- 1:nan: - **2** - 2[irorio絵文字](https://nostviewstr.vercel.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) - 1nostr:npub1sjcvg64knxkrt6ev52rywzu9uzqakgy8ehhk8yezxmpewsthst6sw3jqcw - 2 - 2 - 3 - 3 - 2 - 1 |1|2| |--|--| |test|:nan:| --- ### :nan: **:nan:** 1. 1 2. 2 - tet - tes 3. 3 1. 1 2. 2 > t >> te >>> test

Who would have thought that we would have the change to buy sub 60K Bitcoin again? With all the talk of mooning after the halving, seeing Bitcoin's price back around 56k at the time of this post is disappointing to the lettuce handed, ETF buying individuals that are not here for the revolution, but to make a quick buck. Bitcoin being a neutral money, it is not unexpected that it would gain the attention of these types of people. I am actually glad that they are participants in this market has it helps transfer Bitcoin from weak unconverted holders to people who are fully dyed in the orange wool of the Bitcoin thesis. Every time there is some geopolitical event, or some kind of economic crisis brewing on the other side of the world, Bitcoin normally takes a hit because it is a high liquid asset. This should be taken as a good sign when the price goes down as it shows that you can easily move in and out of Bitcoin with relative ease. Try doing that with your house, car or other assets. Sure you can sell them eventually but its not nearly as seamless as Bitcoin. This lull in price will not last long, so if you got some dry powder sitting on the sidelines, today is a good day to buy some cheap corn. Framing Bitcoin as a liquid asset that can be sold in times of need is a good way to introduce Bitcoin to your nocoiner friends and family. I would hate for them to have to buy Bitcoin at much higher prices. Good for us. Bad for them. Amirite? Just a short post from the Obsidian Nostr Writer Plugin. If you like writing long from content, I would highly recommend giving it a shot! Peace out.

[https://x.com/parkeralewis/status/1831746160781938947]() Here's a startling chart from an American staple, Walgreens. The convenience store and pharmacy chain has seen its stock price plummet by more than 67% this year and by more than 90% from its all time high, which was reached in 2015. The combination of the COVID lock downs and the lax laws around theft that followed were materially detrimental to Walgreens business. The crux of their problem at the moment, however, is a double whammy of those disruptions in their business coupled with the "higher for longer" interest rate policy from the Fed over the last couple of years. As Tuur points out in the tweet above, Walgreens has $34B in debt, which means they definitely have significant interest rate payments they need to make on a monthly basis. Tuur also points out that Walgreens has very little cash compared to their debt obligations. Let's take a look at their balance sheet as of May of this year. ![https://www.tftc.io/content/images/2024/09/Screenshot-2024-09-05-at-3.59.46-PM.png]() Less than $1B in cash for $34B debt with $67.56B in total liabilities. Even worse, their cash balance was drained by more than 27% over the course of the year between May 2023 and May 2024. As you may notice their total assets fell by more than 15% over the same period. This is because Walgreens understands the dire financial straits it finds itself in and has begun shutting down thousands of their locations across the country. ![https://www.tftc.io/content/images/2024/09/Screenshot-2024-09-05-at-4.49.58-PM.png]() The recent efforts of Walgreens to sell off their assets to raise cash to pay down their debts seem to be completely ineffective as their cash balance is falling faster than their total assets, which is falling 7x faster than their total liabilities. These numbers are most definitely going to get worse as cascading sell pressure in commercial real estate markets (which is the bucket that Walgreens locations fall into) drive down the value of their assets. Leaving them with less cash to pay down their debts as time goes on. To make matters worse, it puts the institutions that lent money to Walgreens in a terrible position. How many commercial and investment banks has Walgreens tapped to fund their operations with expensive debt? How exposed to Walgreens is any individual lender? Could a default on some or all of their loans catch these financial institutions off sides? If it isn't Walgreens that pushes them off sides, how many more bad borrowers would it take to push them off sides? As our good friend Parker Lewis points out, the only way the hemorrhaging can be stopped is if the Federal Reserve and Federal Government step in with bail outs in the form of massive liquidity injections via quantitative easing and other emergency measures. On top of this, the Fed and the Federal Government find themselves in a classic catch-22. If they let Walgreens fall into bankruptcy it could set off a domino effect that could exacerbate inflation. Riteaid, a similar retail convenience store and pharmacy chain, filed for bankruptcy last October and is still wading its way through that process. Part of that process has been shuttering many of their storefronts. One has to imagine that since Walgreens and Riteaid are having these problems, some of their other competitors must be feeling the pain as well. If enough of these convenience stores, which tens of millions of Americans depend on for everyday goods, find themselves in a position where they have to shut down their stores it could lead to a supply crunch. People will obviously not be able to get their goods from Riteaid or Walgreens and will flee to alternatives, exacerbating the stress on their supplies, which will drive prices higher. This is a catch-22 because the only way to avoid this mad dash for consumer goods in the midst of a convenience store Armageddon is to re-introduce ZIRP and flood the market with freshly printed dollars, which will drive prices up as well. Talk about a rock and a hard place. You better get yourself some bitcoin. --- Final thought... Zach Bryan radio crushes.

While tinkering about NWC and twitter I decided to hack a python script that might perhaps begin something good **Here's a high-level overview of how you could connect your Twitter account to a Nostr Wallet using NWC and automate a 21 satoshi payment for every like:** # Prerequisites: 1. Twitter Developer Account 2. Nostr Wallet with NWC support (e.g., Alby, Nostrify) 3. Twitter API credentials (API key, API secret key, Access token, Access token secret) 4. Python script with Tweepy (Twitter API library) and nostr-client (Nostr library) ### Step 1: Set up Twitter API credentials > Create a Twitter Developer account and obtain API credentials > Install Tweepy using pip: pip install tweepy ### Step 2: Connect Nostr Wallet using NWC > Choose a Nostr Wallet with NWC support (e.g., Alby, Nostrify) > Set up the wallet and obtain the NWC credentials (e.g., public key, private key) ### Step 3: Create a Python script > Import Tweepy and nostr-client libraries > Authenticate with Twitter API using Tweepy > Connect to Nostr Wallet using NWC credentials > Define a function to send 21 satoshis for every like > Use Tweepy to stream likes and trigger the payment function `Python` script: ``` import tweepy from nostr_client import Client # Twitter API credentials twitter_api_key = "YOUR_API_KEY" twitter_api_secret_key = "YOUR_API_SECRET_KEY" twitter_access_token = "YOUR_ACCESS_TOKEN" twitter_access_token_secret = "YOUR_ACCESS_TOKEN_SECRET" # Nostr Wallet NWC credentials nwc_public_key = "YOUR_NWC_PUBLIC_KEY" nwc_private_key = "YOUR_NWC_PRIVATE_KEY" # Set up Tweepy auth = tweepy.OAuthHandler(twitter_api_key, twitter_api_secret_key) auth.set_access_token(twitter_access_token, twitter_access_token_secret) api = tweepy.API(auth) # Set up Nostr Client nwc_client = Client() nwc_client.connect(nwc_public_key, nwc_private_key) # Define payment function def send_satoshis(): # Create a new Nostr event with 21 satoshis event = nwc_client.create_event(21) # Send the event to the Nostr network nwc_client.send_event(event) # Stream likes and trigger payment function class LikeStream(tweepy.StreamListener): def on_like(self, like): send_satoshis() stream = tweepy.Stream(auth, LikeStream()) stream.filter(track=["likes"]) ``` ##### _Please note that this is a simplified example and may require additional error handling, security measures, and modifications to work as intended._ originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/673795

## Part 3: Asynchroni et DOM Manipulatio ### 3.1 Promissa et Async/Await Praesent blandit. Nam nulla. Integer pede justo, lacinia eget, tincidunt eget, tempus vel, pede. ```javascript function simulaRequest(data, probabilitasErroris = 0.1) { return new Promise((resolve, reject) => { setTimeout(() => { if (Math.random() < probabilitasErroris) { reject("Error: Aliquid mali accidit"); } else { resolve(`Data accepta: ${data}`); } }, 1000); }); } simulaRequest("Lorem ipsum") .then((responsum) => console.log(responsum)) .catch((error) => console.error(error)); async function fetchData() { try { const responsum = await simulaRequest("Dolor sit amet"); console.log(responsum); } catch (error) { console.error(error); } } fetchData(); ``` ### 3.2 DOM Manipulatio Morbi non lectus. Aliquam sit amet diam in magna bibendum imperdiet. Nullam orci pede, venenatis non, sodales sed, tincidunt eu, felis. ```javascript document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded", () => { const titulus = document.createElement("h1"); titulus.textContent = "Lorem Ipsum JavaScript"; document.body.appendChild(titulus); const paragraphus = document.createElement("p"); paragraphus.textContent = "Neque porro quisquam est qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, consectetur, adipisci velit..."; document.body.appendChild(paragraphus); const button = document.createElement("button"); button.textContent = "Fac Clic Me"; button.addEventListener("click", () => { alert("Gratias tibi ago pro clic!"); }); document.body.appendChild(button); }); ``` ### 3.3 Fetch API Maecenas leo odio, condimentum id, luctus nec, molestie sed, justo. Pellentesque viverra pede ac diam. ```javascript async function fetchLoremIpsum() { try { const responsum = await fetch("https://api.lorem.space/image/game?w=150&h=220"); if (!responsum.ok) { throw new Error(`HTTP error! status: ${responsum.status}`); } const data = await responsum.blob(); const imago = document.createElement("img"); imago.src = URL.createObjectURL(data); document.body.appendChild(imago); } catch (error) { console.error("Problema cum fetching imagine:", error); } } fetchLoremIpsum(); ``` ### 3.4 Local Storage Cras mi pede, malesuada in, imperdiet et, commodo vulputate, justo. In blandit ultrices enim. ```javascript function salvaPreferentias(clavis, valor) { localStorage.setItem(clavis, JSON.stringify(valor)); } function accipePreferentias(clavis) { const valor = localStorage.getItem(clavis); return valor ? JSON.parse(valor) : null; } const preferentiae = { thema: "clarus", lingua: "Latina", notificationes: true }; salvaPreferentias("userPrefs", preferentiae); const salvataePreferentiae = accipePreferentias("userPrefs"); console.log(salvataePreferentiae); ``` ### 3.5 Exercitia Parti III 1. Crea paginam web simplicem quae utitur fetch API ad exhibendum datos ex API publica. 2. Implementa functionalitatem "drag and drop" utens DOM API. 3. Construe applicationem "todo list" quae persistit datos in local storage. ## Conclusio Vivamus vestibulum sagittis sapien. Cum sociis natoque penatibus et magnis dis parturient montes, nascetur ridiculus mus. Etiam vel augue. Vestibulum rutrum rutrum neque. Aenean auctor gravida sem. Praesent id massa id nisl venenatis lacinia. Aenean sit amet justo. Morbi ut odio. Cras mi pede, malesuada in, imperdiet et, commodo vulputate, justo. In blandit ultrices enim. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Proin interdum mauris non ligula pellentesque ultrices. Phasellus id sapien in sapien iaculis congue. Vivamus metus arcu, adipiscing molestie, hendrerit at, vulputate vitae, nisl. Aenean lectus. Pellentesque eget nunc. Donec quis orci eget orci vehicula condimentum. Curabitur in libero ut massa volutpat convallis. Morbi odio odio, elementum eu, interdum eu, tincidunt in, leo. Maecenas pulvinar lobortis est. Phasellus sit amet erat. Nulla tempus. Vivamus in felis eu sapien cursus vestibulum. Proin eu mi. Nulla ac enim. In tempor, turpis nec euismod scelerisque, quam turpis adipiscing lorem, vitae mattis nibh ligula nec sem. Duis aliquam convallis nunc. Proin at turpis a pede posuere nonummy. Integer non velit. Donec diam neque, vestibulum eget, vulputate ut, ultrices vel, augue. Vestibulum ante ipsum primis in faucibus orci luctus et ultrices posuere cubilia Curae; Donec pharetra, magna vestibulum aliquet ultrices, erat tortor sollicitudin mi, sit amet lobortis sapien sapien non mi. Integer ac neque. Duis bibendum. Morbi non quam nec dui luctus rutrum. Nulla tellus. In sagittis dui vel nisl. Duis ac nibh. Fusce lacus purus, aliquet at, feugiat non, pretium quis, lectus. Suspendisse potenti. In eleifend quam a odio. In hac habitasse platea dictumst. Maecenas ut massa quis augue luctus tincidunt. Nulla mollis molestie lorem. Quisque ut erat. Curabitur gravida nisi at nibh. In hac habitasse platea dictumst. Aliquam augue quam, sollicitudin vitae, consectetuer eget, rutrum at, lorem. Integer tincidunt ante vel ipsum. Praesent blandit lacinia erat. Vestibulum sed magna at nunc commodo placerat. Praesent blandit. Nam nulla.

## Part 2: Functiones et Objecta ### 2.1 Functiones Fusce posuere felis sed lacus. Morbi sem mauris, laoreet ut, rhoncus aliquet, pulvinar sed, nisl. ```javascript function salutatio(nomen) { return `Salve, ${nomen}!`; } console.log(salutatio("Cicero")); const valedictio = (nomen) => { console.log(`Vale, ${nomen}!`); }; valedictio("Seneca"); ``` #### 2.1.1 Parametri Default et Rest Nunc purus. Phasellus in felis. Donec semper sapien a libero. ```javascript function congregatio(primus, secundus = "mundi", ...ceteri) { console.log(`${primus} ${secundus}`); console.log(`Ceteri: ${ceteri.join(", ")}`); } congregatio("Salve"); congregatio("Lorem", "ipsum"); congregatio("Veni", "vidi", "vici", "et", "cetera"); ``` ### 2.2 Objecta Nam congue, risus semper porta volutpat, quam pede lobortis ligula, sit amet eleifend pede libero quis orci. ```javascript const persona = { nomen: "Iulius", cognomen: "Caesar", aetas: 55, salutatio: function() { return `Salve, ${this.nomen} ${this.cognomen}!`; } }; console.log(persona.salutatio()); ``` #### 2.2.1 Methodi Object Nullam porttitor lacus at turpis. Donec posuere metus vitae ipsum. Aliquam non mauris. ```javascript const claves = Object.keys(persona); console.log(claves); const valores = Object.values(persona); console.log(valores); const paria = Object.entries(persona); console.log(paria); ``` ### 2.3 Arrays Morbi porttitor lorem id ligula. Suspendisse ornare consequat lectus. In est risus, auctor sed, tristique in, tempus sit amet, sem. ```javascript const fructus = ["malum", "pirum", "uva", "cerasum"]; fructus.forEach((fructus) => { console.log(fructus); }); const longiFructus = fructus.filter((fructus) => fructus.length > 4); console.log(longiFructus); const maiusculaFructus = fructus.map((fructus) => fructus.toUpperCase()); console.log(maiusculaFructus); ``` ### 2.4 Exercitia Parti II 1. Crea functionem quae calculat factorialem numeri. 2. Implementa methodum quae invenit maximum valorem in array. 3. Scribe programma quod ordinat objecta in array secundum proprietatem specificam.

## Part 1: Fundamentum Javascripti ### 1.1 Introductionis Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Nullam euismod, nisi vel consectetur interdum, nisl nunc egestas nunc, vitae tincidunt nisl nunc euismod nunc. Sed euismod, nisi vel consectetur interdum, nisl nunc egestas nunc, vitae tincidunt nisl nunc euismod nunc. ```javascript console.log("Salve, mundi!"); ``` ### 1.2 Variabiles et Typi Datorum Pellentesque habitant morbi tristique senectus et netus et malesuada fames ac turpis egestas. Integer convallis, nunc ac blandit tincidunt, ipsum augue tincidunt nunc, vitae tincidunt nisl nunc euismod nunc. ```javascript var numerus = 42; let textus = "Lorem ipsum"; const CONSTANTIA = true; ``` #### 1.2.1 Typi Numerorum Curabitur in libero ut massa volutpat convallis. Morbi odio odio, elementum eu, interdum eu, tincidunt in, leo. ```javascript let integer = 10; let floatinum = 3.14; let scientificum = 2.998e8; ``` #### 1.2.2 Typi Textuum Maecenas tristique, est et tempus semper, est quam pharetra magna, ac consequat metus sapien ut nunc. ```javascript let textusBrevis = 'Carpe diem'; let textusLongus = "Quod erat demonstrandum"; let textusTemplatum = `Cogito, ${textusBrevis.toLowerCase()}, sum`; ``` ### 1.3 Operatores Donec dapibus. Duis at velit eu est congue elementum. In hac habitasse platea dictumst. ```javascript let a = 5; let b = 3; console.log(a + b); // Additio console.log(a - b); // Subtractio console.log(a * b); // Multiplicatio console.log(a / b); // Divisio console.log(a % b); // Modulus console.log(a ** b); // Potentia ``` ### 1.4 Structurae Controli Morbi non lectus. Aliquam sit amet diam in magna bibendum imperdiet. Nullam orci pede, venenatis non, sodales sed, tincidunt eu, felis. #### 1.4.1 Conditionales ```javascript let aetas = 20; if (aetas >= 18) { console.log("Adultus es"); } else if (aetas >= 13) { console.log("Adolescens es"); } else { console.log("Puer es"); } ``` #### 1.4.2 Iterationes ```javascript for (let i = 0; i < 5; i++) { console.log(`Iteratio ${i}`); } let j = 0; while (j < 5) { console.log(`Dum iteratio ${j}`); j++; } ``` ### 1.5 Exercitia Parti I 1. Scribe programma quod convertat gradus Celsius in Fahrenheit. 2. Crea algorithmum qui determinat si numerus est par vel impar. 3. Implementa "FizzBuzz" pro numeris 1 ad 100.

ATTENTION PARENTS! I have revamped my LNBITS [bitcoin piggy bank](http://bitcoinpiggybank.vercel.app) so you don't need to deploy it yourself. Check it out at http://bitcoinpiggybank.vercel.app. All you need now is a LNBITS wallet. I've deployed a website that you can just log into with that and nothing else. I'm thinking about actually renting out my own domain for this one if people find it useful. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X-MNqJiLCM4 Teach your kids about sound money while they're actually stacking sats and using a fun interface. originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/673739

The squeaky wheel gets the persistent state. @WeAreAllSatoshi asked me a couple of times to make it so you can walk away from the weekly crossword puzzle, cuss it out in frustration, bang your head against the wall, CLOSE THE BROWSER, and then continue where you left off. Now that dream is a reality. All previous and future crossword puzzles now use local storage to plant ~~malware~~ your progress directly into your browser. Here's a recap of the current state of the unofficial, probably unwelcome, and certainly inaccurately titled weekly stacker crossword puzzle. [Week 1](https://stackernewscrosswordpuzzle.vercel.app/) - bounty claimed by @OneOneSeven [Week 2](https://stackernewscrosswordpuzzle2.vercel.app/) - bounty claimed by @OneOneSeven [Week 3](https://stackernewscrosswordpuzzle3.vercel.app/) - bounty claimed by @SimpleStacker [Week 4](https://stackernewscrosswordpuzzle4.vercel.app/) - bounty claimed by @grayruby Expect Week 5 in the next couple of weeks! If you still want to solve more crossword puzzles by bitcoiners, [here's an educational one with a much better ui](https://bitcoin-crossword.com/) by @handsome_latino. Have fun! originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/673339

## Details - 🍽️ Servings: 2 ## Ingredients - 1 cup Jasmine rice - 1 Tbsp. lavender flowers, crushed with mortar and pestle - 1/4 cup apple cider vinegar - 2 Tbsp. fine cane sugar - 2 Tbsp. honey - 1 sprig rosemary - 1/4 tsp angostura bitters - 1/2 cup blackberries - 1/2 cup blueberries - 4 cups trimmed and quartered shiitake mushrooms - 1 tsp fresh coriander crushed - 1/4 tsp fresh cumin ground - 1/2 tsp red pepper flakes - 3 sprigs of thyme - 2 Tbsp. olive oil - 1 tsp soy sauce - 1 cup creamy coconut milk ## Directions 1. Combine rice, lavender, 1/4 tsp salt, and 2 cups of water in a saucepan. Bring the rice to a boil, cover the pan with a lid and turn the heat off. Let the rice sit in the pan for at least 20 minutes. 2. Combine 1/4 cup of water, the vinegar, sugar, honey, rosemary, angostura bitters in a saucepan and bring the brine to a boil. Season with a pinch of salt. Add the berries and wait until the brine comes back to a boil. Lower the heat, so the brine simmers but does not boil. When the brine thickens, after about 15 minutes, remove the saucepan from the heat and set it aside. 3. Pre-heat the oven to 400F. In a bowl big enough to hold all the shiitake, combine the olive oil, the soy sauce and the spices. Whisk vigorously, so the oil emulsifies with the other liquid. Toss the shiitake in the mix to marinate, then evenly lay them out on a baking sheet with parchment paper. Bake the shiitake for 10 minutes. When you remove the shiitake from the oven, remove the thyme and throw it out. In a saucepan, bring the coconut milk to a boil. Add the shiitake and reduce the heat to a light boil until the sauce thickens.

For the last few months many people in bitcoin, myself included, have been focused on bitcoin's role as a macroeconomic asset. Bitcoin as a strategic reserve for the US government. Bitcoin as a strategic treasury asset for corporations. Bitcoin as a geopolitical hedge in a world that is trending toward a multi-polar power dynamic. This is where the focus has been. And for good reason. These trends will ultimately have a material effect on the price of bitcoin if they pick up steam. However, with all of the focus on bitcoin as a strategic asset I think a couple of technical developments and trends have been overlooked. Particularly in the realm of second layer privacy. I'll touch on two of them in this letter; BOLT 12 invoices and the progression of ecash. Yesterday afternoon the Strike (a company Ten31 is very proud to be backing) team released a blog post that detailed their journey to implementing BOLT 12 offers in their product stack. For those who are unaware of BOLT 12 and why it is important, in short, it is an upgrade to the lightning network that would make receiving bitcoin on the lightning network more private while also significantly improving the user experience. The current standard for invoicing people via the lightning network is BOLT 11, which forces users to create a unique invoice every time they want to receive bitcoin and comes with privacy tradeoffs for the party receiving bitcoin. BOLT 12 brings with it route blinding which allows a receiver to publish a lightning offer to the network without revealing their node's public key. It also brings with it onion messaging, which allows users of the lightning network to communicate without a dependence on HTTP, which can be censored by a motivated state actor. On top of this, it enables users to create a static invoice that can be paid multiple times by multiple people. Think of a band putting their Venmo or Cash App QR code next to their tip jar on the stage. They'll be able to add a private lightning invoice their audience can pay to now. https://strike.me/blog/bolt12-offers/ As it stands right now, Strike has only enabled BOLT 12 offers and there is work to do at the protocol layer of lightning and the different implementations of that protocol to get the full benefits of BOLT 12, but this is material progress that gets us closer to a significantly better user experience on the lightning network. If you read Strike's blog post you'll come to appreciate the collaboration between the teams working on these implementations and the companies implementing the protocol that is necessary to get these features live. Shout out to everyone who worked on this. Everyone who uses the lightning network will be better off when BOLT 12 is fully implemented. Moving on. Earlier today the founder of the BTCPay Server open source project, Nicolas Dorier, published a blog post outlining his thoughts on how ecash has the potential to solve problems that many have tried to solve by launching their own blockchains in the past. The problem with trying to "blockchain the world" is that blockchains are very inefficient and only really work for one application; enabling a peer-to-peer digital cash system with no trusted third parties (i.e., bitcoin). However, the ultimate goals of the thousands of blockchain projects that spun up in bitcoin's wake are desirable. Cheap, private and instant transactions. The ability to trivially spin up private money tokens suited for very particular use cases. Overall great UX that makes it easy for people to realize the benefits of "blockchain technology". The problem that has existed to date is that you don't need a blockchain for all of these things. In fact, having a blockchain for these things proves to be detrimental to their ultimate goals. Instead, what people really need is a protocol that gives you the granular control, privacy, instantaneous transactions and UX that anchors to bitcoin. This is exactly what Chaumian Mints bring to the bitcoin stack. This is something that we've been screaming about for more than seven years in this rag. Now with ecash protocols like Cashu and Fedimint maturing, gaining traction and bringing products to market that highlight the power and flexibility of ecash systems, people are beginning to see the promise. It is only a matter of time before more and more people begin to realize this potential. Another benefit of ecash protocols is the fact that they are siloed from each other. Ecash mints are permissionless; any one person or group of people can spin them up, offer their preferred services and maintain (or fail to maintain) their mints. The failure of one mint is not a systemic risk to other mints. This is very different from token projects that are spun up on blockchains. The last ten years have proven that individual token projects can prove to be systemic problems for individual blockchains (i.e., The DAO token on Ethereum). Being able to silo mints is the only way to ensure that the utility of ecash overall is actually scalable and robust. Don't get so distracted by the bitcoin macro talk that you miss out on the incredible technical developments happening on top of and adjacent to bitcoin. --- Final thought... Vibes are high.

When I have stale bread, I often use it to make a bread salad. The base is croutons of stale bread and then there are no limits to your imagination. In this salad there was also - Onions stewed in balsamic vinegar - Spring onions (raw) - Cherry tomatoes - Eggplants and sweetcorn (fried, lukewarm) - Pine nuts - Finely sliced cheese - Basil https://image.nostr.build/ce0c7490f2adbd2aa4ccdfe80203a15dbb10686859a3256a0147d5f423478fd0.jpg https://image.nostr.build/f930e0984ec9603b84c7a7868a97486140ee44590590102f7e460bfbfd3d70be.jpg originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/672404

Bitcoin ถือกำเนิดขึ้นในปี 2009 จากวิสัยทัศน์ของ Satoshi Nakamoto บุคคลหรือกลุ่มบุคคลปริศนา ที่ใฝ่ฝันถึง "เงินสดดิจิทัล" อิสระไร้พรมแดน ไร้การควบคุมจากรัฐบาล ในช่วงแรกเริ่ม Bitcoin เป็นเสมือนเพชรดิบที่ซ่อนตัวอยู่ในเงามืด เป็นที่รู้จักกันเฉพาะในกลุ่มเล็กๆ ที่หลงใหลในเทคโนโลยีและศักยภาพอันไร้ขีดจำกัดของมัน แต่แล้ว Bitcoin ก็เริ่มฉายแสงเจิดจรัส ดึงดูดความสนใจจากผู้คนทั่วโลก ราคาพุ่งทะยานอย่างรวดเร็ว บริษัทและบริการต่างๆ ผุดขึ้นมาราวกับดอกเห็ด ทว่า.. เส้นทางสู่ความสำเร็จของ Bitcoin ไม่ได้โรยด้วยกลีบกุหลาบ Bitcoin ยังต้องเผชิญกับความท้าทายมากมาย ทั้งปัญหาทางเทคนิค ความขัดแย้งภายในชุมชนและการต่อสู้แย่งชิงอำนาจ ## **Blocksize Limit จุดเริ่มต้นของความขัดแย้งและสงคราม Big Blocks VS Small Blocks** ย้อนกลับไปในปี 2010 Satoshi Nakamoto ได้เพิ่ม **"Blocksize Limit"** ซึ่งเป็นข้อจำกัดขนาดของ Block ใน Bitcoin ไว้ที่ 1MB เพื่อป้องกันการโจมตีทางไซเบอร์ในยุคแรกเริ่ม แต่เมื่อ Bitcoin ได้รับความนิยมมากขึ้น ธุรกรรมก็เพิ่มขึ้นอย่างรวดเร็ว Blocksize Limit 1MB เริ่มจะกลายเป็นปัญหา.. เกิดการถกเถียงอย่างดุเดือดในชุมชน Bitcoin ว่าควรเพิ่ม Blocksize Limit หรือไม่ ฝ่าย **"Small Blockers"** นำโดยนักพัฒนา Bitcoin Core ส่วนใหญ่ เชื่อว่า Blocksize Limit ควรคงที่ เพื่อรักษาความปลอดภัยและการกระจายอำนาจ พวกเขากล่าวอ้างว่า Big Blocks จะทำให้ Bitcoinรวมศูนย์อยู่ที่ Miners รายใหญ่ และยากต่อการรัน Full Nodes สำหรับผู้ใช้งานทั่วไป ซึ่งจะบั่นทอนความเป็น Decentralized ของ Bitcoin ฝ่าย **"Big Blockers"** นำโดย Gavin Andresen ผู้สืบทอดตำแหน่งจาก Satoshi Nakamoto และ Mike Hearn เชื่อว่า Bitcoin ควรเติบโตอย่างไม่จำกัด "Big Blocks" คือคำตอบ พวกเขามองว่า Small Blocks จะทำให้ Bitcoin ไม่สามารถรองรับธุรกรรมที่เพิ่มขึ้น ค่าธรรมเนียมจะพุ่งสูงและ Bitcoin จะไม่สามารถใช้งานได้จริงในชีวิตประจำวัน.. ความขัดแย้งนี้สะท้อนให้เห็นถึงวิสัยทัศน์ที่แตกต่างกัน Gavin Andresen ผู้ที่เคยได้รับความไว้วางใจจาก Satoshi รู้สึกผิดหวังที่ Bitcoin Core ไม่ยอมเพิ่ม Blocksize Limit เขาเชื่อมั่นว่า Bitcoin ควรเป็นระบบการชำระเงินที่ใช้งานได้จริง รวดเร็ว และมีค่าธรรมเนียมต่ำ ## **Blockstream บริษัทผู้ทรงอิทธิพลและความกังวลเรื่องผลประโยชน์ทับซ้อน** ปี 2014 กลุ่มนักพัฒนา Bitcoin Core บางส่วนได้ก่อตั้งบริษัท **Blockstream** (นำโดย Adam Back) พวกเขาเน้นการพัฒนาเทคโนโลยี Blockchain และกลายเป็นที่มถกเถียงว่าอิทธิพลอย่างมากต่อ Bitcoin Core Blockstream สนับสนุน "Small Blocks" เช่นเดียวกับ Bitcoin Core พวกเขาพัฒนา **"Sidechains"** ซึ่งเป็น Blockchain แยกต่างหากที่เชื่อมต่อกับ Bitcoin เช่น **Liquid Network Sidechains** ซึ่งช่วยให้ Blockstream สามารถเก็บค่าธรรมเนียมจากธุรกรรมและขายบริการให้กับองค์กรหรือบริษัทต่างๆ ได้ ความสัมพันธ์อันใกล้ชิดระหว่าง Blockstream และ Bitcoin Core ทำให้เกิดความกังวลขึ้นในชุมชน Bitcoin ในขณะนั้นว่า Blockstream อาจมีผลประโยชน์ทับซ้อนและต้องการให้ Bitcoin คงขนาดเล็ก เพื่อผลักดันให้คนใช้งาน "Sidechains" ของพวกเขา ## **BitcoinXT และ Bitcoin Classic ความพยายามแก้ไข Blocksize ที่ถูกต่อต้าน** ปี 2015 Mike Hearn และ Gavin Andresen ตัดสินใจเสนอทางออกด้วยการสร้าง **"BitcoinXT"** ซอฟต์แวร์ Bitcoin เวอร์ชั่นใหม่ที่ **เพิ่ม Blocksize Limit เป็น 8MB** แต่ BitcoinXT ถูกต่อต้านอย่างรุนแรงจากฝ่าย Small Blockers Bitcoin.org เว็บไซต์หลักของ Bitcoin และ r/Bitcoin ฟอรัมหลักของ Bitcoin ได้เซ็นเซอร์ BitcoinXT ไม่ให้ปรากฏ เกิดการโจมตีทางไซเบอร์ที่มุ่งเป้าไปที่ BitcoinXT โดยตรง Coinbase บริษัทแลกเปลี่ยน Cryptocurrency รายใหญ่ ประกาศสนับสนุน BitcoinXT แต่กลับถูกถอดออกจาก Bitcoin.org ต่อมา **Bitcoin Classic** ถูกสร้างขึ้นเป็นอีกหนึ่งทางเลือก แต่ก็ล้มเหลวเช่นกัน เนื่องจาก Bitcoin Core ยังคงมีอิทธิพลอย่างมากในชุมชน Bitcoin ในช่วงเวลานั้น.. ## **Hong Kong Agreement และ New York Agreement ความพยายามประนีประนอมที่ไม่ลงตัว** ปี 2016 และ 2017 เกิดความพยายามในการประนีประนอมระหว่างฝ่าย Small Blocks และ Big Blockers ถึงสองครั้ง คือ "Hong Kong Agreement" และ "New York Agreement" ทั้งสองข้อตกลงมีเป้าหมายที่จะเปิดใช้งาน **SegWit** และ **เพิ่ม Blocksize Limit เป็น 2MB** แต่ Bitcoin Core ไม่ทำตามสัญญาในการเพิ่ม Blocksize Limit ทำให้ข้อตกลงล้มเหลว ความล้มเหลวของข้อตกลงทั้งสอง สะท้อนให้เห็นถึงความไม่ไว้วางใจระหว่างสองฝ่าย และความยากลำบากในการหาจุดร่วมที่ทุกฝ่ายยอมรับ ## **SegWit ก้าวสำคัญของ Bitcoin และจุดกำเนิดของ Bitcoin Cash** ในที่สุด SegWit ก็ถูกเปิดใช้งานบน Bitcoin ในเดือนสิงหาคม 2017 SegWit เป็น **Soft Fork** ที่เปลี่ยนแปลงวิธีการจัดเก็บข้อมูลใน Block เพื่อเพิ่มประสิทธิภาพและความปลอดภัย SegWit ช่วยแก้ปัญหา **"Transaction Malleability"** ซึ่งเป็นช่องโหว่ด้านความปลอดภัย และปูทางไปสู่การพัฒนา **"Layer 2 solutions"** เช่น **Lightning Network** ในเวลาต่อมา.. อย่างไรก็ตาม.. กลุ่ม "Big Blockers" มองว่า SegWit ไม่ใช่ทางออกที่แท้จริงสำหรับปัญหาการขยายขนาด (พวกเขาต้องการขยายขนาดบล็อกบนเลอเยอร์ฐาน) พวกเขาไม่พอใจที่ Bitcoin Core ไม่ทำตามสัญญาในการเพิ่ม Blocksize Limit ในเดือนสิงหาคม 2017 กลุ่ม "Big Blockers" ได้ทำการ **"Hard Fork"** Bitcoin เพื่อสร้าง **"Bitcoin Cash (BCH)"** ซึ่งอ้างว่ามุ่งสืบทอดจุดมุ่งหมายดั้งเดิมของ Bitcoin ในฐานะ **"เงินสดดิจิทัล"** ## **ความเสี่ยงด้านความปลอดภัย Bug ร้ายแรงใน Bitcoin Core และบทเรียนที่ได้รับ** ในเดือนกันยายน 2018 Awemany นักพัฒนา BCH ค้นพบ Bug ร้ายแรงใน Bitcoin Core (CVE-2018-17144) ซึ่งอาจทำให้เกิดภาวะเงินเฟ้อได้ Bug นี้เกิดจากความผิดพลาดในการเขียนโค้ด และอาจทำให้ผู้ไม่หวังดีสามารถสร้าง Bitcoin ปลอมขึ้นมาได้ Awemany ได้แจ้งเตือนนักพัฒนา Bitcoin Core อย่างเงียบๆ แทนที่จะใช้ประโยชน์จาก Bug นี้ แสดงให้เห็นถึงความรับผิดชอบของเขา และ Bug นี้ได้รับการแก้ไขอย่างรวดเร็ว เหตุการณ์นี้แสดงให้เห็นถึงความสำคัญของการตรวจสอบโค้ดอย่างละเอียด และความจำเป็นของการมีนักพัฒนาจากหลายฝ่ายเพื่อช่วยกันตรวจสอบความถูกต้องของโค้ด นอกจากนี้.. ยังเป็นเครื่องเตือนใจว่าแม้แต่ระบบที่ถูกออกแบบมาอย่างดีก็ยังมีความเสี่ยงด้านความปลอดภัย ## **Bitcoin Cash แตกแยก การ Hard Fork ครั้งที่สอง และบทบาทของ Craig Wright** ในเดือนพฤศจิกายน 2018 Bitcoin Cash (BCH) ได้แตกออกเป็นสองสาย คือ **Bitcoin ABC (BCH)** และ **Bitcoin SV (BSV)** การ Hard Fork นี้เกิดจากความขัดแย้งระหว่างกลุ่มนักพัฒนา Bitcoin ABC นำโดย Amaury Séchet และกลุ่ม Bitcoin SV นำโดย Craig Wright ผู้ที่อ้างว่าเป็น Satoshi Nakamoto 🤔 ความขัดแย้งหลักคือเรื่องขนาดของ Block และทิศทางการพัฒนา Bitcoin Cash กลุ่ม Bitcoin SV ต้องการเพิ่มขนาด Block อย่างมาก ในขณะที่กลุ่ม Bitcoin ABC ต้องการปรับปรุง Bitcoin Cash ในด้านอื่นๆ เช่น Smart Contracts Craig Wright มีบทบาทสำคัญในการผลักดัน Bitcoin SV เขาเชื่อมั่นว่า Bitcoin ควรเป็นไปตามวิสัยทัศน์ดั้งเดิมของ Satoshi Nakamoto โดยเน้นที่การเป็น "เงินสดอิเล็กทรอนิกส์แบบ peer-to-peer" การ Hard Fork นี้แสดงให้เห็นถึงความหลากหลายของความคิดเห็นในชุมชน Cryptocurrency และความยากลำบากในการหาจุดร่วมที่ทุกฝ่ายยอมรับ นอกจากนี้.. ยังสะท้อนให้เห็นถึงความท้าทายในการกำหนดทิศทางของ Cryptocurrency ในอนาคตอีกด้วย ## **Bitcoin ในปัจจุบัน เส้นทางสู่ทองคำดิจิทัล และวิวัฒนาการของเทคโนโลยี** หลังจากการ Hard Fork ของ Bitcoin Cash Bitcoin ได้ก้าวเข้าสู่ยุคใหม่ Bitcoin ได้รับการยอมรับมากขึ้นในวงกว้าง มีมูลค่าตลาดสูง และถูกมองว่าเป็น **"ทองคำดิจิทัล"** ที่สามารถใช้เก็บรักษามูลค่าในระยะยาว (Store of Value) การพัฒนา **Lightning Network** เป็นก้าวสำคัญในการแก้ปัญหาเรื่องค่าธรรมเนียมและความเร็วในการทำธุรกรรม Lightning Network เป็น **"Second Layer"** ที่สร้างขึ้นบน Bitcoin Blockchain ช่วยให้สามารถทำธุรกรรมได้รวดเร็วขึ้น มีค่าธรรมเนียมต่ำ และมีความเป็นส่วนตัวสูง อย่างไรก็ตาม.. Lightning Network ยังคงต้องเผชิญกับความท้าทาย เช่น ปัญหาเรื่องการบริหารจัดการ Liquidity และความซับซ้อนในการใช้งาน นอกจาก Lightning Network แล้ว ยังมีการพัฒนาเทคโนโลยีอื่นๆ ที่ช่วยเพิ่มขีดความสามารถของ Bitcoin เช่น **Taproot** ซึ่งเป็น Soft Fork ที่ช่วยเพิ่มความเป็นส่วนตัว และ **Schnorr signatures** ซึ่งเป็น Digital Signature แบบใหม่ที่ช่วยลดขนาดของธุรกรรมให้เล็กลง นอกจากนี้.. ยังเริ่มมีการพัฒนา DeFi (Decentralized Finance) บน Bitcoin และ Bitcoin Ordinals ซึ่งเป็นวิธีการใหม่ในการฝังข้อมูลลงใน Bitcoin Blockchain Bitcoin ยังคงถูกนำไปใช้ในประเทศอื่นๆ นอกจาก El Salvador และมีความพยายามในการแก้ปัญหาความกังวลด้านสิ่งแวดล้อมจากการขุด Bitcoin ## **บทเรียนจากมหากาพย์แห่งวิวัฒนาการ** ประวัติศาสตร์ Bitcoin สอนให้เรารู้ว่า.. เทคโนโลยี Blockchain มีศักยภาพในการเปลี่ยนแปลงโลก แต่เส้นทางสู่ความสำเร็จนั้นก็ไม่ได้โรยด้วยกลีบกุหลาบ ความขัดแย้ง การต่อสู้แย่งชิงอำนาจ และการตัดสินใจที่ยากลำบาก ล้วนเป็นส่วนหนึ่งของการเดินทาง สิ่งที่สำคัญที่สุดคือ.. เราต้องศึกษา ทำความเข้าใจ และอาจมีส่วนร่วมในการกำหนดทิศทางของเทคโนโลยีนี้ เพื่อให้ Blockchain สามารถสร้างประโยชน์สูงสุดให้กับมวลมนุษยชาติต่อไป # **เจาะลึกวิวัฒนาการของ Bitcoin การ Soft Forks, Hard Forks และมุมมองที่แตกต่าง** ## **SegWit, Taproot และ Soft Forks อื่นๆ การปรับปรุง Bitcoin อย่างนุ่มนวล** Bitcoin Core ไม่ได้หยุดนิ่งอยู่กับที่ นักพัฒนาได้ทำงานอย่างต่อเนื่องเพื่อปรับปรุง Bitcoin ให้ดีขึ้น โดยใช้ **"Soft Forks"** ซึ่งเป็นการอัพเกรดที่เข้ากันได้กับซอฟต์แวร์เวอร์ชั่นเก่า ### **SegWit (Segregated Witness)** เปิดตัวในปี 2017 SegWit เป็นเหมือนการจัดระเบียบข้อมูลใน Block ใหม่ ย้ายส่วนที่เรียกว่า "Witness data" (ข้อมูลลายเซ็น) ออกไปไว้ข้างนอก ทำให้มีพื้นที่ว่างใน Block มากขึ้น รองรับธุรกรรมได้มากขึ้น และลดค่าธรรมเนียมได้ SegWit ยังช่วยแก้ปัญหา "Transaction Malleability" ซึ่งเป็นช่องโหว่ด้านความปลอดภัยและปูทางไปสู่การพัฒนา Lightning Network ### **Taproot** เปิดตัวในปี 2021 Taproot เป็น Soft Fork ที่ช่วยเพิ่มความเป็นส่วนตัว และประสิทธิภาพของ Bitcoin Taproot ทำให้ธุรกรรมที่ซับซ้อน เช่น Smart Contracts มีขนาดเล็กลงและยากต่อการแยกแยะจากธุรกรรมทั่วไป Soft Forks อื่นๆ ที่ Bitcoin Core ได้นำมาใช้ เช่น BIP 65 (CheckLockTimeVerify) และ BIP 112 (CSV) ช่วยเพิ่มความยืดหยุ่นในการใช้งาน Bitcoin และปูทางไปสู่การพัฒนาฟังก์ชันใหม่ๆ ## **Hard Forks เส้นทางที่แตกต่างและการถือกำเนิดของเหรียญใหม่** ในขณะที่ Soft Forks เป็นการอัพเกรดที่นุ่มนวล **"Hard Forks"** นั้นนับว่าเป็นการเปลี่ยนแปลงครั้งใหญ่ ที่ทำให้เกิดสาย Blockchain ใหม่และเหรียญใหม่ ### **Bitcoin XT (2015)** เป็นความพยายามครั้งแรกในการเพิ่ม Blocksize Limit โดย Mike Hearn และ Gavin Andresen Bitcoin XT เสนอให้เพิ่ม Blocksize Limit เป็น 8MB แต่ถูกต่อต้านอย่างรุนแรง และไม่ประสบความสำเร็จ ### **Bitcoin Classic (2016)** เป็นอีกหนึ่งความพยายามในการเพิ่ม Blocksize Limit โดยเสนอให้เพิ่มเป็น 2MB แต่ก็ล้มเหลวเช่นกัน ### **Bitcoin Unlimited (2016)** เสนอให้ Miners สามารถกำหนด Blocksize Limit ได้เอง แต่มีข้อบกพร่องด้านความปลอดภัย และไม่เป็นที่ยอมรับในวงกว้าง ### **Bitcoin Cash (BCH) (2017)** เกิดจากการ Hard Fork ของ Bitcoin โดยกลุ่ม "Big Blockers" ที่ไม่พอใจที่ Bitcoin Core ไม่ยอมเพิ่ม Blocksize Limit Bitcoin Cash เพิ่ม Blocksize Limit เป็น 8MB และมุ่งเน้นที่การเป็น "เงินสดดิจิทัล" ที่ใช้งานได้จริง ### **Bitcoin SV (BSV) (2018)** เกิดจากการ Hard Fork ของ Bitcoin Cash โดยกลุ่มที่นำโดย **Craig Wright** ผู้ที่อ้างว่าเป็น Satoshi Nakamoto Bitcoin SV ต้องการเพิ่มขนาด Block อย่างมาก และกลับไปสู่วิสัยทัศน์ดั้งเดิมของ Bitcoin ### **Bitcoin ABC (2020)** เกิดจากการ Hard Fork ของ Bitcoin Cash โดยกลุ่มนักพัฒนา Bitcoin ABC ที่ต้องการเปลี่ยนแปลงกลไกการระดมทุน Bitcoin ABC ถูกเปลี่ยนชื่อเป็น eCash ในภายหลัง ## **มุมมองที่แตกต่าง Bitcoin ถูก "แย่งชิง" หรือไม่?** หนังสือ **"Hijacking Bitcoin"** โดย Roger Ver นำเสนอมุมมองที่แตกต่างจาก Bitcoin Maximalists Roger Ver เชื่อว่า Bitcoin ถูก **"แย่งชิง"** โดยกลุ่มนักพัฒนา Bitcoin Core และ Blockstream ที่ต้องการเปลี่ยนแปลง Bitcoin จาก "เงินสดดิจิทัล" ให้กลายเป็น **"สินทรัพย์เก็บมูลค่า"** Roger Ver วิพากษ์วิจารณ์ Bitcoin Core ในหลายประเด็น เช่น.. ### **การไม่ยอมเพิ่ม Blocksize Limit** Roger Ver เชื่อว่า Bitcoin Core จงใจจำกัดการเติบโตของ Bitcoin เพื่อผลักดันให้คนใช้งาน Sidechains ของ Blockstream ### **การเซ็นเซอร์ข้อมูล** Roger Ver กล่าวหาว่า Bitcoin Core เซ็นเซอร์ข้อมูลและปิดกั้นการสนทนาเกี่ยวกับ Big Blocks บนแพลตฟอร์มต่างๆ ### **การต่อต้านนวัตกรรม** Roger Ver เชื่อว่า Bitcoin Core ต่อต้านนวัตกรรม และไม่ยอมรับการเปลี่ยนแปลงที่อาจทำให้ Bitcoin ดีขึ้น ### **การควบคุมโดยกลุ่มเล็กๆ** Roger Ver มองว่า Bitcoin Core ถูกควบคุมโดยกลุ่มเล็กๆ ที่ไม่คำนึงถึงความต้องการของชุมชน Bitcoin Roger Ver สนับสนุน Bitcoin Cash ซึ่งเขาเชื่อว่าเป็น Bitcoin ที่แท้จริง ที่สืบทอดวิสัยทัศน์ดั้งเดิมของ Satoshi Nakamoto ## **บทสรุป:** การต่อสู้แย่งชิง Bitcoin และการเกิดขึ้นของ Hard Forks ต่างๆ เป็นส่วนหนึ่งของวิวัฒนาการของ Cryptocurrency มุมมองที่แตกต่าง ความขัดแย้ง และการแข่งขัน ล้วนเป็นแรงผลักดันให้ Bitcoin และ Cryptocurrency อื่นๆ พัฒนาต่อไป สุดท้ายแล้ว.. เราคงไม่อาจตัดสินได้ว่าฝ่ายใดคิดถูกหรือฝ่ายใดผิด **"เสียงของตลาด** จะช่วยทำหน้าที่ให้คำตอบนั้นกับเรา ว่าแท้ที่จริงแล้วผู้คนกำลังต้องการอะไรกันแน่.. ลองมองไปที่มูลค่าของแต่ละแนวคิด มองไปที่ Network effect และกำลังการขุด มองไปที่การยอมรับและความเชื่อมั่นของผู้คน เหล่านี้ล้วนเป็นข้อบ่งชี้ที่เห็นได้ง่าย.. เพราะนั่นคือเสียงแห่งการเพรียกหาอิสรภาพ และอธิปไตยทางการเงินที่แท้จริง.. — Jakk Goodday

This is the sixth in a series of weekly(ish) updates detailing progress on bringing MLS protocol DMs and group messaging to Nostr. ## Previous Updates - [June 28th 2024](https://habla.news/u/jeffg.fyi/1719562889267) - [July 6th 2024](https://habla.news/u/jeffg.fyi/1720256910765) - [July 12th 2024](https://habla.news/u/jeffg.fyi/1720778880538) - [July 19th 2024](https://habla.news/u/jeffg.fyi/1721419437737) - [August 16th 2024](https://habla.news/u/jeffg.fyi/1723802138254) ## Progress this week Sorry about the very late update this week. Catching up on everything after a week in Riga for Nostriga and Baltic Honeybadger took a bunch of time, every other moment was spent coding. 👨‍💻 The response at Nostriga to NIP-104 and my two talks on the subject were overwhelmingly positive. It was very helpful to spend time with other devs going through the spec in detail. We found a few minor improvements and clarifications but no major issues surfaced. Thanks to nostr:npub1v0lxxxxutpvrelsksy8cdhgfux9l6a42hsj2qzquu2zk7vc9qnkszrqj49, nostr:npub1lunaq893u4hmtpvqxpk8hfmtkqmm7ggutdtnc4hyuux2skr4ttcqr827lj, and nostr:npub1ye5ptcxfyyxl5vjvdjar2ua3f0hynkjzpx552mu5snj3qmx5pzjscpknpr in particular for the lengthly interrogations and nostr:npub1wmr34t36fy03m8hvgl96zl3znndyzyaqhwmwdtshwmtkg03fetaqhjg240 for the introductions. Last week, I started work on a reference implementation of the spec. It's still early but going quickly. My PR adding support for secp256k1 was also merged into the hpke-rs library yesterday. That's one more step in the right direction towards having secp256k1 ciphersuite support. ### The NIP If you haven't already, check out my talk; [The Past and Future of DMs and Group messaging on Nostr](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PWKd9aoZ-Cg). This was a basic overview of the various DM and group messaging schemes and talks a little about the progress on NIP-104. I _believe_ there is a recording of the technical talk on the spec but it hasn't yet been released. I'll link it up when it is. At this point I've been discouraging anyone from trying to implement the NIP quite yet. As I mentioned above there are a few adjustments that need to be made and a few open questions that I'm working on answering with my implementation (which I'm very happy to have contributors on). My plan at the moment is to do this first implementation with the default ciphersuite that MLS already supports while I continue to work on the dependencies to get secp256k1 support across the board. ### The Implementation I've started on a cross-platform native client that will run on Mac, Windows, Linux, iOS, and Android. Think of it as Signal or Telegram but over Nostr. I hope that this will not only become the reference implementation for other client developers but also will be one of the most secure and privacy focused clients in the Nostr ecosystem. Building it has already been helpful in clarifying some of the more complex implementation details in the NIP. It's still early but I'll have more to share on this in the coming weeks. ### HPKE-RS My [PR](https://github.com/franziskuskiefer/hpke-rs/pull/66) to add support for secp256k1 is merged! ## Onward and Upward Thanks again to everyone for the support and feedback on this stuff at Nostriga. It was hugely motivating to hear the kind words, have you introducing me to people that could help, and spending time giving me feedback! This community is the best. 🫂

_This is a copy of the email received from newsletter@Rumble.com_  # Free Speech Under Attack -- A Note from the CEO of Rumble Dear Rumble Users, I don't typically send messages to our users through email, but red lines have been crossed. There have been major developments with free speech platforms, and I feel it’s important to let everyone know what is going on and how you can help Rumble. Rumble is no longer available to the citizens of Brazil, joining the ranks of France, Russia, and China. From media reports, Brazil no longer has Elon Musk's X due to attacks on free speech by Alexandre De Moreas, a justice of Brazil's Supreme Federal Court. World powers don’t want Rumble, they don’t want X, they don’t want Telegram, and they don't want Truth Social. They want to control information, but our companies won’t let them. There are no other large companies fighting for freedom like we are. We put everything on the line for it, and the Telegram CEO was recently arrested for it. Advertisers boycott our companies to try and cut our economic lifeline, but they underestimate our support among the people. The people keep us alive and keep us going. If you want to help us, join Rumble Premium. If Rumble Premium gets big enough, you help us change the game and fight for freedom of expression. We are also offering a $10 dicount for any new annual subscribers when they use the promo code "brazil". Sincerely, Chris Pavlovski Chairman and CEO of Rumble  444 Gulf of Mexico Dr. Longboat Key, FL 34228, USA.

Nyms, Personas, and Digital Identity #GHOSTn If you want #privacy then embrace compartmentlization and obscuration in your digital life. Get used to having multiple identities that you can switch between for various needs. Your legal "matrix" name that pays taxes and has no controversal opinions or associations. Don't try to obscure this person. They are a open book. Put your best foot forward. Show them what you want them to see. Your private online persona. You let your hair down, have hot takes on social media, purchase legal but potentially embarrassing items or just have hobbies and associations that you are not ashamed of but don't want to advertise for some reason. You use a VPN and no kyc sudo anonymous accounts. Have fun but don't go crazy, know that on a long enough timeline this persona will be linked back to you. The more connections and data that you put out there the easier this will be. Your anonymous nym that only uses #tor, VMs, hidden drives, and rarely used accounts. Plausible deniability is baked in. Used by dissidents, freedom fights, truth to power, and anyone in oppressive regimes. Finally you have your Nemo. This person does not exist. No name, no files and only uses #Tails or disposable systems that does not leave a trace. Not everyone would ever have a need for a Nemo but it is good to know how to just in case you ever do.

Encryption is the promethium fire that the cypherpunks secured from heaven for me and you. It is our sacred duty to use and advance that in the world. Encryption is so powerful that governments tried to keep it away from the people and to this day have tried to weaken and backdoor it at every turn. So what is encryption? It is a deep deep rabbit hole and involves a lot of numbers but in a nutshell it uses math to scramble up the data of your file so it is gibberish and can't be read without decrypting it back to regular data. Encryption technology has continued to advance over time and cracking technology to break the encryption has as well. For our purposes all you really need to remember is to use modern cyphers and your encryption is really only going to be as good as the password (use a passphrase) strength you are using to lock it down with. > BEGINNER LEVEL - Encrypt your phone and computer. People walk around with their whole lives on their phone. Protect it. -phone: Congratulations, if you already have a lock screen set on either your iPhone or Android device then device encryption is enabled. If your lock screen password is only 4 digits then we still have work to do. Four digits is only about 10,000 combinations and fairly easy to crack. I believe it only took them about 40 minutes to crack the iPhone of the attempted Trump shooter. Go into settings and set it up for 6 digits or for extra credit use a alphanumeric password. After your phone then your personal computer probably has the most important data to you. Banking records, tax documents, photos, etc. Encrypt your drive. -Windows: from Settings, select Privacy security -> Device encryption. Just follow the prompts. -Apple: from Apple icon, select System Preferences -> Security & Privacy icon. Click "Turn On FileVault". -Linux: most distros gives you the option during installation. If you didn't do so then search for how to enable it after the fact based on your distribution. Awesome sauce. You have achieved minimum status. > ADVANCED LEVEL - Encrypt individual files. You already encrypted your computer but guess what, once you start up your computer and log in the key is stored in RAM for as long as it stays on. The beginner level encryption protects your computer when it is off and it means no one can just steal your hard drive and access your files. This is good, but what if someone grabs you while you're sitting there working on it? What if you leave it in sleep mode and not turned off? Then that whole disk encryption is not really going to help you. What if you had individual files that you consider more secret than the others? That finance spreadsheet or that special pic your spouse sent you? That's where individual file encryption comes in. You are just scrolling nostr when they grab you, your computer is on, and unlocked, but those special files are still safely encrypted. I will share with you one of my favorite small programs: Picocrypt. Download the Paranoid pack and store it in multiple drives, email accounts, and cloud storage. That way you will always have a copy to decrypt any files that you stored away. Use it to encrypt any files that you feel need extra attention. It is also very useful for encrypting any files that you intend to store online in cloud storage. You do encrypt your files that are stored online don't you? Yes, even with the company that offers "encrypted" storage. Don't trust their encryption, use your own. > EXPERT LEVEL - Encrypt containers and hidden containers. What if you want to encrypt several files and keep them all together in like a folder or container? That's where Veracrypt comes in. Free, open source, cross platform, and powerful. Veracrypt allows you to create encrypted containers from any file that act like individual drives that can be mounted or unmounted as needed. You can name these files anything that you want, move them around or delete like any file, and make as many as you want. This allows you to have compartmentation of your files and drives. Next trick, Veracrypt allows you to create a hidden container inside that container. Enter one passphrase and you open the encrypted container. Enter a different passphrase and you open a different hidden container. This allows deniability. When they grab you and start pulling your fingernails off until you tell them the password to open the encrypted container, give it to them. They don't have to know that there is another hidden one under that. These features allow you to do all sorts of interesting things only limited by your need and imagination. What if you have a container named as some random config file in your /etc folder? What if you just encrypted a removable storage drive? What if you have multiple hard drives on your computer that have multiple containers and hidden containers? What if you have a hidden container that can only be accessed from booting up in a amnesiac OS like Tails leaving no trace that the files exist or trail that they were ever accessed? Go crazy, have fun. > NEMO - Failsafe Nemo has no files, encrypted or otherwise. If they did you couldn't prove it. Nemo does use something like Tails that retains no memory from boot to boot. Nemo also uses a failsafe. A simple lanyard attached to the flashdrive running the OS and the other end around their wrist while they work. When you try to separate them from the computer the flashdrive pulls out and everything is gone. > > Using these programs you can create a layered and compartmentlized approach to your encryption scheme. There are also plenty of other encryption programs to check out such as Cryptomator, AES Crypt, etc > Last point and most important: Encryption is only as good as the passphrase you use to lock it down. Use a shitty password and it doesn't matter how uncrackable your encryption is.

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# Lesson 3: Arrays, Objects, and Callbacks ### Arrays: Lists of Things Arrays are ordered lists of values. They're perfect for storing multiple related items, like a list of your favorite cat toys: ```javascript var catToys = ["mouse", "ball", "laser pointer"]; console.log(catToys[0]); // Prints "mouse" ``` ### Objects: Grouping Related Information Objects allow you to group related information together. They're like detailed profiles for each of your cat friends: ```javascript var myCat = { name: "Fluffy", age: 3, favoriteFood: "tuna" }; console.log(myCat.name); // Prints "Fluffy" ``` ### Callbacks: Doing Things Later Callbacks are functions that are executed after another function has finished. They're useful for handling asynchronous operations, like waiting for your cat to finish eating before giving it a treat: ```javascript function feedCat(callback) { console.log("Feeding the cat..."); setTimeout(function() { console.log("Cat has finished eating!"); callback(); }, 2000); } feedCat(function() { console.log("Time for a treat!"); }); ``` This code simulates feeding a cat, waiting 2 seconds, and then giving it a treat. Remember, learning JavaScript is a journey. Take your time, practice regularly, and soon you'll be coding like a pro cat!

# Lesson 2: Functions and Loops ### Functions: Your Own Commands Functions are reusable blocks of code that perform specific tasks. They're like teaching your cat a new trick: ```javascript function meow(times) { for (var i = 0; i < times; i++) { console.log("Meow!"); } } meow(3); // This will print "Meow!" three times ``` ### Built-in Functions JavaScript comes with many built-in functions. For example, `console.log()` is a function that prints things to the console: ```javascript console.log("I'm a cat!"); ``` ### Loops: Repeating Tasks Loops allow you to repeat a task multiple times without writing the same code over and over. It's like telling your cat to chase its tail for a specific number of rounds: ```javascript for (var i = 0; i < 5; i++) { console.log("Chasing tail, round " + (i + 1)); } ``` This will print "Chasing tail, round X" five times, where X goes from 1 to 5.

I do this every year, and every year I get at least one correct. [Last year](https://www.realmansports.com/p/grading-my-bold-predictions-e72?utm_source=publication-search), I got exactly one correct and unfortunately it was the surefire prediction that not all of them would be right, i.e., I got really zero correct. But that just goes to show how bold they were. These aren’t layups, more like three pointers and half-court shots. I fared much better the [previous](https://www.realmansports.com/p/grading-my-bold-predictions) two [years](https://www.rotowire.com/football/article/east-coast-offense-grading-my-predictions-61196), so hopefully these will get back on track. *(Actually, probably better to just link to all of them for full transparency: [2023](https://www.realmansports.com/p/grading-my-bold-predictions-e72?utm_source=publication-search), [2022](https://www.realmansports.com/p/grading-my-bold-predictions), [2021](https://www.rotowire.com/football/article/east-coast-offense-grading-my-predictions-61196), [2020](https://www.rotowire.com/football/article.php?id=54494), [2019](https://www.rotowire.com/football/article.php?id=48921), [2018,](https://www.rotowire.com/football/article.php?id=41171) [2017](https://www.rotowire.com/football/article.php?id=37079), [2016](https://www.rotowire.com/football/article.php?id=31269), [2015](https://www.rotowire.com/football/article.php?id=26515), [2014](https://www.rotowire.com/football/article.php?id=22258).) I’m not going to argue it matters, or that anyone even clicks through on these, but I want to pat myself on the back for being so organized in archiving my old work.)* 1. **Stefon Diggs leads the Texans in targets, catches and receiving yards** Right now, he’s getting drafted more than a round behind Nico Collins and less than a round ahead of Tank Dell. Diggs is 30, but he was one of the league’s best receivers until halfway through last year when the Bills made an offensive play-calling change. Moreover, Diggs is getting paid $22.5 million, so the Texans obviously don’t think he’s washed up, and he’s also in a contract year. 2. **CJ Stroud leads the NFL is passing yards** This is +600 on DraftKings, so the real odds are probably north of 8:1. Stroud adds Diggs to his receiving corps, doesn’t run much and heads into Year 2. 3. **Roman Wilson (ADP 211) has more receptions than George Pickens (ADP 47)** Pickens is a boom or bust downfield playmaker, not high-target alpha, and Wilson is a good fit for the slot for the Steelers new QBs. Think Martavis Bryant not Antonio Brown. (Not that Wilson is Brown!) Van Jefferson isn’t good, and someone will need to fill the void. Moreover, because Pittsburgh has new QBs, neither has an existing rapport with the incumbent Pickens. 4. **DeAndre Hopkins (ADP 82) out produces Calvin Ridley (ADP 54) in PPR** Hopkins wasn’t terrible last year, has a rapport with Will Levis and is a future Hall of Famer who can still run routes. Ridley is already 29 and is just a guy outside of his monster season in 2020. 5. **The Giants will field a top-10 fantasy defense.** I’ve been crushed by my homer bold predictions in the past, but they added Brian Burns to a rush that already had Dexter Lawrence and Kayvon Thibodeaux, the offense should be on the field more and generate some leads with a real playmaking receiver in Malik Nabers. 6. **One of the following Year 2 receivers will finish in the top-15 PPR: Jaxon Smith-Njigba, Jayden Reed, Jordan Addison, Dontayvion Wicks, Michael Wilson, Josh Downs, Andrei Iosivas, Quentin Johnston, Marvin Mims, Jalin Hyatt** I make this prediction every year, and it often pans out as Year 2 is when receivers typically make the leap. I left out Tank Dell because he’s now got a fifth-round ADP, as well as the obvious ones: Zay Flowers, Rashee Rice and Puka Nacua. 7. **Rome Odunze (ADP 77) will outproduce Xavier Worthy (ADP 59)** Both receivers enter crowded situations, and while Worthy’s is far better, he’s also got essentially the same skill-set as teammate Marquise Brown. Moreover, Andy Reid rarely entrusts rookies with large roles, especially early on. Odunze is 6-3, 215 and has the pedigree of a true NFL alpha, while Worthy weighs only 165 pounds at 5-11. Finally, Patrick Mahomes already has an established rapport with both Travis Kelce and Rashee Rice, while Odunze gets a more open competition with the Bears veteran WRs, given all three will play with Caleb Williams for the first time. 8. **Dalvin Cook will lead the Cowboys in rushing yards** Cook is 29 and looked beyond “cooked” last year on the Jets, but his 3.3 YPC was on a small sample (67 carries), and prior to that, he’d been very good for the Vikings. At the very least he should have fresh legs, and he’d only need to beat out the ancient Ezekiel Elliott and Rico Dowdle. (Of course, Cook would have to be promoted from the practice squad first, so I really should hedge and make the prediction “neither Elliott, nor Dowdle will lead the Cowboys in rushing yards,” but I’ll push it and say it’s Cook.) 9. **Jonathan Taylor (ADP12 ) will lead the NFL in rushing yards.** He’s got little competition in the Indy backfield and a running QB who should open lanes for him. Draft Kings has him at +600, so his real odds are probably about 10:1, but I’d take him over the favored Christian McCaffrey (age/mileage) and all the other backs who are more hybrid types or old (Derrick Henry.) 10. **Dalton Kincaid (TE4) will lead all TE in catches** I guess this is a chalky pick because he and Kelce are both favored at the position at +3000, while Evan Engram is +5000! (I’d way rather bet on Engram at those odds.) But straight up, I’m going with Kincaid who is likely Josh Allen’s de facto No. 1 target with Diggs gone. In his final 11 regular season games Kincaid had 56 catches which prorates to 87 catches over the full year. And rookie tight ends rarely do anything and often make a leap in Year 2. 11. **Some of these predictions will be wrong** No one’s perfect, but you never want to get shut out.

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As the World continues to create more and more NEW regulations. And as free speech get attacked from every angle. Bonafide business owners, especially importers will need to find ways to migrate sales offerings of goods and services. It feels like the majority of business owners have to really take this seriously. Obviously so many different methods are used around the World already, but when the upcoming new mandatory vaccinations, vaccine passport travel restrictions really hit, businesses will have to jump to more selling online. SN, Nostr and other unknown communication methods are Paramount. As usual it feels like no one is taking free speech attacks seriously. The amount of postings my customers around the World do daily on WhatsApp, LINE (Asia), Telegram, Twitter will move where it is allowed to move. Feels like there's an ongoing increase in the attack not just on the West, but from WITHIN the West. Regardless if you retail, wholesale, manufacture, are an agent we try hard to be pro active on marketing on multiple methods. It seems very logical that in the future Nostr and SN will pick up International users as a way to get their goods posted somehow someway. Examples Customers in these regions I deal with primarily communicate with me in Japan, Thailand using LINE and Tik Tok daily. Most of the rest of the World communicate with me using WhatsApp. Certain parts of Eastern Europe and Asia Telegram. Interestingly my resellers in the USA primarily post on WhatsApp. Westerners especially Americans seem to have enough money, they are not hungry for making more money, or increasing their business growth, they think everything is ok. "We will always be okay, there will NEVER be a Worldwide depression, recession, deflation, increased restrictions, they will NEVER force a new vaccine on us again, they will NEVER lock business and us down again". "So I will always have free speech, the politicians told me so". originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/670041

IO used to have a lot of content and now the only thing that shows up is my fouintain stuff. when i go into other nostr things it's not there anymore and i look like an anonymous user with no profile pic, or profile and no activity. originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/669994

I did the third and final NFFC Beat Chris Liss league last night, and it was one of the more interesting and aggressive drafts I’ve ever done. I picked from the seven slot. Here are the results: ([Link to livestream](https://www.realmansports.com/p/beat-chris-liss-3-livestream)) <img src="https://blossom.primal.net/269209e3c21e86749662ec594f0344c7aa45073d1c590d61fec611e74e1e15a8.png"> **1.7 Ja’Marr Chase** — I made seven my first choice, but then realized I probably should have gone with four or five, or maybe nine or 10. That’s because if the first six picks went chalk (and they did), I’d be faced with Chase who is holding out for a new contract (and who I have in two other leagues already), Justin Jefferson (new, bad QB) or Garrett Wilson (new QB, never been a Round 1-level WR.) At 1.9 I’d have gotten one of those guys anyway, but earlier picks on the way back. And at 1.4, I’d have gotten a shot at Bijan Robinson for an easier hero-RB build. But I had pick seven, and I tripled-down on Chase because I think it’s very likely he’ll get his extension (or play if he doesn’t), and he’s an all-time talent with a top QB and projects for a massive target share. Plus, if he busts [it’s Alan Seslowsky’s fault](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9n2l5ywZY4M), and having someone to blame is paramount. **2.6 Drake London** — I had it mapped out via ADP that I’d likely get De’Von Achane here, but he went at his min pick (I’m pretty sure) at the 1-2 turn, and so I was scrambling a bit. I really wanted Puka Nacua, who I missed by one pick, considered Cooper Kupp, but ended up going for the ADP-faller London who I had not remotely planned on getting. London obviously benefits from the massive QB upgrade in Atlanta, but it’s an open question whether he’s really an elite receiver or just a good one, and Kyle Pitts could easily emerge as Kurt Cousins favorite target instead. **3.6 DeVonta Smith** — When Derrick Henry went one pick ahead of me, it was between Smith and Jaylen Waddle who I took in [BCL2](https://www.realmansports.com/p/beat-chris-liss-2-77e). Normally I avoid receivers this undersized but Smith has always produced at every level and is locked into his sizeable target share. Plus I read some [Scott Barrett tweets](https://x.com/ScottBarrettDFB/status/1829973477131952161) about how Kellen Moore’s offense boosts the slot receiver a ton and that Smith thrives in the slot and could see more work there. **4.7 Stefon Diggs** — This was ideal. I now have Diggs in all four of my leagues so far. Maybe he’s hit a cliff at age 30, but he’s getting $22.5M to play in arguably the league’s top passing game that lacks a true No. 1 alpha. I also considered Tee Higgins to pair with Chase (and serve as Chase insurance), but Diggs has more upside as a potential No. 1 target. **5.6 Dalton Kincaid** — I’ve been high on him all summer, but he never quite fell to me in the right place until now. I expect him to be Josh Allen’s No. 1 receiver now that Diggs is gone. **6.7 James Conner** — I needed a RB, and Conner is one. I’m a bit wary of a 29-YO guy with an extensive injury history, but he averaged 5.0 YPC last year and has never had a massive workload so he’s fresh for his age at least. Plus, the Cardinals offense should be good this year. **7.6 Anthony Richardson** — I wasn’t planning on taking a QB here, or even Richardson who I have in [BCL2](https://www.realmansports.com/p/beat-chris-liss-2-77e) in Round 5!, but I couldn’t pull the trigger on Zamir White over someone with Richardson’s upside. I’m trying to win the overall contest, not simply cover the bases with starters at every position. **8.7 Jonathon Brooks** — Jaylen Warren was still on the board, and he was a viable Week 1 starter for me, but Brooks who is on IR, struck me as the upside play. I heard somewhere, can’t remember where, that Brooks was an elite prospect in college before the injury, and there’s a lot of hype about Carolina’s new offensive brain trust boosting the offense generally. But it might have been a rash pick given my zero-RB build to take a rookie on IR. **9.6 Marquise Brown** — I missed Warren by one pick on the way back, and instead of pivoting to Tyjae Spears I leaned into the zero-RB by taking Brown who was going in the fifth or sixth round before his injury. The beauty of this pick is I don’t need Brown right away as I wouldn’t start him anyway, so I pay no price for him missing Week 1. The ugly of this pick is I missed out on Spears, Zack Moss and Chuba Hubbard (who would have been nice to pair with Brooks.) **10.7 Joe Burrow** — The obvious pick was Trey Benson to pair with Conner. In fact, I could have had Hubbard in Round 9 and Benson in 10 to lock up two backfields for my zero-RB team. But no, I had to take a *second* QB here because (a) Richardson has a low floor; (b) this was cheap for Burrow; and (c) I could potentially pair Burrow with Chase for the playoffs. If you’re gonna go zero RB, lean the into it. (The other problem with this pick is the weekly headache of picking my starting QB.) **11.6 Jaleel McLaughlin** — The Burrow pick cost me not only Benson but JK Dobbins too, but I had my eye on McLaughlin who apparently was a god in college, and [per Barrett](https://x.com/ScottBarrettDFB/status/1829971593852043394) is in an ideal spot as the RB2 in Sean Payton’s offense. Now that stat has to be tempered a bit given that peak Alvin Kamara was the source of so much of it, but how much of that was Payton’s offense? In any event, I’m seriously rolling into Week 1 with McLaughlin in my active lineup because of the Richardson, Brooks, Brown and Burrow picks. **12.7 Jordan Mason** — Obviously he’s not usable unless and until Christian McCaffrey gets hurt, and the Niners badly need Trent Williams to report, but he’s a top-10 RB if McCaffrey, who played into February last year, goes down. This also furthers my extreme “what could go right” build. **13.6 Braelon Allen** — Oddly I view this pick as a mistake as he was higher in ADP, so I thought I could wait another round on Giants backup Tyrone Tracy. (Tracy went three picks ahead of me in the next round.) Allen might be good, but only a Breece Hall injury could free him up whereas Tracy could just outplay Devin Singletary. Granted the Jets might be a better environment than the Giants, so Allen could have more upside if he did get a shot, but Tracy is also a converted WR and would likely catch a lot of passes if he got the job. **14.7 Khalil Herbert** — Once Tracy was gone, I pivoted to Herbert. The Chicago backfield is crowded, but D’Andre Swift always gets hurt, and Roschon Johnson isn’t as good a runner as Herbert. **15.6 Jalen McMillan** — I wanted to get Cam Akers because Joe Mixon is old, but I missed him by two picks and pivoted (finally) back to WR. McMillan’s created some buzz in camp, and both Mike Evans and Chris Godwin are getting old. **16.7 Will Shipley** — I love Saquon Barkley, but he’s getting old and has been hurt a lot. Kenneth Gainwell is ostensibly ahead of Shipley, but is just a guy. Another top-10 upside back should the starter go down. **17.6 Dalvin Cook** — He’s on the practice squad for now, and he looked beyond done last year with the Jets, but keep in mind he only got 67 carries, and the Cowboys don’t have serious obstacles ahead of him should he regain even 60 percent of his prior form. Cook was still very good in 2022, and he should have fresh legs too. **18.7 Quentin Johnston** — I needed one more receiver, and Johnston is one. Seriously, though he was a first-round pick only last year, and he’s competing with only Josh Palmer and a rookie. **19.6 Younghoe Koo** — All these years I was with a wonderful kicker in Justin Tucker, but I’m trading him in for a Younghoe. (That joke will get old one day, just not in any of our lifetimes.) **20.7 Giants Defense** — They draw Sam Darnold and Jayden Daniels the first two weeks, and added Brian Burns to Kayvon Thibodeaux and Dexter Lawrence. **Roster By Position** **QB** Anthony Richardson **RB** James Conner/Jaleel McLaughlin **WR** Ja’Marr Chase/Drake London/DeVonta Smith **TE** Dalton Kincaid **FLEX** Stefon Diggs **K** Younghoe Koo **D** Giants **Bench** Jonathan Brooks/Marquise Brown/Joe Burrow/Jordan Mason/Braelon Allen/Khalil Herbert/Jalen McMillan/Will Shipley/Dalvin Cook/Quentin Johnston

First steps into privacy. You are a normie, but maybe you are privacy curious. Maybe you are ready to take a first step or two into security and privacy but don't know where to start. Don't worry, here are some absolute beginner first steps that will make a big difference. > 1. No one except your friends and family should know your personal phone number and email address. Stop giving away your data! You don't have to fill out every blank on that form. Unless they are mailing you something they don't need your home address. Use a email aliasing service or just create a burner email account as a spam trap. Get a second VOIP phone number. Look up the address of a local hotel. Use these instead of your personal information or maybe just skip the customer reward program. > 2. Speaking of giving away your data. Stop using spyware! Facebook, Instagram, Tiktok, etc. It is "free" software designed to suck every ounce of personal data from you to be repackaged and sold. Don't just delete the app, search for how to delete your account data. BTW Windows, google, and 90% of the apps on your phone are also spyware but one thing at a time. Maybe start reading up on FOSS. > 3. Clean up your communications. Stop using unencrypted calls and SMS texts. There are several options but just get Signal and make your friends use it. Its easy and works. > 4. Clean up your email. This one is probably going to take you some time if you are like most people who have hundreds of emails from years gone bye. Go through every single one and unsubscribe from every newsletter or sales pitch from every store you have ever bought anything from. Block every spam email you see. If you are using a email provider that literally scans every email you send or receive in order to sell you stuff like gmail, then now is the time to switch to a private and encrypted provider like proton or tuta. > 5. Clean up your web surfing. Switch to a privacy browser and search engine. If you don't know which one just get Brave. There are ones that I like better but Brave is good enough and easy, especially if you like Chrome. A hardened Firefox is better but requires some homework and if on desktop Mullvad browser is a excellent choice. > BONUS TIP: Clean up your security. Make sure all of your software is setup for automatic updates, especially security updates. Also, I don’t know who needs to hear this but get a password manager if you don’t have one. (Don't save passwords on the browser!) Get an actual password manager and then add 2FA to all of your online accounts and you will have better security than 90% of the population. > OK, nothing too exciting but we got the big rocks. Data leaks, communications, email, web surfing, and basic security. What, no VPN or Tor or super secret stuff? No, not yet. This is your level zero default. Your identity and activity is still transparent but you are no longer leaking your data all over the place. This will provide a general base for everyone. The next step is to perform a basic threat assessment of your personal situation. What are you most at risk for? Targeted attacks or passive? Cyber or physical? What do you most need to defend against? Government mass surveillance, surveillance capitalism, censorship, or public exposure? There will be some overlap with all of them but your next steps will really depend on your answer. We will cover each of these in greater depth later.

To foster collective improvement, it is essential to implement social programs that encourage voluntary engagement and mutual support. These initiatives should serve as fertile ground, nurturing altruistic values and deepening the understanding of humanity’s true needs. By integrating spiritual connections into these efforts, a ripple effect of kindness, understanding, and enlightenment can spread throughout society. Each individual, endowed with intellectual abilities by a higher power, is invited to contribute to the creation of a harmonious and enlightened world. Sharing inspirational concepts that blend spirituality with social responsibility has the potential to profoundly influence and unite public sentiment. A sense of community and interconnectedness must be cultivated within these programs. Creating spaces for shared experiences and collective growth extends their impact beyond individual actions, fostering a network of mutual support and understanding. It is crucial to promote inclusive development that transcends bureaucratic constraints, aiming to dismantle inequality and confront corruption. These initiatives do more than foster a fairer world; they also reveal the latent spiritual dimensions of the human mind. To encourage spiritual growth and overcome selfishness, collaborative efforts across society, decentralized governance structures, educational institutions, and individual contributions are imperative. Moral codes must emerge from deeply rooted spiritual ethics that are interwoven into the societal fabric, surpassing the interests of a privileged few. Humanity’s ultimate goal is to transcend mere cooperation among individuals, striving for absolute transparency and openness across all spheres of existence. Achieving this vision requires unwavering dedication from every stakeholder committed to guiding society along the path of enlightenment.

There's a saying: Bitcoin is hope. But once you truly understand Bitcoin, many of the old fiat goals in your life start to lose meaning. It can feel disorienting and even depressing, because you realize you need to build entirely new goals, and you're unsure where to begin. For example, maybe your plan was to get a mortgage, buy a house, and imagine your kids playing there for the next 20 years while you "happily" pay off a 25-year loan. But when you understand Bitcoin, that plan doesn’t make sense. Why would I put a 100k-200k down payment into a mortgage when it's likely better be in Bitcoin? Plus, you lose about 2.5% to 4% of the total price on taxes, fees, brokers, and other costs. Crazy, right? I even made a short presentation for my wife, explaining why we should never buy a house given current interest rates and down payment requirements. She responded that she wants a house anyway, because it feels better to own one. But does a 25-year mortgage really make it feel like it’s yours? She also said it’s depressing to not follow the conventional path. It’s hard to feel satisfied with numbers when everyone around you is deep into mortgages—you want to be one of them. You want to visit their houses and invite them to "yours." It's like becoming sober in a room full of addicts. You know it’s better for you, but the world around you seems so strange that part of you wants to go back, even though you know it hurts. Yet, when you do go back, the joy isn't there anymore. You feel...nothing. And then you decide to withdraw. I remember paying off my first mortgage for an apartment, and I felt nothing. And that was before I fell down the Bitcoin rabbit hole. Now I know if I ever took out a mortgage again, I’d just feel regret for not keeping the money in Bitcoin. And by the time you finish paying it off, you probably want to sell the property and move somewhere else. So, the rational decision is to keep everything in Bitcoin and rent instead.Unless, of course, Bitcoin goes to zero. There are only two outcomes for Bitcoin: it’s either going to infinity, or it's going to zero. There’s no scenario where it just hovers at 100k or 60k for the next 20 years—unless people are foolish enough to give away self-custody. If they do, we'll end up with digital gold. So the reasonable question is - how can you be sure? Well, you can't. But we are betting on it and it works for now. Worst case we will need to start from 0. But then there will be no hope anymore. We are staying in the infinity camp. And when you are in that camp every time you make a big purchase, you’re shorting Bitcoin. Solution - simple, - don't buy anything. There’s a popular meme: You will own nothing, and you will be happy. But if you’re a Bitcoiner, it's more like: You will own only Bitcoin, and you probably won’t be happy about it. Why would I pay 30k for a car when I can lease one? Why put 100k down on a house when I can rent? The only justification is mental comfort, peace of mind. Or perhaps you value the illusion of owning a physical thing more than the genuine ownership of something virtual. It’s confusing, isn’t it? Sure, you can own a bicycle. But owning a house? That's tricky. Imagine you’re a Russian citizen with a house on Lake Como, and suddenly, new sanctions mean Italy no longer recognizes your property. Or squatters break in while you’re on vacation, and now you need to go through a court battle to evict them. Extreme situations, I know. But no one thinks it will happen to them—until it does. So, you’ve sold everything to buy Bitcoin. You don’t own anything except Bitcoin, and you feel sad. Why? What can you buy with Bitcoin that’s more valuable? Something that won’t depreciate over time. Something like time. Time with your kids. Time with your family. Time with yourself. There’s a concept called FIRE and then there is a Bitcoin FIRE calculation (https://bitcoincompounding.com/). In simple terms, you spend your Bitcoin slowly enough that it grows faster than you can spend it (in fiat terms). Unlike traditional assets, there’s no yield or dividends, so the only way it works is if Bitcoin continues its cycles. And you need to be at least two cycles in to make it work. But personally, I don’t think there will be cycles anymore. I believe this October-November will break all the models, and Bitcoin will do what Bitcoin does: surprise everyone. I read somewhere a thought that stuck with me—imagine you wake up on a planet Earth on January 1st. You know nothing about the seasons or weather. After six months of only increasing temperatures, you’d be 100% certain it’s only getting hotter from here. So what hope does Bitcoin offer? Hope that I can spend more time with my family. Hope that I can create something different for them. Hope that I can live without the weight of fiat goals. Hope that it's only getting hotter from here. I just need to get through the withdrawal phase. originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/662939

Eggplant is a member of the nightshade family, and it’s related to the potato and tomato. Often mistaken for a vegetable, eggplant is actually a fruit, and to be more precise, it’s a berry.  originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/669464

ระบบเงินอิเล็กทรอนิกส์แบบ peer-to-peer ---- ระบบเงินอิเล็กทรอนิกส์แบบ peer-to-peer นั้นจะช่วยให้เราสามารถชำระเงินผ่านทางออนไลน์ได้โดยตรงจากฝ่ายหนึ่งไปยังอีกฝ่ายหนึ่งโดยไม่ต้องผ่านตัวกลางอย่างพวกสถาบันการเงิน โดยใช้ digital signature เป็นส่วนหนึ่งในการแก้ปัญหานี้ แต่มันจะไม่มีประโยชน์ใด ๆ เลยหากยังคงต้องอาศัยตัวกลางที่เชื่อถือได้มาแก้ปัญหา double spending เราขอเสนอวิธีแก้ปัญหา double spending โดยใช้เครือข่ายแบบ peer-to-peer ให้เครือข่ายคอยประทับเวลาธุรกรรมต่าง ๆ ในระบบและนำมาเรียงร้อยกันเป็นเส้นสายของ proof-of-work ที่ใช้ hash เพื่อสร้างธุรกรรมที่ไม่สามารถเปลี่ยนแปลงได้ โดยไม่ต้องทำ proof-of-work ใหม่ โดยให้เส้นสายที่ยาวที่สุดนั้น ไม่เพียงแต่ทำหน้าที่เป็นลำดับของธุรกรรมที่เกิดขึ้นเท่านั้น แต่ยังเป็นสิ่งที่พิสูจน์ได้ว่ามาจากกำลังประมวลผล CPU ที่มากที่สุด และตราบใดที่ nodes ส่วนใหญ่ไม่ได้ร่วมมือกันโจมตีเครือข่ายและยังคงควบคุมกำลังประมวลผลส่วนใหญ่ในระบบไว้ พวกเขาก็จะสร้างเส้นสายที่ยาวที่สุดและสามารถเอาชนะผู้ประสงค์ร้ายที่จะโจมตีระบบได้ ตัวเครือข่ายเองไม่ได้ต้องมีโครงสร้างอะไรที่ซับซ้อน ข้อมูลต่าง ๆ ในเครือข่ายจะถูกกระจายส่งต่อโดยไม่ต้องสนใจว่าผู้รับจะได้รับหรือไม่ และ nodes ต่าง ๆ เองก็สามารถที่จะออกจากเครือข่ายและกลับเข้าร่วมใหม่ได้ตามที่ต้องการ โดยยอมรับเส้น proof-of-work ที่ยาวที่สุด เป็นหลักฐานของสิ่งที่เกิดขึ้นในขณะที่ node นั้น ๆ ไม่ได้อยู่ในเครือข่าย 1.บทนำ (Introduction) ----- ไม่ว่าใครจะใคร่ซื้อใคร่ขายอะไรใด ๆ บนอินเตอร์เน็ตนั้น ก็จำเป็นต้องพึ่งพาสถาบันการเงินในฐานะของบุคคลที่สามเพื่อดำเนินการชำระเงินทางอิเล็กทรอนิกส์เสมอ ๆ ซึ่งถึงแม้ว่าระบบนี้มันจะทำงานได้ดีสำหรับธุรกรรมส่วนใหญ่ ๆ แต่ระบบก็ก็มีจุดอ่อนอยู่ที่ยังต้องอาศัยความไว้เนื้อเชื่อใจ (trust) ในระบบนี้การทำธุรกรรมที่ไม่สามารถย้อนกลับได้อย่างสมบูรณ์นั้นมันแทบจะเป็นไปไม่ได้เลย เนื่องจากสถาบันการเงินไม่สามารถหลีกเลี่ยงการเป็นตัวกลางในการไกล่เกลี่ยข้อพิพาทต่าง ๆ ที่อาจเกิดขึ้นได้ มิหนำซ้ำต้นทุนในการไกล่เกลี่ยยังทำให้ต้นทุนการทำธุรกรรมเพิ่มสูงขึ้น และเมื่อต้นทุนสูงขึ้นขนาดของธุรกรรมที่สามารถใช้งานได้จริงก็สูงขึ้นตามไปด้วย ธุรกรรมเล็ก ๆ น้อย ๆ ก็ไม่สามารถเกิดขึ้นได้ เมื่อมีความเป็นไปได้ที่ธุรกรรมจะเกิดการย้อนกลับ ความจำเป็นในการสร้างความไว้วางใจก็ยิ่งทวีคูณมากขึ้น ผู้ค้าก็จำเป็นต้องระมัดระวังลูกค้า ต้องเรียกร้องข้อมูลมากกว่าที่จำเป็น การฉ้อโกงกลายเป็นเรื่องที่หลีกเลี่ยงไม่ได้เพราะต้นทุนและความไม่แน่นอนในทำธุรกรรมเหล่านี้ แน่นอนว่าเราสามารถหลีกเลี่ยงมันได้โดยการใช้เงินสด แต่ก็ไม่มีกลไกใดที่ทำให้สามารถใช้เงินสดผ่านช่องทางการสื่อสาร (เอาให้เข้าใจง่ายก็อินเตอร์เน็ต)ได้ โดยไม่ต้องมีตัวกลาง ;-; แปลว่าสิ่งที่จำเป็นสำหรับการแก้ไขปัญหานี้คือระบบการชำระเงินทางอิเล็กทรอนิกส์ ที่อยู่บนพื้นฐานของการพิสูจน์ด้วยการเข้ารหัสแทนที่จะเป็นความไว้วางใจ ซึ่งจะทำให้คู่สัญญาสองฝ่ายที่ยินยอมสามารถทำธุรกรรมร่วมกันได้โดยตรง โดยไม่จำเป็นต้องมีบุคคลที่สามมาคอยเป็นตัวกลาง ธุรกรรมที่ยากต่อการย้อนกลับจะช่วยปกป้องผู้ขายจากการฉ้อโกง และสามารถใช้กลไก escrow เพื่อปกป้องผู้ซื้อได้อีกด้วย ในเอกสารชุดนี้ เราขอเสนอวิธีแก้ปัญหาการใช้จ่ายซ้ำซ้อนโดยใช้เซิร์ฟเวอร์ timestamp กระจายศูนย์แบบ peer-to-peer เพื่อสร้างหลักฐานการคำนวณลำดับเวลาของธุรกรรม โดยระบบนี้จะปลอดภัยตราบใดที่กลุ่มของ node ที่ซื่อสัตย์ ยังคงมีกำลังประมวลผลที่มากกว่ากลุ่มที่ประสงค์ร้ายกับระบบ 2.ธุรกรรม (Transactions) ---- นิยามของเหรียญอิเล็กทรอนิกส์ในที่นี้ คือห่วงโซ่ที่คล้องเกี่ยวกันของ digital signature โดยที่เจ้าของเหรียญอิเล็กทรอนิกส์จะโอนเหรียญไปยังเจ้าของคนถัดไป ด้วยการลง digital signature บน hash ของธุรกรรมก่อนหน้ารวมถึงกุญแจสาธารณะของเจ้าของคนถัดไป และผนวกมันไว้ที่ส่วนท้ายของธุรกรรม และผู้รับเงินเองก็สามารถตรวจสอบลายเซ็นเพื่อยืนยันความเป็นเจ้าของได้ https://image.nostr.build/a467896797a9fb9f98c3c234f0adb4df2376f2c3d9a7cc9d8672d7a9f5aa9efa.png แน่นอนว่าปัญหาก็คือผู้รับเงินไม่สามารถตรวจสอบได้ว่าเจ้าของคนใดคนหนึ่งก่อนหน้าเขาได้ใช้เหรียญดังกล่าวซ้ำซ้อนมากกว่าหนึ่งครั้งหรือไม่ และวิธีการแก้ไขปัญหานี้โดยทั่วไปก็คงเป็นการกำหนดตัวกลางที่มีความน่าเชื่อถือมาเป็นคนตรวจสอบทุกธุรกรรมเพื่อป้องกันการใช้จ่ายซ้ำซ้อน และหลังจากการทำธุรกรรมแต่ละครั้ง เหรียญจะต้องถูกส่งกลับไปยังตัวกลางเพื่อออกเหรียญใหม่ และจะมีเพียงเหรียญที่ออกจากตัวกลางโดยตรงเท่านั้นที่จะเชื่อถือได้ว่าจะไม่ถูกใช้จ่ายซ้ำซ้อน แต่ปัญหาก็คือ ชะตากรรมของระบบเงินทั้งหมดจะขึ้นอยู่กับตัวกลางตัวนี้ เพราะทุกธุรกรรมจำเป็นจะต้องผ่านพวกเขา ซึ่งก็ไม่ต่างอะไรกับธนาคาร เราจึงต้องการวิธีการที่ทำให้ผู้รับเงินทราบได้ว่าเจ้าของคนก่อน ๆ ไม่ได้ลงนามในธุรกรรมใด ๆ มาก่อน เพื่อให้บรรลุวัตถุประสงค์นี้ เราจะทำการนับว่าธุรกรรมที่เกิดขึ้นก่อนเป็นธุรกรรมที่ถูกต้อง และจะไม่สนใจความพยายามใด ๆ ในการที่จะใช้เหรียญนั้น ๆ ซ้ำอีก และวิธีเดียวที่ทำแบบนี้ได้ คือการรับรู้ถึงธุรกรรมทั้งหมด เช่นเดียวกับโมเดลที่ได้กล่าวข้างต้น ที่ตัวกลางจะรับรู้ถึงธุรกรรมทั้งหมดและตัดสินว่าธุรกรรมใดมาก่อนมาหลัง เพื่อให้บรรลุเป้าหมายนี้โดยไม่ต้องมีบุคคลที่สามที่เชื่อถือได้ ธุรกรรมทั้งหมดจะต้องถูกประกาศต่อสาธารณะ [1] และเราต้องการระบบที่ผู้เข้าร่วมเห็นพ้องในประวัติธุรกรรมชุดเดียวกันตามลำดับที่ได้รับ ส่วนผู้รับเงินก็จำเป็นจะต้องมีหลักฐานว่า ในขณะที่ทำธุรกรรม "โหนด" ส่วนใหญ่ในระบบเห็นพ้องต้องกันว่าธุรกรรมนั้นได้รับเป็นลำดับแรก(ไม่มีธุรกรรมที่ใช้เหรียญพวกนี้มาก่อน) 3.ระบบบันทึกเวลา (Timestamp Server) ---- สำหรับแนวทางการแก้ปัญหาในครั้งนี้ เราจะใช้ประโยชน์จาก timestamp server ที่จะทำหน้าที่บันทึก hash ของบล๊อกที่ต้องการให้มีการบันทึกเวลา และจากนั้นจะทำการเผยแพร่ hash ดังกล่าว เหมือนกับหนังสือพิมพ์หรือโพสต์ใน Usenet [2-5] (ฟีลแบบทุกคนจะเห็นโพสต์นี้น้าา ประมาณนั้น) การบันทึกเวลานี้จะพิสูจน์ได้ว่าข้อมูลที่ถูก hash นั้นจะต้องมีอยู่จริงในเวลานั้นเพื่อให้ได้มาซึ่ง hash ดังกล่าว แต่ละการบันทึกเวลาจะรวมการบันทึกเวลาของหน้านี้ไว้ใน hash ของมันเพื่อสร้างเป็น chain โดยการบันทึกเวลาแต่ละครั้งจะยืนยันความถูกต้องของการบันทึกก่อนหน้าได้อีกด้วยด้วย https://image.nostr.build/ddf92417c45dbb6e25da0af80a10d4cdbc3e725d047d65f54a3e3bfcf358c4d6.png 4.พรูฟ-ออฟ-เวิร์ค (Proof-of-Work) ---- ในการสร้าง Timestamp Server แบบกระจายศูนย์บนพื้นฐานแบบ peer to peer เราจำเป็นต้องใช้ระบบ Proof-of-Work (PoW) ที่คล้ายกับ Hashcash ของ Adam Back [6] แทนที่จะใช้วิธีการแบบเดิม ๆ อย่างการประกาศในหนังสือพิมพ์หรือ Usenet โดย PoW ใช้ในการตรวจสอบค่าที่มาจากกระบวนการ hash เช่น SHA-256 แล้ว ผลลัพธ์ที่ได้ (Hash) จะขึ้นต้นด้วยเลขศูนย์จำนวนหนึ่ง โดยที่ work (ประมาณว่าพลังประมวลผล) ที่ต้องใช้จะเพิ่มขึ้นแบบทวีคูณตามจำนวนเลขศูนย์ที่ต้องการ และสามารถตรวจสอบได้โดยการรัน Hash เพียงครั้งเดียว ซึ่งสำหรับ timestamp network ของเรานั้น เราใช้ PoW โดยการเพิ่มค่า Nonce ในบล็อกไปเรื่อย ๆ จนกว่าจะพบค่าที่ทำให้ Hash ของบล็อกนั้นมีเลขศูนย์ตามที่กำหนด และเมื่อใช้กำลังประมวลผลของ CPU ไปกับการทำ PoW จนสำเร็จแล้ว บล็อกจะไม่สามารถเปลี่ยนแปลงได้ หากไม่มีการทำงานซ้ำใหม่ เนื่องจากบล็อกที่สร้างขึ้นภายหลังจะเชื่อมโยงกับบล็อกก่อนหน้า การเปลี่ยนแปลงบล็อกใด ๆ จะต้องทำ PoW ของบล็อกนั้นและบล็อกที่ตามมาใหม่ทั้งหมด https://image.nostr.build/c039ef4ca6833cb1ecee65ac5991df2406be9b7e490b86b3b19f94f267767182.png นอกจากนี้ PoW ยังช่วยแก้ปัญหาของเสียงส่วนมากที่มาตัดสินใจในระบบนี้ เพราะหากเสียงข้างมากอ้างอิงจากหลักการหนึ่ง IP หนึ่งเสียง ใครก็ตามที่สามารถสร้าง IP ได้จำนวนมากก็จะสามารถควบคุมระบบได้ จึงใช้หลักการหนึ่ง CPU หนึ่งเสียงแทน การตัดสินใจของเสียงข้างมากจะแสดงด้วย Chain ที่ยาวที่สุด ซึ่งบ่งบอกถึงความพยายามในการคำนวณ (Proof-of-Work) ที่มากที่สุด หาก Node ที่ซื่อสัตย์ (Honest nodes) มีกำลังประมวลผลของ CPU ส่วนใหญ่อยู่ในการควบคุม Honest Chain ก็จะเติบโตเร็วที่สุดและแซงหน้า Chain อื่น ๆ ได้ ผู้โจมตีที่ต้องการแก้ไขบล็อกในอดีตจะต้องทำ Proof-of-Work ของบล็อกนั้นและบล็อกที่ตามมาใหม่ทั้งหมด และต้องทำงานให้เร็วกว่า Honest Node ด้วย ซึ่งโอกาสที่ผู้โจมตีจะตามทันนั้นจะลดลงแบบทวีคูณเมื่อมีการเพิ่มบล็อกมากขึ้น เพื่อชดเชยความเร็วของฮาร์ดแวร์ที่เพิ่มขึ้นและความสนใจในการรัน Node ที่ผันผวน ระดับความยากของ Proof-of-Work จะถูกกำหนดโดยค่าเฉลี่ย โดยตั้งเป้าไว้ที่จำนวนบล็อกเฉลี่ยต่อชั่วโมง หากสร้างบล็อกได้เร็วเกินไป ระดับความยากก็จะเพิ่มขึ้น 5.เครือข่าย (Network) ---- เครือข่ายนั้นมีการทำงาน ดังนี้ 1. การประกาศธุรกรรมใหม่: ธุรกรรมใหม่จะถูกประกาศ (broadcast) ไปยังทุก node ในเครือข่าย 2. การรวบรวมธุรกรรม: แต่ละ node จะรวบรวมธุรกรรมใหม่ ๆ เหล่านี้ ไว้ในบล็อก 3. การค้นหา Proof-of-Work: แต่ละ node จะทำการคำนวณ เพื่อค้นหา Proof-of-Work ตามค่า difficulty สำหรับบล็อกนั้น ๆ 4. การประกาศบล็อก: เมื่อ node ใดค้นหา Proof-of-Work ได้แล้ว node นั้นจะทำการประกาศบล็อกไปยังทุก node ในเครือข่าย 5. การตรวจสอบและยอมรับบล็อก: node อื่น ๆ จะทำการตรวจสอบและยอมรับบล็อกนั้น เฉพาะเมื่อธุรกรรมทั้งหมดภายในบล็อกนั้นถูกต้องและยังไม่ถูกใช้มาก่อน 6. การสร้างบล็อกถัดไป: node ต่าง ๆ แสดงการยอมรับบล็อกโดยการเริ่มต้นสร้างบล็อกถัดไปใน chain ด้วย hash ของบล็อกที่ยอมรับ เป็น hash ก่อนหน้าในโครงสร้างของบล๊อกใหม่ที่กำลังสร้าง node ต่าง ๆ จะถือว่า chain ที่ยาวที่สุดเป็น chain ที่ถูกต้องและจะทำงานเพื่อขยาย chain นั้นต่อไป หากมีสอง node ที่ได้ประกาศบล็อกเวอร์ชันที่แตกต่างกันในเวลาพร้อมกัน node บาง node อาจได้รับบล็อกหนึ่งก่อน อีกบล็อกหนึ่ง ในกรณีนี้ node เหล่านั้น จะทำงานบนบล็อกที่ได้รับก่อน แต่จะเก็บสำเนาของบล็อกอีกอันหนึ่งไว้ ในกรณีที่บล็อกนั้น กลายเป็นบล็อกที่อยู่ใน chain ที่ยาวกว่าปัญหาข้อโต้แย้งนี้ก็จะได้รับการแก้ไข เมื่อพบ Proof-of-Work อันถัดไปและ chain ใด chain หนึ่งยาวขึ้น node ที่กำลังทำงานอยู่บน chain ที่สั้นกว่าก็จะเปลี่ยนไปทำงานบน chain ที่ยาวกว่าแทน การประกาศธุรกรรมใหม่ ไม่จำเป็นต้องไปถึงทุก node ในเครือข่าย ตราบใดที่พวกเขายังไปถึง node ส่วนใหญ่ในระบบได้ ธุรกรรมเหล่านั้นก็จะถูกบรรจุอยู่ในบล็อกในไม่ช้า นอกจากนี้การประกาศบล็อกยังไม่ต้องกังวลเรื่องจะมีบล๊อกที่สูญหาย เนื่องจากหากว่า node ไม่ได้รับบล็อกใด ๆ node ก็จะตระหนักได้ว่าพลาดบล็อกก่อนหน้าไปเมื่อได้รับบล๊อกใหม่มา และ node จะทำการร้องขอ block ที่ขาดไปจากเครือข่าย 6.แรงจูงใจ(Incentive) ---- โดยปกติแล้ว ธุรกรรมแรกของแต่ละบล๊อกนั้นจะเป็นธุรกรรมพิเศษที่จะขุดเหรียญที่สร้างขึ้นใหม่ซึ่งเป็นกรรมสิทธิ์ของผู้สร้างบล็อกนั้น ๆ ซึ่งจะเป็นการเพิ่มแรงจูงใจให้กับ node ต่าง ๆ ในการสนับสนุนเครือข่าย และเป็นวิธีการกระจายเหรียญให้หมุนเวียน เนื่องจากไม่มีหน่วยงานส่วนกลางที่ทำหน้าที่ในการออกเหรียญ การเพิ่มเหรียญใหม่ในปริมาณคงที่อย่างต่อเนื่องนั้นคล้ายคลึงกับการที่คนงานเหมืองทองคำใช้แรง และ เวลา เพื่อเพิ่มทองคำให้หมุนเวียน ในกรณีนี้ คือ เวลา กำลังประมวลผล และไฟฟ้าที่ถูกใช้ไป นอกจากนี้แรงจูงใจจะมาจากค่าธรรมเนียมการทำธุรกรรม หากมูลค่าผลลัพธ์ของธุรกรรมน้อยกว่ามูลค่าที่ใส่เข้ามา ส่วนต่างนั้นก็คือค่าธรรมเนียมการทำธุรกรรมที่จะเพิ่มเข้าไปในมูลค่าแรงจูงใจของบล็อกที่มีธุรกรรมนั้น เมื่อเหรียญทั้งหมดในระบบมีจำนวนเท่ากับที่กำหนดไว้แล้ว แรงจูงใจหลักก็จะถูกเปลี่ยนมาเป็นค่าธรรมเนียมการทำธุรกรรม และปราศจากภาวะเงินเฟ้อโดยสิ้นเชิง แรงจูงใจอาจช่วยกระตุ้นให้ node ต่าง ๆ ยังคงซื่อสัตย์ หากผู้โจมตีที่ละโมบสามารถรวบรวมกำลังประมวลผล ได้มากกว่า node ที่ซื่อสัตย์ทั้งหมด เขาจะต้องเลือกระหว่างการใช้มันเพื่อฉ้อโกงผู้อื่นโดยการใช้จ่ายซ้ำซ้อน หรือใช้มันเพื่อสร้างเหรียญใหม่ พวกเขาจะพบว่าการเล่นตามกฎ กฎที่เอื้อประโยชน์ให้กับเขาด้วยเหรียญใหม่มากกว่าคนอื่น ๆ รวมกันนั้นทำกำไรได้มากกว่าการบ่อนทำลายระบบและความถูกต้องของทรัพย์สินของเขาเอง 7.การจัดการพื้นที่ดิสก์(Reclaiming Disk Space) ---- เมื่อธุรกรรมถูกบรรจุลงในบล๊อกแล้ว สามารถกำจัดธุรกรรมที่ใช้ไปแล้วก่อนหน้านั้นออกได้เพื่อประหยัดพื้นที่ดิสก์ แต่การจะทำอย่างนี้ได้โดยไม่ให้เลข hash ของบล๊อกมีการเปลี่ยนแปลงนั้น ธุรกรรมจึงจำเป็นต้องถูก hash ในรูปแบบของ Merkle Tree [7][2][5] โดยมีแค่ root node ของ tree เท่านั้นที่จะรวมอยู่ใน hash ของบล๊อก นี่เป็นวิธีที่ทำให้สามารถบีบอัดข้อมูลในบล๊อกเก่า ๆ ได้โดยการตัดพวก hash ส่วนอื่น ๆ ของ tree ที่ไม่ใช่ root node ออก (ไม่จำเป็นต้องเก็บ hash ในชั้นอื่น ๆ ของ tree) https://image.nostr.build/3ed95334891d91baca3f3f6f624a7ae22620be4ebfe0db5eb652cfce11255b9a.png โดยในส่วน header ของบล็อกที่ไม่มีธุรกรรมจะมีขนาดประมาณ 80 ไบต์ หากเราสมมติว่าบล็อกถูกสร้างขึ้นทุก ๆ 10 นาที 80 ไบต์ * 6 * 24 * 365 = 4.2MB ต่อปี โดยที่ระบบคอมพิวเตอร์ทั่วไปที่วางขายในปี 2551 มี RAM 2GB และกฎของมัวร์ทำนายการเติบโตในปัจจุบันที่ 1.2GB ต่อปี การจัดเก็บข้อมูลไม่น่าจะเป็นปัญหาแม้ว่าส่วนหัวของบล็อกจะต้องถูกเก็บไว้ในหน่วยความจำก็ตาม 8.การตรวจสอบธุรกรรม (Simplified Payment Verification) ---- การที่จะยืนยันการชำระเงินโดยไม่จำเป็นต้องรัน full node ได้นั้น ผู้ใช้เพียงแค่เก็บสำเนาของส่วนหัวบล็อก (block header) ของสายบล็อก (chain) ที่ยาวที่สุด ซึ่งสามารถรับได้โดยการสอบถามจาก node อื่น ๆ ในเครือข่ายจนมั่นใจว่าได้รับสายที่ยาวที่สุด และรับ Merkle branch ที่เชื่อมโยงธุรกรรมกับบล็อกที่มีการประทับเวลา (Timestamp) อยู่ ถึงแม้ผู้ใช้จะไม่สามารถตรวจสอบธุรกรรมด้วยตัวเองได้ แต่การเชื่อมโยงธุรกรรมกับตำแหน่งในสายบล็อกจะทำให้เห็นว่า node ในเครือข่ายยอมรับแล้ว และบล็อกที่เพิ่มเข้ามาหลังจากนั้นเป็นการยืนยันเพิ่มเติมว่าเครือข่ายยอมรับธุรกรรมนี้แล้ว https://i.imgur.com/VXtLpRF.png การตรวจสอบดังกล่าวจะเชื่อถือได้ตราบใดที่ node ที่ซื่อสัตย์ยังคงควบคุมเครือข่าย แต่จะมีความเสี่ยงมากขึ้นหากเครือข่ายถูกโจมตีและถูกควบคุม ในขณะที่ node ในเครือข่ายสามารถตรวจสอบธุรกรรมได้ด้วยตัวเอง แต่วิธีการแบบง่ายนี้อาจถูกหลอกลวงโดยการใช้ธุรกรรมปลอมของผู้โจมตี ตราบใดที่ผู้โจมตียังคงสามารถควบคุมเครือข่ายได้ กลยุทธ์หนึ่งในการป้องกันปัญหานี้คือ การรับการแจ้งเตือนจาก node อื่น ๆ ในเครือข่ายเมื่อตรวจพบบล็อกที่ไม่ถูกต้อง ซึ่งจะแจ้งให้ซอฟต์แวร์ของผู้ใช้ดาวน์โหลดบล็อกแบบเต็มและธุรกรรมที่แจ้งเตือน เพื่อยืนยันความไม่สอดคล้องกัน ธุรกิจที่ได้รับการชำระเงินบ่อยครั้งอาจยังคงต้องการรัน node ของตนเอง เพื่อความปลอดภัยที่เป็นอิสระและการตรวจสอบที่รวดเร็วยิ่งขึ้น 9.การควบรวมและแบ่งย่อยมูลค่า(Combining and Splitting Value) ---- แม้ว่าการจัดการเหรียญหลาย ๆ เหรียญจะเป็นสิ่งที่สามารถทำได้ แต่การจัดการธุรกรรมแยกต่างหากสำหรับแต่ละเหรียญในการโอนก็คงเป็นเรื่องที่น่าปวดหัวอยู่ดี ฉะนั้นแล้วเพื่อให้สามารถแยกและรวมมูลค่ากันได้ ธุรกรรมจึงสามารถมี input และ output ได้หลายรายการ ซึ่งโดยปกติแล้วจะมี input เดียวจากธุรกรรมก่อนหน้าที่มีขนาดใหญ่กว่า หรือ input จำนวนเล็ก ๆ หลาย ๆ รายการ และ output ไม่เกินสองรายการ คือ รายการหนึ่งสำหรับการชำระเงิน และอีกหนึ่งรายการสำหรับการส่งเงินทอน หากมีกลับไปยังผู้ส่ง https://image.nostr.build/9c6d3ce0e9f08c5b3fa3b82c2088ac6235603e5c0df3469060e6c9f74bce32fc.png ควรสังเกตว่า fan-out (กระจายของธุรกรรม) ซึ่งเป็นกรณีที่ธุรกรรม ธุรกรรมหนึ่งนั้นขึ้นอยู่กับหลายธุรกรรม และธุรกรรมเหล่านั้นเองก็ขึ้นอยู่กับอีกหลายธุรกรรม แต่ไม่ใช่ปัญหาในที่นี้ เพราะไม่มีความจำเป็นในการดึงประวัติการทำธุรกรรมทั้งหมดออกมาเป็นสำเนา 10.ความเป็นส่วนตัว(Privacy) ---- ในรูปแบบธนาคารแบบดั้งเดิมนั้น ความเป็นส่วนตัวเกิดขึ้นได้ด้วยการจำกัดการเข้าถึงข้อมูล โดยให้เฉพาะผู้ที่เกี่ยวข้องและบุคคลที่สามที่ได้รับความไว้วางใจเท่านั้น แต่เนื่องจากในระบบนี้เรามีความจำเป็นในการประกาศธุรกรรมทั้งหมดต่อสาธารณะ ทำให้ไม่สามารถใช้วิธีนี้ได้ แต่ยังจำเป็นต้องคงความเป็นส่วนตัวไว้ โดยการแบ่งการไหลของข้อมูล ด้วยการไม่เปิดเผยตัวตนของเจ้าของ public key คนทั่วไปสามารถเห็นว่ามีคนกำลังส่งเงินจำนวนหนึ่งให้กับคนอื่น แต่จะไม่ทราบข้อมูลที่เชื่อมโยงธุรกรรมนั้นกับบุคคลใด ๆ ซึ่งคล้ายกับระดับข้อมูลที่เปิดเผยโดยตลาดหลักทรัพย์ ซึ่งมีการเปิดเผยเวลาและขนาดของการซื้อขายแต่ละครั้งต่อสาธารณะ แต่ไม่ได้ระบุว่าคู่สัญญาคือใคร https://image.nostr.build/6ec3c84c7878dbd4558d2045518384daf5a341e86f4194cf367cc8426c2d72a7.png เพื่อเสริมในเรื่องของความปลอดภัย ควรใช้ key pair ใหม่สำหรับการทำธุรกรรมในแต่ละครั้ง เพื่อป้องกันไม่ให้เชื่อมโยงกับเจ้าของคนเดียวกันได้ อย่างไรก็ตาม การเชื่อมโยงบางอย่างยังคงหลีกเลี่ยงไม่ได้ ในธุรกรรมที่มี input หลายรายการ ซึ่งจำเป็นต้องเปิดเผยว่า input เหล่านั้นเป็นของเจ้าของคนเดียวกัน ความเสี่ยงก็คือ หากมีการเปิดเผยตัวตนของเจ้าของคีย์ การเชื่อมโยงอาจเปิดเผยธุรกรรมอื่น ๆ ที่เป็นของเจ้าของรายเดียวกันได้ 11.การคำนวณ(Calculations) ---- หากลองพิจารณาสถานการณ์ที่ผู้โจมตีพยายามสร้าง chain ปลอมให้เร็วกว่า chain จริง แม้ว่าจะทำได้สำเร็จ แต่มันก็ไม่สามารถทำให้ระบบเปิดรับการเปลี่ยนแปลงตามอำเภอใจได้อยู่ดี เช่น การสร้างมูลค่าจากอากาศธาตุ หรือการรับเงินที่ไม่เคยเป็นของผู้โจมตีมาก่อน Node ต่าง ๆ จะไม่ยอมรับธุรกรรมที่ไม่ถูกต้องเป็นการชำระเงิน และ Node ที่สุจริตก็จะไม่ยอมรับบล็อกที่มีธุรกรรมเหล่านั้นอย่างแน่นอน ผู้โจมตีทำได้เพียงพยายามเปลี่ยนแปลงธุรกรรมของตนเอง เพื่อนำเงินที่ใช้ไปแล้วกลับคืนมาเท่านั้น การแข่งขันระหว่าง chain สุจริตกับ chain ของผู้โจมตี สามารถอธิบายได้ด้วยแบบจำลองการเดินสุ่มทวินาม (Binomial Random Walk) โดยเหตุการณ์ที่สำเร็จ หมายถึง chain ที่สุจริตถูกขยายออกไปอีกหนึ่งบล็อก เพิ่มความยาวนำหน้าไป +1 และเหตุการณ์ที่ล้มเหลว หมายถึง chain ของผู้โจมตีถูกขยายออกไปหนึ่งบล็อก ลดช่องว่างลง -1 ความน่าจะเป็นที่ผู้โจมตีจะไล่ตามทันจากช่องว่างที่กำหนด สามารถเปรียบเทียบด้วย Gambler's Ruin problem โดยสมมติว่านักพนันที่มีเครดิตไม่จำกัด เริ่มต้นด้วยการขาดทุน และเล่นพนันไปเรื่อย ๆ เพื่อให้ถึงจุดคุ้มทุน เราสามารถคำนวณความน่าจะเป็นที่เขาจะกลับมาถึงจุดคุ้มทุนได้ หรือความน่าจะเป็นที่ผู้โจมตีจะไล่ทัน chain ที่สุจริตได้ ดังนี้ [8]: p = ความน่าจะเป็นที่ Node ที่สุจริตจะพบบล็อกถัดไป q = ความน่าจะเป็นที่ผู้โจมตีจะพบบล็อกถัดไป qz = ความน่าจะเป็นที่ผู้โจมตีจะไล่ทัน จากที่ตามหลังอยู่ z บล็อก https://i.imgur.com/vePe255.png จากสมมติฐานที่ว่า p > q ความน่าจะเป็นจะลดลงแบบเอกซ์โพเนนเชียล เมื่อจำนวนบล็อกที่ผู้โจมตีต้องไล่ตามทันเพิ่มขึ้น หากเขาไม่สามารถพุ่งขึ้นนำได้อย่างรวดเร็วตั้งแต่แรก โอกาสของเขาก็จะลดลงจนน้อยมาก ๆ เมื่อเขาตามหลังมากขึ้นเรื่อย ๆ ทีนี้ลองพิจารณาว่า ผู้รับธุรกรรมใหม่ต้องรอเป็นเวลานานเท่าใด จึงจะแน่ใจได้ว่าผู้ส่งไม่สามารถเปลี่ยนแปลงธุรกรรมได้แล้ว เราสมมติว่าผู้ส่งเป็นผู้โจมตี ที่ต้องการให้ผู้รับเชื่อว่าเขาได้รับเงินไปแล้ว จากนั้นจึงเปลี่ยนให้เงินกลับเข้าหาตัวเองหลังจากเวลาผ่านไประยะหนึ่ง ผู้รับจะได้รับแจ้งเมื่อเกิดเหตุการณ์นี้ขึ้น แต่ผู้ส่งหวังว่ามันจะสายเกินไปแล้ว ผู้รับจะสร้างคู่กุญแจใหม่ และให้กุญแจสาธารณะแก่ผู้ส่งไม่นานก่อนที่จะลงนาม ซึ่งจะป้องกันไม่ให้ผู้ส่งเตรียมบล็อกเชนปลอมไว้ล่วงหน้า โดยการทำงานอย่างต่อเนื่องจนกว่าเขาจะมีโอกาสได้บล็อกที่ยาวพอ จากนั้นจึงดำเนินธุรกรรมในทันที เมื่อส่งธุรกรรมแล้ว ผู้ส่งที่ไม่สุจริตจะเริ่มทำงานอย่างลับ ๆ บนบล็อกเชนคู่ขนาน ที่มีธุรกรรมในเวอร์ชันของเขาเองอยู่ ผู้รับจะรอจนกว่าธุรกรรมจะถูกเพิ่มลงในบล็อก และมีบล็อกที่ถูกเชื่อมต่อตามหลังมาอีก z บล็อก เขาไม่ทราบจำนวนความคืบหน้าที่แน่นอนที่ผู้โจมตีได้ทำไปแล้ว แต่สมมติว่าบล็อกที่สุจริตใช้เวลาเฉลี่ยต่อบล็อกตามที่คาดไว้ ความคืบหน้าที่อาจเกิดขึ้นได้ของผู้โจมตีจะเป็นการแจกแจงแบบปัวซง (Poisson distribution) ซึ่งมีค่าคาดหวังดังนี้: https://i.imgur.com/mYsb48i.png เพื่อให้ได้ความน่าจะเป็นที่ผู้โจมตียังคงสามารถไล่ทันได้ เราจะคูณความหนาแน่นของปัวซง สำหรับความคืบหน้าแต่ละระดับที่เขาสามารถทำได้ ด้วยความน่าจะเป็นที่เขาสามารถไล่ทันจากจุดนั้น: https://i.imgur.com/jQGkQ8r.png จัดเรียงใหม่เพื่อหลีกเลี่ยง infinite tail ของการแจกแจง https://i.imgur.com/OOO6Gm9.png แปลงมันให้เป็น C code #include <math.h> double AttackerSuccessProbability(double q, int z) { double p = 1.0 - q; double lambda = z * (q / p); double sum = 1.0; int i, k; for (k = 0; k <= z; k++) { double poisson = exp(-lambda); for (i = 1; i <= k; i++) poisson *= lambda / i; sum -= poisson * (1 - pow(q / p, z - k)); } return sum; } เมื่อรันผลลัพธ์บางส่วน เราจะเห็นว่าความน่าจะเป็นลดลงแบบเอกซ์โพเนนเชียลเมื่อ z เพิ่มขึ้น q=0.1 z=0 P=1.0000000 z=1 P=0.2045873 z=2 P=0.0509779 z=3 P=0.0131722 z=4 P=0.0034552 z=5 P=0.0009137 z=6 P=0.0002428 z=7 P=0.0000647 z=8 P=0.0000173 z=9 P=0.0000046 z=10 P=0.0000012 q=0.3 z=0 P=1.0000000 z=5 P=0.1773523 z=10 P=0.0416605 z=15 P=0.0101008 z=20 P=0.0024804 z=25 P=0.0006132 z=30 P=0.0001522 z=35 P=0.0000379 z=40 P=0.0000095 z=45 P=0.0000024 z=50 P=0.0000006 การแก้หาค่า P ที่น้อยกว่า 0.1%... P < 0.001 q=0.10 z=5 q=0.15 z=8 q=0.20 z=11 q=0.25 z=15 q=0.30 z=24 q=0.35 z=41 q=0.40 z=89 q=0.45 z=340 12.สรุป(Conclusion) เราได้นำเสนอระบบธุรกรรมอิเล็กทรอนิกส์ที่ไม่ต้องพึ่งพาความไว้วางใจ เริ่มต้นจากกรอบแนวคิดของเหรียญที่สร้างจากลายเซ็นดิจิทัล ซึ่งช่วยควบคุมความเป็นเจ้าของได้อย่างดีแต่ก็ยังไม่สมบูรณ์ หากปราศจากวิธีการป้องกันการใช้จ่ายซ้ำซ้อน เพื่อแก้ปัญหานี้ เราจึงเสนอเครือข่ายแบบเพียร์ทูเพียร์ที่ใช้ proof-of-work ในการบันทึกประวัติธุรกรรมสาธารณะ ซึ่งจะกลายเป็นเรื่องยากอย่างมากสำหรับผู้โจมตีที่จะเปลี่ยนแปลง หาก node ที่ซื่อสัตย์ควบคุมพลังประมวลผล CPU ส่วนใหญ่ เครือข่ายนี้มีความแข็งแกร่งในความเรียบง่ายที่ไม่มีโครงสร้างใด ๆ ที่ซับซ้อน node ต่าง ๆ ทำงานพร้อมกันโดยประสานงานกันเพียงเล็กน้อย ไม่จำเป็นต้องระบุตัวตน เนื่องจากข้อความไม่ได้ถูกส่งไปยังสถานที่ใดสถานที่หนึ่งโดยเฉพาะ และเพียงแค่ต้องส่งมอบให้ถึงมือผู้รับอย่างดีที่สุด node สามารถออกจากและเข้าร่วมเครือข่ายได้ตามต้องการ โดยยอมรับ chain ที่มี proof-of-work มากที่สุดเป็นสิ่งที่เกิดขึ้นในขณะที่ไม่ได้เชื่อมต่อ พวกเขาโหวตด้วยพลังประมวลผล CPU แสดงการยอมรับบล็อกที่ถูกต้องโดยการทำงานเพื่อขยายบล็อก และปฏิเสธบล็อกที่ไม่ถูกต้องโดยการปฏิเสธที่จะทำงานกับบล็อกเหล่านั้น กฎและแรงจูงใจใด ๆ ที่จำเป็นสามารถบังคับใช้ได้ด้วยกลไกฉันทามตินี้ ไปอ่านต่อกันเองเด้ออ --- [1] W. Dai, "b-money," http://www.weidai.com/bmoney.txt, 1998. [2] H. Massias, X.S. Avila, and J.-J. Quisquater, "Design of a secure timestamping service with minimal trust requirements," In 20th Symposium on Information Theory in the Benelux, May 1999. [3] S. Haber, W.S. Stornetta, "How to time-stamp a digital document," In Journal of Cryptology, vol 3, no 2, pages 99-111, 1991. [4] D. Bayer, S. Haber, W.S. Stornetta, "Improving the efficiency and reliability of digital time-stamping," In Sequences II: Methods in Communication, Security and Computer Science, pages 329-334, 1993. [5] S. Haber, W.S. Stornetta, "Secure names for bit-strings," In Proceedings of the 4th ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security, pages 28-35, April 1997. [6] A. Back, "Hashcash - a denial of service counter-measure," http://www.hashcash.org/papers/hashcash.pdf, 2002. [7] R.C. Merkle, "Protocols for public key cryptosystems," In Proc. 1980 Symposium on Security and Privacy, IEEE Computer Society, pages 122-133, April 1980. [8] W. Feller, "An introduction to probability theory and its applications," 1957.

Testing articles on Yakkihonne

Let's hear some of your latest Bitcoin purchases, feel free to include links to the shops or merchants you bought from too! If you missed our last thread, [here](https://stacker.news/items/661607/r/AG) are some of the items stackers recently spent their sats on. originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/668607

Dear friend, it seems like you have decided to turn your back on those walled gardens and set sails to enter uncharted territory. A world without walls, an open world, a world of beautiful chaos. At least for today, I don't intend guiding you out of the safe harbour onto the open, endless sea. Today, my only intent is sharing a few thoughts, before you depart. As a wise man on Madeira once said, it's not so much about having the right answers, it's about asking the right questions. While I'm not certain whether I have found the right questions myself by now, let me share the current set with you: * What causes the discomfort that drives you out of the walled garden onto the open sea? * Are you trying to transfer from one walled garden to the next one, where the difference being a slightly friendlier colour on the wall? * What are you hoping to find on the open sea that walled gardens cannot provide? * What are you willing to sacrifice for freedom (of speech)? * What will you need to keep the ship afloat? * How will you react when you find yourself in the middle of a storm? I sincerely believe that it's worthwile taking a step back before departing to reflect on the big picture and the underlying paradigm shift between walled gardens and nostr. This is not about building competitors to broken systems, this is not about mimicking centralised services, this is not about repeating the same mistakes over and over. This is about building a new world, an open world without walled gardens and data silos. Onwards!

# Primal: Social Media with Bitcoin Tipping [Primal](https://primal.net/) is a social media app that lets you tip (zap) other users with bitcoin! How does Primal work and why should you join?  Primal is a social Bitcoin wallet. If you like somebody's content, you can tip them Bitcoin micropayments through the Lightning Network. Or monetize your own content. You can also use it as a custodial Lightning wallet to pay for small purchases in bitcoin. ## Primal Is a Nostr Client Primal uses the Nostr protocol as its social graph. Nostr is an open protocol for decentralized and censorship-resistant social media. If you're new to Nostr, learn more about it here: https://stacker.news/items/558629 Since Primal is only a client to access the Nostr protocol, it can only censor free speech or deplatform users on the Primal app, but not on Nostr. Also, if you stop using Primal as your Nostr client, you can import all your followers, posts, etc. to a new client. ## Primal Feels Like Twitter (X)! Primal's feed feels very familiar to other social media platforms, especially X (Twitter). You can follow people, like their posts, repost etc. It's not only for Bitcoin-related discussion: you can search for different hashtags and find your tribe, e.g. photography etc.  Primal works for iOS, Android and desktop. On desktop, the "Explore" function is even more detailed.  ## Earn Bitcoin for Your Content! By clicking the lightning bolt symbol on the feed, you can tip (zap) other users bitcoin. You can also browse through your contacts and zap them. Nostr is a great directory for Lightning payments!  If you hold the bolt symbol a bit longer, you can specify the zap amount if you want.  You can set your default zap amount in settings.  To set up a Lightning wallet with Primal, the app asks for your name, email address and the country of residence. But as far as I know, you can use a nym and a throwaway email etc. No need to upload any identity documents. The maximum balance you can hold on the Primal wallet is 1 million sats, or 0.01 BTC. The purpose of the wallet is not for long-term savings, but to onboard people to Nostr and to get familiarized with the culture of zapping. To get your first sats on the Primal wallet, you can receive bitcoin on Lightning or on-chain. Alternatively, you can buy sats on Primal with Apple Pay or Google Pay with your credit card (max. about $5 worth). Or just start creating and receive zaps from other users.  ## Take Care of Your "nsec"! Your "nsec" is your private key to your Primal (and Nostr account). Don't share it with anyone! Primal creates an nsec for you upon account creation, or you can import your own.  Primal is open-source, but it is not always a good practice to import private keys to any apps. If you don't want to import the private keys you already have to Primal, you can use e.g. [Amber](https://github.com/greenart7c3/Amber ), a Nostr signer extension app for Android. It's advisable to store your nsec in e.g. a password manager. If you use Primal on desktop, you can use e.g. [Alby](https://getalby.com/) @Alby, as a Nostr signer extension, zapping wallet and a place to store your nsec. Learn more about Alby [here](https://x.com/teemupleb/status/1599882236106416128). You can also use another Nostr signer extensions on desktop, e.g. [Nos2x](https://github.com/fiatjaf/nos2x ), but they often have no wallet functions for zapping or receiving zaps. They work only for posting, liking, replying, reposts etc. ## Convenient, but With Privacy Trade-Offs You can send direct messages to other Primal users, but you should know that while the content of the direct messages is encrypted (visible only to you and your contact), the message metadata is public for all to see (who you're sending messages to, when, how often etc.) Primal can be used as a [global international "Venmo" during dinner parties](https://x.com/joaodealmeida_/status/1828423275682373720). No more head-scratching when trying to split the bill! Not the most private way to do it though, but it's convenient!  Let's connect on Nostr! You can find me [here](https://primal.net/teemupleb). ## Additional Resources https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qd4Po4i7wvc https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7LsIb6D7FtU ## Project Links [Website](https://primal.net/) [GitHub](https://github.com/PrimalHQ) [Nostr](https://primal.net/primal) [X (Twitter)](https://x.com/primal_app) originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/668536

> ![TIP] > &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I was surprised to discover that I can send Hive in form of Bitcoin Lightning with this Decentralized Application. Right now the only way that I was able to access this is through HIVE keychain. I will try to find some other ways to access this. Now I can fund my Stacker wallet in the most convenient way possible.  originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/668391

The Australian dream used to be straightforward: secure a job, pay off your house by your late thirties, and retire with substantial assets and savings to support your lifestyle. Some argue the introduction of compulsory superannuation contributions in 1991 signaled the government's lack of trust in Australians' ability to save and be self-sufficient in their later years. But I disagree. The issue wasn’t that Australians were incapable of saving; it was that saving money was no longer enough. The erosion caused by the Keynesian experiment had seeped into Australian retirements, making it nearly impossible for an entire generation to retire off the savings from a [median salary of $27,200](https://www.9news.com.au/finance/rates-1990-versus-2007/8251875f-a878-49a5-bca6-559d2dcdb361#:~:text=Against%20a%20backdrop%20of%20average,up%2044.99%20percent%20of%20income.). Superfunds were thus established by the government as a supposed solution to the problem they had created. How unsurprising. Fast forward 33 years, and Australian superfunds, like those in most of the western world, are now facing two insurmountable challenges of population demographic, and a debasing currency. **1. Our Population is Ageing** On face value, it shouldn't matter whether the population is ageing. If I have my own retirement account which I paid into each month, why would it matter if the people around me are ageing as well? The answer lies in duration mismatch. Retirement funds must manage a mix of short-term, long-term, and continuous obligations, balancing liquid liabilities (cash payments to members) with illiquid assets (investments). Because funds rely on more inflows (super contributions) than outflows (payouts to retirees), population demographics play a critical role in maintaining this balance - and Australia's isn't looking great.   *An example of an ageing population (Australia) vs a growing population (Nigeria)* **2. Our Currency is Ever Debasing** This is far more pernicious for our retirees | Financial Year | [Average Super Return](https://www.superguide.com.au/comparing-super-funds/super-funds-returns-financial-year) | [Money Supply Growth](https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/FM.LBL.BMNY.ZG?locations=AU&most_recent_year_desc=true) | Net Return | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 2023-24 | 9.1% | 4% | 5.1% | | 2022-23 | 9.2% | 7.8% | 1.4% | | 2021-20 | -3.3% | 6.7% | -10% | | 2020-21 | 18% | 13.6% | 4.4% | In Austrian Economics, inflation is understood as a monetary phenomenon that occurs when new monetary units are added to the existing supply. This monetary inflation is the precursor to both price and asset inflation. Austrians also reject the idea of measuring price inflation with a single number, such as the CPI, as different asset classes respond differently to monetary inflation. For instance, industries like technology and manufacturing are less susceptible to price inflation due to the deflationary effects of increased automation and competition. Conversely, hard assets like gold and real estate have reached record highs, as easy money tends to flow toward the most reliable stores of value. #### Average Yearly Prices Increase since 2018 - Against YoY M2 and CPI | | Iphone | [Median House](https://www.aussie.com.au/content/dam/aussie/documents/home-loans/aussie_25_years_report.pdf) | Money Supply Growth | [CPI](https://www.rba.gov.au/inflation/measures-cpi.html) | | ----- | ----| ---- | ------ | --- | | Since 2018 | 2.24% | 6.8% | 7.2% | 3.1% --- *Although simplistic, the table above shows that hard assets move with monetary inflation, not CPI. The real hurdle, or the absolute **minimum** that a superfund has to give it's members is not CPI or the 3.95% 10 year, but that monetary inflation rate of 7.2%. An increase in the required rate of return invariably brings an increase in risk. Superfunds can't simply gamble Australians' retirement savings on high-risk offshore tech startups, so these returns are often sought through listed equities and commercial real estate—two interest rate sensitive asset classes. This correlation significantly limits the RBA's ability to manoeuvre and the dilemma is clear: * Drop rates, inflate away our retirement. * Increase rates, crash our retirement. **Bitcoin to the Rescue** You guess it, bitcoin fixes this. Take the same example from 1991, but replace the Australian Peso with Bitcoin. In a Bitcoin world, we wouldn’t need superannuation. By simply saving 40 years of time and energy in a deflationary currency like Bitcoin, our savings alone would **increase** in purchasing power, eliminating the need to burden future generations for our retirement. In the meantime, Australian superfunds should take a leaf out of a few smaller US pension funds like the [Wisconsin Pension Fund](https://www.wpr.org/news/wisconsin-pension-fund-bitcoin) and start gaining exposure to bitcoin. A 2% allocation to a Bitcoin ETF is enough to ignite a chain reaction toward full institutional adoption. This truly scarce and desirable asset, with its **low** correlation to existing portfolios, isn’t just an opportunity—it’s a lifeline for the future of Australian retirees. It’s only a matter of time. Colin Gifford August 2024

I’ve mentioned multiple times that I feel our time left is short and that the rapture and the tribulation are coming soon. I feel it with every ounce of my being. I see it in the rush to evil around us. I see Biblical prophecy coming to fulfillment and technologies that could not be fathomed 2,000 years ago coming into being in a way that will make prophecy possible. The question is, what do we do with the time left to us? ## Don’t Be a Foolish Virgin Matthew gives an analogy of believers waiting for Christs return: > *“Then the kingdom of heaven will be comparable to ten virgins, who took their lamps and went out to meet the bridegroom. Five of them were foolish, and five were prudent. For when the foolish took their lamps, they took no oil with them, but the prudent took oil in flasks along with their lamps. Now **while the bridegroom was delaying, they all got drowsy and began to sleep**. But at midnight there was a shout, ‘Behold, the bridegroom! Come out to meet him.’ Then all those virgins rose and trimmed their lamps. The foolish said to the prudent, ‘Give us some of your oil, for our lamps are going out.’ But the prudent answered, ‘No, there will not be enough for us and you too; go instead to the dealers and buy some for yourselves.’ And while they were going away to make the purchase, the bridegroom came, and **those who were ready went in with him to the wedding feast**; and the door was shut. 11Later the other virgins also came, saying, ‘Lord, lord, open up for us.’ But he answered, ‘Truly I say to you, I do not know you.’ **Be on the alert then, for you do not know the day nor the hour**.* (Matthew 25:1-13) {emphasis mine} Christians have been waiting for around 2,000 years for Christ’s return. It is easy to get drowsy and begin to sleep due to the delay to His return, but we are called to be ready. “*You too, be ready; for the Son of Man is coming at an hour that you do not expect.*” (Luke 12:40) Our wait may be long or short, but we are supposed to live our lives like he will arrive today. We don’t want to miss out on joining Him at His return, but we also don’t want to have to face Him knowing that we were not focused on what He had called us to do. We don’t want to admit that we didn’t share the gospel to that friend, that we didn’t stand up for the truth when the crowd was speaking contrary to the word of God, or that we acted in an unloving way to fellow believers or to the lost. The Bible clearly tells us that we “*do not know the day nor the hour*,” but that doesn’t mean that He has not given us signs that the time is short. ## What Should We Be Doing? If Jesus is coming soon, how should we spend our time? What should we be doing? Should we just sit back and wait? > > *For even when we were with you, we used to give you this order: if anyone is not willing to work, then he is not to eat, either. For we hear that some among you are leading an undisciplined life, doing no work at all, but acting like busybodies. Now such persons we command and exhort in the Lord Jesus Christ to work in quiet fashion and eat their own bread. But as for you, brethren, do not grow weary of doing good.* (2 Thessalonians 3:10-13) The Bible is clear that we should work. This not only means that we should not quit our jobs, but should continue working as we have been doing, but it also means we should put time and effort into kingdom work.** God has given each one of us a purpose and a job to do. We should study His word and pray and keep our eyes open so we don’t miss out on what He intends as our purpose. Another analogy is given in Matthew: > > “*For it is just like a man about to go on a journey, who called his own slaves and entrusted his possessions to them. To one he gave five talents, to another, two, and to another, one, each according to his own ability; and he went on his journey. Immediately the one who had received the five talents went and traded with them, and gained five more talents. In the same manner the one who had received the two talents gained two more. But he who received the one talent went away, and dug a hole in the ground and hid his master’s money.* *> *“Now after a long time the master of those slaves \*came and \*settled accounts with them. The one who had received the five talents came up and brought five more talents, saying, ‘Master, you entrusted five talents to me. See, I have gained five more talents.’ His master said to him, ‘Well done, good and faithful slave. You were faithful with a few things, I will put you in charge of many things; enter into the joy of your master.’* *> *“Also the one who had received the two talents came up and said, ‘Master, you entrusted two talents to me. See, I have gained two more talents.’ His master said to him, ‘Well done, good and faithful slave. You were faithful with a few things, I will put you in charge of many things; enter into the joy of your master.’* > > *“And the one also who had received the one talent came up and said, ‘Master, I knew you to be a hard man, reaping where you did not sow and gathering where you scattered no seed. And I was afraid, and went away and hid your talent in the ground. See, you have what is yours.’* > > *“But his master answered and said to him, ‘You wicked, lazy slave, you knew that I reap where I did not sow and gather where I scattered no seed. Then you ought to have put my money in the bank, and on my arrival I would have received my money back with interest. Therefore take away the talent from him, and give it to the one who has the ten talents.’* *> *“For to everyone who has, more shall be given, and he will have an abundance; but from the one who does not have, even what he does have shall be taken away. Throw out the worthless slave into the outer darkness; in that place there will be weeping and gnashing of teeth*. (Matthew 25:14-29) God has given each of us different skills, gifts, and opportunities. He wants us to make the most of them. If God gave you skill in business, you can use your wealth to fund ministries, churches, and missionaries. If God has gifted you with the ability to teach, you can disciple many to grow in their faith and knowledge of God. If God has brought you into a relationship with someone influential, you can share the Gospel with them and be used to draw them into saving faith in Jesus. Whatever skills, gifts, and opportunities God has given to you, you need to make the most of them. You need to grow and make the most of what God has given you. ## What is the Best Use of Our Time and Money? God wants us to shine a light for Him. He wants us to make a difference. There are many ways to do this and we can’t do them all. We have to pick and chose what is God’s will and what will make the best use of what God has given us. There are lots of good things we can do, but what is the best? I used to focus on prepping to be able to provide for my family and others if times get bad. That was good, but was it best? I used to grow a garden and grow healthy food. That was good, but was it the best? I used to be highly involved in politics and worked hard to support and elect godly men and women into government positions where they could have a positive influence on our culture and our country. That was good, but was it the best? > > *According to the grace of God which was given to me, like a wise master builder I laid a foundation, and another is building on it. But each man must be careful how he builds on it. For **no man can lay a foundation other than the one which is laid, which is Jesus Christ**. Now if any man builds on the foundation with gold, silver, precious stones, wood, hay, straw, each man’s work will become evident; for the day will show it because it is to be revealed with fire, and **the fire itself will test the quality of each man’s work**. If any man’s work which he has built on it remains, he will receive a reward. If any man’s work is burned up, he will suffer loss; but he himself will be saved, yet so as through fire*. (1 Corinthians 3:10-15) {emphasis mine} The best way to judge which actions are best is to see which actions have an eternal influence and to look and see what God is doing and to join His work. The difference between gold & silver versus wood, hay, and straw is the gold & silver can survive fire. Whether something is good or best depends on whether the action makes a difference in eternity.** Providing for my family and friend’s physical needs and health is good, but it doesn’t make an eternal difference. Electing Godly officials makes life here on Earth better, but does it actually make a difference eternally? Probably not. What does make a difference? Sharing the Gospel with others makes an eternal difference. Standing up for the truth, especially the spiritual truths from the Bible, makes an eternal difference. Writing a book or a blog sharing the truths of the Bible and Jesus makes an eternal difference. I’ve tried to focus my time on this type of activity more than the former. I don’t want one soul to go to Hell because I was too busy to share the Gospel. I don’t want one Christian to regret their life on Earth because I was too busy to disciple them. I don’t want to be like the man who received the single talent and buried it in the ground, who, when facing his master, was told, “*You wicked, lazy slave.*” ## What Is Most Important? > > *“Do not store up for yourselves treasures on earth, where moth and rust destroy, and where thieves break in and steal. But **store up for yourselves treasures in heaven**, where neither moth nor rust destroys, and where thieves do not break in or steal; for where your treasure is, there your heart will be also*. (Matthew 6:19-21) {emphasis mine} What are the most important things in our lives? The most important things are people. - Some people in our lives have never heard about Jesus. We need to share the gospel with them. - Some people in our lives are hurting and need to be helped and encouraged and taught to trust in Jesus. - Some people in our lives are new Christians or just immature Christians, who have trusted in Jesus, but haven’t grown much since salvation. We need to teach and disciple them to grow in their understanding of God and who He is. We need to build up their faith. We need to encourage them to study the Bible. - Some people in our lives know God and His word, but are unsure how to live out their faith and share it with others. We need to encourage them and train them, so they can multiply their faith among others in their lives. What are you doing to make an eternal difference in service to our Lord Jesus Christ? Are you one of the lazy, unprepared virgins? Are you hiding the gifts God gave you in the ground or shining a light that can be seen by everyone around you? Are you so busy doing good, that you don’t see God’s best? Are you excited about meeting Jesus in the air at the rapture of the Church? I am! I hope you are, too. Trust Jesus.\ \ your sister in Christ, Bible verses are NASB (New American Standard Bible) 1995 edition unless otherwise stated

Why does the world remain ignorant to Africa's sinister secrets? There's a lot going on beneath the surface in our everyday lives. Most of us accept this as a fact; that we only perceive a small sliver of reality as it is. However, it's rare that we align our actions with the uncomfortable reality that lies beyond immediate perception. Authentic people do align themselves in this way, and they’re often threatening to those who don’t because they hold a mirror to their own incongruities. We may be aware of the truth that lies beyond our immediate field of view, which is exactly the excuse we use to allow ourselves to not be authentic. Truth? Sure, I'll accept the truth of which you speak, as long as you can "prove" it. If it's there, why don't you point to it? Just because you can't see it, doesn't mean it's not there. We look around to observe the crowd moving in unison. We may know we're all aware of some heretofore unspeakable truth, but the mass misdirected momentum of the crowd acts as an all-too-easy justification to excuse ourselves from being less than we can be; to shy from the consequences of living in truth. They say the shepherd is there to protect the flock, lest they be preyed on by the wolf. Little do the sheep know that it is the shepherd who controls their fate, and ultimately feasts on their flesh. If I were a sheep, I would much rather live a short life dying a brutal death at the jaws of a wolf. At least I would have been unbounded in my life; free of the ignorance imposed by a faux protector; blind to the reality of my domestication for the purposes of his own prolongation. Jesus was a shepherd, was he not? All too many Africans I've spoken to know Christianity was used as a tool to supplant their own traditional practices as a means to unhinge their pride and autonomy… "I'm sorry you lost everything: your land, your family, your livelihood, your dignity. Have you heard of Jesus? He can provide everything you'll ever need. You never needed all this land, culture, and sovereignty anyway. You don't need to carry the burden of being your own person, thinking for yourself, living for your people and culture, living for the right to determine your own destiny. Jesus can handle all that for you. Trust me, your life will be better now" It is beyond saddening to remember the conversations I've had with "Christians" in Botswana, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Namibia, and South Africa. They're entirely aware of how most of their culture has been lost, and how the majority of Africans remain enslaved in their minds to this day. Jesus and Western ideals are the broken records they were raised with, and these are what they all claim to be the answer to life's woes. To think differently is to be cast away. To think differently is suicide. When all hope has been lost, dare not face reality as it is, apparently. Religion: the opiate of the masses, as they say. Religion (Christianity in the South) is rampant in Africa, and my observed reality is that it's not practised with integrity. Don't get me wrong, it can be beautiful to see people come together for shared belonging, but there's no sense in lying to ourselves and each other in the process. The vast majority of what I witnessed and heard from people was a bastardisation of Jesus and the Bible so they can justify their wrong doings without being judged by others, or worse, to coerce others in the effort to claim moral superiority. Perhaps the most painful irony is that Jesus would have never stood for any of this crap. Taken at face value, there is a lot to learn from the life of Jesus; lessons that should not be ignored. However, Jesus would have never proposed religion as it exists today, or whatever the group-think, known as "church", has become. After all, Jesus did not follow the crowd. Jesus followed the beat of his own drum. He didn't live to teach that we live blindly. He was his own shepherd. Why is this so hard for people grasp? I wouldn't be surprised if Jesus was crucified all over again were there to be a proverbial "second coming". I swear, being a missionary, or any evangelist, should be held in contempt the world over. For people to assume they carry another man's truth is beyond hubris, and only proves they lay victim to the same fallacious and cowardly thought that allows us to fall in step with the crowd despite our better judgement - to vilify the wolf and befriend the shepherd despite the truth. Africa’s Truths Africa is a land of hard truths. It's brutal and raw. It reminds me of traveling through India more than ten years ago. India confronted me with my own nature, forcing me to witness suffering and hardship that was otherwise hidden in the Western world where I was raised. Africa is India at a larger geographic scale. After more than 30,000 km by motorcycle through much of Southern Africa, I've seen enough child labour, corruption, and artificial hardship to feel deep pains reflected within myself. Africa and India remain crucially different. Effectively, Africa is still colonised, whereas India is largely independent. The USA, France, China, and Russia (among others) are not free to exercise their interests in India. In Africa, the USA, France, China, and Russia's interests (among others) are the only interests that carry weight. Confessions of an Economic Hit Man (by John Perkins), anyone? Africa isn't some drought-ridden continent devoid of resources to support the people who live there. The majority of the raw materials that fuel the "modern" lifestyles of the Western world come from Africa, for Christ's sake (pun intended). How does it make sense for a Canadian company to mine in Namibia where only 5% of the profits go to the Namibian government? How much of this inevitably filters through Namibia’s corrupt elite to the Namibian people? Africans' living standards should be no less than on par with that of the rest of the world, but the "success" of the West (and the East, increasingly) hinge too crucially on the controlled flow of artificially suppressed prices on commodities that make up the comforts of the "developed" world. Africa is where the world sweeps their problems underneath the rug. Africa is the closet where the world's skeletons collect dust. By all means, go on your happy little safari, but don't dare learn about how none of that safari money tangibly benefits the African people. My “success” is a reflection of Africa’s suffering Africa is where I realised how I allow myself to live out of alignment with known truths. I haven't posted anything to this newsletter in over a year. I've asked myself "why?" over the months and came up with various answers. I wanted to write about those answers, but they didn't suffice. The best answer I can give you now is out of shame and pride. My pride wouldn't allow me to continue writing because I didn't want to advertise my lifestyle. My shame wouldn't allow me because I feel like an impostor. I've felt like an impostor for a very long time. In that time I have somehow cultivated an image of being a traveler. People seem to know me as one. I even have a little mantra I learned while living in China that I seem to cling to as part of my identity: 我是一个旅行者 (Wo shi yi ge lu xin zhe) - "I am a traveler". However, I don't think I'm purely a traveler. I think I'm a traveler because it has been the path of least resistance. It has been a convenient alibi. I, like all of us, held dreams as a young human about what I wanted to do with my life. As I matured, I faced opposition in the opinions of society, family, and friends as to the "practicality" of my dreams. I didn't have to listen to them, but I did. I internalised those thoughts and chose to stick to what I know, traveling. I grew up traveling a lot as a kid. I always loved it, and learned over the years that I'd like to travel in my own way as an independent. I'm happy to say that I've done so, but I've learned that my sacrifices to reach this lifestyle needn't be as severe as they've become. I wanted to live outside. I wanted to study animals and the laws of nature, and I never thought it would be practical to do so in tandem with my traveling life. I felt guilty in college. I didn't know how to support myself while in my studies, and couldn't bear accepting financial support from someone I didn't align with. I felt like a politician corrupted by the vested interests of their donors. This led to me dropping out of college, abandoning my childhood dreams to settle for a "life of integrity". I vowed I would one day come back to make good on my dreams. Traveling has been the life I choose to live while I find a way to honour a core responsibility to myself. I'm proud of myself for not being coerced by outside interests, but I now know I'm not being entirely authentic. Thank you, Africa. I’m sorry, Africa. Thank you, Africa. I'm sorry, Africa. I'm sorry that I've lived a life of privilege that stems largely from your plunder. Thank you for keeping me safe while I learn your truths. Thank you for reflecting my own core truths. My heart continues to break when I think of the world’s ignorance over Africa, and I think my gap in writing has been necessary to process this reality. Frankly, I'm enraged along with a sense of peace that Africa's time will come. I'm confident in Africa's future; I just wish the rest of the world wasn’t working so hard to keep its head below water. I'm responsible for Africa's fate, and so are you. We are all complicit in this crime. I hope this article resurfaces an awareness in readers a truth that seems to lay dormant in the public awareness. I don't know why more of us don't stand up for Africa (and not by crying to our governments - f*ck them), because I think our individual efforts are more than enough. Even indirectly, I think we can slowly push the wave of change that is necessary to do right by Africa. I think we all have the incentive to do so, for Africa is the foundation of humanity in multiple sensibilities, meaning Africa’s prosperity translates into everyone’s prosperity. All thoughts and comments are welcome. G originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/667609

I can't remember the exact name of the dish. - Basmati rice - Barberries - Almond slivers - pistachios - Zintron peel   originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/667533

When I first stumbled upon Nostr back in February 2023, I was immediately drawn to the network's unique design. It was like stumbling across a hidden architectural gem - something so intricate and beautifully crafted that most people might walk past without a second glance. But for those who truly saw it, Nostr's design was mesmerizing. I didn’t know exactly what I was diving into, but I felt enthusiasm because I knew this was something entirely different from the usual legacy social media attempts at connecting people. One of the first things that struck me was the people. Nostr wasn't just a network; it was a gathering place for a group of curious outlaws, all eager to try something new and break away from the norm. The platforms and interfaces were a bit scrappy and buggy in those early days, but that didn't matter. What stood out was the spirit of the community, people kept coming back, filled with cheer and optimism. Even more impressive was the willingness to help each other out. It wasn't just about using the platform; it was about collectively figuring it out together. This was the seed of a constructive culture that was starting to take root. Coming from the Twitter culture, I noticed something refreshing: on Nostr, people referred to each other as friends, not followers. Twitter often felt like a toxic swamp of influencers, each trying to outdo the other with proclamations and status games. Sure, there were helpful people on Twitter, but more often than not, their "help" came with strings attached, promoting a Gumroad book, pushing a newsletter subscription, always with a personal incentive lurking in the background. Nostr, on the other hand, was different. Here, people helped each other just for the sake of it, with no expectation of anything in return. The spirit of giving was genuine, and it was contagious. Fast forward to today, and that same spirit is alive and well. Just take a glance at the #introductions tag, and you'll see it in action: friendly users, eagerly welcoming new members into the ecosystem, offering to lend a hand, and making everyone feel at home. The constructive culture of Nostr, built on a foundation of genuine camaraderie and selflessness, is as vibrant now as it was back in the early days. This isn't just a network; it's a community that thrives on cooperation, curiosity, and the simple joy of helping others. Nostr isn't about chasing clout or boosting follower counts; it's about building something meaningful together, one interaction at a time. And that's what makes it truly special.

書いてみた。。

For six full years I've been updating and commenting on the status of global central bank money on Twitter. As the seventh year of my research commences, for 2024 Q2, it's about time to bring it home to the better bird protocol. This is a much more philosophically aligned place to focus in on the signal when it comes to our money, and I'm happy to finally convert these posts to long-form here. **This is quarterly update #25, for 2024 Q2.** If you have followed [my work](https://www.porkopolis.io/) before, then you know that the constant hymn I've sung while speaking publicly about Bitcoin is that the only, economically comparable money supply in the fiat world to 21 million bitcoins is what economists call the "monetary base," or "base money." This is a corporeal money supply that has existed across all of modern economic and central banking epochs. For an apples-to-apples, ontological comparison with Bitcoin, look no further then Base money. ## So what is it? It is *central bank money*, comprised of two supplies: 1. **Physical currency**: Notes and coins, or “cash;” 2. **Bank reserves**: The “Master account” that each commercial bank holds with its central bank. Now, why do I refer to this as, "Central bank money?" This is because, unlike all other money supplies in the fiduciary banking world (like M1/M2/M3), the Monetary base is the sole and ultimate money supply controlled by the central bank. It is, literally, the *printing press*. What follows won't be a lesson in reserve ratios or monetary economics. The point is that you simply understand that ***there is*** a money supply that central banks solely control, and of course (of course!) this is what Bitcoin's 21 million are up against. The monetary base is to the core of the entire fiat financial system, as 21 million bitcoins are to the core of the Bitcoin protocol. One is open and permissionless, and one is not. By the way, the monetary base is essentially (though not entirely) analogous to the *total liabilities* of a central bank, so we can (basically) say that the monetary base is the "balance sheet" of each central bank. **On cash**. Quick notes on the above. Certainly you understand what "cash" is, and it is indeed an instrument that has been fully monopolized by each central bank in each nation around the world--only they can print it. Even though it is true that banks in more free banking societies in the past could freely print and strike notes and coins, the central bank (or state) monopoly has been around for a long time. Kublai Khan was the first to do it 750 years ago. **On bank reserves**. Don't stress your brain on this too much, but this is the main "settlement money" that banks use between each other, when they want to settle their debts. It is digital now (Fedwire in US, CHAPS in UK), but it doesn't technically have to be, and of course before modern technology took over even a few decades ago, it was not. These two stacks of retail and wholesale cash, stacks of *central bank money*, are what makes up the **Monetary base**. This is the *printing press*. Only this compares to 21 million bitcoins. And gold, and silver by the way. Final note, central bank digital currencies, or CBDCs, which are simply LARPing on Bitcoin's success, are indeed created by central banks, and they are indeed classified as Base money. They are going to be a "third rail." They are thankfully incredibly small, pilot projects today. We will see how far democracies will be tested, as autocracies no doubt will mainstream them; but for now, consider them, at least economically, to be inconsequential to the update below. With that review out of the way, onward to Q2 update for 2024. ## Bitcoin is the **6th largest money in the world**. In February 2024, it surpassed the monetary base of the United Kingdom, that is its value was larger than the Bank of England's balance sheet, and it remains so to this day. As of 30 June 2024, there are four central bank balance sheets larger than Bitcoin: 1. **Federal Reserve (dollar)**: $5.73 trillion 2. **European Central Bank (euro)**: $5.19 trillion equivalent 3. **People's Bank of China (yuan)**: $5.11 trillion equivalent 4. **Bank of Japan (yen)**: $4.20 trillion equivalent So if we only look at this from a "fiat" perspective, then Bitcoin is indeed the 5th largest money in the world. However, the all-important monetary metal throughout history that even a child knows about--gold--is still king at around **$15 trillion in value**, or 6.1 billion ounces worldwide. Note, this does not include gold lost/recycled through industry; in that case, it is estimated that about 6.8 billion ounces of gold have been mined throughout humanity. *Update #25 Executive Summary* Silver, for what it's worth, is still a big "monetary" metal; though it is true, much more silver is gobbled up in industry compared to gold. There are about 30.9 billion ounces of non-industrial silver floating around the world (most of it in jewelry and silverware form) that is valued in today's prices at $930 billion. Bitcoin bigger. ## **State of the Print: $26.1 trillion**. If we add up the Big Five central banks already mentioned above (again, Bitcoin being larger than the Bank of England's monetary base), as well as the next 45 central banks, we get to a total, USD equivalent value of **$26.1 trillion in base money across the world**. If we consider $26.1 trillion as the Big Boss of central bank money, the figure in totality, then Bitcoin at $1.2 trillion network value indeed has some way to go. We can also imagine how the Pareto distribution occurs even in money, if Bitcoin after only 15 years is already larger than every central bank money in the world except for four of them. Wild to ponder. ## Inflation: 12.7% per year. It is also true that for two years they have been trying to "normalize" their balance sheets after the 2020-22 Covid madness, stimulus, and money printing. Of course, they have been trying all along to normalize since the 2008 global finance crisis (GFC), but I digress. When I first started my website, I vowed never to use such a non-corporeal thing as CPI to discuss how much things cost. A "general increase in the level of consumer prices," or CPI, as measured by planning boards around the world, is not a real thing. It may be calculated by people with the best of intentions, but it has been manipulated and volumes have been written about it. I don't use it. I have always defined inflation as the classical economists did: Inflation is an increase in the "stock" of money. If we know the all-time stock of euros printed by the European Central Bank now, and we know the all-time stock of euros printed by the ECB 12 months ago, then it is very easy to calculate the annual inflation of the euro. Not only is it easy, but *it is real*. It is corporeal. Watch what they do, not what they say. But we should be rigorous. If inflation is an increase in the stock of money, what is a decrease in the stock of money? Does this happen? Well, this is *deflation*, and yes it does happen. You may be surprised to learn that for two years central banks around the world have collectively been shrinking their balance sheets, and thus we have been in a state of deflation. With my research we can visually see all of this, and it is here: *Inflation, or Deflation?* Turns out that the normalization is more difficult than they thought, as they are still at $26.1 trillion, and before Covid the global monetary base was $20 trillion. Nonetheless, they have stopped the money printing of 2020 and 2021. I have written much about my [methodology for these reports](https://www.porkopolis.io/methodology/), but the bottom line is that the area curve on the left axis (the base money itself, denominated in dollars), will not necessarily reflect what is happening with the actual money print, trailing 12-month % figures on the right axis (the growth rate or inflation rate). It is a *Wittgenstein's ruler* thing. The blended, global, annual rate of central bank money printing at the moment is nearly flat, just slightly negative at -0.3%. The flat levels and the slight rate of deflation have been relatively consistent for the last two years, but if you look at that the 2022 peak of $30 trillion, this may seem like they have cut the supply much more than this. *They haven't*. This is because, on balance, ***most of the world's currencies have fallen faster in value against the dollar, even though they continue to print***. This is why we have seen $4 trillion in base money shed in value over the last couple years of rising interest rates, but the *actual decrease the rate of base money printed* has only been around **-1% to -2% per year**, when measured across each currency's native unit growth, each month. And for the high signal, no-noise figure in my attempt to get you to one number to understand how much central banks have compounded their fiat base money stack across 50+ years, **that figure is 12.7% per year**. And Powell says he wants to cut rates (print money) again. Wild. ## Let's compare. For the rest of this report, I want to do something different and simply spend some time looking at the compound annual growth rates of various corporeal things around the world, in order that we can compare those to the growth of the fiat monetary base, and Bitcoin. Remember, most things in the financial and economic world grow exponentially. This simply means that they grow *constantly*. The financial term here is compound growth, or compound interest. This rate of growth can indeed change year to year (interest rates can go up, or down), but over the years we can observe a strong trend, and that is what I want to summarize here for you. ## Population. The world has grown exponentially at **1.7% per year** over the last 75 years. However, despite all the overpopulation myths you've probably heard, this rate of growth is actually falling, well below trend, and we only grow at **0.9% per year** at the moment. <img src="https://blossom.primal.net/90fbd48fcd521e23de66747536591d3ef2896444064a7b2e199078db0bfba193.png"> ## GDP. The United States has grown its economy at 5.2% compounded per year since the founding of the republic. We are at the higher end of this trend right now, $28 trillion per year and growing at **5.8% per year**. <img src="https://blossom.primal.net/34f4fc9e55e6f56dba3e4e8dbd5dcbd3e9e4e0d34065342b979232eea511339b.png"> ## Stocks. Stocks grow exponentially as well, don't let anyone tell you otherwise. The growth rate is **7.3% per year** for the S&P 500, the main US index that tracks more than 80% of total market caps. <img src="https://blossom.primal.net/296a61cbf0d70e364b83f83194ec77f403b2400cd0a5037267c12df7515fc75e.png"> ## Stocks. With Dividends. If you reinvest those dividends into the same stock market, you'll earn more. Still compound growth, but 2% higher at **9.3% per year** for the S&P. <img src="https://blossom.primal.net/3e7af90c34a41cd46c7cd40d41882978d779bac8a41264a757acecf3bb8abaa2.png"> ## Bonds. Bonds are supposedly safer than stocks (bondholders get paid back first), and more cash flowing. If you look at the longest running bond index in the US, it grows at **7.1% per year**, compounded. <img src="https://blossom.primal.net/00a0792079370ed7fe1f5764885b1e42937ed819ad0ab873d68d23cf557379f3.png"> ## Base Money. As we've discussed, base money grows, if re-weighting the native unit growth each month, at **12.7% compounded per year**. However, this trendline analysis looks at it differently. It simply looks at the USD value of the global monetary base (again, **$26.1 trillion**), and draws an exponential trendline on that USD equivalent growth for 50+ years. In other words, this is going to be *after all currency fluctuations* have played themselves out. Do you think the growth rate here will be higher or lower? Actually lower, at **10.3% per year**. But there is a big asterisk here, as more base money supplies are added in later periods than in the 1970s and 1980s, so it is not as rigorous as the 12.7% figure. In any event, one might expect this trendline analysis to *actually be higher* in that case, so it goes to show how quickly currency values can fall against the global reserve currency! <img src="https://blossom.primal.net/01af174097a9eb2e8d51b80d3bea8e71e135664eecc511f317d09b0f43dd1193.png"> ## Silver. This is total ounces ever mined. They trend upward at **1.4% per year**. <img src="https://blossom.primal.net/ae1aa48cfdadb64b93ddde96443879ce0d55c35b0f5310fbe142c4cccae7f387.png"> ## Gold. This is total ounces ever mined. Gold trends upward at **1.7% per year**. Faster than silver. Surprised? Notice the R-squared (goodness of fit) for both silver and gold. <img src="https://blossom.primal.net/3616dbb2d34660549ee03326c63bba15dcff8d5d90f416770875555e9bac4215.png"> ## Bitcoin. Bitcoins grow according to a basic logarithmic curve. Trying to draw percentiles is pointless here, and even measuring a trendline is somewhat pointless, as everyone knows the bitcoins prescribed into the future, by the protocol. Better to just quote the trailing 12-month growth figure, and it is **1.7% per year** and falling. For now, identical to gold. <img src="https://blossom.primal.net/bbb62f63b6f9a4f2ead25f2af673bfa2a9695ded9e8ccd6c24893d26df876591.png"> ## Silver price. Since 1971 it's trended at 3.4% per year. Silver bug? <img src="https://blossom.primal.net/1503c5ddea14b2d3252119bc115570495d26f468e8782d0f698470008c766834.png"> ## Gold price. Since 1971 it's trended at 5.0% per year. Gold bug? <img src="https://blossom.primal.net/f7e1e3683fcd4dc190b8c185c2173b0def0dde015402c5d61aa332305057a22e.png"> ## Bitcoin price. Note, we have finally arrived at something that grows differently than exponential. As I've observed since 2018, Bitcoin grows according to a power trend. Did you notice that all the prior exponential trends displayed themselves as straight lines on log scale? Well, with Bitcoin, the power trendline gradually falls across time, but the growth is still well larger than anything we've covered thus far. Why? It's being adopted, of course. Bitcoin's power trendline has grown **169.9% per year** since Bitcoin Pizza Day in 2010. Note that this is something akin to a "Lifetime Achievement" figure, and it will continue to fall every day. Over the prior 12 months ending 30 June 2024, Bitcoin grew **105.6% over the year**. The compound growth of the power trend today is **45% per year**. By 2030 it will fall to "only" **36% per year**. Oh yes, and it is free, open, and permissionless. <img src="https://blossom.primal.net/f25cfc32102f0bfe6e5f284b922adbd3d97c1fdac75d6780a25400e40fe81fbf.png"> ## To summarize. That's a lot of data that came at you quick. I've compiled it all in a helpful table here for you to review at any time. This is the world at 2024, Q2: <img src="https://blossom.primal.net/033c016467fc061265366b6cd34769a37747374350cc5d864ede0bc4a1096886.png"> ## Base money concluded The following table gives you a complete summary of the fiat currencies, gold, silver, and Bitcoin figures used in this analysis, for this quarter. Please print it out if you like, it is meant to be a helpful, in-depth companion when fiat friends come asking. <img src="https://blossom.primal.net/2113d41187c71c6b833be7f5d0db14438fb4f4f9df4c519faaee5db9c27e831d.png"> Thank you for reading! If you enjoyed, please consider zapping, and you can also donate to my [BTCPay](https://donations.cryptovoices.com/) on [my website](https://www.porkopolis.io/) if you'd like to help keep this research going.

### Changing Passwords in Linux Using GRUB 1. **Access the GRUB Menu**: Reboot your system and hold down the **Shift** (BIOS) or press the **Esc** (UEFI) key to access the GRUB menu. 2. **Edit the GRUB Entry**: Highlight the Linux entry and press **'e'** to edit. 3. **Modify Boot Parameters**: Find the `linux` or `linux16` line and add `single` or `init=/bin/bash` at the end. Press **Ctrl + X** or **F10** to boot. 4. **Remount the Filesystem**: If booted into a bash shell, run `mount -o remount,rw /` to remount the filesystem as read-write. 5. **Change the Password**: To change the root password, run `passwd`. For a user, run `passwd username`. 6. **Reboot the System**: After changing the passwords, reboot the system by running `exec /sbin/init` or `reboot`. 7. **Log In**: Log in with the new root or user password. originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/666211

Editing of profiles and projects seems easier and laid out better and the overall responsiveness of the website feels greatly improved. The Analytics section tho . . . whoo doggie! What an upgrade. Try it out at geyser.fund originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/665891

Posted using obsidian plugin https://obsidian.md/plugins?search=nostr#

# The Righteous Mind: Why Good People are Divided by Politics and Religion This is one of my top recommends for just about anyone. Unless you just hate discussing or thinking about contentious ideas, The Righteous Mind is a must read for anyone seeking to understand how people hold such different views in good faith. The author, Jonathan Haidt, is a well respected social and moral psychologist. While being hosted by a family in India, he realized that his hosts had moral sensibilities that he just didn't have. This wasn't a matter of reaching a different conclusion about a moral question. There were things they cared about for reasons entirely alien to him. That's where his key insight came from: people have fundamentally different moral sensibilities. Haidt realized that many of the moral and political positions held by American conservatives were motivated by some of these same moral sensibilities that he simply lacked. What followed was an attempt to categorize the different types of moral sensibilities and look for patterns in who have which ones. ## Moral Tastebuds Initially, Haidt identified five different moral sensibilities and likened them to tastebuds. People with a particular moral sensibility will perceive certain situations as morally significant, while those without the sensibility do not perceive it as morally significant. A sixth tastebud was added after studying libertarians and realizing just how goddamn weird we are. ### The Six Moral Foundations * Care/Harm * Fairness/Cheating * Loyalty/Betrayal * Authority/Subversion * Sanctity/Degradation * Liberty/Oppression The findings are that each of us have different sensitivities to each of these flavors of morality. There have been some subsequent refinements and additions made in more recent work on Moral Foundations. You can learn about your personal Moral Foundations by taking [this quiz](https://moralfoundations.github.io/). ## Political Differences The part of the book I found most interesting, and the portion that is discussed the most, is describing how progressives and conservatives differ in their moral tastebuds. This explains a lot of why it's so difficult for people to have constructive conversations with "the other side". Progressives score very high on care and fairness, but relatively low on the others. Conservatives, on the other hand, score fairly high across the board. In one sense, it's not surprising that conservatives have a broader moral palate (they are stereotyped as "moralizers", after all). However, what surprised me is that they seem to care just as much as progressives about the things progressives care about. ## Failure to Communicate One of the follow up experiments they did on that initial research, was to gauge how much understanding each side had of the other. This was done by allowing people to ascribe justifications for their answers to a set of political and ethical questions. Then, subjects were asked how someone in the opposite political camp would answer the questions and what their justifications would be. The results were exactly as you'd expect from the moral foundations work. Conservatives knew what progressives believed and why, but progressives did not understand what conservatives believed or why they believed it. Conservatives share the moral foundations of progressives, so they understand them. Progressives do not share the other moral foundations of conservatives and therefor don't understand them. ## On Liberty Libertarians were discussed in the book, but most of the research to that point had not included the Liberty foundation. What they've learned is that libertarians are overwhelmingly sensitive to the liberty tastebud and fairly numb to the others. That result fascinates me, because there's nothing about libertarianism, per se, that rules out broader moral sensibilities. Libertarianism, after all, is not a holistic moral philosophy, but rather a legal philosophy. There's no contradiction in being extremely socially conservative, while also believing that the law should only punish violations of property rights. Similarly, there's no inherent reason why a socially progressive individual couldn't adopt a live-and-let-live view of government. However, it seems that people, by and large, think force needs to be brought to bear on whatever it is that they care about, but not on anything else. originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/665765

Many years ago, I realized that movies, particularly those from mass cinema, can be used for brainwashing the masses. It’s a perfect tool for long-term programming and control. Don’t get me wrong—I’m not saying all films push propaganda. However... The visual medium is particularly powerful in shaping our thinking and influencing how we see the world. Add bad intentions—namely politics and greed—into the mix, and you get a clear example of how people have been subtly fed selected narratives, motifs, and trends through mass-produced content, especially over the last 5-10 years. If you don’t agree, let’s talk. But before you comment or send me a DM, finish this short article so you have a stronger base to build your full opinion on. ## Legacy Cinema Built on Bitcoin Standard. I won’t dive too deep into independent cinema right now, which I sometimes jokingly call 'Binema.' Yet, for some context: together with a group of friends, I’m working on a project called Bitcoin FilmFest. Our goal is to support independent creators year-round and host a unique film festival annually. Feel free to join us in Warsaw, Poland, for #BFF25. FYI. It’s not a conference, but a community-driven cultural experience. **To connect this with the main topic of this read—legacy cinema—let me bring up a question that comes up from time to time, both within our team and from others:** 🤔 Does Binema have to focus solely on independent films, especially those directly about Bitcoin? **In my opinion: NO.** I’ve even written articles about classic yet big-budget films like THE MATRIX, EQUILIBRIUM, THE TRUMAN SHOW, and a few other titles, explaining why they deserve a place in Bitcoin Cinema. I’ll probably share those here soon... In the meantime, I’ve created dozen of memes that put together classic movies with sound money—combining knowledge with humor and irony 😎 Some of them are below. If you like any of these, simply download and share them with others. If you find any similar memes that mix legacy cinema with Bitcoin ethos, and decide to post them somewhere, [please tag me](nostr:npub134d6jtyveg74cuuj7qun4v2m6r7x7c6ryk69z4q7pa7f43kran2sl2yggk) and [Bitcoin FilmFest](nostr:npub1rjtrs7xqdvj3588r9njrexh2n750j7jdwx9qs543nutmdsj6ljaqpfmp8a). We’d love to spread them further. The more people see them and enjoy, the better! ----------------------------------------------------- **#01: Jerry Maguire (1996)—'A life isn’t worth living if you are sleepwalking through it.' Find the signal in the noise. Study Bitcoin.**  **#02: Boating accidents and the main lesson from TITANIC (1997)**  **#03: GROUNDHOG DAY (1993)—"Be like Phil, don't play by their rules. Opt-out with sound-money. Choose freedom."**  **#04: GAME OF THRONES (2011–2019) and the importance of preserving your wealth**  **#05: THE ADAM PROJECT (2022)—"Time travel only exists in movies. Stop wondering about this or that. Study Bitcoin, if you haven't started yet."**  **#06: A.L.F (1986–1990) and the complexities of Bitcoin Mining**  **#07: STAR TREK—The Original Series (1966): 'Live long and prosper' to all Noderunners out there!**  *BTC Your Mind. Let It Beat…* Şela / AZA

Preston Pysh posted this event this morning:  Behind the scenes, the nostr event looks like this: ``` Event = { "id":"a6fa7e1a73ce70c6fb01584a0519fd29788e59d9980402584e7a0af92cf0474a", "pubkey":"85080d3bad70ccdcd7f74c29a44f55bb85cbcd3dd0cbb957da1d215bdb931204", "created_at":1724494504, "kind":1, "tags":[ [ "p", "6c237d8b3b120251c38c230c06d9e48f0d3017657c5b65c8c36112eb15c52aeb", "", "mention" ], [ "p", "77ec966fcd64f901152cad5dc7731c7c831fe22e02e3ae99ff14637e5a48ef9c", "", "mention" ], [ "p", "c1fc7771f5fa418fd3ac49221a18f19b42ccb7a663da8f04cbbf6c08c80d20b1", "", "mention" ], [ "p", "50d94fc2d8580c682b071a542f8b1e31a200b0508bab95a33bef0855df281d63", "", "mention" ], [ "p", "20d88bae0c38e6407279e6a83350a931e714f0135e013ea4a1b14f936b7fead5", "", "mention" ], [ "p", "273e7880d38d39a7fb238efcf8957a1b5b27e819127a8483e975416a0a90f8d2", "", "mention" ], [ "t", "BH2024" ] ], "content":"Awesome Freedom Panel with...", "sig":"2b64e461cd9f5a7aa8abbcbcfd953536f10a334b631a352cd4124e8e187c71aad08be9aefb6a68e5c060e676d06b61c553e821286ea42489f9e7e7107a1bf79a" } ``` In nostr, all events have this form, so once you become familiar with the nostr event structure, things become pretty easy. Look at the "tags" key. There are six "p" tags (pubkey) and one "t" tag (hashtag). The p tags are public keys of people that are mentioned in the note. The t tags are for hashtags in the note. It is common when working with NOSTR that you have to extract out certain tags. Here are some examples of how to do that with what are called JavaScript Array Methods: ### Find the first "p" tag element: ``` Event.tags.find(item => item[0] === 'p') [ 'p', '6c237d8b3b120251c38c230c06d9e48f0d3017657c5b65c8c36112eb15c52aeb', '', 'mention' ] ``` ### Same, but just return the pubkey": ``` Event.tags.find(item => item[0] === 'p')[1] '6c237d8b3b120251c38c230c06d9e48f0d3017657c5b65c8c36112eb15c52aeb' ``` ### Filter the array so I only get "p" tags: ``` Event.tags.filter(item => item[0] === 'p') [ [ 'p', '6c237d8b3b120251c38c230c06d9e48f0d3017657c5b65c8c36112eb15c52aeb', '', 'mention' ], [ 'p', '77ec966fcd64f901152cad5dc7731c7c831fe22e02e3ae99ff14637e5a48ef9c', '', 'mention' ], [ 'p', 'c1fc7771f5fa418fd3ac49221a18f19b42ccb7a663da8f04cbbf6c08c80d20b1', '', 'mention' ], [ 'p', '50d94fc2d8580c682b071a542f8b1e31a200b0508bab95a33bef0855df281d63', '', 'mention' ], [ 'p', '20d88bae0c38e6407279e6a83350a931e714f0135e013ea4a1b14f936b7fead5', '', 'mention' ], [ 'p', '273e7880d38d39a7fb238efcf8957a1b5b27e819127a8483e975416a0a90f8d2', '', 'mention' ] ] ``` ### Return an array with only the pubkeys in the "p" tags: ``` Event.tags.filter(item => item[0] === 'p').map(item => item[1]) [ '6c237d8b3b120251c38c230c06d9e48f0d3017657c5b65c8c36112eb15c52aeb', '77ec966fcd64f901152cad5dc7731c7c831fe22e02e3ae99ff14637e5a48ef9c', 'c1fc7771f5fa418fd3ac49221a18f19b42ccb7a663da8f04cbbf6c08c80d20b1', '50d94fc2d8580c682b071a542f8b1e31a200b0508bab95a33bef0855df281d63', '20d88bae0c38e6407279e6a83350a931e714f0135e013ea4a1b14f936b7fead5', '273e7880d38d39a7fb238efcf8957a1b5b27e819127a8483e975416a0a90f8d2' ] ```

ในโลกที่ Bitcoin เติบโตอย่างก้าวกระโดด ความต้องการในการทำธุรกรรมที่รวดเร็ว ปลอดภัย และเป็นส่วนตัว ก็เพิ่มสูงขึ้นตามไปด้วย Lightning Network ได้เข้ามาช่วยแก้ปัญหา Scalability ของ Bitcoin ได้ในระดับหนึ่ง แต่ก็ยังมีข้อจำกัด เช่น ความซับซ้อนในการใช้งาน และความจำเป็นในการบริหารจัดการสภาพคล่อง ในปี 2023 Burak Keceli นักพัฒนา Bitcoin ผู้มากประสบการณ์ ได้เปิดตัว **Ark Protocol** ซึ่งเป็นเลเยอร์ 2 โปรโตคอล ที่เสนอแนวทางใหม่ในการทำธุรกรรม Bitcoin โดย Ark มาพร้อมกับแนวคิดที่ล้ำสมัย และกลไกการทำงานที่แตกต่างไปจาก Lightning Network บทความนี้จะพาพวกเราไปทำความรู้จักกับ Ark Protocol กันเบื้องต้น ตั้งแต่หลักการทำงานของเทคโนโลยีนี้ ข้อดี-ข้อเสีย การเปรียบเทียบกับ Lightning Network และเทคโนโลยีอื่นๆ ไปจนถึงอนาคตของ Ark ในฐานะเลเยอร์ 2 ทางเลือกใหม่ ## **🤔 Ark Protocol คืออะไร?** Ark Protocol คือ เลเยอร์ 2 โปรโตคอล ที่สร้างขึ้นบนบล็อกเชน Bitcoin โดยมีเป้าหมายเพื่อเพิ่มความสามารถในการขยายขนาด (Scalability) ยกระดับความเป็นส่วนตัว (Privacy) และมอบประสบการณ์การใช้งานที่ราบรื่นยิ่งขึ้น Ark ทำงานโดยใช้แนวคิด **Virtual UTXO** (vUTXO) และ Covenant ในการทำธุรกรรมนอกบล็อกเชน (Off-Chain) โดยอ้างว่าสามารถทำธุรกรรมได้รวดเร็ว ราวกับส่งข้อความ ค่าธรรมเนียมต่ำจนแทบไม่รู้สึก และมีความเป็นส่วนตัวสูง ปกป้องข้อมูลธุรกรรมจากสายตาคนอื่น ## 📌 **vUTXO เหรียญ Bitcoin ดิจิทัลในตู้นิรภัยลับ** ลองนึกภาพ vUTXO (Virtual UTXO) เป็นเหมือนเหรียญ Bitcoin ดิจิทัล ที่ถูกเก็บไว้ในตู้นิรภัยสุดไฮเทค ตู้นิรภัยนี้ตั้งอยู่นอกบล็อกเชน Bitcoin ทำให้การเข้าถึง vUTXO เป็นไปอย่างรวดเร็ว และไม่ต้องผ่านกระบวนการตรวจสอบที่ยุ่งยาก เหมือนกับการหยิบเหรียญจากกระเป๋า แทนที่จะต้องไปรื้อค้นหาในกองสมบัติขนาดใหญ่ vUTXO คือหัวใจสำคัญของ Ark ที่ทำให้การทำธุรกรรมมีความรวดเร็ว และมีค่าธรรมเนียมต่ำ เนื่องจากธุรกรรม vUTXO เกิดขึ้นนอกบล็อกเชน Bitcoin จึงไม่ต้องรอการยืนยัน (Confirmation) จากเครือข่าย Bitcoin ## **📌 Covenant สัญญาพิทักษ์ความปลอดภัย** เพื่อให้มั่นใจว่า vUTXO จะถูกใช้จ่ายอย่างถูกต้อง Ark ใช้ **Covenant** ซึ่งเปรียบเสมือนสัญญาที่กำหนดเงื่อนไขการใช้จ่าย vUTXO ล่วงหน้า Covenant เหล่านี้ถูกเก็บไว้ใน vUTXO Tree ซึ่งเป็นเสมือนผังข้อมูลของ vUTXO ที่ช่วยให้ Ark สามารถจัดการ vUTXO ได้อย่างมีประสิทธิภาพ และช่วยปกป้องความเป็นส่วนตัวของผู้ใช้ เหมือนกับการมีระบบรักษาความปลอดภัยหลายชั้น ที่ทำให้มั่นใจได้ว่า มีเพียงเจ้าของที่แท้จริงเท่านั้น จึงจะสามารถเข้าถึง vUTXO ได้ ## **📌 vUTXO Tree ผังข้อมูลของ vUTXO** **vUTXO Tree** คือโครงสร้างข้อมูลที่ใช้จัดเก็บ vUTXO โดยใช้ Covenant ในการกำหนดเงื่อนไขการใช้จ่าย และสามารถนำ vUTXO กลับมาใช้ใหม่ได้ (Recycle) ทำให้ลดการใช้พื้นที่บนบล็อกเชน และเพิ่มความเป็นส่วนตัว vUTXO Tree ช่วยให้ Ark สามารถจัดการ vUTXO จำนวนมากได้อย่างมีประสิทธิภาพ และลดความซับซ้อนในการทำธุรกรรม ## **⭐ ASP ผู้พิทักษ์แห่งโลก Ark** Ark Service Provider (ASP) คือผู้ดูแลระบบ Ark ที่เปรียบเสมือนธนาคารที่เก็บรักษา Bitcoin ของผู้ใช้ และให้บริการ vUTXO ASP ทำหน้าที่ตรวจสอบธุรกรรม อัพเดต vUTXO Tree และดูแลความปลอดภัยของระบบ ASP เปรียบเสมือนผู้ดูแลตู้นิรภัย ที่คอยดูแล vUTXO ของผู้ใช้ และอำนวยความสะดวกในการทำธุรกรรม ## **🧡 3 ขั้นตอนง่ายๆ สู่ธุรกรรม Bitcoin** Ark Protocol เปรียบเสมือนโลกใบใหม่ที่ถูกสร้างขึ้นเพื่อให้การทำธุรกรรม Bitcoin เป็นเรื่องง่าย รวดเร็ว และปลอดภัยยิ่งขึ้น การเดินทางในโลก Ark นั้นไม่ซับซ้อนอย่างที่คิด เพียงแค่ 3 ขั้นตอนง่ายๆ คุณก็สามารถสัมผัสประสบการณ์การใช้ Bitcoin แบบเหนือชั้นได้ **1. ก้าวแรกสู่โลก Ark โดยแลก Bitcoin เป็น vUTXO** การเข้าสู่โลก Ark เริ่มต้นจากการฝาก Bitcoin ของคุุณเข้าสู่ Ark Service Provider (ASP) เปรียบเสมือนการเดินเข้าธนาคารเพื่อแลกเงินสดเป็นเช็ค ASP จะทำหน้าที่ดูแลรักษา Bitcoin ของคุุณอย่างปลอดภัย และมอบ vUTXO ให้เป็นเสมือนเช็คดิจิทัลที่คุุณสามารถใช้จ่ายในโลก Ark ได้ - **เลือก ASP** / ก่อนอื่น คุุณต้องเลือก ASP ที่น่าเชื่อถือ โดยพิจารณาจากชื่อเสียง ค่าธรรมเนียม และบริการที่ ASP นั้นๆ มีให้บริการ - **ฝาก Bitcoin** / เมื่อเลือก ASP ได้แล้ว คุุณสามารถฝาก Bitcoin ไปยังที่อยู่ Bitcoin ของ ASP ที่คุุณเลือก - **รับ vUTXO** / เมื่อ ASP ได้รับ Bitcoin ของคุุณแล้ว ระบบจะทำการออก vUTXO ให้กับคุุณโดยอัตโนมัติ vUTXO นี้จะถูกเก็บไว้ใน vUTXO Tree ที่ ASP ดูแล มูลค่าของ vUTXO จะเท่ากับจำนวน Bitcoin ที่คุุณฝากเข้าไป ตอนนี้คุุณพร้อมที่จะเริ่มต้นการเดินทางในโลก Ark แล้ว.. **2. ธุรกรรมสายฟ้าแลบ ผ่านการส่ง vUTXO รวดเร็ว ปลอดภัย ไร้กังวล** vUTXO เปรียบเสมือนเช็คดิจิทัลที่ทำให้การทำธุรกรรม Bitcoin เป็นเรื่องง่าย รวดเร็ว และปลอดภัย - **ส่ง vUTXO ง่ายๆ** / เพียงแค่ระบุจำนวน vUTXO ที่ต้องการส่ง และที่อยู่ Ark ของผู้รับ ธุรกรรมของคุณจะถูกดำเนินการทันที โดยไม่ต้องรอการยืนยันจากบล็อกเชน Bitcoin - **ค่าธรรมเนียมต่ำ** / เนื่องจากธุรกรรม vUTXO เกิดขึ้นนอกบล็อกเชน Bitcoin จึงมีค่าธรรมเนียมที่ต่ำกว่าการทำธุรกรรมบนบล็อกเชน Bitcoin - **ความเป็นส่วนตัว** / ข้อมูลธุรกรรม vUTXO จะถูกเก็บไว้ใน vUTXO Tree ซึ่ง ASP เป็นผู้ดูแล จึงมีความเป็นส่วนตัวมากกว่าการทำธุรกรรมบนบล็อกเชน Bitcoin **3. กลับสู่โลก Bitcoin ด้วยการแลก vUTXO คืนเป็น Bitcoin** เมื่อคุุณต้องการนำ Bitcoin ออกจากโลก Ark เพื่อนำไปใช้จ่ายในโลกภายนอก คุุณสามารถแลก vUTXO คืนเป็น Bitcoin ได้ง่ายๆ - **ส่งคำขอถอน** / เพียงแค่ส่งคำขอถอน Bitcoin ไปยัง ASP พร้อมระบุจำนวน Bitcoin ที่ต้องการถอน และที่อยู่ Bitcoin ของคุุณ - **ASP ตรวจสอบและดำเนินการ** / ASP จะตรวจสอบความถูกต้องของคำขอ และยอดคงเหลือ vUTXO ของคุุณ ก่อนทำการโอน Bitcoin ไปยังที่อยู่ Bitcoin ของคุุณ **สรุป** / การทำธุรกรรมในโลก Ark นั้นง่าย รวดเร็ว และปลอดภัย เพียงแค่ 3 ขั้นตอน คุุณก็สามารถสัมผัสประสบการณ์การใช้ Bitcoin ผ่าน Ark ได้ ## **หมายเหตุ** จากการศึกษาในเอกสารของทางผู้พัฒนา พบข้อสังเกตว่า.. การเลือก ASP ที่น่าเชื่อถือเป็นสิ่งสำคัญ เพราะ ASP จะทำหน้าที่ดูแลรักษา Bitcoin ของคุุณ ดังนั้น ควรศึกษาข้อมูล และเลือก ASP ที่มีชื่อเสียง มีระบบรักษาความปลอดภัยที่ดี และมีค่าธรรมเนียมที่เหมาะสม ## **Ark vs. Lightning Network** แม้ Lightning Network จะเป็นเลเยอร์ 2 ที่ได้รับความนิยมอย่างมากในปัจจุบัน แต่ Ark ก็มีข้อได้เปรียบและข้อเสียที่แตกต่างกันออกไป ดังนี้.. **1. ด้านความปลอดภัย** - Ark พึ่งพา ASP ในการดูแล Bitcoin และ vUTXO ดังนั้น ความปลอดภัยของ Ark จึงขึ้นอยู่กับความน่าเชื่อถือของ ASP - Lightning Network ใช้ Multisig และ Hash Time Locked Contract (HTLC) ในการรักษาความปลอดภัย ซึ่งไม่ต้องพึ่งพาบุคคลที่สาม แต่ผู้ใช้ต้องรับผิดชอบในการจัดการช่องทาง และป้องกันการโจมตีต่างๆ ด้วยตนเอง **2.ความสามารถในการรองรับปริมาณธุรกรรม (Scalability)** - Ark สามารถรองรับปริมาณธุรกรรมได้สูง เนื่องจากธุรกรรมเกิดขึ้นนอกบล็อกเชน Bitcoin - Lightning Network สามารถรองรับปริมาณธุรกรรมได้สูง แต่อาจยังมีข้อจำกัดอยู่บ้าง เนื่องจากต้องอาศัยการเปิด-ปิดช่องทาง และการบริหารจัดการสภาพคล่องที่จำเป็นต้องมีประสบการณ์และความชำนาญสูง **3.ความซับซ้อนในการพัฒนา** - การพัฒนาแอปพลิเคชันบน Ark อาจมีความซับซ้อนน้อยกว่า Lightning Network เนื่องจากไม่ต้องจัดการกับช่องทาง และสภาพคล่อง - การพัฒนาแอปพลิเคชันบน Lightning Network มีความซับซ้อน เนื่องจากต้องเข้าใจ Multisig, HTLC และการจัดการช่องทาง **4. การกระจายอำนาจ** - Ark มีการกระจายอำนาจน้อยกว่า Lightning Network เนื่องจากต้องพึ่งพา ASP - Lightning Network มีการกระจายอำนาจมากกว่า เนื่องจากผู้ใช้สามารถเชื่อมต่อกันเองได้โดยตรง โดยไม่ต้องผ่านตัวกลาง **5.ความพร้อมในการใช้งาน** - Ark ยังอยู่ในช่วงเริ่มต้นของการพัฒนา และยังไม่มีการใช้งานอย่างแพร่หลาย - Lightning Network มีการใช้งานจริงแล้ว และมีแอปพลิเคชัน Wallet และบริการต่างๆ ที่รองรับ **6.ความยืดหยุ่นในการใช้งาน** - Ark ออกแบบมาเพื่อการชำระเงิน และอาจไม่เหมาะกับการใช้งานอื่นๆ เช่น Smart Contract - Lightning Network สามารถนำไปประยุกต์ใช้ได้หลากหลาย เช่น Micropayment, Streaming Payment, และ Decentralized Finance (DeFi) **7. ต้นทุนในการใช้งาน** - ค่าธรรมเนียมในการทำธุรกรรม Ark ขึ้นอยู่กับ ASP - ค่าธรรมเนียมในการทำธุรกรรม Lightning Network ขึ้นอยู่กับ Routing Fee และค่าธรรมเนียมในการเปิด-ปิดช่องทาง **8. ความเสถียรของระบบ** - Ark ยังเป็นเทคโนโลยีใหม่ ความเสถียรของระบบยังอยู่ในช่วงการทดสอบ - Lightning Network มีการใช้งานจริงมาระยะหนึ่งแล้ว และมีความเสถียรในระดับหนึ่ง **9. การสนับสนุนจากชุมชน** - Ark ยังมีชุมชนผู้ใช้งานและนักพัฒนาที่เล็กกว่า Lightning Network - Lightning Network มีชุมชนผู้ใช้งานและนักพัฒนาที่ใหญ่ และมีการพัฒนาอย่างต่อเนื่อง https://i.nostr.build/gAhg5rQoYU3WmsGy.jpg ## **📌 Ark Labs ก้าวสู่พัฒนาการใหม่บน Bitcoin** ในเดือนมิถุนายน 2024 ทีมพัฒนา Ark ได้ประกาศก่อตั้งบริษัท Ark Labs อย่างเป็นทางการ ภายใต้การสนับสนุนของ Vulpem Ventures บริษัท Venture Capital ที่มุ่งเน้นการลงทุนในเทคโนโลยี Blockchain และ Cryptocurrency การก่อตั้ง Ark Labs ถือเป็นก้าวสำคัญของ Ark Protocol ที่แสดงให้เห็นถึงความมุ่งมั่นในการพัฒนาเทคโนโลยี และผลักดันให้ Ark กลายเป็นเลเยอร์ 2 โซลูชัน ที่ได้รับการยอมรับ และใช้งานอย่างแพร่หลาย 📌 **ภารกิจของ Ark Labs** Ark Labs มี 2 ภารกิจหลัก คือ - **พัฒนา Ark Protocol แบบ Open Source** Ark Labs มุ่งมั่นที่จะพัฒนา Ark Protocol ให้เป็น Open Source เพื่อให้ทุกคนสามารถเข้าถึง ใช้งาน และมีส่วนร่วมในการพัฒนาเทคโนโลยีได้ - **สร้างบริการสำหรับผู้ใช้ Ark** Ark Labs มีแผนที่จะสร้างบริการต่างๆ ที่ใช้งาน Ark Protocol เช่น Wallet, Payment Gateway, และ API เพื่อให้ผู้ใช้สามารถเข้าถึง Ark ได้ง่าย และสะดวกยิ่งขึ้น 📌 **Ark Labs: ทีมผู้เชี่ยวชาญ ขับเคลื่อนอนาคตของ Bitcoin** Ark Labs นำโดย Marco Argentieri ผู้มีประสบการณ์ในวงการ Blockchain และ Cryptocurrency มายาวนาน ทีมงานของ Ark Labs ประกอบด้วยนักพัฒนา Bitcoin ผู้มากประสบการณ์ นักออกแบบ และผู้เชี่ยวชาญด้านการตลาด **แผนงานในอนาคต** แอปพลิเคชันแรก และการเติบโตของระบบนิเวศ Ark Labs มีแผนที่จะเปิดตัวแอปพลิเคชันแรกที่ใช้ Ark Protocol ภายในปี 2024 โดยแอปพลิเคชันนี้จะเน้นไปที่การทำธุรกรรม Bitcoin ที่รวดเร็ว ปลอดภัย และเป็นส่วนตัว นอกจากนี้ Ark Labs ยังมีแผนที่จะขยายระบบนิเวศของ Ark โดยการสร้างความร่วมมือกับ Wallet ผู้ให้บริการแลกเปลี่ยน (Exchange) และธุรกิจต่างๆ เพื่อเพิ่มการใช้งาน Ark ให้แพร่หลายมากยิ่งขึ้น ## **บทสรุป** Ark คืออนาคตของ Bitcoin หรือไม่? Ark Protocol คือเลเยอร์ 2 ที่น่าจับตามอง มาพร้อมกับแนวคิดที่ล้ำสมัย และศักยภาพในการยกระดับ Bitcoin ไปอีกขั้น แม้จะยังอยู่ในช่วงเริ่มต้น แต่ Ark ก็นำเสนอทางเลือกที่น่าสนใจ **หมายเหตุ** บทความนี้นำเสนอข้อมูล Ark Protocol โดยอิงจากข้อมูลที่เผยแพร่โดย Ark Labs และแหล่งข้อมูลอื่นๆ ผู้อ่านควรศึกษาข้อมูลเพิ่มเติม และทำการวิเคราะห์ด้วยตนเองก่อนตัดสินใจลงทุนในเทคโนโลยีใดๆ อย่างไรก็ตาม.. ยังมีคำถามอีกมากมายที่น่าสนใจเกี่ยวกับ Ark Protocol เช่น.. - กลไกการฝาก Bitcoin เข้าสู่ระบบ - รายละเอียดเกี่ยวกับค่าธรรมเนียม - และความสามารถในการรองรับปริมาณธุรกรรม (Scalability) เมื่อเทียบกับ Lightning Network ซึ่งเราจะมาหาคำตอบร่วมกันในเวที Advanced Stage วันที่ 14 กันยายน 2024 ในงาน #TBC2024 มาร่วมเจาะลึก Ark Protocol และสำรวจศักยภาพของเลเยอร์ 2 โซลูชันนี้ไปพร้อมๆ กันครับ! ## **ศึกษาเพิ่มเติม** - https://ark-protocol.org/ - https://arkdev.info/docs/learn/intro - https://arklabs.to/

## Chef's notes Growing up there are a few staple foods that stick with you. For me, it was my Grandma Betty's Chicken Dijon. It was my birthday request every year and every time we cook it up it touches my heart. Grandma Betty passed away a 7 years ago. This dish is dedicated to her, directly from her recipe book. ## Details - ⏲️ Prep time: 10 - 🍳 Cook time: 35 ## Ingredients - 4 Chicken Breasts - 3 Tbsp Butter - 2 Tbsp Flower - 1/2 Cup Heavy Cream - 3 Tbsp Dijon Mustard - Tomato Wedges ## Directions 1. In large skillet, cook chicken in butter on medium heat till brown on both sides and cooked through (about 20 min) 2. Remove chicken and set aside 3. Stir flower into skillet drippings. (whisk thoroughly for best flavor) 4. Add chicken broth and cream. Whisk until sauce thickens. (about 5 minutes) 5. Add dijon mustard and stir to combine. 6. Place chicken breasts in skillet. Place lid on skillet and simmer on low. (10 minutes) 7. Slice tomato in wedges 8. Chop Parsley 9. Plate Chicken, pour cream sauce, tomato wedges and garnish with parsley. 10. Pairs well with steamed rice or pasta and your favorite vegetable(s) (I prefer sweat peas and Steamed Rice)

<div style="position:relative;padding-bottom:56.25%;height:0;overflow:hidden;max-width:100%;"><iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/GwUNT2k26mQ" style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;border:0;" allowfullscreen></iframe></div>

If you don't know where your posts are, you might as well just stay in the centralized Twitter. You either take control of your relay lists, or they will control you. Amethyst offers several lists of relays for our users. We are going to go one by one to help clarify what they are and which options are best for each one. ## Public Home/Outbox Relays Home relays store all YOUR content: all your posts, likes, replies, lists, etc. It's your home. Amethyst will send your posts here first. Your followers will use these relays to get new posts from you. So, if you don't have anything there, **they will not receive your updates**. Home relays must allow queries from anyone, ideally without the need to authenticate. They can limit writes to paid users without affecting anyone's experience. This list should have a maximum of 3 relays. More than that will only make your followers waste their mobile data getting your posts. Keep it simple. Out of the 3 relays, I recommend: - 1 large public, international relay: nos.lol, nostr.mom, relay.damus.io, etc. - 1 personal relay to store a copy of all your content in a place no one can delete. Go to [relay.tools](https://relay.tools/) and never be censored again. - 1 really fast relay located in your country: paid options like http://nostr.wine are great Do not include relays that block users from seeing posts in this list. If you do, no one will see your posts. ## Public Inbox Relays This relay type receives all replies, comments, likes, and zaps to your posts. If you are not getting notifications or you don't see replies from your friends, it is likely because you don't have the right setup here. If you are getting too much spam in your replies, it's probably because your inbox relays are not protecting you enough. Paid relays can filter inbox spam out. Inbox relays must allow anyone to write into them. It's the opposite of the outbox relay. They can limit who can download the posts to their paid subscribers without affecting anyone's experience. This list should have a maximum of 3 relays as well. Again, keep it small. More than that will just make you spend more of your data plan downloading the same notifications from all these different servers. Out of the 3 relays, I recommend: - 1 large public, international relay: nos.lol, nostr.mom, relay.damus.io, etc. - 1 personal relay to store a copy of your notifications, invites, cashu tokens and zaps. - 1 really fast relay located in your country: go to [nostr.watch](https://nostr.watch/relays/find) and find relays in your country Terrible options include: - nostr.wine should not be here. - filter.nostr.wine should not be here. - inbox.nostr.wine should not be here. ## DM Inbox Relays These are the relays used to receive DMs and private content. Others will use these relays to send DMs to you. **If you don't have it setup, you will miss DMs**. DM Inbox relays should accept any message from anyone, but only allow you to download them. Generally speaking, you only need 3 for reliability. One of them should be a personal relay to make sure you have a copy of all your messages. The others can be open if you want push notifications or closed if you want full privacy. Good options are: - inbox.nostr.wine and auth.nostr1.com: anyone can send messages and only you can download. Not even our push notification server has access to them to notify you. - a personal relay to make sure no one can censor you. Advanced settings on personal relays can also store your DMs privately. Talk to your relay operator for more details. - a hidden, but public relay if you want DM notifications from our servers. Make sure to add at least one public relay if you want to see DM notifications. ## Private Home Relays Private Relays are for things no one should see, like your drafts, lists, app settings, bookmarks etc. Ideally, these relays are either local or require authentication before posting AND downloading each user\'s content. There are no dedicated relays for this category yet, so I would use a local relay like Citrine on Android and a personal relay on relay.tools. Keep in mind that if you choose a local relay only, a client on the desktop might not be able to see the drafts from clients on mobile and vice versa. ## Search relays: This is the list of relays to use on Amethyst's search and user tagging with @. **Tagging and searching will not work if there is nothing here.**. This option requires NIP-50 compliance from each relay. Hit the Default button to use all available options on existence today: - nostr.wine - relay.nostr.band - relay.noswhere.com ## Local Relays: This is your local storage. Everything will load faster if it comes from this relay. You should install Citrine on Android and write ws://localhost:4869 in this option. ## General Relays: This section contains the default relays used to download content from your follows. Notice how you can activate and deactivate the Home, Messages (old-style DMs), Chat (public chats), and Global options in each. Keep 5-6 large relays on this list and activate them for as many categories (Home, Messages (old-style DMs), Chat, and Global) as possible. Amethyst will provide additional recommendations to this list from your follows with information on which of your follows might need the additional relay in your list. Add them if you feel like you are missing their posts or if it is just taking too long to load them. ## My setup Here's what I use: 1. Go to [relay.tools](https://relay.tools/) and create a relay for yourself. 2. Go to [nostr.wine](https://nostr.wine/) and pay for their subscription. 3. Go to [inbox.nostr.wine](https://inbox.nostr.wine/) and pay for their subscription. 4. Go to [nostr.watch](https://nostr.watch/relays/find) and find a good relay in your country. 5. Download Citrine to your phone. Then, on your relay lists, put: Public Home/Outbox Relays: - nostr.wine - nos.lol or an in-country relay. - <your.relay>.nostr1.com Public Inbox Relays - nos.lol or an in-country relay - <your.relay>.nostr1.com DM Inbox Relays - inbox.nostr.wine - <your.relay>.nostr1.com Private Home Relays - ws://localhost:4869 (Citrine) - <your.relay>.nostr1.com (if you want) Search Relays - nostr.wine - relay.nostr.band - relay.noswhere.com Local Relays - ws://localhost:4869 (Citrine) General Relays - nos.lol - relay.damus.io - relay.primal.net - nostr.mom And a few of the recommended relays from Amethyst. ## Final Considerations Remember, relays can see what your Nostr client is requesting and downloading at all times. They can track what you see and see what you like. They can sell that information to the highest bidder, they can delete your content or content that a sponsor asked them to delete (like a negative review for instance) and they can censor you in any way they see fit. Before using any random free relay out there, make sure you trust its operator and you know its terms of service and privacy policies.

# Understanding UTXO Consolidation for Bitcoin Users Bitcoin blockchain fees are currently low, so it's time to get familiar with UTXO consolidation! What is UTXO consolidation and why should you care? ## Many Small UTXOs Can Incur High Transaction Fees in the Future If you've been dollar-cost averaging small chunks of bitcoin to a self-custody wallet, you might have a lot of small-value UTXOs (Unspent Transaction Outputs) in your wallet. When transaction fees will rise again, spending these UTXOs can incur hundreds or even thousands of dollars in transaction fees! When you transact in Bitcoin, fees paid to miners are determined by the network demand, and how much data the transaction requires to be sent. The Bitcoin network is designed to handle only a limited amount of data every 10 minutes on average in order to keep the data on the blockchain small enough for average users to run nodes and audit the blockchain. The trade-off is high transaction fees during high network demand. You can always set a lower fee for your transaction, but then you will often have to wait longer for your transaction to be included on the blockchain. The total fee for a transaction is calculated by multiplying the transaction size with the fluctuating fee rate. The fee rate is measured in satoshis per virtual byte (sat/vByte). A good website to familiarize yourself with the current Bitcoin fees is [Mempool.space](https://mempool.space/). You can learn more about it in this post: https://stacker.news/items/657963 The transaction size increases the more UTXOs it has. The monetary value of BTC being spent doesn't have an effect on the transaction fee. You can send $50 or $1 billion worth of BTC with the same transaction fee. ## What Is an UTXO? Your bitcoin balance consists of UTXOs. When you receive BTC, you receive a single UTXO. The more often you receive, the more UTXOs you will accumulate. When you're sending BTC, your wallet software picks UTXOs from your wallet and sends them to the receiver. Your wallet might have to pick many different UTXOs. If the BTC amount of your UTXOs exceeds the amount you're sending, you will receive a new UTXO as "change". Conceptually, UTXOs are very similar to physical cash. You can think of UTXOs in your Bitcoin wallet as different denominations of a currency, e.g. $10 bill, $20 bill etc. Except that Bitcoin doesn't have specific denominations: a Bitcoin UTXO can be of any amount!  The balance of your Bitcoin wallet is the sum value of all your UTXOs in that wallet. UTXO is like a bill in your Bitcoin wallet that hasn't been spent yet. When your wallet has to pick many UTXOs to make a transaction, the network fees you pay will be higher. You can think of it as sending someone $1000 in coins vs. sending $1000 in hundred dollar bills. Coins will weigh more and their postage costs will be higher. Bitcoin wallets automatically select the lowest number of UTXOs to minimize transaction fees, and some have coin control features that let you select UTXOs manually. A recommended wallet for desktop is [Sparrow Wallet](https://sparrowwallet.com/). Sparrow also works with the most popular hardware wallets. You can learn more about Sparrow [in this Twitter thread](https://x.com/teemupleb/status/1708190356565872642) I wrote in September 2023. ## How to Consolidate UTXOs? You're just selecting UTXOs of small monetary value and sending them to yourself when fees are low, and you will receive one UTXO with a larger monetary value. Here it can be demonstrated with some testnet coins on Sparrow Wallet. The process is exactly same with real BTC. In the "UTXOs" tab, you select the UTXOs you want to consolidate, and proceed to "Send Selected".  On the "Pay to" field there's a dropdown that automatically chooses a new Bitcoin address in the same Sparrow Wallet that you own (it's labelled as a "consolidation" address). Alternatively, you can copy/paste any address there.  If you want to verify that you really own the address, you can go to the "Addresses" tab, find the address in question and sign a message with it. If you're e.g. using a hardware wallet like Coldcard or Trezor, the signing device's firmware will at this point verify that it manages the address.  It's important to label your UTXOs, so you will know in the future what UTXOs to spend and in what situations. Labels are only for your own reference. Do it.. your future self will thank you!  You can see the flow of UTXOs on Sparrow. Two small UTXOs turn into one (minus the miner fee). It's a bit like exchanging small coins to larger bills!  When you go back to the "UTXOs" tab, you can see that you now only have one larger UTXO, but the same amount of BTC (minus the miner fee).  [Mempool.space](https://mempool.space/) gives you nice visualizations for UTXO consolidation. In this transaction, 4 UTXOs were consolidated into one (minus the miner fee). Since Bitcoin is digital gold, UTXO consolidation is like melting small gold coins into one gold bar!  ## UTXO Consolidation Reduces Privacy A major trade-off with consolidating UTXOs relates to privacy. People who sent you the small UTXOs you want to consolidate can follow the movement of those UTXOs and link them to your now larger UTXO balance. It's not an absolute proof that you own those UTXOs (you could be sending them to someone else!), but it might be a strong indication. It's always the best practice to assume that whoever sent you those original UTXOs is watching and knows that you own all that bitcoin. Also, there are privacy concerns if you spend after consolidating. If you spend from a large UTXO (let's say 1 BTC), and buy something worth $50 (0.0008 BTC) with it, the receiver can see that you will get a change and are the owner of an UTXO of 0.9992 BTC. ## "Dust" UTXOs When you have smaller UTXOs, they might become economically infeasible to spend in a high fee environment (fee higher than the monetary value of the UTXO). It's hard to know exactly what the future fee market will look like, but it can be assumed that the Bitcoin blockspace will be in high demand and the fees will rise. Here's a good [article](https://unchained.com/blog/small-utxo-bitcoin-dust/) by Unchained about unspendable "dust" UTXOs. Jameson Lopp has created a useful tool called ["Economically Unspendable Bitcoin UTXO Calculator"](https://jlopp.github.io/unspendable-utxo-calculator/?ref=blog.lopp.net) that can be used to project transaction fees in different fee environments with different address types. ## To Consolidate or Not? It depends on your personal preferences and how you're intending to spend your bitcoin in the future. It's good to strive for a balance, taking into consideration the future fee market and the privacy concerns, and still remember that it's better to have spendable UTXOs that have lost some privacy than unspendable private UTXOs. Never consolidate KYC coins with non-KYC coins! The consensus among Bitcoiners is to avoid dust UTXOs as much as possible, and try to keep your UTXOs at 1 million sats minimum (0.01 BTC and around $600 in August 2024's prices). It's been estimated that this threshold would secure your UTXOs being spendable even in a prolonged high-fee environment. If you're ever in an emergency and need to spend your bitcoin, it's good to know that you will not spend most of your coins on fees! Some recommend striving for even larger UTXOs, like 10 million sats (0.1 BTC) in case Bitcoin becomes a world reserve currency or hits mass adoption. UTXO consolidation is extremely important for Bitcoiners with many small value UTXOs (e.g. Bitcoiners in Global South that have been saving $10 per week in BTC on-chain to self-custody wallets). If fees go high, a Bitcoin UTXO worth $10 might become unspendable. If you're mostly a hodler and you've been buying BTC in large purchases at a time, you generally don't have to worry too much about UTXO consolidation. ## Send Small UTXOs to the Lighting Network for Spending! Instead of consolidating UTXOs to an on-chain address, you can also open Lightning Network channels with them or send them to a Lightning wallet for easier spending. Lightning Network also adds a layer of privacy to the UTXOs. If you're buying bitcoin through an exchange, it might make sense to accumulate a large enough UTXO before you move the funds to self-custody. Or you can use e.g. [Liquid Network](https://liquid.net/) @liquid as an intermediary layer for storing coins in self-custody. As a federated sidechain, Liquid has its own trade-offs. You can learn more about Liquid in this [Twitter thread](https://x.com/teemupleb/status/1761068870083981436) I wrote in February 2024. UTXO consolidation reduces the number of UTXOs in the network, which makes it easier to run a full Bitcoin node. So consolidation has benefits to the network as well! It can also streamline your own wallet experience. Signing data-heavy transactions can be a burden to older hardware wallets that might even crash in the process! What's your strategy for UTXO consolidation? What's the ideal size of an UTXO in your opinion? ## Additional Resources https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mqe0QCxjKpI @BTCsessions https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=krrUQGMKhPo [What is ‘UTXO consolidation’ and how can it help me reduce transaction fees?](https://bitbox.swiss/blog/what-is-utxo-consolidation/) [How to Manage Bitcoin UTXOs and Save on Transaction Fees](https://www.tftc.io/bitcoin-utxo-management/) originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/664880

The italian press ilPost stated that Pavel Durov is out, a bale of 5 million Euros, can't leave the country and has to go to a police station twice a week... The known 12 charges leaked apparently are correct. Link in Italian: https://www.ilpost.it/2024/08/28/pavel-durov-liberta-vigilata-francia/ #telegram #pavel originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/664822

Join nostr:npub1tvqc82mv8cezhax5r34n4muc2c4pgjz8kaye2smj032nngg52clq0rkrq4 and me for episode 76 of nostr:npub14kw5ygpl6fyqagh9cnrytyaqyacg46lzkq42vz7hk8txdk49kzxs04j7y0 this Friday, August 30th at 3pm ET (UTC -4) Our guest this week is nostr:npub1xv8mzscll8vvy5rsdw7dcqtd2j268a6yupr6gzqh86f2ulhy9kkqmclk3x from nostr:npub1getal6ykt05fsz5nqu4uld09nfj3y3qxmv8crys4aeut53unfvlqr80nfm who joins us to provide the lowdown on the recently launched Alby Hub You don't want to miss this one! Set your blockclocks! https://nostrnests.com/ [This is our first show announcement made from a long-form client, in keeping with QW and my #otherstuffchallenge]

I don't think clients should assume everyone or most people are joining from bitcointwitter, although that does seem to be the case, it further cements the silo. I think they do this perhaps unintentionally, perhaps slightly intentionally to retain those users. You see this assumption in user recommendations at onboarding and sidebars of highlighted notes. It screams "hello, bitcointwitter expat, look we have that Natalie Brunel here, and Carla, look Jimmy Song is here... everyone you love is here!" Which imo is totally alienating to anyone outside of this very specific bubble (and even some inside that bubble who are on bitcointwitter but have follows outside of that bubble too). https://image.nostr.build/5d3af6ea8dc9473a1180c597f69aa90ae5409ca495c69d7e8bad13e6bc100213.jpg You also see this in responses to the problem people raise of not finding content. The tired response of 'just follow more people' you see in #introductions too. This might be fine if you're coming from bitcointwitter (maybe you want to see a dozen more posts per second of people saying 'stack sats and stay humble' and an ai image of a robot holding a bitcoin, I don't know). But this doesn't help someone looking for other topics. Twitter is bigger than bitcointwitter. People interested in topiary can find that content on twitter, or Herefordshire folklore, an expert in eel migration, or a cultural commentator, or their favourite ayahuasca enema philosopher etc etc. They can find that on wider twitter. No amount of following numbers will help that on nostr. It's not here.... yet. Perhaps recommendations of topic hashtags to follow at the onboarding stage, or RSS feed accounts... or just acknowledging it's not here. I think it's fine to acknowledge this to somehow retain at least a semblance of this not just being a bitcoin telegram group for bitcointourettes. https://image.nostr.build/53edfb0524086d3a8f5bf8dffe60de177f7436b6eb18c0fed97cffd7e025d228.jpg

I'm sure you are all well aware of the news out of France. The French government has made the bold move of arresting the founder of Telegram, Pavel Durov, after charging him with 12 criminal counts ranging from "complicity in web-mastering an online platform in order to enable an illegal transaction in organized group" to "importing a cryptology tool ensuring authentication or integrity monitoring without prior declaration". Telegram is an extremely popular messaging app that is used by almost 1 billion people from around the world. I have personally been a user for seven years and it is very dismaying to see the French government attack an entrepreneur who has built a widely used and loved app. We've said it many times over the years in this rag, governments need to stop throwing the baby out with the bath water by attacking successful businesses for the crimes their users commit and begin doing better law enforcement. It makes no sense to demonize a technology for the crimes that are committed by a small minority of users of that tool. Is the French government going to go after the CEO of Bic, the largest producer of pens in the world, because there are pen pals out there who use their pens to write letters in which they coordinate criminal activity? If we apply the same logic behind the decision to arrest Pavel it would seem that the Bic CEO should be a bit worried. Who knows what evidence the French government has against Pavel. Maybe he is directly involved in the coordination of crimes that were committed on his app. I highly doubt it, but who knows. We'll have to wait and see what evidence the French courts put forth once a trial gets under way. As of yesterday, we know that this seems like a classic case of "You refuse to cooperate with deep state actors who want access to your users' data, so we're going to accuse you of all of the crimes." The fact of the matter is, we shouldn't have to worry about the actions of a founder dictating the accessibility of a novel technology that they bring to market. Especially technologies that enable people to connect in the digital world to exercise their God given right to free speech. It's a bit poetic that this happened on Saturday night in Europe. Just one day after the Nostriga conference in Riga, Latvia wrapped up. Nostriga was a two-day event which attracted people from all over the world so that they could meet to discuss how to push the Nostr protocol forward. For those who are unaware of what Nostr is, it is an open source communications protocol with no leaders that enables individuals to publish their thoughts to the world is a distributed, censorship resistant fashion. User profiles are created via a private-public key pair. The public key makes it easy for others to follow and the private key enables a user to sign notes with certain data that get broadcasted to relays. App developers can then pull the user generated data from those relays and present the data in unique ways using front-end interfaces known as clients. Users can port their private keys (commonly known as nsecs) into any client they like and have all of the data they've published to the protocol automatically show up. Said another way, since Nostr is a protocol and not a platform, users have way more optionality when it comes to the applications that present the data they publish. If one client decides to censor or simply has a bad UX, they can plop their magic string (private key) into another client and see everything they've ever posted while still being connected to everyone they added to their social graph historically. This is extremely powerful on many fronts. Gone are the days of having to worry about building an audience on a platform, making that a critical part of your brand and livelihood, and having to self-censor because of the fear of being deplatformed. You own your private key and that gives you access to your data. Not the platform. For app developers, the network effect of Nostr produces an incredible and truly unique bootstrapping mechanism. Instead of having to start from scratch and hope that users find your app, fill it with data, and begin spreading the word to more users you adopt the social graph of Nostr from day one. Every user of the protocol is already feeding your application data. If you can build an appealing product that provides users of the protocol with value, they will find it and immediately be able to leverage it. There will be no need for them to build up a reputation or find their social connections on the app. They will be ported into the client. Nostr can be additive to seemingly unrelated applications that aren't built directly on Nostr. We've already seen this with bitcoin wallets that have enabled users to port their Nostr social graphs directly into their wallet. Making it easy for individuals to find their friend's Nostr account and send bitcoin directly to the lightning address they've associated with it. No need for an invoice. Just find your friend and send them money like you would on an app like Venmo. The number of added benefits users and app developers get from Nostr beyond those I just explained are too long to list. Long story short, this protocol is a massive deal. It is still very early for Nostr, but the progress that has been made in the last couple of years has been nothing short of awe inspiring. If you squint into the future, it isn't hard to see how Nostr becomes mainstream by the end of the decade. The compounding network effects are stronger than anything I've seen since bitcoin. All of this is to say that this will be one of the only ways to build truly robust communications-based applications moving forward. As we've seen with TikTok and now Telegram, if the state doesn't like the owner of a particular platform they will either kick the platform out of their country or arrest the founder and do their best to corrupt the platform itself once he is in custody. This hasn't happened yet with Telegram, but you can bet your ass that the deep state will try to corrupt Telegram if they successfully remove him from the picture. To be clear, this doesn't make the founders of particular Nostr clients immune to this type of overt overreach by governments. However, the design of Nostr is such that governments would have an exponentially harder time achieving their end goal, suppressing and controlling speech that's expressed on these platforms, because the protocol has hundreds of competing clients serving customers the data stored in relays. They could even attempt to go after the relays, but that task may prove to be impossible as well. Make no mistake, we live in very trying times. The world's governments are losing control and they are doing the best they can to suppress freedom of speech in anyway they can to prevent people from spreading information that makes the Regime to look like the evil fools that they are. The best we can do is to build robust systems that make their attempts at suppressing speech as close to impossible as is possible. The efforts to build out robust systems like bitcoin and Nostr should be complemented with pushing back against the Regime via the courts. But as we all know, we can't always depend on the courts to actually deliver justice. There are times where freedom must be taken and defended. We are certainly living through one of those times right now. Despite the insanity of the world and the governments who would like to rule it, the momentum of the light is building. People are taking action and solutions are being built slowly but surely. It is our job to keep the momentum up and make sure the lifeboats of bitcoin, Nostr and similar protocols are ready to go once the Deep State begins attacking others. They came for TikTok and Telegram. Don't think that platforms like X, Rumble and Gab aren't in their crosshairs as well. Here are four videos from Nostriga that I think you all should watch. https://youtu.be/XUsk7cqZyKU?si=2vUl01azeFJQjczZ https://youtu.be/qUwXRDrfJU0?si=np3vyTDddoQKuPJK https://youtu.be/OHqxp-Hrx9k?si=K7vhVBWtFQwB68Tr https://youtu.be/iZyqVGHjDGo?si=CjJCbAlNBa06qcwV And a panel I hosted about funding Nostr if you're interested in that. https://youtu.be/qD-Y0fq5KiA?si=L81sFCPGw2ayXXzw We're going to win. --- Final thought... Jet lag sucks.

**DAY 24 OF FLASH AUGUST FICTION**. Wow, it’s pretty much the home stretch, now. Just 6 more days, including today. Today I was thinking about how nice it is to hear the frogs and crickets outside at night. I remember that as a kid, and then I remembered that once people started using newer chemicals on their lawns, the crickets disappeared. Then the frogs disappeared. It’s not supposed to be like that. Frogs and crickets at night are a part of life. The main characters of this story, however, are a frog and a lizard. Crickets play the bit parts… get it? I’m Commercial Herschel, and I’m here to help. Let me thank my newest follower, another pal from [Troubled Minds Newsletter](https://open.substack.com/pub/troubledminds), Troubled Minds Radio is on Rumble and Twitch, Twitter and perhaps Kick.com. It’s Tuesday, Friday, and Sunday Nights. I do suggest you give it a listen. Really very much fun. Thanks for the follow, Sweets! Podcast Audio: [Website](https://shows.acast.com/herschel-sterling/episodes/the-lizard-the-frog-the-splashing-and-the-succulent-nights) [Download](https://open.acast.com/public/streams/657b585ce56a640017584a9e/episodes/66cab1fd08e8ded3cb6dca87.mp3) [RSS](https://feeds.acast.com/public/shows/657b585ce56a640017584a9e) The Lizard and The Frog - **The Splashing and the Succulent Nights** *479 WORDS WRITTEN IN LESS THAN A HALF HOUR* The caretaker has built a birdbath into the ground. It’s like a little in-ground swimming pool for the birds during the day and for the frogs at night. He was tired of fishing dead frogs out of the actual in-ground swimming pool. The frogs can get in there, but they can’t get out. They get tired, and then they drown. The frogs mostly stay the heck out of there during the day because, well… the birds. At night, however, they certainly take advantage. Since installing the tiny pond, he has not once had to retrieve a lost frog. Apparently, the lizards like it too. There were less often lizards in the pool, but it happened once in a while. They need a place to cool off and refresh their skin, too. It is quite a nice little feature. It’s surrounded by lawn, and he can easily push the lawnmower over it without incident. It’s a regular thing, though, to rinse it out with the hose and refill it. It gets pretty gunky in there after a couple of days.  “How’s about you let me have a turn in the pond?” Lizard asks Frog. “It’s not like I can stop you from coming in.” Responds Frog. “C’mon, I’ll give you three crickets if you just let me have it for a while.” Lizard said. Frog replies, “There’s plenty of room for both of us. What’s the problem? Come on in, the water’s fine!” “It’s not a good look.” Lizard explains. “The other lizards, you know…” “Are you kidding me?” Frog says. “Are you all so fragile that you can’t get in a pool with a frog?” “OK, four crickets,” Lizard says. “I’ll give you four crickets.” “F-sake!” says Frog. “Fine, we can take turns getting in and out of the pool.” And they do. The two of them take turns swimming and splashing in the tiny pool or birdbath pond. It’s a lot of fun. They laugh and compete for the hearty, crunchy mosquitoes that inhabit the area, and they remark about how cool the caretaker is for putting in their lifesaving refreshment spot. “The birds don’t like him.” Frog tells Lizard. “I know,” Lizard says. “Since he bird-proofed everything, there are fewer of them. They fly around here all mad and dejected.” “That’s OK with me.” Frog says. “Me as well.” Lizard agrees. “So.” Says Frog. “How about those crickets?” “Oh yeah,” says Lizard. “You want them now?” “I’m not getting any less tasty-looking to the birds.” Frog explains. "Time is of the essence." Lizard jumps off the lip of the tiny pond and runs off to catch crickets. He brings them over to Frog, one at a time, but it doesn’t take long. They are all over the place. “You should let me in on that.” Lizard says. Frog replies, “What’s a succulent meal without a friend?” The End. Thank you to all the independent, non-corporate media people out there. I hope I can give you some light entertainment once in a while. Thank you so much for listening, or reading. This is the ***Smell the Inside of Your Nose. Do it Right Now*** podcast. I hope you might get a free or paid subscription, or [buy me a coffee](https://buymeacoffee.com/smellcast), or [donate some bitcoin](https://commercialherschel.substack.com/p/donate-with-blockchain-currency). I wish you the best. I’m Herschel Sterling, and I’m here to help. originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/663933

**DAY 25 OF FLASH AUGUST FICTION**. Want to get a better handle on what I am doing this month? Here is a [description and some ideas about Flash Fiction](https://commercialherschel.substack.com/p/a-flash-fiction-formula). Here is [Flash Fiction February](https://commercialherschel.substack.com/p/flash-fiction-february). Today I contemplated about baseball, and jogged my memory quite a bit about hitting. I could get my bat on some real cheese. I got looks and everything in the system. There are some things relating to those reflexes and the subconscious mind. Sometimes our conscious minds have to catch up to our physical reflexes. I feel like reflexes and our subconscious minds have some interesting commonalities. What I think I’m going to do is have good ‘ol [Antler Pestle](https://commercialherschel.substack.com/p/chronicle-of-the-last-gas-station-food-politics) have a conversation with an old baseball buddy. Podcast Audio: [Website](https://shows.acast.com/herschel-sterling/episodes/reflex-writing-some-hits-are-different-than-others) [Download](https://open.acast.com/public/streams/657b585ce56a640017584a9e/episodes/66cbdea288a7c2012038e63d.mp3) [RSS](https://feeds.acast.com/public/shows/657b585ce56a640017584a9e) Reflex Writing - **Some Hits Are Different Than Others** *826 WORDS WRITTEN IN ABOUT 45 MINUTES.* Antler was re-organizing the truck box. All the tools were out of place after a run to the old end of town, where the A-Frame, wooden houses are. He hears the phone bell coming from the firehouse office. Landlines are still important in firehouses. “Hey Antler, what’re ya doin’?” Says a vaguely familiar voice on the other end of the line. “Who is this?” Antler says. “Sorry, I don’t recognize the voice.” Antler always screens these call because he gets a lot of junk calls to this line from cold-callers feigning that they know him. “It’s Jesse, buddy, I’m about 5 minutes away.” I’m at the overpass down the road. I figured I’d call to see if you’re around.” “Jesse Will?” Antler inquires enthusiastically. “Yeah, dude, what’s going on?” You busy?” “Get yer butt here!” Antler exclaims. “I hope you have time because I got a brisket smokin’.”  “Shoot, I’ll make time brother, see you in a few.” Antler rushes to the kitchen and puts on a pot of coffee. He wipes the table down, and gets out the good mugs. He heads back to the truck to close up the big door and postpones the rest of his chores. Then he waits out front for his old baseball buddy, Jesse Will. Jesse pulls in with his rental car, and the two embrace, exchanging greetings. “Man, I don’t know how you do it, Antler. You look 20 years younger than me, and you’re five years older.” Jesse tells him. “Estrogen suppression.” Antler says. “It’s all over the place, in everything, you gotta keep it clear, or it’ll take over, and you’ll get tits. Let’s get to the kitchen.” In the kitchen, Antler pour him a coffee and they sit. “I’m just taking a drive, man, that’s all I’m doing. I just want to get out and drive around. Sometimes I just like the road these days.” Jesse explains. “I’ve been all over. I Saw Randy, and Buckster, and I visited the Skips widow.” “What’re they doing?” Antler asks. “Pretty much the same as us. Trying not to get fat, staying busy. Buck’s doing some play-by-play for that local International League team by him. He’s having a riot. Randy and Martha opened up that antique store. It’s already driving him nuts. Skips wife has her sister living with her. That’s really good. I’m glad she’s not alone.” “Life goes on.” Antler says. “It really does.” Jesse replies. “This place looks great, you’re keeping it up well.” “Not much else to do.” Antler says. I putz around here till there’s an emergency, otherwise I just hang out with Diane, and do my writing.” “How’s that girl doing?” Jesse asks. “She’s good, she’s down at the store working as usual. Busiest person in town, easily.” Antler answers. “She hides out here. People no better than to bother her here. She’s fixin’ to move it pretty soon.” “That is good, brother, I’m glad.” Jesse says. “What’re you writing these days?” Antler responds. “I’m just trying to figure out what I’m trying to tell myself.” Jesse laughs. “You lefties are a hoot. What does that even mean, AP?” “It’s kinda similar to hitting, really.” Antler says. “How is writing like hitting? What?” Jesse inquires. “You know, when you react to the cheese? You know that your body must see it, because you hit it, right?” There’s no way to hit it without seeing it. It’s the reflexes in gear. Just like we learn early. ‘It takes ten years to learn how to swing, and ten pitches to find out if you’re a hitter’?” “That’s the truth we know, we are freaks like that. We knew guys with perfect swings, and they could rock the off-speed stuff, then when some heat came by they were two seconds behind the pitch. We said so long to a lot of dudes. That’s the thing, those reflexes.” Jesse said. Antler continues. “Then when you get one of those in play, you get to the base, and your brain shows you what you just did at the plate… the delay?” “Yeah” Jesse says. “Of course, our brains can’t process the reaction as fast as our bodies can react. It’s kind of like we see it as a memory, but for the first time.” “Writing can be like that.” Antler says. “Sometimes I’ll write some quick little story, and I won’t have any idea what the heck it means when I write it.” I’ll put it in my folder, then go back and look at it a month later, and it makes perfect sense. “It’s like my subconscious mind is trying to tell my conscious mind something it knows, but my conscious mind is not taking it up yet.” “You lefties are a hoot.” Jesse says. “Let’s go out back and get that brisket out of the smoker and let it rest.” Antler says. “And I got some scotch to go with that.” Jesse chirps. “Bring the hard stuff, let’s go!” The End. It’s one of those things where if you know, you know, and if you don’t, you don’t. 4% of the human population have the reflexes to be able to do that. That’s why “It takes ten years to learn how to swing, and ten pitches to find out if you’re a hitter.” It’s weird like that. Thank you to all the independent, non-corporate media people out there. I hope I can give you some light entertainment once in a while. Thank you so much for listening, or reading. This is the ***Smell the Inside of Your Nose. Do it Right Now*** podcast. I hope you might get a free or paid subscription, or [buy me a coffee](https://buymeacoffee.com/smellcast), or [donate some bitcoin](https://commercialherschel.substack.com/p/donate-with-blockchain-currency). I wish you the best. I’m Herschel Sterling, and I’m here to help. originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/663922

***DAY 26 OF FLASH AUGUST FICTION***. I was thinking of doing a thing where I finish today’s story very close to midnight and then doing tomorrow’s story directly after midnight. I may do that before this is over. After today, it’s only four left, so I’d better pull the trigger if it’s going to happen. **I’m going to write something about a swimming pool today. I think UAP/UFO’s and swimming pools.** I also want to thank everyone because the consumption of ***Smell the Inside of Your Nose. Do it Right Now*** has a little more than doubled since August First. Twice as much of anything nice is awesome, so THANK YOU. It’s delightful to have reader/ listeners. Remember that if you are an independent, non-corporate media truth teller journalist, just DM me, and I’ll give you a free “paid” subscription. You’re welcome. I’m Herschel Sterling, and I’m here to help. Podcast Audio: [Web page](https://shows.acast.com/herschel-sterling/episodes/refractions-weird-angles) [Download](https://open.acast.com/public/streams/657b585ce56a640017584a9e/episodes/66cd6b56a1a33c63662ddb16.mp3) [RSS](https://feeds.acast.com/public/shows/657b585ce56a640017584a9e) Refractions - **Weird Angles** *775 WORDS WRITTEN IN ABOUT 45 MINUTES* Margie and Mike decided to spend part of the day by the pool. They filled the cooler with their favorites. Margie wanted a couple of mimosas. Mike made up a pitcher of Shandy, his favorite cheap pilsner mixed with lemonade with sliced lemons. They threw in some bottled water and some fresh fruit as well. They took turns diving, and then they floated around and did some laps. The usual swimming stuff. Then they laid out their beach towels to lay out and get some sun. “We deserve this.” Margie said. “I don’t know if we deserve it, but I’ll take it, it’s been a long week.” Mike replied. They applied their sunscreen and poured a couple of drinks, and finally got themselves comfortable under the warmth of the day. Margie lifted herself up to take a sip of her mimosa. She thought she saw something reflecting in the pool for a second. “Oh my goodness.” She said. “What?” Mike asked. “Nothing, I thought I saw something reflecting in the pool, but there is nothing to reflect.” She answered. She had some of her drink, and laid back down. As she went back to lay down, she thought for a moment that she saw it again. “That’s so weird.” She says. “We should set a watch timer in case we fall asleep, I know I could fall asleep today, for sure.” Mike said, and he raised himself up to grab his watch and set the timer for 20 minutes. “Wait a minute.” He said. “What now?” Margie asked. “It looked for a moment that there was something reflecting in the pool, like you said. It’s not there now.” Mike replied.  “There’s nothing in the sky but a few clouds, and there’s nothing above the pool to reflect.” Margie said, as she sat up. Now they are both sitting up and looking at the sky, in all directions, and they are puzzled. Mike changes his angle as he looks at the pool. He slowly raises and lowers his eye level. “At a certain angle I can see something, but it’s opaque, and it’s creeping me out.” Margie does the same thing, and she confirms Mike’s observation. “It’s only visible at a certain angle, the way the light refracts off the surface of the water.” Margie adds. They both bob their heads up and down around that angle, and they concur that this is an odd anomaly. “It looks like some kind of ship, like a UFO or a flying saucer thing.” Margie says. “I wonder if someone is playing with a drone.” Mike says. “There must be something in the sky somewhere, that we can’t see from here. Light is playing tricks on us.” Mike asserts. “It’s like a mirage type thing.” The two of them walk all around the pool, and they are changing their eye level at each area of the pool. “It only happens kind of over where the towels are, that’s the only place I can see this.” Margie says. “Yeah, me too.” Mike adds. “I’m going to get a ladder and go up on the roof and see what I can see from there.” Mike tells her. As Mike is retrieving the ladder, Margie continues examining the surface of the pool from various angles, and all around the perimeter of the pool. Once on the roof, Mike walks all over the top of the flat roof of the house. “I can’t see a darn thing in the sky, as far as I can see.” He yells down to Margie. She yells up to him. “Yep, nothing’s changed down here, it’s still there when look at it just right, at that same angle.” Mike comes down from the roof and rejoins Margie. They sit down on their towels. “Should we tell anyone about this?” Mike asks. “Who would we call about something like this?” “It’s pretty weird.” Margie says. “If you told me about it, and I didn’t see it myself, I’d think you were lying for attention.” Mike agrees. “Yeah, that’s probably what people will say if we tell anyone.” The two of them continue to angle their heads just right, several times, and see the strange reflection come and go as they do. Just then, the surface of the pool where they see the weird little craft’s reflection starts to ripple, it becomes disturbed and there is slight turbulence. “It’s gone.” Mike says. “I don’t see it anymore, it’s not there.” He says as he angles his head around. “Yep, me too. Not there.” Margie says. “I’m going to need more mimosa.” She adds. “I should have gotten stronger beer.” Mike replies. The End. Here are some other episodes where I have fun with interdimensional ideas, and ideas about frequencies of light and matter: [The Smith's are Missing Socks](https://commercialherschel.substack.com/p/smiths-missing-socks-faeries-chores-laundry) [What Does Your Light Eat?](https://commercialherschel.substack.com/p/what-does-your-light-eat-metabolism-emit) [The Frequency of the Little People](https://commercialherschel.substack.com/p/the-frequency-of-the-little-people-672) [Alien Avoidance On Our Coinciding Plane](https://commercialherschel.substack.com/p/alien-avoidance-on-our-coinciding) [Dr. Freebius Lipsmaciladapus: The Absence of Pathology in the 4th Dimension](https://commercialherschel.substack.com/p/the-absence-of-pathology-in-the-4th-dimension-precipice-lectures-archive) Thank you to all the independent, non-corporate media people out there. I hope I can give you some light entertainment once in a while. Thank you so much for listening, or reading. This is the ***Smell the Inside of Your Nose. Do it Right Now*** podcast. I hope you might get a free or paid subscription, or [buy me a coffee](https://buymeacoffee.com/smellcast), or [donate some bitcoin](https://commercialherschel.substack.com/p/donate-with-blockchain-currency). I wish you the best. I’m Herschel Sterling, and I’m here to help. originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/663916

On last week's episode of Plebchain Radio, QW and I announced something unusual - we would be taking a week off posting kind 1 notes on the Twitter clone clients - Primal, Damus, Nostur, etc. The clock started right after our show was posted on Friday, August 23rd and ends with show this Friday, August 30th. https://video.nostr.build/741cd7a0dd33e1ce815490d14069af96579ce47c92ea04240592c7bbb2de3a65.mp4 The idea behind the challenge is to see how much we can participate in the network without resorting to it's most accessible form of communication - kind 1 notes (the equivalent of tweets/replies). Halfway into the challenge, we've boosted and commented on shows on Fountain, zapped songs on Wavlake, commented on recipes on zap.cooking, watched videos on zap.stream and tunestr, and written the odd long-form note (oh, alright, just this one so far). It's been fun, but has also created an odd sense of sensory deprivation. We will share more details on our experience on this week's Plebchain Radio episode. Right, I'm off to explore the rest of the other-stuff-verse. I'd urge everyone to give this challenge a try. It might change how you view nostr.

สำหรับเพื่อนๆ ชาวบิตคอยน์ที่ติดตาม RS มาตลอด คงรู้กันดีว่า บิตคอยน์ คือที่สุดของสกุลเงินดิจิทัล ใช่แล้วครับ.. บิตคอยน์ได้รับสมยานามว่าเป็นทองคำดิจิทัล มีค่ามาก ปลอดภัยสูงสุด แต่ก็แลกเปลี่ยนกันยากเย็นแสนเข็ญ (บนเลเยอร์ 1) แล้วไลท์นิ่งเน็ตเวิร์คล่ะ? มันก็เหมือน “ระบบการโอนเงินอย่างรวดเร็ว" (บนเลเยอร์ 2) ที่ทำให้การแลกเปลี่ยนบิตคอยน์รวดเร็ว ปลอดภัย และค่าธรรมเนียมถูกลง แต่มันก็ยังจำกัดอยู่แค่การแลกเปลี่ยนบิตคอยน์เท่านั้น (ส่งบิตคอยน์ไลท์นิ่งให้กันไปมา) ผมจะพาพวกเราไปรู้จักกับ Lnfi (เดิมชื่อ NostrAssets) ที่เปรียบเสมือน "ศูนย์การค้า" ที่จะเปลี่ยนโฉมหน้าของบิตคอยน์และไลท์นิ่งเน็ตเวิร์คไปตลอดกาล https://image.nostr.build/9b746f8cc8db44a0b5380c595e32a2dcfcffbecf97c0718dbed3b02ca01a3dbc.jpg ## **🤔 Lnfi คืออะไร?** Lnfi คือ เลเยอร์ 2.5 ที่เป็นเหมือนสะพานเชื่อมระหว่างบิตคอยน์, ไลท์นิ่งเน็ตเวิร์ค และโปรโตคอลนอสเตอร์เข้าด้วยกัน เป้าหมายคือการนำ Web3 และโทเค็นมาสู่ไลท์นิ่งเน็ตเวิร์คและสร้างระบบนิเวศแบบกระจายอำนาจสำหรับแอปพลิเคชันต่างๆ ## **🤔 แล้ว Lnfi ทำงานอย่างไร?** Lnfi ใช้ Taproot Assets (เดิมชื่อ Taro) ซึ่งเป็นโปรโตคอลใหม่ ที่ช่วยให้สามารถออกสินทรัพย์ดิจิทัลบนบล็อกเชนของบิตคอยน์ได้ โดยสินทรัพย์เหล่านี้จะสามารถโอนผ่านไลท์นิ่งเน็ตเวิร์คได้อย่างราบรื่น ทำให้การทำธุรกรรมรวดเร็ว ปริมาณมาก และมีค่าธรรมเนียมต่ำ ## **🤔 เจ้า Lnfi มันมีอะไรน่าสนใจบ้าง?** มันทำได้มากกว่าการแลกเปลี่ยนบิตคอยน์ เพราะ Lnfi ไม่ได้จำกัดอยู่แค่การแลกเปลี่ยนบิตคอยน์กันเท่านั้น แต่ยังขยายไปสู่การออกโทเค็น, ระดมทุน, stake, lock, ให้ของขวัญ และซื้อขายสินทรัพย์ดิจิทัลบนไลท์นิ่งเน็ตเวิร์คได้ ลองนึกถึงการมี Stablecoin วิ่งอยู่บนไลท์นิ่งดูครับ.. มันจะช่วยลดภาระบล็อกเชนของบิตคอยน์ ช่วยให้การทำธุรกรรม Bitcoin บนเลเยอร์ 1 ราบรื่นขึ้น (เพราะไม่ได้วิ่งบนเลเยอร์ 1) ช่วยเพิ่มทราฟฟิกและการใช้งานบนเลเยอร์ชั้นถัดไป.. ทำให้เกิด Adoption ได้ง่ายขึ้น (ในแง่ปริมาณการเข้ามาใช้งานบนเครือข่าย) นอกจากนี้มันยังใช้งานง่ายด้วยภาษาธรรมชาติ ผู้ใช้สามารถใช้คำสั่งภาษาธรรมชาติ (ภาษาพูดธรรมดานี่แหละ) ผ่านโปรโตคอลนอสเตอร์เพื่อโต้ตอบกับ Lnfi ได้อย่างง่ายดาย.. แถมธุรกรรมก็ฟรี เพราะธุรกรรมทั้งหมดบน Lnfi ไม่มีค่าธรรมเนียม ในด้านความปลอดภัยและความโปร่งใส การดำเนินการทั้งหมดของผู้ใช้จะถูกเข้ารหัสและสามารถตรวจสอบได้บน NostrAssets Explorer และมันยังประสิทธิภาพสูง เพราะ Lnfi สามารถรองรับธุรกรรมจำนวนมากต่อวินาที (TPS) ได้ https://image.nostr.build/7eeaf1a10b1afb6e8d6d1e546793ea253de671176754fb350cca3f790ed153e7.jpg ## **ในอนาคตเราอาจจะได้เห็นร้านค้าต่างๆ ในศูนย์การค้า Lnfi** 1. MicroNode / บริการนี้ช่วยให้ผู้ใช้สามารถตั้งค่าและจัดการไลท์นิ่งโหนดของตนเองได้ง่ายๆ ผ่านนอสเตอร์ (Early access) เหมือนมีตู้เซฟเก็บบิตคอยน์ไว้กับตัว ที่ปลอดภัย แถมยังมีบริการให้เช่าตู้เซฟ สร้างรายได้อีกด้วย 2. Lightning Starter / แพลตฟอร์มนี้ช่วยให้โครงการต่างๆ สามารถระดมทุนและออกโทเค็นได้อย่างยุติธรรมและโปร่งใส เหมือนเวทีประมูลที่เปิดโอกาสให้ร้านค้าใหม่ๆ มาเปิดตัวในศูนย์การค้า 3. LN Exchange / เป็นแพลตฟอร์มการแลกเปลี่ยนแบบกระจายอำนาจสำหรับการซื้อขายบิตคอยน์ และ Taproot Assets เหมือนตลาดซื้อขายที่ช่วยให้ลูกค้าซื้อขายแลกเปลี่ยนสินทรัพย์กันได้สะดวก ## **แล้ว Lnfi จะเปลี่ยนโฉมหน้าของบิตคอยน์อย่างไร?** Lnfi จะช่วยให้บิตคอยน์ไม่ใช่แค่ทองคำดิจิทัลที่มีไว้แค่เก็บสะสม แต่ยังสามารถนำมาใช้ประโยชน์ได้หลากหลาย สร้างโอกาสใหม่ๆ ให้กับนักพัฒนาและผู้ใช้งาน และขยายขอบเขตของระบบนิเวศบิตคอยน์ให้กว้างไกลยิ่งขึ้น เวิร์คช็อป Lnfi ในเวที Advanced Stage ของงาน #TBC2024 (วันที่ 14 กันยายน 2567) เวิร์คช็อป Lnfi จะเป็นโอกาสดี ที่เราจะได้เรียนรู้เพิ่มเติมเกี่ยวกับแพลตฟอร์มนี้จากผู้เชี่ยวชาญโดยตรง เตรียมตัวให้พร้อมกับคำถามที่น่าสนใจ แล้วมาพบกันในงานครับ.. https://image.nostr.build/ca3da44972ebbe48f39fe842834e1679202c17f180cf017fb705420a09154457.jpg # **เนื้อหาเสริม..** ทีนี้มาลองกาวกันบ้าง.. 🤣 ## **เจาะลึก 3 บริการเด่นในศูนย์การค้าคริปโต Lnfi** นอกจากความสามารถในการทำธุรกรรมที่รวดเร็ว ปลอดภัย และฟรีแล้ว Lnfi ยังมีบริการที่น่าสนใจอีกมากมาย เปรียบเสมือนร้านค้าต่างๆ ในศูนย์การค้า ที่จะช่วยให้การใช้งานบิตคอยน์ของคุณสะดวกและมีประสิทธิภาพมากยิ่งขึ้น ### 1. MicroNode - ตู้เซฟ Bitcoin ส่วนตัว MicroNode คือบริการที่ช่วยให้คุณตั้งค่าและจัดการไลท์นิ่งของตัวเองได้ง่ายๆ ผ่าน Nostr โดยไม่ต้องมีความรู้ทางเทคนิค เหมือนมีตู้เซฟส่วนตัวสำหรับเก็บบิตคอยน์ไว้กับตัว ตัวอย่างการใช้งาน.. สมมติว่าคุณกังวลเรื่องความปลอดภัยของบิตคอยน์ที่ฝากไว้กับกระดานเทรด คุณสามารถใช้ MicroNode สร้างไลท์นิ่งโหนดของตัวเอง และโอนบิตคอยน์เข้าไปเก็บไว้ได้ชั่วคราวอย่างปลอดภัย (ถ้าจะเก็บถาวรยังไงก็ยังแนะนำ Cold storage/ Hardware wallet นะครับ) คุณสามารถใช้ MicroNode เปิดช่องทางการชำระเงิน (Channel) กับ NostrAssets และฝาก/ถอนบิตคอยน์ เข้า/ออกจาก LN Exchange ได้อย่างสะดวกโยธิน ในอนาคต MicroNode จะมีฟีเจอร์ที่ช่วยให้คุณสร้างรายได้จากการให้บริการ Liquidity บนไลท์นิ่งเหมือนกับการให้เช่าตู้เซฟ ### 2. Lightning Starter - เวทีประมูลสำหรับโครงการ Bitcoin ใหม่ Lightning Starter เป็นแพลตฟอร์มที่ช่วยให้โครงการ Bitcoin ใหม่ๆ สามารถระดมทุนและออกโทเค็นได้อย่างยุติธรรมและโปร่งใส โดยใช้กลไกการจับสลาก (Lottery) ตัวอย่างการใช้งาน.. โครงการ Bitcoin ใหม่ต้องการระดมทุนเพื่อพัฒนาแอปพลิเคชัน พวกเขาสามารถใช้ Lightning Starter จัดแคมเปญการระดมทุน โดยผู้ที่สนใจสามารถใช้บิตคอยน์หรือ Taproot Assets (โทเคนที่มิ้นท์ออกมา) ร่วมสนับสนุนโครงการได้ ผู้ที่ร่วมสนับสนุนโครงการ มีโอกาสได้รับโทเค็นของโครงการ ผ่านการจับสลาก ทำให้การกระจายโทเค็นเป็นไปอย่างยุติธรรม ### 3. LN Exchange - ตลาดซื้อขายบิตคอยน์และ Taproot Assets LN Exchange เป็นแพลตฟอร์มการแลกเปลี่ยนแบบกระจายอำนาจ สำหรับการซื้อขายบิตคอยน์ และ Taproot Assets (โทเคนต่างๆ เช่น สเตเบิ้ลคอยน์) ด้วยความเร็วสูง ค่าธรรมเนียมต่ำ และมีความปลอดภัย ตัวอย่างการใช้งาน.. คุณต้องการซื้อขายบิตคอยน์หรือ Taproot Assets คุณสามารถใช้ LN Exchange เพื่อทำธุรกรรมได้อย่างรวดเร็วและปลอดภัย คุณสามารถใช้ LN Exchange เพื่อแลกเปลี่ยนบิตคอยน์เป็น Taproot Assets หรือทำในทางกลับกัน Lnfi กำลังจะพลิกโฉม Bitcoin ให้กลายเป็นศูนย์กลางการเงินแบบกระจายอำนาจที่แท้จริง.. - - - ## **เจาะลึกคำว่า Layer 2.5 และหลักการทำงานของ Lnfi** ในโลกของบล็อกเชน คำว่า "เลเยอร์" (Layer) มักถูกใช้เพื่ออธิบายระดับต่างๆ ของโครงสร้างพื้นฐาน ซึ่งบิตคอยน์เองก็มีเลเยอร์ต่างๆ อยู่เช่นกัน เพื่อเพิ่มประสิทธิภาพและความสามารถในการใช้งาน เลเยอร์ 1 (Layer 1) คือ บล็อกเชนหลักของบิตคอยน์ที่บันทึกธุรกรรมทั้งหมด เป็นเหมือนฐานรากของระบบ เรียกว่า Base Layer หรือเลเยอร์ชั้นฐาน (บ้างก็เรียกบิตคอยน์เชน, เมนเชน คือเชนหลักที่ Settle ธุรกรรมในทุกๆ ประมาณ 10 นาทีนั่นเอง) เลเยอร์ 2 (Layer 2) ถูกสร้างขึ้นบนเลเยอร์ 1 เพื่อเพิ่มความเร็วและลดค่าธรรมเนียมในการทำธุรกรรม (Scaling) ตัวอย่างเช่น ไลท์นิ่งเน็ตเวิร์ค, โปรโตคอล ARK เป็นต้น เลเยอร์ 3 (Layer 3) มักจะเกี่ยวข้องกับแอปพลิเคชันและบริการที่สร้างขึ้นบนเลเยอร์ 2 อีกที เช่น แอปพลิเคชันกระเป๋าเงินต่างๆ แล้ว Layer 2.5 ล่ะ? มันอยู่ตรงไหน? ## **🤔 Layer 2.5 คืออะไร?** Layer 2.5 เป็นเลเยอร์ที่อยู่ระหว่าง Layer 2 และ Layer 3 ทำหน้าที่เชื่อมต่อทั้งสองเลเยอร์เข้าด้วยกัน และเพิ่มขีดความสามารถให้กับทั้งสองเลเยอร์ Lnfi ก็คือ Layer 2.5 นั่นเองครับ ## **📌 หลักการทำงานของ Lnfi** Lnfi ทำหน้าที่เป็นสะพานเชื่อมระหว่างบิตคอยน์, ไลท์นิ่งเน็ตเวิร์คและโปรโตคอลนอสเตอร์ โดยใช้ประโยชน์จากจุดแข็งของแต่ละเลเยอร์ เพื่อสร้างแพลตฟอร์มทางการเงินแบบกระจายอำนาจที่มีประสิทธิภาพสูง 1. **“บิตคอยน์”** เป็นรากฐานของระบบนิเวศ Lnfi โดย Lnfi จะใช้บิตคอยน์เป็นสินทรัพย์หลักและเป็นเลเยอร์สำหรับการบันทึกข้อมูลขั้นสุดท้าย (final settlement) 2. **“ไลท์นิ่งเน็ตเวิร์ค”** Lnfi จะใช้ไลท์นิ่งเน็ตเงิร์คเพื่อเพิ่มความเร็วและลดค่าธรรมเนียมในการทำธุรกรรม ทำให้การโอนบิตคอยน์และ Taproot Assets รวดเร็วและมีประสิทธิภาพมากยิ่งขึ้น 3. **“Taproot Assets”** (TARO เดิม) เป็นโปรโตคอลที่ช่วยให้สามารถออกสินทรัพย์ดิจิทัลบนบล็อกเชนของบิตคอยน์ได้ (Tokenization) โดย Lnfi ใช้ Taproot Assets เพื่อสร้างโทเค็นและสินทรัพย์ดิจิทัลอื่นๆ ขึ้นมา (Mint) 4. **“โปรโตคอลนอสเตอร์”** เป็นโปรโตคอลแบบกระจายอำนาจสำหรับการส่งข้อความและข้อมูล ซึ่ง Lnfi จะใช้โปรโตคอลนอสเตอร์ เพื่อให้ผู้ใช้สามารถโต้ตอบกับแพลตฟอร์มผ่านคำสั่งภาษาธรรมชาติได้ และสร้างแอปพลิเคชันแบบกระจายอำนาจขึ้นมา ## **📌 Lnfi ทำงานผ่าน LN Assets Daemon (LAD)** LAD เป็นกระบวนการเบื้องหลังที่ทำหน้าที่เป็นตัวกลางระหว่าง Taproot Assets, ไลท์นิ่งเน็ตเวิร์คและโปรโตคอลนอสเตอร์ LAD จะช่วยให้ผู้ใช้สามารถ.. - ฝากและถอนบิตคอยน์ และ Taproot Assets ได้ (โทเคนที่มิ้นท์ออกมา) - โอนสินทรัพย์ระหว่างบัญชีนอสเตอร์ได้ (ใช้บัญชีนอสเตอร์โอนโทเคนให้กัน) - ซื้อขายบิตคอยน์ และ Taproot Assets บน LN Exchange ได้ - จัดการ Lightning Node ผ่าน MicroNode ได้ - - - Your truly, Jakk Goodday 🥳

## Chef's notes Easy recipe with simple ingredients. This recipe uses some store bought, precooked items as way to cut down on cook time. I recommend letting the vegetables thaw if you don't like them on the firm/crunchy side.Feel free to substitute fresh ingredients if you have the time and want to make the extra effort. ## Details - ⏲️ Prep time: 20 min - 🍳 Cook time: 50 min - 🍽️ Servings: 8-10 ## Ingredients - 2 (8 oz) packages refrigerated crescent rolls (dough sheets preferred) - 1 pound cooked rotisserie chicken (deboned and chopped) - 2 table spoons of butter - 2 (10 once) packages of frozen mixed vegetables - 1 (15 once can sliced potatoes (drained) - 1 (10.5 once) can condensed cream of chicken soup - 1 (10.5 once) can condensed cream of mushroom soup - 1/2 cup milk - salt and ground pepper to taste ## Directions 1. Preheat oven to 350 degrees F (175 degrees C). Line the botton of 9x13-inch baking dish with one can of crescent roll dough. If you don't get the sheet dough, be sure to pinch the seams together. 2. Melt the butter in a sauce pan over medium heat. Then add the chicken, mixed vegetables, and sliced potatoes (recommend cutting into smaller pieces). Cook, stirring frequently, until vegetables are thawed and mixture is heated through, 5 to 7 minutes. 3. While the mixed vegetables are heating, warm both cans of condensed soup in a seperate pan over medium-low heat. Slowly add milk and cook, stirring frequently, until combined and heated through, about 3 minutes. 4. Add the soup mixture to the chicken mixture, then pour into the baking dish. Top with the second can of crescent roll dough. Feel free to cut some slits in dough if you are using the dough sheets. Cover lightly with foil to prevent the crescent roll dough from browning too quickly. 5. Bake in oven until heated through and dough is a golden brown. Cook time should be around 45-50 minutes I reommend removing the foil for the last 10 minutes to get a golden crust. Be sure to keep a close watch on the crust after removing the foil because it will brown quickly.

https://image.nostr.build/df0721d6d45d82db35d06663a0318ffe68c0b2b3c694888d23694efcc4255de5.gif

On Sunday afternoon, while I was taking a nap, my phone started buzzing with notifications. In the various groups where I share my views and words, I saw that Pavel Durov had been arrested by the French police. There wasn’t much to analyze yet, but alarms were raised, and theories began to circulate, and those theories were not far from reality. Pavel is practically accused of every digital crime one can commit, from criminal association to pedophilia. My eyes kept scrolling down, unable to believe all the accusations. Could even 10% of what they’re questioning him about be true? And unfortunately, the worst blind person is the one who doesn’t want to see. Detractors claimed that Telegram served totalitarian regimes and handed over data, when in reality, the opposite is true, as this social network served as a reference point when people in Belarus were protesting for their civil rights. They also alleged that Telegram collaborated with the Russian government to evade sanctions or promote disinformation campaigns, but if anyone takes the trouble to [watch the 60-minute interview with Tucker Carlson](https://x.com/TuckerCarlson/status/1780355490964283565), they’ll see that one of the reasons Pavel left his homeland (Russia) is because the government pressure simply became unbearable; Putin took over VK because Pavel refused to be part of it.  So, we already know that Russia has no interest in Telegram, nor is it anti-democratic, as the movements have already demonstrated, which leads us to the question of whether the French really have interests with Telegram. And my first response after reading Macron’s statements was precisely that they were seeking his arrest until we read that Macron [is an avid user of this social network](https://www.politico.eu/article/telegram-pavel-durov-arrest-emmanuel-macron-france-social-media/), but also that it was [Macron himself who _encouraged_](https://www.lemonde.fr/en/france/article/2023/06/26/the-telegram-founder-s-mysterious-french-passport_6037748_7.html) Pavel to obtain his French passport. So, let’s ask a long question: > **What leads a European liberal democracy to arrest the CEO of a social network with charges that could easily apply to other social networks?** Try a simple experiment: take out the word Telegram and insert your social network of choice in the accusatory libel. It has the same effect, and the previous question arises again, and I’d like to offer an alternative perspective on this process. To this day, and I’ve mentioned this before in other posts in this same place, but I’ll emphasize it: we no longer have democracy as such. You can forget about the liberal style that was once promised to us or that we learned about in our educational institutions. This has been replaced with Dataism. ### Dataism and How Pavel Doesn’t Cooperate [Dataism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dataism) is a new form of governance. The word data comes from the Latin *datum*, which means "to give," meaning we, the citizens, *give* our data to the companies that manage social networks. These companies, while using us as a product for other companies, also see governments trying to dip their spoon into the pot, so they start talking about *speech regulations*, *hate content*, among other accusations, to maintain a *clean social network*. I’m guilty first. In the old days, when the chief censors operated in the former Soviet Union (as Coetzee tells us), folders were created with the data of suspects, documenting their *revolutionary* activities, and when the time came, *measures* could be taken that affected the welfare state. Today, this type of persecution no longer exists, but by handing over my data, companies no longer talk about tracking me, since we’ve given them free access to our location and GPS, in addition to exposing our lives on every platform; today, profiles are made, and now there’s a marketing department that creates *behavior profiles* and bombards me with products and services that *might interest me*. The government’s intrusion into social networks has become so great that now they had to react, showing a sort of repentance. As I write this, I find it really hard to react to the letter sent by Meta (signed by Zuckerberg himself) in which [he regrets the censorship](https://x.com/JudiciaryGOP/status/1828201780544504064) carried out during the pandemic. And I vividly remember the hundreds of people whose accounts were censored, rightly or wrongly, for not aligning with the government’s *scientific* stance. ### And Telegram? Telegram [doesn’t hand over data](https://www.dw.com/en/brazil-court-lifts-telegram-suspension-despite-non-compliance-for-neo-nazi-group-data/a-65474168#:~:text=Brazil%20had%20temporarily%20banned%20Telegram,prioritizes%20the%20privacy%20of%20users.&text=A%20federal%20judge%20in%20Brazil,Telegram%2C%20an%20encrypted%20messaging%20app.) and paid the price. It refused to do so in the past and stood against the current regime, against dataism. The French justice system wants Pavel to spend time in prison for daring to use encrypted products that don’t allow them to listen to/see/read their *possible suspects*. The KGB would blush at such a move. And the most ironic thing is that a person who flees his own country for not wanting to cooperate with values contrary to freedom is now arrested by a country that was once the center of debates on liberty, fraternity, and equality, where they rose up against the oppressive regime. I don’t know how the process will continue on French soil, and I also don’t know if the Russians are really using USDT networks to move *sanctioned* money. I only know that this kind of arrest proves and gives reason to those who argue that freedom, as we knew it, no longer makes sense. ### And I don’t know what else to tell you, my friend. Unfortunately, I have no conclusion. I wish I could end this article and give you hope that justice will respond to see what they’re accusing him of, but it [would be a lie on my part](https://stacker.news/items/560694). I can tell you, however, that if you’re reading this and have a NOSTR account and use bitcoin as part of your economy, you’re on the right path. Sites like Stacker News and others, as well as protocols like NOSTR, will gain greater importance as we open our eyes to fight the regime that seeks to abolish privacy as a human right. Today we can fight, and it doesn’t require much of us, other than to promote what we are doing now. And I’ll end by asking the same question that @FmpPerspective did: [*are we still allowed to ask questions?*](https://stacker.news/items/662413) originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/663527

This was my first year betting on preseason football and I came out about 20% ahead. My operating assumption was just that no one should be a heavy preseason favorite, so I took any team that was at least +200 to win outright. I'm really looking forward to the real season starting. I've got my eyes on that Raiders vs Chargers opener. Every year the Bolts underachieve, while the Raiders overachieve (based on expected wins). Nitrobetting got some NBA futures up. I took OKC at +750 and the Bucks at +1200 to win the title. What are the upcoming events you're looking forward to? originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/662590

There's a very interesting dynamic developing in the American political media landscape. Don't worry, this post isn't explicitly political. One of the huge incentive problems in media is needing access to important people in order to cover them. Objective, or otherwise critical, journalists may be denied access, while favorably biased journalists are granted it. This is known as "access journalism". Despite being a very well-known problem, it remains an intractable issue for the industry. The Kamala Harris campaign has been blatantly denying access to even friendly outlets, which violates the basic logic of access journalism. The expectation then is that she'll get more objective or critical coverage, and I think we've been seeing that. Part of why this is so interesting to me is that the American corporate press has a dramatic bias towards Democrats and against Trump (even more so than a generic Republican). Bias and incentives are clashing. I often say that outcomes follow incentives. If so, then we should expect to see even more critical coverage of Kamala, unless she begins granting more press access. originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/662537

Hey everyone, So during the weekend I launched a little side project called: # "A Stoic Resurrection" https://image.nostr.build/682ddced4e4c823dcdc28bd34cc920ce0802964b170f9fa08295a89afe08df6c.jpg For now I will be sharing my favorite quotes from both historical and contemporary thinkers in the form of photos or short videos, plus some of my own thoughts, as I have noticed they seem to be very much aligned with the Stoic philosophy in general. I played around with some ideas regarding the design and aesthetics, and settled on this kind of style for now: *Photo examples* https://image.nostr.build/878bf80e40c522320820e766723dcd7b2ea5a4029dc8effd9c66a56f0fbbbc54.jpg https://image.nostr.build/3d994d3fb52def142d4b331ef0edb53a9862c8ab071d57da580a8fa08430198a.jpg https://image.nostr.build/d583755e9065cc5c49357ead1734e7e2ab5d43c56bd3345cb14331cab61cd505.jpg *Video examples* https://youtube.com/shorts/OMKKRQ4zNLM https://youtube.com/shorts/UkFBFBniCp8 For now I'm using copyright free images from [Unsplash](https://unsplash.com/) plus copyright free recordings of classical music via [Musopen](https://musopen.org/) (starting off with Chopin) for the content as per my *Open Source Culture* philosophy. **The current goal is to post 1 quote per day on average.** I do have some additional ideas for the future, but as I said, this is a side project and how much time & energy I'm going to invest in this will depend both on the amount of free(ish) time I have on hand, my current level of interest in the subject, as well as how much demand & audience there is (or isn't) for this kind of content. ### Please feel free to share your thoughts, criticisms, suggestions, and perhaps some of your personal favorite Stoic thinkers / ideas from both past and the present that have caught your attention. **Oh, and of course, if stoic philosophy sounds like your cup of tea, please feel free to give the project a follow on your preferred social media platform(s) and/or show your appreciation with zaps:** nostr: nostr:npub1angxrnwzujemyzkhgef2gwcy0s4ayjh62574p8g2xwnlfp8pxeaq4frrpe [X](https://x.com/stoic_resurrect) [YouTube](https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCb5MZ0YL7BlBLFKHpLVAHkg) [Instagram](https://www.instagram.com/stoic_resurrection/) [TikTok](https://www.tiktok.com/@stoic_resurrection) ### Peace & love, ### Kontext

This is your chance to update your predictions from July: https://stacker.news/items/619305/r/Undisciplined. August picks are due before the end of August. If you're new, check out the [June post](https://stacker.news/items/585231/r/Undisciplined) for details. This contest will be open to new entrants all the way through the end of the NBA regular season. If you want to join, put your predictions in the comments for MVP, Champion, and All NBA 1st Team. ## Current Predictions | | @Undisciplined | @grayruby | @gnilma | @BitcoinAbhi | @Bell_curve | @0xbitcoiner | |-|------------------|---------------|--------------|---------------------|-------------------|-----------------| | Champ | OKC | Pacers | OKC | Denver | Celtics | Pacers | | MVP | Luka | Giannis | SGA | Luka | Luka | Jokic | | All NBA | Jokic | Jokic | SGA | Jokic | Jokic | Jokic | | | Giannis | Giannis | Jokic | Giannis | Giannis | Giannis | | | Luka | Luka | Luka | Luka | Luka | Luka | | | Ant | Mitchell | Brunson | Ant | Ant | Ant | | | SGA | Brunson | Wemby | SGA | SGA | Brunson | The only change last month was me switching my title pick to OKC. # Prize 1334 sats (plus all future zaps) originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/662489

_This is a repost of my [first post ever](https://stacker.news/items/227606) on sn. I wanted to give it another try because I didn't have any visibility here then, didn't know how to use markdown, and put more work into it than subsequent posts. Now that I know what I'm doing, I'd like to get back to writing like this more. Hopefully you can share this with (or are yourself) a non-bitcoiner. I'd love to hear your thoughts._ # What does Oppenheimer teach us about CBDCs? Do you remember where you were when you first heard the acronym MAD? I first heard it when I was a teenager on a trip to the air force academy and we were afforded a tour of NORAD[^1]. My memory is a little hazy on the details, but the most interesting part was when an instructor came out and explained a nuclear war scenario to us. He gave us a vague idea of where all the US nukes were, then a vague idea of where all the Soviet nukes were. After this, he told us what he’d do to confirm the Soviet nukes were in the air before launching ours to all of their major cities. The end. Hands went up. We wanted to know what would happen next. How would they shoot down the enemy nukes? How long would the war last after the first shots were fired? Why target civilians? This was when he told us about Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD)[^2]. Nuclear attack in the Cold War era wasn’t about winning or losing. It was about making the consequences of war unbearably devastating for all parties. The logic went that reasonable actors would therefor avoid kinetic war altogether. For the first time in my life, I understood the true reasoning behind the nuclear race in the cold war. Of course, the biggest catch in the system was that all parties with this power need to be assumed to be reasonable...forever. Oppenheimer[^3], this summer’s blockbuster biopic about the enigmatic physicist behind the atomic bomb, explores his moral concerns with continued nuclear arms research after WWII. The film dramatizes both his personal and political life and the ethical questions surrounding each of them. The most interesting theme for this writer was the paradox concerning Oppenheimer’s devotion to creating a weapon of mass destruction for one war, and then trying to stuff the genie back in the bottle before the the next one broke out. Fortunately, that hot war hasn’t come yet, but Oppenheimer didn’t accomplish his latter goal and we’ve since developed nukes that make the a-bomb’s mushroom clouds look like the mushrooms from Super Mario Bros[^4]. The film highlights Oppenheimer’s Jewish heritage and his personal convictions concerning the rise of Nazism. With all of the other moral ambiguity, it portrays him as having deep integrity in this regard. However, once that threat had been neutralized, he begins to see more clearly the significance of this new category of weapon. Oppenheimer, or at least the Oppenheimer of the movie, grows to understand acutely the immense burden that now lays on all future generations. Each new nation or other entity that developed nuclear weapons was another trigger-finger on a potential apocalypse. Of course, this could also usher in a new era of threat-induced peace so long as all parties remain reasonable...forever. The dropping of the two atom bombs was horrific. Even so, the weaponization and bureaucratic manipulation of money that exists around the globe today produces more death than the combined total of these two bombings[^5]. Millions of central and western Africans have been robbed through the debasement of the CFA franc by the French government[^6]. The physical violence this has inspired is incalculable. Thousands died in the Arab Spring. The violence was itself inspired by economic hardship in the region, partially a result of the 2008 bank bailouts[^7]. Local inflation in countries like Venezuela[^8], Zimbabwe[^9], Turkey[^10], and Argentina[^11] results not just in poverty, but in a significant drop in health care and education and a corresponding rise in violence. The weaponization of money and resulting inflation after WWI is even seen by most scholars as a large contributing factor to the rise of Nazism for which Oppenheimer was working against[^12]. Using this same inflation, the richest and most powerful are able to actually able to further enrich themselves through the Cantillon Effect[^13]. More overt weaponization exists in political sanctions, sinister a way to declare war on the civilian population of a country without declaring war on their military. Sometimes, as in the current case in Myanmar, these sanctions hurt the opposition groups more than the actual government that is being opposed[^14]. With all of this in mind, adopting a currency that the government, a corporation, or a single individual can control by the click of a button is arguably one of the most dangerous threats to humanity’s thriving. Whoever held this power could decide who is allowed access to food and who is not. They could decide how long or how much you were allowed to save before it was deleted. They could monitor everything you bought and everywhere you bought it. I’m talking about a Central Bank Digital Currency[^15] (CBDC). Proponents argue that these concerns about abuse won’t be problems so long as we can trust those with the power. Basically, they are counting on either their allies to remain in power, or their detractors to be ethical enough to refrain from the previously described activities. So with a CBDC, “democracy” can only exist with a uni-party system or the ability to elect perfectly morally upstanding leaders...without a single exception...forever. Bitcoin fixes this[^16]. Unlike nuclear bombs, a CBDC can’t function without widespread adoption. You and I will ultimately determine if this technology has any power. Fortunately, we have an alternative. Bitcoin does not have the power to stop you from buying groceries. No one can debase it’s value from a foreign or domestic state. It requires no extra fees for cross-border payments. While weaponized money may currently be responsible for more death and suffering than nuclear war, we now actually have an armor to protect against it. I only hope that by the time they make the movie about it, we have chosen the happy ending. [^1]:https://www.norad.mil/About-NORAD/ [^2]: https://www.livescience.com/mutual-assured-destruction [^3]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oppenheimer_(film) [^4]: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fs1CIrwg5zU [^5]: https://www.newsweek.com/how-many-people-died-hiroshima-nagasaki-japan-second- world-war-1522276 [^6]: https://bitcoinmagazine.com/culture/bitcoin-a-currency-of-decolonization [^7]: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/12/17/bread-and-gas-economic-boost-needed-after- arab-spring [^8]: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-46999668 [^9]: https://www.voanews.com/a/africa_its-nightmare-zimbabwe-struggles-hyperinflation/ 6177373.html [^10]: https://www.economist.com/leaders/2022/07/21/lessons-from-turkey-on-the-evils-of-high- inflation [^11]: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-64960385 [^12]: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Walter-Simons [^13]: https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/the-cantillion-effect [^14]: https://bitcoinmagazine.com/culture/myanmars-exiled-government-needs-a-bitcoin-bond- strategy [^15]: https://www.cnn.com/2022/03/11/tech/us-digital-dollar-cbdc/index.html [^16]: https://bitcoin.rocks/ originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/662395

## Chef's notes Allow meat to soak for 1-24 hours. The rougher the cut, the longer the soak. This is great for open flame grilling, as well as pan seared, though the latter is preferable. Petit Sirloin can marinade for approximately 1 hour and still develop tenderness. I like to score the steaks if they will only be resting in the mix for a short time. All seasonings can be adjusted to taste. Base ingredients scale well, for any number of steaks. Equal parts, enough to coat the meat is really all that matters. I'm terrible at remembering cooking pictures, so image is a random steak. I will try to remember to update that next time I make these. ## Details - ⏲️ Prep time: 10 - 🍳 Cook time: However long you usually cook your steak to preferred doneness ## Ingredients - 4 petite sirloin steaks or other cut - 1/4 cup yellow mustard - 1/4 cup soy sauce - 3-5 cloves garlic, depending on size, minced and salted - 1 tsp dried basil - 1\2 tsp crushed red pepper ## Directions 1. Mix ingredients and marinade 1-24 hours. 2. Grill or pan sear to your preferred doneness 3. Enjoy!

<div style="position:relative;padding-bottom:56.25%;height:0;overflow:hidden;max-width:100%;"><iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/ZbOzQ0EiAZQ" style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;border:0;" allowfullscreen></iframe></div>

```js useEffect(() => { if (typeof window === 'undefined') return; const bitcoinConnectConfig = window.localStorage.getItem('bc:config'); if (bitcoinConnectConfig) { setBitcoinConnect(true); } }, []); ```

Freedom of expression is one of the fundamental rights that guarantees individuals the ability to voice and share their opinions without fear of punishment or censorship. This freedom is a cornerstone of democratic societies, allowing citizens to express their thoughts and criticize governments or institutions without fear of repression. Currently, freedom of expression faces increasing challenges. These challenges range from government censorship to strict policies aimed at suppressing dissenting voices. Laws that restrict freedom of expression can take various forms, from imposing restrictions on the media to arresting journalists and activists. Pavel Durov, the founder of Telegram, has been arrested in France, raising global concerns about the implications of this event for freedom of expression and privacy. Telegram is an encrypted messaging app that provides its users with a high level of security and privacy. Thus, the arrest of its founder signals a potential crackdown on technologies that support privacy. When an individual overseeing a system that offers high levels of security and privacy is arrested, it indicates a broader concern about data control and digital communication surveillance. This could set a precedent that might encourage stricter controls on privacy-protecting communication tools. Definition of New Dictatorship The term "new dictatorship" refers to regimes that may not necessarily be military or traditionally autocratic, but use modern methods to suppress freedom of expression and restrict individual rights. These regimes may include electronic surveillance, anti-terrorism laws, and digital technologies for monitoring individuals. The new dictatorship can erode fundamental rights, including freedom of expression and press freedom. It can also impact personal freedoms and privacy, leading to the suppression of ideas and constructive criticism. The negative impact may manifest as a lack of transparency and increased surveillance. Freedom is not free; it often requires significant sacrifices from individuals and societies. Activists and journalists frequently pay a high price for defending human rights and fundamental freedoms, including imprisonment or persecution. It is crucial for societies to support individuals who adhere to fundamental freedom principles, such as journalists and activists. This support can take the form of solidarity campaigns, providing legal resources, and advocating for political reforms. Here, I want to present a simple comparison between the cases of Julian Assange and Durov. Julian Assange, founder of WikiLeaks, was arrested and faced charges related to leaking confidential information. While some considered him a hero for exposing corruption, others viewed him as a criminal for leaking sensitive information. In Durov's case, the issue is about protecting data on a large scale, making him a target for regimes seeking to control information and communication. While Assange was accused of leaking national security information, Durov is fighting to maintain digital privacy and freedom. With increasing restrictions and surveillance, centralized data applications face significant threats. These applications rely on storing information in specific locations, making them susceptible to censorship and bans. In contrast, decentralization offers a potential solution to censorship problems by distributing data and information across a wide network of users rather than relying on centralized servers. This can help enhance privacy and reduce threats associated with surveillance. Since decentralization offers alternative solutions to censorship and centralized technologies, communities advocating for decentralization need to support these initiatives. This includes using decentralized applications, developing new technologies, and supporting policies that encourage innovation and protect privacy. In the face of current challenges, communities bear a significant responsibility in defending digital rights and protecting freedom of expression. This requires raising public awareness, pressuring governments to reform laws, and supporting individuals and companies striving to maintain privacy and data freedom. The challenges facing freedom of expression and privacy in the modern age require effective responses from individuals and communities. It is essential to stand together against censorship and the new dictatorship and support initiatives that enhance freedom of expression and data protection. This requires ongoing sacrifices and efforts to uphold fundamental rights and confront repression in all its forms.

# worst code ever ```js for (const lesson of processedLessons) { let savedLesson; if (lesson.unpublished) { const validationResult = validateEvent(lesson.unpublished); if (validationResult !== true) { console.error('Invalid event:', validationResult); showToast('error', 'Error', `Invalid event: ${validationResult}`); return; } const published = await lesson.unpublished.publish(); savedLesson = await handlePostResource(lesson.unpublished); if (published && savedLesson) { const deleted = await axios.delete(`/api/drafts/${lesson.d}`); if (deleted && deleted.status === 204) { const savedLesson = await handlePostLesson(lesson); if (savedLesson) { createdLessons.push(savedLesson); } } } } else { const savedLesson = await handlePostLesson(lesson); if (savedLesson) { createdLessons.push(savedLesson); } } } ```

asdasdasdsad

<div style="position:relative;padding-bottom:56.25%;height:0;overflow:hidden;max-width:100%;"><iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/clGgymry998&pp=ygUcZmFyIGNyeSAzIHppZ2d5J3MgbW9kIHJldmlldw%3D%3D" style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;border:0;" allowfullscreen></iframe></div>

<div style="position:relative;padding-bottom:56.25%;height:0;overflow:hidden;max-width:100%;"><iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/JAQuukInxFg&pp=ygUcZmFyIGNyeSAzIHppZ2d5J3MgbW9kIHJldmlldw%3D%3D" style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;border:0;" allowfullscreen></iframe></div>

# test

<div style="position:relative;padding-bottom:56.25%;height:0;overflow:hidden;max-width:100%;"><iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Nn2uIoUUf7Q&pp=ygUcZmFyIGNyeSAzIHppZ2d5J3MgbW9kIHJldmlldw%3D%3D" style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;border:0;" allowfullscreen></iframe></div>

# hello draft

```sql model Lesson { id String @id @default(uuid()) courseId String? course Course? @relation(fields: [courseId], references: [id]) resourceId String? resource Resource? @relation(fields: [resourceId], references: [id]) draftId String? draft Draft? @relation(fields: [draftId], references: [id]) index Int createdAt DateTime @default(now()) updatedAt DateTime @updatedAt } ```

```sql model Lesson { id String @id @default(uuid()) courseId String? course Course? @relation(fields: [courseId], references: [id]) resourceId String? resource Resource? @relation(fields: [resourceId], references: [id]) draftId String? draft Draft? @relation(fields: [draftId], references: [id]) index Int createdAt DateTime @default(now()) updatedAt DateTime @updatedAt } ```

<div style="position:relative;padding-bottom:56.25%;height:0;overflow:hidden;max-width:100%;"><iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Xy4LfL2gxKY" style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;border:0;" allowfullscreen></iframe></div>

```js <h1 className='text-4xl mt-6'>{draft?.title}</h1> <p className='text-xl mt-6'>{draft?.summary}</p> {draft?.additionalLinks && draft.additionalLinks.length > 0 && ( <div className='mt-6'> <h3 className='text-lg font-semibold mb-2'>Additional Resources:</h3> <ul className='list-disc list-inside'> {draft.additionalLinks.map((link, index) => ( <li key={index}> <a href={link} target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" className='text-blue-500 hover:underline'> {new URL(link).hostname} </a> </li> ))} </ul> </div> )} <div className='flex flex-row w-full mt-6 items-center'> ```

```js import React, { useState, useEffect, useCallback } from "react"; import axios from "axios"; import { InputText } from "primereact/inputtext"; import { InputNumber } from "primereact/inputnumber"; import { InputSwitch } from "primereact/inputswitch"; import { Button } from "primereact/button"; import { useRouter } from "next/router";; import { useSession } from "next-auth/react"; import { useToast } from "@/hooks/useToast"; import { useNDKContext } from "@/context/NDKContext"; import { NDKEvent } from "@nostr-dev-kit/ndk"; import dynamic from 'next/dynamic'; const MDEditor = dynamic( () => import("@uiw/react-md-editor"), { ssr: false, } ); import 'primeicons/primeicons.css'; ```

```js import React, { useState, useEffect, useCallback } from "react"; import axios from "axios"; import { InputText } from "primereact/inputtext"; import { InputNumber } from "primereact/inputnumber"; import { InputSwitch } from "primereact/inputswitch"; import { Button } from "primereact/button"; import { useRouter } from "next/router";; import { useSession } from "next-auth/react"; import { useToast } from "@/hooks/useToast"; import { useNDKContext } from "@/context/NDKContext"; import { NDKEvent } from "@nostr-dev-kit/ndk"; import dynamic from 'next/dynamic'; const MDEditor = dynamic( () => import("@uiw/react-md-editor"), { ssr: false, } ); import 'primeicons/primeicons.css'; ```

<div style="position:relative;padding-bottom:56.25%;height:0;overflow:hidden;max-width:100%;"><iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/div>" style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;border:0;" allowfullscreen></iframe></div>

こんにちは。Kateです。 最近ちょっとお休みしていますが、日本でビットコインを専門に扱う[Diamond Hands Magazine](https://diamondhandscommunity.substack.com/)に寄稿したりしてます。 私がビットコインと出会ったのは2011年、まだビットコイン利用者はとても少なかった時代です。たまたま身内にビットコイン界隈の人がいました。もしかしたら今でいうビト妻だったかも？ まだビットコインが1ドル以下でおもちゃみたいな存在だった頃に知ったわけですが、その後勢いづいて、100ドル、1000ドルと価値が上がっていきました。 それを見て、ビットコインを少しずつ買って貯めておけば、将来リタイヤの蓄えになるかもと思ってお小遣い程度のビットコインを積立してました。でも、アクシデントで失くしちゃったんですよね。 その後、身内のごたごたで自分の生活が天地がひっくり返るように一変し、気がつけばカナダでただお金がないアジア系移民シングルマザー、しかも周りに家族が誰もいないという、非常にマイノリティな立場になりました。 人生、何事も経験。一度ビットコインを失くし、傷心もあり、数年はビットコインから離れました。でも気がつけばビットコインは冬の時代を終えて、また元気になっていたんですね。自分は海外でひとり子育てに追われ、なんとか生きてた感じですが！ ビットコインが500ドルくらいになっていた時に困窮していた私は、ふとペーパーウォレットと呼ばれた当時の携帯可能ウォレット？に0.5btc 残っていたのを発見して速攻換金しましたね。悔やまれます。 その後、2017年頃、カナダで当時大手の割と使い勝手のいい取引所があることを知って、再度ビットコイン貯蓄にチャレンジしました。2年ほどで、ほぼ1ビットコインと10ETHくらいあったんですけどね、今度は取引所の代表者が行方不明になり、またもやビットコインを失くしました。 ふつうだったら、もうやめますよね。2回もなくしたら。 けれど、自分はかつてインターネットが始まったころのワクワクを経験していました。90年代半ば、新宿にできたばかりのインターネットカフェで、GIFがかろうじて表示できるグレーのブラウザ画面と対面しました。世界を変える技術を体験した時の感動は今でも忘れられません。 （こう書くと立派なオバサンなのがバレちゃいますね。ビットコインネイティブ世代の中では年長者） それから15年以上たって、初めてサトシナカモトのホワイトペーパーを読んだ時に、同じ衝撃を受けたのです。初めて実用化されたインターネット上で世界の誰とでも送り合えるマネー。その可能性は無限∞。 そのビットコインの進化を、実際に買ってみたり、使ってみたり、なくしたりしつつ、より深く知ろうと付き合ってきた自分は、いつの間にかビットコインを通して世の中のいろいろを見て考えるようになりました。 ビットコインが生まれ、実験段階を経て、すでに15年が経ちます。けれども、ビットコインは今でも多くの人から最も誤解されている技術・発明のように見えます。ここまで来たら、自分が生きている間に、ビットコインが世界とどう関わっていくのか見届けたいと思います！ そして、私自身がビットコインを知ることで発見した世界や新しい価値観を、誰かに伝えられたらいいなと願って、このブログをスタートすることにしました。 今回は自己紹介という形になりましたが、私がビットコインを通して学んだことや気づいたことをこれから少しづつアップしてみます！ 週1くらいのペースで投稿が目標です。よろしくお願いします。

<div style="position:relative;padding-bottom:56.25%;height:0;overflow:hidden;max-width:100%;"><iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/858xjX2VN_I" style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;border:0;" allowfullscreen></iframe></div>

```js import React, {useEffect} from "react"; import Image from "next/image"; import { useImageProxy } from "@/hooks/useImageProxy"; import { formatUnixTimestamp } from "@/utils/time"; import { Button } from "primereact/button"; const ContentDropdownItem = ({ content, onSelect }) => { const { returnImageProxy } = useImageProxy(); return ( <div className="w-full border-t-2 border-gray-700 py-4"> <div className="flex flex-row gap-4 p-2"> <Image alt="content thumbnail" src={returnImageProxy(content?.image)} width={50} height={50} className="w-[100px] h-[100px] object-cover object-center border-round" /> <div className="flex-1 max-w-[80vw]"> <div className="text-lg text-900 font-bold">{content.title}</div> <div className="w-full text-sm text-600 text-wrap">{content.summary}</div> <div className="text-sm pt-6 text-gray-500"> {content.published_at ? `Published: ${formatUnixTimestamp(content.published_at)}` : "not yet published"} </div> </div> <div className="flex flex-col justify-end"> <Button label="Select" onClick={() => onSelect(content)} /> </div> </div> </div> ); }; export default ContentDropdownItem; ```

#### What is Bitaxe?  Bitaxe is an open source ASIC (Application-Specific Integrated Circuit) Bitcoin miner that has been making waves in the cryptocurrency community. This innovative project aims to empower miners at every level with powerful, efficient, and **low-cost** mining solutions. It is a fully open source ASIC Bitcoin miner developed by Skot9000, an advocate for open-source innovation in the Bitcoin space. With all software and hardware specs available on GitHub, this project aims to provide miners with a transparent and accessible platform for Bitcoin mining.  #### **Pros** 1. **Open Source**: The Bitaxe is fully open source, allowing users to access and modify its source code, hardware designs, and build gerbers for PCB ordering. 2. **Low Cost**: Bitaxe offers low-cost solutions for miners, making it an attractive option for those looking to enter the world of Bitcoin mining without breaking the bank. 3. **Efficient**: The Bitaxe series is designed to be power-efficient, utilizing either the Bitmain BM1387 or BM1397 ASICs for SHA256 hashing. #### **Cons** 1. **Technical Complexity**: Being an open-source project, users are required to be technically savvy to set up and maintain the miner, which could pose challenges for those without experience. 3. **Bricking Potential**: Like any complex technology, there is a risk of bricking (rendering the device unusable) the Bitaxe if not handled properly. #### **Summary** The Bitaxe represents an exciting development in the world of Bitcoin mining, offering a low cost, efficient, and open-source solution for miners. While it may present some challenges for users who are new to the technology or lack technical expertise, the potential benefits far outweigh these drawbacks. As the project continues to evolve and gain traction, we can expect to see further improvements in performance, accessibility, and innovation within the Bitcoin mining landscape. #### Where can I get more information Go to their Github page: https://github.com/skot/bitaxe originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/659572

Quality, authentic, original human artistic expression is always in demand. It has always been in demand, and it will continue to be in demand even beyond the age of AI. The internet today calls it “content.” It is how we seek to encapsulate and communicate ideas more richly, and it comes in various forms including written, audio, and visual. Anyone who creates content in any form knows that it is time consuming and costly to create and produce good content, especially to do so consistently. However, because of digital distribution methods, once released that content that was so costly to create is suddenly infinitely RE-producible with perfect fidelity for very little cost. The conundrum for artists/creators is that even though the demand for their work exists, and even though that work is costly to create, each final product they produce is infinite in supply as soon as they release it in digital form. Infinity has no value. Starting with the presumption that demand exists for art, and that it is reasonable for an artist to want to afford things like food, housing, and clothes, how do you make the work of creating content economically sustainable for those creating it? We find value in scarcity, and the scarce resources in the equation of content creation are ultimately the time, talent, and skill of the person doing the creating. People often want what a particular artist can produce. Perhaps it’s the artist’s skill, style, and precision; or perhaps it’s the artist’s particular interpretation and personality they find valuable. The skill, time, and talent/personality employed to create artistic expressions are valuable, and their supply cannot be easily reproduced/replicated even though the individual manifestations of them (the works of art) can be. This is, ultimately, what creators must figure out how to monetize if they are to make their work economically sustainable. So how much is an artist’s skill worth? How much is their time or their talent worth? How do you put a price tag on personality? Probably nobody, especially the artist, can really answer that objectively. However, with #value4value the consumers of an artist’s content can subjectively and individually decide for themselves how much it is worth to them. Nostr and Bitcoin give creators of every type of content the opportunity to directly own and control the distribution and monetization of their time, skill, and talent, more so than any other service or platform on the Internet. The #value4value approach to monetizing that content allows consumers to immediately have access to a creator’s work, and to individually place a subjective value on what it provides to them. The approach allows artists to focus on the work of creating art and building a reputation and relationship with their audience instead of worrying about how to control access to their work. And by using Nostr and Bitcoin, this approach allows artists to be free of the arbitrary rules and manipulation they face on other corporate ad-driven platforms. If you are a digital content creator, I think #value4value is worth giving a chance. The alternatives are increasingly less promising.

Recently there's been more talk about unrealized capital gains taxes and all of the second order implications. Specifically, the concern is about illiquid assets and people having to sell their homes to pay for the unrealized capital gains taxes on their homes. I predict the next step in the whac-a-mole scenario will be a suggestion that real estate become a specific exception to the proposed unrealized capital gains taxes. Of course, this would be a horrible idea, because it would make real estate the only safe haven for investors and would drive home prices through the roof. No normal people will be able to buy their own homes and no one will feel invested in their community. The normal [predicted results](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q0POXW4V1_k) will play out. You heard it here first! _{Here's a pic of my first home. I bought it in 2005 for $70,000 with $3000 down. I sold it in 2015 for $70,000. According to the internet, it just sold this February for $165,000.}  originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/659073

# Mempool.space: A Guide to Bitcoin Transactions [mempool.space](https://mempool.space/) is a Bitcoin blockchain explorer and visualizer. What features does it have and why should you use it? ## What Is "Mempool"? "Mempool" is the "waiting room" for valid Bitcoin transactions. If a Bitcoin user sends BTC, the transaction is first propagated throughout the network of nodes, which independently verify the transaction. Once each node has verified the transaction, it will wait in the mempool in order to be picked up by a miner to be added to the Bitcoin blockchain. Miners are incentivized to pick transactions with the highest fees attached to them. ## A Software to Help Optimize Miner Fees The standard quantification for Bitcoin fees is "satoshis per virtual byte", often expressed as "sats/vB" or "sats/vByte", effectively sats per amount of data transferred. A transaction's size is not determined by how much BTC it transfers, but by how many inputs, outputs and signatures it has, and which address type it uses (e.g. Taproot, SegWit, legacy etc.). More intensive transactions, e.g. opening a Lightning channel would cost more. Mempool.space can help Bitcoin users optimize how much they pay in miner fees when interacting with the Bitcoin blockchain. Every sat will count in the future, so try to avoid overpaying for fees! ## Visualize Your Bitcoin Experience! Mempool.space provides real-time transaction tracking and mempool visualization. For example, if you need a transaction to go through urgently on the Bitcoin blockchain, you can see how many sats/vB you should pay to get into the next block.  Purple blocks on the right are confirmed blocks with information about the fee rate (sat/vB), about when the block was produced, and the number of transactions in the block. Green blocks on the left are projected blocks.  Fee estimations only work as a guide, and confirmed blocks might differ from projections. In the search bar on the top right, you can copy/paste a tx ID to see its status in the mempool. You can also paste e.g. a Bitcoin address to find information about it (e.g. balance).  Historical graphs can provide a 21,000 feet view on e.g. fees, hashrate etc.  The mining dashboard provides stats and visualizations about the status of Bitcoin mining.  There is also a dashboard for the Lightning Network with info about nodes and channels.  Mempool.space also supports Bitcoin testnets and the [Liquid Network](https://liquid.net/) sidechain @liquid.  The open-source software is integrated with many wallets, mining pools and exchanges. ## Host It Yourself If You Want With Raspberry Pi! You can also host it yourself as a 1-click installation on Raspberry Pi full node distros such as e.g. [Umbrel](https://umbrel.com/), [Start9](https://start9.com/), or [RaspiBlitz](https://www.raspiblitz.org/). If you're mining with a pool, you can use mempool.space to audit your pool whether there has been censorship or whether transactions had been prioritized. Hosting the software yourself can also improve privacy if you're searching for a tx from a specific IP address etc. Mempool.space was started in 2018 by @softsimon and wiz. The software has no ads or 3rd party tracking. It relies on community sponsorships. Donors can get their avatars listed on the About page.  ## Mempool Accelerator Mempool.space recently launched its Mempool Accelerator product that can help you bump up the fee of your transaction if you want to get it to the next block. The service can be paid with Lightning or fiat (Apple Pay, Google Pay, Cash App Pay). The mempool.space software can also be found in unexpected places! https://x.com/bitdriver_sv/status/1717345302561378376  # Additional Resources Presentation by mempool.space CEO "wiz" at Bitcoin Nashville in July 2024: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AFnDVL6uM_4 Tutorial by @IanM from 2021 (still relevant!): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vMlofE_GU3k&t=1s # Project Links [Website](https://mempool.space/) [X (Twitter)](https://x.com/mempool) [GitHub](https://github.com/mempool) [Nostr](https://njump.me/npub18d4r6wanxkyrdfjdrjqzj2ukua5cas669ew2g5w7lf4a8te7awzqey6lt3) [YouTube](https://www.youtube.com/@mempool) [BitcoinTV.com](https://bitcointv.com/c/mempool/videos) [Matrix](https://matrix.to/#/%23mempool:bitcoin.kyoto) originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/657963

One of the highlights for me at the first day of nostriga [nostriga](https://nostr.world) was a [panel discussion on web of trust](https://www.youtube.com/live/Zv766SV840k?t=8265) with [@Stuart Bowman](nostr:npub1lunaq893u4hmtpvqxpk8hfmtkqmm7ggutdtnc4hyuux2skr4ttcqr827lj), [@Pip the social graph guy](nostr:npub176p7sup477k5738qhxx0hk2n0cty2k5je5uvalzvkvwmw4tltmeqw7vgup), [@PABLOF7z](nostr:npub1l2vyh47mk2p0qlsku7hg0vn29faehy9hy34ygaclpn66ukqp3afqutajft), [@hzrd149](nostr:npub1ye5ptcxfyyxl5vjvdjar2ua3f0hynkjzpx552mu5snj3qmx5pzjscpknpr), and [@ODELL](nostr:npub1qny3tkh0acurzla8x3zy4nhrjz5zd8l9sy9jys09umwng00manysew95gx). This to me is one of the most important topics in all of freedom tech, so I'd like to write up a few thoughts I had while they're still fresh on my mind, most of which revolve around the calculation of trust scores. Apologies if it's a bit long winded, don't seem to have the time to make it shorter. ## What do we use for raw data? There has been and on again, off again discussion during my time working in nostr over the sources of data that we should be using to calculate trust. In my mind we can think of the raw data as existing on a spectrum between two extremes. On one extreme, we have what I call *proxy indicators* of trust: follows, mutes, zaps, reactions, etc. People don't create this content with trust scores in mind, but we can and do use them as imperfect proxy indicators nontheless. And on the other extreme we have what I call *explicit trust attestations*, exemplified by the [proposed NIP-77](https://github.com/nostr-protocol/nips/pull/1208), authored by [Lez](nostr:npub1elta7cneng3w8p9y4dw633qzdjr4kyvaparuyuttyrx6e8xp7xnq32cume), the heart and soul of which is that a fully explicit contextual trust attestation should have 3 fields: a context, a score, and a confidence. You fill in these fields, you say what you mean, and you mean what you say, leaving as little room for interpretation as possible. And then there is data that's in between these two extremes. A five star rating for a host on a couchsurfing platform or a vendor on an ecommerce site? A "superfollow" option in addition to a follow? These lie somewhere on the spectrum between proxy indicators on one end and explicit attestations of trust on the other. During the panel today, Pablo and pippellia expressed the opinion that explicit trust attestations are not the way to go. Two reasons that I recall: first, that no one wants to put an exact number to trust; and second, that no one will update those numbers even if their assessment changes. These critiques have some merit to them. But I believe they miss the bigger picture. # The bigger picture In the real world, there are two ways I can communicate trust: I can SHOW you, or I can TELL you. I can *demonstrate trust through the actions that I take*, such as following someone, or I can just straight up tell you that I trust someone in some context. So here's the question: on nostr, which is the correct method to communicate trust? Proxy indicators, or explicit attestations? Do we SHOW or do we TELL?  My view is that we don't have to pick. We have to use all relevant and available raw data across the entire spectrum from one extreme to the other.  Each of these two options has its advantages and its disadvantages. The advantage of proxy indicators is that users issue them freely and easily, the result being that we are awash in a sea of data. The primary disadvantage of proxy indicators is that they often don't mean what we want them to mean. If Alice follows Bob, does that mean she trusts him? Maybe. Or maybe not. More often not. And what about context? Do we have any way of knowing? So we use proxy indicators as a trust indicators because ... if it's the best or maybe even the only data we have, what else are we gonna do? To do better, I argue that we need to give users more options when it comes to issuing explicit indicators of trust. But of course they're not going to do that without a reason. So to give them a reason, we have to figure out *ahead of time* how we're going to use the data once it's available. We have to know how to incorporate explicit trust indicators into our web of trust calculations. For the sake of argument, let's assume that we have a large dataset of proxy trust indicators (SHOW ME data) plus a small but nontrivial dataset with explicit trust attestations (TELL ME data). What we want to do is to pool *all available relevant data together* when we calculate trust scores. But how exactly do we do that? Which brings me to my next topic. ## The calculation of trust scores How are we even calculating the "web of trust scores" that we see today? Wikifreedia, Coracle, and a growing list of other clients have such scores. I wish I had seen more discussion in today's panel about HOW these calculation are performed. To the best of my knowledge, most clients use the same or a similar method: fetch my follows; fetch Bob's followers; calculate the set of users who are in both sets; and count up how many you get. Sometimes adjustments are made, usually a ding based on mutes. But usually, that's it. That's the WoT score. I'll call this the "legacy WoT score" since it is basically the state of the art in nostr. The legacy WoT score can be a useful way to eliminate bots and bad actors. But it has a few disadvantages: it is, arguably, a bit of a popularity contest. It cannot see more than two hops away on your social graph. It's not very useful to new users who haven't yet built up their follows. And it's not clear how to use it to differentiate trust in different contexts. It seems strange to me that so many clients use this single method to calculate WoT scores, but with relatively little discussion on the merits of this method as opposed to other methods. Or whether other methods even exist, for that matter. Indeed, I believe there is another method to calculate trust scores that in most circumstances will turn out to be much more meaningful and useful. For the sake of this article, I will call this the "Grapevine WoT score" to distinguish it from the legacy WoT score. (Elsewhere I have used the phrase "influence score" in place of "Grapevine WoT score.") The Grapevine method is (currently) based on follows and mutes, but calculated using a method entirely distinct from the legacy method, detailed [here](https://brainstorm.ninja/#/grapevine/influenceScore) (where it is called simply the "influence score"). The Grapevine method has several advantages over the legacy method, but one in particular on the topic of SHOW versus TELL: the Grapevine method can take multiple distinct classes of data following distinct formats and pool them together, synthesizing and distilling them into a single Grapevine WoT score. By choosing different datasets, different scores corresponding to different contexts can be generated. ## The future So here's my prediction on how the future will play out. 1. The Grapevine method of trust score calculation is going to rely -- at first -- primarily on proxy indicators of trust (follows, mutes, zaps, reactions, etc) -- SHOW ME data -- because that’s the data that’s available to us in large quantities. 2. These contextual Grapevine scores will turn out to be surprisingly useful. 3. *People will learn to game the scores by changing their behavior.* 5. Consumers of trust data will gradually discover that SHOW ME data is becoming less and less reliable. 6. Authors of raw trust data will gradually learn that if they want their voices to be heard, they will need to communicate trust more explicitly. In ways that are harder to game. They will begin to move the needle ever so gradually towards TELL ME data. 7. Over time, larger datasets of TELL ME data will be available for input into Grapevine WoT scores. 8. As SHOW ME data becomes less reliable, and TELL ME data becomes more available, contextual Grapevine WoT scores will become more fine grained in terms of context and more reliable. Of course, none of this will happen unless and until we start calculating Grapevine WoT scores and putting them to good use. To that end, several of us are working on the generation of these scores at [brainSToRm](https://brainstorm.ninja). Right now, it's a slog to download the data to the browser. But we're working on improving the UX. And if you make it through the slog, you can export a NIP-51 list of the top-scoring pubkeys, minus the ones you're already following, and use them at clients like Amethyst or Coracle to generate a feed of content coming from the most highly "trusted" users whom you're not already following. A feed that is CUSTOMIZED by YOUR Grapevine. So there you have it, my defense of explicit trust attestations.

<div style="position:relative;padding-bottom:56.25%;height:0;overflow:hidden;max-width:100%;"><iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/E2sc9PK2RWg" style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;border:0;" allowfullscreen></iframe></div>

```js datasource db { provider = "postgresql" url = env("DATABASE_URL") } generator client { provider = "prisma-client-js" } model User { id String @id @default(uuid()) pubkey String @unique username String? @unique avatar String? purchased Purchase[] courses Course[] resources Resource[] courseDrafts CourseDraft[] drafts Draft[] role Role? @relation(fields: [roleId], references: [id]) roleId String? createdAt DateTime @default(now()) updatedAt DateTime @updatedAt } model Role { id String @id @default(uuid()) subscribed Boolean @default(false) users User[] } model Purchase { id String @id @default(uuid()) user User @relation(fields: [userId], references: [id]) userId String course Course? @relation(fields: [courseId], references: [id]) courseId String? resource Resource? @relation(fields: [resourceId], references: [id]) resourceId String? amountPaid Int createdAt DateTime @default(now()) updatedAt DateTime @updatedAt } model Course { id String @id userId String user User @relation(fields: [userId], references: [id]) price Int @default(0) resources Resource[] purchases Purchase[] noteId String? @unique createdAt DateTime @default(now()) updatedAt DateTime @updatedAt courseDraft CourseDraft? } model Resource { id String @id // Client generates UUID userId String user User @relation(fields: [userId], references: [id]) course Course? @relation(fields: [courseId], references: [id]) courseId String? courseDraft CourseDraft? @relation(fields: [courseDraftId], references: [id]) courseDraftId String? price Int @default(0) purchases Purchase[] noteId String? @unique createdAt DateTime @default(now()) updatedAt DateTime @updatedAt } model Draft { id String @id @default(uuid()) userId String user User @relation(fields: [userId], references: [id]) type String title String summary String content String image String? price Int? @default(0) topics String[] createdAt DateTime @default(now()) updatedAt DateTime @updatedAt courseDraft CourseDraft? @relation(fields: [courseDraftId], references: [id]) courseDraftId String? } model CourseDraft { id String @id @default(uuid()) userId String user User @relation(fields: [userId], references: [id]) resources Resource[] drafts Draft[] title String summary String image String? price Int? @default(0) topics String[] createdAt DateTime @default(now()) updatedAt DateTime @updatedAt course Course? @relation(fields: [courseId], references: [id]) courseId String? @unique } ```

If you're anything like me, unclaimed bounties make you just feel itchy. Here are two of mine: https://stacker.news/items/631044/r/jasonb https://stacker.news/items/535185/r/jasonb You can claim them both by visiting [nostrminusnostr](https://nostrminusnostr.vercel.app/) and then following the instructions in the post. Today is technically a zapathon day*, so I'm sharing again today incase someone wants to claim the zapathon one. https://nostrminusnostr.vercel.app *I'm not sure that's even really a thing anymore. Either way, if you call down the thunder, take a pic and let me know and you can get those sats back if you're the first one to do it originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/658270