┌──────┐ ┌──────┐ ────────────►│ ├───────────────────────►│ ├───────────────────► │ Hash │ │ Hash │ ┌───►│ │ ┌───►│ │ │ └──────┘ │ └──────┘ │ │ ┌┴──────────────────────────┐ ┌┴──────────────────────────┐ │ Block │ │ Block │ │ ┌─────┐ ┌─────┐ ┌─────┐ │ │ ┌─────┐ ┌─────┐ ┌─────┐ │ │ │Item │ │Item │ │... │ │ │ │Item │ │Item │ │... │ │ │ └─────┘ └─────┘ └─────┘ │ │ └─────┘ └─────┘ └─────┘ │ │ │ │ │ └───────────────────────────┘ └───────────────────────────┘ ``` ## 4. Proof-of-Work To implement a distributed timestamp server on a peer-to-peer basis, we will need to use a proof-of-work system similar to Adam Back's Hashcash [^6], rather than newspaper or Usenet posts. The proof-of-work involves scanning for a value that when hashed, such as with SHA-256, the hash begins with a number of zero bits. The average work required is exponential in the number of zero bits required and can be verified by executing a single hash. For our timestamp network, we implement the proof-of-work by incrementing a nonce in the block until a value is found that gives the block's hash the required zero bits. Once the CPU effort has been expended to make it satisfy the proof-of-work, the block cannot be changed without redoing the work. As later blocks are chained after it, the work to change the block would include redoing all the blocks after it. ``` ┌────────────────────────────────────────┐ ┌────────────────────────────────────────┐ │ Block │ │ Block │ │ ┌──────────────────┐ ┌──────────────┐ │ │ ┌──────────────────┐ ┌──────────────┐ │ ───────┼─►│ Prev Hash │ │ Nonce │ ├──────┼─►│ Prev Hash │ │ Nonce │ │ │ └──────────────────┘ └──────────────┘ │ │ └──────────────────┘ └──────────────┘ │ │ │ │ │ │ ┌──────────┐ ┌──────────┐ ┌──────────┐ │ │ ┌──────────┐ ┌──────────┐ ┌──────────┐ │ │ │ Tx │ │ Tx │ │ ... │ │ │ │ Tx │ │ Tx │ │ ... │ │ │ └──────────┘ └──────────┘ └──────────┘ │ │ └──────────┘ └──────────┘ └──────────┘ │ │ │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────────┘ └────────────────────────────────────────┘ ``` The proof-of-work also solves the problem of determining representation in majority decision making. If the majority were based on one-IP-address-one-vote, it could be subverted by anyone able to allocate many IPs. Proof-of-work is essentially one-CPU-one-vote. The majority decision is represented by the longest chain, which has the greatest proof-of-work effort invested in it. If a majority of CPU power is controlled by honest nodes, the honest chain will grow the fastest and outpace any competing chains. To modify a past block, an attacker would have to redo the proof-of-work of the block and all blocks after it and then catch up with and surpass the work of the honest nodes. We will show later that the probability of a slower attacker catching up diminishes exponentially as subsequent blocks are added. To compensate for increasing hardware speed and varying interest in running nodes over time, the proof-of-work difficulty is determined by a moving average targeting an average number of blocks per hour. If they're generated too fast, the difficulty increases. ## 5. Network The steps to run the network are as follows: 1. New transactions are broadcast to all nodes. 2. Each node collects new transactions into a block. 3. Each node works on finding a difficult proof-of-work for its block. 4. When a node finds a proof-of-work, it broadcasts the block to all nodes. 5. Nodes accept the block only if all transactions in it are valid and not already spent. 6. Nodes express their acceptance of the block by working on creating the next block in the chain, using the hash of the accepted block as the previous hash. Nodes always consider the longest chain to be the correct one and will keep working on extending it. If two nodes broadcast different versions of the next block simultaneously, some nodes may receive one or the other first. In that case, they work on the first one they received, but save the other branch in case it becomes longer. The tie will be broken when the next proof-of-work is found and one branch becomes longer; the nodes that were working on the other branch will then switch to the longer one. New transaction broadcasts do not necessarily need to reach all nodes. As long as they reach many nodes, they will get into a block before long. Block broadcasts are also tolerant of dropped messages. If a node does not receive a block, it will request it when it receives the next block and realizes it missed one. ## 6. Incentive By convention, the first transaction in a block is a special transaction that starts a new coin owned by the creator of the block. This adds an incentive for nodes to support the network, and provides a way to initially distribute coins into circulation, since there is no central authority to issue them. The steady addition of a constant of amount of new coins is analogous to gold miners expending resources to add gold to circulation. In our case, it is CPU time and electricity that is expended. The incentive can also be funded with transaction fees. If the output value of a transaction is less than its input value, the difference is a transaction fee that is added to the incentive value of the block containing the transaction. Once a predetermined number of coins have entered circulation, the incentive can transition entirely to transaction fees and be completely inflation free. The incentive may help encourage nodes to stay honest. If a greedy attacker is able to assemble more CPU power than all the honest nodes, he would have to choose between using it to defraud people by stealing back his payments, or using it to generate new coins. He ought to find it more profitable to play by the rules, such rules that favour him with more new coins than everyone else combined, than to undermine the system and the validity of his own wealth. ## 7. Reclaiming Disk Space Once the latest transaction in a coin is buried under enough blocks, the spent transactions before it can be discarded to save disk space. To facilitate this without breaking the block's hash, transactions are hashed in a Merkle Tree [^7] [^2] [^5], with only the root included in the block's hash. Old blocks can then be compacted by stubbing off branches of the tree. The interior hashes do not need to be stored. ``` ┌──────────────────────────────────────────┐ ┌──────────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ │ │ Block ┌─────────────────────────────┐ │ │ Block ┌─────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ Block Header (Block Hash) │ │ │ │ Block Header (Block Hash) │ │ │ │ ┌────────────┐ ┌─────────┐ │ │ │ │ ┌────────────┐ ┌─────────┐ │ │ │ │ │ Prev Hash │ │ Nonce │ │ │ │ │ │ Prev Hash │ │ Nonce │ │ │ │ │ └────────────┘ └─────────┘ │ │ │ │ └────────────┘ └─────────┘ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ┌─────────────┐ │ │ │ │ ┌─────────────┐ │ │ │ │ │ Root Hash │ │ │ │ │ │ Root Hash │ │ │ │ │ └─────▲─▲─────┘ │ │ │ │ └─────▲─▲─────┘ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ └───────────┼─┼───────────────┘ │ │ └───────────┼─┼───────────────┘ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ .......... │ │ .......... │ │ ┌────────┐ │ │ .......... │ │ . ─────┘ └─────. . │ │ │ ├────┘ └─────. . │ │ . Hash01 . . Hash23 . │ │ │ Hash01 │ . Hash23 . │ │ .▲.....▲.. .▲.....▲.. │ │ │ │ .▲.....▲.. │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ └────────┘ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ .....│.. ..│..... .....│.. ..│..... │ │ ┌────┴─┐ ..│..... │ │ . . . . . . . . │ │ │ │ . . │ │ .Hash0 . .Hash1 . .Hash2 . .Hash3 . │ │ │Hash2 │ .Hash3 . │ │ ...▲.... ...▲.... ...▲.... ...▲.... │ │ │ │ . . │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ └──────┘ ...▲.... │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ┌──┴───┐ ┌──┴───┐ ┌──┴───┐ ┌──┴───┐ │ │ ┌──┴───┐ │ │ │ Tx0 │ │ Tx1 │ │ Tx2 │ │ Tx3 │ │ │ │ Tx3 │ │ │ └──────┘ └──────┘ └──────┘ └──────┘ │ │ └──────┘ │ │ │ │ │ └──────────────────────────────────────────┘ └──────────────────────────────────────────┘ Transactions Hashed in a Merkle Tree After Pruning Tx0-2 from the Block ``` A block header with no transactions would be about 80 bytes. If we suppose blocks are generated every 10 minutes, 80 bytes * 6 * 24 * 365 = 4.2MB per year. With computer systems typically selling with 2GB of RAM as of 2008, and Moore's Law predicting current growth of 1.2GB per year, storage should not be a problem even if the block headers must be kept in memory. ## 8. Simplified Payment Verification It is possible to verify payments without running a full network node. A user only needs to keep a copy of the block headers of the longest proof-of-work chain, which he can get by querying network nodes until he's convinced he has the longest chain, and obtain the Merkle branch linking the transaction to the block it's timestamped in. He can't check the transaction for himself, but by linking it to a place in the chain, he can see that a network node has accepted it, and blocks added after it further confirm the network has accepted it. ``` Longest Proof-of-Work Chain ┌────────────────────────────────────────┐ ┌────────────────────────────────────────┐ ┌────────────────────────────────────────┐ │ Block Header │ │ Block Header │ │ Block Header │ │ ┌──────────────────┐ ┌──────────────┐ │ │ ┌──────────────────┐ ┌──────────────┐ │ │ ┌──────────────────┐ ┌──────────────┐ │ ───────┼─►│ Prev Hash │ │ Nonce │ ├──────┼─►│ Prev Hash │ │ Nonce │ ├───────┼─►│ Prev Hash │ │ Nonce │ ├────────► │ └──────────────────┘ └──────────────┘ │ │ └──────────────────┘ └──────────────┘ │ │ └──────────────────┘ └──────────────┘ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ┌───────────────────┐ │ │ ┌────────────────────┐ │ │ ┌───────────────────┐ │ │ │ Merkle Root │ │ │ │ Merkle Root │ │ │ │ Merkle Root │ │ │ └───────────────────┘ │ │ └────────▲─▲─────────┘ │ │ └───────────────────┘ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────────┘ └─────────────┼─┼────────────────────────┘ └────────────────────────────────────────┘ │ │ │ │ ┌────────┐ │ │ .......... │ ├────┘ └─────. . │ Hash01 │ . Hash23 . │ │ .▲.....▲.. └────────┘ │ │ │ │ │ │ Merkle Branch for Tx3 │ │ ┌─────┴─┐ ..│..... │ │ . . │ Hash2 │ .Hash3 . │ │ . . └───────┘ ...▲.... │ │ ┌───┴───┐ │ Tx3 │ └───────┘ ``` As such, the verification is reliable as long as honest nodes control the network, but is more vulnerable if the network is overpowered by an attacker. While network nodes can verify transactions for themselves, the simplified method can be fooled by an attacker's fabricated transactions for as long as the attacker can continue to overpower the network. One strategy to protect against this would be to accept alerts from network nodes when they detect an invalid block, prompting the user's software to download the full block and alerted transactions to confirm the inconsistency. Businesses that receive frequent payments will probably still want to run their own nodes for more independent security and quicker verification. ## 9. Combining and Splitting Value Although it would be possible to handle coins individually, it would be unwieldy to make a separate transaction for every cent in a transfer. To allow value to be split and combined, transactions contain multiple inputs and outputs. Normally there will be either a single input from a larger previous transaction or multiple inputs combining smaller amounts, and at most two outputs: one for the payment, and one returning the change, if any, back to the sender. ``` ┌──────────────────────┐ │ Transaction │ │ │ │ ┌─────┐ ┌─────┐ │ ─────┼──►│ in │ │ out │ ──┼─────► │ └─────┘ └─────┘ │ │ │ │ │ │ ┌─────┐ ┌─────┐ │ ─────┼──►│ in │ │ ... │ ──┼─────► │ └─────┘ └─────┘ │ │ │ │ │ │ ┌─────┐ │ ─────┼──►│... │ │ │ └─────┘ │ │ │ └──────────────────────┘ ``` It should be noted that fan-out, where a transaction depends on several transactions, and those transactions depend on many more, is not a problem here. There is never the need to extract a complete standalone copy of a transaction's history. ## 10. Privacy The traditional banking model achieves a level of privacy by limiting access to information to the parties involved and the trusted third party. The necessity to announce all transactions publicly precludes this method, but privacy can still be maintained by breaking the flow of information in another place: by keeping public keys anonymous. The public can see that someone is sending an amount to someone else, but without information linking the transaction to anyone. This is similar to the level of information released by stock exchanges, where the time and size of individual trades, the "tape", is made public, but without telling who the parties were. ``` Traditional Privacy Models │ ┌─────────────┐ ┌──────────────┐ │ ┌────────┐ ┌──────────────┐ ┌──────────────┐ │ Trusted │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Identities ├──┤ Transactions ├───►│ Third Party ├──►│ Counterparty │ │ │ Public │ └──────────────┘ └──────────────┘ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ └─────────────┘ └──────────────┘ │ └────────┘ │ New Privacy Model ┌────────┐ ┌──────────────┐ │ ┌──────────────┐ │ │ │ Identities │ │ │ Transactions ├───►│ Public │ └──────────────┘ │ └──────────────┘ │ │ └────────┘ ``` As an additional firewall, a new key pair should be used for each transaction to keep them from being linked to a common owner. Some linking is still unavoidable with multi-input transactions, which necessarily reveal that their inputs were owned by the same owner. The risk is that if the owner of a key is revealed, linking could reveal other transactions that belonged to the same owner. ## 11. Calculations We consider the scenario of an attacker trying to generate an alternate chain faster than the honest chain. Even if this is accomplished, it does not throw the system open to arbitrary changes, such as creating value out of thin air or taking money that never belonged to the attacker. Nodes are not going to accept an invalid transaction as payment, and honest nodes will never accept a block containing them. An attacker can only try to change one of his own transactions to take back money he recently spent. The race between the honest chain and an attacker chain can be characterized as a Binomial Random Walk. The success event is the honest chain being extended by one block, increasing its lead by +1, and the failure event is the attacker's chain being extended by one block, reducing the gap by -1. The probability of an attacker catching up from a given deficit is analogous to a Gambler's Ruin problem. Suppose a gambler with unlimited credit starts at a deficit and plays potentially an infinite number of trials to try to reach breakeven. We can calculate the probability he ever reaches breakeven, or that an attacker ever catches up with the honest chain, as follows [^8]: ```plaintext p = probability an honest node finds the next block&lt; q = probability the attacker finds the next block q = probability the attacker will ever catch up from z blocks behind `````` $$ qz = \begin{cases} 1 &amp; \text{if } p \leq q \\ \left(\frac{q}{p}\right) z &amp; \text{if } p &gt; q \end{cases} $$ Given our assumption that p &gt; q, the probability drops exponentially as the number of blocks the attacker has to catch up with increases. With the odds against him, if he doesn't make a lucky lunge forward early on, his chances become vanishingly small as he falls further behind. We now consider how long the recipient of a new transaction needs to wait before being sufficiently certain the sender can't change the transaction. We assume the sender is an attacker who wants to make the recipient believe he paid him for a while, then switch it to pay back to himself after some time has passed. The receiver will be alerted when that happens, but the sender hopes it will be too late. The receiver generates a new key pair and gives the public key to the sender shortly before signing. This prevents the sender from preparing a chain of blocks ahead of time by working on it continuously until he is lucky enough to get far enough ahead, then executing the transaction at that moment. Once the transaction is sent, the dishonest sender starts working in secret on a parallel chain containing an alternate version of his transaction. The recipient waits until the transaction has been added to a block and z blocks have been linked after it. He doesn't know the exact amount of progress the attacker has made, but assuming the honest blocks took the average expected time per block, the attacker's potential progress will be a Poisson distribution with expected value: $$ \lambda = z\frac{q}{p} $$ To get the probability the attacker could still catch up now, we multiply the Poisson density for each amount of progress he could have made by the probability he could catch up from that point: $$ \sum_{k=0}^{\infty} \frac{\lambda^k e^{-\lambda}}{k!} \cdot \left\{ \begin{array}{cl} \left(\frac{q}{p}\right)^{(z-k)} &amp; \text{if } k \leq z \\ 1 &amp; \text{if } k &gt; z \end{array} \right. $$ Rearranging to avoid summing the infinite tail of the distribution... $$ 1 - \sum_{k=0}^{z} \frac{\lambda^k e^{-\lambda}}{k!} \left(1-\left(\frac{q}{p}\right)^{(z-k)}\right) $$ Converting to C code... ```c #include &lt;math.h&gt; double AttackerSuccessProbability(double q, int z) { double p = 1.0 - q; double lambda = z * (q / p); double sum = 1.0; int i, k; for (k = 0; k &lt;= z; k++) { double poisson = exp(-lambda); for (i = 1; i &lt;= k; i++) poisson *= lambda / i; sum -= poisson * (1 - pow(q / p, z - k)); } return sum; } ``` Running some results, we can see the probability drop off exponentially with z. ```plaintext q=0.1 z=0 P=1.0000000 z=1 P=0.2045873 z=2 P=0.0509779 z=3 P=0.0131722 z=4 P=0.0034552 z=5 P=0.0009137 z=6 P=0.0002428 z=7 P=0.0000647 z=8 P=0.0000173 z=9 P=0.0000046 z=10 P=0.0000012 q=0.3 z=0 P=1.0000000 z=5 P=0.1773523 z=10 P=0.0416605 z=15 P=0.0101008 z=20 P=0.0024804 z=25 P=0.0006132 z=30 P=0.0001522 z=35 P=0.0000379 z=40 P=0.0000095 z=45 P=0.0000024 z=50 P=0.0000006 ``` Solving for P less than 0.1%... ```plaintext P &lt; 0.001 q=0.10 z=5 q=0.15 z=8 q=0.20 z=11 q=0.25 z=15 q=0.30 z=24 q=0.35 z=41 q=0.40 z=89 q=0.45 z=340 ``` ## 12. Conclusion We have proposed a system for electronic transactions without relying on trust. We started with the usual framework of coins made from digital signatures, which provides strong control of ownership, but is incomplete without a way to prevent double-spending. To solve this, we proposed a peer-to-peer network using proof-of-work to record a public history of transactions that quickly becomes computationally impractical for an attacker to change if honest nodes control a majority of CPU power. The network is robust in its unstructured simplicity. Nodes work all at once with little coordination. They do not need to be identified, since messages are not routed to any particular place and only need to be delivered on a best effort basis. Nodes can leave and rejoin the network at will, accepting the proof-of-work chain as proof of what happened while they were gone. They vote with their CPU power, expressing their acceptance of valid blocks by working on extending them and rejecting invalid blocks by refusing to work on them. Any needed rules and incentives can be enforced with this consensus mechanism. &lt;br&gt; ### References --- [^1]: W. Dai, "b-money," http://www.weidai.com/bmoney.txt, 1998. [^2]: H. Massias, X.S. Avila, and J.-J. Quisquater, "Design of a secure timestamping service with minimal trust requirements," In 20th Symposium on Information Theory in the Benelux, May 1999. [^3]: S. Haber, W.S. Stornetta, "How to time-stamp a digital document," In Journal of Cryptology, vol 3, no 2, pages 99-111, 1991. [^4]: D. Bayer, S. Haber, W.S. Stornetta, "Improving the efficiency and reliability of digital time-stamping," In Sequences II: Methods in Communication, Security and Computer Science, pages 329-334, 1993. [^5]: S. Haber, W.S. Stornetta, "Secure names for bit-strings," In Proceedings of the 4th ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security, pages 28-35, April 1997. [^6]: A. Back, "Hashcash - a denial of service counter-measure," http://www.hashcash.org/papers/hashcash.pdf, 2002. [^7]: R.C. Merkle, "Protocols for public key cryptosystems," In Proc. 1980 Symposium on Security and Privacy, IEEE Computer Society, pages 122-133, April 1980. [^8]: W. Feller, "An introduction to probability theory and its applications," 1957. </pre><p><br></p>

@ 0176967e:1e6f471e

Lístky na festival Lunarpunku sú už v predaji [na našom crowdfunding portáli](https://pay.cypherpunk.today/apps/maY3hxKArQxMpdyh5yCtT6UWMJm/crowdfund). V predaji sú dva typy lístkov - štandardný vstup a špeciálny vstup spolu s workshopom oranžového leta. Neváhajte a zabezpečte si lístok, čím skôr to urobíte, tým bude festival lepší. Platiť môžete Bitcoinom - Lightningom aj on-chain. Vaša vstupenka je e-mail adresa (neposielame potvrdzujúce e-maily, ak platba prešla, ste in). [Kúpte si lístok](https://pay.cypherpunk.today/apps/maY3hxKArQxMpdyh5yCtT6UWMJm/crowdfund)

@ 8e7462a8:c723a97b

<iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/WoEsme3nvRg" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>

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@ 8e7462a8:c723a97b

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@ 8e7462a8:c723a97b

<iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/WoEsme3nvRg" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>

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@ 700c6cbf:a92816fd

My first post in this community is going to be a simple on i.e. not a recipe. However, if you'd like me to post the recipe, you know what to do. Last night's dinner was born out of the fact that we ran out of fresh alternatives of chicken or fish, our usual staples to have for dinner with salad. Since I felt lazy, it's the weekend after all, I didn't feel like going shopping, I started checking our pantry for something, for an inspiration. And inspiration struck in the form of: Garbanzo beans, also known as chick peas. We love those little bundles of healthy protein. Add them to salad, roast and spice them, make them into a pate or hummus or a good ol' German pea soup, they are extremely versatile. But what I had in mind was a protein main to be accompanied by a mixed greens salad with honey vinaigrette, hence I made **veggie burgers**. Earlier in the day we had talked about potato pancakes or hashbrowns or rösti in Switzerland. Luckily I had some potatoes on hand, unlucky for me they were small which makes them harder to hold when grating them. Yet somehow I managed to not get any of my fingers into the mix. And thus our **two patties dinner with salad** was created. I added a little roasted garlic aioli to the rösti and a spicy habanero aioli to the bean patty. https://cdn.satellite.earth/6c14c39a0a3809b8b66351e0a6187f7914d6befe1ddc4e68018a8bcf4c182ccf.jpg https://cdn.satellite.earth/dd759f338afc6f88e1bbc3cc803899e5b98661d846f6b5604d5695a6a585b253.jpg I dare say it was a pretty good dinner - yum! Cheers, OceanBee

@ 1aa437b3:51119dbd

As topic says, is there a thing such as connecting to to many Nostr relays? What number are you pushing to many at or what should be the max if any? originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/616313

@ 5d4b6c8d:8a1c1ee3

*Yesterday's edition https://stacker.news/items/615090/r/Undisciplined* Great conversation about default zaps two years ago. It seems we're destined to have this conversation with each wave of new stackers. * * - ### July 21, 2023 📅 ---- ### 📝 `TOP POST` **[When was/is/will be the GOLDEN age of Bitcoin?](https://stacker.news/items/212216/r/Undisciplined)** *1818 sats \ 21 comments \ @shadowymartian \ ~bitcoin* ---- ### 💬 `TOP COMMENT` **https://stacker.news/items/212283/r/Undisciplined?commentId=212309** #### Excerpt > > HODL contracts and HODL invoices are the same right? > No. "Hodl contracts" is the name of a python app I made that *uses* hodl invoices to emulate an oracle service on the lightning network. Hodl invoices allow a merchant -- Bob -- to programmatica […] *1384 sats \ 2 replies \ @super_testnet* From **[Who Wants To Build Sports Betting on Lightning?](https://stacker.news/items/212283/r/Undisciplined)** by @kr in ~bitcoin ---- ### 🏆 `TOP STACKER` 2nd place **@nerd2ninja** (1st hiding, presumed @siggy47) *1562 stacked \ 1354 spent \ 1 post \ 3 comments \ 0 referrals* ---- ### 🗺️ `TOP TERRITORY` **~bitcoin** > everything bitcoin related founded by @k00b on Tue May 02 2023 *25.4k stacked \ 0 revenue \ 28.5k spent \ 78 posts \ 119 comments* https://imgprxy.stacker.news/fsFoWlgwKYsk5mxx2ijgqU8fg04I_2zA_D28t_grR74/rs:fit:960:540/aHR0cHM6Ly9tLnN0YWNrZXIubmV3cy8yMzc5Ng ### July 21, 2022 📅 ---- ### 📝 `TOP POST` **[What's your default tipping rate? Why?](https://stacker.news/items/47824/r/Undisciplined)** #### Excerpt > Mine is 888 - I just changed it from the default 10. I want to grow this ecosystem, and 10 sats won't do a whole lot. I also enjoy the number 8, infinity. […] *1326 sats \ 64 comments \ @mikhael \ ~bitcoin* ---- ### 💬 `TOP COMMENT` **https://stacker.news/items/47824/r/Undisciplined?commentId=47845** #### Excerpt > i go with 99, hoping someone else gets the satisfaction of tipping 1 sat and seeing an even 100. i’ve also been thinking about ways to get more people to tip, or at least to change their default tip amounts to something more significant... thoughts […] *3126 sats \ 10 replies \ @kr* From **[What's your default tipping rate? Why?](https://stacker.news/items/47824/r/Undisciplined)** by @mikhael in ~bitcoin ---- ### 🏆 `TOP STACKER` 1st place **@k00b** *39k stacked \ 47.4k spent \ 1 post \ 24 comments \ 0 referrals* ---- ### 🗺️ `TOP TERRITORY` **~bitcoin** > everything bitcoin related founded by @k00b on Tue May 02 2023 *145.3k stacked \ 0 revenue \ 182.8k spent \ 124 posts \ 335 comments* https://imgprxy.stacker.news/fsFoWlgwKYsk5mxx2ijgqU8fg04I_2zA_D28t_grR74/rs:fit:960:540/aHR0cHM6Ly9tLnN0YWNrZXIubmV3cy8yMzc5Ng ### July 21, 2021 📅 ---- ### 📝 `TOP POST` **[TheBword starts soon](https://stacker.news/items/446/r/Undisciplined)** Link to https://www.thebword.org/c/track-1-demystifying-bitcoin *14 sats \ 10 comments \ @notgeld \ ~bitcoin* ---- ### 💬 `TOP COMMENT` **https://stacker.news/items/438/r/Undisciplined?commentId=441** #### Excerpt > I sadly do not hack on main chain stuff yet. I've heard its hard to get a whole bitcoin on testnet. *100 sats \ 0 replies \ @sha256* From **[Testnet faucets. Please add yours ](https://stacker.news/items/438/r/Undisciplined)** by @notgeld in ~bitcoin ---- ### 🏆 `TOP STACKER` 1st place **@sha256** *0 stacked \ 2 spent \ 0 posts \ 1 comment \ 0 referrals* ---- ### 🗺️ `TOP TERRITORY` **~bitcoin** > everything bitcoin related founded by @k00b on Tue May 02 2023 *96 stacked \ 0 revenue \ 284 spent \ 17 posts \ 36 comments* originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/616182

@ 0176967e:1e6f471e

Čo nám prinášajú exotické protokoly ako Nostr, Cashu alebo Reticulum? Šifrovanie, podpisovanie, peer to peer komunikáciu, nové spôsoby šírenia a odmeňovania obsahu. Ukážeme si kúl appky, ako sa dajú jednotlivé siete prepájať a ako spolu súvisia.

@ 0176967e:1e6f471e

Podnikanie je jazyk s "crystal clear" pravidlami. Inštrumentalisti vidia podnikanie staticky, a toto videnie prenášajú na spoločnosť. Preto nás spoločnosť vníma často negatívne. Skutoční podnikatelia sú však "komunikátori". Jozef Martiniak je zakladateľ AUSEKON - Institute of Austrian School of Economics

@ 0176967e:1e6f471e

Ako sa snažím praktizovať LunarPunk bez budovania opcionality "odchodom" do zahraničia. Nie každý je ochotný alebo schopný meniť "miesto", ako však v takom prípade minimalizovať interakciu so štátom? Nie návod, skôr postrehy z bežného života.

@ dd664d5e:5633d319

# My suggestion for scaling up and staying humble ## The original protocol design was "good enough for now" When Nostr was invented and got started with developing implementations, the *Original Devs* (ODs) were convinced this was going to be big... maybe... someday... hopefully. But, whatever they did at the moment should definitely scale up a bit and be a bit flexible, to attract innovators and keep up the momentum. So, they designed the protocol to be open and left the specifications a bit vague and very high-level, so that nobody was forced into a particular implementation, in order to adhere to the spec. And they put the specs into a GitHub repository and managed them by a committee of collaborators, who were generally open to changes to the specs, including breaking changes. That was smart. And it was "good enough for now"... back then. After all, Nostr (and the associated wiki and modular article specs) hadn't been invented, yet, so they couldn't write the protocol in the protocol before the protocol existed. They're good, but not _that_ good. What they specifically wrote, into the [Nostr Protocol](https://github.com/nostr-protocol/nips) was: > To promote interoperability, we standards (sic) that everybody can follow, and we need them to define a **single way of doing each thing** without ever hurting **backwards-compatibility**, and for that purpose there is no way around getting everybody to agree on the same thing and keep a centralized index of these standards... > > Standards may emerge in two ways: the first way is that someone starts doing something, then others copy it; the second way is that someone has an idea of a new standard that could benefit multiple clients and the protocol in general without breaking **backwards-compatibility** and the principle of having **a single way of doing things**, then they write that idea and submit it to this repository, other interested parties read it and give their feedback, then once most people reasonably agree we codify that in a NIP which client and relay developers that are interested in the feature can proceed to implement. # I disagree with this statement. I don't disagree with what they _meant_, or what they _wanted_, I disagree with what they specifically wrote. Standards (defined as prose specifications) are not the only -- or even best -- way to ensure interoperability or to check for backwards-compatibility. And, as they later note, basing a protocol off of implementations is arguably worse (but faster) than using specifications, as implementations have a life of their own and are sometimes simply shoddy or buggy, their content eventually differs from what ends up in the final standard, or there are soon multiple implementations covering the same spec "in theory", but not in practice, so that their events are incompatible. And then the inevitable, heated discussion begins: * Which implementation is the Real Standard™? * Who controls the Real Standard™? * How is the Real Standard™ spec supposed to be written? * Does everything have to be in the same file type or markup language? If not, how can we ensure compatibility? * What is realistic content for the data files? * Is the Real Standard™ including all of the information needed to ensure interoperability, but not anything more, without reducing innovation and artificially forcing consensus by encouraging copy-paste or forking of product code? ## There is a third way: write the test first We actually do not need standards to define a single way of doing each thing. A *test* is another way, and I think it is the best (i.e. the most-efficient and most-effective) way. Specifically, I think we can borrow the simple behavior-driven design (BDD) language called Gherkin (or something similar), which is used to write dynamic specifications: i.e. implementations that test adherence to a set of rules, rather than an implementation that uses the rules to perform some task for an end user. Gherkin simply allows you to create standard scenarios and test data and write the tests up in a way that can be performed manually or through automation. For example ( [source](https://www.pragmaticapi.com/blog/2013/01/21/bdd-atdd-for-your-agile-rest-api-part-2/) ):  (For a concrete example of such a TDD Protocol for Nostr, please see the [nostr-voliere repo](https://github.com/schmijos/nostr-voliere/tree/main/features) from nostr:npub1axy65mspxl2j5sgweky6uk0h4klmp00vj7rtjxquxure2j6vlf5smh6ukq .) ## This really is better This TDD Protocol design would have some downsides and some upsides, of course, like any change. ### Downsides * You can't write a TDD spec by yourself unless you understand basic software functionality, how to define an acceptance test, and can formulate a use case or user story. * The specs will be more informative and agnostic, but also longer and more detailed. * Someone will have to propose concrete test data (i.e. a complete json event) and spec interlinking will be explicit, rather than writing "...", "etc.", or "sorta like in that other section/doc, but not really" all over the place. * The specs will tend to focus on positive cases, and leave off error-handling or most edge-cases, so developers can't use them to replace unit tests or other verification of their product. ### Upsides * The specs will be concrete and clear, in a type of pseudocode, while leaving the actual implementation of any feature up to the individual developer, who uses the spec. * The specs will be orderly and uniquely-identifiable, and can have hierarchy and granularity (major and minor tests, optional tests, tests only under certain conditions, etc.) * Deciding whether changes to the spec are breaking changes to the protocol would be simple to determine: Does the previous test still pass? * Specs will always be final, they will simply be versioned and become more or less defined over time, as the tests are adjusted. * Product developers will feel less like they "own" particular specs, since their implementation is actually what they own and the two remain permanently separate. * Developers can create an implementation list, defining specific tests in specific versions, that they adhere to. This makes it more transparent, what their product actually does, and lowers their own documentation burden. * Rather than stalking the NIPs for changes, or worrying about what some other implementation someplace has built, developers can just pull the repo and try running the relevant tests. * Each product developer can test the spec by trying to perform or automate/run it, and request changes to ensure testability, raising the quality of the spec review process. This is already a lot to think about, so I'm just going to end this here. Thank you for reading.

@ b2caa9b3:9eab0fb5

Well, folks, I’m starting to see the light at the end of this data tunnel. After a seemingly endless 12-hour format, my stubborn SSD finally decided to cooperate. With that hurdle cleared, I dove headfirst into the world of data migration.  Last night was a whirlwind of activity: changing to a new bed, data copying, and a valiant battle against a pesky mosquito net. I managed to keep my sanity intact until around 2 am, when sleep finally claimed me. But let's not forget the culinary highlight of the evening: *Wali Maharagwe* - a simple yet satisfying rice and bean dish that hit the spot perfectly. Check out this photo, it's a local favorite and incredibly affordable. This morning, I woke up feeling not really refreshed and still tired, but ready to conquer the remaining data challenges. After a cold shower, quick breakfast and a chat with a fellow traveler, I’m back at it, transferring data from one SSD to another. Fingers crossed this one behaves itself! One thing's for sure, the temperature has taken a drastic drop compared to the warmth of Mombasa. I'm grateful for my trusty fleece as I shiver my way through the day. It's a stark contrast to the 27 degree Celsius I was enjoying just a short distance away. So, while I continue my data wrangling, I hope you all are enjoying a relaxing Sunday. Stay tuned for more updates on my progress!  ### Online [Profile Page](https://rubenstorm.de.cool/) | [Support Page](https://rubenstorm.12hp.de/) > If you'd like to show your appreciation, you can send a tip via the Lightning Network to rubenstorm@sats.mobi. (QR code available in the image)

@ f0aca767:dce3306e

This is going to be a sort of long one (or maybe it won't?), because I have a lot of thoughts as a tech and social media enthusiast, and some of those thoughts have to do with how I feel about the direction that social media is moving in. How I feel about Mastodon, and Nostr, side-by-side, and what the biggest problems with Bluesky are. So, let's jump right the heck in ... _**Nostr, the misconceptions, and the truth**_ I recently wrote about [Nostr](https://cmdr-nova.online/2024/07/11/nostr-the-strangest-and-clunkiest-twitter-replacement/), and its relayed protocol of user-owned identity that you can take ... wherever. I outlined a lot of thoughts and impressions I initially had, and then what I wrote went to Reddit, and then it found itself on Nostr. It got there entirely outside my own involvement. I posted to Mastodon, and almost nowhere else. This inspired me to log back in, and set some things up (such as domain verification from one of a few domains I own), and then I explored a bit. I interacted with people, participated in some community events that came up spontaneously, and really dug into the extreme multitude of features that run across the Nostr network. Let's just say, I was pretty floored, and _some_ of the impressions I had were wrong. Such as thinking that a place that is more centered around the idea of lacking censorship, or robust moderation, _must_ be filled with toxic, horrible trolls. In the couple of days I've been messing with the network, I think I've muted like one person who said some off-the-wall shit in my notifications. But ... I think Nostr has nasty people just in the same way Twitter, Threads, and Mastodon do. They exist, and they always will, no matter where you go. Suffice to say, I learned a lot about what decentralization was, and now is. I was given [an article](https://shreyanjain.net/2024/07/05/nostr-and-atproto.html) by user nostr:npub1njst6azswskk5gp3ns8r6nr8nj0qg65acu8gaa2u9yz7yszjxs9s6k7fqx that gave some really in-depth information about the emergence of decentralization--Scuttlebutt, ActivityPub, and then ATProtocol, and Nostr. I'm not going to lie, I originally started writing this as a hit piece against Bluesky, thinking their ATProtocol was just a riff of what Nostr was doing. But, _apparently_, both ATP and Nostr were developed independent of each other, and mostly without any knowledge of one or the other. I think that's ... actually pretty wild, and strange. On the topic of decentralization, which is something I feel is integral to the future of the internet, I now understand Mastodon to be a place of islands, and decentralization that occurs in a way that's more like isolated communities talking to other isolated communities. Like the latter half of The Walking Dead. In a way, it's decentralization, the half-measure. The full-measure, that comes with some iffy trade-offs some may not like, is Nostr, and ATProtocol. You take your identity, your thoughts, your posts, and you move freely between pieces of software, and networks, and you lose _nothing_ (this is nearly the direct opposite of Mastodon, where moving to a new server means burning everything you've ever posted, to the ground). And, honestly, I'm kind of starting to feel like that's _how it should be_. The downside, is that, on Nostr, you have a public key, and a secret key. Your secret key is something you use to log in and sign events coming from your account, and your public key is basically your identity. That's not the iffy part, though. The iffy part, is that people can use your public key to see all of your data _except_ direct messages (which are encrypted). Not entirely _too_ scary, unless you're doing a lot of weird things on your account. But definitely something you should know if you decide that this is a journey you want to take, and you're not jaded from hearing about how much Jack Dorsey loved Nostr and it's Bitcoin affiliation (a lot of people across different platforms hold a lot of dislike for the man). _At this point, I'm less worried about the power consumption of BTC transactions, and have more shifted that focus to content farms from the likes of Microsoft and Nvidia buying up all the AI tech they can get their grubby little hands on_. That aside, I'm not writing this to blow smoke up the Bluesky developer's butts. I, in fact, am not favorable of Bluesky and there are some specific reasons for that. Maybe this spells their downfall, or maybe they'll be a tight-knit community that doesn't really expand all that much, _forever_. _**Bluesky, the Apple of social media**_ Bluesky is a place that a couple million people call home (I think, last I saw, it was around 6 million or so). There's no algorithm, and much like Nostr, you own your identity. Except, for now, that's _mostly_ tied to the website's central server. Now, obviously, there are far less people populating Nostr, but Nostr and its relays are able, and _are_ connected to both ActivityPub and Bluesky (just, not through ATProtocol). Most of what you'll see on bsky.app are quite a few furries, an actually impressive population of Second Life users, and _quite a lot_ of LGBTQ+ people. None of these things or communities are inherently bad. In fact, I think they're probably the _only_ reason Bluesky is really alive at all, today. My angst and negative feelings about the direction of Bluesky have nothing to do with the LGBTQ+ community, or any other community residing on the platform. The issues I mainly hold have to do with how far up their own asses the board and developers are, in regard to the platform, and its development over the past year or so. This is why I _kind of_ think of them as the Apple of social media. And you might think, "Hey, don't you _own_ like a billion pieces of Apple tech?" Yeah, I do. But this is more like if Apple skipped over having Steve Jobs and just went straight to some random guy who didn't know what he was doing. You know, like putting up a wall and locking out all potential users _for a year_, and keeping all new sign-ups under lock and key via exclusive codes. As you might imagine, having that walled-garden erected through six or seven different events where people were leaving Twitter in droves, _very likely probably_ worked _against_ the social network's best interest. Mainly, because Threads came out of absolutely nowhere, and sucked up _most_ of those users. That's only _half_ of the issue, though. The other part to all of this, is that the developers I see directly _on_ Bluesky do not recognize or acknowledge this _at all_. Paul Frazee, whose influence goes back quite a bit further than Bluesky, posts as though it's the greatest platform _ever made_ (maybe just because he's a developer for Bluesky). But the website, despite its six million some-odd users, _feels_ almost completely dead. Which is _ridiculous_, because, as I've said, Nostr has far less users than that, and it most definitely doesn't feel dead when you post. Not to mention, we're over a year into Bluesky, and it still, more or less, is propped up to look, feel, and act just like Twitter did in 2014. ATProtocol, in this respect, still feels mostly like an afterthought that's inaccessible to most users. Meanwhile, if you _really_ like Nostr, you can get going with your own chunk of the network immediately, [with about a page](https://docs.soapbox.pub/ditto/install) of install commands. It's this mixture of grandiosity that emanates from Bluesky, and the blunder of keeping their doors closed through one exodus after another, that I think they've shot themselves in the feet so much that they now don't have feet. They have stumps. But, if you've followed me all the way through this article, I _think_ there's a way they can blow the doors open. But, then they'd have to sort of abandon their idea of the ATProtocol, and stop trying to be the center of social media they most definitely are not, and probably never will be. And, really, that's the final issue I have with Bluesky and the ATProtocol. It _feels_ like they're trying to do Nostr, but be corporate-owned. Bluesky doesn't feel like it's owned by the people, developed by the people, and run by the people. It feels like it's run by some suits, who give the impression that the people will have their freedom, _as long as they say it's okay_. And that, my buddy ol' pal, just ain't okay. _**The elephant and the ostrich**_ Which brings us squarely back to Mastodon, and Nostr. Both platforms have their own merits. Nostr is about controlling your own content, and what you see, and largely eschews censorship to a high degree. But everyone can see almost everything you do and are talking about, whenever they want. Mastodon, on the other hand, puts the tools into a user's hands to _create_ a network, and build their own communities, while picking and choosing _who_ those communities interact with. A network that ... encourages users to police everyone around them ... which is how we end up with tyrannical admins acting like they work in a prison, and they've just been promoted to Warden. If only there were some way to take the best parts of both of these animals, and make them _one_. An elephrich. For now, though, I am at least pretty content to screw around with both while I feel around and see what sticks. In the age of corporate control and censorship so heavy that people can't even say "kill" or "suicide" any more (these are only two of the most egregious examples I can think of), I think it's healthy to explore your options, and cement your identity, and who you are online, before everything else we've come to know is lost _completely_. If that's something you care about, at least.

@ f0aca767:dce3306e

Mastodon is obviously an already established and semi-well known social network--A user-owned network of communities. But one of the biggest issues I always see the corporate social media denizens talk about, is that the loss of content when moving instances (sometimes, _you have_ to do this) is one of the biggest turn-offs. And that's definitely something I can attest to. If I were still on mastodon.social, from my humble posting-beginnings in 2017, I'd have a post history longer than five football fields and probably plenty to cringe at. The question remains: _Why haven't we been able to take this history with us_ ... if every instance you've ever been federated with is _keeping that data._ What do I mean by this? Every single time you post on Mastodon, your words get pushed out to other instances (servers), and in order for people to be able to read what you said, a copy of it is downloaded _onto that server_. It does this very quickly, so quick that it seems as though it happens in real-time. And, for all intents and purposes, I'm not inclined to believe that it doesn't. If you've ever had an account on an instance that isn't mastodon.social, and you have a posting history, and you remember your username: Go over to [mastodon.social](https://mastodon.social), create a burner account, and then search up that username. Yeah, you see that? Your entire body of posting-work is still there, even if you deleted your account, even if the instance you were on is long dead. _This is obviously not true for every server. Some choose to delete old content to make space for the new, but there are many Mastodon servers out there retaining everything ever posted, like mastodon.social._ But what point am I trying to get at here? As far as you're probably concerned, even if that data still exists, and your account, and instance does not, you can't access it, right? You can't reclaim everything you've said and done, and put it back where it belongs: Under _your ownership_. Or, what if you could? If you've been following my posting history on here in the past week, I've been [screwing around with Nostr](https://cmdr-nova.online/2024/07/11/nostr-the-strangest-and-clunkiest-twitter-replacement/), and [musing about Bluesky](https://highlighter.com/a/naddr1qvzqqqr4gupzpu9v5anc855x7htnx6cj3zy0thel9x0qwxtnatcru5sqj8wwxvrwqqk9w6re94pxcat9wd4hjt2hd9kxct2swfhkyctzd3uj6nn9wejhyt2zv5k5japdxpnn2ut8wquxpwtd). Two networks using a similar protocol, that I feel are getting the idea of what I'm thinking of here, only about 75% correct. Bluesky's problem, is that the protocol is owned by ... the _owners_. The corporation. Your keys report to _their_ server, and in return, so does your content. A central server that has a lot of different keyholes. Not really the optimal experience, because you can't create your own server, and build your own community, and _survive_ if the main Bluesky datacenter goes out, right? The only thing you can do is host your own software that essentially just holds keys and content, and, as far as I know, all of that will be worthless if the devs ever go offline with the main server. So then there's Nostr, where all of your data lives everywhere on the network, and as long as you have your keys, you can use _any_ app that utilizes the protocol, and continually access everything you post, _forever_. You can't be banned, but you also can't block anyone. And any random stranger can take your _public key_ from your profile, and view your entire everything (as I've said before). I would say this is also not really that optimal. The idea is great, but the execution trades privacy for extreme versatility. This brings us back to Mastodon, which is still in active development, still receiving new features, and ... well, kind of also only has the whole thing about 75% correct. There's that last little bit we're missing here. The user should have the option of a community, a personal community _away_ from what's viewed to be the central Mastodon server **and** have their privacy, _but_, they should _also_ be able to retain their posts, and their bookmarks, and their likes, and their lists, and _everything else_. How do we accomplish this? Keys. The entire fediverse (for the most part) _already has all of your content_. So, if every user had a key tying them to that content, no matter where you're located, be it mastodon.social, or mkultra.monster, then you could just go wherever you want? That's the idea, at least. Your content becomes immortal, immutable, and that's the one missing puzzle piece to ActivityPub. I am 100% sure of this, and I don't know what the developer stance is on the topic of keys and immutable data, but I fully believe this is something that should be on their roadmap. Yes, storage space is a concern ... but holding onto the text content of a post is much easier, and smaller in size, than holding onto larger pieces of data (like photos, and videos). If you scrolled back to five years ago and found something you posted, but the only thing you could see was the text, would you be all that disappointed? I guess that part is subjective. Mastodon is already setup nearly identical to Nostr, except users live _on the relays_. So just ... add user generated keys to the mix, and I am 100% double-dippin' certain that most of the naysayers being spammed by engagement farming on Threads and Twitter will jump ship. Mark my worms. If it isn't. Well. They're making a huge mistake.

@ 5d4b6c8d:8a1c1ee3

*Yesterday's edition https://stacker.news/items/613971/r/Undisciplined* * * - ### July 20, 2023 📅 ---- ### 📝 `TOP POST` **[Frostsnap - Easy, personalized, secure bitcoin multisig for everyone](https://stacker.news/items/211803/r/Undisciplined)** Link to https://frostsnap.com/introducing-frostsnap.html *6034 sats \ 19 comments \ @utxoclub \ ~bitcoin* ---- ### 💬 `TOP COMMENT` **https://stacker.news/items/211668/r/Undisciplined?commentId=211676** #### Excerpt > Check out @super_testnet's super simple Superstore: https://stacker.news/items/167945 *614 sats \ 0 replies \ @OneOneSeven* From **[Making a Store](https://stacker.news/items/211668/r/Undisciplined)** by @Undergotten in ~nostr ---- ### 🏆 `TOP STACKER` 2nd place **@utxoclub** (1st hiding, presumed @siggy47) *4679 stacked \ 1826 spent \ 1 post \ 5 comments \ 0 referrals* ---- ### 🗺️ `TOP TERRITORY` **~bitcoin** > everything bitcoin related founded by @k00b on Tue May 02 2023 *48.4k stacked \ 0 revenue \ 55.2k spent \ 84 posts \ 166 comments* https://imgprxy.stacker.news/fsFoWlgwKYsk5mxx2ijgqU8fg04I_2zA_D28t_grR74/rs:fit:960:540/aHR0cHM6Ly9tLnN0YWNrZXIubmV3cy8yMzc5Ng ### July 20, 2022 📅 ---- ### 📝 `TOP POST` **[I'm John Cantrell, entrepreneur, spiral grantee, and creator of Sensei. AMA](https://stacker.news/items/47346/r/Undisciplined)** #### Excerpt > I'm @johncantrell97 and I've been working on and around Bitcoin for over a decade now. Most recently I've been working on Sensei as part of a Spiral grant. *112.7k sats \ 54 comments \ @JohnCantrell97 \ ~bitcoin* ---- ### 💬 `TOP COMMENT` **https://stacker.news/items/47509/r/Undisciplined?commentId=47521** #### Excerpt > "As of the end of Q2, we have converted approximately 75% of our Bitcoin purchases into fiat currency." > Tesla didn't HODL. Or deploy as liquidity on Lightning to earn yield. > Some just have to learn the hard way 🤷‍♂️ […] *329 sats \ 4 replies \ @holzapfelbaum* From **[Tesla Sells 75% of Bitcoin Holdings](https://stacker.news/items/47509/r/Undisciplined)** by @kr in ~bitcoin ---- ### 🏆 `TOP STACKER` 1st place **@k00b** *11.9k stacked \ 108.1k spent \ 4 posts \ 19 comments \ 0 referrals* ---- ### 🗺️ `TOP TERRITORY` **~bitcoin** > everything bitcoin related founded by @k00b on Tue May 02 2023 *130.5k stacked \ 0 revenue \ 140k spent \ 113 posts \ 249 comments* https://imgprxy.stacker.news/fsFoWlgwKYsk5mxx2ijgqU8fg04I_2zA_D28t_grR74/rs:fit:960:540/aHR0cHM6Ly9tLnN0YWNrZXIubmV3cy8yMzc5Ng ### July 20, 2021 📅 ---- ### 📝 `TOP POST` **[The Bitcoin Miners banned from China are coming back online in force, bois!](https://stacker.news/items/424/r/Undisciplined)** #### Excerpt > https://bitinfocharts.com/comparison/bitcoin-hashrate.html > Don't let your lettuce hands leave you with regrets. Stack those sats! *7 sats \ 3 comments \ @03cdf4abc3 \ ~bitcoin* ---- ### 💬 `TOP COMMENT` **https://stacker.news/items/428/r/Undisciplined?commentId=429** #### Excerpt > We're supposed to believe he's acting in the interest of the people to support of a censorship resistant platform for the exchange of value while not doing anything of note to further the interests of the people regarding a censorship resistant platform for exchanging words that he just happens to be the CEO of. They deplatformed the president of the united states. *1 sat \ 1 reply \ @03cdf4abc3* From **[Forget Elon Musk, Jack Dorsey Is the Hero Bitcoin Deserves for the Coming Years.](https://stacker.news/items/428/r/Undisciplined)** by @shawnyeager in ~bitcoin ---- ### 🏆 `TOP STACKER` No top stacker ---- ### 🗺️ `TOP TERRITORY` **~bitcoin** > everything bitcoin related founded by @k00b on Tue May 02 2023 *43 stacked \ 0 revenue \ 71 spent \ 9 posts \ 14 comments* originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/615090

@ b2caa9b3:9eab0fb5

Another day, another adventure in tech hell. Let’s start with last night. I was hoping to get some inspiration from an audio story before bed, but my brain decided to short-circuit. Woke up at 4 AM with headphones still on, no recollection of the story, and a general sense of disorientation.  Fast forward to this morning, I managed to escape the dorm for a quick shower and some much-needed coffee. Feeling somewhat human again, I tackled the beast that is my external SSD. It’s a 1TB behemoth that decided to be extra dramatic this morning. I’ve been staring at a “12 hours to go” message for what feels like an eternity. Who knew formatting a drive could be such a suspenseful ordeal? This drive has been giving me trouble lately. It’s like it has a grudge or something. Constantly going into read-only mode, refusing to save large files. I think my 25,000 travel photos might be a bit too much for it. It’s not even that old! I switched from a heavy HDD to this thing for portability, and now it makes me trouble. I’m hoping that once this formatting nightmare is over, I’ll have a happy, healthy SSD. I’ve decided to format it as exFAT, so at least it should be compatible with everything. But then I have two more drives to deal with. This is turning into a full-blown data relocation project. Why didn’t I do this when I was chilling in Kilifi? Oh well, at least the weather is improving. Yesterday was the coldest day since I’ve been in Africa. Even my trusty fleece got some use. Wish me luck on this digital odyssey!

@ 0176967e:1e6f471e

Tento rok vás čaká workshop na tému "oranžové leto" s Jurajom Bednárom a Mariannou Sádeckou. Dozviete sa ako mení naše vnímanie skúsenosť s Bitcoinom, ako sa navigovať v dnešnom svete a odstrániť mentálnu hmlu spôsobenú fiat životom. Na workshop je potrebný [extra lístok](https://pay.cypherpunk.today/apps/maY3hxKArQxMpdyh5yCtT6UWMJm/crowdfund) (môžete si ho dokúpiť aj na mieste). Pre viac informácií o oranžovom lete odporúčame pred workshopom vypočuťi si [podcast na túto tému](https://juraj.bednar.io/podcast/2024/04/13/oranzove-leto-stanme-sa-tvorcami-svojho-zivota-s-mariannou-sadeckou/).

@ 5d4b6c8d:8a1c1ee3

It's been a while since I've scolded everyone for their miserliness. The recent archiving of some popular territories inspired me to make another attempt. Plus, there are quite a few new stackers who haven't been scolded, yet. I'll keep this one short and sweet: 1. Territory owners need to make about 100 kilosats per month. 2. They earn their sats through posting fees. 3. OP's need to recoup their posting costs through zaps. Therefore, when there's content you like, zap big and zap often. If there's a lack of content you like, cowboy up and write it yourself. We just might make it worth your while. Zapping more can pay for itself through the rewards system (see: https://stacker.news/items/287074/r/Undisciplined and https://stacker.news/items/473181/r/Undisciplined) Also, zapping more will make Stacker News more aligned with what you want it to be: https://stacker.news/items/523858/r/Undisciplined. originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/614066

@ 5d4b6c8d:8a1c1ee3

*Yesterday's edition https://stacker.news/items/612715/r/Undisciplined* I enjoyed the discussion in the 2022 AMA. I'd love to have some more stackers reporting more on the developing world. How is the bitcoin ecosystem developing? What problems is it solving for people? * * - ### July 19, 2023 📅 ---- ### 📝 `TOP POST` **[Bitcoin Optech Newsletter #260](https://stacker.news/items/211185/r/Undisciplined)** Link to https://bitcoinops.org/en/newsletters/2023/07/19/ *2733 sats \ 0 comments \ @ssaurel \ ~bitcoin* ---- ### 💬 `TOP COMMENT` **https://stacker.news/items/211250/r/Undisciplined?commentId=211288** #### Excerpt > Been very busy recently replicating the Indranet architecture to the guy who's been paying me to design and build it. It's been great for me in terms of helping delineate the core principles of the design and to spot some possible design flaws, as we […] *340 sats \ 0 replies \ @l0k18* From **[What are you working on this week?](https://stacker.news/items/211250/r/Undisciplined)** by @sn in ~meta ---- ### 🏆 `TOP STACKER` 2nd place **@nerd2ninja** (1st hiding, presumed @siggy47) *1335 stacked \ 2158 spent \ 0 posts \ 6 comments \ 0 referrals* ---- ### 🗺️ `TOP TERRITORY` **~bitcoin** > everything bitcoin related founded by @k00b on Tue May 02 2023 *22.1k stacked \ 0 revenue \ 29.9k spent \ 110 posts \ 192 comments* https://imgprxy.stacker.news/fsFoWlgwKYsk5mxx2ijgqU8fg04I_2zA_D28t_grR74/rs:fit:960:540/aHR0cHM6Ly9tLnN0YWNrZXIubmV3cy8yMzc5Ng ### July 19, 2022 📅 ---- ### 📝 `TOP POST` **[I'm Alex Gladstein. CSO of the Human Rights Foundation. AMA](https://stacker.news/items/47002/r/Undisciplined)** #### Excerpt > I am also the author of Check Your Financial Privilege. *93.1k sats \ 48 comments \ @gladstein \ ~bitcoin* ---- ### 💬 `TOP COMMENT` **https://stacker.news/items/47002/r/Undisciplined?commentId=47018** #### Excerpt > Bitcoin is likely playing a nascent role in cross-border payments between South Korea, China, and NK, but it's too early too tell *470 sats \ 0 replies \ @gladstein* From **[I'm Alex Gladstein. CSO of the Human Rights Foundation. AMA](https://stacker.news/items/47002/r/Undisciplined)** by @gladstein in ~bitcoin ---- ### 🏆 `TOP STACKER` 1st place **@k00b** *13.5k stacked \ 92.4k spent \ 3 posts \ 13 comments \ 0 referrals* ---- ### 🗺️ `TOP TERRITORY` **~bitcoin** > everything bitcoin related founded by @k00b on Tue May 02 2023 *126.4k stacked \ 0 revenue \ 132k spent \ 94 posts \ 300 comments* https://imgprxy.stacker.news/fsFoWlgwKYsk5mxx2ijgqU8fg04I_2zA_D28t_grR74/rs:fit:960:540/aHR0cHM6Ly9tLnN0YWNrZXIubmV3cy8yMzc5Ng ### July 19, 2021 📅 ---- ### 📝 `TOP POST` **[Dashboard: Bitcoin KPIs](https://stacker.news/items/408/r/Undisciplined)** Link to https://bitcoinkpis.com/ *3 sats \ 3 comments \ @nathanael \ ~bitcoin* ---- ### 💬 `TOP COMMENT` **https://stacker.news/items/398/r/Undisciplined?commentId=409** #### Excerpt > nice - i added it [there](https://github.com/fiatjaf/awesome-lnurl/commit/e7f8dee052cff5f4a4434733e8a911ddcb9d55c6) - welcome *2 sats \ 1 reply \ @nathanael* From **[Stacker.News Community](https://stacker.news/items/398/r/Undisciplined)** by @gmd in ~bitcoin ---- ### 🏆 `TOP STACKER` No top stacker ---- ### 🗺️ `TOP TERRITORY` **~bitcoin** > everything bitcoin related founded by @k00b on Tue May 02 2023 *11 stacked \ 0 revenue \ 15 spent \ 1 post \ 7 comments* originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/613971

@ b804f68e:2fb0fa1f

Just started looking into powdered mushrooms and was wondering if stackers have used or use any for supplementation. I have previously tried Lion's mane and chaga, and since haven't but am interested in playing around with them again. Cordyceps does sound interesting, if anyone has any experience taking them. originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/613694

@ 9fec72d5:f77f85b1

 Each relay selects a branch from above and starts serving. Some big machines in the top layers can handle more. Smaller machines in layers below are needed for decentralization and scalability. Some top layer machines can act in sync only mode, efficiently distributing notes among layers. Relay or the admin posts a special kind for advertisement of the relay: ``` { "pubkey": "...pubkey of admin or the relay itself..", "kind": 30202, "tags": [ ["d","..10"], ["ip4","111.222.33.44:443","primary"], ["ip6","abc:def::443","backup"], ], ... } ``` The above example says this relay will handle the note id's that are ending with bits ..10. In this case it is going to handle about 1/4th of the network. Primary way of reaching at this relay is through ip 111.222.33.44. There is also a backup server. Clients can accept this advertisement based on web of trust or historical reliability of the npub. Or other npubs can measure the reliability of this relay and send reactions to this note. Clients then can see these reactions and rank these services. Solves: - Possible future DNS ban issues: I don't know when or if DNS will be an issue for Nostr. The above design can help with the situation. - Scalability: If 1 million users join the network at the same time, the machines that are handling ".." i.e. all of the traffic may fail. But if the clients are using relays on other layers, the load will be efficiently distributed to many machines. The failure of layer 0 and 1 will not stop the network. Every layer can operate independently without the other layers (in theory). - Traffic efficiency: A client has to query many relays, depending on what it wants to do. It may choose to stay efficient (talk to top layers) on mobile traffic, or it may choose to help decentralization over wifi. The notes that match the queries will not be repeated as many times as current design, because relays will hold a portion of the network. - Storage efficiency: Relay operators can just save a part of the network that they are responsible for, on NVME drives. The rest of the network they can save in hard drives. In case of major failure the hard drives can still have a copy. - Speed: Since the notes will come from many different relays at the same time, there may be a slight speed increase. - Decentralization: If the top layer relays collude and start banning the other layers can still continue to serve notes. - Backup relay: In case a relay instance fails, users can find the backup server on the same note. - Zero down time migration: The ability to define a backup server allows zero down time migrations. An operator can set the primary to the new server and backup to the old server and do migration and continue without interruption. - Efficient sync among servers: A relay has to sync with 3 servers, 1 above, 2 below. But it can do 6 or 9 depending on how much reliability it wants. - Writing to logN relays: Clients has to write to logN relays (i.e. 1 relay in each layer), to effectively distribute their notes to everyone and also to help with decentralization.

@ 6bae33c8:607272e8

These are my very preliminary RB rankings, my only research being the [RotoWire depth charts](https://www.rotowire.com/football/nfl-depth-charts/) and player notes. **Tier 1 Christian McCaffrey** He’s 28 years old, has 1,402 career carries including the postseason and weighs only 205 pounds at 5-11. But McCaffrey is arguably the greatest running back all time, when you include the pass catching, and he’s in the league’s best system for backs. Health is really the only variable, and anyone can get hurt. **Tier 2 Breece Hall, Bijan Robinson, Saquon Barkley, Jonathan Taylor** These are the three-down backs with elite skill sets. Hall should be better another year removed from the ACL tear and playing with a better QB, Robinson should get the heavy usage he merits with Arthur Smith gone, Barkley finally gets a quality offensive line and QB and Taylor plays next to a running QB and has little competition for carries. **Tier 3 Jahmyr Gibbs, De’Von Achane, Kyren Williams, Travis Etienne** These are the little guys, all of whom can run and catch passes, plus Etienne. Williams is the biggest risk as an early-down high-workload guy, but he was also insanely productive when he played in Sean McVay’s lead-back-friendly system. Gibbs seems like peak Alvin Kamara, only faster and Achane in the Miami offense was the most efficient back in league history by a mile. I originally had Etienne in Tier 4, but he doesn’t have much competition for the job and should be a three-down back. **Tier 4 Isaiah Pacheco, Josh Jacobs, Joe Mixon, James Cook, David Montgomery, Derrick Henry, Kenneth Walker, Racchad White, James Conner, Rhamondre Stevenson, Zack Moss, Javonte Williams, Devin Singletary ** This is a big tier, but these are all the incomplete players guaranteed reps if healthy. Pacheco could be moved to Tier 3, but Patrick Mahomes doesn’t check down to the back all that often, and Pacheco rarely gets to 20 carries in a game. Jacobs is a beast but has a ton of mileage in a short span and fell off last year. Mixon is another old warhorse with a lot of mileage, albeit also in a good situation. Cook suffers due to Josh Allen’s goal-line prowess and tendency to take off rather than check down. Montomgery will cede the third-down work, Henry is old and doesn’t catch many passes, Walker splits carries, gets hurt often, White is a ham and egger who happened to see a huge workload, Conner is 29 and always misses time, Stevenson is a workhorse on a bad team, Moss is an average back in a good spot, Williams is another year off the injury, but on a bad team and Singletary is the clear lead back on a poor offense. **Tier 5 Tony Pollard, D’Andre Swift, Jonathan Brooks, Alvin Kamara, Brian Robinson, Jaylen Warren, Austin Ekeler, Chuba Hubbard, Zamir White, Raheem Mostert, Aaron Jones, Najee Harris, Nick Chubb, Tyjae Spears, Trey Benson, Zach Charbonnet ** These are mostly timeshare backs, with the exception of Kamara whose efficiency fell through the floor and White who I’m not convinced will lock down the job all year. **Tier 6 Kenneth Gainwell, Rico Dowdle, Gus Edwards, Jerome Ford, Zeke Elliott, Roschon Johnson, Jaylen Wright, Bucky Irving, JK Dobbins, Antonio Gibson, Chase Brown, Elijah Mitchell, Jaleel McLaughlin, Tyler Algeier, MarShawn Lloyd** This is the backup tier, all of whom probably need an injury ahead of them to break out. These rankings will change, but I like to get my preliminary ones down on paper before I get influenced by ADP and training camp hype.

@ c7eda660:efd97c86

[Bitvora](https://bitvora.com) is a unified Bitcoin & Lightning rail. A single API with no infrastructure overhead. So you don’t have to go through this:  App engineers and product people, this is for you: two lines of code—bitcoin sent. https://i.nostr.build/8Wp3jNhqHcml3pxl.gif [Bitvora](https://bitvora.com) makes on-chain and Lightning payments simple, fast, and friction-free. I’ll be at [The Bitcoin Conference](https://bitcoin2024.b.tc/2024) in Nashville next week, and I’d love to give you a sneak peek of the product. We’ll be in an invite-only beta. **If you’ll be in town, DM me or leave a reply below to set up a meeting.** I can’t wait to show you what we've built.

@ a9434ee1:d5c885be

What makes Nostr and Bitcoin so extremely exciting to me, as a designer, is that they offer an entirely new design space. Something we never had before. Something that we can, for the first time ever, call… A Free Market. And not just that, but one where everyone speaks the same language. One that acknowledges that Sovereignty doesn’t go that far without Interoperability. Since this is literally a first, it seems terribly naïve to assume that we can just copy what works for Big Tech’s walled gardens and add some Freedom sauce on top. I’ve been sketching out things like “Twitter but with Zaps”, “Youtube but with many algo’s”, “Patreon but with Bitcoin”, etc... for long enough to realize the harsh limits of such an approach. Instead I’ve found it more fruitful to start by looking at the characteristics of this new digital, interoperable free market and, only then, look for similar existing benchmarks that can serve as inspiration. Because the convergence of the various Freedom Tech protocols (Nostr, Bitcoin, Cashu, …) are such a huge game changer for online monetization specifically, it seems even more naïve to just start copying Big Tech on that front, without proper examination. If we did just play copycat, Monthly Subscriptions and Paywalls would be the obvious answer. This article dives into why they’re not. ## Free as in Competition In a free market, it’s going to be hard for you to set a price if you don’t have something scarce to sell. Unlike in a Big Tech walled garden, there’s no one blocking competitors from entering the market. That includes competitors that offer your stuff! If what you create can easily be copied, it will. Yes, Content creators, FOSS devs, Designers, … that’s you. Charging for your article, podcast, app or movie doesn’t end well when people can find a free upload right next to yours. Open protocols remove the friction of having to go PirateBay for that sort of stuff. Luckily, they also remove the friction for people to value your content directly (#V4V Zaps) and for you to launch unique and scarce products related to what you do (Community, Merch, …). Even if you have a scarce product to sell though, Nostr sets the bar lower than ever for others to start competing with your product. Every part of your product! Interoperability breaks products and services down to their constituents and opens up every layer of the stack to competition. Currently most SAAS business models are basically very expensive monthly subscriptions for some hosting and computation. And guess what Nostr is extremely good at → Discovering and switching providers of hosting and computation. In a competitive context like that, you need a monetization model that lets you adapt fast. If you choose to monetize with monthly subscriptions, you’ll be updating your subscription tiers every month, if not every week, just to remain competitive. If that’s the case, then what’s the point? Why not just have a cash price list? ## Free as in Volatile The reality of a free market is that price-discovery never takes a break. This is especially true for a market that uses a money that is still being discovered as money by 99% of the world. A money that, just like Nostr, only saw the light of day because its creators saw total chaos ahead without it. Bitcoin and Nostr do #fixthemoney and do #fixtheinternet, but all that fixing isn’t exactly taking us on a smooth ride. Smooth rides are stable rides, stable prices, stable amounts of locked-in users, stable ties with the state, etc… They are everything Freedom Tech is taking us on exciting journey away from. Again, adaptability is key and your business model needs to reflect that. Monthly subscriptions don’t handle volatility well. It takes a lot of confidence, extremely loyal customers and liquid reserves to survive bumpy roads. That’s a lot of capital that probably has better uses. Better uses that Big Tech monopolies can ignore, but your competitors won’t. ## Free as in “Number Go Up” Denominating your subscriptions in “stable” fiat-currencies isn’t going to help neither. The mental cost for customers is only low as long you don’t have juggle more than 21 subscriptions. (yes, I completely made up that number but it’s somewhere around that, so bear with me). Given that Subscription Hell is already a thing in Fiat-land once you go beyond that number, just try to imagine the amount of subscriptions you’d be handling in Nostr-land. Your 1 Netflix subscription suddenly became 6, to different service providers, plus 20 to all your favorite creators. Then add the subscriptions for all other internet use cases you can think of. Then add some more for the ones that you can’t even imagine yet. This is not an overstatement. It is very very unlikely that your service happens to be the only one that subscriptions would work for. If they appear to work for you, every competitor or similar use case will be copying that model in no time. So if they work, there would be a loooot of subscriptions. That’s also a looot of: - recurring payments to forget about - different time periods to oversee - extra effort to go and unsubscribe or switch tiers - users thinking ‘I didn’t even really use this!” - users also thinking “What am I paying for exactly?” In short, that’s asking for frustrated, disappointed and confused customers. These subscriptions would then also need to be handled on top of all the #V4V Zaps and cash payments that are inevitably happening as well. Unlike Big Tech products you don’t get to just pick Subscriptions as the only option. You will have to be optimizing both the Wallet and Social UX/UI for all of these types of payments. Something I naïvely tried and quickly gave up on. It overcrowds interfaces, makes different applications less interoperable and creates a very confusing user experience. And if you denominate everything in fiat, you add even more confusion since the Zaps from others are denominated in Bitcoin. That suddenly makes them variable from the fiat-denominator’s perspective. Other denominations work when you only have two parties (f.e. seller and buyer), not when you have groups of people zapping away at an article. For #V4V to gain traction zappers need recognition. If it’s completely variable, and thus unclear, who the top zappers of a piece of content are or if the biggest patrons of a creator are only visible if you go to some specific subscriber dashboard, you’re creating confusion and diluting recognition. Zaps are awesome, nearly universally implemented, very simple to design for and they might just be enough. We’re mostly still early. Creators can’t even reply to Zaps yet. The first prototypes for frictionless Cashu zaps are only just coming out. Let’s explore all that further before we start adding subscriptions to the UI, the users’ mental load and the app developers endless list of “things to implement”. If the current zap-rate of daily Nostr users (myself included) tells me anything, it’s that sending around small payments all the time isn’t really the issue. The mental cost for the user happens mostly at the level of: ”How the f*ck do I keep track of all this?” “How do I fit this in with my regular monthly expenses?” Subscriptions are only one answer to this. If they happen to still somehow solve the above issues for some use cases, we still have to find solutions anyway for the micro-payments side of things. My point is thus mainly: we might as well start there and, who knows, we don’t even need subscriptions. Or at least not as a standard to strive towards. No one is stopping you from using time-based pricing for things that are actually time-based or from creating micro-apps that let you set up recurring zaps and other fun stuff like that. Just don’t promise creators and merchants that they can base their business models on them. If you’re talking to people that will only consider Freedom Tech if they can have the stability of a group of monthly subscribers, you’re probably not talking to the right people (yet!). Freedom Tech = Responsibility Tech. Both seller and buyers need tools that help them take that responsibility. Especially regarding payments, the currently available tools are far from optimal and have barely scratched the surface of what’s possible in the interoperable ocean of possibilities. I say this more as an invitation than as a complaint of course. We are — yes, I’m saying it again — sooooo early. So how can we help buyers be responsible while “not having to think about every little payment”? For rich npubs on a network denominated in #NGU technology the answer can be quite simple: They simply don’t have to really think about it. In fact, poor npubs neither as long they can set a spending budget and have great tools and transparency to help them manage it. They need something a bit like their “lives left” in a video game. Or something that resembles envelope budgeting: like going to the farmers market with only a limited amount of cash. ## Talking about farmers markets Let’s look at what currently comes close to an interoperable free market in meat-space: Restaurant & Farmers markets. - No one has copyrights on pizza Margherita or chicken eggs - Entering the market is relatively cheap (food trucks, farmer stands, …) - Customers can pick and choose where they get “every layer of the stack” (drinks here, main dish there and ice cream over there)  Now look at how these businesses monetize: - Cash price lists - Discounts (for special occasions, loyal customers, ..) - Bundles (lunch menus, vegetable baskets, …) Both restaurant owners and farmers have been trying out monthly subscriptions since forever, mostly because it would benefit them. But in places with high competition this has had exactly zero success. What did have success is services that bundle farmers market food items for you and deliver it at your doorstep on a weekly basis. That’s what lower mental cost looks like. Ironically, these services often started out with the monthly subscription model and have had to switch because customers needed more flexibility. Now, in their apps, they let users pick what day they want what, at what price. And these apps are not even Nostr yet. ## Talking about Nostr markets Nostr markets are not exactly farmers markets of course. But that is mostly good news. Nostr, Bitcoin and Cashu, in particular, remove a lot of the friction that cash still has in the physical world. They enable seamless micro-payments. That’s an innovation worth embracing, not something to hide away behind subscriptions. Embracing micro-payments means that every little thing can have a real-time price. A price that, once payed, you never have to think about again. And some, if not most, micro-payments are so micro that you don’t have to really think about them in the first place. Especially if we’re talking about recurring events (pun intended). If a chat message in a certain Community costs 2 sats, after your third message your added mental cost will likely be close to zero. At that point, the price is mostly a matter of transparency, fairness and spam prevention. When the Admin suddenly changes this price to 1000 sats however, you will need to think twice about posting such a message. But again, that is a good thing. That’s exactly what the Admin is monetizing. He is curating for high signal content and conversations around a certain interest. His price list is one of his top tools for doing so. You pay him for being able to publish in his unique community. You “Pay Per Use” of that Community as a broadcasting channel for your messages, articles, videos, … You know everyone else does too. Using monthly subscriptions for such a community would just invite abuse and poor quality. It would be like an all-you-can-eat restaurant where everyone has an infinite stomach size, you’re all at the same table and only the loudest screamers get heard. So the Admin would put limits on what you specifically get for your subscription (100 messages per month, 210MB of hosting, etc etc…). The members would then demand flexibility or go elsewhere. The admin would then provide different tiers. Yet, most members would still need flexibility more than they need flat rate monthly pricing. At the same time, the Admin’s “Pay Per Use” competitors will still be cheaper. They don’t have the overhead of handling the uncertainty that comes with providing stable pricing for several months. Trying their offer out is also way cheaper than immediately having to pay a subscription. The admin, on the other hand, cannot really offer free trials if he doesn’t have the locked-in users to pay for them. In the end, just like restaurants, the Admin will switch to “Pay Per Use” and will use discounts and bundles to his advantage. As long as users have great tools to keep an eye their spending, this sort of outcome is a win-win for the whole ecosystem. What users tend to like most about monthly subscriptions for something is the guarantee that they will not exceed XXX amount of money on that thing for the month. Nothing is stopping us from building tools that provide the same guarantee without the complications of handling monthly subscriptions. Since most Bitcoin wallets are not daily-spending wallets and most Nostr projects aren’t monetizing yet, hardly any attention has been spent on tools like this. They all copied bank apps and display your total amount of money and a chronological feed of your transaction history. There are several problems with this: 1. You don’t want to openly showcase your total balance to everyone around you when you open the app 2. Your total balance shows “everything you have”. That is a terrible benchmark for determining “what you can sustainably spend”. 3. It’s also a terrible benchmark for determining “what you earned this month” 4. Micro-payments make a chronological feed of all your transactions completely unusable 5. Zaps make a lot of your transactions social. Zaps and eCash blur the line between money and message. And messages require interaction that transactions don’t. I think we can do better. So, let’s try! ## Cash Budgets Just like the previously mentioned “lives” in a game or the cash in your wallet for a night out, the first thing users will want to see is “How much do I have left?”. Since most people organize their budgets per month we can more specifically turn this into “How much do I have left this month?”. This means we need to allow users to set a monthly budget in the first place. Once that budget is set for the month, it facilitates all the rest. This budget is their subscription now. Their Nostr subscription. An interoperable subscription they can interact with in any trusted app.  And the best part: They pick the price. They’re taking their responsibility and lowering their mental cost with one action. Now, you can start playing with wallet and home screen Interfaces that show the user at a glance: - What they’ve got left to spend for that month - What they already spent - What they earned (relative to that budget and/or a specific earnings goal) I’m currently exploring this design space myself and the extent to which Freedom Tech budgeting can be gamified in novel ways will make TikTok look boring.  > Some baby UI steps in this direction But that’s just the budget part of course. We still need non-intrusive ways to display all these little price-tags for things if we’re not hiding them away behind a subscription. The good news is that, when it comes to movies, music, articles, posts, FOSS apps and all other types of information that can easily be copied, it doesn’t have a price tag. It just has people zapping it. People that can use a lot more context and recognition than they currently get. (showing top zappers everywhere and letting creators reply to zaps being just a humble start for that) For the stuff that does have price-tag, even the most obvious answer isn’t as bad I though it would be: Just put it on the button. The bigger the sum, the bigger the button.  eCash is what can make all of this work as a one-button action anyway, removing most of the friction. A budget, on the other hand, is what can remove most of the worrying. Color indications, permission prompts for higher amounts, etc etc… can all work in tandem for this. With these examples I’m mostly trying to give you an idea of what is still left largely unexplored territory. A territory that we will have to go and explore in any case. A territory where Communities are easier to monetize then Content is. A territory where I can count the current number of active designers on both hands. A territory that can desperately use a Design Community. You can guess twice what’s next on my todo-list….

@ 5d4b6c8d:8a1c1ee3

*Yesterday's edition https://stacker.news/items/611566/r/Undisciplined* @ek makes an appearance on the leaderboard and Warren Buffet makes an impressively foolish statement that will likely live on for eternity. *Bookkeeping note: I've gotten more zaps the past few days, so I'm going to bump my zaps to top posts and comments up to 69. It would be nice to just be able to forward sats to more than 5 people.* * * - ### July 18, 2023 📅 ---- ### 📝 `TOP POST` **[Phoenix Beta Wallet Migration](https://stacker.news/items/211009/r/Undisciplined)** #### Excerpt > As you may already know since it was mentioned on SN [here](https://stacker.news/items/207349), Phoenix released a new blog post last week to announce the new Phoenix wallet: [a 3rd generation self-custodial Lightning wallet](https://acinq.co/blog/ph […] *3519 sats \ 14 comments \ @ek \ ~bitcoin* ---- ### 💬 `TOP COMMENT` **https://stacker.news/items/210873/r/Undisciplined?commentId=210963** #### Excerpt > A mining node can only "censor" any block it mines. A miner with huge percent of hashrate could mine 6 blocks in a row somewhat regularly. *2819 sats \ 0 replies \ @nullcount* From **[Can Bitcoin miners that are routing nodes exploit their peers/channel partners?](https://stacker.news/items/210873/r/Undisciplined)** by @02ca839694 in ~bitcoin ---- ### 🏆 `TOP STACKER` 2nd place **@ek** (1st hiding, presumed @siggy47) *1637 stacked \ 2261 spent \ 1 post \ 6 comments \ 0 referrals* ---- ### 🗺️ `TOP TERRITORY` **~bitcoin** > everything bitcoin related founded by @k00b on Tue May 02 2023 *58.9k stacked \ 0 revenue \ 70.9k spent \ 94 posts \ 264 comments* https://imgprxy.stacker.news/fsFoWlgwKYsk5mxx2ijgqU8fg04I_2zA_D28t_grR74/rs:fit:960:540/aHR0cHM6Ly9tLnN0YWNrZXIubmV3cy8yMzc5Ng ### July 18, 2022 📅 ---- ### 📝 `TOP POST` **[What do I need this bitcoin for? 🔦](https://stacker.news/items/46555/r/Undisciplined)** #### Excerpt > Famous investor Warren Buffett recently said: > #### *"If you offered me all the bitcoins in the world for $25, I wouldn't take it."* *112.5k sats \ 29 comments \ @hynek \ ~bitcoin* ---- ### 💬 `TOP COMMENT` **https://stacker.news/items/46555/r/Undisciplined?commentId=46604** #### Excerpt > I am really starting to get tired of the bitcoin isn't an inflation hedge, lol it stops you from dilution IN THE BITCOIN network, it doesn't control whats going on in secondary markets, gosh everytime I have to explain that one it does my head in lol […] *564 sats \ 2 replies \ @TheBTCManual* From **[What do I need this bitcoin for? 🔦](https://stacker.news/items/46555/r/Undisciplined)** by @hynek in ~bitcoin ---- ### 🏆 `TOP STACKER` 1st place **@cryptocoin** *618 stacked \ 375 spent \ 5 posts \ 25 comments \ 0 referrals* ---- ### 🗺️ `TOP TERRITORY` **~bitcoin** > everything bitcoin related founded by @k00b on Tue May 02 2023 *119.4k stacked \ 0 revenue \ 124.9k spent \ 60 posts \ 194 comments* https://imgprxy.stacker.news/fsFoWlgwKYsk5mxx2ijgqU8fg04I_2zA_D28t_grR74/rs:fit:960:540/aHR0cHM6Ly9tLnN0YWNrZXIubmV3cy8yMzc5Ng ### July 18, 2021 📅 ---- ### 📝 `TOP POST` **[All-time Bitcoin price chart (fork of zorinaq's)](https://stacker.news/items/387/r/Undisciplined)** Link to https://price.bublina.eu.org/ *546.3k sats \ 4 comments \ @spain \ ~bitcoin* ---- ### 💬 `TOP COMMENT` **https://stacker.news/items/325/r/Undisciplined?commentId=386** #### Excerpt > Sure. To answer such questions you definitely need JavaScript client-side analytics. But there may be some open source libraries for that? But surely it may be easier to use a ready-made 3rd party one, just wondering how much it can cost. *1 sat \ 1 reply \ @spain* From **[Opinions on analytics for Stacker News?](https://stacker.news/items/325/r/Undisciplined)** by @k00b in ~bitcoin ---- ### 🏆 `TOP STACKER` 1st place **@spain** *7 stacked \ 6 spent \ 1 post \ 2 comments \ 0 referrals* ---- ### 🗺️ `TOP TERRITORY` **~bitcoin** > everything bitcoin related founded by @k00b on Tue May 02 2023 *40 stacked \ 0 revenue \ 78 spent \ 6 posts \ 16 comments* originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/612715

@ fce4177b:f504cdc8

Hi all! Lately I've been working on a small python project to try approaching the pathfinding problem in lightning as a Min-cost network flow problem. I know Renè Pickhardt already used this approach in order to prove the superiority of the Zero base fee approach, in fact I read his papers and got the gist of it. Now I'm trying to model the problem mathematically - using the pyomo package in python - but I came up with a question that I couldn't find an answer for: **in a multi-path payment (MPP), can two HTLCs go though the same channel?** More specifically, I'm interested in understanding if the following situation can happen or not: ``` Nodes = {S, A, B, C, E, F, G, I, D} # S source, D destination ``` With S being the source node (aka the payer), D being the destination node (aka the payee). The scope of the question does not include considerations about base or rate fees. Node S computes the optimal path that minimises the fees for an amount and finds out that the optimal choice is to execute a MPP that follows this path(s): ``` B E A -> -> -> G -> D C F h0 h1 h2 h3 h4 ``` where the first two hops (h1 and h2) see two parallel payments going on, then at the hop h3 the MPP converges to the node G and then procedes with the last hop to destination. As far as I know, in classical MPP the preimage is the same for every parallel path (correct me if I'm wrong), thus I'm wondering if that thing is possible or not. Moreover, if there was an another hop such that: ``` B E A -> I -> -> -> G -> D C F h0 h1 h2 h3 h4 h5 ``` would that be possible too? That meaning two HTLCs flowing in the same channel for the first hop, then splitting and the riconverging. Hope the question is clear enough, otherwise I'm open to clarifications. Thanks! originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/612642

@ b34b4408:acfb9667

**"ผลกระทบของน้ำยาบ้วนปากต่อจุลชีพในช่องปากและร่างกาย: มุมมองใหม่จากการวิจัยล่าสุด"** ในช่วงหลายทศวรรษที่ผ่านมา น้ำยาบ้วนปากได้กลายเป็นส่วนหนึ่งของกิจวัตรการดูแลสุขภาพช่องปากของคนจำนวนมาก โดยมีจุดประสงค์หลักเพื่อลดกลิ่นปาก ป้องกันฟันผุ และรักษาสุขภาพเหงือก อย่างไรก็ตาม การวิจัยล่าสุดได้เผยให้เห็นถึงผลกระทบที่ไม่คาดคิดของการใช้น้ำยาบ้วนปากเป็นประจำ โดยเฉพาะอย่างยิ่งต่อระบบนิเวศของจุลชีพในช่องปากและร่างกาย  การศึกษาล่าสุดที่ตีพิมพ์ในวารสาร Journal of Medical Microbiology เมื่อวันที่ 4 มิถุนายน 2024 โดย J.G.E. Laumen และคณะ ( https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jmm/10.1099/jmm.0.001830 )ได้ศึกษาผลของการใช้น้ำยาบ้วนปาก Listerine Cool Mint เป็นประจำทุกวันต่อจุลชีพในช่องปากและลำคอ  ผลการวิจัยพบว่าการใช้ Listerine เป็นเวลา 3 เดือนทำให้เกิดการเปลี่ยนแปลงอย่างมีนัยสำคัญในองค์ประกอบของจุลชีพในช่องปากและลำคอ โดยเฉพาะอย่างยิ่ง การเพิ่มขึ้นของแบคทีเรีย Fusobacterium nucleatum และ Streptococcus anginosus ซึ่งเป็นเชื้อที่ก่อให้เกิดปัญหาสุขภาพหากมีปริมาณมากเกินไป  โดยเชื้อทั้งสองตัวนั้นมีผลต่อสุขภาพดังนี้ Fusobacterium nucleatum: เป็นเชื้อแบคทีเรียที่พบได้ตามปกติในช่องปาก แต่หากมีปริมาณมากเกินไปจะก่อให้เกิดปัญหาได้ มีความเกี่ยวข้องกับโรคปริทันต์ (โรคเหงือกอักเสบ) มีการศึกษาพบความสัมพันธ์ระหว่างเชื้อนี้กับมะเร็งลำไส้ใหญ่ มีส่วนในการกระตุ้นการอักเสบในร่างกาย ซึ่งอาจเชื่อมโยงกับโรคทางระบบอื่นๆ Streptococcus anginosus: เป็นส่วนหนึ่งของกลุ่ม Streptococcus milleri ซึ่งพบได้ในช่องปาก ลำคอ และทางเดินอาหาร โดยปกติไม่ก่อโรค แต่ในบางกรณีอาจกลายเป็นเชื้อฉวยโอกาส สามารถก่อให้เกิดการติดเชื้อในช่องปาก เช่น ฝีในช่องปาก ในกรณีที่รุนแรง ทำให้เกิดการติดเชื้อในกระแสเลือด หรือฝีในอวัยวะภายใน เช่น สมอง ปอด หรือตับ ผลการวิจัยนี้ทำให้เกิดคำถามสำคัญเกี่ยวกับกลไกการทำงานของน้ำยาบ้วนปากและผลกระทบระยะยาวต่อสุขภาพ เมื่อพิจารณาส่วนประกอบหลักของ Listerine Cool Mint (รวมถึง น้ำยาบ้วนปากอื่นๆด้วย) ซึ่งประกอบด้วย 1. น้ำ (เป็นส่วนประกอบหลัก) 2.แอลกอฮอล์ (มักจะอยู่ที่ประมาณ 21.6%) 3.น้ำมันหอมระเหยจากพืช ได้แก่: Eucalyptol (น้ำมันยูคาลิปตัส) Menthol (เมนทอล) Thymol (ไทมอล) Methyl salicylate (เมทิลซาลิไซเลต หรือ น้ำมันวินเทอร์กรีน) 4.สารให้ความหวาน (มักใช้ซอร์บิทอล) 5.กรดเบนโซอิก (สารกันบูด) 6.สารให้สี (อาจใช้สีเขียว) 7.โซเดียมซักคาริน (สารให้ความหวาน) 8.โซเดียมเบนโซเอต (สารกันบูด)  จะพบว่าแต่ละสารมีส่วนทำให้เกิดการเสียสมดุลของจุลชีพในช่องปาก: 1. แอลกอฮอล์และน้ำมันหอมระเหย: มีฤทธิ์ฆ่าเชื้อที่รุนแรง ทำลายทั้งแบคทีเรียที่เป็นโทษและเป็นประโยชน์ เปิดโอกาสให้เชื้อบางชนิดเติบโตได้มากขึ้น 2. สารกันบูด: ยับยั้งการเจริญเติบโตของจุลินทรีย์บางชนิดมากกว่าชนิดอื่น 3. สารให้ความหวาน: เป็นแหล่งอาหารสำหรับแบคทีเรียบางชนิด หรือเปลี่ยนแปลงสภาพแวดล้อมในช่องปาก ผลการวิจัยนี้ได้ท้าทายความเชื่อดั้งเดิมเกี่ยวกับประโยชน์ของน้ำยาบ้วนปาก ในอดีต น้ำยาบ้วนปากถูกส่งเสริมว่ามีประโยชน์ในการลดกลิ่นปาก ป้องกันฟันผุ และช่วยรักษาโรคเหงือก อย่างไรก็ตาม การค้นพบใหม่นี้บ่งชี้ว่า ประโยชน์ระยะสั้นเหล่านี้อาจไม่คุ้มค่ากับผลเสียที่อาจเกิดขึ้นในระยะยาว การเสียสมดุลของจุลชีพในช่องปากอาจนำไปสู่การเพิ่มขึ้นของแบคทีเรียที่เป็นอันตราย ซึ่งจะเพิ่มความเสี่ยงต่อโรคต่างๆ ทั้งในช่องปากและระบบอื่นๆ ของร่างกาย เช่น โรคปริทันต์ มะเร็งหลอดอาหารและลำไส้ใหญ่ รวมถึงโรคทางระบบอื่นๆ บทความนี้เน้นย้ำความสำคัญของการพิจารณาอย่างรอบคอบในการใช้ผลิตภัณฑ์สุขภาพช่องปาก และ ผู้บริโภคควรตระหนักถึงความสำคัญของการรักษาสมดุลของจุลชีพในช่องปากและพิจารณาทางเลือกอื่นๆ ในการดูแลสุขภาพช่องปากที่อาจมีผลกระทบน้อยกว่าต่อระบบนิเวศของจุลชีพ เช่น การแปรงฟันอย่างสม่ำเสมอ การใช้ไหมขัดฟันอย่างถูกวิธี และการรับประทานอาหารที่มีประโยชน์ต่อสุขภาพช่องปาก  ซึ่งการรับประทานอาหารที่ดีต่อสุขภาพช่องปาก เป็นส่วนสำคัญในการดูแลสุขภาพฟันและเหงือก รวมถึงการรักษาสมดุลของจุลชีพในช่องปากและร่างกายด้วย ซึ่งประกอบด้วย: **อาหารธรรมชาติที่มีการแปรรูปน้อย อาหารที่มีโพรไบโอติกส์และพรีไบโอติกส์ ช่วยรักษาสมดุลของจุลชีพที่ดี เช่น โยเกิร์ต คีเฟอร์ กิมจิ ชีส อาหารที่กระตุ้นการหลั่งน้ำลาย: น้ำลายช่วยชะล้างแบคทีเรียและเศษอาหาร เช่น เนื้อสัตว์ ไข่ นอกจากนี้ การเคี้ยวอาหารให้ละเอียดและใช้เวลาในการรับประทานอาหารช้าๆ ยังช่วยกระตุ้นการหลั่งน้ำลายและส่งเสริมสุขภาพช่องปากที่ดีอีกด้วย น้ำเปล่า: ดื่มน้ำสะอาดอย่างเพียงพอช่วยชะล้างช่องปากและรักษาความชุ่มชื้น** อาหารที่ควรหลีกเลี่ยงหรือจำกัดคือ ** อาหารและเครื่องดื่มที่มีแป้ง/น้ำตาลสูง ซึ่งส่งเสริมการเจริญเติบโตของแบคทีเรียที่ก่อให้เกิดฟันผุ และการอักเสบ รวมถึงอาหารที่ผสมสารต่างๆที่กล่าวมาก่อนหน้า** การรับประทานอาหารที่สมดุลและหลากหลายไม่เพียงแต่ส่งผลดีต่อสุขภาพช่องปากเท่านั้น แต่ยังช่วยส่งเสริมสุขภาพโดยรวมของร่างกายอีกด้วย หากยังต้องการใช้น้ำยาบ้วนปาก ควรพิจารณาใช้เฉพาะเมื่อจำเป็น ไม่ใช้เป็นประจำทุกวัน และอาจเลือกน้ำยาบ้วนปากที่ไม่มีแอลกอฮอล์ รวมถึงสารต่างๆอย่างที่กล่าวไปก่อนหน้า ในท้ายที่สุด การวิจัยนี้เน้นย้ำถึงความสำคัญของการไม่ยึดติดกับความเชื่อเดิมๆ โดยไม่พิจารณาหลักฐานใหม่ทางวิทยาศาสตร์ และวิธีการดูแลสุขภาพที่คำนึงถึงระบบนิเวศของจุลชีพมากขึ้น

@ 9edd72eb:cb697b0a

NBC reports that a suspicious person was received an hour before a gunman opened fire at former President Donald Trump, a senator said. U.S. officials learned of an alleged Iranian plot to kill Trump weeks before the attempted assassination in Butler, Pennsylvania, sources said, adding that nothing indicated the two were connected. The Department of Homeland Security said its inspector general would investigate the Secret Service's security operation at Saturday's rally. Secret Service Director Kimberly Cheatle said that "the buck stops with me" and that the assassination attempt Saturday "should have never happened." That is to say, there are all kinds of threats to Trump's security. But why isn't enough being done to protect it? When Trump wins the election, will the Secret Service really take care of his security? Or are you going to continue ignoring reports and threats to your life? Do some groups want him dead and don't even bother to hide it? That is to say, it is obvious that they want it, but are there no plans to stop an assassination that is announced without any shame? originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/612126

@ 000002de:c05780a7

Bitcoiners have been saying this for a while. The firearms community needs to adopt bitcoin before they have no other options. Few have headed this advice. I went to YouTube today a saw a video from a very popular firearms training channel called Hickok45. The released a video titled [Bad News - YouTube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-KWxaOmVNBE) where they let their subscribers know about the uncertainty of their future due to YouTube's new policy banning firearms advertising. YouTube is of course within their rights to do this but that's not a solution to the problem. The problem goes deeper. Credit card processors and companies as well as banks have and could increase their censorship of firearms purchases. Bitcoin fixes this. As far as the video hosting problem there are other platforms that will likely open their doors to these trainers and educators but that isn't good enough. Nostr is new but I see it as the most hopeful solution coupled with bitcoin over lightning. Over the past week I've been experimenting with [satellite.earth](https://satellite.earth/) CDN file hosting service. I've been pretty impressed by it. Its very new but it seems like a real solution to the file hosting centralization problem for Nostr. I've tried in the past to make the case for bitcoin to gun owners and few seem to see the problem. I think this is largely due to their faulty belief in the state. There are some companies that have adopted bitcoin. The only one that I'm aware of is [Fenix Ammunition](https://fenixammo.com/). Anyone aware of others? originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/612067

@ 6bae33c8:607272e8

These are my very preliminary QB rankings, my only research being the [RotoWire depth charts](https://www.rotowire.com/football/nfl-depth-charts/) and player notes. **Tier 1** **Josh Allen, Jalen Hurts** I don’t know who Allen will throw to other than Dalton Kincaid, but he needs only 25-ish TD passes to be the QB1 if he stays healthy, given all the rushing numbers. Hurts is second only because he’s not as good in real life, and there’s some small risk of implosion, skills-wise. But 10-plus TDs on the ground creates its own tier. **Tier 2** **Patrick Mahomes, Anthony Richardson, Lamar Jackson** What’s odd about this tier is how different these players are. Mahomes, despite a poor 2023 regular season, gets in because he’s the GOAT, and Andy Reid is a arguably the greatest offensive coach of all time. Richardson could easily be the 1.1, but injury risk and lack of track record give him a much lower floor. Jackson doesn’t get the goal line looks that often, especially with Derrick Henry in tow, but obviously his running gives him a huge lift. **Tier 3** **CJ Stroud, Kyler Murray, Jordan Love, Dak Prescott** Stroud has a loaded receiving corps now with Stefon Diggs on the team, and he’d be my bet to lead the league in passing yards. But he doesn’t run much, and that caps his ceiling slightly. I almost put him in Tier 2 because you can make the case he’s basically Mahomes with 200 fewer rushing yards. Murray is another year off his ACL tear, runs a lot and gets Marvin Harrison. It’s still an open question whether he’s good, though. Love looks like a player, runs a little and has young, developing wideouts. Prescott is in a pass-heavy offense, has an elite WR1 and is the ultimate stat-padder which works in fantasy. (You could just push all four into Tier 2 and make it seven deep, as the cutoff is a bit arbitrary.) **Tier 4** **Joe Burrow, Justin Herbert, Brock Purdy, Kirk Cousins, Tua Tagovailoa, Jared Goff, Trevor Lawrence** This is the tier of the passing-only QBs with the exception of Herbert who can run, but might be hamstrung by a run-heavy offense, and Lawrence, who might not be good. I would gamble on Herbert’s athleticism and skills nonetheless if he falls into this tier. And Lawrence gets a much-needed rookie deep threat which could open things up. Burrow is Tier 3 if he would stay healthy, but he obviously carries more risk on that front, and I don’t think he’ll run much now. **Tier 5** **Deshaun Watson, Daniel Jones, Matthew Stafford, Aaron Rodgers, Caleb Williams, Sam Darnold, Jayden Daniels, Baker Mayfield, Geno Smith** Watson might be cooked, but there’s still upside if he can run like he used to. Jones has a big ceiling with his mobility and Malik Nabers on the team. Stafford has two top receivers and a great offensive coach. Rodgers is old, but he has weapons now, and Williams has a loaded receiving corps. People might laugh at Darnold in this tier, but he’s mobile and has Justin Jefferson, Jordan Addison and T.J. Hockenson. If he keeps the job (a big if), he has upside, which is what you want in this tier. Mayfield and Smith are solid and boring, which is also fine if you wait forever on QB. Daniels’ mobility puts him here instead of the scrub tier. **Tier 6 (Scrubs)** **Russell Wilson, Derek Carr, Will Levis, Drake Maye, Raiders QBs, Bo Nix** These are the scrubs. One or two might not turn out to be scrubs, but it’s hard to get excited about any of them. These rankings will change, but I like to get my preliminary ones down on paper before I get influenced by ADP and training camp hype.

@ 6bae33c8:607272e8

These are my very preliminary TE rankings, my only research being the [RotoWire depth charts](https://www.rotowire.com/football/nfl-depth-charts/) and player notes. **Tier 1 ** **Sam LaPorta** He gets his own tier because he’s the only TE for whom there are no red flags. Most TEs do very little as rookies, while LaPorta was a rare exception and should only get better. His competition for targets is perfect — a true No.1 receiver, a play-making field-stretcher and a speedy running back, i.e., defenses have to account for multiple threats, but it’s not too crowded for LaPorta to see 140-odd targets in Year 2. **Tier 2 ** **Mark Andrews, Dalton Kincaid, Evan Engram, Trey McBride, Travis Kelce, George Kittle ** Kelce is the fantasy GOAT, but he turns 35 in October, and age catches up to everyone eventually. Andrews gets hurt a lot, but he should still be Lamar Jackson’s favorite target when healthy. Kincaid might lead the Bills in targets, and in Year 2 could take the leap to TE1. But unlike LaPorta, he hasn’t quite done it yet. Engram caught 114 passes last year, and Calvin Ridley is gone, so I don’t see his role diminishing much. McBride is a rising star in a good situation with only Marvin Harrison, Jr. to compete with for targets. And Kittle is a star when healthy and could see more looks if Brandon Aiyuk is traded. **Tier 3** **T.J. Hockenson, Kyle Pitts, Jake Ferguson, David Njoku, Cole Kmet, Brock Bowers** There’s no doubt about Hockenson’s talent, but the downgrade to Sam Darnold or J.J. McCarthy could be steep. Pitts can *still* be the 1.1 with a competent quarterback, but at this point there’s *some* O.J. Howard risk (great athlete, average NFL player.) Ferguson is just in a great spot with the Cowboys and their thin group of pass catchers after CeeDee Lamb. Njoku looked like a guy who belonged in the first round seven years ago, and it’s not that unusual for TEs to take some time to peak. (Njoku took longer than most, but like Engram, some of that was probably due to poor QB play early on.) Kmet’s got a lot more competition for targets, but also a likely QB upgrade, and he’s still young and on the upswing. Bowers is a home run swing — he might do nothing as a rookie, but could also be the Raiders 1A to Davante Adams out of the gate. **Tier 4 ** **Dalton Schultz, Dallas Goedert, Pat Freiermuth, Jonnu Smith** If I were to get shut out from the top-three tiers, I’d be okay with any of these guys. Schultz will have a role in a top passing offense, even if it’s a secondary one. Goedert has never really put it together, but is still in a good spot in the Eagles top-heavy offense. Freiermuth is a good pass catcher and could see more opportunities with the trade of Diontae Johnson. Smith is a wild card. His floor is basically zero as he could be used to block, but his upside is Tier 2 if the Dolphins indeed make him the No. 3 option in their fast-paced offense. **Tier 5 (scrubs) ** **Hunter Henry, Chigoziem Okonkwo, Tyler Conklin, Mike Gesicki** You never know, one of them might bust out, and there are others not listed, but it would be hard to count on these guys. Gesicki intrigues me a bit since he used to be productive, and the Bengals are thin after their star receivers, but they never seem to use the TE much.

@ 5d4b6c8d:8a1c1ee3

*Yesterday's edition https://stacker.news/items/610267/r/Undisciplined* * * - ### July 17, 2023 📅 ---- ### 📝 `TOP POST` **[Five Economic Terms You Should Know When Learning About Bitcoin](https://stacker.news/items/210219/r/Undisciplined)**  *16.5k sats \ 19 comments \ @siggy47 \ ~bitcoin* ---- ### 💬 `TOP COMMENT` **https://stacker.news/items/210392/r/Undisciplined?commentId=210400** #### Excerpt > I'm not 100 percent sure this will interest you, but I stumbled upon this podcast episode yesterday. I am pretty ignorant about China, but this guest gave me an incredible lesson about Chinese culture and politics. Bitcoin is discussed, but there's s […] *571 sats \ 3 replies \ @siggy47* From **[Any research on "Bitcoin Culture" in China?](https://stacker.news/items/210392/r/Undisciplined)** by @nullcount in ~bitcoin ---- ### 🏆 `TOP STACKER` 2nd place **@nerd2ninja** (1st hiding, almost certainly @siggy47) *1038 stacked \ 3620 spent \ 0 posts \ 20 comments \ 0 referrals* ---- ### 🗺️ `TOP TERRITORY` **~bitcoin** > everything bitcoin related founded by @k00b on Tue May 02 2023 *39.4k stacked \ 0 revenue \ 49.5k spent \ 99 posts \ 308 comments* https://imgprxy.stacker.news/fsFoWlgwKYsk5mxx2ijgqU8fg04I_2zA_D28t_grR74/rs:fit:960:540/aHR0cHM6Ly9tLnN0YWNrZXIubmV3cy8yMzc5Ng ### July 17, 2022 📅 ---- ### 📝 `TOP POST` **[Ask SN: How to use Bitcoin if it gets banned](https://stacker.news/items/46266/r/Undisciplined)** #### Excerpt > How should somepony use Bitcoin if its gets entirely banned? Is LN practicable anymore then? i mean Smartphones and PC's would get hacked and Wallets drained (Canada)? *199 sats \ 31 comments \ @pony \ ~bitcoin* ---- ### 💬 `TOP COMMENT` **https://stacker.news/items/46223/r/Undisciplined?commentId=46329** #### Excerpt > My paper got accepted for a conference! *362 sats \ 1 reply \ @random_* From **[Daily discussion thread](https://stacker.news/items/46223/r/Undisciplined)** by @saloon in ~null ---- ### 🏆 `TOP STACKER` 1st place **@k00b** *15.5k stacked \ 15.1k spent \ 0 posts \ 9 comments \ 0 referrals* ---- ### 🗺️ `TOP TERRITORY` **~bitcoin** > everything bitcoin related founded by @k00b on Tue May 02 2023 *20.4k stacked \ 0 revenue \ 29k spent \ 66 posts \ 233 comments* https://imgprxy.stacker.news/fsFoWlgwKYsk5mxx2ijgqU8fg04I_2zA_D28t_grR74/rs:fit:960:540/aHR0cHM6Ly9tLnN0YWNrZXIubmV3cy8yMzc5Ng ### July 17, 2021 📅 ---- ### 📝 `TOP POST` **[How the U.S. became the world's new bitcoin mining hub](https://stacker.news/items/381/r/Undisciplined)** Link to https://www.cnbc.com/2021/07/17/bitcoin-miners-moving-to-us-carbon-footprint.html *4 sats \ 2 comments \ @shawnyeager \ ~bitcoin* ---- ### 💬 `TOP COMMENT` **https://stacker.news/items/373/r/Undisciplined?commentId=375** #### Excerpt > The main point: you commit outbound liquidity and you get inbound liquidity from someone in your ring. It's a nice hack on liquidity trying to solve the same problem dual-funded channels or Pool solves. *1 sat \ 1 reply \ @sha256* From **[lightning liquidity via a ring of fire introduction service](https://stacker.news/items/373/r/Undisciplined)** by @el_zonte in ~bitcoin ---- ### 🏆 `TOP STACKER` No top stacker ---- ### 🗺️ `TOP TERRITORY` **~bitcoin** > everything bitcoin related founded by @k00b on Tue May 02 2023 *12 stacked \ 0 revenue \ 31 spent \ 4 posts \ 7 comments* originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/611566

@ f954303f:6e1b0af5

**阿巴拉契亚的话题最近很火 我也来谈谈我在那里的四年生活**  (https://www.reddit.com/r/China_irl/comments/1e50743/阿巴拉契亚的话题最近很火_我也来谈谈我在那里的四年生活/) 如题。楼主15岁时来美国读高中，我的学校就位于阿巴拉契亚山脉，号称Allegheny山脉以西最古老的预科学校，也是州内最好的私立高中，学校甚至还有专门的校车路线每天单程四十分钟跨州去接其他城市的day student。如果去看Niche或者reddit上的评价，当地人都会说academically challenging并且升学很好。具体情况暂不表。本文不提美国高中比较普遍的文化问题，皆在作为一个outsider观察所谓rust belt区居民的精神与生活状态。 刚来读书的时候学校所在城市人口还能排到州内第三，刚刚去查已经第四了 (https://preview.redd.it/qdfq6iflgxcd1.png?width=380&format=png&auto=webp&s=6e06e8545b71eed4cfe38faaef6b7145feb3d20e) 学校所在的城市曾是19世纪末美国人均最有钱的城市，但现在去downtown却只能看到一两百年前留下来的各式各样的厂房废墟。由于煤炭和重工业的衰退，城市的就业在各类服务业中达成了一个奇妙的平衡：教育和健康占比gdp 19%，政府15%，贸易交通和公用事业21%，休闲娱乐12%。其实也是国内资源枯竭型城市的一个future outlook了。如此的数据也导致pandemic期间城市内失业率达到了将近16%，而现在最新数据只有3.7%。 23年十月的最新downtown街景，得益于拜登的Building a better America grant，在修路 (https://preview.redd.it/wnu9molznxcd1.png?width=1196&format=png&auto=webp&s=2e2196580945ff8549bf9e2f6bcd8d33d9be2eb9) 废弃工厂 (https://preview.redd.it/o44t4hl7nxcd1.png?width=2544&format=png&auto=webp&s=8c801c1cb7d47613300b28387f2c2c884b1bdeff) 回到学校内，因为学校白人比例过高，作为一个私立学校，即使当地人实际完全不在乎，但学校多年来一直维持一位黑人老师的传统。同理，学校会付全奖给巴哈马国际学生请他们来上学，我们中国学生戏称进口黑人。当然，这一切的一切都只是表面功夫。没有人真正在乎diversity，也没有人在乎自己bubble之外的世界。即使学生的家长们人均会计师律师医生，甚至我的某位当地同学会开着当时最新款的s500来上学，同学们的活动范围依旧局限于tri-state area：度假去virginia beach，购物就近解决。即使每年走读学费要两万美元，依旧只有寥寥几人去过DC纽约，更别提什么加州欧洲甚至更远的地方了。 这些所谓中上层阶级的阿巴拉契亚居民怀揣着他们american small town centric的生活方式，那就更不用提J.D. Vance等种种没有特权的当地白人了。无知，迷茫和傲慢是当地特产，于是在学校被问中国有没有DQ是日常，在超市里被人说you are in america so speak english 更是日常。那种红脖式的传统教育更是在21世纪显得匪夷所思：boarding director会无视欧洲学生吸大麻但按着没要permission出门钓鱼的中国学生的头往墙上砸并让他们go back to China，学生早上迟到会被强迫把学校垃圾桶搬到校后河边倒进河里，目的是被河对岸超市顾客怒骂以“长记性”。 作为曾经的军校，为延续传统，每届freshman感恩节之前一周会被送到一个手机信号只有一格的户外中心做团建，爬树，攀岩，在山里负重徒步，坐在落叶堆上写日记，如此等等。当然，手机每天是要被收走的，每两天固定时间可以去食堂旁边用十五分钟跟家里发条消息。16年11月川普当选时，我们学生们围在common room的那台radio旁边，在这样的播音效果 (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kkc5ApocI7Q&ab_channel=Serj)里等来了川普当选的消息。我无法形容当地学生听到消息开始欢呼跳舞的情形，甚至到了晚上洗澡时间可以看到橄榄球队alpha male们裹着浴巾在洗澡堂chest bump。唯有年级唯二的其中一个小黑（因为和我一样不受“主流学生”待见，给了我nword pass）独自黯然神伤。 在Junior year的Human Geo课上, 我们有机会和本州senator视频连线。作为班里唯一的中国人，我被老师强行安排当演员，提问他对中国的看法，于是尴尬狼狈不堪的站在摄像头前被狠狠china bad了十分钟。其他一些Environmental Science 或是Contemporary Issues课上更是充斥着什么联合国要强迫美国人不喝牛奶并且限制美国人聚集区域等Conspiracy Theory。btw，这个老白男老师是UPENN Chemistry毕业，因为成绩太差最后去iowa读了phd来高中教书。 最后的Senior year，作为本州最好的高中，抛开中国学生不谈，一届四五十个学生中，只有个位数当地学生真正意义上跨出了所谓的tri-state area，去的学校也更是USC或liberal arts这一类。剩下的大部分会继续留在小城里，在学校方圆几十英里内的几所大学或是去州立读一个学位。和J.D. Vance一样，我最好的当地白人朋友选择marine crop当兵，自此也就不再联系。当然，这位白人朋友也是校内被bully的对象之一，因为坊间传言他是被收养的俄罗斯弃婴。 至此，tldr，阿巴拉契亚区域的事实生活环境与国内的众多资源枯竭型城市类似，但多数居民依旧固步自封，怀揣着对生活变得日益艰难的不满，坚定的持有他们传统的教育和生活理念。与更普遍的传统美国小镇生活不一样的是，因为周边经济环境的持续衰退，这些阿巴拉契亚居民的生活实质上不可持续，面临死局。不过就像J.D. Vance一样，有能力并且真正有意愿跳出bubble打破幻想的，仅仅为极少数。 submitted by /u/Leading\_Software\_163 (https://www.reddit.com/user/Leading_Software_163) \[link\] (https://www.reddit.com/r/China_irl/comments/1e50743/阿巴拉契亚的话题最近很火_我也来谈谈我在那里的四年生活/)\[comments\] (https://www.reddit.com/r/China_irl/comments/1e50743/阿巴拉契亚的话题最近很火_我也来谈谈我在那里的四年生活/) #China_irl https://www.reddit.com/r/China_irl/comments/1e50743/阿巴拉契亚的话题最近很火_我也来谈谈我在那里的四年生活/

@ b804f68e:2fb0fa1f

Here are 5 of mine: 1. Choosing not to complete a 4 year degree. 2. Choosing to start a serious relationship with my girlfriend. 3. Choosing to learn everything I could about Bitcoin and choosing to save in it. 4. Choosing to quit my job and go all in on getting the absolute most out of my athletic career. 5. Choosing to travel to Thailand. What are some of the most significant choices you made during your 20s? originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/610740

@ 5d4b6c8d:8a1c1ee3

*Yesterday's edition https://stacker.news/items/609082/r/Undisciplined* Don't miss @siggy47's [Golden Oldies](https://stacker.news/items/610202/r/Undisciplined), today. Financial housekeeping: I'm currently zapping the top posts and comments 42 sats each, while forwarding 10% to the top stackers, which tallies up to about 600 sats per post including the 202 for posting in ~meta. So far, This Day In has been roughly breaking even at those levels. If zaps increase on these posts, then I'll increase the amount going out to the OP's. * * - ### July 16, 2023 📅 ---- ### 📝 `TOP POST` **[What's wrong with you? ](https://stacker.news/items/209703/r/Undisciplined)** No additional context. Let us know in the comments. *1542 sats \ 63 comments \ @andrews \ ~meta* ---- ### 💬 `TOP COMMENT` **https://stacker.news/items/209703/r/Undisciplined?commentId=209797** #### Excerpt > Buried in grief from all the recent death in my life. *419 sats \ 7 replies \ @elvismercury* From **[What's wrong with you? ](https://stacker.news/items/209703/r/Undisciplined)** by @andrews in ~meta ---- ### 🏆 `TOP STACKER` 1st place **@k00b** *5035 stacked \ 5150 spent \ 1 post \ 15 comments \ 0 referrals* ---- ### 🗺️ `TOP TERRITORY` **~bitcoin** > everything bitcoin related founded by @k00b on Tue May 02 2023 *26.3k stacked \ 0 revenue \ 29.6k spent \ 70 posts \ 151 comments* https://imgprxy.stacker.news/fsFoWlgwKYsk5mxx2ijgqU8fg04I_2zA_D28t_grR74/rs:fit:960:540/aHR0cHM6Ly9tLnN0YWNrZXIubmV3cy8yMzc5Ng ### July 16, 2022 📅 ---- ### 📝 `TOP POST` **[My life should not revolve around Bitcoin](https://stacker.news/items/45962/r/Undisciplined)** #### Excerpt > I can't stop thinking about Bitcoin while it is made so that I shouldn't have to think about it anymore. I waste my time listening to Bitcoin podcasts and watch Bitcoin Youtube videos and procrastinate an a Bitcoin social media. Why is that? *1097 sats \ 51 comments \ @tomlaies \ ~bitcoin* ---- ### 💬 `TOP COMMENT` **https://stacker.news/items/45962/r/Undisciplined?commentId=46014** #### Excerpt > It becomes all encompassing. Listen to some music again. After about 6 months of non stop podcast when I went back to just listening to music in the car,it was glorious, like finding the music all over again. *430 sats \ 4 replies \ @falsefaucet* From **[My life should not revolve around Bitcoin](https://stacker.news/items/45962/r/Undisciplined)** by @tomlaies in ~bitcoin ---- ### 🏆 `TOP STACKER` 1st place **@k00b** *15.3k stacked \ 20.9k spent \ 2 posts \ 25 comments \ 0 referrals* ---- ### 🗺️ `TOP TERRITORY` **~bitcoin** > everything bitcoin related founded by @k00b on Tue May 02 2023 *27.3k stacked \ 0 revenue \ 29.6k spent \ 80 posts \ 203 comments* https://imgprxy.stacker.news/fsFoWlgwKYsk5mxx2ijgqU8fg04I_2zA_D28t_grR74/rs:fit:960:540/aHR0cHM6Ly9tLnN0YWNrZXIubmV3cy8yMzc5Ng ### July 16, 2021 📅 ---- ### 📝 `TOP POST` **[Jack Dorsey Announces New Square Division To Build DeFi on Bitcoin](https://stacker.news/items/357/r/Undisciplined)** Link to https://www.thestreet.com/crypto/bitcoin/jack-dorsey-announces-new-square-division-to-build-defi-on-bitcoin *5 sats \ 8 comments \ @shawnyeager \ ~bitcoin* ---- ### 💬 `TOP COMMENT` **https://stacker.news/items/349/r/Undisciplined?commentId=371** #### Excerpt > Adding a math plugin to my markdown editor is on my todo list ... so I can show rather than tell what the ranking algo is among other things. […] *10 sats \ 0 replies \ @k00b* From **[Frequently Asked Questions](https://stacker.news/items/349/r/Undisciplined)** by @sn in ~bitcoin ---- ### 🏆 `TOP STACKER` 1st place **@k00b** *14 stacked \ 30 spent \ 1 post \ 8 comments \ 0 referrals* ---- ### 🗺️ `TOP TERRITORY` **~bitcoin** > everything bitcoin related founded by @k00b on Tue May 02 2023 *39 stacked \ 0 revenue \ 84 spent \ 4 posts \ 15 comments* originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/610267

@ e968e50b:db2a803a

OK, I've digitized this [crossword puzzle](https://stackernewscrosswordpuzzle.vercel.app/) for easier game play. There's an [unclaimed bounty](https://stacker.news/items/605173) still out for the broader puzzle associated with this crossword. It should be easy to make more now. Sorry to the hardcore folks that actually printed out the physical version.  https://stackernewscrosswordpuzzle.vercel.app/ originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/609501

@ 124b23f2:02455947

Stacker.News if a website that may be familiar to most nostriches. But in case it is not, stacker.news is effectively a forum-style website that functions similar to reddit. But, with the very cool feature that sending sats works as the 'upvote' function. It's a great site, so check it out regardless of what I am about to break down. One of the great features of Stacker News is that you get a custodial lightning wallet with your account. This wallet comes with a lightning address as well. Now, this alone is not unique or entirely useful. What makes Stacker News stand out is the way you can configure this wallet to interact with your self-hosted lightning stack. Now, I'm not just talking about the power user that is running their own node (although they do have useful configuration for those users). But, the lighter users that may be using a mobile wallet, such as mutiny, zeus, blixt, phoenix can use Stacker News to improve their zap receiving game. Before I get into how, I want to highlight two great options to receive zaps via ln address if you are using a 'node in the phone solution.' The two options are zaplocker, provided as a solution for users of Zeus' embedded lightning node wallet, and lightning box, provided as a solution for users of the Blixt embedded lightning node wallet. Here is a summary of these two ln address solutions: - Zaplocker: Zaplocker is an ln address provided for Zeus embedded node users. The way zaplocker works is that the sats are held temporarily in Zeus' node (for up to 24 hours), and once you log into your Zeus app and access the embedded node, you can redeem the sats. This can be made easier by setting your Zeus app to automatically redeem and sats awaiting redemption upon logging in, and there is also a persistent mode that can help the app stay on in the background. If the app is on in the background and you have turned on the auto redemption feature, it will function more or less to automatically receive sats much like a custodial wallet or a node you are running on a server - Lightning Box: Lightning Box is an ln address provided for users of Blixt wallet. The way lightning box works is that, as long as you have a channel opened with the blixt wallet node and it has inbound liquidity, you can receive sats to the lightning box ln address. You have to set blixt wallet to persistent mode as part of using lightning box, which makes it more likely that your app will be running in the background and will successfully facilitate receipt of sats sent to the lightning box ln address. Unlike zaplocker, there is no 24 hour redemption time ; if your blixt wallet is not running in the background when the send is attempted, you will not receive the sats. So, these both sound like great solutions and a pleb need not do anything else, right ? Wrong. Both are not perfect solutions, with the main issue being that even with persistent app settings, the apps will inevitably close because phones seem to do that for one unknown reason or another. Or a connection will be lost, and your app will not be running to receive the sats. Or if you want t run the apps over tor, your very likely to have a connection inturrupted. Now, with zeus you still have 24 hours to open it up, sync up your node and receive but we want to up our game so that a user does not have a chance to lose zaps. Enter Stacker News. By Creating a stacker news account (you can even do so with using your blixt or zeus wallet to log in and create your account!), you now have an ln address you can use in place of your zaplocker or lightning box address. Use that stacker news address for receiving zaps on your nostr account. In your stacker news account, go to the wallet link, and click 'Attach Wallets'. Next, click 'configure' under the ln address option. Input your zaplocker or lightning box address. If you want, you can configure stacker news to withdraw automatically by setting the 'desired balance' to 0 sats. There will be a moment of custody, but it is a few seconds in my experience. So, what have we just done and what's the improvement? Well, zaps you receive are going to be received to your stacker news ln address now. The improvement is that the stacker news node is on all the time, and you do not risk missing payments much like one can expect from say a Wallet of Satoshi ln address. With the configuration we made, the stacker news wallet is going to automatically withdraw sats received to your custody in your zaplocker or lightning box. For example: In the event that you are asleep, and your zeus or blixt wallet is not online for hours while nostriches across the globe are zapping the crap out of your viral post, your sats are sitting comftorably in your stacker news wallet. You will fire up your Zeus or Blixt app, and proceed to watch the sats flow into your custody from your stacker news wallet. The result of this setup is a pleb who is not running an 'on all the time' node can experience a comparable receiving experience with minimal custodial exposure. I encourage any pleb, especially those using zaplocker due to the potential harm it can cause to the lightning network, to consider this setup. Let me know what your experience is or, for users already leveraging the Stacker News ln address, I'd be curious to hear about your configuration. Thanks for reading, hopefully someone finds this article helpful! #bitcoin #lightning #zeus #blixt originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/609313

@ b2caa9b3:9eab0fb5

This post is about my experience switching from ChromeOS to Linux on a refurbished ThinkPad T470s.  ### Starting with a not-so-genuine Windows 10 I wasn't comfortable with the potentially hacked Windows 10 that came pre-installed on my ThinkPad, so I decided to replace it with Linux. My initial goal was to install Fedora, a distro I'd used happily since versions 2 or 3. Unfortunately, the installation failed due to a damaged image on a small USB stick. ### Ubuntu detour and Flatpak frustration With Fedora out of the picture for now, I opted for Ubuntu 22.04 LTS. While I liked Ubuntu overall, the outdated snap packages were a letdown. Installing Flatpak for more options resulted in a bunch of errors. ### Back to Fedora, finally! Determined to get Fedora running, I discovered the culprit behind the previous failed installation - a small and corrupted USB stick. With a bigger and healthy USB stick, Fedora 39 went in smoothly, followed by a successful upgrade to Fedora 40.  ### Why Fedora? Fedora has been my trusted Linux companion for years. I switched to Ubuntu around versions 13 or 14, mainly for Ubuntu One and Long Term Support (LTS), which unfortunately got discontinued later. After a life-changing event that required me to relearn basic skills (like walking, reading and writing), Linux felt overwhelming, so I opted for the simplicity of Windows, but I wasn’t happy with it. Eventually, I found myself on a Chromebook for its lightweight and I thought travel-friendly nature. ### Back on Linux with the ThinkPad Now, with the ThinkPad, I'm back in the Linux world. The age of the machine isn't an issue, but I do miss the Nautilus image manipulation plugins I used to have. If anyone knows the package names or a setup guide to enable image resizing via right-click, please share in the comments! ### Bonus: Desktop Environment Dilemma Is it worth installing KDE Plasma alongside Gnome to have a choice at login? Or is it too big of a package? Let me know your thoughts (Pro and Cons) in the comments! **P.S.** My foot is healing, and let's just say some travel food choices weren't the best! It happens when you're on the road full-time. **Images:** My current workspace and a screenshot of my Gnome desktop. ### Online [Profile Page](https://rubenstorm.de.cool/) | [Support Page](https://rubenstorm.12hp.de/) > Feel free to support me by sending some sats via the lightning network to rubenstorm@sats.mobi

@ 5d4b6c8d:8a1c1ee3

*Yesterday's edition https://stacker.news/items/608036/r/Undisciplined* * * - ### July 15, 2023 📅 ---- ### 📝 `TOP POST` **[We need to support Bitcoin merchants more! ✅️⚡️](https://stacker.news/items/209397/r/Undisciplined)** #### Excerpt > I recently went to the only Cafe around my city and area that accepts Bitcoin via LN. They happen to be a top end Cafe as well. Very good reputation and coffee. *1793 sats \ 65 comments \ @SatoshisSkeleton \ ~bitcoin* ---- ### 💬 `TOP COMMENT` **https://stacker.news/items/209305/r/Undisciplined?commentId=209306** #### Excerpt > Day 91 of snailposting everyday 'til BTC hits $100k. __@_'-' *103 sats \ 1 reply \ @orthwyrm* From **[Daily discussion thread](https://stacker.news/items/209305/r/Undisciplined)** by @saloon in ~null ---- ### 🏆 `TOP STACKER` 2nd place **@k00b** (1st hiding, presumed @siggy47) *6318 stacked \ 6902 spent \ 4 posts \ 4 comments \ 0 referrals* ---- ### 🗺️ `TOP TERRITORY` **~bitcoin** > everything bitcoin related founded by @k00b on Tue May 02 2023 *30.2k stacked \ 0 revenue \ 33.8k spent \ 51 posts \ 189 comments* https://imgprxy.stacker.news/fsFoWlgwKYsk5mxx2ijgqU8fg04I_2zA_D28t_grR74/rs:fit:960:540/aHR0cHM6Ly9tLnN0YWNrZXIubmV3cy8yMzc5Ng ### July 15, 2022 📅 ---- ### 📝 `TOP POST` **[Somebody is paying 25 sats for comments on SN](https://stacker.news/items/45541/r/Undisciplined)** #### Excerpt > The turks and bots are coming. https://microlancer.io/task/view/3873 *770 sats \ 30 comments \ @jeff \ ~meta* ---- ### 💬 `TOP COMMENT` **https://stacker.news/items/45557/r/Undisciplined?commentId=45692** #### Excerpt > ZFR is the best inbound to buy as a merchant/service, but ensure fees on other channels are high enough to prevent draining it. I do not recommend purchasing ZFR as a router, tho can make sense in a bootstrapping sense *248 sats \ 2 replies \ @LNAnon69420* From **[Best LN Liquidity Marketplaces](https://stacker.news/items/45557/r/Undisciplined)** by @kr in ~bitcoin ---- ### 🏆 `TOP STACKER` 1st place **@k00b** *29.5k stacked \ 21.6k spent \ 3 posts \ 16 comments \ 0 referrals* ---- ### 🗺️ `TOP TERRITORY` **~bitcoin** > everything bitcoin related founded by @k00b on Tue May 02 2023 *27.2k stacked \ 0 revenue \ 28.5k spent \ 84 posts \ 229 comments* https://imgprxy.stacker.news/fsFoWlgwKYsk5mxx2ijgqU8fg04I_2zA_D28t_grR74/rs:fit:960:540/aHR0cHM6Ly9tLnN0YWNrZXIubmV3cy8yMzc5Ng ### July 15, 2021 📅 ---- ### 📝 `TOP POST` **[Frequently Asked Questions](https://stacker.news/items/349/r/Undisciplined)** #### Excerpt > To quickly browse through this FAQ page, click the chapters icon in the top-right corner. This will let you scroll through all FAQ chapter titles or search for a particular topic within this page. *1021 sats \ 189 comments \ @sn \ ~bitcoin* ---- ### 💬 `TOP COMMENT` **https://stacker.news/items/300/r/Undisciplined?commentId=341** #### Excerpt > The [million dollar homepage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Million_Dollar_Homepage)? *1 sat \ 1 reply \ @hugomd* From **[Help a newb stack](https://stacker.news/items/300/r/Undisciplined)** by @qecez in ~bitcoin ---- ### 🏆 `TOP STACKER` 1st place **@spain** *4 stacked \ 25 spent \ 1 post \ 4 comments \ 0 referrals* ---- ### 🗺️ `TOP TERRITORY` **~bitcoin** > everything bitcoin related founded by @k00b on Tue May 02 2023 *22 stacked \ 0 revenue \ 65 spent \ 7 posts \ 12 comments* originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/609082

@ 1ec45473:d38df139

### The probability of AGI ending us is negative. A common tactic among doomers is to state something along the lines of the following: "If we create AGI, there is some non-zero chance every year, that the AGI will end humanity. Whatever that chance is compounds every year, and is thus unacceptable." The question I would ask the doomer is **"How do you know that the chance of AGI ending humanity isn't negative?"** What does it mean for AGI to have a negative chance of ending humanity? Setting aside AGI for a moment, what is the chance every year that humanity ends from other events, such as nuclear war, solar flares, super-volcanoes, asteroid hits, societal collapse, etc? How do you even answer this question in a reasonable manner? Well lets look at past data. Of all species that have existed 99% have gone extinct. Of our closest 7 relatives from the genus Homo, 100% have gone extinct. On a higher level looking at civilizational collapse. According to Wikipedia, [virtually all](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societal_collapse) historical societies have collapsed. Looking out into the universe, we see no signs of life elsewhere, so if there was life in the past we can assume that they have gone extinct. It would therefore be reasonable to say that the chance of our extinction is very high even without AGI, well above 90%. Maybe 99%. You could argue the numbers but at least with these numbers we are using some past data to extrapolate the future, where the doomers are using no data whatsoever to support their numbers. We can also state, that of all the species and societies that have collapsed in the past, they have done so because they did not yet have the knowledge on how to survive. They didn't know how to create antibiotics, or generate enough energy, or defend themselves from the environment. What is AGI? AGI is a way to create knowledge. Most all societies in the past have collapsed because they didn't have the knowledge on how to survive, and the doomer argument is that we should slow down our ability to create knowledge, when we know that this has been precisely the problem in the past. It is a certainty we will all die without more knowledge then we have now. The future death of our sun ensures that. We have to create the knowledge on how to survive, and that is what AGI does - it creates knowledge. AGI most certainly has a negative probability of ending humanity.

@ 1aa437b3:51119dbd

I will confess, I went the pirate way with Jellyfinn and Plex and quickly got a letter from my ISP that I was naughty. So if I am going to do this legit, what is the best service? I do have a bunch of stuff on Amazon, and I trust they will stick around, but my god there is no rhyme or reason to organization. Apple... well it's Apple. And of course Google Play/Youtube.. and I don't know what others are out there.. but share what you use and why.. thanks, cheers! originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/608576

@ 9ca0bd74:4052340b

# **Step 1:** find the RSS feeds you want to follow (Right click on the website's page, and choose Page Source. In the new window that appears, use the “find” feature and search 'rss') some websites will have a standard format eg. substack add '/feed' at the end of the URL. You can even have RSS feeds of YouTube channels;) # **Step 2:** Go to https://atomstr.data.haus/ Add at least one of the following relays to your nostr account to read the feeds: wss://nostr.data.haus wss://relayable.org wss://relay.highlighter.com # **Step 3:** add your RSS feed URLs to atomstr (you can also 'find' existing feeds people have already added to atmostr) # **Step 4:** open the link to the generated RSS nostr accounts in Nostrudel and Follow # **Step 5:** Clicking on Follow in Nostrudel also brings up Lists you have created to sort your RSS feeds  or select New List to make a ..new list # **DONE** (these lists will also show up on other clients that support Lists eg Amethyst where it will show up on homescreen clicking on All Follows dropdown)

@ c11cf5f8:4928464d

I've been meditating for years and I think am out of sync with my body 😅 need to move more! Any valid suggestion will be highly zapped ⚡️ 🧡 originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/608508

@ c5f77418:90f86d12

U(zla)/acc is obfuscation as defence against Panoptic-Technocapital. Attention-hacking is the name of the game. Cyberspace is a battle for attention using Anti-Ghazalian spiritual hermeneutics to attack the lower self using the promises of comfort, convenience and familiarity. All that the masters of the past had warned against have been institutionalised and baked into the largest platforms billions enter into unwittingly. This genie of spiritual decay has been loose not recently, but for decades, whatever chance of resisting it, brute-forcing it into a marginalised hobby has long since departed. This circus, this asylum metastasizing through cyberspace is deployed as a weapon of mass distraction often by highly professional and dedicated large nation-state actors to achieve strategic ends. All the while, a higher network of surveillance watches unerringly which way the data, the spice flows. Which way does it bend, twist and strike. Attention-hacking is an exercise in surveillance and behavioural engineering. Engineering behaviour is not possible without data, without wilful and deeply invested participation on the part of subjects, without the time that is sunk into the whole process by enthusiastic partisans of cyber-asylums. Panoptic-Technocapital is a more grounded and sober understanding of how technocapital operates - it understands that mundane but layered networks of bureucracy, technocratic agencies and the great post 9/11 intelligence empires in the shadows have just as much of a hand in building the Machine God as hyper-financialization and semiconductor manufacturing. It is also intimately and closely tied, the origins of much of what we take for granted in our civilian architecture of cyberspace has roots in the militarism of 20th century meatspace geopolitical intrigue. The Cypherpunks romanticised in part the creation of Cyber as an antithesis to meatspace not fully owing confronting its debts to the escalating and accelerating dynamics of intra-spook competition between the great metallic and clanking industrialised empires of the last century. Liberalism in its intellectual genesis owed much to philosophers and men who were steeped in an entirely different moral code and spiritual psychology centuries ago now. The deism of early liberal theorists would in today wastelands, would likely resemble deep organic faith - time has snapped and wrought all our assumptions about the type of religious sentiments underlying early and proto-liberal thinking. Liberalism is nothing really but an extension of Christian heresies in response to unending sectarian conflict. Today, however to call what we are experiencing as that same "liberalism" is foolishness. Today, what we refer to as "liberalism" is just an aesthetic wrapper, a charade, a shared delusion spread amongst the masses to hide something colder. A vast network of State-backed agencies, affiliated organisations in finance and pharmaceutical research, healthcare, commerce intimately tied with intelligence agencies that have formed an ossified, largely uncontested and reasonably stable layer of Administration that keeps marching along no matter who or which party is in charge. U(zla)-acc is an acceptance of this process, it is an invitation to understand that we have bought our tickets and now must see where the train ends up, not much can be done to course-correct. We are heading towards Hyper-Intelligence with the promise that disease can be predicted and prevented but with the costs of precognitive criminalisation (precrime). Legible Hyper-Intelligence writ large by the State and its partners, subsidiaries and outsourced contractors means that the social contract is now just saying okay to the Terms & Conditions, the cookies you accept to sign up to the newest and most exciting OpenAI or Google app. Soon it will be downloading a national ID app with access to banking services, where you file your taxes, download your healthcare records, sell your house, buy your car in exchange for surrendering your face, irises and fingerprints, whilst granting said app complete and total intimacy about what you do and where you go.

@ 5d4b6c8d:8a1c1ee3

*Yesterday's edition https://stacker.news/items/607040/r/Undisciplined* Happy July 14th, everyone. America narrowly averted a civil war last night and I'm pretty happy about that. I was impressed by how well Stacker News covered the biggest breaking news event of the site's existence. People were pulling together lots of sources and offering generally measured thoughts. * * - ### July 14, 2023 📅 ---- ### 📝 `TOP POST` **[Common psychological biases that bitcoiners have](https://stacker.news/items/209008/r/Undisciplined)** #### Excerpt > One of the primary reasons I got involved with markets is my interest in psychology. Humans are a fickle bunch, and it's fascinating to observe the human condition in such a clear, mathematical way. *3217 sats \ 11 comments \ @birdeye21 \ ~bitcoin* ---- ### 💬 `TOP COMMENT` **https://stacker.news/items/208075/r/Undisciplined?commentId=208936** #### Excerpt > I get your point, but this seems to me one of the (rare) differences where "technically possible but empirically infeasible" vs "technically impossible" matters a lot. *1128 sats \ 3 replies \ @elvismercury* From **[Portable experiences](https://stacker.news/items/208075/r/Undisciplined)** by @k00b in ~nostr ---- ### 🏆 `TOP STACKER` 2nd place **@k00b** (1st hiding, presumed @siggy47) *7947 stacked \ 10.5k spent \ 3 posts \ 12 comments \ 0 referrals* ---- ### 🗺️ `TOP TERRITORY` **~bitcoin** > everything bitcoin related founded by @k00b on Tue May 02 2023 *37.3k stacked \ 0 revenue \ 51.8k spent \ 95 posts \ 214 comments* https://imgprxy.stacker.news/fsFoWlgwKYsk5mxx2ijgqU8fg04I_2zA_D28t_grR74/rs:fit:960:540/aHR0cHM6Ly9tLnN0YWNrZXIubmV3cy8yMzc5Ng ### July 14, 2022 📅 ---- ### 📝 `TOP POST` **[Pine – A bitcoin wallet w/ a messenger-like UI || A BTC Wallet UX for the masses](https://stacker.news/items/45280/r/Undisciplined)** Link to https://pine.pm/ *509 sats \ 15 comments \ @Spartan \ ~bitcoin* ---- ### 💬 `TOP COMMENT` **https://stacker.news/items/44747/r/Undisciplined?commentId=45060** #### Excerpt > The user @darthcoin has way to many guides from wich you can learn a lot IMO, he is active here to most of the time, though I dont know if I've @ him correctly. *300 sats \ 4 replies \ @bangbang_u_r_done* From **[Any Good Routing Node Strategies?](https://stacker.news/items/44747/r/Undisciplined)** by @andyleroy in ~bitcoin ---- ### 🏆 `TOP STACKER` 1st place **@nerd2ninja** *544 stacked \ 1765 spent \ 3 posts \ 17 comments \ 0 referrals* ---- ### 🗺️ `TOP TERRITORY` **~bitcoin** > everything bitcoin related founded by @k00b on Tue May 02 2023 *14.6k stacked \ 0 revenue \ 31.6k spent \ 133 posts \ 261 comments* https://imgprxy.stacker.news/fsFoWlgwKYsk5mxx2ijgqU8fg04I_2zA_D28t_grR74/rs:fit:960:540/aHR0cHM6Ly9tLnN0YWNrZXIubmV3cy8yMzc5Ng ### July 14, 2021 📅 ---- ### 📝 `TOP POST` **[How Bitcoin And Green Energy Can Save Ethiopia’s Economy](https://stacker.news/items/320/r/Undisciplined)** Link to https://stacker.news/items/320/r/Undisciplined *2 sats \ 1 comment \ @0268486dc4 \ ~bitcoin* ---- ### 💬 `TOP COMMENT` **https://stacker.news/items/332/r/Undisciplined?commentId=333** #### Excerpt > From the [Twitter announcement](https://twitter.com/diopfode/status/1415398849670168578) > Students will learn how to build #Bitcoin applications from the ground up using the Rust programming language. […] *18 sats \ 0 replies \ @sha256* From **[Fodé Diop Launches a Bitcoin Academy](https://stacker.news/items/332/r/Undisciplined)** by @sha256 in ~bitcoin ---- ### 🏆 `TOP STACKER` 1st place **@sha256** *4 stacked \ 5 spent \ 2 posts \ 1 comment \ 0 referrals* ---- ### 🗺️ `TOP TERRITORY` **~bitcoin** > everything bitcoin related founded by @k00b on Tue May 02 2023 *10 stacked \ 0 revenue \ 47 spent \ 9 posts \ 8 comments* originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/608036

@ b2caa9b3:9eab0fb5

The African sun is warming things up here at Kilimanjaro, but there's still a crispness in the morning air. My fleece jacket came in handy after a refreshing shower! I started my day with a perfect combo: coffee and breakfast on the rooftop, with a stunning view as my backdrop.  Speaking of tech, today was dedicated to getting my workspace set up. First on the agenda: Thunderbird, my trusty email client from my Linux days. It took a few hours to wrangle everything, especially the S/MIME encryption. Feeling a bit lost in the weeds, I decided to switch gears and embrace OpenPGP for end-to-end encryption – a simpler solution in my opinion. Just as I finished conquering Thunderbird, Kilimanjaro itself decided to make an appearance! The clouds parted to reveal the majestic peak, and I couldn't resist capturing the moment with a couple of photos. Today's another day with no set plans, just taking things minute by minute. Soaking up the beautiful scenery, the cool mornings, and the positive vibes. As soon as my foot heals, I'll be out exploring the town, snapping photos, and enjoying a delicious coffee at a local cafe.  Speaking of exploring, the world of NFTs has piqued my interest. I have a few on Opensea and WAX Blockchain, but I'm curious – where else are people showcasing their digital art? Let me know in the comments where you buy and sell your NFTs, or if they're just patiently waiting for a better future. I'd love to hear your NFT stories!  Life has a way of taking us on unexpected journeys. So, here's to embracing the unexpected, making the most of each situation, and maybe even finding a small online job to boost my budget. Wishing you all a wonderful day – and remember, don't stress yourself!  ### **Online** [Profile Page](https://rubenstorm.de.cool/) | [Support Page](https://rubenstorm.12hp.de/) > Feel free to support me by sending some sats via the lightning network to rubenstorm@sats.mobi

@ e97aaffa:2ebd765d

Estamos numa época tão estranha da humanidade… Onde alguns querem reescrever a história, em vez de aprender e evoluir com a mesma. São com os erros que se cresce. Onde o termo fascista é sinónimo de alguém com uma opinião diferente da sua, sem minimamente saber o real significado dessa palavra. Onde defendem uma liberdade, que proíba o contraditório. Onde não se discutem ideias, mas sim combatem ideias. Onde o ambientalmente sustentável é substituir árvores e zonas verdes por estruturas em aço e zonas negras. Onde os políticos constroem casas ou cidades, literalmente, em cima dos rios mas depois a culpa das cheias é as alterações climáticas. Onde os alimentos tem menos importância que um peido de uma vaca. Onde pessoas defendem que a solução para o aquecimento, é morrer de frio. Onde a igualdade é favorecer um grupo, em detrimento de outro. Onde o essencial é viver para consumir, em vez de usufruir. Onde o importante é ser rico e ostentar essa mesma riqueza, mesmo que tenha de espezinhar outros para a conquistar. Onde o mais importante é parecer em vez de ser. Onde políticos defendem que o conhecimento pode levar a escolhas erradas, defendem o carneirismo. Onde um político define o que é verdade ou mentira, limitando o que as pessoas podem expressar. Mas quem controla o controlador. Onde os revisores da verdade deixaram de estar num gabinete, passando a ser um exército de jovens atrás de um teclado. Onde, são propostas e aprovadas limitações de liberdade, sem esclarecimento ou divulgação pública. Pior que a obscuridade, é desinteresse da comunidade por liberdade. Onde a censura é o novo normal, defender o contrário é que é censurável. Onde a imprensa é tão livre como uma pomba dentro de sua gaiola. Onde, quem comete o crime é protegido, quem o denúncia é perseguido. Onde o certo é pensar com a cabeça dos outros, sem questionar. Onde os pais delegaram o papel de educar às escolas e aos ecrãs azuis. Onde a escola deixou de ser um lugar de conhecimento e/ou do desenvolvimento do espírito crítico. Onde as crianças crescem doutrinados por políticos e por AI. Onde a sociedade é programada e com um destino predefinido, como um rato dentro da sua roda. Onde o maior erro, é pretender construir seres que não cometem erros, que não tenham vícios. Quando isso acontecer, deixamos de ser humanos. A imperfeição é a essência dos seres humanos, é o que nos difere das máquinas. Onde só se ensina a não cair, em vez de ajudar e incentivar a levantar. Onde se suspende a liberdade de circulação e os direitos mais básicos, sem ninguém questionar. Onde a privacidade é crime. Onde Satoshi é excomungado, mas Miguel Tiago é idoleterado. Onde a moeda é utilizado como uma arma. Onde uma guerra é digladiada entre zeros e uns, sem o comum mortal aperceber da sua existência. Onde crianças caem em campos de batalha, como folhas em pleno outono. Onde o direito ao Livre-arbítrio está sob ameaça.

@ 700c6cbf:a92816fd

... something else This is the final image. Or is it? Likely, it is not. I have already started on a *perfect* version of my ***Mother Earth ***painting. Of course, there is no such thing as a **perfect** painting. What I mean is that I already started on a vector version of Mother Earth. You're familiar with vector vs. pixel, right? But let's start at the beginning, not the end. This here is a pic from the sketching phase. I am not one who can just magically and with a few strokes produce an amazing sketch of something that resembles a human. There are artists out there that do this wonderfully. It's amazing but it is not me (unfortunately).  Here I am starting to color in the sketch with a watercolor brush. This is all done in Procreate App on an iPad Pro. The coloring is on a separate layer with the pencil sketch set to multiply to shine through the colors. That's why the pencil strokes now are black. I like that look.  And here, I am almost done. Just need to decide on the background color. And as you can see from the gif and video I didn't really decide. Though at the moment I am favoring that muted pinkish red - LOL  Which color is your favorite?   Here you can see the whole process in a timelapse. Above pictures were grabbed from it to detail the process a little. https://cdn.satellite.earth/05774dcaaf4679c34cbeb46cb43b4c4f85553a3d2b4850a7256d26a871b0c4f3.mp4 And that's it my Nostr friends for my first longform post in this community. I hope you enjoyed this post. Comments are encouraged an appreciated. Thank you. Cheers, OceanBee

@ 9edd72eb:cb697b0a

If one knows exactly what to do to alleviate one's pain, comfort oneself, and emerge more or less unscathed from Adversity, I think it can be said that one has reached a fairly high level of Wisdom in Life. originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/607422

@ 6f170f27:711e26dd

 > This century has known a stunning decrease in global income inequality, bringing it down to levels not seen in well over a century. That's the conclusion that Branko Milanovic, one of the world's foremost inequality researchers, comes to in an important essay for Foreign Affairs. https://www.axios.com/2024/07/11/world-income-inequality-ubs-wealth-report https://www.axios.com/2023/06/14/global-economic-inequality originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/607318

@ 5d4b6c8d:8a1c1ee3

*Yesterday's edition https://stacker.news/items/605773/r/Undisciplined* We have a confessional from a professional shitcoiner, today. That's fun. * * - ### July 13, 2023 📅 ---- ### 📝 `TOP POST` **[Validating Lightning Signer - AMA](https://stacker.news/items/208430/r/Undisciplined)** #### Excerpt > VLS is a nifty piece of software that helps boost the security of the Bitcoin Lightning Network. 🛡️ *11k sats \ 33 comments \ @devrandom \ ~bitcoin* ---- ### 💬 `TOP COMMENT` **https://stacker.news/items/208442/r/Undisciplined?commentId=208454** #### Excerpt > Ever bought a computer or cell phone? Why? Why not wait until your money is worth more later compared to the price of that cell phone? *1441 sats \ 7 replies \ @02674f045a* From **[Opinion: Why BTC can't become the reserve currency](https://stacker.news/items/208442/r/Undisciplined)** by @0xBTC in ~bitcoin ---- ### 🏆 `TOP STACKER` 1st place **@k00b** *5838 stacked \ 7855 spent \ 3 posts \ 19 comments \ 0 referrals* ---- ### 🗺️ `TOP TERRITORY` **~bitcoin** > everything bitcoin related founded by @k00b on Tue May 02 2023 *27k stacked \ 0 revenue \ 40.6k spent \ 108 posts \ 281 comments* https://imgprxy.stacker.news/fsFoWlgwKYsk5mxx2ijgqU8fg04I_2zA_D28t_grR74/rs:fit:960:540/aHR0cHM6Ly9tLnN0YWNrZXIubmV3cy8yMzc5Ng ### July 13, 2022 📅 ---- ### 📝 `TOP POST` **[Any Good Routing Node Strategies?](https://stacker.news/items/44747/r/Undisciplined)** #### Excerpt > **For people who have/are running nodes, are there any strategies that have been most effective for you for earning routing fees?** From my very limited routing experience so far it seems there are a few main questions: *1232 sats \ 33 comments \ @andyleroy \ ~bitcoin* ---- ### 💬 `TOP COMMENT` **https://stacker.news/items/44747/r/Undisciplined?commentId=44755** #### Excerpt > Obligatory not a node routing expert, but this guy is a good follow: https://mobile.twitter.com/cold_sats *276 sats \ 1 reply \ @Cornleone* From **[Any Good Routing Node Strategies?](https://stacker.news/items/44747/r/Undisciplined)** by @andyleroy in ~bitcoin ---- ### 🏆 `TOP STACKER` 1st place **@k00b** *37.3k stacked \ 15.2k spent \ 1 post \ 29 comments \ 0 referrals* ---- ### 🗺️ `TOP TERRITORY` **~bitcoin** > everything bitcoin related founded by @k00b on Tue May 02 2023 *27.4k stacked \ 0 revenue \ 34.7k spent \ 117 posts \ 279 comments* https://imgprxy.stacker.news/fsFoWlgwKYsk5mxx2ijgqU8fg04I_2zA_D28t_grR74/rs:fit:960:540/aHR0cHM6Ly9tLnN0YWNrZXIubmV3cy8yMzc5Ng ### July 13, 2021 📅 ---- ### 📝 `TOP POST` **[I joined a shitcoin project full time couple of months ago](https://stacker.news/items/306/r/Undisciplined)** #### Excerpt > I though it would be exciting and fun. But I think I'm wasting my time. *3 sats \ 9 comments \ @03785de7ab \ ~bitcoin* ---- ### 💬 `TOP COMMENT` **https://stacker.news/items/306/r/Undisciplined?commentId=316** #### Excerpt > There are many companies working with Bitcoin but it's not their main focus. I did implement Bitgo sevices for one e-wallet provider but that was it. What I'm looking for is a project which build useful things for user with current Bitcoin features, […] *2 sats \ 1 reply \ @03785de7ab* From **[I joined a shitcoin project full time couple of months ago](https://stacker.news/items/306/r/Undisciplined)** by @03785de7ab in ~bitcoin ---- ### 🏆 `TOP STACKER` No top stacker ---- ### 🗺️ `TOP TERRITORY` **~bitcoin** > everything bitcoin related founded by @k00b on Tue May 02 2023 *37 stacked \ 0 revenue \ 60 spent \ 6 posts \ 10 comments* originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/607040

@ b2caa9b3:9eab0fb5

I woke up in my dorm this morning to the sound of rain – a rarity in Africa, but a common occurrence here around Mount Kilimanjaro. The climate is much like a European summer, with comfortable temperatures ranging from 18 to 30 degrees Celsius. Unlike the rest of Africa, this region receives more rainfall, creating a lush and scenic environment.  After a quick shower, I stepped out onto the balcony to find myself greeted by a chilly rain. Not ideal weather for exploring, but it did present a different perspective of the majestic Kilimanjaro. The mountain, often shrouded in clouds, occasionally peeks through, and on a clear day, might even be bathed in sunshine. From this vantage point, it's hard to imagine the countless hikers making their way up its slopes. Did you know that Kilimanjaro, Africa's tallest mountain and a dormant volcano, once held a unique title? Back in 1910, during the German Empire, it was considered the empire's highest peak. While Mount Everest holds the title of the world's highest mountain overall, Kilimanjaro takes the crown for the tallest freestanding mountain – any higher peak is likely part of a mountain range or group. Gazing at Kilimanjaro, I'm struck by its history – a single, towering volcano, once a part of the German Empire. Traces of that era linger in Moshi, with some colonial-era buildings, some in disrepair, others beautifully restored. Arusha, another nearby town, boasts an impressive art gallery and a fascinating National Museum. This museum, housed in a former German fort, offers a glimpse into the past. One particularly intriguing resident is a giant tortoise, discovered by German colonists as a hatchling in Kilimanjaro National Park. This living relic has witnessed a century of change, a silent observer of a bygone era.  Today promises to be a relaxing one. I'll spend time soaking up the views from the rooftop, hoping to catch a glimpse of Kilimanjaro in all its glory. On a more practical note, I'm also on the hunt for a remote job to help with some financial constraints. Finding the right opportunity seems to be a bit more challenging than anticipated. As I wrap up this post, the weather has taken a turn for the better. The rain has stopped, the temperature has risen, and the sun is beginning to peek through the clouds. Here's to a wonderful day for everyone – enjoy yours! (P.S. Be sure to check out the photos – one captures Kilimanjaro from yesterday evening, the other is a picture of me with the giant tortoise from my previous trip here in December 2022). ### **Online** [Profile Page](https://rubenstorm.de.cool/) | [Support Page](https://rubenstorm.12hp.de/) > Feel free to support me by sending some sats via the lightning network to rubenstorm@sats.mobi

@ 1f9e547c:8af216ed

Opinion about Bitcoin Wallet Crypto Ethereum (android) <!--HEADER END--> ## For archival purposes ### Atomic Wallet suffers hack on June 2023 #### Sources **[Cointelegraph](https://cointelegraph.com/news/atomic-wallet-hack-statement-exploit-unanswered-questions)** > Atomic Wallet users have been left wanting more answers, despite the decentralized wallet provider finally releasing a full “event statement” about the June exploit — which some estimate has run up to $100 million in losses. > > In a June 20 blog post — the first major update from the firm since the June 3 exploit — Atomic Wallet claimed there have been no new confirmed cases after initial reports of the hack. **[Coindesk:](https://www.coindesk.com/consensus-magazine/2023/06/06/atomic-wallet-was-breached-by-north-korean-hackers-elliptic/)** **Atomic Wallet Was Breached by North Korean Hackers: Elliptic** > Atomic Wallet users might have fallen victim to Lazarus, the infamous North Korean hacking group, said blockchain intelligence firm Elliptic in a blog post on Tuesday. > > Early Saturday morning, the team behind Atomic, a non-custodial crypto wallet, announced that some users were compromised and lost the funds from their wallets. According to the company, the number of incidents did not exceed 1% of "monthly active users." The announcement followed multiple reports on Reddit from users complaining their wallets had been drained. <!--FOOTER START--> #WalletScrutiny #nostrOpinion [Join the conversation!](https://walletscrutiny.com/android/io.atomicwallet)

@ 502ab02a:a2860397

Anna Britt Agnsäter ผู้อุทิศชีวิตให้โภชนาการ แต่โดนโลกบูลลีเพราะอเมริกา? โลกรับรู้ว่า คุณ Anna Britt Agnsäter (ขอเรียกสั้นๆว่า ป้าแอน) เป็นผู้ที่นำเสนอ ปิรามิดอาหาร คนแรกของโลก และเป็นแบบจำลองที่ทาง USDA นำไปพัฒนาปรับใช้แล้วนำมาเป็น แบบที่ใช้สื่อสารกับคนทั้งโลก ในเรื่องของการกำหนด ประเภทอาหารที่ควรกิน ในช่วงปี 1992-2005 ซึ่งในบทความที่แล้วผมได้เขียนว่า ปิรามิดเวอร์ชั่นที่ป้าแอนคิด กับ ที่อเมริกาเอาไปปรับใช้เป็นคนละตัวกัน แต่โลกทั้งโลกก็บูลลีป้าเอนว่า เป็นสาเหตุของการทำลายสุขภาพคนทั้งโลก ทั้งๆที่ไม่ได้เป็นนักวิทยาศาสตร์ ผมก็เป็นคนนึงที่เคยคิดแบบนั้นครับ และเคยอุทานในใจเบาๆว่า แกเป็นใครนะทำไมถึงนำเสนออะไรแบบนี้มาทำร้ายคนทั้งโลก??? **นานวันเข้า ความคิดอีกฝั่งของผมก็บอกมาว่า ประโยคข้างบนเป็นคำบ่นหรือคำถาม** นั่นสิ!!!!! ถ้ามันเป็นคำถาม มันจะทำให้เราได้รู้จักตัวตนป้าแอนและเข้าใจว่าแกได้ทำอะไรลงไปนะ มันควรเป็นคำถามมากกว่าคำบ่น นั่นเลยเป็นเหตุผลที่ทำให้ผมเริ่มขุดเรื่องป้าแอน Anna Britt Agnsäter มากที่สุดเท่าที่จะทำได้ พร้อมที่จะอ่านกันแล้วใช่ไหมครับ Anna Britt Agnsäter เกิดเมื่อปี 1915 ที่เมือง Älmhult ประเทศสวีเดน (นอกเรื่องนิดนึง เมืองนี้คือเมืองที่ให้กำเนิด IKEA ที่เรารู้จักกันดีเรื่องเฟอร์นิเจอร์ ที่นี่มีพิพิธภัณฑ์อิเกีย ซึ่งปรับปรุงมาจากโกดังแห่งแรกของเขาด้วยครับ) เรียกได้ว่า เกิดในช่วงสงครามโลกครั้งที่1 พอดีเลยครับ ป้าแอน จบการศึกษาที่โรงเรียนสตรี ในเมือง Ystad ก่อนจะเข้ารับการฝึกสอนเพื่อเป็นครูสอนวิทยาศาสตร์ในครัวเรือน (rural domestic science teacher) ในช่วงปี 1930 ที่โรงเรียนวิทยาศาสตร์ในครัวเรือนในชนบทชื่อว่า Rimforsa ก่อนจะได้รับวุฒิการศึกษาการสอนวิทยาศาสตร์ในครัวเรือนในชนบทในปี 1939 จาก Kvinnliga medborgarskola (civic women’s school) จนกระทั่ง ปี 1943 ถึง 1945 เธอได้เดินทางไปทั่ว Norrland (พื้นที่ภาคเหนือของสวีเดน) โดยได้รับเงินสนับสนุนจาก Kooperativa Förbund (เรียกสั้นๆว่า KF หรือ สมาคมสหกรณ์ ก่อตั้งขึ้นในปี 1899 โดยสหกรณ์ผู้บริโภคในท้องถิ่น 41 แห่ง เป็นผู้นำด้านการค้าปลีกในสวีเดนโดยพัฒนารูปแบบร้านค้าใหม่และใหญ่ขึ้น และเป็นหนึ่งในกลุ่มธุรกิจหลักในสแกนดิเนเวีย ในสมัยนี้คำว่าสหกรณ์อาจจะดูเชยๆ แต่ต้องเข้าใจครับว่ายุคนั้นคือความก้าวหน้ามากๆ และต้องมีความรู้รอบด้านทั้งวิทยาศาสตร์ เศรษฐกิจ การเมือง) เพื่อบรรยายให้คนหนุ่มสาวและแม่บ้านฟังเกี่ยวกับวิธีรับมือกับเสบียงที่มีจำกัดในช่วงสงครามที่ตึงเครียด เนื่องจากอยู่ในภาวะสงครามโลกครั้งที่2  **ในปี 1946** ป้าแอนได้รับการแต่งตั้งเป็นหัวหน้าของSwedish Cooperative Union หรือ Kooperativa Förbundets (KF) Provkök (experimental kitchen หรือ ภาษาสมัยนี้น่าจะใกล้เคียงกับ kitchen lab นั่นเอง) ซึ่งเป็นองค์กรที่มีอิทธิพลทางด้านอาหารเป็นอย่างมากในสวีเดน มีบทบาทสำคัญในเศรษฐกิจและสังคมสวีเดน โดยสร้างโอกาสให้แก่สมาชิกและส่งเสริมการพัฒนาที่ยั่งยืนในชุมชนต่าง ๆ ทั่วประเทศ ป้าแอนทำงานที่นี่นานจนถึงช่วงปี 1980 ขนาดของ KF ก็ใหญ่โตขึ้นมากมาย จนขยายอำนาจและขอบเขตการทำงานไปถึงการเป็นคณะกรรมการทดสอบรสชาติซึ่งทดสอบอาหารกึ่งสำเร็จรูปและอาหารสำเร็จรูปใหม่ด้วย ในจุดนี้ ป้าแอน เล็งเห็นความสำคัญและความรับผิดชอบของผู้ผลิต/ผู้ค้าอาหาร ควรจะขยายความรับผิดชอบครอบคลุมไปจนถึงโต๊ะอาหาร (ในที่นี่น่าจะหมายถึงลูกค้า) นั่นคือเหตุผลที่การติดฉลากอาหารจึงมีความสำคัญมาก ป้าแอนได้มุ่งเน้นให้ความรู้กับผู้บริโภคว่า ‘Weigh up the price against the quality’ หรือ ให้ชั่งน้ำหนักพิจารณาให้ดี ระหว่างราคากับคุณภาพ ตลอดระยะเวลาการทำงาน Anna-Britt Agnsäter ได้รณรงค์เพื่อให้มีการแสดงข้อมูล ให้ผู้บริโภครับทราบ เพื่อคุณภาพชีวิตที่ดีขึ้นและได้ให้คำแนะนำด้านโภชนาการ เพื่อให้เข้าใจได้ง่ายขึ้น ในรูปแบบ**ฉลากโภชนาการ** **ในปี 1946** เช่นกันป้าแอนได้มีแผนในการทำ มีแผนที่จะผลิตหนังสือสอนทำอาหารสำหรับสถานการณ์ฉุกเฉิน เพราะบทเรียนในภาวะสงครามโลก ที่ป้าแอนผ่านมาตลอด แต่ไม่สามารถพิมพ์ออกมาได้เนื่องจากกระดาษขาดแคลนเนื่องจากอยู่ในภาวะหลังสงคราม **ในปี 1948-1949** ป้าแอนเดินทางไปอเมริกา เพื่อศึกษาเทคนิคการทำอาหารใหม่ๆ การผลิตภัณฑ์อาหารแช่แข็ง รวมถึงอาหารผงแห้งต่างๆ (dry powder) รวมไปถึงวิทยาศาสตร์การอาหาร (food science) ที่มหาวิทยาลัย Iowa State University การเดินทางมาอเมริกาครั้งนี้เปลี่ยนโลกของป้าแอนเป็นอย่างมาก ในตอนที่ป้าทำงานกับ KF เธอมักจะร่วมงานกับ Hemmens Forskningsinstitut (สถาบันวิจัยในประเทศ) เพื่อจัดหาเครื่องมือในครัวที่ยกระดับมาตรฐานการทำอาหารที่ดียิ่งขึ้น รวมถึงอุปกรณ์การครัว ภาชนะต่างๆที่เข้าเตาอบได้ และจากประสบการณ์ที่อเมริกานี้ ป้าแอนได้จับมือกับ โรงงานเครื่องเคลือบและพลาสติก Gustavsberg และ HFI Anna-Britt Agnsäter พัฒนาช้อนตวง ชุด4ชิ้น ที่วางซ้อนกันได้ ซึ่งเป็นการปฎิวัติวงการอาหารครั้งสำคัญของสวีเดน เรียกว่า **“ชุดช้อนตวงมาตรฐาน”** ซึ่งจะมีการระบุขนาดที่ชัดเจน 4 ชิ้น ประกอบไปด้วย  ซึ่งทำให้ผู้ใช้สามารถวัดปริมาณวัตถุดิบได้อย่างถูกต้องตามที่สูตรอาหารกำหนด กลายเป็นเครื่องมือที่จำเป็นในครัวเรือนและการประกอบอาหารในเชิงพาณิชย์ แม้การพัฒนา “ชุดช้อนตวงมาตรฐาน” นี้จะเริ่มต้นในสวีเดน แต่นวัตกรรมนี้มีผลกระทบที่กว้างขวางและแพร่หลายไปยังครัวเรือนและอุตสาหกรรมอาหารทั่วโลกจนถึงปัจจุบัน   ในชุดช้อนตวงมาตรฐาน original 4 คุณอาจสังเกตคำนึงที่ไม่ค่อยคุ้นสักเท่าไรคือหน่วย **kryddmått** นอกจากชุดช้อนตวงมาตรฐานแล้ว ป้าแอนยังคิดค้นสิ่งต่างๆอีกมากมาย ให้กับวงการอาหารสวีเดน รวมถึงหน่วยวัดใหม่ที่เรียกว่า **kryddmått** นี้ด้วยครับ ซึ่งมันเป็นหน่วยวัดขนาดเล็กที่ใช้ในการตวงเครื่องเทศและวัตถุดิบปริมาณน้อย โดยหน่วยวัดนี้มีขนาด 1 มิลลิลิตร (ml)ซึ่งถูกกำหนดมาเป็นหน่วยที่เล็กที่สุดซึ่งทำให้มีการจดบันทึกสูตรได้แม่นยำยิ่งขึ้น นั่นเพราะว่า การตวงเครื่องเทศ หรือ เกลือ นั้นหากรสชาติที่เข้มข้น หรือมีการใช้มากเกินไปหรือไม่พออาจทำให้รสชาติของอาหารเปลี่ยนไป การใช้ kryddmått ช่วยให้การวัดปริมาณเครื่องเทศที่ใช้ในสูตรอาหารเป็นไปอย่างแม่นยำและสม่ำเสมอ  ถือว่าเป็นอีกผลงานคุโณปการที่ป้าแอน ฝากไว้ให้กับโลกนี้ มันมีส่วนสำคัญในการทำให้งานครัวเรือนง่ายขึ้นและมีประสิทธิภาพมากขึ้นผ่านการพัฒนาหน่วยวัดที่แม่นยำและสะดวกในการใช้งาน นวัตกรรมนี้ช่วยให้การทำอาหารเป็นไปอย่างราบรื่นและมีคุณภาพสูงยิ่งขึ้น  **ในปี 1951** ป้าแอนได้บูรณะหนังสือการทำอาหารประจำสวีเดนใหม่ทั้งหมด (Vår kokbok) จุดประสงค์ของตำราอาหาร Vår คือการนำเสนอตำราอาหารราคาต้นทุนวัตถุดิบไม่แพง ที่ให้ความรู้เรื่องสารอาหารและใช้งานง่าย นอกจากนี้ยังเป็นการวางวัตถุดิบให้ได้รับสารอาหารที่เพียงพออีกด้วย เพราะในยุคนั้นสวีเดนมีข้อจำกัดในเรื่องอาหารเป็นอย่างมาก เนื้อหาสูตรอาหารที่ใช้ในหนังสือเล่มนี้กลายเป็นบรรทัดฐานในช่วงทศวรรษ 1950 โดยมีการใช้หน่วยชั่งตวงแบบใหม่ ตามชุดช้อนตวงมาตรฐาน (ปริมาตร) จากของเดิมที่ใช้การชั่งน้ำหนัก ใช้ศัพท์ในการทำอาหารแบบเป็นสากล เช่น ขูด ปอกเปลือก ล้าง เป็นต้น (grate, peel, rinse) จัดอาร์ทเวิคให้แต่ละสูตร สามารถจบได้ในหน้าเดียวไม่ต้องพลิกอ่านหน้าต่อๆไป ทำให้สะดวกในการเปิดแล้วทำตาม การไล่ลำดับอาหาร เปลี่ยนจากการไล่ประเภทอาหาร ไปเป็นไล่ลำดับตามวัตถุดิบหลักของอาหาร ทำให้คนอ่านสามารถบริหารจัดการเมนูได้ง่าย เช่น ไก่ ก็สามารถไล่เรียงได้เลยว่า วันนี้มีไก่ จะทำอะไรกินดี นอกจากนี้ยังรับประกันว่าทุกสูตรสามารถทำได้จริง เพราะป้าแอนลงมือทดสอบสูตรด้วยตัวเองทุกสูตร นอกจากนี้ยังคงมีการแนะนำให้ใช้การวัดอุณหภูมิในการทำอาหารด้วยเพื่อความเป๊ะในรสชาติ เนื่องจากป้าแอนเห็นตอนไปดูงานที่อเมริกา จนถึงทุกวันนี้ Vår kokbok เป็นหนึ่งในตำราอาหารที่ขายมากที่สุดในโลกด้วยยอดขายมากกว่า 2.3 ล้านเล่มนับตั้งแต่เริ่มต้น โดยเฉลี่ยมากกว่า 40,000 เล่มต่อปี   ด้วยความที่ Kooperativa Förbundets เป็นองค์กรที่มีอิทธิพลสูงมากในวงการอาหารสวีเดน และคุณป้าแอน ก็มีตำแหน่งที่สูงมาก จึงสามารถเป็นผู้มีส่วนสนับสนุนรูปแบบซูเปอร์มาร์เก็ตสมัยใหม่ ในการใส่รายการส่วนผสมและคำแนะนำในการปรุงอาหารในรูปแบบ**ฉลากของผลิตภัณฑ์อาหารสมัยใหม่**  **จนกระทั่งในช่วงปี 1970** ประเทศสวีเดนต้องเผชิญกับปัญหาราคาอาหารที่สูงเนื่องจากเงินเฟ้อ รวมถึงสภาพอากาศของสวีเดนนั้น ไม่เอื้อต่อการได้รับสารอาหารที่หลากหลายได้ ครอบครัวที่มีเด็ก ไม่สามารถปรุงอาหารและรับประทานอาหารที่มีคุณค่าทางโภชนาการในราคาที่เหมาะสมได้ รัฐบาลจึงมอบหมายให้ Sweden’s National Board of Health and Welfare (คณะกรรมการสุขภาพและสวัสดิการแห่งชาติของสวีเดน) หาวิธีแก้ไขสถานการณ์ดังกล่าว และคัดกรองแบ่งประเภทอาหารออกเป็น “basic food” และ “supplement” มาเป็นรูปแบบของ กราฟวงกลม (diet circle) แต่ป้าแอนพบปัญหาบางอย่าง ที่ทำให้กราฟวงกลมนี้ใช้งานยาก เพราะการแบ่งปริมาณของอาหารแต่ละประเภทไม่ชัดเจน ในระหว่างบรรยายเรื่องการกำหนดอาหารพื้นฐาน คุณ Fjalar Clemes หนึ่งในผู้เข้าร่วมการบรรยาย ได้ให้ไอเดียด้วยการสร้างแบบจำลองที่เรียกว่า ปิรามิดอาหาร (Food Pyramid) ขึ้นมา เพื่อให้เห็นภาพสัดส่วนอาหารที่ชัดเจนขึ้น ป้าแอนเลยนำข้อมูลจากกราฟวงกลมนั้น มาสร้างโมเดลจำลองให้อยู่ในรูปแบบปิรามิด โดยให้ “basic food” เช่น ขนมปัง มันฝรั่ง พาสต้า และนม และ “supplements” เช่น ผลไม้ ผัก เนื้อสัตว์ และปลา อยู่ในรูปแบบที่เข้าใจได้ง่ายขึ้น แม้แต่คนที่อ่านหนังสือไม่ออก  แต่นี่แหละที่เป็นจุดเริ่มต้นของปัญหา ด้วยความที่มันใช้งานง่ายสะดวก อเมริกาจึงนำไปปรับปรุงเป็นเวอร์ชั่นตัวเอง แต่ก็มีการเปลี่ยนแปลงไปอย่างมาก ตามที่ได้มีการทำบทความไปแล้ว (อ่านที่นี่) ทั้งๆที่ปิรามิดต้นแบบของป้าแอนนั้น สร้างขึ้นมาเพื่อชาวสวีเดนเนื่องจากนำข้อมูลพื้นฐานจากข้อจำกัดในประเทศในขณะนั้น ไม่ว่าจะเรื่องของวัตถุดิบที่หาได้ในภาวะยากแค้นแบบนั้น อุณหภูมิอันปรวนแปร รวมถึงสภาพเศรษฐกิจที่ย่ำแย่มาก การจัดแจงข้อจำกัดที่มีเพื่อให้ได้สารอาหารที่เพียงพอที่สุดเท่าที่จะทำได้ต่างหาก (eat healthier, more affordable and save on fat) ที่เป็นที่มาของ **“ปิรามิดอาหารของสวีเดน”** *(คือ จะให้เอาอุดมคติมาสร้างปิรามิดอาหาร คงไม่มีประโยชน์ เพราะยังไงก็ไม่มีเงินซื้อและหาวัตถุดิบไมไ่ด้ตามอุดมคติ วัตถุประสงค์ในการสร้างและเผยแพร่ครั้งนี้มันเพื่อให้ประชาชนทั้งประเทศที่มีความรู้ด้านอาหารน้อย รู้และทำตามได้จริง สมกับพื้นที่และกำลังทรัพย์ // ความเห็นส่วนตัวผมครับ)* ปิรามิดอาหารที่แท้จริงแล้ว จะมีการปรับปรุงตลอดเวลา ตามปัจจัยที่เปลี่ยนไป ไม่ใช่ปิรามิดที่เอาไว้ยึดถือตลอดไป แต่การที่อเมริกานำไปยึดถือว่าเป็น all time information เป็นค่าคงที่ให้ทั้งโลกยึดตาม รวมถึงสร้างด้วยเบื้องหลังด้านธุรกิจ จึงต่างกับที่ป้าแอนทำในทุกมิติ แต่ไฉน เป้าการบูลลี จึงต้องไปตกที่ป้าแอน ว่าเป็นต้นตอความพังของสุขภาพ มันแฟร์แล้วหรือ เรื่องนี้มีข้อพิสูจน์ได้จนถึงปัจจุบันเช่น ในปี 2022 ก็มีการนำเสนอ ปิรามิดอาหารสำหรับ Mixed diet, flexitarian, vegetarian และ vegan ออกมาสืบทอดเจตนารมณ์ป้าแอน นอกจากนี้ในช่วงที่ป้าแอนมีชีวิต ก็ยังคงมีการช่วยเหลือแนะนำให้ประเทศต่างๆ **“มีปิรามิดอาหารของตัวเอง”** นั่นคือ วิชั่นที่กว้างไกลของป้าแอน ที่เห็นได้ชัดเจนว่า อาหารพื้นถิ่นกับสารอาหารที่สมดุล ของแต่ละประเทศมีความไม่เหมือนกัน และแนวคิดนี้ได้มีทั้ง เดนมาร์ก, นอร์เวย์, ฟินแลนด์, ญี่ปุ่น, ศรีลังกา ได้นำไปพัฒนาใช้เช่นกัน นอกจากนี้ ป้าแอนและองค์กร Kooperativa Förbundets ยังให้ข้อมูลการศึกษาที่สำคัญสำหรับประชาชนผ่านบทความเกี่ยวกับอาหารที่ตีพิมพ์ใน นิตยสาร Vi รวมถึงการจัดตั้งกลุ่มการศึกษาร่วมกับทาง สมาคมการศึกษาของชนชั้นแรงงาน หรือ Arbetarnas bildningsförbund (ABF) มีส่วนสนับสนุนในการอภิปรายแบบเปิดทางสังคมเกี่ยวกับปัญหาโรคอ้วนอีกด้วย รวมถึงยังออกหนังสือเกี่ยวกับการทำอาหารอีกร่วมๆ 30เล่ม ซึ่งรวมถึงบทเกี่ยวกับมื้ออาหารที่มีคุณค่าทางโภชนาการที่สมดุล ด้วยเช่นกัน  **ในปี 1983 **ป้าแอนได้ตีพิมพ์หนังสือ Matboken ซึ่งได้รับการพิสูจน์แล้วว่าเป็นประโยชน์อย่างมาก โดยเฉพาะกับคนหนุ่มสาวเกี่ยวกับวิธีการกินอาหารที่มีคุณค่าทางโภชนาการและมีวิธีทำที่เรียบง่ายที่สุด  ในช่วงทศวรรษ 1990 เมื่อป้าแอนเป็นม่าย จึงได้ย้ายเข้าไปอยู่ในบ้านพักคนชรา Färdknäppen ใน Södermalm ในสตอกโฮล์ม และ ได้แก้ไขสูตรอาหาร 250 สูตรจาก Vår kokbok เพื่อให้เหมาะสมกับสภาพแวดล้อมการปรุงอาหารส่วนกลางของบ้านพักคนชรา เพื่อให้ได้อาหารที่มีสารอาหารครบถ้วนตามที่ควรเป็น **เกียรติประวัติป้าแอนได้รับการตอบแทนดังนี้** ในปี 1979 ได้รับรางวัลเหรียญ St Erik เพื่อเป็นการยกย่องสิ่งที่เธอทุ่มเทแรงกายแรงใจทำมาตลอดชีวิต ในปี 1993 ได้รับเหรียญ HM Konungens ลำดับที่ 8 (HM The King’s Medal หรือ H.M. Konungens medalj ในภาษาสวีเดน) เป็นหนึ่งในรางวัลเกียรติยศที่สำคัญที่สุดที่มอบโดยพระมหากษัตริย์สวีเดนเพื่อยกย่องบุคคลที่มีผลงานดีเด่นหรือมีความโดดเด่นในด้านต่าง ๆ เช่น วิทยาศาสตร์ ศิลปะ วัฒนธรรม และการบริการสาธารณะ ในปี 1995 ได้รับเหรียญทอง Albin Johansson สำหรับผลงานอันทรงคุณค่าของเธอต่อสหกรณ์สวีเดน ในปี 1998 ได้รับรางวัล Gastronomiska Akademiens Guldpenna (ปากกาทองของสถาบันอาหาร) สำหรับบทความเกี่ยวกับส่วนผสมและการทำอาหารของเธอ  **Anna-Britt Agnsäter เสียชีวิตในปี 2006 (อายุ 90ปี)** ป้าแอนทำงานทั้งชีวิตเพื่อสอนชาวสวีเดนในการจัดการอาหารให้ดีขึ้น ทุกการทดลอง ทดสอบ ได้มีการบันทึกไว้อย่างชัดเจนสามารถพัฒนาต่อไปได้ การริเริ่มให้ข้อมูลที่ซื่อสัตย์ต่อผู้บริโภค ทั้งการติดฉลากอุปกรณ์ คำแนะนำในการทำอาหาร สูตรอาหาร บทความ และตำราอาหาร สิ่งเหล่านี้กลายเป็นพื้นฐานสำคัญในอุตสาหกรรมอาหารจนปัจจุบัน แต่ทุกวันนี้วงการสุขภาพส่วนมากยังคงล้อเลียนเธอว่าเป็นครูธรรมดา ที่มีหน้ามาสร้างปิรามิดอาหาร จึงทำให้คนทั่งโลกป่วย ทั้งที่ความจริงทั้งหมดนั้น ความรู้ของป้าแอนไม่ได้น้อยไปกว่า ผู้เชี่ยวชาญทางวิทยาศาสตร์การอาหาร ซึ่งในสมัยนั้นนับว่าเป็นอีกแขนงที่อยู่ในระดับบนของการศึกษา ไม่ต่างกับวิทยาศาสตร์อื่นๆ ปิรามิดควรเป็นไปตามถิ่นที่อยู่ สภาพเวลาและสภาพเศรษฐกิจขณะนั้น ไม่ใช่การสร้างมาตรฐานให้ต้องทำเหมือนกันทั่วโลก โดยมาจากอิทธิพลของกลุ่มธุรกิจดังที่ usda ได้ทำการแก้ไขก่อนจะประกาศให้คนทั่วไปยึดถือ รายละเอียดเป็นไปตามที่สืบค้นข้อมูลประวัติของป้าแอน มาเล่าสู่กันฟัง ณ วันนี้ครับ ผมก็เป็นหนึ่งในนั้น สิ่งที่ผมสามารถทำได้เพื่อเป็นการขอโทษคุณ Anna-Britt Agnsäter ที่ดีที่สุดที่ทำได้ตอนนี้คือ เผยแพร่ประวัติอันทรงคุณค่าของเธอ ให้คนอื่นๆได้รับทราบมากที่สุด เท่าที่จะทำได้ โปรดแชร์ เพื่อคืนความเป็นธรรมให้ Anna-Britt Agnsäter ให้โลกได้เข้าใจและรับรู้ถึงการอุทิศชีวิตให้วงการอาหารของคุณป้าครับ ปล.มีการค้นพบไฟล์เสียง ที่ป้าแอน จัดรายการวิทยุในปี 1968 ให้ลองฟังกันครับ (น่าจะภาษาสวีเดนนะ 5555) [ฟังได้ที่นี่ครับ](https://rumble.com/v56p1wa-ann-britt-agnster-in-a-radio-find-from-1968.html) https://rumble.com/v56p1wa-ann-britt-agnster-in-a-radio-find-from-1968.html #siamstr #pirateketo

@ b6dcdddf:dfee5ee7

🚀 Exciting News: Introducing Project Affiliates! Creators can finally reach a wider audience by partnering with affiliates! Affiliates earn automated payouts for contributions enabled through their shares. 🤑 Announcement link: https://x.com/geyserfund/status/1811434402041282680 originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/606500

@ 7175188c:6382a72c

 originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/606482

@ ab8cb80e:5395d502

Hey, I have nothing to do this Friday evening, so why not chill with chess? Spontaneously I launched an Arena Tournament for today: https://lichess.org/tournament/2iNa8jh4 @ek @kristapsk @BitcoinAbhi @grayruby @frostdragon @Taft @02d43d3798 @030e0dca83 @riberet19 @felipe @didiplaywell @SatsMate @itsTomekK @wize123 @Coinsreporter @stefano @anon @314piepi @160ed04091 do you want to play? **! TODAY !** ♟️ https://lichess.org/tournament/2iNa8jh4 ♟️ 90 min arena, with 5 minute games. Join on @Alby's new Discord: https://discord.gg/3vbafUCZ?event=1261325278358016091 for voicechat I plan to stream it to zap.stream, because why not. Who takes my challenge? originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/605942

@ 0dc2dcb1:4787801a

* Prepared a Dutch webinar with an short introduction to Nostr - [https://welkom.keuzevrijbijmij.nl/evenement/wwebinar-vergroot-je-privacy-op-social-media-10-juli/](https://welkom.keuzevrijbijmij.nl/evenement/wwebinar-vergroot-je-privacy-op-social-media-10-juli/)  * Received a nice t-shirt with the Nostr-PHP logo from Bitpopart who designed the logo * Did an introduction talk in Dutch on a webinar with 350+ people subscribed on July 10th. 100+ watched the webinar live. * Here is the full replay:  At around 38min the Nostr stuff begins * Adding pages and wrote some documentation on [nostr-php.dev](http://nostr-php.dev) * Added a custom field `field_nsec` to the user entity on [nostrver.se](http://nostrver.se) (Drupal website) using the contrib module [field\_encrypt](https://git.drupalcode.org/project/field_encrypt). The value of this field is stored encrypted in the database using a self created private key. This key is stored as a blob the server, but multiple ways of storing this are possible. In the Drupal CMS I now can save a Nostr private key for each user which will be fetch from nostr\_content\_nip23. All changes made in this Drupal contrib module for this: [https://git.drupalcode.org/project/nostr_content_nip23/-/commit/cbc172b976aceaff107fea0296a8a476e098467e](https://git.drupalcode.org/project/nostr_content_nip23/-/commit/cbc172b976aceaff107fea0296a8a476e098467e) * With a `nsec` stored for each user, it’s possible to select a user when you’re broadcasting an Nostr event from Drupal. The event will be signed with the nsec of the selected user. Quick demo here: [https://njump.me/nevent1qvzqqqqqqypzqpnrnguxe8qszsshvgkvhn6qjzxy7xsvx03rlrtddr62haj4lrm3qy88wumn8ghj7mn0wvhxcmmv9uq3camnwvaz7tmwdaehgu3wwdjkyctnw35hstnnda3kjctv9uqzqj75dy5eps3lgwum7f9p2l8sywy7wuxjr08pyhzyzv9mklylaydgdyll3z](https://njump.me/nevent1qvzqqqqqqypzqpnrnguxe8qszsshvgkvhn6qjzxy7xsvx03rlrtddr62haj4lrm3qy88wumn8ghj7mn0wvhxcmmv9uq3camnwvaz7tmwdaehgu3wwdjkyctnw35hstnnda3kjctv9uqzqj75dy5eps3lgwum7f9p2l8sywy7wuxjr08pyhzyzv9mklylaydgdyll3z)