@ 95543309:196c540e

Lets see if this works with the blossom upload and without markdown hassle.

:cat:

https://blossom.primal.net/73a099f931366732c18dd60da82db6ef65bb368eb96756f07d9fa7a8a3644009.mp4

@ 0a425f12:c4dc49ff

Planting new sod sounds simple. Lay it down, water it, done. Nah. That’s just half the story. Mess up the basics, and your lawn turns patchy or yellow within days. Below are some key mistakes folks make – most don’t even realise it till the grass starts dying. Avoid these, or all that Bermuda grass, Zoysia, or St. Augustine sod you paid for? Wasted.

Not Watering Enough (Or Too Much)

Watering is weirdly tricky. Some think you flood it, some sprinkle it once and call it good. Both? Wrong.

New sod needs moisture constantly for the first few weeks. Not just surface wet, but soaked down to where roots gonna grow. If it dries out, even a day or two, them roots shrink back. That leads to shrinkage gaps, brown edges, even whole squares drying up.

Now the flip side? Overwatering. It ain’t about turning your lawn into a swamp. Too much water drowns roots, they rot, and fungus loves soggy grass. Mushrooms pop up, blades turn pale. And once fungus spreads, getting it out’s a pain. Set a timer. Early morning’s best. Avoid watering at night unless you wanna feed mold.

Also, different sod types need different water levels. Zoysia sod ain’t thirsty like St. Augustine. Use your hand – if it feels squishy, back off. If dry and crumbly, bump it up.

Installing Sod On Bad Soil

Throwing new sod on junk dirt is asking for trouble. Sod’s just skin. If the body (soil) under it’s trash, it won’t stick.

First off, you gotta check the soil pH. Anything too acidic or way too alkaline? Sod roots won’t even grow. You can get soil test kits at garden stores or online, pretty cheap. If the pH ain’t right, use lime or sulfur depending what side you need to fix.

Second, compacted soil is death for sod. If the ground’s hard like a sidewalk, roots can’t go down. You need to aerate or till the soil before laying sod. Mix in some compost or sand depending on drainage needs. Make it loose but not fluffy.

Last part? Level the area. Don’t leave holes or slopes. Uneven spots collect water, or the sod don’t touch dirt properly. When air pockets form under the sod, roots dry out fast.

Skipping Starter Fertilizer

You ever tried starting a car with no fuel? That’s your sod without a starter fertilizer. It’s gotta eat.

New sod needs phosphorus-heavy fertilizer to encourage root growth. Problem is, most people either skip it, or throw on the wrong one. A high-nitrogen fertilizer will just make it look green for a week, but the roots? Weak and lazy.

Use something like 10-10-10 or 15-15-15 starter blends. Look for one that’s labeled for new sod or turf establishment. Apply it right before or during laying the sod. Water it in so it doesn’t just sit there on top.

Also, don’t keep feeding every few days thinking more is better. Too much burns the grass. After first application, wait at least 3–4 weeks before reapplying anything. Stick to what the sod variety needs – Bermuda feeds different than Fescue.

If you’re in Texas or southern regions, the soil’s usually nutrient-poor, especially in clay zones. Don’t ignore that. Local extension offices often got free guides for your area.

Mowing Too Soon (or Way Too Late)

Mowing sounds harmless. Grass too tall? Cut it. Simple, right? Not really.

Cut too early? You slice off the tops before roots even grab the soil. That’ll rip the sod clean out. Like tearing bandages off fresh scabs. Usually, wait 10–14 days after laying sod before mowing. Always check if the sod’s rooted. Tug on a corner. If it lifts? Wait.

Other side of the coin – waiting forever. If your new sod grows tall and thick, it blocks sunlight from reaching the base. That leads to thinning, disease, even weeds moving in. Keep it under control.

Big tip – never cut more than one-third of the grass height in one mow. It shocks the sod, stunts growth. And dull mower blades? Slice and tear instead of clean cuts. That opens wounds for pests and fungal infections.

If it’s St. Augustine grass, you’ll mow it higher – around 3.5 inches. Zoysia or Bermuda grass? Lower, closer to 1.5 or 2 inches. Know your grass type or risk killing it one mow at a time.

Not Rolling the Sod After Install

This one? Almost always skipped. And it kills your sod quietly.

When sod’s not rolled, air gaps stay between the grass and dirt. You won’t see it, but the roots? They ain't touching soil good. No contact = no growth. That’s how sod turns yellow even when you watering perfect.

A lawn roller, filled with water, presses sod down evenly. It pushes the roots into soil and gets rid of air pockets. Do it once right after laying sod. If you miss this step, that nice new lawn can turn patchy in under a week.

Don’t worry about crushing it – the roller’s weight is perfect. You ain't smashing it like concrete. Just a good firm press. If you don't have a roller? Rent one from local garden centers, or even Home Depot. Cheap insurance for hundreds of bucks worth of new sod.

Another problem from not rolling: uneven lawn. It looks bumpy, grows uneven, and mowing becomes a chore. Roller fixes that early. Less headache later.

@ 84b0c46a:417782f5

• Lumilumi The Nostr Web Client.

Lightweight modes are available, such as not displaying icon images, not loading images automatically, etc.

• Long Form Content Editor A lightweight Long Form Content Editor with editing functionality for your articles. It supports embedding Nostr IDs via NIP-19 and custom emoji integration.

• Nostr Share Component Demo A simple web component for sharing content to Nostr. Create customizable share buttons that let users easily post to Nostr clients with pre-filled content. Perfect for blogs, websites, or any content you want shared on the Nostr network. Try the interactive demo to see how seamlessly it integrates with your website.

  Only clients that support receiving shared text via URL parameters can be added to the client list. If your preferred client meets this requirement, feel free to submit a pull request.

• Nostr Follow Organizer A practical tool for managing your Nostr follows(kind3) with ease.

• NAKE NAKE is a powerful utility for Nostr developers and users that simplifies working with NIP-19 and NIP-49 formats. This versatile tool allows you to easily encode and decode Nostr identifiers and encrypted data according to these protocol specifications.

• chrome extension
• firefox add-on

• Nostviewstr A versatile Nostr tool that specializes in creating and editing addressable or replaceable events on the Nostr network. This comprehensive editor allows you to manage various types of lists and structured content within the Nostr ecosystem.

• Luminostr Luminostr is a recovery tool for Nostr that helps you retrieve and restore Addressable or Replaceable events (such as kind: 0, 3, 10002, 10000, etc.) from relays. It allows you to search for these events across multiple relays and optionally re-publish them to ensure their persistence.

• Nostr Bookmark Recovery Tool Nostr Bookmark Recovery Tool is a utility for retrieving and re-publishing past bookmark events ( kind:10003,30001,30003 ) from public relays. Rather than automatically selecting the latest version, it allows users to pick any previous version and overwrite the current one with it. This is useful for restoring a preferred snapshot of your bookmark list.

• Profile Editor Profile Editor is a simple tool for editing and publishing your Nostr profile (kind: 0 event). It allows you to update fields such as name, display name, picture, and about text, and then publish the updated profile to selected relays.

• Nostr bookmark viewer Nostr Bookmark Viewer is a tool for viewing and editing Nostr bookmark events (kind: 10003, 30001, 30003). It allows users to load bookmark data from relays, browse saved posts, and optionally edit and publish their own bookmark lists.

• Nostr Note Duplicater Nostr Note Duplicater is a tool that rebroadcasts an existing Nostr event from a relay to other selected relays.

• もの画像サイト

• いろいろbotサイト

@ 4180da63:7b3c147e

By John "Potato Jack" LeFebvre

The cold, cold air of the morning tickled the nose of Christmas Goat as he lay quietly in bed, just waking up.

The cold air of the morning whispered in the ear of Christmas Goat; it whispered:- icicle secrets!

The moon, round and white, with swirling breezes, made Christmas Goat’s bedroom look like milk.

That reminded Christmas Goat – "It’s time to milk my cows!"

Christmas Goat peeled away the bed sheet and four blankets which kept him warm at night, and sitting on the edge of the bed he put on his gumboots.

He walked out of his bedroom and bumped into a wall because he was still a bit tired. He stood out on his front verandah and looked at the farm. "Come on you cows! It’s time for milking!!" he yelled.

The cows made a quiet line and walked, one behind the other, off to the milking sheds…

..all except for two cows who Christmas Goat had to throw a few potatoes at: then they got moving.

In the shed, the moos filled the air. Christmas Goat made his way past steaming cow flops carrying a bucket and a small stool.

He sat down next to Harry the cow.

"Ready for milking?", he asked.

"Yes, but you should have given me a girls name," said the cow.

"Oh well", said Christmas Goat, "here we go".

"Okay" said the cow, so Christmas Goat grabbed her teats with both hands and made the squirty milk goosh into the bucket.

"How are the kids?" asked Christmas Goat.

"Oh not bad," said Harry. "Bruce is in school and Terry’s just learning to moo."

"Yes, they’re good cows," said Christmas Goat.

"They are" said Harry. "I just wish you hadn’t given them boy’s names."

"Oh well," said Christmas Goat.

Christmas Goat milked all the cows one by one, and then he said to himself, "I think I’ll make myself a hot coffee". Back inside, he turned on the radio, and stirred the coffee powder into the hot water. Yum, he thought, pouring the cow’s milk on top. "Yum Yum Yum".

Christmas Goat drank all of this hot coffee and then made toast. A bird landed on his window sill and said "tweet tweet, tweet tweet ¯ ".

"Tweet tweet " said Christmas Goat".

The telephone rang four times and Christmas Goat picked it up.

"Hello, this is Christmas Goat?"

"Hello Christmas Goat? I’ve been a good goat all year and can you tell me what I’m getting for Christmas?"

"Christmas is tomorrow," said Christmas Goat.

"I know, but … - please tell me, just this once ..!"

"All right little goatgirl, what’s your name?"

"My name is Brenda," said the little girlgoat.

"Let me look at my list here…" said Christmas Goat. "

"Hmmm…" He moved his papers around.

"Are you still there?" asked the little goatgirl.

"Aha!! Yes I’m still here. I’ve just found your name on the list Brenda, here it is. Let’s see, oooh!"

"What is it! Wot is it!"

"It’s a …." But then Christmas Goat stopped talking.

"Why have you stopped talking?" said Brenda, panicking.

"Now, now," said Christmas Goat, "I just remembered it’s a secret."

"A secret!" said Brenda.

"Yes," said ChristmasGoat. "It has to be a surprise."

"No! Tell me now!" said Brenda.

Christmas Goat made a whistling sound with his lips. And then he hung up the phone.

By hanging up the phone like that, Christmas Goat felt a bit rude. But Brenda was rude first, he thought. Meanwhile, Brenda was at home, crying.

Christmas Goat thought , " I better go to see Brenda and explain to her why Christmas has to be a surprise." He went to the garage, oiled the wheels of his cart, and tied up a couple of humans.

"Good humans!" he said as they pulled him out of the garage down the street. The two people pulled the cart steadily along, steam pluming their foreheads.

It was a cold morning, and yet ChristmasGoat knew the earth was a round huge ball that spun on it’s axis while being invisibly dragged around a gigantic non stop fire- "the sun" – and that soon, because of this axis-spin, his part of the world would be receiving increasingly direct sun rays and it would get warm, so he didn’t worry . He explained this to the two men pulling his cart as it rolled through the suburbs, but they just blinked.

After a while, they arrived at Brenda’s house, and Christmas Goat tied the two men to a post and gave them a bottle of beer. Christmas Goat walked up the driveway, up the stairs, and went "knock kn0ck knock". A goat came to the door.

"Hallo Brenda?"

"No I’m Brenda’s brother. Brenda’s in her room, crying."

"Rats," said Christmas Goat.

There was Brenda, covered in tears, sitting on her carpet. Christmas Goat came in and sat down.

"Why did you make me sad?" said the little goatgirl.

"Well," said Christmas Goat, "I really didn’t want to do that. Every year, thousands of little goats ask me ‘what am I getting for Christmas,’ and every time I have to say to them, ‘you’ll see on Christmas day.’ And I Have to say this, I can’t say anything else, that’s just the way Christmas is."

"Come on, you must be able to tell me something a little deeper than (sniff) that."

Oh," said Christmas Goat, "you want the Big Reality explanation.."

"Yes," said Brenda, pouting and looking up from hurt eyes.

"Well," said Christmas Goat, "think what the world would be like with no surprise."

"Why? What would the world be like without surprise?" asked Brenda.

"Utterly predicable, " said Christmas Goat.

"What does predickable mean?" asked Brenda.

"In this case, it means ‘always knowing what’s going to happen’," said Christmas Goat.

"That sounds great!" said Brenda.

"Not really," said ChristmasGoat. "Think about it. Every day you wake up, you know what to wear, you know what’s going to be for breakfast, you know what job you have to go to, you know when it starts, you know how to get there, you know what you will see on the way, you know when you will stop for lunch, you know when you will finish, you know what’s for dinner, by looking at the program, you know what’s on T.V that night, they tell you what the weather will be like tomorrow, you know that if you …"

"That sounds Great!!" butted in Brenda.

"Yeah it sounded great to humans once, too, when they ruled the world. Woops."

"What was that?" said Brenda.

"What was what?" asked Christmas Goat.

"That thing you said, " said Brenda.

"I can’t remember, " said Christmas Goat, although now the shoe was on the other hoof.

"Well I remember, " said Brenda. "It just shocked me, that’s all. You said ‘when humans ruled the world.’"

"You’re right," sighed Christmas Goat. "That’s what I said..

Maybe we can forget about it though?"

Tell me tell me tell me tell me tell me tell me tell me tell me tell me tell me tell me tell me tell me tell… "

"ALL-RIGHT" said Christmas Goat, giving in. "Are you sure you want this dark knowledge?"

"Yes, I’m sure," said Brenda dribbling with excitement.

"Right, well once upon a time, the humans, like those two hitched up to the post outside drinking beer, were our masters. What they said, went."

"Boy," said Brenda.

"That’s right," continued Christmas Goat. "In fact they were the kings of the world. Us goats were treated horribly at times."

"What happened?" asked Brenda the little goatgirl.

"Those people became so set in their ways that they became stale. Nearly every effort at becoming the rulers made them and their lives boring. They thought they knew everything."

"People don’t know anything!" said Brenda.

"Not now they don’t," said Christmas Goat. "But they did in a distant past. Unfortunately they made the mistake of killing most surprises, and that’s when we snuck up them."

"Us goats?"

"Yep."

"And now we’re the kings and queens!" said Brenda gleefully.

"Of course," said Christmas Goat. "But we mustn’t let ourselves get trapped by prediction. That’s why I’m Christmas Goat. It’s my job to make sure surprise is still big in our lives, especially at this time of the year, Christmas." "Thankyou for telling me that true story," said Brenda. "I look forward to my surprise present tomorrow morning."

"That’s a good boy," said Christmas Goat.

"I’m a girl," said Brenda.

That night, Christmas Goat tied up his strongest humans who hauled and heaved his sleigh-cart all over the world through beautiful bright darkness. Kind Mummy and Daddy goats left a snack for Christmas Goat, and beer for the sweaty humans.

Christmas Goat and his team finished delivering the presents just in time.

"Good humans," he said, patting his helpers and switching on the T.V for them.

When Brenda woke up, there was a terrific colourful ping pong ball under her Christmas Tree.

"That is a surprise," smiled Brenda. "I’m a netballer!"

@ 8d34bd24:414be32b

What does it say about us that believers don’t listen as well as unbelievers? Let’s investigate some scripture verses and see what we can discover.

An Object Lesson:

Jesus warned His disciples several times that He would be killed and rise from the dead on the third day. Right after Jesus asked them who they thought He was and Peter replied that He was the Christ (Messiah), Jesus told them what would happen.

From that time Jesus began to show His disciples that He must go to Jerusalem, and suffer many things from the elders and chief priests and scribes, and be killed, and be raised up on the third day. (Matthew 16:21)

We know the disciples heard and understood what Jesus was saying because Peter immediately rebuked Jesus.

Peter took Him aside and began to rebuke Him, saying, “God forbid it, Lord! This shall never happen to You.” But He turned and said to Peter, “Get behind Me, Satan! You are a stumbling block to Me; for you are not setting your mind on God’s interests, but man’s.” (Matthew 16:22-23)

You’d think that Peter would have this moment locked in his mind after being rebuked so harshly for questioning Jesus’s prediction of what would happen.

A while later, Jesus again told His disciples what was about to happen.

And while they were gathering together in Galilee, Jesus said to them, “The Son of Man is going to be delivered into the hands of men; and they will kill Him, and He will be raised on the third day.” And they were deeply grieved. (Matthew 17:22-23)

They again heard what was said because they were “deeply grieved.” They didn’t like what they heard.

Then a third time, as they were approaching Jerusalem, He made certain they knew what was coming:

As Jesus was about to go up to Jerusalem, He took the twelve disciples aside by themselves, and on the way He said to them, “Behold, we are going up to Jerusalem; and the Son of Man will be delivered to the chief priests and scribes, and they will condemn Him to death, and will hand Him over to the Gentiles to mock and scourge and crucify Him, and on the third day He will be raised up.” (Matthew 20:17-19)

The disciples should have known that Jesus’s crucifixion and death were not the end. He told them repeatedly that He would die and be raised from the dead on the third day. They should have been diligently waiting with expectation, but instead they immediately hid, gave up, and headed back to their old lives.

His female followers still cared enough to try to prepare Jesus’s body for burial, but even they did not expect Him to rise as He said.

The angel said to the women, “Do not be afraid; for I know that you are looking for Jesus who has been crucified. He is not here, for He has risen, just as He said. Come, see the place where He was lying. Go quickly and tell His disciples that He has risen from the dead; and behold, He is going ahead of you into Galilee, there you will see Him; behold, I have told you.” (Matthew 28:5-7) {emphasis mine}

Even when the woman came and told the disciples that they had seen Jesus as He had said, none believed them, although Peter and John did have a glimmer of hope and went to look for themselves.

In contrast, the Pharisees, the very people who hated Jesus so much that they fought to have Him crucified, remembered Jesus’s statements.

Now on the next day, the day after the preparation, the chief priests and the Pharisees gathered together with Pilate, and said, “Sir, we remember that when He was still alive that deceiver said, ‘After three days I am to rise again.’ Therefore, give orders for the grave to be made secure until the third day, otherwise His disciples may come and steal Him away and say to the people, ‘He has risen from the dead,’ and the last deception will be worse than the first.” Pilate said to them, “You have a guard; go, make it as secure as you know how.” And they went and made the grave secure, and along with the guard they set a seal on the stone. (Matthew 27:62-66) {emphasis mine}

The Pharisees acted in response to Jesus’s claims. The disciples ignored or forgot Jesus’s claims.

KNOW:

How often do we ignore or forget Jesus’s promises? How often do we despair when we should hold tightly to the promises given to us in the Bible? Are there times that our opponents, unbelievers, are better at quoting the Bible back at us than we are at using the Bible to defend the truth and our faith?

but sanctify Christ as Lord in your hearts, always being ready to make a defense to everyone who asks you to give an account for the hope that is in you, yet with gentleness and reverence (1 Peter 3:15)

We need to know God’s word so we can “give an account for the hope that is in” us. First we need to read the whole Bible. We can’t know who God is, what He has done, and what He commands for us without knowing God’s word.

After we have gotten the big picture by reading through the Bible once, we need to really get to know it well. This not only includes reading the Bible continually, but also include memorizing key verses, so we can bring them to remembrance when we need them.

Some people can repeat a verse multiple times and just know it. Some of us have trouble memorizing things. We have to go to extraordinary measures to memorize God’s word. Some techniques I have used:

• WHITEBOARD APPROACH:

• Write the verse on the white board.

• Read out loud.

• Erase one word. (You can underline where the word is if that helps you remember that a word goes there)

• Read out loud saying verse including missing word.

• Continue erasing words, one at a time, saying the verse until all of the words are gone.

• I haven’t used it personally, but Verse Locker was recommended by another substacker and seems to use a similar technique.

• MUSICAL VERSES:

• Make up a tune and sing the verse or put the verse to a tune you already know.

• If you aren’t good at making up songs, there are sites that have verses to songs, but I haven’t used them personally other than a few from Awana years ago.

• FIRST LETTER:

• Write down the first letter of each word of the verse you want to memorize This gives hints and helps you not accidentally miss words.

• I’ve also made a necklace (it was supposed to be a bracelet, but the verse, 1 Peter 3:15 above, I picked was too long) made of beads with the letters of the words of the verse. By wearing it, you have a reminder to memorize and rememorize the verse till it sticks stronger.

• This is my version of 1 Peter 3:15

  

• APPS:

• There are multiple apps that can help you memorize verses. 5 Best Bible Memory Apps for 2025

We are all different and have different learning styles. Pick the version that works best for you, but be intentional. For so long I wasn’t. Having a child with Down Syndrome in Awana who needed help led me to finding ways to help him and me to memorize the hundreds (or thousands) of verses that are required to finish the program. Keep in mind that you need to keep reviewing them or the memories will fade. The more times you memorize the verse, the longer it will stick with you. You just never know when you will need a Scripture verse and you may not have your Bible or phone (with Bible app) handy.

APPLY:

Knowing the Bible is critical for the Christian life, but knowing the Bible and God’s commands is not enough. We have to live according to this knowledge. We have to apply it in our lives. It needs to change the way we view the world and change the way we live our lives and interact with others.

for it is not the hearers of the Law who are just before God, but the doers of the Law will be justified. (Romans 2:13) {emphasis mine}

Our faith needs to be exhibited through action.

But someone may well say, “You have faith and I have works; show me your faith without the works, and I will show you my faith by my works.” (James 2:18) {emphasis mine}

There is nothing we need to do to be saved besides believe, but if we have saving faith, we should desire God’s word like the author of Psalm 119. Our lives should also change to be conformed to Jesus.

And do not be conformed to this world, but be transformed by the renewing of your mind, so that you may prove what the will of God is, that which is good and acceptable and perfect. (Romans 12:12) {emphasis mine}

There must be works as evidence of our faith.

You believe that God is one. You do well; the demons also believe, and shudder. But are you willing to recognize, you foolish fellow, that faith without works is useless? Was not Abraham our father justified by works when he offered up Isaac his son on the altar? You see that faith was working with his works, and as a result of the works, faith was perfected; (James 2:19-22) {emphasis mine}

The disciples heard Jesus tell them what was going to happen to Him. They knew what He had said because they reacted to it negatively. The problem was they didn’t believe it and didn’t live according to Jesus’s plain words. As important as it is to read and understand the Bible, none of that matters if we don’t believe it and live it.

But I Can’t Do It Myself:

Jesus knew that we could not know and do what we were commanded to know and do, at least not in our own power.

Then He opened their minds to understand the Scriptures, and He said to them, “Thus it is written, that the Christ would suffer and rise again from the dead the third day, and that repentance for forgiveness of sins would be proclaimed in His name to all the nations, beginning from Jerusalem. You are witnesses of these things. And behold, I am sending forth the promise of My Father upon you; but you are to stay in the city until you are clothed with power from on high.” (Luke 24:45-49)

Jesus not only sent the disciples (and all believers) out into the world to tell of what He has done for us, but He told the disciples to “stay in the city until you are clothed with power from on high.” Jesus told them to wait until they had received the Holy Spirit to guide and empower them in the work He had designed them to complete. We also have the Holy Spirit to change our hearts and minds, so we can fulfill the commandments and plans He has for us.

I’m sorry if this post had a little too much overlap with my last post, but knowing God’s word has become a passion of mine and it is where I felt led to go.

May the God of Heaven give you a hunger for His word, help you to understand His word, believe His word, and live His word. May your understanding of the word of God guide you in everything you think, speak, and do. May you never doubt God’s word or discount God’s word because it isn’t according to your preference. God bless you and keep you.

Trust Jesus.

@ c9badfea:610f861a

1. Install EtchDroid (it's free and open source)
2. Launch the app, then tap What's Supported? to check compatibility with devices and disk images
3. Insert the USB drive
4. Tap Write An Image, then select the desired image file
5. Tap Grant Access, confirm, and then tap Write image
6. Optionally, allow notifications to be notified when the process is complete
7. Your bootable USB drive is now ready

⚠️ This app has telemetry enabled by default. Make sure to turn it off in the app menu. If you trust F-Droid, you can get a telemetry-free version from there

⚠️ Avoid moving the phone during the image writing process

@ 3c7dc2c5:805642a8

🧠Quote(s) of the week:

'Bitcoin is a high-IQ, low-time-preference asset in a world addicted to DoorDash, dopamine, and debt. Holding Bitcoin requires patience, conviction, and the ability to not panic when CNBC tells you it’s dead for the 47th time. That rules out, oh, I don’t know - 95% of the population? This isn’t some egalitarian revolution. This is a cognitive filter disguised as a monetary network. The rich, the strategic, the elite - those who understand volatility as an opportunity - will stack the hardest asset on Earth while the masses beg for interest rate cuts and $600 stimmies to buy groceries they can't afford.

It's not a level playing field. It's a time-preference war, and Bitcoin is the scoreboard. And every cycle, we watch it happen again. The media ridicules it, the politicians fear it, and the smart money buys more. While fiat punishes savers and rewards financial nihilism, Bitcoin inverts the whole structure. It’s a vault for those who can delay gratification, think generationally, and understand that true wealth is preserved rather than printed. The game isn’t rigged. It’s just calibrated for adults.' - Adam Livingston

'Bitcoin is an extremely simple thesis. If you think governments will stop debasing and debanking: number go down. If you think they won’t stop debasing and debanking: number go up'- Alex Gladstein

Something to ponder on.

🧡Bitcoin news🧡

On the 28th of April:

➡️Hunter Horsley: 'Bitcoin at $94k, yet — Google searches for "Bitcoin" near long-term lows. This hasn't been retail-driven. Institutions, advisors, corporations, and nations have come into the space. The types of investors buying Bitcoin are expanding.'

➡️Daniel Batten: 'Cambridge has just released their updated report on Bitcoin mining. For the first time, their report shows that most (52.4%) of the Bitcoin network is now powered by zero-emission energy sources (up from 37% in their last report).

Here's a summary of their findings:

https://x.com/DSBatten/status/1916903476610650202

You can read the full report here

➡️Arizona’s Bitcoin Reserve bill (SB 1025) just passed the House and now heads to the desk of Governor Katie Hobbs. However, Governor Hobbs has vowed to veto any legislation until a budget impasse over funding for disability services is resolved.

On the 29th of April:

➡️Bitcoin Archive: 'South Korea's ruling party to approve spot Bitcoin ETFs, scrap restrictive banking crypto rules, and introduce crypto-friendly framework THIS YEAR, if it wins the June election.'

➡️President Trump's Executive Director says there is a "space race" amongst countries to accumulate Bitcoin: "We view Bitcoin as digital gold."

➡️U.S. to "turbo-charge" Bitcoin mining growth by allowing Bitcoin miners to build power plants and data centres near natural gas fields - Howard Lutnick, Commerce Secretary

➡️Japanese clothing company ANAP Holdings Inc. bought 35 Bitcoins worth $3.3 million. ANAP now holds 51.7 BTC, joining Japan’s growing corporate Bitcoin treasury movement.

➡️Semler Scientific adds 165 BTC for $15.7M, bringing total holdings to 3,467 BTC. The company reports a 23.8% BTC yield year-to-date.

➡️The Bitcoin hashrate has already surged over 17% since the start of the year.

➡️'This shattered a major myth for me: gold production isn’t slowing down—it’s accelerating. According to NYDIG, annual gold mining has been steadily increasing over time, about 1.6% per year, thanks to better extraction technology. In fact, 2024 saw a 1% year-over-year increase, setting an all-time high in gold output (World Gold Council). So why do so many still believe the outdated narrative that gold is becoming harder to find? The truth is: gold is effectively unlimited in supply—we just get better at digging it up. If that surprises you, you're probably not nearly bullish enough on Bitcoin.' - Robert Hefner https://i.ibb.co/JWCHndQk/Gpu-W9-R1-Xw-AAiy-Cv.jpg

On the 30th of April:

➡️The Bank of Italy identifies Bitcoin as an emerging risk factor with concerns for the financial system.

"The strong growth of Bitcoin and other crypto-assets with high price volatility means risks not only for investors but also potentially for financial stability, given the growing interconnections between the digital asset ecosystem, the traditional financial sector, and the real economy,”

Tell me you are scared of Bitcoin without telling me you are scared of Bitcoin.

➡️4 major wirehouses managing $10 TRILLION to start offering Bitcoin ETFs to clients this year, says BitWise CIO Matt Hougan. Merrill Lynch, Morgan Stanley, Wells Fargo, and UBS are coming to the party.

➡️Roswell, New Mexico, becomes the 1st United States city to launch a strategic Bitcoin reserve.

➡️BlackRock’s Bitcoin ETF IBIT has hit 600,000 BTC!

➡️Semler Scientific bought 165 Bitcoins worth $15.7m. They now hold 3,467 BTC on their balance sheet.

➡️Bitcoin News: 'El Salvador is still buying Bitcoin despite an IMF loan deal that required it to stop. Economy Minister Maria Luisa Hayem confirmed ongoing accumulation, calling Bitcoin “an important project” and a key asset for both the government and private sector.'

➡️New whales are buying Bitcoin faster than ever before!

➡️'ZachXBT says the $330M Bitcoin theft involved an elderly U.S. victim targeted by social engineering. The stolen 3,520 BTC were laundered through six exchanges and swapped into Monero, triggering a 50% price spike due to thin liquidity.' -Bitcoin News

On the 1st of May:

➡️North Carolina Bitcoin Reserve Bill has passed the House! This bill enables state retirement funds to invest up to $ 13 B.

➡️Tether’s latest attestation states the company holds $7.6 billion in Bitcoin.

➡️Europe's largest Bitcoin treasury company, The Blockchain Group, aspires to hold 1% of the total Bitcoin supply by 2033.

➡️FiatHawk: 'Central banks create fake money to buy real gold, and we’re supposed to pretend this isn’t theft. The game is rigged. Their paper is trash. Gold knows it. Bitcoin ends it. Stop believing the lie.

https://i.ibb.co/mrBZtY5P/Gpl4kl-ak-AA-xv-D.png

When the debt bubble collapses, only sound money with zero counterparty risk matters. Currently, sound money is less than 5% of debt money, and Bitcoin is so tiny it is barely visible on the chart. Stay humble and keep stacking.' https://i.ibb.co/QF0Vf9k8/Gpu-CCIWa-YAAng1-U.png

On the 2nd of May:

➡️ Regarding the whole OP_Return debate.

Grok: ++Key Points: ++ * The OP_RETURN debate in Bitcoin centers on whether its blockchain should store data beyond financial transactions, with ongoing controversy. * It began in 2010 with concerns about blockchain bloat, intensified in 2014 with the "OP_Return Wars," and continues today. * Research suggests the debate reflects a balance between Bitcoin's monetary purpose and potential for broader applications like Dapps. * Compromises, like setting a 40-byte limit in 2014, aimed to address concerns but didn't fully resolve tensions, influencing platforms like Ethereum.

++Background++ OP_RETURN is a Bitcoin script opcode allowing small data storage in transactions, useful for timestamping or Dapps, but raising concerns about blockchain bloat.

++Historical Context++

The debate started in 2010 with the BitDNS proposal, where Satoshi Nakamoto worried about scalability, leading to Namecoin. It peaked in 2014 with Counterparty's use, leading to a 40-byte limit compromise, later adjusted to 83 bytes by 2016.

++Recent Developments++ By 2018-2019, high OP_RETURN usage (20% of transactions) sparked fee debates, but usage has since declined, though data remains, with recent 2023 controversies over size limits.

If you are interested in Bitcoin, then you should check out the following video.

Great video from @GrassFedBitcoin explaining the current OP_RETURN situation. The choice isn’t between bloating the UTXO set or increasing OP_RETURN, it’s whether we normalize spam or we reject it. Is Bitcoin for data storage or financial transactions? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=15biQH1H140 Every Bitcoiner needs to see this! Vires in Numeris.

A great counterargument by Seth for Privacy:

https://x.com/sethforprivacy/status/1919003009880616976

Personally, I tend to agree with Seth.

To sum it up:

If you are running a node, you should switch from Core to Knots immediately. It's very straightforward, and you don't need to redo the initial block download.

If you arent running a node you are a leech and need to get your shit together.

➡️Tether CEO defends skipping MiCA, calling EU stablecoin rules “very dangerous.” Ardoino: “The European Central Bank is more interested in pushing the digital euro to control people and how they spend their money.”

On the 3rd of May:

➡️Arizona Governor Katie Hobbs has vetoed the state’s Strategic Bitcoin Reserve legislation after it was passed by the House and Senate. She states: “Arizonans’ retirement funds are not the place for the state to try untested investments like virtual currency.”

Apparently, the Arizona State Retirement System already holds 53,097 shares of MSTR. You can’t make this shit up.

➡️Vitalik Buterin: 'One of the best things about Bitcoin is how simple it is. This simplicity has lots of benefits. Let's bring those benefits to Ethereum.' Almost like Bitcoin is eh......(checks notes)......better tech. Just use Bitcoin, dumbfuck! 'It's only taken a decade, but Ethereum's creator is having an inkling that he never should have created Ethereum, which destroyed billions of precious capital and instead focused on Bitcoin.' - Vijay Boyapati

There is no second best!

On the 4th of May:

➡️Eli Nagar:

Heads up, Bitcoin holders: The EU will ban anonymous crypto accounts by July 2027. Every transaction above €1,000 will need your ID. Privacy is becoming extinct. Every new restriction is a marketing campaign for Bitcoin. “Hi, we’re the EU. We’ll surveil you, control your money, and criminalise privacy.” By doing that, they have decided to help promote the black market...great work, EU! Oh, and remember, the EU can't ban what it has no control over: hold your own private keys.

➡️Cumulative inflows into the Bitcoin ETFs have hit a fresh ATH of $ 40.62 B.

On the 5th of May:

➡️Brown University invested $4.9M in Bitcoin via BlackRock's IBIT, as disclosed in a recent SEC filing. The university owns 105K IBIT shares ($5.8M), 2.3% of Brown's reported $216M equity holdings.

➡️Strategy acquires 1,895 BTC for $180.3 million at an average price of $95,167 per bitcoin. As of May 4, 2025, they hold 555,450 BTC acquired for $38.08 billion at an average price of $68,550 per bitcoin.

💸Traditional Finance / Macro:

On the 3rd of May:

👉🏽Berkshire Hathaway cash pile hits record $347.7bn in 1Q as Warren Buffett sells stocks for 10th quarter in a row. Buffett is still raising cash. https://i.ibb.co/1GK6Dvzx/Gq-Bp6q-BW4-AAKKlm.jpg

🏦Banks:

👉🏽 No news

🌎Macro/Geopolitics:

On the 27th of April:

👉🏽World central banks are diversifying their reserves: Foreign holdings of Treasuries as % of US government debt have fallen to ~23%, the lowest in 22 years. The percentage is down ~11 percentage points over the last 9 years. At the same time, gold holdings as a % of global international reserves have hit ~18%, the highest in 26 years. The share has risen by ~8 percentage points since 2015. China has been one of the biggest buyers of gold over the last few years. Since the beginning of 2023, China’s gold reserves as a % of total foreign reserves have doubled to 7.1%.

Everyone wants gold. https://i.ibb.co/NgX11DZh/Gp4-GKc-HWMAAa-FYu.jpg

On the 28th of April:

👉🏽TKL: 'Tariffs are hitting American meat exports.

China's cancellations of US pork shipments are skyrocketing: China cancelled shipments of ~12,000 metric tons of US pork last week, the most since the 2020 pandemic, when global supply chains were halted. As a result, overall US pork export sales dropped to their lowest level since October, according to Bloomberg. This comes as American pork imports to China now face a massive 172% tariff. This includes the duties first imposed during the 2018 trade war.'

On the 29th of April:

👉🏽The U.S. Treasury will now need to borrow $514 billion this quarter, an increase of 320% from its previous estimate.

On the 30th of April:

👉🏽'Bad news for electricity consumers: despite 84 hours of negative pricing (2024: 62 hours), the average electricity price in the Netherlands in April was €75/MWh — nearly 30% higher than a year ago.' - Martien Visser

https://i.ibb.co/VsrFdKy/Gps0l-Au-Xs-AA20-OA.png

👉🏽Tax cuts for the rich lead to higher income inequality. However, they do not have any significant effect on economic growth or unemployment. Empirical evidence for advanced economies over 1965-2015:

https://academic.oup.com/ser/article/20/2/539/6500315?login=false

Trickle down never worked.

👉🏽"Since February 2020, home prices have increased 45%," according to Zillow So has the broad money supply. Not your house is getting more expensive; The money is getting devalued.

Money supply= +40%

Median home= +40%

Experts: "What could have ever caused this????"

And some freaking guru on Instagram or Tiktok is trying to convince you to get his/her 'buying/renting a house' course. https://i.ibb.co/bMXfW3vp/Gp0-CXg-Ka-YAAIhq-J.jpg

👉🏽SUMMARY OF US Q1 GDP REPORT: 1. The U.S. economy contracted at an annual rate of -0.3% in the first quarter, compared to expectations for an increase of 0.2%. That’s down from the growth of 2.4% in Q4. 2. Real consumer spending rose by 1.8% Y/Y, after increasing 4.0% in Q4. 3. The GDP Price Index rose 3.7%, above estimates of 3.1%. 4. Core PCE Prices rose 3.5%, after increasing 2.6% in Q4.

• Key Takeaway: Fears of stagflation are growing as the economy grinds to a halt and inflation ticks higher. - Jesse Cohen

👉🏽World debt has now officially crossed $300 TRILLION, and still continues to climb aggressively. This will not end well…

https://i.ibb.co/Kxm2bJs6/Gpyi-Ouwa-YAEDg-Pq.jpg

👉🏽'March PCE inflation, the Fed's preferred inflation measure, FALLS to 2.3%, above expectations of 2.2%. Core PCE inflation FALLS to 2.6%, in line with expectations of 2.6%. February Core PCE inflation was revised up to 3.0%. All eyes are on the Fed next week.' - TKL

🎁If you have made it this far, I would like to give you a little gift, well, in this case, two gifts:

Smitty's Bitcoin Retirement Guide:

"Helping you develop a better Bitcoin stacking target for life planning." - Sminston With This is a fantastic tool. Very, very useful. I will keep mentioning it. Bitcoin is a savings vehicle. Period!

https://x.com/sminston_with/status/1917605539279954391

The best kind of retirement starts in diapers and ends in diapers, so start now. https://i.ibb.co/4RwFxR0W/Gpys-GQga-YAIxm-MX.jpg

nofinancialadvice

Credit: I have used multiple sources!

My savings account: Bitcoin The tool I recommend for setting up a Bitcoin savings plan: PocketBitcoin especially suited for beginners or people who want to invest in Bitcoin with an automated investment plan once a week or monthly.

Use the code SE3997

Get your Bitcoin out of exchanges. Save them on a hardware wallet, run your own node...be your own bank. Not your keys, not your coins. It's that simple. ⠀ ⠀

⠀⠀ ⠀ ⠀⠀⠀

Do you think this post is helpful to you?

If so, please share it and support my work with a zap.

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⭐ Many thanks⭐

Felipe - Bitcoin Friday!

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@ c9badfea:610f861a

1. Install Grayjay (it's free and open source)
2. Launch the app and navigate to the Sources tab
3. Enable the desired sources (and log in if needed by tapping on the source and scrolling down to Authentication)
4. Go to Android Settings > Apps, select Grayjay, and tap Open By Default and Add Link to automatically open supported links with Grayjay
5. Enjoy

ℹ️ If you are using Obtainium to install apps, search for Grayjay on Complex Apps

@ bf47c19e:c3d2573b

Originalni tekst na vice.com.

---

Davno pre nego što je postala šef najdesnije italijanske vlade od Drugog svetskog rata, Đorđa Meloni je kritikovala ono što je nazvala francuskom „kolonijalnom valutom“.

U snimku italijanske televizije iz 2019. koji je prošlog meseca postao megaviralan, Meloni je optužila Francusku da koristi CFA franak za eksploataciju resursa 14 afričkih zemalja i vrši finansijsku dominaciju nad njima. Određene stvari koje je tvrdila u videu nisu baš tačne, ali CFA franak jeste kontroverzan.

CFA franak je stvoren 1945. da bude valuta „francuskih kolonija u Africi“, a pošto Francuska kontroliše njegovo štampanje i promet, francuska vlada i dalje ima finansijsku kontrolu nad dobrim delom zapadnoafričke zemlje i više od 180 miliona ljudi. Dok su francuski zvaničnici ranije nazivali ovu valutu „činom velikodušnosti prema kolonijama“, o njenoj upotrebi se sada žestoko raspravlja.

Neke od afričkih nacija borile su se protiv valute, uključujući građane koji su razbijali prodavnice povezane sa Francuskom i osuđivali francuski jezik koji se uči u školama.

Jedna od onih 14 afričkih zemalja koja još uvek koristi CFA franak je Centralnoafrička Republika, država bez izlaza na more u kojoj živi oko 5 miliona ljudi i jedna od najsiromašnijih zemalja na svetu.

Predsednik CAR Faustin-Aršanž Touadera govori na COP27 u Egiptu ranije ove godine. Foto: Gehad Hamdi/savez za slike preko Getti Image-a

Ali dok druge afričke nacije razmatraju odbacivanje CFA franka, CAR je jedna od prvih koja je zaista uradila nešto po tom pitanju, a ranije ove godine postala je prva zemlja u Africi i tek druga u svetu koja je usvojila Bitcoin kao legalnu valutu.

„Alternativa gotovini je kriptovaluta“, rekao je predsednik Faustin-Aršanž Touadera. „Za nas formalna ekonomija više nije opcija”.

Dok su prve najave o bitkoinu izazvale konfuziju, međunarodne nesuglasice i reakcije, vlada CAR-a je nastavila sa uvođenjem. Osam meseci kasnije, mnogi ljudi širom sveta, pa čak i građani CAR-a, možda nisu ni svesni da se promena dogodila.

U CAR samo 14 odsto stanovništva ima pristup električnoj energiji, a još manje – oko 10 odsto – može da koristi internet. A konflikt i dalje tinja i negativno utiče na zemlju i njenu ekonomiju već deceniju.

Na predstavljanju bitkoina, vlada CAR-a je rekla da će usvajanje valute promeniti bogatstvo zemlje i staviti CAR „na mapu najhrabrijih i najvizionarskijih zemalja sveta“.

Bitkoin ne kontroliše nikakva moć, tehnički je univerzalno dostupan i ne može se cenzurisati – što je velika promena u odnosu na drugu valutu nacije, ali prosečnom građaninu CAR bi bilo potrebno 60 godina da kupi jedan novčić.

Žena maše francuskom zastavom uoči emitovanja polufinala Svetskog prvenstva između Francuske i Maroka u baru u Bangiju. Foto: BARBARA DEBOUT/AFP preko Getti Images

U Bangiju – glavnom gradu CAR – studenti Univerziteta rekli su za VICE da se „ništa nije promenilo“ od velike najave vlade.

Studenti su želeli da ostanu anonimni jer su se plašili da negativno govore o ambicijama vlade. Pravo na slobodu izražavanja ne postoji u CAR, a građani često doživljavaju zastrašivanje i nasilje od strane provladinih milicija, oružanih grupa i snaga nacionalne bezbednosti.

„Bilo je ogromno slavlje kada je objavljen Bitcoin plan i svi smo bili ponosni na našu zemlju“, rekao je jedan 20-godišnjak, „ali ne mislim da se život ovde uopšte poboljšao od tada”.

Drugi student je dodao: „Nigde nema cena u radnjama izraženih u bitkoioni, niti iko traži od ljudi da plaćaju koristeći novu valutu. Većina trgovaca i kupaca na tržištu nemaju telefon ili internet. Posebno ljudi izvan Bangija, nemaju ništa““.

Aleks Lilaher, osnivač i izvršni direktor Rise Up Media – marketinške agencije koja radi sa bitkoin startapima – je saglasan sa studentima, rekavši za VICE koliko je „iznenađen” što je ta zemlja uopšte napravila takavpotez.

„Centralnoafrička Republika nije baš lider u tehnologiji na kontinentu, i činilo se da tamo nikada nije bilo mnogo bitkoin korisnika koji bi mogla da lobiraju za takav potez“, rekao je on.

Pobednički tim slavi posle trke kanua za proslavu Dana nezavisnosti CAR-a u decembru. Fotografija: BARBARA DEBOUT/AFP preko Getti Images

Upitan da li građani CAR-a treba da vide usvajanje bitkoina kao pozitivnu ili negativnu stvar, Lilaher je odgovorio „ni jedno ni drugo, jer jednostavno ne mogu da vidim da će usvajanje uskoro krenuti. Ali imati alternativu i poslati signal Francuskoj da CAR želi da ima više nezavisnosti od valute je pozitivno u mojim očima”.

Dodaje: „Međutim, to takođe može imati posledice jer postoje moćne institucije poput Međunarodnog monetarnog fonda, na primer, sa kojima CAR mora da se bavi, koje nisu srećne što zemlje usvajaju bitkoin. Dakle, moglo bi doći do izazova sa kojima će vlada morati da se nosi“.

Centralnoafrička Republika je druga zemlja u svetu koja je usvojila bitkoin, a prva je El Salvador u septembru 2021. Lansiranje valute je tamo imalo različite rezultate, a nedavno je opisano kao „antiklimaktično“ i samo ga turisti zaista koriste.

Iako su ljudi možda očekivali da će druge nacije pratiti El Salvador, sigurno ne bi pomislili da će CAR odgovarati računu.

Glavna opoziciona stranka CAR-a bila je protiv tog predloga od samog početka. Banka centralnoafričkih država je takođe nazvala ovaj potez „problematičnim“ i navela da bi usvajanje valute uz CFA moglo ugroziti odnos nacije sa drugim afričkim zemljama.

Čak i kada većina ljudi u CAR-u nije mogla da investira u Bitcoin, i sve poruke upozorenja, u julu je vlada CAR-a lansirala sopstvenu kriptovalutu – „Sangocoin“. Sango je lokalni jezik koji se govori širom zemlje.

Pripadnici teritorijalnog pešadijskog bataljona CAR marširaju tokom parade povodom Dana nezavisnosti u Bangiju. Fotografija: BARBARA DEBOUT/AFP preko Getti Images

Sangocoin neki vide kao budućnost CAR-a, a zahtevao je minimalnu investiciju od 500 dolara. Zauzvrat, investitori su mogli da kupe zemljište u zemlji bogatoj dijamantima za 10.000 dolara, pa čak i da kupe državljanstvo CAR-a za oko 60.000 dolara – iako je ove ponude kasnije blokirao najviši sud zemlje. Sangocoin investitori su takođe trenutno „zaključani“ za kupovinu, bez načina da kriptovalutu prodaju ili razmene.

Bio je to hrabar potez vlade, ali izgleda da se još uvek nije isplatio.

Ovog meseca, Centralnoafrička Republika je saopštila da odlaže puštanje nacionalne kriptovalute na kripto berze – što bi olakšalo međunarodnu trgovinu. Rojters kaže da je vlada okrivila „trenutne tržišne uslove” i „tržišne razloge”, ali je novinska agencija izračunala da je Sangocoin dostigao samo „0,01%” od najnovijeg vladinog cilja prodaje.

Još jedan skeptik je Aleks Gladštajn, glavni strateški službenik Fondacije za ljudska prava. On je dugogodišnji zagovornik usvajanja bitkoina u svetu u razvoju, kao i kritičar CFA franka – ali čak i on oseća da je CAR-ova šema bila „izuzetno neosmišljena“.

„Iako imam mnogo simpatije prema ranjivoj i siromašnoj naciji koja usvaja bitkoin kao drugu valutu – posebno naciji koja je decenijama i decenijama finansijski kontrolisana od strane svoje bivše kolonijalne sile, nisam baš optimističan u pogledu toga kako je to izvedeno“, rekao je za VICE.

​Manekenka učestvuje na prvoj nedelji mode u centralnoj Africi u Bangiju u decembru. Fotografija: BARBARA DEBOUT/AFP preko Getti Images

Dodao je: „Zaista se čini da je cela ova stvar bila kao prevara da se Sangocoin promoviše. Ne mislim da je cilj bio da se bitkoin integriše na smislen način u ekonomiju zemlje. Čini se da je predsednik zainteresovan za bitkoin i da postoji mala grupa ljudi oko njega koja je iskoristila taj interes da bi mogla da donese ove zakone kako bi pokušala da pokrene Sangocoin, od kojeg su imali viziju da zarade gomilu novca. Ali izgleda da je na kraju uspela da prikupi samo malo novca.”

Gladstein kaže da bi Bitcoin mogao biti „veoma važna finansijska tehnologija za ljude Centralnoafričke Republike tokom vremena, i pametno je da vlada istraži kako to može pomoći ljudima“, ali je potrebno mnogo posla da se to postigne.

Vlada Centralnoafričke Republike i opoziciona vlada nisu odgovorile na nekoliko zahteva za intervju.

Tekst podržao Omidiar Netvork. VICE World News zadržava potpunu uređivačku autonomiju.

@ c9badfea:610f861a

1. Install FUTO Keyboard (it's free and open source)
2. Launch the app, tap Switch Input Methods and select FUTO Keyboard
3. For voice input, choose FUTO Keyboard (needs mic permission) and grant permission While Using The App
4. Configure keyboard layouts under Languages & Models as needed

Adding Support for Non-English Languages

Voice Input

1. Download voice input models from the FUTO Keyboard Add-Ons page
   • For languages like Chinese, German, Spanish, Russian, French, Portuguese, Korean, and Japanese, download the Multilingual-74 model
   • For other languages, download Multilingual-244
2. Open FUTO Keyboard, go to Languages & Models, and import the downloaded model under Voice Input

Dictionaries

1. Get dictionary files from AOSP Dictionaries
2. Open FUTO Keyboard, navigate to Languages & Models, and import the dictionary under Dictionary

ℹ️ When typing, tap the microphone icon to use voice input

@ 84b0c46a:417782f5

https://long-form-editor.vercel.app/

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@ d41bf82f:ed90d888

บทที่ 3: ตะวันออกแห่งเอเดน (East of Eden)

บทนี้เจาะลึกต้นกำเนิดของโครงสร้างอำนาจในมนุษยชาติผ่านมุมมองเชิงประวัติศาสตร์และเศรษฐศาสตร์ โดยเฉพาะการเปลี่ยนแปลงครั้งสำคัญที่เรียกว่า การปฏิวัติเกษตรกรรม ซึ่งพลิกโฉมวิถีชีวิตมนุษย์จากการเป็นนักล่าสัตว์และเก็บของป่า มาสู่สังคมที่ตั้งถิ่นฐานถาวร สะสมทรัพย์สิน และมีแนวโน้มที่จะใช้ความรุนแรงและจัดองค์กรทางอำนาจที่ซับซ้อนมากขึ้น

การเปลี่ยนผ่านดังกล่าวสามารถเห็นภาพได้อย่างคมชัดผ่านสัญลักษณ์ในพระคัมภีร์ไบเบิล จากเรื่องราวของคาอินและอาเบล:

“และพระเจ้าตรัสกับคาอินว่า ‘อาเบล น้องชายของเจ้าอยู่ที่ไหน?’ คาอินตอบว่า ‘ข้าพระองค์ไม่ทราบ ข้าพระองค์เป็นผู้ดูแลน้องชายของข้าหรือ?’ พระเจ้าตรัสว่า ‘เจ้าทำอะไรลงไป? เสียงเลือดของน้องชายเจ้าร้องต่อเรามาจากพื้นดิน’” (ปฐมกาล 4:9-10)

นี่ไม่ใช่เพียงบทสนทนาทางศาสนา แต่สามารถตีความในเชิงสัญลักษณ์ว่าเป็นการบันทึกครั้งแรกของอาชญากรรมที่เกิดจากตรรกะของการเป็นเจ้าของและความรุนแรง คาอิน ผู้เป็น “ชาวนา” ได้สังหารน้องชายของตนเองจากแรงริษยาและการแข่งขันในบริบทของการถวายผลผลิต ความเปรียบเปรยนี้สะท้อนถึงความเปลี่ยนแปลงของตรรกะทางสังคมเมื่อมนุษย์เข้าสู่ยุคเกษตรกรรม

ในยุคก่อนเกษตรกรรม มนุษย์อยู่กันเป็นกลุ่มเล็ก ๆ พึ่งพาทรัพยากรธรรมชาติในพื้นที่กว้าง ไม่มีแรงจูงใจจะใช้ความรุนแรง เพราะไม่มีทรัพย์สินให้แย่งชิง อาหารต้องบริโภคทันที ไม่มีการสะสม ทำให้ไม่มีใครร่ำรวยหรือยากจนอย่างชัดเจน โครงสร้างสังคมจึงเท่าเทียมและร่วมมือกันได้ดี

แต่เมื่อมนุษย์เริ่มเพาะปลูกและเลี้ยงสัตว์ พื้นที่การผลิตอาหารต้องได้รับการดูแลต่อเนื่อง ทำให้ไม่สามารถอพยพหนีภัยได้ง่าย และเมื่อมีผลผลิตมากขึ้น ก็ยิ่งเป็นเป้าหมายของการปล้นสะดม ส่งผลให้กลุ่มนักรบผู้ใช้ความรุนแรงสามารถสะสมทรัพยากรและอำนาจได้มากขึ้น และบางกลุ่มก็พัฒนาเป็นรัฐ ระบบการป้องกันและการเก็บส่วยในรูปแบบของรัฐจึงค่อยๆ ก่อตัวขึ้นจากพันธมิตรระหว่างนักรบกับนักบวช

ทรัพย์สิน ส่วนตัวซึ่งไม่เคยมีความสำคัญในสังคมนักล่าสัตว์ กลายเป็นสิ่งที่จำเป็นในสังคมเกษตรกรรม เพราะไม่มีใครจะเพาะปลูกด้วยแรงงานของตนเองหากรู้ว่าจะถูกปล้นไป ความชัดเจนของกรรมสิทธิ์จึงเป็นสิ่งจำเป็น แต่ขณะเดียวกัน กลไกของความรุนแรงก็ทำให้สิทธิในทรัพย์สินตกอยู่ในความเสี่ยง ระบบของรัฐในยุคแรกจึงเป็นการผูกขาดความรุนแรงในนามของความคุ้มครอง

ในสังคมเกษตรกรรมที่ผลิตภาพต่ำ ผู้คนจำนวนมากต้องพึ่งพารูปแบบการป้องกันทางเศรษฐกิจที่เรียกว่า “หมู่บ้านปิด” ซึ่งความเสี่ยงถูกกระจายระหว่างเจ้าของที่ดินกับชาวนา โดยมีหัวหน้าหมู่บ้านเป็นตัวกลางในความสัมพันธ์ทางเศรษฐกิจ การจ่ายค่าเช่าที่ดินในรูปแบบผลผลิตแทนเงิน ช่วยให้เจ้าของที่ดินและผู้เช่าสามารถรับมือกับภัยพิบัติร่วมกันได้ในปีที่ผลผลิตตกต่ำ

พฤติกรรมหลีกเลี่ยงความเสี่ยงนี้จำกัดการเติบโตและนวัตกรรมในระบบเศรษฐกิจ เนื่องจากโอกาสในการอยู่รอดมีค่าสูงกว่าความหวังต่อความมั่งคั่ง และนำไปสู่การครอบงำของวัฒนธรรมที่กดทับพฤติกรรมแปลกแยก วัฒนธรรมจึงเป็นกลไกปรับตัวที่เหมาะสมกับความแร้นแค้น ไม่ใช่เครื่องมือในการเปิดโอกาส

ในพื้นที่ที่เกษตรกรรมมีผลิตภาพสูง เช่น กรีซโบราณ กรรมสิทธิ์ส่วนตัว การออม และการเลื่อนสถานะทางสังคมก็เริ่มปรากฏ แต่ในพื้นที่ส่วนใหญ่ของโลก ระบบศักดินาครอบงำ เพราะผลิตภาพต่ำและมีความจำเป็นต้องพึ่งพาอำนาจผูกขาดความรุนแรง

บทนี้ยังวิเคราะห์การเปลี่ยนผ่านจากยุคโรมันไปสู่ยุคกลาง โดยเฉพาะ การปฏิวัติศักดินา ราวปี ค.ศ. 1000 การล่มสลายของจักรวรรดิโรมันทำให้รัฐอ่อนแอ และเปิดโอกาสให้ชาวนารายย่อยมีอิสระมากขึ้นในยุคมืด แต่เมื่อประชากรเพิ่มขึ้น ภูมิอากาศแปรปรวน และภัยพิบัติเกิดขึ้นต่อเนื่อง ผลผลิตตกต่ำ ชาวนาไม่สามารถรักษากรรมสิทธิ์ของตนไว้ได้ ต้องมอบที่ดินให้กับผู้มีอำนาจเพื่อแลกกับความคุ้มครอง กระบวนการนี้ค่อย ๆ เปลี่ยนเจ้าของที่ดินรายย่อยให้กลายเป็นไพร่ในระบบศักดินา

กองกำลังติดอาวุธ เช่น อัศวินม้า มีบทบาทสำคัญในการรวมอำนาจ เพราะมีต้นทุนการจัดหาสูงจนชาวนาทั่วไปไม่สามารถแข่งขันได้ โบสถ์จึงเข้ามามีบทบาทในการจำกัดความรุนแรงผ่านขบวนการ สันติภาพของพระเจ้า และยังมีบทบาทในเชิงโครงสร้างอื่น ๆ เช่น การศึกษา การจัดเก็บความรู้ การพัฒนาเกษตรกรรม และการก่อสร้างโครงสร้างพื้นฐาน เช่น ถนน เขื่อน และโรงสี

ตรรกะของความรุนแรงเปลี่ยนไปอย่างสิ้นเชิงในยุคเกษตรกรรม เพราะทรัพย์สินสามารถแย่งชิงได้ มีต้นทุนในการปกป้อง และผลตอบแทนที่คุ้มต่อการลงทุนในอาวุธ ความรุนแรงจึงกลายเป็นสิ่งที่ “คุ้มค่า” ทางเศรษฐศาสตร์เป็นครั้งแรกในประวัติศาสตร์

บทสรุปของบทนี้ชี้ให้เห็นว่า การเปลี่ยนแปลงจากยุคนักล่าสัตว์มาสู่การเกษตรคือจุดเริ่มต้นของระบบอำนาจ และเสรีภาพส่วนบุคคลถูกลดทอนลงเรื่อย ๆ เพื่อตอบสนองต่อความมั่นคงของทรัพย์สิน ในแง่นี้ เรื่องราวของคาอินผู้สังหารน้องชาย ซึ่งเป็นคนเลี้ยงสัตว์ สะท้อนถึงการก้าวเข้าสู่ยุคใหม่ที่การเพาะปลูกไม่เพียงสร้างอารยธรรม แต่ยังเปิดประตูสู่ตรรกะของการใช้ความรุนแรงอย่างเป็นระบบ

สามารถไปติดตามเนื้อหาแบบ short vdo ที่สรุปประเด็นสำคัญจากแต่ละบท พร้อมกราฟิกและคำอธิบายกระชับ เข้าใจง่าย ได้ที่ TikTok ช่อง https://www.tiktok.com/@moneyment1971

@ d360efec:14907b5f

Disclaimer: * การวิเคราะห์นี้เป็นเพียงแนวทาง ไม่ใช่คำแนะนำในการซื้อขาย * การลงทุนมีความเสี่ยง ผู้ลงทุนควรตัดสินใจด้วยตนเอง

@ b8851a06:9b120ba1

The global financial system is creaking under its own weight. The IMF is urging banks to shore up capital, cut risk, and brace for impact. Basel III is their answer, a last-ditch effort to reinforce a brittle foundation.

But behind the scenes, a quieter revolution is under way.

Bitcoin, the world’s first stateless digital asset, is no longer on the sidelines. It’s entering the Basel conversation: not by invitation, but by inevitability.

Basel III: The System’s Self-Diagnosis

Basel III is more than a technical rulebook. It’s a confession: an admission that the global banking system is vulnerable. Created in the aftermath of 2008, it calls for: • Stronger capital reserves: So banks can survive losses. • Lower leverage: To reduce the domino effect of overexposure. • Liquidity buffers: To weather short-term shocks without collapsing.

But here’s the kicker: these rules are hostile to anything outside the fiat system. Bitcoin gets hit with a punitive 1,250% risk weight. That means for every $1 of exposure, banks must hold $1 in capital. The message from regulators? “You can hold Bitcoin, but you’ll pay for it.”

Yet that fear: based framing misses a bigger truth: Bitcoin doesn’t just survive in this environment. It thrives in it.

Bitcoin: A Parallel System, Built on Hard Rules

Where Basel III imposes “fiat discipline” from the top down, Bitcoin enforces it from the bottom up: with code, math, and transparency.

Bitcoin is not just a hedge. It’s a structural antidote to systemic fragility.

Volatility: A Strategic Asset

Yes, Bitcoin is volatile. But in a system that devalues fiat on a schedule, volatility is simply the cost of freedom. Under Basel III, banks are expected to build capital buffers during economic expansions.

What asset allows you to build those buffers faster than Bitcoin in a bull market?

When the cycle turns, those reserves act as shock absorbers: converting volatility into resilience. It’s anti-fragility in motion.

Liquidity: Real, Deep, and Global

Bitcoin settled over $19 trillion in transactions in 2024. That’s not hypothetical liquidity. it’s real, measurable flow. Unlike traditional high-quality liquid assets (HQLAs), Bitcoin is: • Available 24/7 • Borderless • Not dependent on central banks

By traditional definitions, Bitcoin is rapidly qualifying for HQLA status. Even if regulators aren’t ready to admit it.

Diversification: Breaking the Fiat Dependency

Basel III is designed to pull banks back into the fiat matrix. But Bitcoin offers an escape hatch. Strategic Bitcoin reserves are not about speculation, they’re insurance. For family offices, institutions, and sovereign funds, Bitcoin is the lifeboat when the fiat ship starts taking on water.

Regulatory Realignment: The System Reacts

The Basel Committee’s new rules on crypto exposures went live in January 2025. Around the world, regulators are scrambling to define their stance. Every new restriction placed on Bitcoin only strengthens its legitimacy, as more institutions ask: Why so much resistance, if it’s not a threat?

Bitcoin doesn’t need permission. It’s already being adopted by over 150 public companies, forward-looking states, and a new class of self-sovereign individuals.

Conclusion: The Real Question

This isn’t just about Bitcoin fitting into Basel III.

The real question is: How long can Basel III remain relevant in a world where Bitcoin exists?

Bitcoin is not the risk. It’s the reality check. And it might just be the strongest capital buffer the system has ever seen.

Gradually then suddenly.

@ 2b24a1fa:17750f64

Wer sein eigenes Geld abheben möchte, macht sich heute – in Spanien - verdächtig. Wer dort eine größere Geldmenge des eigenen Vermögens abzuheben gedenkt, muss das von nun an Tage zuvor anmelden. Diese neue Regelung lässt sich auch nicht dadurch umgehen, dass man mehrere kleine Einzelbeiträge abhebt. Und die, die die neue Regelung missachten, werden empfindlich bestraft. So gerät jeder, der zu häufig Bares abhebt, in das Visier der Behörden.

https://soundcloud.com/radiomuenchen/barzahler-unter-generalverdacht-von-norbert-haring?

Was sich in Spanien an Bankautomaten und -schaltern eingeschlichen hat, könnte sich seinen Weg auch nach Deutschland bahnen. In Frankreich, so zeigt die persönliche Erfahrung, variiert die zu erzielende Geldmenge am Automaten unter noch ungeklärten Bedingungen von Tag zu Tag, von Konto zu Konto. Der Automat gibt vor, ob gerade beispielsweise 60, 200 oder 400 Euro abgehoben werden dürfen.

Hören Sie Norbert Härings Text zum spanischen Szenario der den Titel „Barzahler unter Generalverdacht“ trägt und zunächst auf seinem Blog erschienen war. norberthaering.de/news/spanien-bargeld/

Sprecher: Karsten Troyke

@ b99efe77:f3de3616

🚦Traffic Light Control System🚦

This Petri net represents a traffic control protocol ensuring that two traffic lights alternate safely and are never both green at the same time.

petrinet ;start () -> greenLight1 redLight2 ;toRed1 greenLight1 -> queue redLight1 ;toGreen2 redLight2 queue -> greenLight2 ;toGreen1 queue redLight1 -> greenLight1 ;toRed2 greenLight2 -> redLight2 queue ;stop redLight1 queue redLight2 -> ()

@ b99efe77:f3de3616

🚦Traffic Light Control System🚦

This Petri net represents a traffic control protocol ensuring that two traffic lights alternate safely and are never both green at the same time.

petrinet ;start () -> greenLight1 redLight2 ;toRed1 greenLight1 -> queue redLight1 ;toGreen2 redLight2 queue -> greenLight2 ;toGreen1 queue redLight1 -> greenLight1 ;toRed2 greenLight2 -> redLight2 queue ;stop redLight1 queue redLight2 -> ()

@ b99efe77:f3de3616

🚦Traffic Light Control System🚦

This Petri net represents a traffic control protocol ensuring that two traffic lights alternate safely and are never both green at the same time.

petrinet ;start () -> greenLight1 redLight2 ;toRed1 greenLight1 -> queue redLight1 ;toGreen2 redLight2 queue -> greenLight2 ;toGreen1 queue redLight1 -> greenLight1 ;toRed2 greenLight2 -> redLight2 queue ;stop redLight1 queue redLight2 -> ()

@ 2b24a1fa:17750f64

https://soundcloud.com/radiomuenchen/helge-buttkereit-medienkritik-als-trotziger-idealismus-teil-2?

@ 2b24a1fa:17750f64

"Kleines Erste-Hilfe-Büchlein gegen Propaganda" von 2023. „Normalerweise hört man das Wort „Propaganda“ im Mainstream-Diskurs nur, wenn es um Dinge geht, die andere Länder ihren eigenen Bürgern antun oder Teil ausländischer Beeinflussungsoperationen sind, obwohl in der überwältigenden Mehrheit der Fälle, in denen wir in unserem täglichen Leben Propaganda erlebt haben, der Anruf aus dem eigenen Haus kam.“

https://soundcloud.com/radiomuenchen/helge-buttkereit-medienkritik-als-trotziger-idealismus?

In der Folge dokumentiert sie einige gravierende Beispiele aus den US-Medien. Auch in Deutschland fehlt es den Massenmedien an der nötigen Distanz zur Regierung und ihrem Werte-Narrativ. Was umso gefährlicher ist, da sie über „Definitionsmacht“ verfügen. Auch wenn wir selbst diese Medien nicht konsumieren, so können wir doch sicher sein, dass die große Mehrheit der Bürger sie konsultiert und damit deren Sicht auf die Welt massiv beeinflusst wird. „Wenn wir die Tagesschau einschalten, erfahren wir nichts über die ‘Wirklichkeit’. Wir lernen vielmehr, wer es geschafft hat, seine Sicht auf die Wirklichkeit in die Propaganda-Matrix einzuschreiben“, verrät der Medienwissenschaftler Michael Meyen in seinem Buch "Die Propaganda-Matrix". Nun gilt jedoch die Presse in der öffentlichen Wahrnehmung als „Vierte Gewalt“ der Demokratie. Ihre Aufgabe wäre es demnach, die zunehmend verflochtenen Staatsgewalten Legislative, Exekutive und Judikative zu kontrollieren. Die Realität sieht anders aus. Dabei übersieht selbst die immer häufiger auftretende Medienkritik, dass die „Vierte Gewalt“ von den Herrschenden nie in dieser Funktion gedacht war – schließlich waren und sind die Medien seit je her in den Händen von Regierungen und Konzernen, schreibt unser Autor Helge Buttkereit. Hören Sie seinen zweiteiligen Beitrag „Medienkritik als trotziger Idealismus“, der zunächst beim Magazin Multipolar erschienen war: multipolar-magazin.de/artikel/medien…tik-idealismus

Sprecher: Karsten Troyke

Bild-Collage: Radio München

@ 99e7936f:d5d2197c

Wir sprechen kein Wort mehr miteinander, weil es weh tut

Viele Menschen haben in den letzten Jahren den Kontakt zu wichtigen Bezugspersonen verloren. Viele Menschen haben auch neue Leute auf der Straße oder durch Netzwerke kennen gelernt. Und manche Menschen hatten das Glück, schon vor der inszenierten Krise einen unterstützenden und stabilen Freundeskreis zu haben und haben diesen immer noch. Manchmal kommen alte Leute wieder zurück ins Leben, weil sie merken, dass man es gut mit ihnen meinte, als man vor den unglaublichen Lügen der Amtsträger warnte. Manchmal kommen alte Leute auch nicht mehr zurück, weil die Scham, auf falsche Versprechen herein gefallen zu sein, zu groß ist. Man gibt sich dann nach außen unverändert souverän und zieht es vor, still und heimlich zu leiden. Die neuen Kontakte bestehen manchmal leider auch nur temporär, sind zweckgebunden. Kaum ist die gemeinsame Aufgabe vollbracht, trennen sich die Wege wieder.

All das muss man in diesen Tagen  gehäuft aushalten. Alles verändert sich in stärkerem Maße als sonst. Viele dieser Veränderungen tun weh. Man kann sich auf Trauma nicht vorbereiten. Nie.

Ich möchte jetzt keine schlichten Alltagsbeobachtungen darüber widergeben, wie ich selbst oder Menschen in meinem Umfeld in den letzten Jahren ihre Beziehungen erlebt haben. Vielmehr geht es mir auch in diesem Artikel wieder um das Thema Trauma und um die Folgen, die jedes einzelne Trauma auch gesamtgesellschaftlich betrachtet hat. Was passiert, wenn man eine bereits durch Kriege traumatisierte Gesellschaft noch zusätzlich jahrelang unter Druck setzt, so wie dies in den letzten fünf Jahren geschehen ist? Wieviel Trauma verträgt eine Gesellschaft? Wie verändern sich Beziehungen in einer Gesellschaft, die immer wieder erneut traumatisiert wird? Ist irgendwann das Maß des Erträglichen voll? Und wenn ja, wie äußert sich solch eine Kumulation von Traumafolgen?

Meines Erachtens sehen wir gerade genau die Ergebnisse solch einer Kumulation von Traumafolgen in unserer deutschen Gesellschaft, vielleicht sogar global: Menschen reden nicht mehr (vertieft) miteinander. Und dies ist nur eine von vielen Traumafolgen.

Ich freue mich über jeden Leser, der jetzt noch weiterliest.

Durch genügend Traumatisierung kann man Menschen offensichtlich zeitweise dazu bringen, dass sie nicht mehr (vertieft) miteinander reden, weil das Reden weh tut.

Traumatisierung ist daher eine effektive Strategie der vermeintlich Herrschenden, Menschen zu separieren.

Traumatisierung setzt tiefe Verletzungen und macht Menschen vorübergehend sprachlos. Es fehlen einem die Worte. Man möchte dann nicht reden. Aber man verschließt sich auch vor den Worten anderer, weil man keine weitere Verletzung mehr erträgt.

Menschen im Alltag erachten es vielleicht mittlerweile schon als normal, wenn Beziehungen nicht gut laufen, egal, um welche Art von Beziehung es sich handelt. Sobald Probleme auftauchen, wird erst kurz gestritten, dann geschwiegen und wenn man das Schweigen nicht mehr aushält, dann gibt es entweder noch einen Versuch oder man geht gleich auf Distanz und bricht den Kontakt ganz ab. Auch meine Zündschnur ist manchmal immer noch gefühlt zu kurz. Wenn man sich Distanz nicht erlauben kann, dann frisst man das Problem in sich hinein, spült es runter, kompensiert irgendwie, wartet darauf, dass sich von allein etwas ändert oder dass sich eine bessere Gelegenheit bietet, bei der man dann die Biege machen kann. Mehrere Eisen im Feuer zu haben, beruflich wie privat, gilt als clever. Probleme nicht anzusprechen, gilt als kompetent. Das Wort Teamfähigkeit ist im Berufsleben zu einem Kampfbegriff geworden. Wer im Arbeitskontext Probleme anspricht, ist offensichtlich nicht teamfähig. Die Frage „Sind Sie teamfähig?“, erzählt meines Erachtens mehr über den Chef als über den Mitarbeiter. Die passendere Frage wäre wohl „Können Sie sich wortlos an schlechte Zustände dauerhaft adaptieren?“ In privaten Beziehungen braucht man, wenn es nicht so gut läuft, einen stilvollen Urlaub oder eine neue Wohnzimmereinrichtung, um endlich mal wieder schöne Gefühle erleben zu können. Negative Gefühle sind scheinbar das Kind, das keiner haben wollte, weshalb es die schönsten Kleider bekommt. Auch ich kenne Ablenkung von negativen Gefühlen durch Konsum und Essen. Es lohnt sich, mal den Werbeslogans von Möbelhäusern, Ferienanbietern oder Lebensmittelhändlern bewusst zuzuhören. Die Werbung kennt unsere Sehnsüchte und damit auch unsere negativen Gefühle besser als wir selbst. Und für alle, die nicht konsumieren wollen, die nicht locker lassen und steif darauf beharren, dass es aber ein Problem in der Beziehung oder am Arbeitsplatz oder zumindest eine gewisse Unzufriedenheit gäbe, für diese Menschen gibt es garantiert ein passendes Coaching- oder Weiterbildungsprogramm mit Namen wie „In 12 Modulen zur Selbstentfaltung“, welches nur deshalb meist nicht funktioniert, weil man es angeblich nicht richtig durchgeführt hat oder vorab noch das Basismodul absolvieren muss. Bildung ist mittlerweile auch ein Markt, der  Konsumgüter in Form von Coachings und Seminaren anbietet.

Auch ich bin übrigens lange zusammen gezuckt bei der Frage „Sind sie teamfähig?“ oder der Feststellung „Du bist das Problem, weil Du immer alles so genau nimmst, nicht die Fünf gerade sein lassen kannst.“ Am Ende ist man immer der Dumme, wenn man ein negatives Gefühl hat und darüber sprechen möchte. Trauma löst Scham UND Wut in einer Person aus. Scham zieht Abwertung an wie Licht die Motten anzieht. Und irgendwann platzt einem der Kragen. Man teilt selber aus. Und dann schämt man sich erneut, nicht nur für das früher oder später erlittene Trauma im Leben, sofern einem das bewusst ist, sondern auch für die unbeherrschte Reaktion, die man oft selbst nicht richtig versteht. Nicht bearbeitetes Trauma arbeitet unbewusst in uns.

Eine traumatisierte Gesellschaft wertet sich ständig gegenseitig ab und hält genau damit die Wunden offen.

Dann ist es vielleicht doch besser, das Problem in der Beziehung oder am Arbeitsplatz runter zu schlucken, auf Distanz zum anderen zu gehen, sich schon mal nach einer neuen Wohnzimmereinrichtung, einem neuen Partner oder einem neuen Job umzuschauen? Ich denke nicht, dass das eine Lösung ist.

Hinschauen und Gefühle bei sich und anderen zulassen, ist ein guter Anfang.

Wir gehen oft Beziehungen ein, gehen aber   gleichzeitig   einer echten tiefen und anhaltenden Verbindungen privat wie beruflich instinktiv aus dem Weg, weil echte tiefe Gespräche, zu denen es in solchen Verbindungen kommen kann, weh tun können, insbesondere wenn man noch unverarbeitetes Trauma mit sich herum schleppt. Und in einer traumatisierten Gesellschaft, tragen halt viele Menschen solche traumatisierten und nicht bearbeiteten Anteile mit sich herum.

Wir sind die Kinder und Kindeskinder der Menschen, die den zweiten Weltkrieg hautnah miterlebt haben. Alles, was die Eltern und Großeltern nicht besprochen, nicht verarbeitet haben, tragen wir weiter mit uns herum. Das ist den meisten Menschen, meines Erachtens, nicht bewusst. Mag sein, dass an dieser Stelle der eine oder andere widerspricht. Widersprechen Sie mir gerne. Meine Alltagserfahrung ist eine andere. Die Art, wie wir Beziehungen gestalten, spricht Bände. Aber, wenn man es nicht anders kennt und keine Kontrollgruppe hat, sagt man sich halt: „So isses. Und so isses normal. Ich kenne es nicht anders. Das machen doch alle so.“

Es ist so normal, in unserer Gesellschaft, nicht vertieft über negative (und auch positive) Gefühle zu reden. Alleine die Bezeichnung „negative Gefühle“ klingt schon wenig einladend. Und es ist auch so normal, Menschen in dem Moment, wo sie gegen jede Empfehlung nicht nur über negative Gefühle reden wollen, sondern diese sogar live und in Farbe zeigen, abzuwerten, oder noch schlimmer, zu ignorieren, weil man sich verunsichert fühlt, nicht weiß, wie man damit umgehen soll. Gefühle scheinen ansteckend zu sein. Da ist Vorsicht geboten. Ich persönlich kann mich an viele solcher Momente erinnern, wo Menschen nicht gern hören wollten, wovor ich Angst hatte, was und wer mich verletzt und wütend gemacht hatte, beruflich wie privat. Mit geäußerter Angst und Trauer macht man(n) sich ganz schnell lächerlich. Mit Wut hingegen wird ein Mann von anderen als stark bis beängstigend wahrgenommen. Ein Mann, der wütend agiert, wird eher als kraftvoll und temperamentvoll eingeschätzt. Eine Frau wird mit Wut dann akzeptiert, wenn sie bereits in einer (männlichen) Führungsrolle ist. „Sie“ muss schließlich ihren „Mann“ stehen. Hat sie keine Führungsrolle, wird sie abgewertet oder befördert. Dem wütenden Mann wird eher unterstellt, er habe schließlich einen wichtigen Auftrag zu erfüllen. Der Frau wird eher ein Mangel unterstellt, den ich hier nicht näher bezeichnen möchte. Darin spiegeln sich sehr starre Rollenvorstellungen von Mann und Frau in unserer Gesellschaft wider. Ängstliche Frauen, die bei einer Autopanne bezaubernd aussehen, erfüllen ein bestimmtes Klischee. Impulsive Männer mit Holzfällerhemd erfüllen zumindest auf einer Baustelle ein anderes Klischee. Menschen mit ausgeprägten negativen Gefühlen werden unter bestimmten Umständen glorifiziert. Der bezaubernd aussehenden Frau mit Autopanne wird schnell und gerne geholfen. Aber wenn die ängstliche Frau eine Vorgesetzte ist und der impulsive Mann mit Holzfällerhemd ein Kunde in einem Beratungsbüro ist, dann kann die Bewertung ganz anders ausfallen. Dann sind diese Gefühle vermeintlich fehlplatziert. Gefühle scheinen einen Platz zu haben. Die ängstliche Vorgesetzte hat eine Führungsschwäche und der impulsive Kunde im Beratungsbüro wird vom Sicherheitsdienst „entfernt“. Der Wunsch, über die gezeigten negativen Gefühle zu reden, wird einem mit Nachdruck verwehrt. Durch diesen vermeidenden Umgang mit negativen Gefühlen oder die Fehlinterpretation dieser Gefühle kommt es meines Erachtens oft zu bestimmten Rollenbesetzungen im Berufsleben. Eine positive Selektion von Mitarbeitern mit sehr rücksichtslosem oder überangepasstem Verhalten findet statt. In privaten Beziehungen werden negative Gefühle durch Ablenkung und Konsum vermieden. Es werden zu viele oder zu wenige Kontakte gepflegt. Beziehungen werden gar nicht mehr für die Ewigkeit antizipiert. Man hält sich alle Wege offen und lernt ständig neue Leute kennen. Oder man lebt Beziehung in sehr starren Strukturen, wo neue Informationen kaum Eingang finden, damit man sich nicht hinterfragen und mit anderen vergleichen muss. Lebensphasen mit dem weit geöffneten oder dem eher geschlossenen Muster wechseln sich auch manchmal ab. Individuelle Entwicklungen des einen oder anderen Musters in Lebensverläufen, zeichnen sich irgendwann als gesellschaftliche Strömung ab, wenn sie bei vielen Menschen gleichzeitig geschehen. Menschen wollen alles ausprobiert haben, bevor sie sich das Reihenhaus kaufen. Andere verkaufen ihr Reihenhaus nach der Scheidung, um im Wohnmobil durch die Welt zu tingeln. Man könnte denken, dass dies einfach individuelle Lebensverläufe sind, die sich zufällig so ergeben haben. Es gab Zeiten, wo Menschen zufällig viel Halt in starren Beziehungs- und Lebensstrukturen fanden. Gegenbewegungen brachen diese starren Strukturen nicht wirklich auf, weil sie Feuer mit Feuer bekämpften. Grundsätzlich gegen alles zu sein, was die Eltern vorgelebt haben, ist ja auch irgendwie rigide. Der Apfel fällt nicht zufällig neben den Stamm. Heute 80 Jahre nach Kriegsende können Menschen mit Begriffen wie Achtsamkeit und bewusster Kommunikation immer mehr anfangen, jedoch geht die weit verbreitete Bewusstheit und Selbstreflektiertheit oft zu Lasten einer wünschenswerten Verarbeitungstiefe. Zu oft  werden  wir gedacht, gefühlt und gelenkt. Um dies mit uns machen zu können, werden von vermeintlich Herrschenden wichtige Orientierungspunkte wie die eigene Geschichte, Kultur und Sprache falsch erzählt oder bis zur Unkenntlichkeit verändert. Und eigene Gefühle, die einem noch letzten Halt und Orientierung in diesem Dschungel bieten könnten, werden vom Kapitalismus ausdauernd gejagt wie ein seltenes Tier. Separierung und Orientierungslosigkeit ist gewollt.

Alles dreht sich um unsere tiefen Gefühle, insbesondere diese negativen Gefühle, die aus Trauma entstehen. Diese Gefühle wollen gesehen, gehört und bearbeitet werden. Sie machen zum Glück, solange es die Menschheit gibt, zuverlässig auf sich selbst aufmerksam. Sie sind in Wahrheit unsere Lebensversicherung. Die Zeit heilt gar nichts. Und hierfür braucht es wieder ein Bewusstsein, dass Gefühle wertvoll sind, auch solche, die aus Trauma entstehen. Ich persönlich habe dafür mehr als ein halbes Leben gebraucht, um dies zu verstehen. Als junge Frau habe ich nicht gewusst, dass viele meiner Gefühle, negativ wie positiv, Ausdruck meines Traumas waren. Heute weiß ich, dass ich mit dieser Einschätzung, die ich damals hatte, in „guter Gesellschaft“ war. Den meisten Menschen geht das so, bis sie irgendwann ihr eigenes Trauma erkennen.

Wir sind eine traumatisierte Gesellschaft, und die Arten und Ausprägungen von Trauma sind so vielfältig und den meisten Menschen unbekannt wie die Namen der Blumen auf einer Sommerwiese.

Wenn man diesen Satz wirken lässt, dann stellt sich doch die Frage:

Wie sieht denn ein gesunder Umgang mit negativen (und positiven) Gefühlen aus?

Reicht es aus, wenn man die Namen aller Wiesenblumen auswendig lernt, damit man jedes Trauma genau bestimmen kann? Oder geht es mehr um das Fühlen und weniger um das Wissen?

Den gesunden Umgang mit meinen Gefühlen habe ich nicht durch Theorie und Bücher erlernt, sondern durch den Alltag, durch die (emotionalen) Reaktionen meiner Mitmenschen und durch das bewusste Spüren und Zulassen meiner eigenen Gefühle. In Stufen lernte ich meine Gefühle immer besser kennen und mit ihnen umzugehen. Je besser ich sie kannte, umso lieber waren sie mir. Und ich lerne sie immer noch weiter und besser kennen. Das ist ein Prozess.

Traumabearbeitung ist anfangs ein anstrengender Prozess. Man sollte das langsam angehen. Aber diese Arbeit ist sehr lohnenswert, weil sie einem viele glückliche Momente, Kraft und Lebensfreude schenkt. Reden wird dadurch leichter und bringt in allen Lebensbereichen Fortschritte. Manchmal tut Reden auch weh (siehe Titel), aber zeitgleich, und auch langfristig gesehen, wird das Leben schöner durch Traumabearbeitung. Es geht nicht um Schmerzvermeidung, sondern darum, mit dem Schmerz gut umgehen zu können. Denn dadurch wird er letztlich kleiner und verwandelt sich zur Wiesenblume. Es geht um Verwandlung durch Fühlen. Die Erfahrung, dass man Trauma bearbeiten kann, erzählt mir so viel über dieses Leben, wie stark es ist, wie sehr es uns liebt und welche Blüten daraus wachsen können. Viele schöne Dinge, die wir täglich sehen, sind aus bewältigtem Trauma oder dem Wunsch, Trauma zu bewältigen, entstanden.

Der Schmerz lehrt uns Demut vor dem Leben und kreiert nebenbei die schönsten Lieder und Kunstwerke. Trauer und Verlust betonen den Wert der Dinge. Ärger und Wut bringen uns in Wallungen und stellen die Energie bereit, die man manchmal braucht, um Berge zu versetzen. Ängste sind das Tor zum Glück. Schuld und Scham lehren uns Vergebung. Neid und Eifersucht lassen unseren Selbstwert wachsen, wenn wir uns ihnen stellen. Und Freude, Glück und Ekstase machen uns dankbar, großzügig und optimistisch.

Wenn wir diese Gefühle wieder zulassen, dann können wir gar nicht anders als reden. Wir reden dann wieder vertieft miteinander, weil es gut tut, weil es entlastet, weil es Nähe zu anderen vielleicht erstmalig aufbaut und dann zu einem dicken Band verstärkt bis ein großes stabiles Netz daraus entsteht, welches Menschen, die gerade Halt benötigen, diesen bieten kann.

Wir reden dann wieder miteinander, weil es gut tut.

@ 2b24a1fa:17750f64

Herzlichen Glückwunsch zu einem weiteren denkwürdigen Europa-Tag, den wir mit einem Manifest des european-peace-projects begehen. Europaweit beteiligen sich heute Institutionen, Vereine und Bürger, die um 17 Uhr die Fenster öffnen und dieses Manifest laut verlesen. Wer das nicht möchte oder kann, schaltet vielleicht Radio München ein:

\ https://soundcloud.com/radiomuenchen/european-peace-project-das-manifest-heute-17-uhr?

@ bf47c19e:c3d2573b

Originalni tekst na antenam.net

18.12.2024 / Autor: Ana Nives Radović

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Ako ste makar djelić vremena proveli u svijetu digitalnog novca, vjerovatno ste naišli na termin HODL – uvijek napisan velikim slovima tako da na prvi pogled djeluje kao riječ sa slovnom greškom. Zapravo i jeste riječ o slovnoj grešci i to onoj koja je nastala na današnji dan prije 11 godina, a koja je uspjela ne samo da obezbijedi mjesto u istoriji svijeta novca, već i da postane naziv za jedan potpuno drugačiji pristup sredstvima koja posjedujemo.

Nespretno napisana riječ „hold“ (eng. držati, zadržati) u poruci na jednom forumu evoluirala je u akronim HODL – akronim za Hold On for Dear Life (doslovno – drži se za život, tj. drži se kao da ti život zavisi od toga), predstavlja poziv na akciju – ili, tačnije, „neakciju“ za vlasnike kriptovaluta da odole iskušenju prodaje tokom tržišnih padova. Riječ je o shvatanju da je ovaj oblik digitalne imovine bolje vremenski što duže imati u vlasništvu, kako bi se sačekao mnogo povoljniji trenutak za prodaju nego prodati ih u vremenu kada je situacija na tržištu loša.

Greška koja je postala pokret

Priča počinje 18. decembra 2013. godine, kada je cijena bitcoina tada počela da pada, a samo tokom toga dana se sa 682 na 522 dolara. Korisnik foruma pod imenom GameKyuubi objavio je sada već legendarni post pod naslovom „I AM HODLING“. Bila je to greška u kucanju, jer se na osnovu sadržaja poruke vidi da je krenuo da napiše „holding“ (držim), ali umjesto da se ispravi sebe, prigrlio je grešku, šaljivo govoreći o svom nedostatku vještina za trgovanje i zašto „bez obzira na sve“.

Bitcoin zajednica brzo je prihvatila ovaj izraz kao dio slenga. Pogrešno napisana riječ odjeknula je internet prostranstvima, a vremenom je prerasla u simbol šire filozofije – ne paniči, ne prodaj i ne dozvoli da kratkoročna nestabilnost poljulja tvoje uvjerenje. Od kasnonoćnog posta na forumu, HODL je postao poklič za vlasnike bitcoina (i drugih, u to vrijeme malobrojnih digitalnih valuta zanemarive vrijednosti) širom svijeta.

HODL-ovanje i HODL-eri

U suštini, HODL-ovanje je strategija zadržavanja kriptovaluta tokom tržišnih uspona i padova, zasnovana na uvjerenju da će cijene vremenom rasti. Umjesto impulsivnog reagovanja na tržišne fluktuacije, HODL-eri se posvećuju svojim investicijama na duže staze.

Ovaj pristup posebno je koristan za početnike, koji možda nemaju dovoljno stručnosti ili hrabrosti da se nose sa svakodnevnim trgovanjem (u čemu su često neuspješni i dugogodišnji vlasnici digitalnih novčića). Sam GameKyuubi u svom originalnom postu priznao je da samo najvještiji trgovci treba da pokušaju da „igraju igru“ tokom tržišnih padova. Za ostale, HODL-ovanje nije samo sigurnije, već je često i pametnije.

Filozofija HODL-ovanja zasnovana je na povjerenju – u budućnost kriptovaluta, u eventualni oporavak tržišta i u korist koju donosi strpljenje. To je odbijanje da se prodaje kada cijene naglo padnu – nepokolebljivo uvjerenje da su padovi privremeni i da nakon njih slijedi rast.

Zakon tržišta pokazuje da što drže HODL-ujete to se ova strategija više isplati, a cijena bitcoina u njegovoj šesnaestogodišnjoj istoriji je nesumnjivo najbolji dokaz za to. Trgovanje zahtijeva mnogo učenja, truda, vremena provedenog u praćenju svakog mogućeg signala, dok je kod HODL-ovanja važno samo da se „ne predate“.

Ako ste prethodnih godina nešto platili bitcoinom (a trgovci širom svijeta su to omogućili upravo da bi vas naveli da ih umjerite ka njima) vjerovatno ste zažalili, jer danas dok je njegova vrijednost i u dolarima i u eurima šestocifrena, ono na što ste ih potrošili ipak izgleda kao nešto što je trebalo platiti fizičkim novcem (kojeg je svakako „pojela inflacija“).

Pouzdane kriptovalute, a tu se prije svega misli na bitcoin, iako veoma volatilne bilježe trend rasta na duge staze, pa HODL-ovanje znači strpljenje u vremenu neizvjesnosti s idejom o koristi na duži rok, čak i kada su godine loše, kao što su bile 2014, 2017. i 2022. Na primjer, u periodu od 20. maja do 20. juna cijena bitcoina kliznula je sa 29.000 na 18.000 dolara, a upravo u tom trenutku mnogi su odlučili da količinu koju posjeduju prodaju ili je potroše plaćajući ovom digitalnom valutom (i pokajali se zbog toga).

HODL naspram drugih strategija

HODL-ovanje se razlikuje od aktivnijih strategija, poput kupovine po niskoj cijeni i prodaje po visokoj, jer dok trgovci pokušavaju da tempiraju tržište radi brze zarade, HODL-eri ostaju dosljedni svojoj odluci da se ne oslobađaju svoje imovine ni u najnoepovoljnijim trenucima. HODL-eri ne pokušavaju da predvide kretanje cijena – jednostavno čuvaju svoja sredstva, svjesni toga da će strpljenje na kraju donijeti rezultat.

Naravno, HODL-ovanje ima i svoje nedostatke. Za razliku od trgovaca koji mogu da povećaju svoj kapital kroz stratešku kupovinu i prodaju, HODL-eri zavise od vremena provedenog u čekanju na dugoročne rezultate. Pored toga, masovno HODL-ovanje može usporiti cirkulaciju kriptovaluta na tržištu, smanjujući ukupnu ekonomsku aktivnost – drugim riječima, kada bismo svi bili HODL-eri odnos ponude i tražnje bi bio veoma destimulišući i to bi oborilo cijenu.

Na sreću, trgovaca ima mnogo – dovoljno da tržište stalno bude aktivno i dinamično, no za one koji nemaju vremena, vještine ili sklonost ka riziku koji nosi trgovanje, HODL-ovanje ostaje jednostavan, ali veoma efikasan pristup.

Filozofija HODL-ovanja

HODL-ovanje je više od investicione strategije – to je način razmišljanja koji obuhvata otpornost, strpljenje i vjerovanje da su kratkotrajno suzdržavanje i nepokolebljivost u odluci da se sredstva sačuvaju vrijedna dugoročnog dobitka. Bilo da cijena bitcoina raste ili pada je, filozofija HODL-ovanja ostaje ista – ostanimo dosljedni, vjerujmo procesu i gledajmo u budućnost.

Jedan od ključnih razloga zašto većini ljudi ovakav pristup dugo nije bio razumljiv je zbog toga što su čitav sistem novca prihvatili u uvjerenju da on vremenom devalvira. Vjerovatno ste makar jednom razmatrali ponudu oročene štednje i procijenili da vam količina novca koju želite da položite neće donijeti onaj prinos koji će očuvati njegovu kupovnu moć nakon određenog broja godina, jer je kontinuirano doštampavanje novca podupiralo tu tvrdnju.

Dakle, ne treba da vas zavara sve ono što znate o novcu kao takvom, budući da bitcoin (na kojem je u ovom serijalu poseban fokus, jer mnoge druge kriptovalute ipak češće razočaraju nego što oduševe) nije novac, već samo ima neka svojstva novca. Posmatrajte ga radije kao imovinu – npr. kao nekretninu za koju sigurno želite da prodate onda kada je situacija stabilnija i kada su mnogo veće šanse da pronađete kupca kojem ćete je prodati po višoj cijeni.

U svakom slučaju, ako se u vašem digitalnom novčaniku već nalazi poneki satoshi (stomilioniti djelić bitcoina), kada tržište ponovo uđe u nepovoljnu fazu i zavlada prolazna panika, sjetite se onoga što je napisao GameKyuubi. HODL nije samo izraz – to je način da se prebrode oluje i izazovi koje nestabilno tržište nosi.

@ 000002de:c05780a7

I've been eager to share my thoughts on "Return of the Strong Gods" by R.R. Reno since I finished it a week ago.

I found this book incredibly insightful. @SimpleStacker's excellent review prompted me to pick it up, and I'm glad I did. While I won't be providing a full review, I will share some of the key insights and thoughts that resonated with me.

Reno masterfully dissects the sociological underpinnings of the political shifts in the US and the Western world over the past decade and a half. His analysis of the rise of populism and nationalism is compelling and rings true to my personal observations. Reno's central thesis is that post-WW2, the West embraced "weaker gods"—ideals like democracy, pluralism, and liberalism—fearing a repeat of the strong nationalistic sentiments that led to Hitler's rise. He argues that this shift has left many people feeling culturally homeless and desperate for strong leadership that listens to their grievances.

A significant portion of Reno's argument is built on the ideas of Karl Popper, a philosopher I was unfamiliar with before reading this book. Popper's work "The Open Society and Its Enemies" has significantly influenced post-war consensus, which Reno argues has led to a disconnect between the political elite and the common people. This disconnect, he posits, is a primary driver of populist sentiments.

Reno also delves into economics, discussing Friedrich Hayek and his agreement with some of Popper's positions. This intersection of philosophy and economics provides a unique lens through which to view the political landscape. Reno's mention of the Treaty of Versailles as a catalyst for Hitler's rise is a point often overlooked in discussions about WW2. He argues that the punitive measures imposed on Germany created an environment ripe for a strongman to emerge.

One of the most compelling aspects of Reno's argument is his explanation of how the political elite often lose touch with the values and wishes of the people they represent. He draws a powerful analogy between cultural homelessness and the desperation that drives people to seek strong leadership. This section of the book particularly resonated with me, as it aligns with my own observations of the political climate.

I would have liked Reno to start his analysis with Woodrow Wilson, whose "making the world safe for democracy" slogan embodied a form of Christian nationalism. Wilson's ideals and the post-WW1 environment laid the groundwork for the open society movement, which Reno critiques. Exploring this historical context could have strengthened Reno's argument.

Reno occasionally conflates economic liberalism with libertinism, which I found to be a minor flaw in an otherwise strong argument. He rightly points out the need for moral ethics in society but seems to overlook the distinction between economic freedom and moral laxity. Reno's discussion of Milton Friedman's ideas further highlights this confusion. While Reno argues that free trade has contributed to many of our modern ills, I believe the issue lies more with nation-state trade agreements like NAFTA, which are not true examples of free trade.

Another area where I disagree with Reno is his conflation of the nation with the state. Nations are cultural entities that predate and can exist independently of states. Reno's argument would be stronger if he acknowledged this distinction, as it would clarify his points about national pride and cultural heritage.

Reno's final chapters offer a cautionary tale about the return of strong gods and the danger of making them idols. He warns against authoritarianism and the overreach of the state, advocating for a balance that respects cultural heritage without succumbing to nationalism.

In conclusion, "Return of the Strong Gods" is a thought-provoking exploration of the political and cultural shifts of our time. Reno's insights are valuable, and his arguments, while not without flaws, provide a fresh perspective on the rise of populism and nationalism. I recommend this book to anyone seeking a deeper understanding of the forces shaping our world today.

originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/975849

@ a5ee4475:2ca75401

lista #descentralismo #compilado #portugues

*Algumas destas listas ainda estão sendo trocadas, portanto as versões mais recentes delas só estão visíveis no Amethyst por causa da ferramenta de edição.

Clients do Nostr e Outras Coisas

nostr:naddr1qq245dz5tqe8w46swpphgmr4f3047s6629t45qg4waehxw309aex2mrp0yhxgctdw4eju6t09upzpf0wg36k3g3hygndv3cp8f2j284v0hfh4dqgqjj3yxnreck2w4qpqvzqqqr4guxde6sl

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Modelos de IA e Ferramentas

nostr:naddr1qq24xwtyt9v5wjzefe6523j32dy5ga65gagkjqgswaehxw309ahx7um5wghx6mmd9upzpf0wg36k3g3hygndv3cp8f2j284v0hfh4dqgqjj3yxnreck2w4qpqvzqqqr4guk62czu

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Iniciativas de Bitcoin

nostr:naddr1qvzqqqr4gupzpf0wg36k3g3hygndv3cp8f2j284v0hfh4dqgqjj3yxnreck2w4qpqq2nvmn5va9x2nrxfd2k5smyf3ux7vesd9znyqxygt4

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Profissionais Brasileiros no Nostr

nostr:naddr1qq24qmnkwe6y67zlxgc4sumrxpxxce3kf9fn2qghwaehxw309aex2mrp0yhxummnw3ezucnpdejz7q3q5hhygatg5gmjyfkkguqn54f9r6k8m5m6ksyqffgjrf3uut982sqsxpqqqp65wp8uedu

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Comunidades em Português no Nostr

nostr:naddr1qq2hwcejv4ykgdf3v9gxykrxfdqk753jxcc4gqg4waehxw309aex2mrp0yhxgctdw4eju6t09upzpf0wg36k3g3hygndv3cp8f2j284v0hfh4dqgqjj3yxnreck2w4qpqvzqqqr4gu455fm3

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Grupos em Português no Nostr

nostr:nevent1qqs98kldepjmlxngupsyth40n0h5lw7z5ut5w4scvh27alc0w86tevcpzpmhxue69uhkummnw3ezumt0d5hsygy7fff8g6l23gp5uqtuyqwkqvucx6mhe7r9h7v6wyzzj0v6lrztcspsgqqqqqqs3ndneh

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Jogos de Código Aberto

Open Source Games nostr:naddr1qvzqqqr4gupzpf0wg36k3g3hygndv3cp8f2j284v0hfh4dqgqjj3yxnreck2w4qpqq2kvwp3v4hhvk2sw3j5sm6h23g5wkz5ddzhz8x40v0

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Formatação de Texto em Markdown

(Amethyst, Yakihone e outros) nostr:naddr1qvzqqqr4gupzpf0wg36k3g3hygndv3cp8f2j284v0hfh4dqgqjj3yxnreck2w4qpqq2454m8dfzn26z4f34kvu6fw4rysnrjxfm42wfpe90

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Outros Links

nostr:nevent1qqsrm6ywny5r7ajakpppp0lt525n0s33x6tyn6pz0n8ws8k2tqpqracpzpmhxue69uhkummnw3ezumt0d5hsygp6e5ns0nv3dun430jky25y4pku6ylz68rz6zs7khv29q6rj5peespsgqqqqqqsmfwa78

@ bbef5093:71228592

A francia székhelyű Newcleo, az olasz dizájncég Pininfarina és az olasz hajógyártó Fincantieri bemutatták a TL-40 nevű, következő generációs, hajókra szánt nukleáris reaktor teljes méretű modelljét a 19. Velencei Építészeti Biennálén[1][2][5][6][7].

A TL-40 reaktor főbb jellemzői

• IV. generációs, ólom-hűtésű kis moduláris reaktor (SMR), amelyet nagy hajók meghajtására fejlesztettek ki[1][2][5][6].
• Kompakt, biztonságos és fenntartható: A reaktor passzív biztonsági rendszereket alkalmaz, amelyek a fizika törvényein keresztül kizárják a nukleáris balesetek lehetőségét[2][5][6].
• Nukleáris hulladék újrahasznosítása: A TL-40 képes újrafeldolgozott nukleáris hulladékot üzemanyagként használni, ezzel egyszerre járul hozzá az energiatermeléshez és a hulladékcsökkentéshez[1][2][5][6].
• Formatervezés és ipari háttér: A Pininfarina gondoskodott a dizájnról és a reaktor esztétikai megjelenéséről, míg a Fincantieri a hajógyártási tapasztalatát adta hozzá[1][2][5][6][7].
• Nyitott konfiguráció: A reaktor vázája lehetővé teszi a látogatók számára, hogy belülről is megismerjék a technológiát, interaktív módon[1][2][5].

Technológiai és környezeti jelentőség

• Dekarbonizáció: A fejlesztés célja, hogy a nukleáris energiát a hajózás szektorában is a szén-dioxid-kibocsátás csökkentésének eszközeként alkalmazzák[1][2][5][6].
• Európai hulladék hasznosítása: A jelenleg Európában tárolt nukleáris hulladék elegendő lenne a kontinens villamosenergia-igényének fedezésére évszázadokon át, ha ilyen típusú reaktorokban hasznosítanák[2][5][6].
• Kreatív szemlélet: A projekt célja a nukleáris energia társadalmi megítélésének javítása, bemutatva, hogy az lehet egyszerre biztonságos, esztétikus és fenntartható[1][5][6][7].

Együttműködés és jövőbeli tervek

• Folyamatos együttműködés: A Newcleo és a Fincantieri 2023 óta dolgoznak együtt a tengeri alkalmazások fejlesztésén[2][5][6][7].
• Kutatás-fejlesztés: A Pininfarina a Newcleo franciaországi (Chusclan) nukleáris üzemanyag kutató-fejlesztő központjának tervezésében is részt vesz[2][5][6][7].
• Első demonstrációs reaktor: A Newcleo célja, hogy 2031-re bemutassa az első demonstrációs reaktort, 2033-ra pedig kereskedelmi forgalomba hozza azt[8].
• Földi alkalmazás: A vállalat már megkezdte a földi, ólom-hűtésű LFR-AS-30 reaktor telephelyének előkészítését Franciaországban (Chinon régió)[8].
• Európai támogatás: Az LFR dizájn 2024 októberében felkerült az Európai Ipari Szövetség támogatásra javasolt SMR-listájára[8].

Idézetek a projekt vezetőitől

„Ez nem a nagyapáink reaktora. Fenntartható, előremutató technológia, amely a való világ és a klímaváltozás kihívásaira készült.”
(Stefano Buono, a Newcleo vezérigazgatója)[1][5][6][7]

„A dizájn stratégiai szerepet játszik a fenntartható energia megoldások fejlesztésében, biztosítva a társadalmi és környezeti szempontok teljes integrációját az innovációs folyamat során.”
(Silvio Angori, a Pininfarina vezérigazgatója)[6][7]

Hivatkozások: [1] newcleo, Pininfarina and Fincantieri unveil the future of clean ... https://www.maddyness.com/uk/2025/05/08/newcleo-pininfarina-and-fincantieri-unveil-the-future-of-clean-energy-at-the-venice-biennale/ [2] Newcleo, Pininfarina, and Fincantieri showcase next-generation ... https://www.shippax.com/en/news/newcleo-pininfarina-and-fincantieri-showcase-next-generation-nuclear-power-solution-for-potential-marine-applications.aspx [3] Newcleo and Fincantieri unveil lead-cooled fast nuclear reactor for ... https://www.bairdmaritime.com/shipping/newcleo-and-fincantieri-unveil-lead-cooled-fast-nuclear-reactor-for-maritime-applications [4] Fincantieri Launches Nuclear-Propulsion Study With Newcleo https://maritime-executive.com/article/fincantieri-joints-nuclear-propulsion-study-with-newcleo [5] Industry Partners Showcase Next-Gen Nuclear Reactor For https://www.marinelink.com/news/industry-partners-showcase-nextgen-525512 [6] Fincantieri, newcleo and Pininfarina reveal the look of new nuclear ... https://www.fincantieri.com/en/media/press-releases/2025/fincantieri-newcleo-pininfarina-at-the-venice-biennale/ [7] Fincantieri S p A : , newcleo and Pininfarina reveal the look of new ... https://www.marketscreener.com/quote/stock/FINCANTIERI-S-P-A-16796084/news/Fincantieri-S-p-A-newcleo-and-Pininfarina-reveal-the-look-of-new-nuclear-power-at-the-19th-Inter-49877851/ [8] Pininfarina - NucNet | Independent Nuclear News https://www.nucnet.org/news/tagged/Pininfarina [9] newcleo, Fincantieri and RINA working together on feasibility study ... https://www.rina.org/en/media/press/2023/07/25/newcleo-fincantieri-rina [10] Fincantieri, RINA team up with newcleo to test feasibility of nuclear ... https://www.offshore-energy.biz/fincantieri-rina-team-up-with-newcleo-to-test-feasibility-of-nuclear-naval-propulsion/ [11] newcleo #pininfarina #fincantieri #biennalearchitettura2025 ... https://www.linkedin.com/posts/newcleo_newcleo-pininfarina-fincantieri-activity-7295080775878647810-6i6X [12] A Fourth-Generation Reactor at the Venice Architecture Biennale https://www.theplan.it/eng/whats_on/a-reactor-fourth-generation-pininfarina-newcleo-fincantieri

@ 21335073:a244b1ad

Someone asked for my thoughts, so I’ll share them thoughtfully. I’m not here to dictate how to promote Nostr—I’m still learning about it myself. While I’m not new to Nostr, freedom tech is a newer space for me. I’m skilled at advocating for topics I deeply understand, but freedom tech isn’t my expertise, so take my words with a grain of salt. Nothing I say is set in stone.

Those who need Nostr the most are the ones most vulnerable to censorship on other platforms right now. Reaching them requires real-time awareness of global issues and the dynamic relationships between governments and tech providers, which can shift suddenly. Effective Nostr promoters must grasp this and adapt quickly.

The best messengers are people from or closely tied to these at-risk regions—those who truly understand the local political and cultural dynamics. They can connect with those in need when tensions rise. Ideal promoters are rational, trustworthy, passionate about Nostr, but above all, dedicated to amplifying people’s voices when it matters most.

Forget influencers, corporate-backed figures, or traditional online PR—it comes off as inauthentic, corny, desperate and forced. Nostr’s promotion should be grassroots and organic, driven by a few passionate individuals who believe in Nostr and the communities they serve.

The idea that “people won’t join Nostr due to lack of reach” is nonsense. Everyone knows X’s “reach” is mostly with bots. If humans want real conversations, Nostr is the place. X is great for propaganda, but Nostr is for the authentic voices of the people.

Those spreading Nostr must be so passionate they’re willing to onboard others, which is time-consuming but rewarding for the right person. They’ll need to make Nostr and onboarding a core part of who they are. I see no issue with that level of dedication. I’ve been known to get that way myself at times. It’s fun for some folks.

With love, I suggest not adding Bitcoin promotion with Nostr outreach. Zaps already integrate that element naturally. (Still promote within the Bitcoin ecosystem, but this is about reaching vulnerable voices who needed Nostr yesterday.)

To promote Nostr, forget conventional strategies. “Influencers” aren’t the answer. “Influencers” are not the future. A trusted local community member has real influence—reach them. Connect with people seeking Nostr’s benefits but lacking the technical language to express it. This means some in the Nostr community might need to step outside of the Bitcoin bubble, which is uncomfortable but necessary. Thank you in advance to those who are willing to do that.

I don’t know who is paid to promote Nostr, if anyone. This piece isn’t shade. But it’s exhausting to see innocent voices globally silenced on corporate platforms like X while Nostr exists. Last night, I wondered: how many more voices must be censored before the Nostr community gets uncomfortable and thinks creatively to reach the vulnerable?

A warning: the global need for censorship-resistant social media is undeniable. If Nostr doesn’t make itself known, something else will fill that void. Let’s start this conversation.

@ 078d6670:56049f0c

It was a dark and stormy night. It had to be: Weather had been fired. If they were working for him he would have fired them, but that is just embarrassed arrogance talking. He remembers standing in the middle of his office, his trashed office. It looked like a hurricane had hit it, or vagrants had been living in it for years, nothing of value was left intact. Monitors were shattered on the floor, couches were covered in debris. There was evidence of food and magazine pages in every gaze space. His supervisor, his name escaped him, was grey with anger. “Explain this!” he had shouted with a tremble, but he couldn’t. Every time he tried to think of the events of the day he met a dazzling white blankness.

He was escorted, handcuffed, to a room by two security guards with his supervisor trailing them. Weather felt humiliated and frustrated, but he didn’t know why. He sat, shivering slightly, in a low-lit conference room he had never seen before. Actually, he doesn’t remember any windows or any specific light source, just a haze of shadows. The big boss is sitting opposite him, looking haggard and white as a sun-bleached shell. His supervisor was sitting on his right looking equally haggard and even depressed. They appeared genuine and he knew it was bad news for him.

“You’ve embarrassed this company! There is even a chance you have ruined us all and you have the audacity to sit there and pretend that you can’t remember a thing!”

He knew there was no point in arguing, he had no ideas with which to make up any argument. He sat staring into space.

“At least, give us a story. Tell us how bored you were and tried to create your own weather system by running around the room swinging the fan around like a sugar mad teenager!”

He couldn’t even clear his throat. He couldn’t lift his eyes to meet theirs. He knew his career was over and they were fearful all their ideals had crashed irreparably. He stared into space at the globe standing in the middle of the table. The more he stared at it the more he realized that it seemed to have an atmosphere around it. There were clouds covering patches of the earth. He didn’t dare bring their attention to it. The only memories he could dredge up seemed like dreams, and they’re hardly constitute a defence.

He looked up at their faces finally, surprised to see more alarm than anger, like they were actually afraid of him. They both stood up suddenly, wanting to get out the room as quickly as possible.

“You have brought Global Sky Incorporated into disrepute. You’ve embarrassed us. You have possibly ruined hundreds of careers here! We never want to see you again! You are never to come within a hundred metres of this building. You can never use your research ever again, it never happened. Everything you have ever written will be classified and restricted until you are dead!” The big boss was shaking wild, Weather was grateful for the security guards that hurled him out of his chair and marched him out of the building.

The afternoon sky had been a deathly grey. It had occurred to him but now he was a little shocked at how much control they had over the weather, maybe it was a good thing that he had been fired, but probably a bad thing as they would certainly make worse mistakes than him, whatever he might have done. He was confused, not sure if he been fired for trashing his office or for state of the weather. About the weird weather he has no idea, all he can remember is a dazzling blank whiteness, and that is hardly a memory.

He couldn’t face going directly home, jumped on public transport travelling on tracks laid down on old unused highways and headed for the city beach, or what passed for a beach. He sat on a concrete bench gazing across the grey sand at the shimmering waves. They weren’t shimmering because of the sparkling sunlight, but the contaminates in the water. But still it was tranquil enough. He tried to think about his day, but couldn’t get past the white blankness, everything else before that was like a postcard from someone else’s holiday, and they looked like movies he might have seen. He has a framed vision of himself in his office with office supplies flying around him without touching him. Clearly, as they weren’t touching him, it had nothing to do with his behaviour. He is a victim here. It wasn’t his fault, the world was changing and the powers that be wanted more control. It seems like Global Weather Incorporated (GWI) lost control of their equipment and need a fall guy, they didn’t need him anymore. Squeezed his brain for the algorithms, then threw him onto the streets. He was nothing without his research, it’s all he had done his entire life. He would have to pursue it, but that would as useful as talking to a brick wall, the world was less transparent; government, science and advertising companies had a law of their own and a police force to uphold them.

He believed in good and the unveiling of truth. He had a romantic connection to the idea that truth grew in people’s hearts that everyone wanted the best for everyone else, no matter what skin colour, car colour they had, or star sign they were born under. Everybody wanted peace, a roof over their heads and food in their bellies; and wanted these things for their neighbours too. If only his neighbours had the same beliefs.

It was late afternoon now. He could tell by the slight luminosity of the grey clouds near the horizon, close to a cloudless gap, a slit above the horizon through which the sun could bid its final farewell to the day. He was in no mood for a sunset minute. He picked his bum off the bench, dusted it off and began his journey home, not wanting to be left in the dark in the city, opportune prey for corrupt cops. Everyone was coming out of the offices, beginning the big commute home. Car pools had reshaped their cars to fit more people in, and many climbed on to the reinvented trams, sitting if they were lucky, holding onto ceiling straps if they were unlucky like him. Couples sat together staring into each other’s eyes, friends joked and discussed their office politics. He hated the commute back and forth from work, it made him feel alone, desperate and unwanted. There had been no office politics for him, it was just him and his mostly silent supervisor.

The sky was struck red, a wound inflicted on the sky, it bleed for a minute then all went dark. Reality shuddered as it returned to him, this would be his last commute along this route. He was without a job; his recently regained self-esteem was destroyed. At the end of university he had wondered if he had a career anywhere, if his self-inflicted social isolation had been worth it and GWI had lifted him out of academic gutter and placed him on a pedestal. And now he was turfed out like a partly cloudy day from a child’s memory, flicked off like an ant off a picnic blanket.

Litter was being chased up and down the aisle, wrapping around legs and trying to hide from the wind amongst commuters’ bags. He didn’t notice that the commuters were becoming concerned about the weather, heads turned to look outside where the clouds were blacker than night. Wind has beating on windows, knocking on doors trying to escape from itself. Loose objects were starting to drift.

“Puck, I’m so stupid!” Weather lamented aloud as a flash of lightning brightened the dusk for a second. He should have protected his research, patented it in his own name. Stupidly, he had thought he would be with GWI for the rest of his life. He had given his life over to GWI and they had thrown it away for an office in disarray. It might have looked like an unnatural disaster, but they could have at least let him evaluate their equipment to check for systems failure. Why he hadn’t opened his mouth and flung accusations back at them? Probably because they had looked angrier than he could possibly have gotten faced with a memory of shimmering blankness.

The weather was surreal, he casually noted it as something GWI would have to correct, something existing outside his present unemployed reality, their problem. His cellphone’s classic “Thunderstuck” ringtone charged the air.

“What’s happening with the weather, dude? I thought I read in the paper that it was supposed to be sunny skies and calm seas. I wanted to go for an evening dive at Devil’s.”

“I’ve no idea, I’ve been fired,” he managed to say calmly before he hung up.

“It’s not my responsibility,” he thought to himself and promptly switched his phone off. He had given his private cellphone number to a few select acquaintances he had tried to impress when he had just got his ‘prestigious’ job. He thought he might finally be able to get his social life out of his house by sharing information with people he had met in supermarkets, recognizing their faces from university. They were jocks obsessed about the weather for their hedonistic lifestyles and they had never invited him out, only phoning to find out about the weather.

He jumped off at his usual stop and leaned into the wind watching his feet moving past one another, his mind seething at the injustice of not having a fair trial where they showed him evidence of him been directly involved in the trashing of his office. He could only remember standing in the middle of it and his office revolving around him, but that was only a flash, there is nothing before that except the facts. Him working on algorithms of weather activation, them tinkering with the clouds. They were practically at the end of their testing, their final live weather event before taking on the whole world’s weather, he knows that, but everyday was still just the same as every other day, him at the computer, them throwing lightning bolts. “Puck! I should’ve challenged them,” he shouted into the howling wind at GSI with all the frustration of his past mistakes. But his voice was lost into the atmosphere.

https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0F1TYBSH2

@ 5b730fac:9e746e2a

Test Combinations for Janitor Module

Initial Scenarios

| Channel | Push to Branch | Previous Installation Method | NIP94 Event ID Updated as Expected | New Update Installed as Expected | Test Passed | | ----------------------------------- | ----------------- | ---------------------------- | ---------------------------------- | -------------------------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | dev | Already Installed | Manual | yes | yes | Yes
nostr:naddr1qvzqqqr4gupzqkmnp7kx5h36rumhjrtkxdslvqu38fyf09wv53u4hrqmvx08gm32qqxnzde5xcmnzdp4xvmnvdpkpctkgk | | dev | Already Installed | Automatic | yes | yes | Yes
nostr:naddr1qvzqqqr4gupzqkmnp7kx5h36rumhjrtkxdslvqu38fyf09wv53u4hrqmvx08gm32qqxnzde5xcmnzdfex5unzvfcfywh0x | | deleted config files, first install | Already installed | Manual | yes | yes | Yes
nostr:naddr1qvzqqqr4gupzqkmnp7kx5h36rumhjrtkxdslvqu38fyf09wv53u4hrqmvx08gm32qqxnzde5xcmnzwpnxq6rvdp59d83mz |

Additional Scenarios from git diff Analysis

| Channel | Push to Branch | Version Format | NIP94EventID State | Expected Outcome | Test Passed | | -------------- | ----------------- | ------------------------ | ------------------ | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | dev | New Branch | branch-commit_count-hash | known | Don't update, because the currently installed branch is different | Yes
The following package was not installed since it was on a different branch:
https://github.com/OpenTollGate/tollgate-module-basic-go/actions/runs/14909573498/job/41880411207 | | stable | main | version_number | known | Update Successfully | Yes
nostr:naddr1qvzqqqr4gupzqkmnp7kx5h36rumhjrtkxdslvqu38fyf09wv53u4hrqmvx08gm32qqxnzde5xcmnsvpk8yer2wphat7h6a | | dev | Already Installed | branch-commit_count-hash | known | Update Successfully if new commits | Yes
nostr:naddr1qvzqqqr4gupzqkmnp7kx5h36rumhjrtkxdslvqu38fyf09wv53u4hrqmvx08gm32qqxnzde5xcmnzdfex5unzvfcfywh0x | | dev | Already Installed | branch-commit_count-hash | unknown | Update Successfully if new commits | Yes
nostr:naddr1qvzqqqr4gupzqkmnp7kx5h36rumhjrtkxdslvqu38fyf09wv53u4hrqmvx08gm32qqxnzde5xcmnzdp4xvmnvdpkpctkgk | | stable | main | version_number | unknown | Update if version number is higher, irrespective of branch name, and NIP94 eventID | Yes
nostr:naddr1qvzqqqr4gupzqkmnp7kx5h36rumhjrtkxdslvqu38fyf09wv53u4hrqmvx08gm32qqxnzde5xcmnwwfex56nsdfjxmla8c | | config deleted | main | version_number | config deleted | Default pubkey and stable channel are set in config files, the new tag is downloaded and installed. However, the new NIP94 event must be generated after the new config files were created with default timestamps. | Yes
nostr:naddr1qvzqqqr4gupzqkmnp7kx5h36rumhjrtkxdslvqu38fyf09wv53u4hrqmvx08gm32qqxnzde5xcmnsv3hxycnsdfj3ttspu

Users who delete their config files might temporarily be one version behind the latest due to a lack of timestamp information. |

@ 5b730fac:9e746e2a

Currently on v0.0.4: root@OpenWrt:/tmp# opkg list-installed | grep "tollgate" tollgate-module-basic-go - v0.0.4

Stop the janitor: root@OpenWrt:/tmp# service tollgate-basic stop root@OpenWrt:/tmp# service tollgate-basic status inactive

Test update with deleted config files

Trigger new version: c03rad0r@CobradorRomblonMimaropa:~/Documents/test-stable-release-channel$ git push origin v0.0.5 Total 0 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0), pack-reused 0 To https://github.com/c03rad0r/test-stable-release-channel.git * [new tag] v0.0.5 -> v0.0.5

Delete the config files: root@OpenWrt:/tmp# rm /etc/tollgate/config.json /etc/tollgate/install.json root@OpenWrt:/tmp# ls /etc/tollgate/config.json /etc/tollgate/install.json ls: /etc/tollgate/config.json: No such file or directory ls: /etc/tollgate/install.json: No such file or directory

Start janitor again: root@OpenWrt:/tmp# service tollgate-basic start root@OpenWrt:/tmp# service tollgate-basic status running

Trusted maintainer is wrong: root@OpenWrt:/tmp# cat /etc/tollgate/config.json | jq { "tollgate_private_key": "8a45d0add1c7ddf668f9818df550edfa907ae8ea59d6581a4ca07473d468d663", "accepted_mints": [ "https://mint.minibits.cash/Bitcoin", "https://mint2.nutmix.cash" ], "price_per_minute": 1, "bragging": { "enabled": true, "fields": [ "amount", "mint", "duration" ] }, "relays": [ "wss://relay.damus.io", "wss://nos.lol", "wss://nostr.mom", "wss://relay.tollgate.me" ], "trusted_maintainers": [ "5075e61f0b048148b60105c1dd72bbeae1957336ae5824087e52efa374f8416a" ], "fields_to_be_reviewed": [ "price_per_minute", "relays", "tollgate_private_key", "trusted_maintainers" ], "nip94_event_id": "unknown" } root@OpenWrt:/tmp# cat /etc/tollgate/install.json | jq { "package_path": "false", "ip_address_randomized": "false", "install_time": 0, "download_time": 0, "release_channel": "stable", "ensure_default_timestamp": 1746781145 }

Fixed trusted maintainer and restarted service. Now it updates: Fri May 9 09:01:45 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[8705]: Started the timer Fri May 9 09:01:45 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[8705]: Intersection: [basic-gl-mt3000-aarch64_cortex-a53.ipk-v0.0.5] Fri May 9 09:01:45 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[8705]: Right Time Keys: [basic-gl-mt3000-aarch64_cortex-a53.ipk-v0.0.5] Fri May 9 09:01:45 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[8705]: Right Arch Keys: [basic-gl-mt3000-aarch64_cortex-a53.ipk-v0.0.5] Fri May 9 09:01:45 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[8705]: Right Version Keys: [basic-gl-mt3000-aarch64_cortex-a53.ipk-v0.0.5] Fri May 9 09:01:55 2025 daemon.err tollgate-basic[8705]: 2025/05/09 09:01:55.064780 Timeout reached, checking for new versions Fri May 9 09:01:55 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[8705]: Sorted Qualifying Events Keys: [basic-gl-mt3000-aarch64_cortex-a53.ipk-v0.0.5] Fri May 9 09:01:55 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[8705]: Newer package version available: v0.0.5 Fri May 9 09:01:55 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[8705]: Downloading package from https://blossom.swissdash.site/af1c7b75440859d8a3ee93e0612b77e8ce1abc3496f580e72c969032395b2c66.ipk to /tmp/af1c7b75440859d8a3ee93e0612b77e8ce1abc3496f580e72c969032395b2c66.ipk Fri May 9 09:01:56 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[8705]: Package downloaded successfully to /tmp/ Fri May 9 09:01:56 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[8705]: New package version is ready to be installed by cronjob Fri May 9 09:01:56 2025 daemon.err tollgate-basic[8705]: 2025/05/09 09:01:56.845394 Verifying package checksum Fri May 9 09:01:56 2025 daemon.err tollgate-basic[8705]: 2025/05/09 09:01:56.854767 Package checksum verified successfully

Version was updated correctly: root@OpenWrt:~# opkg list-installed | grep "tollgate" tollgate-module-basic-go - v0.0.5

Try again without manually setting maintainer

v0.0.5 has the test maintainer set by default: c03rad0r@CobradorRomblonMimaropa:~/Documents/test-stable-release-channel$ git diff v0.0.4 diff --git a/src/config_manager/config_manager.go b/src/config_manager/config_manager.go index 92d9f28..398d2da 100644 --- a/src/config_manager/config_manager.go +++ b/src/config_manager/config_manager.go @@ -400,7 +400,7 @@ func (cm *ConfigManager) EnsureDefaultConfig() (*Config, error) { "wss://relay.tollgate.me", }, TrustedMaintainers: []string{ - "5075e61f0b048148b60105c1dd72bbeae1957336ae5824087e52efa374f8416a", + "c0757f43081aa96a8733b58fb7f745d8c784ecdfc02477a1b7b99e35416fff0b", }, FieldsToBeReviewed: []string{ "price_per_minute",

v0.0.5 is currently installed: root@OpenWrt:~# opkg list-installed | grep "tollgate" tollgate-module-basic-go - v0.0.5

Stop the service: root@OpenWrt:~# service tollgate-basic stop root@OpenWrt:~# service tollgate-basic status inactive

Trigger a new build: { "id": "98f5e850f3aff389dd0591fe16f13738970bed1cbcc240f20f09d50e482fe707", "pubkey": "c0757f43081aa96a8733b58fb7f745d8c784ecdfc02477a1b7b99e35416fff0b", "created_at": 1746781775, "kind": 1063, "content": "TollGate Module Package: basic for gl-mt3000", "tags": [ [ "url", "https://blossom.swissdash.site/700bfb2e1788d8f42c89492562e8503979761ef7d07b7a412f6d9334d7f24f6f.ipk" ], [ "m", "application/octet-stream" ], [ "x", "700bfb2e1788d8f42c89492562e8503979761ef7d07b7a412f6d9334d7f24f6f" ], [ "ox", "700bfb2e1788d8f42c89492562e8503979761ef7d07b7a412f6d9334d7f24f6f" ], [ "filename", "basic-gl-mt3000-aarch64_cortex-a53.ipk" ], [ "architecture", "aarch64_cortex-a53" ], [ "version", "v0.0.6" ], [ "release_channel", "stable" ] ] }

Delete config files and start janitor: root@OpenWrt:~# rm /etc/tollgate/config.json /etc/tollgate/install.json root@OpenWrt:~# ls /etc/tollgate/config.json /etc/tollgate/install.json ls: /etc/tollgate/config.json: No such file or directory ls: /etc/tollgate/install.json: No such file or directory

Started service: root@OpenWrt:~# service tollgate-basic status inactive root@OpenWrt:~# service tollgate-basic start root@OpenWrt:~# service tollgate-basic status running

Config files set successfully: root@OpenWrt:~# cat /etc/tollgate/config.json | jq { "tollgate_private_key": "8a45d0add1c7ddf668f9818df550edfa907ae8ea59d6581a4ca07473d468d663", "accepted_mints": [ "https://mint.minibits.cash/Bitcoin", "https://mint2.nutmix.cash" ], "price_per_minute": 1, "bragging": { "enabled": true, "fields": [ "amount", "mint", "duration" ] }, "relays": [ "wss://relay.damus.io", "wss://nos.lol", "wss://nostr.mom", "wss://relay.tollgate.me" ], "trusted_maintainers": [ "c0757f43081aa96a8733b58fb7f745d8c784ecdfc02477a1b7b99e35416fff0b" ], "fields_to_be_reviewed": [ "price_per_minute", "relays", "tollgate_private_key", "trusted_maintainers" ], "nip94_event_id": "unknown" } root@OpenWrt:~# cat /etc/tollgate/install.json | jq { "package_path": "false", "ip_address_randomized": "false", "install_time": 0, "download_time": 0, "release_channel": "stable", "ensure_default_timestamp": 1746781946 }

Not picking up new version. Perhaps due to default timestamp: root@OpenWrt:~# cat /etc/tollgate/install.json | jq { "package_path": "false", "ip_address_randomized": "false", "install_time": 0, "download_time": 0, "release_channel": "stable", "ensure_default_timestamp": 1746781946 }

We only consider the incoming event in janitor.go if the events timestamp is greater than that of the config file: timestampConfig, err := configManager.GetTimestamp() if err != nil { log.Printf("Error getting timestamp: %v", err) continue } if timestamp > timestampConfig { rightTimeKeys = append(rightTimeKeys, key) }

Re-ran the workflow to generate the event again with a newer timestamp: { "id": "d30f92cdacf453bede2bd36d62231fc40b226cc183239f5daf724829d81bd192", "pubkey": "c0757f43081aa96a8733b58fb7f745d8c784ecdfc02477a1b7b99e35416fff0b", "created_at": 1746782339, "kind": 1063, "content": "TollGate Module Package: basic for gl-mt3000", "tags": [ [ "url", "https://blossom.swissdash.site/700bfb2e1788d8f42c89492562e8503979761ef7d07b7a412f6d9334d7f24f6f.ipk" ], [ "m", "application/octet-stream" ], [ "x", "700bfb2e1788d8f42c89492562e8503979761ef7d07b7a412f6d9334d7f24f6f" ], [ "ox", "700bfb2e1788d8f42c89492562e8503979761ef7d07b7a412f6d9334d7f24f6f" ], [ "filename", "basic-gl-mt3000-aarch64_cortex-a53.ipk" ], [ "architecture", "aarch64_cortex-a53" ], [ "version", "v0.0.6" ], [ "release_channel", "stable" ] ] }

Indeed, that was the issue: root@OpenWrt:~# opkg list-installed | grep "tollgate" tollgate-module-basic-go - v0.0.6

Unfortunately, we can't do much about it, because all the more relevant timestamps were deleted when the config file was deleted. At-least we have this default timestamp to fall back on. Considering this test successful..

New config files: root@OpenWrt:~# cat /etc/tollgate/config.json | jq { "tollgate_private_key": "8a45d0add1c7ddf668f9818df550edfa907ae8ea59d6581a4ca07473d468d663", "accepted_mints": [ "https://mint.minibits.cash/Bitcoin", "https://mint2.nutmix.cash" ], "price_per_minute": 1, "bragging": { "enabled": true, "fields": [ "amount", "mint", "duration" ] }, "relays": [ "wss://relay.damus.io", "wss://nos.lol", "wss://nostr.mom", "wss://relay.tollgate.me" ], "trusted_maintainers": [ "c0757f43081aa96a8733b58fb7f745d8c784ecdfc02477a1b7b99e35416fff0b" ], "fields_to_be_reviewed": [ "price_per_minute", "relays", "tollgate_private_key", "trusted_maintainers" ], "nip94_event_id": "98f5e850f3aff389dd0591fe16f13738970bed1cbcc240f20f09d50e482fe707" } root@OpenWrt:~# cat /etc/tollgate/install.json | jq { "package_path": "/tmp/700bfb2e1788d8f42c89492562e8503979761ef7d07b7a412f6d9334d7f24f6f.ipk", "ip_address_randomized": "192.168.70.1", "install_time": 1746782401, "download_time": 1746782354, "release_channel": "stable", "ensure_default_timestamp": 1746781946, "update_path": null }

@ 5b730fac:9e746e2a

Currently in v0.0.3, package was installed automatically with event ID 9d02b38f147c316756641c7f3f2720c2adf265d0cfa763665d37c9e102294c0c: root@OpenWrt:/tmp# opkg list-installed | grep "tollgate" tollgate-module-basic-go - v0.0.3 root@OpenWrt:/tmp# cat /etc/tollgate/config.json | jq { "tollgate_private_key": "8a45d0add1c7ddf668f9818df550edfa907ae8ea59d6581a4ca07473d468d663", "accepted_mints": [ "https://mint.minibits.cash/Bitcoin", "https://mint2.nutmix.cash" ], "price_per_minute": 1, "bragging": { "enabled": true, "fields": [ "amount", "mint", "duration" ] }, "relays": [ "wss://relay.damus.io", "wss://nos.lol", "wss://nostr.mom", "wss://relay.tollgate.me" ], "trusted_maintainers": [ "c0757f43081aa96a8733b58fb7f745d8c784ecdfc02477a1b7b99e35416fff0b" ], "fields_to_be_reviewed": [ "price_per_minute", "relays", "tollgate_private_key", "trusted_maintainers" ], "nip94_event_id": "9d02b38f147c316756641c7f3f2720c2adf265d0cfa763665d37c9e102294c0c" } root@OpenWrt:/tmp# cat /etc/tollgate/install.json | jq { "package_path": "/tmp/2578aef61b82a50ed92eb77c4831d2133c325536460acdeb7f3024321bd47f3f.ipk", "ip_address_randomized": "10.156.11.1", "install_time": 1746779161, "download_time": 1746779151, "release_channel": "stable", "ensure_default_timestamp": 1746717311, "update_path": null }

Test automatic update

Push new tag c03rad0r@CobradorRomblonMimaropa:~/Documents/test-stable-release-channel$ git push origin v0.0.4 Total 0 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0), pack-reused 0 To https://github.com/c03rad0r/test-stable-release-channel.git * [new tag] v0.0.4 -> v0.0.4

New version is ready: { "id": "5586ad0ff0d26fb17a4856af2774ca22c707c2561e5c8441b09517cd9e1a5fd8", "pubkey": "c0757f43081aa96a8733b58fb7f745d8c784ecdfc02477a1b7b99e35416fff0b", "created_at": 1746780490, "kind": 1063, "content": "TollGate Module Package: basic for gl-mt3000", "tags": [ [ "url", "https://blossom.swissdash.site/ca7af4023894489f11d3e21b8ca4ade76c244834a29115686f041ff356f5b6cd.ipk" ], [ "m", "application/octet-stream" ], [ "x", "ca7af4023894489f11d3e21b8ca4ade76c244834a29115686f041ff356f5b6cd" ], [ "ox", "ca7af4023894489f11d3e21b8ca4ade76c244834a29115686f041ff356f5b6cd" ], [ "filename", "basic-gl-mt3000-aarch64_cortex-a53.ipk" ], [ "architecture", "aarch64_cortex-a53" ], [ "version", "v0.0.4" ], [ "release_channel", "stable" ] ] }

Detected and installed: ``` Fri May 9 08:48:15 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[6843]: Started the timer Fri May 9 08:48:15 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[6843]: Intersection: [basic-gl-mt3000-aarch64_cortex-a53.ipk-v0.0.4] Fri May 9 08:48:15 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[6843]: Right Time Keys: [basic-gl-mt3000-aarch64_cortex-a53.ipk-v0.0.4] Fri May 9 08:48:15 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[6843]: Right Arch Keys: [basic-gl-mt3000-aarch64_cortex-a53.ipk-v0.0.3 basic-gl-mt3000-aarch64_cortex-a53.ipk-v0.0.2 basic-gl-mt3000-aarch64_cortex-a53.ipk-v0.0.4] Fri May 9 08:48:15 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[6843]: Right Version Keys: [basic-gl-mt3000-aarch64_cortex-a53.ipk-v0.0.4] Fri May 9 08:48:25 2025 daemon.err tollgate-basic[6843]: 2025/05/09 08:48:25.468498 Timeout reached, checking for new versions Fri May 9 08:48:25 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[6843]: Sorted Qualifying Events Keys: [basic-gl-mt3000-aarch64_cortex-a53.ipk-v0.0.4] Fri May 9 08:48:25 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[6843]: Newer package version available: v0.0.4 Fri May 9 08:48:25 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[6843]: Downloading package from https://blossom.swissdash.site/ca7af4023894489f11d3e21b8ca4ade76c244834a29115686f041ff356f5b6cd.ipk to /tmp/ca7af4023894489f11d3e21b8ca4ade76c244834a29115686f041ff356f5b6cd.ipk Fri May 9 08:48:27 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[6843]: Package downloaded successfully to /tmp/ Fri May 9 08:48:27 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[6843]: New package version is ready to be installed by cronjob Fri May 9 08:48:27 2025 daemon.err tollgate-basic[6843]: 2025/05/09 08:48:27.225508 Verifying package checksum Fri May 9 08:48:27 2025 daemon.err tollgate-basic[6843]: 2025/05/09 08:48:27.235069 Package checksum verified successfully Fri May 9 08:49:07 2025 daemon.err tollgate-basic[7893]: 2025/05/09 08:49:07 NIP94EventID: 5586ad0ff0d26fb17a4856af2774ca22c707c2561e5c8441b09517cd9e1a5fd8 Fri May 9 08:49:07 2025 daemon.err tollgate-basic[7893]: 2025/05/09 08:49:07 IPAddressRandomized: 10.156.11.1 Fri May 9 08:49:07 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[7893]: TODO: include min payment (1) for https://mint.minibits.cash/Bitcoin in future Fri May 9 08:49:07 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[7893]: TODO: include min payment (1) for https://mint2.nutmix.cash in future Fri May 9 08:49:07 2025 daemon.err tollgate-basic[7893]: 2025/05/09 08:49:07 Janitor module initialized and listening for NIP-94 events Fri May 9 08:49:07 2025 daemon.err tollgate-basic[7893]: 2025/05/09 08:49:07.880020 Registering handlers... Fri May 9 08:49:07 2025 daemon.err tollgate-basic[7893]: 2025/05/09 08:49:07.880158 Starting HTTP server on all interfaces... Fri May 9 08:49:07 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[7893]: Starting Tollgate - TIP-01

```

New version installation confirmed: root@OpenWrt:/tmp# opkg list-installed | grep "tollgate" tollgate-module-basic-go - v0.0.4

@ 5b730fac:9e746e2a

Perpare v0.0.2

Package to install: { "id": "d0f0b18f14b1962d3b86c96fc392f791eb33e66b3d2e463036eb800d10a40777", "pubkey": "c0757f43081aa96a8733b58fb7f745d8c784ecdfc02477a1b7b99e35416fff0b", "created_at": 1746739263, "kind": 1063, "content": "TollGate Module Package: basic for gl-mt3000", "tags": [ [ "url", "https://blossom.swissdash.site/9e2da2b2f83b81e5227231879dda45408dd2ec00c403d88eb5e272ea26431424.ipk" ], [ "m", "application/octet-stream" ], [ "x", "9e2da2b2f83b81e5227231879dda45408dd2ec00c403d88eb5e272ea26431424" ], [ "ox", "9e2da2b2f83b81e5227231879dda45408dd2ec00c403d88eb5e272ea26431424" ], [ "filename", "basic-gl-mt3000-aarch64_cortex-a53.ipk" ], [ "architecture", "aarch64_cortex-a53" ], [ "version", "v0.0.2" ], [ "release_channel", "stable" ] ] }

Package is installed: root@OpenWrt:/tmp# opkg install 9e2da2b2f83b81e5227231879dda45408dd2ec00c403d88eb5e272ea26431424.ipk Package tollgate-module-basic-go (v0.0.2) installed in root is up to date. root@OpenWrt:/tmp# opkg list-installed | grep "tollgate" tollgate-module-basic-go - v0.0.2

Config files are in unknown event state and in dev channel: root@OpenWrt:/tmp# cat /etc/tollgate/install.json | jq { "package_path": "/tmp/f8295d4a4cd91d3940326ce00f664adf36bafc1d7f17c16f4a0c2d435a0592ef.ipk", "ip_address_randomized": "10.156.11.1", "install_time": 1746777188, "download_time": 1746720038, "release_channel": "dev", "ensure_default_timestamp": 1746717311, "update_path": null } root@OpenWrt:/tmp# cat /etc/tollgate/config.json | jq { "tollgate_private_key": "8a45d0add1c7ddf668f9818df550edfa907ae8ea59d6581a4ca07473d468d663", "accepted_mints": [ "https://mint.minibits.cash/Bitcoin", "https://mint2.nutmix.cash" ], "price_per_minute": 1, "bragging": { "enabled": true, "fields": [ "amount", "mint", "duration" ] }, "relays": [ "wss://relay.damus.io", "wss://nos.lol", "wss://nostr.mom", "wss://relay.tollgate.me" ], "trusted_maintainers": [ "5075e61f0b048148b60105c1dd72bbeae1957336ae5824087e52efa374f8416a" ], "fields_to_be_reviewed": [ "price_per_minute", "relays", "tollgate_private_key", "trusted_maintainers" ], "nip94_event_id": "unknown" }

Create new tag (v0.0.3)

Publish new version: { "id": "9d02b38f147c316756641c7f3f2720c2adf265d0cfa763665d37c9e102294c0c", "pubkey": "c0757f43081aa96a8733b58fb7f745d8c784ecdfc02477a1b7b99e35416fff0b", "created_at": 1746778146, "kind": 1063, "content": "TollGate Module Package: basic for gl-mt3000", "tags": [ [ "url", "https://blossom.swissdash.site/2578aef61b82a50ed92eb77c4831d2133c325536460acdeb7f3024321bd47f3f.ipk" ], [ "m", "application/octet-stream" ], [ "x", "2578aef61b82a50ed92eb77c4831d2133c325536460acdeb7f3024321bd47f3f" ], [ "ox", "2578aef61b82a50ed92eb77c4831d2133c325536460acdeb7f3024321bd47f3f" ], [ "filename", "basic-gl-mt3000-aarch64_cortex-a53.ipk" ], [ "architecture", "aarch64_cortex-a53" ], [ "version", "v0.0.3" ], [ "release_channel", "stable" ] ] }

Turn off janitor and witch to stable channel: root@OpenWrt:/tmp# service tollgate-basic status running root@OpenWrt:/tmp# service tollgate-basic stop root@OpenWrt:/tmp# service tollgate-basic status inactive root@OpenWrt:/tmp# vi /etc/tollgate/install.json root@OpenWrt:/tmp# cat /etc/tollgate/install.json | jq { "package_path": "/tmp/f8295d4a4cd91d3940326ce00f664adf36bafc1d7f17c16f4a0c2d435a0592ef.ipk", "ip_address_randomized": "10.156.11.1", "install_time": 1746777188, "download_time": 1746720038, "release_channel": "stable", "ensure_default_timestamp": 1746717311, "update_path": null } root@OpenWrt:/tmp# service tollgate-basic start

TollGate not updating yet: ``` Fri May 9 08:14:31 2025 daemon.err tollgate-basic[6195]: 2025/05/09 08:14:31 NIP94EventID: unknown Fri May 9 08:14:31 2025 daemon.err tollgate-basic[6195]: 2025/05/09 08:14:31 IPAddressRandomized: 10.156.11.1 Fri May 9 08:14:31 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[6195]: TODO: include min payment (1) for https://mint.minibits.cash/Bitcoin in future Fri May 9 08:14:31 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[6195]: TODO: include min payment (1) for https://mint2.nutmix.cash in future Fri May 9 08:14:31 2025 daemon.err tollgate-basic[6195]: 2025/05/09 08:14:31 Janitor module initialized and listening for NIP-94 events Fri May 9 08:14:31 2025 daemon.err tollgate-basic[6195]: 2025/05/09 08:14:31.986743 Registering handlers... Fri May 9 08:14:31 2025 daemon.err tollgate-basic[6195]: 2025/05/09 08:14:31.986768 Starting to listen for NIP-94 events Fri May 9 08:14:31 2025 daemon.err tollgate-basic[6195]: 2025/05/09 08:14:31.986912 Starting HTTP server on all interfaces... Fri May 9 08:14:31 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[6195]: Starting Tollgate - TIP-01 Fri May 9 08:14:31 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[6195]: Listening on all interfaces on port :2121 Fri May 9 08:14:31 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[6195]: Starting event processing loop Fri May 9 08:14:31 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[6195]: Connecting to relay: wss://relay.damus.io Fri May 9 08:14:31 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[6195]: Connecting to relay: wss://nostr.mom Fri May 9 08:14:31 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[6195]: Connecting to relay: wss://nos.lol Fri May 9 08:14:31 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[6195]: Connecting to relay: wss://relay.tollgate.me Fri May 9 08:14:32 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[6195]: Connected to relay: wss://nos.lol Fri May 9 08:14:32 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[6195]: Subscription successful on relay wss://nos.lol Fri May 9 08:14:32 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[6195]: Subscribed to NIP-94 events on relay wss://nos.lol Fri May 9 08:14:32 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[6195]: Connected to relay: wss://nostr.mom Fri May 9 08:14:32 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[6195]: Subscription successful on relay wss://nostr.mom Fri May 9 08:14:32 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[6195]: Subscribed to NIP-94 events on relay wss://nostr.mom Fri May 9 08:14:32 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[6195]: Connected to relay: wss://relay.damus.io Fri May 9 08:14:32 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[6195]: Subscription successful on relay wss://relay.damus.io Fri May 9 08:14:32 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[6195]: Subscribed to NIP-94 events on relay wss://relay.damus.io Fri May 9 08:14:51 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[6195]: Connecting to relay: wss://relay.tollgate.me

```

TollGate is still at v0.0.2: root@OpenWrt:/tmp# opkg list-installed | grep "tollgate" tollgate-module-basic-go - v0.0.2

Adjusted trusted maintainer in config file: root@OpenWrt:/tmp# cat /etc/tollgate/config.json | jq { "tollgate_private_key": "8a45d0add1c7ddf668f9818df550edfa907ae8ea59d6581a4ca07473d468d663", "accepted_mints": [ "https://mint.minibits.cash/Bitcoin", "https://mint2.nutmix.cash" ], "price_per_minute": 1, "bragging": { "enabled": true, "fields": [ "amount", "mint", "duration" ] }, "relays": [ "wss://relay.damus.io", "wss://nos.lol", "wss://nostr.mom", "wss://relay.tollgate.me" ], "trusted_maintainers": [ "c0757f43081aa96a8733b58fb7f745d8c784ecdfc02477a1b7b99e35416fff0b" ], "fields_to_be_reviewed": [ "price_per_minute", "relays", "tollgate_private_key", "trusted_maintainers" ], "nip94_event_id": "unknown" }

Update succeeded: Fri May 9 08:25:39 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[6375]: Connecting to relay: wss://relay.damus.io Fri May 9 08:25:39 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[6375]: Connecting to relay: wss://nostr.mom Fri May 9 08:25:39 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[6375]: Connecting to relay: wss://relay.tollgate.me Fri May 9 08:25:39 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[6375]: Connecting to relay: wss://nos.lol Fri May 9 08:25:39 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[6375]: Connected to relay: wss://nos.lol Fri May 9 08:25:39 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[6375]: Connected to relay: wss://nostr.mom Fri May 9 08:25:39 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[6375]: Subscription successful on relay wss://nostr.mom Fri May 9 08:25:39 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[6375]: Subscribed to NIP-94 events on relay wss://nostr.mom Fri May 9 08:25:39 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[6375]: Subscription successful on relay wss://nos.lol Fri May 9 08:25:39 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[6375]: Subscribed to NIP-94 events on relay wss://nos.lol Fri May 9 08:25:39 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[6375]: Connected to relay: wss://relay.damus.io Fri May 9 08:25:39 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[6375]: Subscription successful on relay wss://relay.damus.io Fri May 9 08:25:39 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[6375]: Subscribed to NIP-94 events on relay wss://relay.damus.io Fri May 9 08:25:39 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[6375]: Started the timer Fri May 9 08:25:39 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[6375]: Intersection: [basic-gl-mt3000-aarch64_cortex-a53.ipk-v0.0.3] Fri May 9 08:25:39 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[6375]: Right Time Keys: [basic-gl-mt3000-aarch64_cortex-a53.ipk-v0.0.3] Fri May 9 08:25:39 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[6375]: Right Arch Keys: [basic-gl-mt3000-aarch64_cortex-a53.ipk-v0.0.3] Fri May 9 08:25:39 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[6375]: Right Version Keys: [basic-gl-mt3000-aarch64_cortex-a53.ipk-v0.0.3] Fri May 9 08:25:49 2025 daemon.err tollgate-basic[6375]: 2025/05/09 08:25:49.968769 Timeout reached, checking for new versions Fri May 9 08:25:49 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[6375]: Sorted Qualifying Events Keys: [basic-gl-mt3000-aarch64_cortex-a53.ipk-v0.0.3] Fri May 9 08:25:49 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[6375]: Newer package version available: v0.0.3 Fri May 9 08:25:49 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[6375]: Downloading package from https://blossom.swissdash.site/2578aef61b82a50ed92eb77c4831d2133c325536460acdeb7f3024321bd47f3f.ipk to /tmp/2578aef61b82a50ed92eb77c4831d2133c325536460acdeb7f3024321bd47f3f.ipk Fri May 9 08:25:51 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[6375]: Package downloaded successfully to /tmp/ Fri May 9 08:25:51 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[6375]: New package version is ready to be installed by cronjob Fri May 9 08:25:51 2025 daemon.err tollgate-basic[6375]: 2025/05/09 08:25:51.327815 Verifying package checksum Fri May 9 08:25:51 2025 daemon.err tollgate-basic[6375]: 2025/05/09 08:25:51.337239 Package checksum verified successfully Fri May 9 08:25:59 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[6375]: Connecting to relay: wss://relay.tollgate.me Fri May 9 08:26:06 2025 daemon.err tollgate-basic[6843]: 2025/05/09 08:26:06 NIP94EventID: 9d02b38f147c316756641c7f3f2720c2adf265d0cfa763665d37c9e102294c0c Fri May 9 08:26:06 2025 daemon.err tollgate-basic[6843]: 2025/05/09 08:26:06 IPAddressRandomized: 10.156.11.1 Fri May 9 08:26:07 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[6843]: TODO: include min payment (1) for https://mint.minibits.cash/Bitcoin in future Fri May 9 08:26:07 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[6843]: TODO: include min payment (1) for https://mint2.nutmix.cash in future Fri May 9 08:26:07 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[6843]: Starting Tollgate - TIP-01 Fri May 9 08:26:07 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[6843]: Listening on all interfaces on port :2121 Fri May 9 08:26:07 2025 daemon.err tollgate-basic[6843]: 2025/05/09 08:26:07 Janitor module initialized and listening for NIP-94 events Fri May 9 08:26:07 2025 daemon.err tollgate-basic[6843]: 2025/05/09 08:26:07.762570 Registering handlers... Fri May 9 08:26:07 2025 daemon.err tollgate-basic[6843]: 2025/05/09 08:26:07.762699 Starting HTTP server on all interfaces... Fri May 9 08:26:07 2025 daemon.err tollgate-basic[6843]: 2025/05/09 08:26:07.763463 Starting to listen for NIP-94 events Fri May 9 08:26:07 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[6843]: Starting event processing loop

New version: root@OpenWrt:/tmp# opkg list-installed | grep "tollgate" tollgate-module-basic-go - v0.0.3

@ a8d1560d:3fec7a08

h1 🙂

h2 😈

h3 😴

h4 💩

h5 👾

h6 😺

codeblock 😮‍💨🤖😨😎😉🛹🧗🏻‍♀🥉🤸🏻‍♂️

Further tests

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@ c9badfea:610f861a

1. Install LibreTorrent (it's free and open source)
2. Search for torrents on various sources (see links below)
3. Copy the torrent's 🧲️ Magnet Link
4. Open LibreTorrent, tap the + icon, and select Add Link
5. Paste the magnet link and tap Add
6. The app will display the torrent's details and files; tap the ✓ icon to start the download

Some Sources

• FMHY
• The Pirate Bay
• Torrends
• 1337x

ℹ️ Magnet links start with magnet:?

ℹ️ Tapping a magnet link usually opens LibreTorrent automatically

⚠️ Using a VPN is strongly recommended

@ bbef5093:71228592

Google három fejlett atomerőmű-fejlesztését finanszírozza

A Google megállapodást kötött az amerikai Elementl Power nevű nukleáris projektfejlesztő céggel, hogy legalább három, egyenként 600 MW kapacitású fejlett atomerőmű fejlesztését finanszírozza az Egyesült Államokban. Ezek a projektek a Google és más nagy technológiai cégek növekvő energiaigényét szolgálják ki, különösen az adatközpontok és a mesterséges intelligencia (AI) miatt[7][10][19][16]. A Google a fejlesztés korai szakaszában biztosít tőkét, a projektek befejezése után pedig lehetősége lesz az ott termelt villamos energia megvásárlására. A pontos helyszíneket és a megállapodás pénzügyi részleteit egyelőre nem hozták nyilvánosságra[10][19][16].

A Google célja, hogy működését 24/7, azaz folyamatosan elérhető, szén-dioxid-mentes energiával lássa el, és ezzel hozzájáruljon az elektromos hálózatok stabilitásához is[10][19][6]. Az Elementl Power technológia-semleges, vagyis még nem döntötték el, milyen típusú reaktort használnak, hanem a fejlesztésben legelőrébb járó technológiát választják majd a kivitelezés idején[10][19][16].

Big Tech és az atomenergia: trendek

A Google mellett más nagy technológiai cégek, például a Microsoft, az Amazon és az Oracle is elkötelezettek az atomenergia mellett, hogy adatközpontjaik számára megbízható, alacsony szén-dioxid-kibocsátású áramot biztosítsanak[15][11][20]. A Google például a Kairos Power nevű céggel is együttműködik kis moduláris reaktorok (SMR) fejlesztésében, amelyek első példányai 2030 körül állhatnak üzembe[1][2][3][17][8]. Az SMR-ek előnye, hogy gyorsabban és olcsóbban telepíthetők, mint a hagyományos nagy atomerőművek, és rugalmasabban illeszthetők az energiaigényekhez[2][3][1].

Pallas kutatóreaktor Hollandiában

Hollandiában befejezték az új Pallas kutatóreaktor alapozását és munkagödrét, ami jelentős mérföldkő a projektben. A reaktor az orvosi radioizotópok előállításában játszik majd kulcsszerepet, több millió beteg ellátását biztosítva világszerte, főként daganatos és szív-érrendszeri betegségek diagnosztikájában és terápiájában. A Pallas reaktor a jelenlegi, 1961 óta működő High-Flux Reactort (HFR) fogja felváltani[forrás: eredeti szöveg].

Finn SMR fejlesztés: demonstrációs üzem

A finn Steady Energy vállalat nem-nukleáris demonstrációs üzemet épít a helsinki Salmisaari B széntüzelésű erőmű helyén, hogy bemutassa LDR-50 típusú kis moduláris reaktorának (SMR) alkalmasságát távhőtermelésre. A projekt célja, hogy a fosszilis energiahordozókat alacsony kibocsátású technológiával váltsa fel a városi távhőrendszerekben[forrás: eredeti szöveg].

Urán és nukleáris üzemanyag: amerikai fejlesztések

Az amerikai Uranium Energy Corp (UEC) és a Radiant Industries megállapodást kötött amerikai eredetű urán szállításáról, hogy támogassák a Radiant Kaleidos mikroraktorok elterjedését. Ezek a mikroraktorok 1 MW teljesítményűek, szállíthatók, és 2028-tól kezdődhet a kereskedelmi alkalmazásuk[forrás: eredeti szöveg].

A Global Laser Enrichment (GLE) Észak-Karolinában megkezdte a harmadik generációs, lézeralapú Silex urándúsítási technológia demonstrációs tesztjeit. Ez a technológia nagyobb hatékonyságot, alacsonyabb költségeket és rugalmasabb üzemanyaggyártást ígér a jövő atomerőművei számára. A GLE célja, hogy 2028-tól kereskedelmi üzembe helyezze az új dúsítóüzemet Kentuckyban[forrás: eredeti szöveg].

Egyéb hírek röviden

• Az Egyesült Államokban befejezték az ITER szupra­vezető mágnesének utolsó moduljának tesztelését, amely kulcsfontosságú a franciaországi fúziós kísérleti reaktorban.
• Ausztráliában a nukleáris energia bevezetését szorgalmazza egy lobbicsoport, bár jelenleg törvény tiltja az atomerőművek építését.
• Csehországban, a Dukovany atomerőmű bővítésével kapcsolatos szerződéseket írtak alá dél-koreai cégekkel, egy francia bírósági tiltás ellenére.
• 2025 júniusában Zágrábban rendezik meg a European Nuclear Young Generation Forumot, amely a fiatal nukleáris szakemberek legnagyobb európai találkozója lesz[forrás: eredeti szöveg].

---

Hivatkozások:[1][2][3][7][10][16][19] – Google és nukleáris projektek[15][11][20] – Big Tech trendek
További részletek a többi témáról az eredeti szövegben találhatók.

Hivatkozások: [1] A Google 7 atomreaktor megépítését támogatja az MI ... - itbusiness https://itbusiness.hu/technology/aktualis-lapszam/strategy/google-reaktor/ [2] Google új generációs atomreaktorokból vásárol áramot - DinaMix https://dinamix.hu/google-uj-generacios-atomreaktorokbol-vasarol-aramot/ [3] A Google moduláris atomreaktorokat vásárol a saját energiaellátására https://gyartastrend.hu/cikk/a-google-modularis-atomreaktorokat-vasarol-a-sajat-energiaellatasara [4] Az atom vonzza a befektetőket - Atombiztos Blog https://www.atombiztos.org/2025/05/05/az-atom-vonzza-a-befektetoket/125967/ [5] Máris trükköznek az AI-óriások, csak több áramuk legyen https://www.szabadeuropa.hu/a/maris-trukkoznek-az-ai-oriasok-csak-tobb-aramuk-legyen/33167550.html [6] 24/7 Clean Energy – Data Centers - Google https://www.google.com/about/datacenters/cleanenergy/ [7] Google agrees to fund three US nuclear power plants https://business.inquirer.net/524307/google-agrees-to-fund-three-us-nuclear-power-plants [8] Atomreaktorok építését rendelte meg a Google - Telex https://telex.hu/gazdasag/2024/10/14/google-kairos-atomeromu [9] Operating sustainably - Google Data Centers https://datacenters.google/operating-sustainably [10] Google To Commit Funding For Three Advanced Nuclear Power ... https://www.nucnet.org/news/google-to-commit-funding-for-three-advanced-nuclear-power-projects-5-4-2025 [11] Az atomenergia mellett tette le a voksát több technológiai óriás https://www.vg.hu/nemzetkozi-gazdasag/2025/03/atomenergia-technologiai-orias [12] 24/7 Carbon-free Energy Explained - Eavor Technologies https://eavor.com/blog/24-7-carbon-free-energy-explained/ [13] Google agrees to fund the development of three new nuclear sites https://www.reddit.com/r/nuclear/comments/1kh2s7t/google_agrees_to_fund_the_development_of_three/ [14] Téma: Új atomerőművet építtet magának a Google - PC Fórum https://pcforum.hu/tarsalgo/154783/uj-atomeromuvet-epittet-maganak-a-google-nem-is-egyet-hanem-mindjart-harmat [15] Big Tech has cozied up to nuclear energy - The Verge https://www.theverge.com/2024/10/5/24261405/google-microsoft-amazon-tech-data-center-nuclear-energy [16] Google to back development of 3 nuclear sites on data center push https://nypost.com/2025/05/07/business/google-to-back-development-of-3-nuclear-sites-on-data-center-push/ [17] Moduláris atomreaktorokból vásárol energiát a Google - HWSW https://www.hwsw.hu/hirek/68282/google-kairospower-atomreaktor-energia-aram.html [18] What is 24/7 carbon-free energy? - Baseload Capital https://www.baseloadcap.com/what-is-24-7-carbon-free-energy/ [19] Google to fund development of three nuclear power sites https://www.world-nuclear-news.org/articles/google-to-fund-elementl-to-prepare-three-nuclear-power-sites [20] Óriáscégek álltak a nukleáris reneszánsz élére - Világgazdaság http://www.vg.hu/nemzetkozi-gazdasag/2025/03/nuklearis-energia-amazon-google

@ 000002de:c05780a7

Just an observation that makes me chuckle.

originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/974829

@ 5b730fac:9e746e2a

| Channel | Push to Branch | Previous Installation Method | NIP94 Event ID Updated as Expected | New Update Installed as Expected | Test Passed | | ----------------------------------- | ----------------- | ---------------------------- | ---------------------------------- | -------------------------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | deleted config files, first install | Already installed | Manual | Yes | Yes | Yes
nostr:naddr1qvzqqqr4gupzqkmnp7kx5h36rumhjrtkxdslvqu38fyf09wv53u4hrqmvx08gm32qqxnzde5xcmnzwpnxq6rvdp59d83mz |

Before pushing update

Check state

Currently installed NIP94 event: { "id": "8e75993b2b6d28e4336bc90150e2c69db97d45f1c7db6bf3c3892cee55f45c44", "pubkey": "5075e61f0b048148b60105c1dd72bbeae1957336ae5824087e52efa374f8416a", "created_at": 1746716510, "kind": 1063, "content": "TollGate Module Package: basic for gl-mt3000", "tags": [ [ "url", "https://blossom.swissdash.site/bf6608e98a60cf977100d50aa21f720d4e369356fd9b5ca24616f9a7226bd41c.ipk" ], [ "m", "application/octet-stream" ], [ "x", "bf6608e98a60cf977100d50aa21f720d4e369356fd9b5ca24616f9a7226bd41c" ], [ "ox", "bf6608e98a60cf977100d50aa21f720d4e369356fd9b5ca24616f9a7226bd41c" ], [ "filename", "basic-gl-mt3000-aarch64_cortex-a53.ipk" ], [ "architecture", "aarch64_cortex-a53" ], [ "version", "multiple_mints_rebase_taglist_detect_package_test-92-1157a2f" ], [ "release_channel", "dev" ] ] }

Current version picked up by opkg: root@OpenWrt:/tmp# opkg list-installed | grep "tollgate" tollgate-module-basic-go - multiple_mints_rebase_taglist_detect_package-92-1157a2f

Check basic module's logic

Config.json contains the right event ID: ``` root@OpenWrt:/tmp# cat /etc/tollgate/config.json | jq { "tollgate_private_key": "8a45d0add1c7ddf668f9818df550edfa907ae8ea59d6581a4ca07473d468d663", "accepted_mints": [ "https://mint.minibits.cash/Bitcoin", "https://mint2.nutmix.cash" ], "price_per_minute": 1, "bragging": { "enabled": true, "fields": [ "amount", "mint", "duration" ] }, "relays": [ "wss://relay.damus.io", "wss://nos.lol", "wss://nostr.mom", "wss://relay.tollgate.me" ], "trusted_maintainers": [ "5075e61f0b048148b60105c1dd72bbeae1957336ae5824087e52efa374f8416a" ], "fields_to_be_reviewed": [ "price_per_minute", "relays", "tollgate_private_key", "trusted_maintainers" ], "nip94_event_id": "62a39f60f5b3e3f0910adc592c0468c5c134ce321238884e9f016caad4c5231b" }

```

Install.json contains the right package path: root@OpenWrt:/tmp# cat /etc/tollgate/install.json | jq { "package_path": "/tmp/1bfcd4d08a4bf70d2878ee4bca2d3ba7c5a839355dc0eeef30e2589aa16ccfb3.ipk", "ip_address_randomized": "192.168.3.1", "install_time": 1746715561, "download_time": 1746715507, "release_channel": "dev", "ensure_default_timestamp": 1746634883, "update_path": null }

Deactivate, delete config files and start

Deactivate & delete config files: root@OpenWrt:/tmp# service tollgate-basic stop root@OpenWrt:/tmp# service tollgate-basic status inactive root@OpenWrt:/tmp# rm /etc/tollgate/config.json /etc/tollgate/install.json root@OpenWrt:/tmp# ls /etc/tollgate/config.json /etc/tollgate/install.json ls: /etc/tollgate/config.json: No such file or directory ls: /etc/tollgate/install.json: No such file or directory

Start and check configs. Release channel is set to stable by default: root@OpenWrt:/tmp# cat /etc/tollgate/config.json | jq { "tollgate_private_key": "8a45d0add1c7ddf668f9818df550edfa907ae8ea59d6581a4ca07473d468d663", "accepted_mints": [ "https://mint.minibits.cash/Bitcoin", "https://mint2.nutmix.cash" ], "price_per_minute": 1, "bragging": { "enabled": true, "fields": [ "amount", "mint", "duration" ] }, "relays": [ "wss://relay.damus.io", "wss://nos.lol", "wss://nostr.mom", "wss://relay.tollgate.me" ], "trusted_maintainers": [ "5075e61f0b048148b60105c1dd72bbeae1957336ae5824087e52efa374f8416a" ], "fields_to_be_reviewed": [ "price_per_minute", "relays", "tollgate_private_key", "trusted_maintainers" ], "nip94_event_id": "unknown" } root@OpenWrt:/tmp# cat /etc/tollgate/install.json | jq { "package_path": "false", "ip_address_randomized": "false", "install_time": 0, "download_time": 0, "release_channel": "stable", "ensure_default_timestamp": 1746717311 }

Logs are too verbose, but otherwise fine. Skipped all events due to release channel: Thu May 8 15:15:13 2025 daemon.err tollgate-basic[13609]: 2025/05/08 15:15:13.233356 Skipping event due to release channel mismatch Thu May 8 15:15:13 2025 daemon.err tollgate-basic[13609]: 2025/05/08 15:15:13.235395 Skipping event due to release channel mismatch Thu May 8 15:15:13 2025 daemon.err tollgate-basic[13609]: 2025/05/08 15:15:13.237559 Skipping event due to release channel mismatch Thu May 8 15:15:13 2025 daemon.err tollgate-basic[13609]: 2025/05/08 15:15:13.239556 Skipping event due to release channel mismatch Thu May 8 15:15:13 2025 daemon.err tollgate-basic[13609]: 2025/05/08 15:15:13.241685 Skipping event due to release channel mismatch Thu May 8 15:15:13 2025 daemon.err tollgate-basic[13609]: 2025/05/08 15:15:13.259370 Skipping event due to release channel mismatch Thu May 8 15:15:13 2025 daemon.err tollgate-basic[13609]: 2025/05/08 15:15:13.261258 Skipping event due to release channel mismatch Thu May 8 15:15:31 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[13609]: Connecting to relay: wss://relay.tollgate.me Thu May 8 15:15:56 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[13609]: Connecting to relay: wss://relay.tollgate.me

Stop tollgate-basic: root@OpenWrt:/tmp# service tollgate-basic stop root@OpenWrt:/tmp# service tollgate-basic status inactive

Switch to dev channel: root@OpenWrt:/tmp# cat /etc/tollgate/install.json | jq { "package_path": "false", "ip_address_randomized": "false", "install_time": 0, "download_time": 0, "release_channel": "stable", "ensure_default_timestamp": 1746717311 } root@OpenWrt:/tmp# vi /etc/tollgate/install.json root@OpenWrt:/tmp# cat /etc/tollgate/install.json | jq { "package_path": "false", "ip_address_randomized": "false", "install_time": 0, "download_time": 0, "release_channel": "dev", "ensure_default_timestamp": 1746717311 }

Restart service: root@OpenWrt:/tmp# service tollgate-basic start root@OpenWrt:/tmp# service tollgate-basic status running

Logread: Thu May 8 15:21:10 2025 daemon.err tollgate-basic[13838]: 2025/05/08 15:21:10 NIP94EventID: unknown Thu May 8 15:21:10 2025 daemon.err tollgate-basic[13838]: 2025/05/08 15:21:10 IPAddressRandomized: false Thu May 8 15:21:10 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[13838]: TODO: include min payment (1) for https://mint.minibits.cash/Bitcoin in future Thu May 8 15:21:10 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[13838]: TODO: include min payment (1) for https://mint2.nutmix.cash in future Thu May 8 15:21:10 2025 daemon.err tollgate-basic[13838]: 2025/05/08 15:21:10 Janitor module initialized and listening for NIP-94 events Thu May 8 15:21:10 2025 daemon.err tollgate-basic[13838]: 2025/05/08 15:21:10.861535 Registering handlers... Thu May 8 15:21:10 2025 daemon.err tollgate-basic[13838]: 2025/05/08 15:21:10.861715 Starting HTTP server on all interfaces... Thu May 8 15:21:10 2025 daemon.err tollgate-basic[13838]: 2025/05/08 15:21:10.861834 Starting to listen for NIP-94 events Thu May 8 15:21:10 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[13838]: Starting Tollgate - TIP-01 Thu May 8 15:21:10 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[13838]: Listening on all interfaces on port :2121 Thu May 8 15:21:10 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[13838]: Starting event processing loop Thu May 8 15:21:10 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[13838]: Connecting to relay: wss://nos.lol Thu May 8 15:21:10 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[13838]: Connecting to relay: wss://nostr.mom Thu May 8 15:21:10 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[13838]: Connecting to relay: wss://relay.tollgate.me Thu May 8 15:21:10 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[13838]: Connecting to relay: wss://relay.damus.io Thu May 8 15:21:11 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[13838]: Connected to relay: wss://nos.lol Thu May 8 15:21:11 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[13838]: Subscription successful on relay wss://nos.lol Thu May 8 15:21:11 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[13838]: Subscribed to NIP-94 events on relay wss://nos.lol Thu May 8 15:21:11 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[13838]: Connected to relay: wss://nostr.mom Thu May 8 15:21:11 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[13838]: Subscription successful on relay wss://nostr.mom Thu May 8 15:21:11 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[13838]: Subscribed to NIP-94 events on relay wss://nostr.mom Thu May 8 15:21:11 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[13838]: Connected to relay: wss://relay.damus.io Thu May 8 15:21:11 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[13838]: Subscription successful on relay wss://relay.damus.io Thu May 8 15:21:11 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[13838]: Subscribed to NIP-94 events on relay wss://relay.damus.io Thu May 8 15:21:30 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[13838]: Connecting to relay: wss://relay.tollgate.me

Trigger new event: ``` c03rad0r@CobradorRomblonMimaropa:~/TG/tollgate-module-basic-go/src$ git push github Enumerating objects: 9, done. Counting objects: 100% (9/9), done. Delta compression using up to 8 threads Compressing objects: 100% (5/5), done. Writing objects: 100% (5/5), 416 bytes | 416.00 KiB/s, done. Total 5 (delta 4), reused 0 (delta 0), pack-reused 0 remote: Resolving deltas: 100% (4/4), completed with 4 local objects. To https://github.com/OpenTollGate/tollgate-module-basic-go.git 1157a2f..e775bce multiple_mints_rebase_taglist_detect_package -> multiple_mints_rebase_taglist_detect_package

{ "id": "c73756a13f0ca270510d4301c1dbf433989974c33262fd3cd07627eacc3d6481", "pubkey": "5075e61f0b048148b60105c1dd72bbeae1957336ae5824087e52efa374f8416a", "created_at": 1746718037, "kind": 1063, "content": "TollGate Module Package: basic for gl-mt3000", "tags": [ [ "url", "https://blossom.swissdash.site/cffba9d8b8bc9e1c59c97fdf238a47bdb8d6ad3003e4ae8b6cf50ca301f13078.ipk" ], [ "m", "application/octet-stream" ], [ "x", "cffba9d8b8bc9e1c59c97fdf238a47bdb8d6ad3003e4ae8b6cf50ca301f13078" ], [ "ox", "cffba9d8b8bc9e1c59c97fdf238a47bdb8d6ad3003e4ae8b6cf50ca301f13078" ], [ "filename", "basic-gl-mt3000-aarch64_cortex-a53.ipk" ], [ "architecture", "aarch64_cortex-a53" ], [ "version", "multiple_mints_rebase_taglist_detect_package-93-e775bce" ], [ "release_channel", "dev" ] ] } ```

New event caught, updated and restarted: Thu May 8 15:27:19 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[13838]: Started the timer Thu May 8 15:27:19 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[13838]: Intersection: [basic-gl-mt3000-aarch64_cortex-a53.ipk-multiple_mints_rebase_taglist_detect_package-93-e775bce] Thu May 8 15:27:19 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[13838]: Right Time Keys: [basic-gl-mt3000-aarch64_cortex-a53.ipk-multiple_mints_rebase_taglist_detect_package-93-e775bce] Thu May 8 15:27:19 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[13838]: Right Arch Keys count: 61 Thu May 8 15:27:19 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[13838]: Right Version Keys: [basic-gl-mt3000-aarch64_cortex-a53.ipk-multiple_mints_rebase_taglist_detect_package-93-e775bce] Thu May 8 15:27:29 2025 daemon.err tollgate-basic[13838]: 2025/05/08 15:27:29.928620 Timeout reached, checking for new versions Thu May 8 15:27:29 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[13838]: Sorted Qualifying Events Keys: [basic-gl-mt3000-aarch64_cortex-a53.ipk-multiple_mints_rebase_taglist_detect_package-93-e775bce] Thu May 8 15:27:29 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[13838]: Newer package version available: multiple_mints_rebase_taglist_detect_package-93-e775bce Thu May 8 15:27:29 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[13838]: Downloading package from https://blossom.swissdash.site/cffba9d8b8bc9e1c59c97fdf238a47bdb8d6ad3003e4ae8b6cf50ca301f13078.ipk to /tmp/cffba9d8b8bc9e1c59c97fdf238a47bdb8d6ad3003e4ae8b6cf50ca301f13078.ipk Thu May 8 15:27:34 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[13838]: Package downloaded successfully to /tmp/ Thu May 8 15:27:34 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[13838]: New package version is ready to be installed by cronjob Thu May 8 15:27:34 2025 daemon.err tollgate-basic[13838]: 2025/05/08 15:27:34.073022 Verifying package checksum Thu May 8 15:27:34 2025 daemon.err tollgate-basic[13838]: 2025/05/08 15:27:34.082504 Package checksum verified successfully Thu May 8 15:27:55 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[13838]: Connecting to relay: wss://relay.tollgate.me Thu May 8 15:28:07 2025 daemon.err tollgate-basic[14419]: 2025/05/08 15:28:07 NIP94EventID: c73756a13f0ca270510d4301c1dbf433989974c33262fd3cd07627eacc3d6481 Thu May 8 15:28:07 2025 daemon.err tollgate-basic[14419]: 2025/05/08 15:28:07 IPAddressRandomized: 10.156.11.1 Thu May 8 15:28:07 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[14419]: TODO: include min payment (1) for https://mint.minibits.cash/Bitcoin in future Thu May 8 15:28:07 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[14419]: TODO: include min payment (1) for https://mint2.nutmix.cash in future Thu May 8 15:28:07 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[14419]: Starting Tollgate - TIP-01 Thu May 8 15:28:07 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[14419]: Listening on all interfaces on port :2121 Thu May 8 15:28:07 2025 daemon.err tollgate-basic[14419]: 2025/05/08 15:28:07 Janitor module initialized and listening for NIP-94 events Thu May 8 15:28:07 2025 daemon.err tollgate-basic[14419]: 2025/05/08 15:28:07.915222 Registering handlers... Thu May 8 15:28:07 2025 daemon.err tollgate-basic[14419]: 2025/05/08 15:28:07.915366 Starting HTTP server on all interfaces... Thu May 8 15:28:07 2025 daemon.err tollgate-basic[14419]: 2025/05/08 15:28:07.917009 Starting to listen for NIP-94 events Thu May 8 15:28:07 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[14419]: Starting event processing loop Thu May 8 15:28:07 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[14419]: Connecting to relay: wss://relay.damus.io

New config files with new IP address root@OpenWrt:~# cat /etc/tollgate/config.json | jq { "tollgate_private_key": "8a45d0add1c7ddf668f9818df550edfa907ae8ea59d6581a4ca07473d468d663", "accepted_mints": [ "https://mint.minibits.cash/Bitcoin", "https://mint2.nutmix.cash" ], "price_per_minute": 1, "bragging": { "enabled": true, "fields": [ "amount", "mint", "duration" ] }, "relays": [ "wss://relay.damus.io", "wss://nos.lol", "wss://nostr.mom", "wss://relay.tollgate.me" ], "trusted_maintainers": [ "5075e61f0b048148b60105c1dd72bbeae1957336ae5824087e52efa374f8416a" ], "fields_to_be_reviewed": [ "price_per_minute", "relays", "tollgate_private_key", "trusted_maintainers" ], "nip94_event_id": "c73756a13f0ca270510d4301c1dbf433989974c33262fd3cd07627eacc3d6481" } root@OpenWrt:~# cat /etc/tollgate/install.json | jq { "package_path": "/tmp/cffba9d8b8bc9e1c59c97fdf238a47bdb8d6ad3003e4ae8b6cf50ca301f13078.ipk", "ip_address_randomized": "10.156.11.1", "install_time": 1746718081, "download_time": 1746718054, "release_channel": "dev", "ensure_default_timestamp": 1746717311, "update_path": null }

@ bf47c19e:c3d2573b

Originalni rad

Apstrakt

Kriptovalute (engl. "cryptocurrency") su digitalne (virtualne) valute, koje iako su sredstvo razmene, još uvek nisu strogo regulisane zakonom u većini država, a u pojedinim su čak i zabranjene. Veliki broj ljudi, uključujući i IT stručnjake i programere ne znaju mnogo o ovoj temi, a šira javnost izjednačava pojmove blokčejna i bitkoina. Tržište kriptovaluta danas iznosi gotovo 770 milijardi dolara. Od pojave prvih digitalnih valuta do danas, nastalo je preko 1.300 aktivnih kriptovaluta koje se razlikuju prema svojim svojstvima i upotrebi. Pre bitkoina bilo je mnoštvo neuspelih pokušaja stvaranja digitalnih valuta (digikeš, heškeš, Fejsbuk kredit i dr.). Utopistička ideja da matematika i fizika mogu rešiti društvene probleme započela je svoj život kroz pojavu bitkoina. Genijalna ideja po kojoj funkcioniše bitkoin zasnovana je na tehnologiji blokčejna, čiji kapacitet doseže daleko iznad kripto valuta. Iako se još uvek vode polemike ko stoji iza pseudonima Satoši Nakamoto, njegova zaostavština ima potencijal da promeni svet. Uspeh bitkoina leži u prednostima koje ima u odnosu na druge slične valute, ali njegov značaj prevazilazi i pogodnosti koje je doneo. Banke nisu potrebne za čuvanje podataka o novcu, evidenciju o imovini i svakoj transakciji bitkoina čuvaju računari svih korisnika mreže u zajedničkoj bazi podataka blokčejnu. Sve transakcije su mnogo brže od bankarskih, bez taksi, uz drastično lakše plaćanje preko državnih granica. Bitkoin svojim korisnicima pruža bezbednosti bez identifikacije, iako blokčejn beleži transakciju, ne beleži ko stoji iza nje. U radu su predstavljeni osnovni principi na kojima su zasnovani bitkoin i druge kriptovalute, pojašnjen odnos između blokčejna i bitkoina.

1 UVOD

Ideal o novcu koji se ne oslanja na centralne institucije (koje mogu propasti, ali i koje vrše nadzor nad korisnicima), postojao je decenijama. U digitalnom svetu prvi ga je uobličio pisac naučne fantastike Nil Stivenson 1999. godine u svojoj noveli Kriptonomikon. On je opisao podzemni svet koji funkcioniše zahvaljujući digitalnom zlatu zasnovanom na kriptografiji, pri čijoj upotrebi korisnici ne moraju odavati ko su i šta su (Popper, 2016).

Kriptovalute (engl. cryptocurrency) su digitalne (virtualne) valute, koje iako su sredstvo razmene, još uvek nisu strogo regulisane zakonom u većini država, a u pojedinim su čak i zabranjene (Jovanović, 2014).

Da bi se razumeo nastanak i funkcionisanje kriptovaluta, neophodno je sagledati ih iz različitih uglova na kojima su one bazirane: matematici, sociologiji, ekonomiji, pravu i politici. To je verovatno i glavni razlog zbog koga veliki broj ljudi (uključujući i IT stručnjake i programere) ne znaju mnogo o ovoj temi. Takođe, šira javnost izjednačava pojmove blokčejna i bitkoina.

Sve kriptovalute su bazirane na jedinstvenom nizu brojeva za svaku jedinicu valute, koje korisnici mogu jedni drugima slati preko mreže. U prošlosti su se ti nizovi mogli lako kopirati i trošiti više puta, zbog čega nisu imali vrednost. Kriptograf Dejvid Čaum je taj problem rešio stvaranjem jedinstvene centralizovane knjige, u kojoj su se čuvale beleške o transakcijama svakog korisnika, čime ni jedna jedinica valute više nije mogla da se nalazi na dva mesta istovremeno (Bertlet, 2016).

Kriptovalute svoj nastanak duguju težnjama levo orijentisanih utopističkih posvećenika IT tehnologija koji su sanjali o univerzalnom novcu koji bi svako mogao da poseduje i troši, čija je vrednost onolika koliko su korisnici voljni da plate (na principu ponude i potražnje), ali pre svega na liniji fronta za onlajn anonimnost i slobodu, bez cenzure i nadzora. Pojavi bitkoina prethodio je Sajberpankerski manifest Done Haravej (Haraway, 1985) koji počinje rečima: „U elektronsko doba, privatnost je neophodan uslov za postojanje otvorenog društva“.

Kriptovalute su univerzalni novac koji se može koristiiti bilo gde u svetu, one su lako prenosive i teško se krivotvore.

Neki podaci pokazuju da tržište kriptovaluta danas iznosi gotovo 770 milijardi dolara. Od pojave prvih digitalnih valuta do danas, nastalo je preko 1.300 aktivnih kriptovaluta koje se razlikuju prema svojim svojstvima i upotrebi.

Prema odredbama Zakona o Narodnoj banci Srbije celokupni unutrašnji promet u Republici Srbiji izražava se u dinarima, osim ako nekim zakonom nije drukčije određeno. „Zakonom o platnom prometu propisano je da se poslovi platnog prometa obavljaju u dinarima, a Zakonom o deviznom poslovanju da se plaćanje, naplaćivanje i prenos između rezidenata i između rezidenata i nerezidenata u Republici Srbiji vrši u dinarima, a izuzetno se može vršiti i u devizama u slučajevima koji su propisani ovim zakonom“ (NBS, 2014).

Tržište kriptovaluta u Srbiji postoji, sve je veći broj rudara. Iako trgovanje kriptovalutama nije nelegalno, Narodna Banka Srbije - NBS je u više saopštenja navela da one ne predstavljaju zakonsko sredstvo plaćanja u Republici Srbiji. Takođe, zbog toga što ih ne izdaje centralna banka, NBS za korišćenje virtuelnih valuta, ulaganje u njih, kao ni za njihovu vrednost. Narodna banka Srbije je više puta upozoravala javnost da virtuelne valute ne predstavljaju zakonsko sredstvo plaćanja u Republici Srbiji (NBS, Politika – u vezi s bitkoinom, 2017).

Ukoliko kriptovalute promatramo kao novac onda njihove tranksakcije mogu biti upitne shodno Zakonu o sprečavanju pranja novca i finansiranja terorizma, gde je propisana obaveza preduzimanja radnji i mera za sprečavanje pranja novca, kao što su identifikacija stranaka koje trguju preko tih platformi, uzimanjem kopije ličnog dokumenta. Kako poslovanje platformi na kojima se vrše transakcije kriptovalutama nije zakonom regulisano u Republici Srbiji, a uglavnom ni u uporednom pravu, a čl. 552. Zakona o obligacionim odnosima Republike Srbije ((„Sl. list SFRJ“, br. 29/78, 39/85, 45/89 - odluka USJ i 57/89, „Sl. list SRJ“, br. 31/93 i „Sl. list SCG“, br. 1/2003 - Ustavna povelja) predviđa razmenu robe kao jedan od načina trgovine, otvara se put ka legalnoj trgovini kriptovalutama (Bubanja, 2017).

Praksa je pokazala da su se korisnici kriptovaluta kada su imali problem sa njima, obraćali vlastima i njihovim regulatornim telima, zbog čijeg su zaobilaženja i smišljeni. Nažalost, korisnici ne uživaju pravnu zaštitu čak i kada je reč o trgovini putem registrovanih privrednih subjekta.

2 BITKOIN

Prva decentralizovana kriptovaluta koja se pojavila je bitkoin (eng. „Bitcoin“). Termin bitkoin označava istoimenu organizaciju, softver i protokol, kao i jedinicu mere ove kriptovalute (skraćeno BTC) (Bertlet, 2016). Koncept na kome se zasniva bitkoin prvi put je predstavljen 2008. godine u članku "Bitcoin: A Peerto-Peer Electronic Cash System", a u januaru 2009. godine bitkoin je pušten u promet. Njegov tvorac nije poznat do danas i krije se iza pseudonima Satoši Nakomato. Novu vrstu digitalne kriptovalute formirao je tako što je stvorio distribuirani sistem verifikacije. Bitkoin nastaje u procesu koji se naziva „rudarenje“ (engl. mining). Njegova jedinstvenost je u tome što je decentralizovana valuta, iza koje ne stoji nijedna država, niti banka. Bitkoin je digitalna valuta, koja nastaje i čuva se elektronski. Kriptovalute u cilju maksimizacije bezbednosti, upotrebljavaju metod - dokaz o radu (engl. proofof-work), metod baziran na informacijama koje je teško stvoriti, ali koje ostalim učesnicima u rudarenju obezbeđuju laku proveru i verifikaciju transakcija.

Kriptovalute se čuvaju na bitkoin adresama za koje ključ predstavlja jedinstven niz slova i brojeva. Svaka transkacija bitkoinom se beleži u blokovima koji se zovu blokčejn. Transakcije se hronološki ređaju u blokove, u svakom se nalazi digitalni potpis prethodnog bloka, time se uređuje redosled i garantuje da novi blok može da se pridruži lancu samo ako počne na mestu na mestu završetka prethodnog. Jedan od osnovnih činilaca bezbednosti bitkoina je da se kopija svake izvedene transakcije beleži na svakom nalogu na kome je instaliran bitkoin softver. Blokčejnove neprekidno verifikuju računari svih korisnika softvera, tako sistem zna u bilo kom trenutku, koliko bitkoina svaki korisnik u svom novčaniku poseduje. Novčanik je program koji služi za slanje, primanje i skladištenje kriptovaluta. Digitalni novčanik sadrži prikaz količine kriptovalute koju korisnik poseduje, zapise o svim njegovim transakcijama, korisnički tajni ključ i njegove adrese (Bertlet, 2016). Novčanik je moguće instalirati na računar, mobilni telefon i tablet.

Falsifikovanje bitkoina nije moguće, jer iako vlasništvo može da se menja ono se ne može nikada duplirati (Bertlet, 2016). On je pseudoanoniman, bitkoin mreža čuva sve podatke o svakoj transakciji koja se dogodila unutar mreže. Svako ko ima bitkoin softver i adresu na bitkoin mreži, može videti koliko novca ima na mreži, ali ne i kome oni pripadaju. Za razliku od otvaranja računa u bankama, otvaranje bitkoin računa (adrese) je brzo, bez troškova i „papirologije“. Jedna od glavnih prednosti bitkoin mreže je brzina transakcija.

Svako ko snagu svog računara posveti verifikaciji transakcija u blokčejnu može biti „rudar“. To je proces dodavanja transkacija u registar svih bitkoin transkacija. Rudarenje čini rešavanje matematičkog algoritma za čije se uspešno rešavanje dobija određena količina bitkoina.

Iako bitkoin ima reputaciju nestabilnosti, velikih fluktuacija i nezakonitog poslovanja, čemu mnogi pridodaju i urušavanje tradicionalnog koncepta nacionalnih država, ipak većina se slaže u tome da je njegova pojava najvažnija nova ideja od stvaranja Interneta (Vigna & Casey, 2016).

Razloga za uspeh bitkoina ima više. Finansijska kriza povoljno je uticala na njegov razvoj, poverenje u postojeći finansijski ali i politički sistem je bilo poljuljano i brojni korisnici su u njemu prepoznali drugačije rešenje.

Anonimnost koju pruža prilikom transakcija jedan je od ključnih razloga njegovog uspeha. Prilikom digitalnog plaćanja bitkoinom u većini slučajeva nije potrebno davanje ličnih podataka. Ovakva vrsta anonimnosti, nažalost pogodovala je i usponu tamne strane upotrebe i popularnosti bitkoina u kriminalnim krugovima.

Računi u bitkoinu nisu opterećeni visokim bankarskim dažbinama.

Takođe, nije beznačajan ni potencijal plaćanja izdataka koji su manji od trenutnih ograničenja u konvencijalnim transakcijama na internetu (npr. naplata čitanja jednog novinskog članka ili preskoči reklamu, koji koštaju manje od 20 ili 30 centi kolika je najmanja transakcija) (Popper, 2016).

Kao što su svi učesnici na internetu povezani protokolima (TCP/IP, FTP, SMTP, HTTP i dr.) zahvaljujući kojima mogu međusobno da komuniciraju, bitkoin je stvorio svoje softverske protokole koji uređuju funkcionalna pravila upravljanja sistemom.

Bitkoin je omogućio novi način stvaranja, čuvanja i transfera novca.

Od svog nastanka bitkoin se unapređivao, podržan od internet zajednice, posebno od posvećenika slobodi interneta i anonimosti, mnogi od problema koji su uočeni su rešavani zajedničkim naporom internet zajednice.

3 BLOKČEJN

Blokčejn (engl. blockchain) nije samo bitkoin, on je tehnologija za koju mnogi predviđaju da će promeni svet (OECD, 2018).

Ukoliko bismo pojednostavljeno opisivali blokčejn mogli bismo da kažemo da je to nova vrsta baze podataka, iako bi to bilo pojednostavljeno objašnjenje slično kao kada bi smo imejl (email) opisali kao novi način za slanje pisama.

Iako blokčejn jeste nova vrsta baze podatka, to ne objašnjava u dovoljnoj meri genijalnost načina na koji funkcioniše.

Kada bilo gde i bilo kada položimo novac, oslanjamo se na zapis u bazi podataka treće strane, banke, firme i sl. Poverenje u banke zasnovano je na zakonu koji reguliše rad banke, poverenju u državu da će u slučaju propasti banke država nadoknaditi klijentima njihov ulog.

Kada plaćamo on line usluge ili vršimo neku drugu transakciju kreditnim karticama, poklanjamo poverenje kompanijama koje posreduju u našem plaćanju (Mastercard, VISA i dr.) koje za to uzimaju određenu materijalnu nadoknadu. Čak i prilikom tradicionalnih oblika plaćanja gotovinom u papirnom novcu, mi dajemo papir na kome je ispisana vrednost za koju prodavac veruje da će mu biti isplaćena (ili garantovana) od strane vlade koja ju je štampala. Digitalno plaćanje zbog prisustva trećih strana (banke, kreditne kompanije i dr.) uvek je bilo moguće pratiti. I kod plaćanja gotovinom klijenti veruju bankama i kreditnim kompanijama koje rukovode platnim karticama, da imaju pouzdane baze podataka. I vlade država veruju da banke i kreditne kompanije vode baze podataka koje su tačne i pouzdane.

Baze podataka sadrže mnoštvo ličnih podataka, od npr. medicinske dokumentacije u domu zdravlja koja sadrži važne informacije o nama i našem zdravstvenom stanju, kada smo i od koje bolesti bolovali, koje lekove smo koristili i sl. I druge baze podataka sadrže mnoštvo naših ličnih podataka koje su važne ne samo za nas, već i za državu, grad, privredu, druge građane itd.

Osim što omogućava anonimne i sigurne transakcije, blokčejn ima i potencijal da sačuva sve vredne informacije, od podataka o rođenim i umrlim, preko osiguranja, do katastara nepokretnosti, pa čak i glasova (Tapscott, 2018).

Sagledavši mogućnosti koji blokčejn nudi u transformaciji industrija i tržišta, povećanju transparentnosti i poverenja između građana, kao i olakšanom pristupu tržištu (uz bolju efikasnost transakcija), ali i rizicima koje sa sobom nosi, Organizacija za ekonomsku saradnju i razvoj - OECD organizovala je od 4. do 5. septembra 2018. godine Forum politike OECD-a za blokčejn. To je bila ujedno i prva glavna međunarodna konferencija na kojoj se razmatrao uticaj blokčejna na aktivnosti vlada i javnih prioriteta. Forum se bavio prednostima i rizicima blokčejna za ekonomiju i društvo, pokušajem određivanja adekvatnog regulatornog pristupa, kao i javnih politika prema blokčejnu.

Učesnici Foruma su diskutovali o mogućnostima globalnog ekonomskog uticaja blokčejna, njegovim implikacijama na privatnost i sajber bezbednost, upotrebi blokčejn tehnologija za povećanje inkluzivnosti, njegovoj upotrebi u promovisanju zelenog rasta i održivosti, kao i jačanju kapaciteta javne uprava i primene u praksi (OECD, 2018).

4 ZAKLJUČAK

Pre bitkoina bilo je mnoštvo neuspelih pokušaja stvaranja digitalnih valuta (digikeš, heškeš, Fejsbuk kredit i dr.). Uspeh bitkoina leži u prednostima koje ima u odnosu na druge slične valute, ali njegov značaj prevazilazi i pogodnosti koje je doneo.

Svaki korisnik bitkoina ima potpunu kontrolu nad novcem na svom računu (adresi), jedino osoba sa privatnim ključem može pristupiti bitkoinima na toj adresi. Banke nisu potrebne za čuvanje podataka o novcu, evidenciju o imovini i svakoj transakciji bitkoina čuvaju računari svih korisnika mreže u zajedničkoj bazi podataka blokčejnu. Sve transakcije su mnogo brže od bankarskih, bez taksi, uz drastično lakše plaćanje preko državnih granica.

Bitkoin svojim korisnicima pruža bezbednosti bez identifikacije, iako blokčejn beleži transakciju, ne beleži ko stoji iza nje. Zahvaljujući peer-to-peer komunikaciji i kriptografiji, povezivanje bitkoin transakcija sa osobom u stvarnom životu je veoma teško. To je u ujedno možda i njegova najveća mana, jer su oporezivanje i nadzor nad korisnicima krajnje teški.

Garancija vrednosti bitkoina osmišljena je po uzoru na plamenite metale kojih ima ograničeno u prirodi. Zbog toga je Satoši u kodu bitkoina odredio da ih ima maksimalno 21 milion, te da ukoliko bitkoin protokol ostane isti, poslednji bitkoin će biti izrudaren 2140. godine.

Do sada je izrudareno oko 17 miliona bitkoina, što znači da je ostalo 4 miliona, ili oko 19%. Do sada je bitkoin uspeo da prevlada sve krize koje su ga zahvatile (u više slučajeva nestajali su iznosi koji su dostizali i 400 miliona dolara). Kakva god sudbina bitkoina bila u budućnosti, njegova uloga se neće moći zanemariti, prvenstveno zbog toga što je zahvaljujući njemu iznedren blokčejn. Bez obzira na skepticima u vezi sa kriptovalutama, teško se mogu osporiti mogućnosti koje blokčejn pruža, pre svega u zaštiti baza podatka.

@ 611021ea:089a7d0f

This is the 2nd article I've written regarding my thoughts around the nostr health and fitness ecosystem and how something like NIP101h could play a part in enabling an ecosystem of highly specialized apps benefiting from nostr inherent interoperability. I've posted the last article on Wikistr and have continued experimenting with the NIP in a couple of clients. Recently I've been focused on extending the NIP to include calories and workout intensity.

Caloric Data

Let's talk about calories for a minute. Seems simple, right? You burn some, you consume some. But as I started implementing kind 1357 for caloric data, I quickly realized this was too simplistic.

The reality is tracking calories burned through a 10K run is fundamentally different from logging the calories in your morning avocado toast. Different contexts, different metadata, different user flows. Trying to cram both into one kind felt like forcing a square peg through a round hole.

So I split them: - Kind 1357: Calories expended (your run, your workout, even just existing) - Kind 2357: Calories consumed (your meals, snacks, that beer you "forgot" to log)

This wasn't just a technical decision. It reflects how people actually think about and track their health. Nobody mentally lumps "I burned 350 calories on my run" with "I ate a 650 calorie lunch" as the same type of data point. They're related but distinct.

Workout Intensity

Speaking of workouts, RUNSTR has been sending workout data for a while now, but workout intensity (kind 1356) is something I've been particularly excited about.

Why? Because intensity is the secret sauce that makes fitness data meaningful. Two people can run the same distance, but one might be casually jogging while catching up on podcasts, and another might be doing high-intensity intervals that leave them gasping for air.

Same distance, totally different physiological impacts.

Intensity gives context to duration. It turns "I worked out for 45 minutes" into a meaningful metric about how hard you pushed. And this isn't just for the fitness obsessed—it's essential for things like heart rate zone training, progressive overload, and recovery monitoring.

The Bigger Vision: Why I'm Building This

I'm not building NIP-101h because I think the world needs another fitness standard. God knows there are plenty already. I'm building it because I believe health data belongs to people, not platforms.

Right now, your Apple Health data lives in Apple's ecosystem. Your Fitbit data lives in Fitbit's walled garden. Your Strava data? Yep, siloed there too. These companies have built incredible products, but they've also created digital gulags.

Nostr gives us a chance to flip the script. What if your health data lived on the internet rather than the platform? What if you could: - Track your runs in RUNSTR - Encrypt sensitive data - Store data in relays or blossom servers - Use the data across an open ecosystem of interoperable apps

...all without asking permission from some corporate overlord?

That's pretty much the vision. I've also spun up HealthNote Relay to support some of the new NIPs and Kinds while I continue to flesh out NIP-101h.

The Power of Specialization

One thing I've realized is that the real magic happens when we get specific. A diabetes management app needs different data structures than a strength training app. But they both benefit from a common language for the overlap.

So I'm intentionally designing the NIP-101h series as a collection of highly specialized kinds rather than a monolithic standard. This lets developers pick and choose exactly what they need, while still ensuring interoperability where it matters.

Take our calorie example—by splitting into two kinds, we allow for specialized nutrition tracking apps that might never care about workout calories, while still ensuring they can talk to fitness apps when needed.

What's Coming Next

I've got a growing list of kinds I want to tackle: - Sleep data (duration, quality, phases) - Strength training specifics (sets, reps, weight) - Hydration tracking - Mental health metrics

But I'm equally excited to see what others build. Maybe someone will create specialized kinds for pregnancy tracking, or chronic illness management, or physical therapy progress.

That's the beauty of this approach—I don't need to anticipate every use case. The framework lets the community evolve it organically.

Join the Health Data Revolution

If you're a developer interested in health and fitness on Nostr, I'd love to hear from you. What kinds would help your use case? What are you building? What am I missing?

And if you're just a Nostr user who cares about your health data, check out RUNSTR (Alpha) or Npub.health (super alpha) to see what we're building.

You can find information the specification here NIP 101h.

See you in volume three, where I'll dig into NIP101h format details and share what I've learned from the early experiments.

Lets Go!

@ 5b730fac:9e746e2a

| Channel | Push to Branch | Previous Installation Method | NIP94 Event ID Updated as Expected | New Update Installed as Expected | Test Passed | | ------- | ----------------- | ---------------------------- | ---------------------------------- | -------------------------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | dev | Already Installed | Automatic | Yes | Yes | Yes
nostr:naddr1qvzqqqr4gupzqkmnp7kx5h36rumhjrtkxdslvqu38fyf09wv53u4hrqmvx08gm32qqxnzde5xcmnzdfex5unzvfcfywh0x |

Before pushing update

Check state

Currently installed NIP94 event: { "id": "51ca573636243df455333e83d5b456b4bcefd939c8160c5737545abcdc95dfd9", "pubkey": "5075e61f0b048148b60105c1dd72bbeae1957336ae5824087e52efa374f8416a", "created_at": 1746714091, "kind": 1063, "tags": [ [ "url", "https://blossom.swissdash.site/75990a3f245069a56c02c6e24dc312ecc6ff1f0df632fb99ddb247c98a745a5b.ipk" ], [ "m", "application/octet-stream" ], [ "x", "75990a3f245069a56c02c6e24dc312ecc6ff1f0df632fb99ddb247c98a745a5b" ], [ "ox", "75990a3f245069a56c02c6e24dc312ecc6ff1f0df632fb99ddb247c98a745a5b" ], [ "filename", "basic-gl-mt3000-aarch64_cortex-a53.ipk" ], [ "architecture", "aarch64_cortex-a53" ], [ "version", "multiple_mints_rebase_taglist_detect_package-91-ca43710" ], [ "release_channel", "dev" ] ], "content": "TollGate Module Package: basic for gl-mt3000" }

Current version picked up by opkg: root@OpenWrt:/tmp# cat /etc/tollgate/config.json | jq { root@OpenWrt:/tmp# opkg list-installed | grep "tollgate" tollgate-module-basic-go - multiple_mints_rebase_taglist_detect_package-91-ca43710

Check basic module's logic

Config.json contains the right event ID: root@OpenWrt:/tmp# cat /etc/tollgate/config.json | jq { "tollgate_private_key": "8a45d0add1c7ddf668f9818df550edfa907ae8ea59d6581a4ca07473d468d663", "accepted_mints": [ "https://mint.minibits.cash/Bitcoin", "https://mint2.nutmix.cash" ], "price_per_minute": 1, "bragging": { "enabled": true, "fields": [ "amount", "mint", "duration" ] }, "relays": [ "wss://relay.damus.io", "wss://nos.lol", "wss://nostr.mom", "wss://relay.tollgate.me" ], "trusted_maintainers": [ "5075e61f0b048148b60105c1dd72bbeae1957336ae5824087e52efa374f8416a" ], "fields_to_be_reviewed": [ "price_per_minute", "relays", "tollgate_private_key", "trusted_maintainers" ], "nip94_event_id": "51ca573636243df455333e83d5b456b4bcefd939c8160c5737545abcdc95dfd9" }

Install.json contains the right package path: root@OpenWrt:/tmp# cat /etc/tollgate/install.json | jq { "package_path": "/tmp/75990a3f245069a56c02c6e24dc312ecc6ff1f0df632fb99ddb247c98a745a5b.ipk", "ip_address_randomized": "192.168.3.1", "install_time": 1746714121, "download_time": 1746714105, "release_channel": "dev", "ensure_default_timestamp": 1746634883, "update_path": null }

Update package manually

Trigger new event announcement on this branch

New NIP94 event on this branch { "id": "62a39f60f5b3e3f0910adc592c0468c5c134ce321238884e9f016caad4c5231b", "pubkey": "5075e61f0b048148b60105c1dd72bbeae1957336ae5824087e52efa374f8416a", "created_at": 1746715485, "kind": 1063, "content": "TollGate Module Package: basic for gl-mt3000", "tags": [ [ "url", "https://blossom.swissdash.site/1bfcd4d08a4bf70d2878ee4bca2d3ba7c5a839355dc0eeef30e2589aa16ccfb3.ipk" ], [ "m", "application/octet-stream" ], [ "x", "1bfcd4d08a4bf70d2878ee4bca2d3ba7c5a839355dc0eeef30e2589aa16ccfb3" ], [ "ox", "1bfcd4d08a4bf70d2878ee4bca2d3ba7c5a839355dc0eeef30e2589aa16ccfb3" ], [ "filename", "basic-gl-mt3000-aarch64_cortex-a53.ipk" ], [ "architecture", "aarch64_cortex-a53" ], [ "version", "multiple_mints_rebase_taglist_detect_package-92-1157a2f" ], [ "release_channel", "dev" ] ] }

The new version was updated automatically despite internet gateway interruption: ``` Thu May 8 14:44:51 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[10154]: Subscription successful on relay wss://relay.damus.io Thu May 8 14:44:51 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[10154]: Subscribed to NIP-94 events on relay wss://relay.damus.io Thu May 8 14:44:54 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[10154]: Started the timer Thu May 8 14:44:54 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[10154]: Intersection: [basic-gl-mt3000-aarch64_cortex-a53.ipk-multiple_mints_rebase_taglist_detect_package-92-1157a2f] Thu May 8 14:44:54 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[10154]: Right Time Keys: [basic-gl-mt3000-aarch64_cortex-a53.ipk-multiple_mints_rebase_taglist_detect_package-92-1157a2f] Thu May 8 14:44:54 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[10154]: Right Arch Keys count: 59 Thu May 8 14:44:54 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[10154]: Right Version Keys: [basic-gl-mt3000-aarch64_cortex-a53.ipk-multiple_mints_rebase_taglist_detect_package-92-1157a2f] Thu May 8 14:45:05 2025 daemon.err tollgate-basic[10154]: 2025/05/08 14:45:05.228500 Timeout reached, checking for new versions Thu May 8 14:45:05 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[10154]: Sorted Qualifying Events Keys: [basic-gl-mt3000-aarch64_cortex-a53.ipk-multiple_mints_rebase_taglist_detect_package-92-1157a2f] Thu May 8 14:45:05 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[10154]: Newer package version available: multiple_mints_rebase_taglist_detect_package-92-1157a2f Thu May 8 14:45:05 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[10154]: Downloading package from https://blossom.swissdash.site/1bfcd4d08a4bf70d2878ee4bca2d3ba7c5a839355dc0eeef30e2589aa16ccfb3.ipk to /tmp/1bfcd4d08a4bf70d2878ee4bca2d3ba7c5a839355dc0eeef30e2589aa16ccfb3.ipk Thu May 8 14:45:07 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[10154]: Package downloaded successfully to /tmp/ Thu May 8 14:45:07 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[10154]: New package version is ready to be installed by cronjob Thu May 8 14:45:07 2025 daemon.err tollgate-basic[10154]: 2025/05/08 14:45:07.693753 Verifying package checksum Thu May 8 14:45:07 2025 daemon.err tollgate-basic[10154]: 2025/05/08 14:45:07.703697 Package checksum verified successfully Thu May 8 14:45:10 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[10154]: Started the timer Thu May 8 14:45:22 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[10154]: Connecting to relay: wss://relay.tollgate.me Thu May 8 14:45:23 2025 daemon.err tollgate-basic[10154]: 2025/05/08 14:45:23.453098 Timeout reached, checking for new versions Thu May 8 14:45:23 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[10154]: Sorted Qualifying Events Keys: [basic-gl-mt3000-aarch64_cortex-a53.ipk-multiple_mints_rebase_taglist_detect_package-92-1157a2f] Thu May 8 14:45:23 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[10154]: Newer package version available: multiple_mints_rebase_taglist_detect_package-92-1157a2f Thu May 8 14:45:23 2025 daemon.err tollgate-basic[10154]: 2025/05/08 14:45:23.461627 Verifying package checksum Thu May 8 14:45:23 2025 daemon.err tollgate-basic[10154]: 2025/05/08 14:45:23.471684 Package checksum verified successfully Thu May 8 14:45:23 2025 daemon.err tollgate-basic[10154]: 2025/05/08 14:45:23.471744 Verifying package checksum Thu May 8 14:45:23 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[10154]: Package /tmp/1bfcd4d08a4bf70d2878ee4bca2d3ba7c5a839355dc0eeef30e2589aa16ccfb3.ipk already exists with correct checksum, skipping download Thu May 8 14:45:23 2025 daemon.err tollgate-basic[10154]: 2025/05/08 14:45:23.481076 Package checksum verified successfully Thu May 8 14:45:47 2025 daemon.err tollgate-basic[10154]: 2025/05/08 14:45:47.810824 Relay wss://nos.lol disconnected, attempting to reconnect Thu May 8 14:45:47 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[10154]: Connecting to relay: wss://nos.lol Thu May 8 14:45:47 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[10154]: Connected to relay: wss://nos.lol

```

New version picked up by opkg: ``` root@OpenWrt:/tmp# opkg list-installed | grep "tollgate" tollgate-module-basic-go - multiple_mints_rebase_taglist_detect_package-92-1157a2f

```

tollgate-basic is running again: root@OpenWrt:/tmp# service tollgate-basic status running

Event id in config is fine: root@OpenWrt:/tmp# cat /etc/tollgate/config.json | jq { "tollgate_private_key": "8a45d0add1c7ddf668f9818df550edfa907ae8ea59d6581a4ca07473d468d663", "accepted_mints": [ "https://mint.minibits.cash/Bitcoin", "https://mint2.nutmix.cash" ], "price_per_minute": 1, "bragging": { "enabled": true, "fields": [ "amount", "mint", "duration" ] }, "relays": [ "wss://relay.damus.io", "wss://nos.lol", "wss://nostr.mom", "wss://relay.tollgate.me" ], "trusted_maintainers": [ "5075e61f0b048148b60105c1dd72bbeae1957336ae5824087e52efa374f8416a" ], "fields_to_be_reviewed": [ "price_per_minute", "relays", "tollgate_private_key", "trusted_maintainers" ], "nip94_event_id": "62a39f60f5b3e3f0910adc592c0468c5c134ce321238884e9f016caad4c5231b" }

install.json is fine: ``` root@OpenWrt:/tmp# cat /etc/tollgate/install.json | jq { "package_path": "/tmp/1bfcd4d08a4bf70d2878ee4bca2d3ba7c5a839355dc0eeef30e2589aa16ccfb3.ipk", "ip_address_randomized": "192.168.3.1", "install_time": 1746715561, "download_time": 1746715507, "release_channel": "dev", "ensure_default_timestamp": 1746634883, "update_path": null }

```

@ 000002de:c05780a7

There are so many projects in the bitcoin space that deserve praise but I just wanna shout out Cashu.me. Its a browser based cashu (eCash / Lighting) wallet. It can be very handy when you need a wallet but don't wanna download yet another app. I hadn't used it in a very long time and decided to try it out again the other day. Its really well done.

As with other Cashu wallets you need to select a mint and backup your key phrase but it is very simple the get started.

If you wanna learn more about Cashu check out Cashu.space

Two other good wallets that support Cashu.

• coinos
• Minibits.cash

originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/974759

@ bf47c19e:c3d2573b

Originalni tekst na dvadesetjedan.com.

Autor: Gigi / Prevod na srpski: Plumsky

---

Postoji sveto carstvo privatnosti za svakog čoveka gde on bira i pravi odluke – carstvo stvoreno na bazičnim pravima i slobode koje zakon, generalno, ne sme narušavati. Džefri Fišer, Arhiepiskop Canterberija (1959)

Pre ne toliko dugo, uobičajen režim interneta je bio neenkriptovan običan tekst (plain text). Svi su mogli špiunirati svakoga i mnogi nisu o tome ni razmišljali. Globalno obelodanjivanje nadzora 2013. je to promenilo i danas se koriste mnogo bezbedniji protokoli i end-to-end enkripcija postaje standard sve više. Iako bitcoin postaje tinejdžer, mi smo – metaforično govoreći – i dalje u dobu običnog teksta narandžastog novčića. Bitcoin je radikalno providljiv protokol sam po sebi, ali postoje značajni načini da korisnik zaštiti svoju privatnost. U ovom članku želimo da istaknemo neke od ovih strategija, prodiskutujemo najbolje prakse, i damo preporuke koje mogu primeniti i bitcoin novajlije i veterani.

Zašto je privatnost bitna

Privatnost je potrebna da bi otvoreno društvo moglo da funkcioniše u digitalnoj eri. Privatnost nije isto što i tajanstvenost. Privatna stvar je nešto što neko ne želi da ceo svet zna, a tajna stvar je nešto što neko ne želi bilo ko da zna. Privatnost je moć da se čovek selektivno otkriva svom okruženju.

Ovim snažnim rečima Erik Hjus je započeo svoj tekst Sajferpankov Manifesto (Cypherpunk's Manifesto) 1993. Razlika između privatnosti i tajanstvenosti je suptilna ali jako važna. Odlučiti se za privatnost ne znači da neko ima tajne koje želi sakriti. Da ovo ilustrujemo shvatite samo da ono što obavljate u svom toaletu ili u spavaćoj sobi nije niti ilegalno niti tajna (u mnogim slučajevima), ali vi svejedno odlučujete da zatvorite vrata i navučete zavese.

Slično tome, koliko para imate i gde ih trošite nije naručito tajna stvar. Ipak, to bi trebalo biti privatan slučaj. Mnogi bi se složili da vaš šef ne treba da zna gde vi trošite vašu platu. Privatnosti je čak zaštićena od strane mnogobrojnih internacionalnih nadležnih organa. Iz Američke Deklaracije Prava i Dužnosti Čoveka (American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man) Ujedinjenim Nacijama, napisano je da je privatnost fundamentalno prava gradjana širom sveta.

Niko ne sme biti podvrgnut smetnjama njegovoj privatnosti, porodici, rezidenciji ili komunikacijama, niti napadnuta njegova čast i reputacija. Svi imaju pravo da se štite zakonom protiv takvih smetnja ili napada. Artikal 12, Deklaracija Ljudskih Prava Ujedinjenih Nacija

Bitcoin i privatnost

Iako je bitcoin često opisivan kao anoniman način plaćanja medijima, on u stvari poseduje potpuno suprotne osobine. On je poluanoniman u najboljem slučaju i danas mnogima nije ni malo lako primeniti taktike da bi bili sigurni da njihov poluanonimni identitet na bitcoin mreži ne bude povezan sa legalnim identitetom u stvarnom svetu.

Bitcoin je otvoren sistem. On je javna baza podataka koju svako može da proučava i analizira. Znači, svaka transakcija koja je upisana u tu bazu kroz dokaz rada (proof-of-work) postojaće i biće otkrivena dokle god bitcoin postoji, što znači - zauvek. Ne primenjivati najbolje prakse privatnosti može imati štetne posledice u dalekoj budućnosti.

Privatnost, kao sigurnost, je proces koji je težak, ali nije nemoguć. Alatke nastavljaju da se razvijaju koje čuvaju privatnost kad se koristi bitcoin and srećom mnoge od tih alatki su sve lakše za korišćenje. Nažalost ne postoji panacea u ovom pristupu. Mora se biti svesan svih kompromisa i usavršavati te prakse dok se one menjaju.

Najbolje prakse privatnosti

Kao i sve u bitcoinu, kontrola privatnosti je postepena, korak po korak, procedura. Naučiti i primeniti ove najbolje prakse zahteva strpljivost i odgovornost, tako da ne budite obeshrabreni ako vam se čini da je to sve previše. Svaki korak, koliko god bio mali, je korak u dobrom pravcu.

Koje korake preduzeti da bi uvećali svoju privatnost:

• Budite u vlasništvu sami svojih novčića
• Nikad ne ponavljajte korišćenje istih adresa
• Minimizirajte korišćenje servisa koji zahtevaju identitet (Know your customer - KYC)
• Minimizirajte sve izloženosti trećim licima
• Upravljajte svojim nodom
• Koristite Lightning mrežu za male transakcije
• Nemojte koristiti javne blok pretraživače za svoje transakcije
• Koristite metodu CoinJoin često i rano pri nabavljanju svojih novčića

Budite u vlasništvu sami svojih novčića: Ako ključevi nisu tvoji, onda nije ni bitcoin. Ako neko drugo drži vaš bitcoin za vas, oni znaju sve što se može znati: količinu, istoriju transakcija pa i sve buduće transakcije, itd. Preuzimanje vlasništva bitcoina u svoje ruke je prvi i najvažniji korak.

Nikad ne kroistite istu adresu dvaput: Ponavljanje adresa poništava privatnost pošiljalca i primaoca bitcoina. Ovo se treba izbegavati pod svaku cenu.

Minimizirajte korišćenje servisa koji zahtevaju identitet (KYC): Vezivati svoj legalni identitet za svoje bitcoin adrese je zlo koje se zahteva od strane mnogih državnih nadležnosti. Dok je efektivnost ovih zakona i regulacija disputabilno, posledice njihovog primenjivanja su uglavnom štetne po korisnicima. Ovo je očigledno pošto je česta pojava da se te informacije često izlivaju iz slabo obezbeđenih digitalnih servera. Ako izaberete da koristite KYC servise da bi nabavljali bitcoin, proučite i razumite odnos između vas i tog biznisa. Vi ste poverljivi tom biznisu za sve vaše lične podatke, pa i buduće obezbeđenje tih podataka. Ako i dalje zarađujete kroz fiat novčani sistem, mi preporučujemo da koristite samo bitcoin ekskluzivne servise koji vam dozvoljavaju da autamatski kupujete bitcoin s vremena na vreme. Ako zelite da potpuno da izbegnete KYC, pregledajte https://bitcoinqna.github.io/noKYConly/.

Minimizirajte sve izloženosti trećim licima: Poverljivost trećim licima je bezbednosna rupa (https://nakamotoinstitute.org/trusted-third-parties/). Ako možete biti poverljivi samo sebi, onda bi to tako trebalo da bude.

Upravljajte svojim nodom: Ako nod nije tvoj, onda nisu ni pravila. Upravljanje svojim nodom je suštinska potreba da bi se bitcoin koristio na privatan način. Svaka interakcija sa bitcoin mrežom je posrednjena nodom. Ako vi taj nod ne upravljate, čiji god nod koristite može da vidi sve što vi radite. Ova upustva (https://bitcoiner.guide/node/) su jako korisna da bi započeli proces korišćenja svog noda.

Koristite Lightning mrežu za male transakcije: Pošto Lightning protokol ne koristi glavnu bitcoin mrežu za trasakcije onda je i samim tim povećana privatnost korišćenja bez dodatnog truda. Iako je i dalje rano, oni apsolutno bezobzirni periodi Lightning mreže su verovatno daleko iza nas. Korišćenje Lightning-a za transakcije malih i srednjih veličina će vam pomoći da uvećate privatnost a da smanjite naplate svojih pojedinačnih bitcoin transakcija.

Nemojte koristiti javne blok pretraživače za svoje transakcije: Proveravanje adresa na javnim blok pretraživačima povezuje te adrese sa vašim IP podacima, koji se onda mogu koristiti da se otkrije vaš identitet. Softveri kao Umbrel i myNode vam omogućavaju da lako koristite sami svoj blok pretraživač. Ako morate koristiti javne pretraživače, uradite to uz VPN ili Tor.

Koristite CoinJoin često i rano pri nabavljanju svojih novčića: Pošto je bitcoin večan, primenjivanje saradničkih CoinJoin praksa će vam obezbediti privatnost u budućnosti. Dok su CoinJoin transakcije svakovrsne, softveri koji su laki za korišćenje već sad postoje koji mogu automatizovati ovu vrstu transakcija. Samourai Whirlpool (https://samouraiwallet.com/whirlpool) je odličan izbor za Android korisnike. Joinmarket (https://github.com/joinmarket-webui/jam) se može koristiti na vašem nodu. A servisi postoje koji pri snabdevanju vašeg bitcoina istog trenutka obave CoinJoin tranzakciju automatski.

Zaključak

Svi bi trebalo da se potrude da koriste bitcoin na što privatniji način. Privatnost nije isto što i tajanstvenost. Privatnost je ljudsko pravo i mi svi trebamo da branimo i primenljujemo to pravo. Teško je izbrisati postojeće informacije sa interneta; a izbrisati ih sa bitcoin baze podataka je nemoguće. Iako su daleko od savršenih, alatke postoje danas koje vam omogućavaju da najbolje prakse privatnosti i vi sami primenite. Mi smo vam naglasili neke od njih i - kroz poboljšanje u bitcoin protokolu kroz Taproot i Schnorr - one će postajati sve usavršenije.

Bitcoin postupci se ne mogu lako opisati korišćenjem tradicionalnim konceptima. Pitanja kao što su "Ko je vlasnik ovog novca?" ili "Odakle taj novac potiče?" postaju sve teža da se odgovore a u nekim okolnostima postaju potpuno beznačajna.

Satoši je dizajnirao bitcoin misleći na privatnost. Na nivou protokola svaka bitcoin transakcija je proces "topljenja" koji za sobom samo ostavlja heuristične mrvice hleba. Protokolu nije bitno odakle se pojavio bilo koji bitcoin ili satoši. Niti je njega briga ko je legalan identitet vlasnika. Protokolu je samo važno da li su digitalni potpisi validni. Dokle god je govor slobodan, potpisivanje poruka - privatno ili ne - ne sme biti kriminalan postupak.

Dodatni Resursi

This Month in Bitcoin Privacy | Janine

Hodl Privacy FAQ | 6102

Digital Privacy | 6102

UseWhirlpool.com | Bitcoin Q+A

Bitcoin Privacy Guide | Bitcoin Q+A

Ovaj članak napisan je u saradnji sa Matt Odellom, nezavisnim bitcoin istraživačem. Nađite njegove preporuke za privatnost na werunbtc.com

Originalni tekst

@ 5b730fac:9e746e2a

| Channel | Push to Branch | Previous Installation Method | NIP94 Event ID Updated as Expected | New Update Installed as Expected | Test Passed | | ------- | ----------------- | ---------------------------- | ---------------------------------- | -------------------------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | dev | Already Installed | Manual | Yes | Yes | Yes
nostr:naddr1qvzqqqr4gupzqkmnp7kx5h36rumhjrtkxdslvqu38fyf09wv53u4hrqmvx08gm32qqxnzde5xcmnzdp4xvmnvdpkpctkgk |

Before pushing update

Check state

Currently installed NIP94 event: { "id": "33bf30e90f1e09924a933f08e788165eada8cca2d6c78443e7e52910f0705988", "pubkey": "5075e61f0b048148b60105c1dd72bbeae1957336ae5824087e52efa374f8416a", "created_at": 1746711607, "kind": 1063, "content": "TollGate Module Package: basic for gl-mt3000", "tags": [ [ "url", "https://blossom.swissdash.site/0456244a6b01629d86d6218ddacb149fd3a54b007154531ade55415c5573ab97.ipk" ], [ "m", "application/octet-stream" ], [ "x", "0456244a6b01629d86d6218ddacb149fd3a54b007154531ade55415c5573ab97" ], [ "ox", "0456244a6b01629d86d6218ddacb149fd3a54b007154531ade55415c5573ab97" ], [ "filename", "basic-gl-mt3000-aarch64_cortex-a53.ipk" ], [ "architecture", "aarch64_cortex-a53" ], [ "version", "multiple_mints_rebase_taglist_detect_package-89-4e46a9b" ], [ "release_channel", "dev" ] ] }

Installed here: Thu May 8 13:40:13 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[6709]: Started the timer Thu May 8 13:40:13 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[6709]: Intersection: [basic-gl-mt3000-aarch64_cortex-a53.ipk-multiple_mints_rebase_taglist_detect_package-89-4e46a9b] Thu May 8 13:40:13 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[6709]: Right Time Keys: [basic-gl-mt3000-aarch64_cortex-a53.ipk-multiple_mints_rebase_taglist_detect_package-89-4e46a9b] Thu May 8 13:40:13 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[6709]: Right Arch Keys count: 56 Thu May 8 13:40:13 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[6709]: Right Version Keys: [basic-gl-mt3000-aarch64_cortex-a53.ipk-multiple_mints_rebase_taglist_detect_package-89-4e46a9b] Thu May 8 13:40:23 2025 daemon.err tollgate-basic[6709]: 2025/05/08 13:40:23.779018 Timeout reached, checking for new versions Thu May 8 13:40:23 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[6709]: Sorted Qualifying Events Keys: [basic-gl-mt3000-aarch64_cortex-a53.ipk-multiple_mints_rebase_taglist_detect_package-89-4e46a9b] Thu May 8 13:40:23 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[6709]: Newer package version available: multiple_mints_rebase_taglist_detect_package-89-4e46a9b Thu May 8 13:40:23 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[6709]: Downloading package from https://blossom.swissdash.site/0456244a6b01629d86d6218ddacb149fd3a54b007154531ade55415c5573ab97.ipk to /tmp/0456244a6b01629d86d6218ddacb149fd3a54b007154531ade55415c5573ab97.ipk Thu May 8 13:40:28 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[6709]: Package downloaded successfully to /tmp/ Thu May 8 13:40:28 2025 daemon.err tollgate-basic[6709]: 2025/05/08 13:40:28.863469 Verifying package checksum Thu May 8 13:40:28 2025 daemon.err tollgate-basic[6709]: 2025/05/08 13:40:28.873010 Package checksum verified successfully Thu May 8 13:40:28 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[6709]: New package version multiple_mints_rebase_taglist_detect_package-89-4e46a9b is ready to be installed by cronjob Thu May 8 13:41:06 2025 daemon.err tollgate-basic[7713]: 2025/05/08 13:41:06 NIP94EventID: 33bf30e90f1e09924a933f08e788165eada8cca2d6c78443e7e52910f0705988 Thu May 8 13:41:06 2025 daemon.err tollgate-basic[7713]: 2025/05/08 13:41:06 IPAddressRandomized: 192.168.3.1

Current version picked up by opkg: root@OpenWrt:~# opkg list-installed | grep "tollgate" tollgate-module-basic-go - multiple_mints_rebase_taglist_detect_package-89-4e46a9b

Check basic module's logic

Config.json contains the right event ID: ``` root@OpenWrt:~# cat /etc/tollgate/config.json | jq { "tollgate_private_key": "8a45d0add1c7ddf668f9818df550edfa907ae8ea59d6581a4ca07473d468d663", "accepted_mints": [ "https://mint.minibits.cash/Bitcoin", "https://mint2.nutmix.cash" ], "price_per_minute": 1, "bragging": { "enabled": true, "fields": [ "amount", "mint", "duration" ] }, "relays": [ "wss://relay.damus.io", "wss://nos.lol", "wss://nostr.mom", "wss://relay.tollgate.me" ], "trusted_maintainers": [ "5075e61f0b048148b60105c1dd72bbeae1957336ae5824087e52efa374f8416a" ], "fields_to_be_reviewed": [ "price_per_minute", "relays", "tollgate_private_key", "trusted_maintainers" ], "nip94_event_id": "33bf30e90f1e09924a933f08e788165eada8cca2d6c78443e7e52910f0705988" }

```

Install.json contains the right package path: root@OpenWrt:~# cat /etc/tollgate/install.json { "package_path": "/tmp/0456244a6b01629d86d6218ddacb149fd3a54b007154531ade55415c5573ab97.ipk", "ip_address_randomized": "192.168.3.1", "install_time": 1746711661, "download_time": 1746711628, "release_channel": "dev", "ensure_default_timestamp": 1746634883, "update_path": null }

Update package manually

Prevent automatic update

Stop tollgate-basic so that it doesn't automatically update to newer event kinds. root@OpenWrt:~# service tollgate-basic stop root@OpenWrt:~# service tollgate-basic status inactive

Trigger new event announcement on this branch

New NIP94 event on this branch c03rad0r@CobradorRomblonMimaropa:~/TG/tollgate-module-basic-go/src$ git push github Enumerating objects: 9, done. Counting objects: 100% (9/9), done. Delta compression using up to 8 threads Compressing objects: 100% (5/5), done. Writing objects: 100% (5/5), 429 bytes | 429.00 KiB/s, done. Total 5 (delta 4), reused 0 (delta 0), pack-reused 0 remote: Resolving deltas: 100% (4/4), completed with 4 local objects. To https://github.com/OpenTollGate/tollgate-module-basic-go.git 4e46a9b..ad29788 multiple_mints_rebase_taglist_detect_package -> multiple_mints_rebase_taglist_detect_package

The new version that we will install manually: { "id": "2ff8b1e63036f03884a82450c811d9df0ed2b9f1a4099bbb1e4308e1d845be97", "pubkey": "5075e61f0b048148b60105c1dd72bbeae1957336ae5824087e52efa374f8416a", "created_at": 1746712364, "kind": 1063, "content": "TollGate Module Package: basic for gl-mt3000", "tags": [ [ "url", "https://blossom.swissdash.site/e8633b4c2ceb05b5fd45fe0574417b644bbc62e6e3862147e94ca46104735059.ipk" ], [ "m", "application/octet-stream" ], [ "x", "e8633b4c2ceb05b5fd45fe0574417b644bbc62e6e3862147e94ca46104735059" ], [ "ox", "e8633b4c2ceb05b5fd45fe0574417b644bbc62e6e3862147e94ca46104735059" ], [ "filename", "basic-gl-mt3000-aarch64_cortex-a53.ipk" ], [ "architecture", "aarch64_cortex-a53" ], [ "version", "multiple_mints_rebase_taglist_detect_package-90-ad29788" ], [ "release_channel", "dev" ] ] }

The installation: root@OpenWrt:/tmp# wget https://blossom.swissdash.site/e8633b4c2ceb05b5fd45fe0574417b644bbc62e6e3862147e94ca46104735059.ipk Downloading 'https://blossom.swissdash.site/e8633b4c2ceb05b5fd45fe0574417b644bbc62e6e3862147e94ca46104735059.ipk' Connecting to 212.47.72.157:443 Writing to 'e8633b4c2ceb05b5fd45fe0574417b644bbc62e6e3862147e94ca46104735059.ipk' e8633b4c2ceb05b5fd45 2943k --:--:-- ETA Download completed (4509706 bytes) root@OpenWrt:/tmp# opkg install e8633b4c2ceb05b5fd45fe0574417b644bbc62e6e3862147e94ca46104735059.ipk Upgrading tollgate-module-basic-go on root from multiple_mints_rebase_taglist_detect_package-89-4e46a9b to multiple_mints_rebase_taglist_detect_package-90-ad29788... Command failed: Not found Removing existing banner file if present... Configuring tollgate-module-basic-go. nodogsplash cfg7c92bd Running TollGate NoDogSplash file copy script... Source files: drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 384 May 8 13:57 . drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 224 May 8 13:50 .. -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 599 May 8 13:50 asset-manifest.json -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 312 May 8 13:50 manifest.json -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 642 May 8 13:50 splash.html Copying splash.html... IP is already randomized or not set to false. Exiting.

Current version picked up by opkg: root@OpenWrt:/tmp# opkg list-installed | grep "tollgate" tollgate-module-basic-go - multiple_mints_rebase_taglist_detect_package-90-ad29788 root@OpenWrt:/tmp#

tollgate-basic is running again: root@OpenWrt:/tmp# service tollgate-basic status running

Event ID successfully set to unknown: root@OpenWrt:/tmp# cat /etc/tollgate/config.json | jq { "tollgate_private_key": "8a45d0add1c7ddf668f9818df550edfa907ae8ea59d6581a4ca07473d468d663", "accepted_mints": [ "https://mint.minibits.cash/Bitcoin", "https://mint2.nutmix.cash" ], "price_per_minute": 1, "bragging": { "enabled": true, "fields": [ "amount", "mint", "duration" ] }, "relays": [ "wss://relay.damus.io", "wss://nos.lol", "wss://nostr.mom", "wss://relay.tollgate.me" ], "trusted_maintainers": [ "5075e61f0b048148b60105c1dd72bbeae1957336ae5824087e52efa374f8416a" ], "fields_to_be_reviewed": [ "price_per_minute", "relays", "tollgate_private_key", "trusted_maintainers" ], "nip94_event_id": "unknown" }

install.json is still pointing at dev channel: root@OpenWrt:/tmp# cat /etc/tollgate/install.json | jq { "package_path": "/tmp/0456244a6b01629d86d6218ddacb149fd3a54b007154531ade55415c5573ab97.ipk", "ip_address_randomized": "192.168.3.1", "install_time": 1746712641, "download_time": 1746711628, "release_channel": "dev", "ensure_default_timestamp": 1746634883, "update_path": null }

Trigger new event announcement on this branch

Trigger new event: c03rad0r@CobradorRomblonMimaropa:~/TG/tollgate-module-basic-go/src$ git push github Enumerating objects: 9, done. Counting objects: 100% (9/9), done. Delta compression using up to 8 threads Compressing objects: 100% (5/5), done. Writing objects: 100% (5/5), 418 bytes | 418.00 KiB/s, done. Total 5 (delta 4), reused 0 (delta 0), pack-reused 0 remote: Resolving deltas: 100% (4/4), completed with 4 local objects. To https://github.com/OpenTollGate/tollgate-module-basic-go.git ad29788..ca43710 multiple_mints_rebase_taglist_detect_package -> multiple_mints_rebase_taglist_detect_package

New event json: { "id": "51ca573636243df455333e83d5b456b4bcefd939c8160c5737545abcdc95dfd9", "pubkey": "5075e61f0b048148b60105c1dd72bbeae1957336ae5824087e52efa374f8416a", "created_at": 1746714091, "kind": 1063, "tags": [ [ "url", "https://blossom.swissdash.site/75990a3f245069a56c02c6e24dc312ecc6ff1f0df632fb99ddb247c98a745a5b.ipk" ], [ "m", "application/octet-stream" ], [ "x", "75990a3f245069a56c02c6e24dc312ecc6ff1f0df632fb99ddb247c98a745a5b" ], [ "ox", "75990a3f245069a56c02c6e24dc312ecc6ff1f0df632fb99ddb247c98a745a5b" ], [ "filename", "basic-gl-mt3000-aarch64_cortex-a53.ipk" ], [ "architecture", "aarch64_cortex-a53" ], [ "version", "multiple_mints_rebase_taglist_detect_package-91-ca43710" ], [ "release_channel", "dev" ] ], "content": "TollGate Module Package: basic for gl-mt3000" }

Logread output: ``` Thu May 8 14:12:11 2025 daemon.err tollgate-basic[8933]: 2025/05/08 14:12:11.615394 Relay wss://relay.damus.io disconnected, attempting to reconnect Thu May 8 14:12:11 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[8933]: Connecting to relay: wss://relay.damus.io Thu May 8 14:12:11 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[8933]: Connected to relay: wss://relay.damus.io Thu May 8 14:12:11 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[8933]: Subscription successful on relay wss://relay.damus.io Thu May 8 14:12:11 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[8933]: Subscribed to NIP-94 events on relay wss://relay.damus.io Thu May 8 14:20:41 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[8933]: Connecting to relay: wss://relay.tollgate.me Thu May 8 14:21:33 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[8933]: Started the timer Thu May 8 14:21:33 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[8933]: Intersection: [basic-gl-mt3000-aarch64_cortex-a53.ipk-multiple_mints_rebase_taglist_detect_package-91-ca43710] Thu May 8 14:21:33 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[8933]: Right Time Keys: [basic-gl-mt3000-aarch64_cortex-a53.ipk-multiple_mints_rebase_taglist_detect_package-90-ad29788 basic-gl-mt3000-aarch64_cortex-a53.ipk-multiple_mints_rebase_taglist_detect_package-90-ad29788 basic-gl-mt3000-aarch64_cortex-a53.ipk-multiple_mints_rebase_taglist_detect_package-91-ca43710] Thu May 8 14:21:33 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[8933]: Right Arch Keys count: 115 Thu May 8 14:21:33 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[8933]: Right Version Keys: [basic-gl-mt3000-aarch64_cortex-a53.ipk-multiple_mints_rebase_taglist_detect_package-91-ca43710] Thu May 8 14:21:43 2025 daemon.err tollgate-basic[8933]: 2025/05/08 14:21:43.304879 Timeout reached, checking for new versions Thu May 8 14:21:43 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[8933]: Sorted Qualifying Events Keys: [basic-gl-mt3000-aarch64_cortex-a53.ipk-multiple_mints_rebase_taglist_detect_package-91-ca43710] Thu May 8 14:21:43 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[8933]: Newer package version available: multiple_mints_rebase_taglist_detect_package-91-ca43710 Thu May 8 14:21:43 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[8933]: Downloading package from https://blossom.swissdash.site/75990a3f245069a56c02c6e24dc312ecc6ff1f0df632fb99ddb247c98a745a5b.ipk to /tmp/75990a3f245069a56c02c6e24dc312ecc6ff1f0df632fb99ddb247c98a745a5b.ipk Thu May 8 14:21:45 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[8933]: Package downloaded successfully to /tmp/ Thu May 8 14:21:45 2025 daemon.info tollgate-basic[8933]: New package version is ready to be installed by cronjob Thu May 8 14:21:45 2025 daemon.err tollgate-basic[8933]: 2025/05/08 14:21:45.667395 Verifying package checksum Thu May 8 14:21:45 2025 daemon.err tollgate-basic[8933]: 2025/05/08 14:21:45.676755 Package checksum verified successfully Thu May 8 14:22:06 2025 daemon.err tollgate-basic[10154]: 2025/05/08 14:22:06 NIP94EventID: 51ca573636243df455333e83d5b456b4bcefd939c8160c5737545abcdc95dfd9 Thu May 8 14:22:06 2025 daemon.err tollgate-basic[10154]: 2025/05/08 14:22:06 IPAddressRandomized: 192.168.3.1

```

Config has the right event id again: root@OpenWrt:/tmp# cat /etc/tollgate/config.json | jq { "tollgate_private_key": "8a45d0add1c7ddf668f9818df550edfa907ae8ea59d6581a4ca07473d468d663", "accepted_mints": [ "https://mint.minibits.cash/Bitcoin", "https://mint2.nutmix.cash" ], "price_per_minute": 1, "bragging": { "enabled": true, "fields": [ "amount", "mint", "duration" ] }, "relays": [ "wss://relay.damus.io", "wss://nos.lol", "wss://nostr.mom", "wss://relay.tollgate.me" ], "trusted_maintainers": [ "5075e61f0b048148b60105c1dd72bbeae1957336ae5824087e52efa374f8416a" ], "fields_to_be_reviewed": [ "price_per_minute", "relays", "tollgate_private_key", "trusted_maintainers" ], "nip94_event_id": "51ca573636243df455333e83d5b456b4bcefd939c8160c5737545abcdc95dfd9" }

Install.json has the right file path again: root@OpenWrt:/tmp# cat /etc/tollgate/install.json | jq { "package_path": "/tmp/75990a3f245069a56c02c6e24dc312ecc6ff1f0df632fb99ddb247c98a745a5b.ipk", "ip_address_randomized": "192.168.3.1", "install_time": 1746714121, "download_time": 1746714105, "release_channel": "dev", "ensure_default_timestamp": 1746634883, "update_path": null }

@ 9c35fe6b:5977e45b

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Combine Desert Thrills with Ancient Wonders Turn your desert safari into a grand journey by including one of our Egypt pyramid tour packages. Witness the mystique of the Pyramids of Giza before heading into the vast desert—blending ancient history with modern adventure To Contact Us: E-Mail: info@etbtours.com Mobile & WhatsApp: +20 10 67569955 - +201021100873 Address: 4 El Lebeny Axis, Nazlet Al Batran, Al Haram, Giza, Egypt

@ bf47c19e:c3d2573b

Originalni tekst na dvadesetjedan.com.

Autor: Matt Corallo / Prevod na hrvatski: Davor

---

Bitcoineri, od programera Bitcoin Core-a preko dugogodišnjih entuzijasta Bitcoina do nedavnih pronalazača /r/Bitcoina, vole razgovarati o tome kako je decentralizacija Bitcoina njegova ultimativna značajka. Doduše, rijetko vidite da netko objašnjava zašto je decentralizacija važna. Zasigurno je to zanimljiva značajka iz perspektive računalne znanosti, no zašto bi potrošači, tvrtke ili investitori marili za to? Ova objava je pokušaj da se napiše zašto je decentralizacija temelj vrijednosti Bitcoina i što je još važnije, postavi buduće objave u kojima se govori o tome kada ona to nije.

Kada Bitcoineri govore o decentralizaciji Bitcoina, prva stvar koja se pojavljuje je često spominjani nedostatak inherentnog povjerenja u treću stranu. Dok je dobro postavljeno povjerenje preduvjet za učinkovit rad mnogih sustava, jednom kada se takvo povjerenje izgubi, sustavi mogu postati nevjerojatno krhki. Uzmimo, za primjer, povjerenje u američke banke prije uspostave FDIC-a (Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation). Dok je pristup bankovnim uslugama omogućio više pogodnosti i mnogim tvrtkama učinkovitije poslovanje, poznato je da su banke propadale, pritom upropaštavajući sa sobom sva sredstva klijenata. Dok je predstavljanje FDIC-a i sličnih programa decentraliziralo povjerenje u financijske institucije s jedne strane na dvije, transakcije u velikom dijelu svijeta ne nude takvu zaštitu. Čak i uz takve programe, pojedinci nisu univerzalno zaštićeni od gubitka preko granica i preko određene vrijednosti.

U novije vrijeme, propisi koji dopuštaju pojedinim državnim dužnosnicima jednostrano oduzimanje imovine postali su uobičajeni. Naročito u SAD-u, sada zloglasna “Operacija Choke Point” i programi oduzimanja civilne imovine, omogućili su službenicima za provođenje zakona i privatnim institucijama da zapljenjuju financijsku imovinu i uskraćuju financijske usluge uz malo ili nimalo nadzora. Uklanjanje provjerenih skrbnika i stvaranje sustava s likvidnom imovinom, koja se ne može zaplijeniti, ima potencijal pružiti pouzdanije financijske usluge mnogima koji inače ne bi mogli djelovati učinkovito ili uopće ne bi mogli djelovati. Ova mogućnost da se Bitcoin ne može zaplijeniti, omogućena je samo zbog nedostatka za centraliziranim povjerenjem. Centralizirani sustavi elektroničke gotovine i financijski sustavi su pokušali pružiti takvu pouzdanost, propisi i poslovna stvarnost su to gotovo univerzalno spriječili.

Svojstvo koje je jednako važno za sposobnost Bitcoina da pruža financijske usluge zviždačima, stranim disidentima i porno zvijezdama je njegov otpor cenzuri transakcija. Sposobnost trećih strana da zaplijene imovinu rezultira izravnim i čistim novčanim gubitkom, zamrzavanje imovine može imati sličan učinak. Kada pojedinac ili organizacija više nisu u mogućnosti obavljati transakcije za plaćanje roba i usluga, njihova financijska imovina brzo gubi vrijednost. Iako Bitcoin ima vrlo dobru priču o nemogućnosti zapljene (svaka strana u sustavu nameće nemogućnost bilo koga da potroši Bitcoin bez dodanog privatnog ključa), njegova priča o otporu cenzuri je malo utančanija.

U svijetu u kojem nijedan rudar Bitcoina nema više od 1% ukupne hash snage (ili nešto drugo što je jednako decentralizirano), trebalo bi biti lako pronaći rudara koji je ili anoniman i prihvaća sve transakcije ili je u nadležnosti koja ne pokušava cenzurirati vaše transakcije. Naravno, ovo nije svijet kakav danas imamo, a cenzura transakcija jedan je od većih razloga da se ozbiljno zabrinemo centralizacijom rudarenja (za pune čvorove). Ipak, mogućnost pojedinca da kupi hash snagu (u obliku lako dostupnog starog hardvera ili u obliku njegovog iznajmljivanja) za rudarenje svoje inače cenzurirane transakcije, opcija je sve dok je pravilo najdužeg lanca na snazi ​​kod svih rudara. Iako je znatno skuplji nego što bi bio u istinski decentraliziranom Bitcoinu, to omogućuje Bitcoinu da zadrži neka od svojih anti-cenzuriranih svojstava.

Ako ste već dovoljno dugo u priči oko Bitcoina, možda ćete prepoznati gornja svojstva kao kritična za zamjenjivost. Zamjenjivost, kao ključno svojstvo svakog monetarnog instrumenta, odnosi se na ideju da vrijednost jedne jedinice treba biti ekvivalentna svakoj drugoj jedinici. Bez mogućnosti odmrzavanja/otpora cenzuri i nemogućnosti zapljene, Bitcoin (i svaki drugi monetarni sustav) počinje gubiti zamjenjivost. Trgovci i platni procesori više ne mogu razumno prihvaćati Bitcoin bez provjere niza crnih lista i mnogo truda kako bi bili sigurni da će moći potrošiti Bitcoin koji prihvaćaju. Ako povjerenje u zamjenjivost Bitcoina deformira, njegova bi korist mogla biti značajno deformirana.

Još jedno svojstvo koje proizlazi iz decentralizacije Bitcoina, je njegov otvoreni pristup. Ulagači iz Silicijske doline često ga nazivaju jednim od najzanimljivijih svojstava Bitcoina, a mnogi ga vole nazivati ​​"bez dopuštenja". Sposobnost bilo koga, bilo gdje u svijetu, sa internetskom vezom, da prihvaća Bitcoin za robu i usluge i koristi Bitcoin za kupnju roba i usluga je vrlo uzbudljiva. Opet, ovo svojstvo ovisi o decentralizaciji Bitcoina. Iako postoje mnogi centralizirani pružatelji financijskih usluga, gdje mnogi od njih promoviraju svoju dostupnost bilo kome, sama njihova prisutnost kao centraliziranog tijela koje može proizvoljno uskratiti uslugu, čini ih podložnim budućim promjenama politike iz bilo kojeg razloga. PayPal je, na primjer, utemeljen na idealima univerzalnog pristupa elektroničkoj gotovini. Međutim, zbog svoje pozicije središnje vlasti, brzo je promijenio svoje politike, kako bi udovoljio pritiscima regulatora i politikama postojećeg financijskog sustava na koji se oslanjao. Ovih dana, PayPal je nadaleko poznat po zamrzavanju računa i oduzimanju imovine uz malo ili nimalo upozorenja. U osnovi, oslanjanje na centralizirane strane za usluge nije kompatibilno s univerzalnim otvorenim pristupom u financijskom svijetu.

Primijetit ćete da se sve gore navedene kritične značajke, one koje Bitcoin čine tako uzbudljivim za sve nas, centralizirani sistemi već neko vrijeme mogu implementirati. Zapravo to se radilo i prije, u učinkovitijim sustavima od Bitcoina. Naravno, nikada nisu potrajali, gubeći kritična svojstva nakon podešavanja kako bi se popravila ova ili ona stvar, implementirajući regulatorne sustave cenzure izravno u osnovne slojeve, ograničavajući pristup rastu dobiti i potpuno gašenje. Stvarno, decentralizacija u Bitcoinu sama po sebi nije značajka, već je umjesto toga jedini način za koji znamo da održimo značajke koje želimo u sustavima kojima upravljaju ljudi.

Originalni tekst

@ 7460b7fd:4fc4e74b

背景与研究范围

Backpack 是由多名前 FTX 和 Alameda 员工在 FTX 崩盘后创立的一家加密交易平台，与 Amber Group（一家大型加密金融服务商）和已倒闭的交易所 FTX 之间可能存在多重隐秘关联。本研究超越公开新闻，从团队延续、资金路径、合规架构、基础设施复用和链上迹象等角度，推理分析三者之间的联系。下文将分别讨论：团队与股权延续性、法币出金（稳定币清算）架构、Amber Group 的支持角色、Circle/Equals Money 等第三方的关联，以及“交叉代币解锁”机制的可能性，并给出关键证据与信息缺口。

团队与股权上的延续性

首先，在团队方面，Backpack 由多名 FTX/Alameda 前成员创立。据报道，Backpack 的联合创始人包括前 Alameda Research 早期员工 Armani Ferrante，以及 FTX 前总法律顾问 Can Suncoinspeaker.com；另一位联合创始人 Tristan Yver 也曾任职于 FTX/Alamedanftgators.com。据 CoinSpeaker 披露，Backpack 40名员工中至少有5人是 FTX 前员工coinspeaker.com。这表明 Backpack 在团队传承上与 FTX 存在明显延续。一方面，创始团队直接来自原 FTX 帝国的核心人员；另一方面，他们将过往在大型交易所积累的经验带入了 Backpack。

其次，在股权投资方面也有延续痕迹。早在2022年9月，Backpack 背后的公司 Coral 即获得了由 FTX Ventures 领投的2000万美元种子轮融资，用于开发 Backpack xNFT 钱包等产品nftgators.com。然而由于2022年11月FTX暴雷，这笔来自 FTX 的投资资金大部分被冻结损失nftgators.com。在经历了资金困难的“蟑螂生存模式”后，Backpack 团队于2023-2024年重新融资，成功在2024年2月完成1700万美元的 A 轮融资nftgators.com。值得注意的是，此轮融资的投资阵容中出现了 Amber Group 的身影nftgators.com。Amber Group 与 Placeholder、Hashed、Wintermute 等知名机构共同参与了该轮融资coinspeaker.com。这意味着 Amber 已经成为 Backpack 股东之一，在股权上建立了联系。此外，Jump Crypto 和 Delphi Digital 等与 FTX时代关系密切的机构也参与了投资nftgators.com。综上， Backpack 的股东和团队构成反映出明显的历史延续：既有原FTX系资本（FTX Ventures）和人员直接过渡，也有 Amber Group 等行业巨头在FTX倒台后入场接棒投资，为 Backpack 提供资金和资源支持。

法币出金架构与 USDC 清算渠道

FTX 时代的稳定币清算： 为了解 Backpack 是否继承了 FTX 的 USDC 清算架构，需要回顾 FTX 过往的法币出入金体系。FTX 在运营高峰时期，以其流畅的出入金和稳定币兑换闻名。用户可以将 USDC 等稳定币充值到 FTX 并直接视同美元资产使用，提取时又能以银行电汇方式取出美元，过程中几乎无汇兑损耗。这背后可能依赖于 FTX 与 Circle 等机构的直接清算合作，以及自有银行网络的支持。例如，Circle 提供的企业账户服务可以让像FTX这样的平台在后台实现USDC与美元的1:1兑换与清算circle.com。事实上，FTX 曾是 USDC 的主要场景之一，大量用户通过将美元换成 USDC 再转入FTX进行交易，从而绕过昂贵的跨境汇款费用。FTX 很可能建立了高效的稳定币兑换通道——例如通过 Silvergate 银行网络或与稳定币发行方直接交割——来实现低成本、快速的法币⇄USDC 转换。这套“USDC 清算架构”是FTX业务成功的重要基础之一。

Backpack 的出金方案： Backpack 作为新兴交易所，近期正式推出了类似的法币⇄稳定币出入金功能，并号称实现了“0费率”的美元/USDC转换panewslab.com。根据官方公告，从2025年5月起，Backpack Exchange 用户可以通过电汇方式充值和提取美元，且美元与USDC的兑换不收取任何手续费panewslab.com。这与FTX当年提供的低成本稳定币出入金体验如出一辙，表明 Backpack 很可能在复用或重建一种高效的清算架构。

与FTX相比，Backpack 并未公开具体采用了何种技术/金融渠道来实现0手续费。但通过社区测试和代码线索，可以推测其架构与FTX思路相似：首先， Backpack 将美元法币与USDC稳定币视为等价资产开放存取，用户电汇美元到账后在平台得到USDC或美元余额，提币时可用USDC直接提走或兑换成美元汇出。其次， Backpack 可能通过与稳定币发行方Circle的合作，或通过场外流动性方，将用户的USDC和法币进行实时对冲清算。Circle提供的API允许合规企业账户方便地将USDC兑换为美元存入银行账户circle.com；Backpack 很可能利用了这一渠道，在后台完成USDC的兑换，再通过银行网络把美元汇给用户。虽然Backpack官方未明言使用Circle，但其USDC通道开放的举措本身就体现了Circle所倡导的稳定币跨境支付应用场景circle.com。因此，从设计上看，Backpack 的法币出入金体系是对FTX模式的一种延续和致敬，即充分利用稳定币作为清算中介，实现跨境汇款的低成本与高效率。

银行网络与 Equals Money： 更有意思的是，有社区用户实测 Backpack 的美元提现，发现汇款发起方显示为“Equals Money PLC”btcxiaolinzi.top。Equals Money 是英国一家持有FCA牌照的电子货币机构(EMI)，为企业提供银行转账和外汇服务btcxiaolinzi.top。测试者推断，Backpack 可能在 Equals Money 开立了企业账户，用于代替传统银行向用户汇出美元btcxiaolinzi.top。这一细节揭示了Backpack出金架构的实现路径：Backpack 很可能将待提现的USDC通过某种方式兑换成法币并存入其在Equals Money的账户，由后者完成跨境电汇至用户收款银行。由于Equals Money本质上连接着欧洲和国际支付网络，Backpack借助它可以避开美国传统银行的限制，为全球用户（包括无法直接与美国持牌银行打交道的用户）提供出金服务。这一点在FTX时代并未被广泛报道，但符合FTX/Alameda团队擅长搭建复杂金融通道的作风。由此推断， Backpack 确实在承袭FTX时期的清算理念：利用多层金融机构合作（如稳定币发行方、电子货币机构等），构筑高效的全球资金出入网络。在表面0手续费的背后，可能是由Backpack或其合作方（如做市商）承担了兑换成本，以吸引用户panewslab.com。目前这一体系已进入公开测试及运营阶段，随着更多支付方式（ACH、SEPA）的推出，Backpack正逐步完善其全球法币出入金矩阵panewslab.com。

Amber Group 的潜在支持角色

作为Backpack的重要战略投资方，Amber Group 在该体系中可能扮演多重支持角色。首先是资金层面： Amber参与了Backpack的A轮融资nftgators.com并获得股权，这意味着Amber对Backpack的发展具有直接利益。在FTX倒闭后，Amber选择投资由FTX前团队创立的新交易所，体现出其对这支团队能力和商业模式的认可。Amber本身是知名的加密市场做市和金融服务公司，管理着庞大的资产并具备深厚的流动性提供能力dailycoin.com。因此可以合理推测，Amber除了资本投入，还可能作为做市商为Backpack的交易提供充足的流动性支持，确保用户在Backpack上交易时有良好的市场深度和稳定的价格。这种隐性支持符合许多交易所背后有大做市商“站台”的行业惯例。尤其Backpack定位要提供低成本的稳定币兑换和跨链流动性，Amber在稳定币交易市场的经验和库存或可帮助其维持汇率稳定。

其次是技术与基础设施支持： Amber Group 多年来构建了自己的交易系统（包括托管、风控和前端应用，如之前面向零售的 WhaleFin 应用）。尽管目前未有公开信息表明Backpack直接复用了Amber的技术，但不排除Amber在底层架构上提供咨询或授权支持的可能。例如，Amber深耕多链资产管理和清算，其内部API或合规方案可能对Backpack搭建跨法币/加密的基础设施有所启发。双方如果有合作，极有可能保持低调以避免监管敏感。还有一种支持形式是隐性投资或子基金合作： Amber可能通过旗下基金或关联投资工具，持有Backpack相关业务的权益而不公开身份。然而截至目前，我们尚未发现明确证据证明Amber有这种“隐形”持股行为——Amber作为领投方之一出现于公开融资名单，说明其支持主要还是以正式股权投资和业务协作的方式进行coinspeaker.com。

第三是合规与网络资源： Amber在全球（尤其亚洲）拥有广泛的业务网络和合规资源。Backpack注册在阿联酋迪拜，并计划拓展美国、日本、欧洲等市场learn.backpack.exchangelearn.backpack.exchange。Amber总部位于亚洲（最初在香港，新加坡等地开展业务），对东亚和东南亚市场非常了解。Amber的联合创始人团队中有合规专家，曾帮助公司获取多地牌照。Backpack的联合创始人之一（Can Sun）本身是前FTX法务，这保证了内部合规经验，但Amber的外部资源也可能提供协助。例如，Amber在香港与监管机构打交道的经验，或许有助于Backpack寻求香港或东南亚牌照；Amber在银行业和支付领域的关系网络，也可能帮助Backpack连接银行通道（如引荐像Equals Money这样的机构）。虽然这方面多属于推测，但考虑到Amber投资后通常会积极赋能被投企业，Backpack有理由从Amber处获得合规咨询、市场拓展等方面的帮助。

总的来看，Amber Group 对 Backpack 的支持可能是**“润物细无声”**式的：既体现在台前的融资与做市合作，也体现在幕后的资源共享和经验输出。这种支持帮助Backpack在短时间内补齐了从交易技术到法币通道的诸多要素，使其有能力低成本快速上线类似FTX当年的核心功能（如稳定币快速出入金）。然而，由于双方都未公开详述合作细节，我们对Amber介入的深度仍缺乏直接证据，只能从结果倒推其可能性。

Circle、Equals Money 等第三方的关联

在Backpack、FTX与Amber的关系网络中，Circle和Equals Money等第三方机构扮演了关键“节点”，它们的出现为三者合作提供了基础设施支撑：

• Circle（USDC发行方）： Circle公司本身与FTX及Backpack都有千丝万缕的业务联系。FTX在世时是USDC重要的使用方，帮助USDC拓展了交易所场景；FTX垮台后，Backpack继续扛起“稳定币交易所”的大旗，大量采用USDC作为美元计价和清算工具panewslab.com。虽然我们没有公开材料直接指出Backpack已与Circle签署合作协议，但Backpack推出USD/USDC通道的举措实际是在推动USDC的使用，这与Circle致力于扩大USDC应用的战略不谋而合circle.com。Circle近年来打造跨境支付网络，与多家交易平台和金融机构合作提供法币-稳定币转换服务circle.com。因此，有理由相信Backpack在后台利用了Circle的流动性或API来实现用户提币时的USDC兑换和赎回。比如，当用户在Backpack提取美元，Backpack可能将等额USDC通过Circle赎回成美元，Circle则将该美元汇入Backpack的银行账户进行出金。这种模式其实正是Circle提供给企业客户的“稳定币托管清算”服务之一circle.com。换言之，Circle充当了Backpack法币出金链条中的关键一环，尽管普通用户感知不到它的存在。反过来看Amber，作为全球领先的做市商，也大量使用USDC进行交易和结算，Amber与Circle之间亦可能有直接合作关系（如参与Circle的伙伴计划等）。可以说，Circle及其USDC网络构成了FTX时代和Backpack时代连接传统金融和加密世界的桥梁：FTX和Backpack都踩在这座桥上快速发展，而Amber作为市场参与者，同样频繁走这座桥，为自身和伙伴创造价值。

• Equals Money（英国电子货币机构）： 前文提及，Equals Money PLC 在Backpack的出金过程中显现出来btcxiaolinzi.top。这家公司提供面向企业的银行即服务(BaaS)，允许像Backpack这样的客户通过其平台发起全球付款。Equals Money的出现意味着Backpack选择了一条灵活的合规路径来实现银行转账功能：相比直接开设传统银行账户，使用EMI能更快获取支付能力且准入门槛较低。FTX时期并未传出使用EMI的消息，因为当时FTX可直接依赖自己的银行关系网（例如通过位于美国、欧洲的自有账户）来处理汇款。然而在后FTX时代，许多加密公司（包括Amber）都在寻找新的银行替代方案，EMI因此受到青睐。具体联系： 根据实测，Backpack用户提现美元到Wise时，Wise收到的汇款来自Equals Moneybtcxiaolinzi.top。Wise作为跨境汇款平台，其收款机制对资金来源要求严格，但Equals Money持有FCA牌照，属于受监管机构，Wise接收来自Equals的资金被视为合规btcxiaolinzi.top。由此推断，Backpack通过Equals的企业账户，将兑换好的美元直接打给用户填入的收款账号（包括Wise提供的虚拟账号）。这表明Backpack和Equals Money之间有直接业务往来，Equals是Backpack法币出金服务链条上的合作伙伴。值得一提的是，Amber Group 此前在欧洲也曾探索电子货币牌照或合作渠道的可能，尽管无法确认Amber是否也使用Equals，但不排除Amber为Backpack牵线搭桥、推荐了Equals这类服务商的可能性。

综合来看， Circle和Equals Money分别代表了稳定币清算层和法币支付层的基础设施，与Backpack/FTX/Amber的联系体现为：Circle提供“链上到链下”的美元流动性支持，Equals提供“链下”最后一公里的银行网络接口。三者之所以都选择/使用这些渠道，是因为它们共享了对加密法币融合效率的追求。对于FTX和Backpack而言，这些渠道是业务方案的一部分；对于Amber而言，这些渠道是服务布局和投资的一环（Amber支持的交易所采用了这些方案，也间接符合Amber推动行业基础设施完善的利益）。

“交叉代币解锁”机制与链上协作迹象

“交叉代币解锁”是指Amber、Backpack（或其关联项目）之间通过持有彼此发行的代币，并利用协议合作、解锁计划或链上交易，实现协同利益的一种机制。鉴于Backpack尚处于发展初期，我们需要探讨哪些代币或资产可能涉及双方的互动：

• Backpack 平台代币的潜在发行： 根据Backpack社区的信息，平台计划通过交易积分空投方式向活跃用户发放代币资格btcxiaolinzi.top。这暗示Backpack未来会推出自己的平台代币。若真如此，早期投资方（包括Amber Group）很可能在代币经济中占有一席之地，例如通过投资协议获得一定比例的平台代币配额。在代币正式解锁流通时，Amber等机构投资者将持有相应份额。这就产生了潜在的“交叉代币”联系：Amber持有Backpack的代币，并可在协议允许的时间窗口解锁出售或利用。这种关系一方面绑定了Amber与Backpack的长期利益，另一方面也为Amber提供了在二级市场获利或支持Backpack代币市值的机会。如果Backpack设计代币经济时有锁仓解锁期，那么Amber的代币解锁时间和数量将受到协议约束。从链上数据看，未来可以观察这些大额代币解锁地址是否与Amber的钱包存在关联，以验证Amber对Backpack代币的处置行为。当前，由于Backpack代币尚未发行，我们只能提出这一推测性机制，等待后续链上数据来印证。

• Amber 持仓代币与Backpack业务的协同： 反之，Amber Group 或其子基金本身持有众多加密资产，是否有与Backpack生态互动的情况？例如，Amber可能持有某些与Backpack生态有关的项目代币（如Solana链上资产，Backpack钱包支持的特定NFT/代币等）。一个案例是Backpack团队曾在Solana上发行受欢迎的 xNFT系列“Mαd Lads”NFTlearn.backpack.exchange。Amber或其投资部门是否参与了该NFT的投资或持有尚无公开资料，但不排除Amber透过场内交易购买一些以支持Backpack生态热度。再者，如果Amber在其他项目上持有代币，而Backpack平台上线这些资产交易，Amber可能通过链上转账将流动性注入Backpack，从而实现双方受益——Amber获得流动性做市收益，Backpack获得交易量和资产丰富度。这可以视作一种链上协作。例如Amber持有大量某种代币X，在Backpack上新上线代币X交易对时，Amber账户向Backpack的热钱包充值代币X提供初始流动性。这样的行为在链上会呈现Amber已知地址向Backpack地址的大额转账。如果将来这些数据出现，将成为印证双方链上合作的直接证据。目前，此类链上轨迹还未有公开披露，我们只能假设其存在的可能性。

• FTX 遗留资产与Backpack 的关联： 另一个值得一提的链上观察维度是FTX/Alameda遗留资产的动向。FTX倒闭后，其相关钱包曾多次异动。Backpack团队作为前员工，有可能知晓某些地址或资产的情况。但由于破产清算在法庭监管下进行，直接将FTX遗留资产转给新项目不太现实。不过，不排除某些前Alameda投资的项目代币后来为Backpack团队所用。例如，Alameda早期投资的项目若代币解锁，Backpack团队个人可能持有部分并用于新平台的流动性。这种间接关联较难确认，但链上仍可寻找蛛丝马迹，比如监测前Alameda标识的钱包与Backpack相关地址之间的交易。如果有频繁互动，可能暗示Backpack获取了Alameda旧有资产的支持。至今未见显著证据，推测空间大于实证。

小结： “交叉代币解锁”机制目前更多停留在理论推演层面。我们确认了Backpack未来存在发行平台代币的规划btcxiaolinzi.top；也确认Amber作为投资方大概率会获得并持有该代币份额。但具体的锁仓解锁安排、双方是否会通过特殊协议（如做市激励、流动性挖矿等）进行合作，还有待官方披露或链上数据验证。链上分析工具可以在未来帮助捕捉Amber地址与Backpack生态代币/NFT的交互，从而揭示深层协作。如果发现Amber旗下地址在Backpack代币解锁后立即大量转入交易所，可能意味着Amber选择变现；反之，若锁定期内就有灰度交易发生，甚至可能存在双方提前约定的场外交换。这些都是值得持续监测的方向，但就目前信息来看，尚无定论。

\ 图：FTX、Amber Group 与 Backpack 三者关系示意图。红色/橙色线表示团队和股权延续（FTX前员工和投资延续到Backpack，Amber参与投资并可能提供流动性）；蓝色线表示Backpack法币出金所依赖的稳定币清算和银行通道（通过USDC及Equals Money实现）；灰色虚线表示FTX和Amber分别与USDC发行方Circle在业务上的联系。这些关系共同构成了Backpack在FTX余荫和Amber支持下快速搭建全球业务的基础。

关键证据与信息缺口

通过上述分析，我们梳理了已知的信息链条，并挖掘了若干可能的隐秘关联，同时也识别出需要进一步调查的信息空白：

• 明确的证据链： 我们找到了多项公开资料证明Backpack与FTX/Amber的联系：包括创始团队来自FTX/Alamedacoinspeaker.com、FTX Ventures 曾投资Backpack母公司nftgators.com、Amber Group 参与了Backpack的融资coinspeaker.com、多名FTX旧部现在Backpack任职coinspeaker.com等。这些形成了人员和资金延续的直接证据。另外，通过用户分享和代码库，我们确认Backpack法币出金使用了Equals Money通道btcxiaolinzi.top并提供了0手续费的USD/USDC转换panewslab.com——这证明了Backpack确实建立了类似FTX当年的稳定币清算架构，只是技术实现上借助了新的合作方(Equals Money)。这些证据支撑了本文的大部分推论基础。

• 合理的推测与佐证： 有些关联尚无官方公告证明，但基于行业惯例和现有线索推测合理，并有部分侧面佐证。例如，Amber 为Backpack提供做市流动性支援一事，没有直接新闻来源，但考虑到Amber投资交易所的动机和能力，此推断具有高概率可靠性。再如，Backpack疑似使用Circle的USDC清算服务，虽无明示，但从其业务模式和Circle的产品定位来看circle.com，这一幕后合作应该存在。同样地，Amber可能通过非公开方式向Backpack输出技术/合规支持，也是基于双方利益绑定关系而做出的推断。这些推测目前缺乏直接证据，只能算作可能性假设，需要后续留意更多细节披露。

• 信息缺口与待验证点： 首先，关于Backpack具体的清算路径，我们仍不清楚它如何在链上/链下转换巨额USDC为法币。虽然Equals Money出现在汇款端btcxiaolinzi.top，但在那之前USDC的结算或许涉及Circle或其他做市商（如Amber）——这部分交易发生在后台，需更多技术信息或链上监控来捕捉。其次，Amber与Backpack之间除股权外是否存在合同约定的业务合作（如Amber成为指定做市商、提供信贷支持等）目前尚未公开，属于信息真空。第三，Backpack未来的代币发行和分配细节未知，Amber等投资方将如何参与、解锁周期如何，将直接影响“交叉代币”协作的发生与否，需等官方白皮书出台。第四，更多链上证据的挖掘：由于没有公开的钱包标签，很难直接将某条链上交易指认属于Amber或Backpack。但如果未来Backpack发行代币或大型交易上线，链上必然会出现相关资金流，我们可以通过已知Amber常用地址（如果有披露）来交叉比对，看其是否与Backpack生态有交互。这是一块需要进一步研究的领域，可能借助区块链分析工具和交易图谱来补全证据。最后，还有监管和法律结构的信息：例如Backpack在不同司法管辖区的注册实体与银行账号详情，FTX遗产处理过程中是否对Backpack团队有约束，这些在公开资料中都尚无答案。

结论

综合全篇分析，Backpack、Amber Group 与已倒闭的FTX之间确实存在千丝万缕的延续和关联。Backpack可以被视作FTX精神和技术路线的“继承者”之一——由FTX旧将创建，在FTX垮台造成的市场空白中迅速崛起coinspeaker.com。Amber Group 则扮演了重要的扶持者角色，通过投资和可能的资源注入，参与了Backpack的重建过程coinspeaker.com。在具体业务层面，Backpack延续了FTX时代的创新，如高效的稳定币清算和全球化业务布局，但为了适应新的环境，它也采用了新的工具（如Equals Money的出金渠道）和更严格的合规措施（迪拜等地的牌照）coinspeaker.com。这一切背后，隐现着Amber等老牌加密公司的身影支持，以及Circle等基础设施提供商的支撑。

当然，隐秘关联并不意味着不正当行为，上述关系很多是基于正常的商业合作和延续，只是未明言于公众。例如，前FTX团队利用自己的经验和人脉创建新平台，本身无可厚非；Amber投资新交易所也是市场行为。从推理和现有证据看，并没有直接迹象显示三者存在违法的秘密勾连。然而，对于研究者和行业观察者而言，了解这些联系有助于洞察加密行业格局的演变：FTX的倒下并未让其积累的人才和思想消失，反而通过创业和投资，以新的形式（Backpack）继续影响市场；Amber等老牌玩家则通过战略投资，将自己的版图延伸到新兴平台，以保持竞争力。

未来展望： 随着Backpack进一步发展，我们预计会有更多信息浮出水面来验证或修正上述假设。例如，Backpack若推出平台代币，其投资人持仓和解锁情况将记录在链，从而揭示Amber等的参与细节；再比如，Backpack进入美国市场时需要公开其合作银行或支付伙伴，届时我们可能印证Circle等在其中的角色。如果出现新的合作公告或监管披露文件，也能帮助我们更清晰地绘制三者关系网。目前的信息不对称使我们只能尽力拼凑一幅关联图景，并针对关键环节提供已知证据支持。仍存在的一些信息缺口需要持续跟进调查。总之，Backpack、Amber Group 与FTX的故事折射出加密行业的新旧交替与传承。在FTX的余烬上，新火花正在由熟悉旧世界的人点燃，而这些火花能否照亮一个更加合规稳健的未来，还有待时间检验。 nftgators.comcoinspeaker.com

@ bbb5dda0:f09e2747

I've been neglecting my weekly updates a bit. I haven't really gotten to them lately because i've been insanely busy frying my brains at #SovEng. And after that i haven't been keeping my weekly notes properly. WHICH I'm planning to pick back up now!

This week/ the last couple weeks I've been doing some general planning around @tollGate's appearances on various conferences around Europe! First on the list will be Pizza Day in Prague! And from there I'll be cruising straight to @Oslo Freedom Forum! For TollGate that also means getting us set up with some T-Shirts and Stickers, though not super hard to do, it's the first time I'm doing any 'marketing' like this so I did test my own patience by properly cropping and ordering the designs. So far the stickers came out well Look at our first officially baptized TollGate! :)

TollGate Installer

As we're installing versions of TollGateOS on routers quite often now I figured it'd be a good idea to streamline the experience a bit by building a TollGate Installer. I've been vibecoding it mostly, and one of the things I discovered is how easy it is to make it replicate the style of another app. To stick with the theme I told it to mirror the style of our TollGate Captive portal site and it did it perfectly!

Anyway, still a lot of manual engineering is required but at least I can outsource the stuff i'm bad at. What I did improve was the GitHub workflows we use for building and publishing the OS. We publish our releases to Blossom + Nostr (NIP-94). I then use those messages in the installer to get the download links.

👀 But which version!?

I quickly ran into the issue that I didn't know which binary to install on the router i hooked up to my computer. I connect the router via lan, then I scan the network and ssh into the router, get some basic info, like the device name. BUT, the format of that device name wouldn't match any of the names we'd use in our release.

For example: the router name would be glinet,mt3000 while our release was called gl-mt3000. The difference may seem subtle but I can't match them. So after some discussion with the others I went on and revamped our OS pipeline to properly follow the OpenWRT naming of boards/devices. The pipeline is now much more extensible, making it easier for us to add support for more hardware!

What's next?

We're aiming for a v0.0.2 release of TollGate OS by friday, incorporating some of the feedback we've gotten from our test users! Hang on tight guys! 🙏 I'm hoping to finish an earlier version of the installer in the upcoming week as well.

@ bf47c19e:c3d2573b

Originalni tekst na net.hr

05.12.2024 / Autor: Katarina Plantak

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Vrijednost Bitcoina po prvi put je premašila 100.000 dolara. Ova kriptovaluta svoj masovni rast može na neki način zahvaliti reizboru Donalda Trumpa za američkog predsjednika. On je najavio blaži regulatorni pristup kripto industriji.

Što je Bitcoin?

Bitcoin (BTC) je kriptovaluta (virtualna valuta) dizajnirana da djeluje kao novac i oblik plaćanja izvan kontrole bilo koje osobe, grupe ili entiteta. Time nema potrebe za sudjelovanjem pouzdane treće strane npr. kovnice novca ili banke u financijskim transakcijama. Osoba ili grupa pod pseudonimom Satoshi Nakamoto 31. listopada 2008. objavila je tehnički dokument pod nazivom "Bitcoin: Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System". Taj je dokument distribuiran na kriptografsku mailing listu, samo mjesec dana nakon što je investicijska banka Lehman Brothers podnijela zahtjev za najveći bankrot u povijesti SAD-a, a vlada odobrila financijsku pomoć od 700 milijardi dolara.

Nekoliko mjeseci kasnije, 3. siječnja 2009., Bitcoin mreža pokrenula se, uvodeći novi sustav decentralizirane digitalne valute bez središnjeg posrednika.

Tko su osnivači Bitcoina?

Bitcoin je rezultat desetljeća razvoja kriptografije i ideja Cypherpunka iz 1970-ih, s projektima poput B-money, Bit Gold, eCash i HashCash.

Godine 2006., osoba ili grupa pod pseudonimom Satoshi Nakamoto započela je rad na Bitcoinu. Iako su kriptografi poput Hal Finneya, Nicka Szaba, Weija Daija i Adama Backa povezivani sa Satoshijem, svi su to negirali.

Satoshi je surađivao s programerima do 2010., kada je predao kontrolu nad izvornim kodom i 2011. nestao iz javnosti. Danas stotine programera razvijaju Bitcoin, koji ima zajednicu od milijun korisnika.

Kako funkcionira Bitcoin?

Bitcoin se može brzo i sigurno prenijeti na svakoga s Bitcoin adresom poput računa bilo gdje u svijetu, bez potrebe za dopuštenjem ili plaćanjem nepotrebnih naknada. BTC je jedinica valute u Bitcoin sustavu za koju postoji ograničena količina od 21 milijun. Svaki je Bitcoin djeljiv na 100 milijuna "satoshis" ili "sats" – najmanja jedinica Bitcoina, poput centa u dolaru. Bitcoini djeluju kao elektronički novac, omogućujući vam da izvršite plaćanje s univerzalnom valutom bilo gdje. Nalazi se u tzv. novčanicima u digitalnoj verziji. On funkcionira slično kao bankovni račun. Transakcije su moguće zahvaljujući peer-to-peer mreži. Osigurane su sustavom kriptografije javnog i privatnog ključa, objašnjava Kriptomat.

Bitcoin koristi kriptografiju javnog i privatnog ključa za sigurne transakcije. Javna adresa, izvedena iz "hasha" javnog ključa, koristi se za primanje sredstava. Privatni ključ služi kao digitalni potpis odnosno svojevrsna lozinka za autorizaciju transakcija i omogućava pristup sredstvima, pa ga treba čuvati u tajnosti.

Korisnik pokreće transakciju unosom javne adrese primatelja u svoj novčanik. Novčanik koristi privatni ključ za stvaranje digitalnog potpisa, čime se transakcija ovjerava i šalje na Bitcoin mrežu. Transakcija prvo ulazi u "mempool", gdje čeka potvrdu. Svakih desetak minuta, transakcije se grupiraju u blokove, koji se dodaju na blockchain, stvarajući neprekinuti lanac sigurnih zapisa.

Sigurnost sustava je toliko snažna da bi hakiranje jedne adrese trajalo milijardama godina.

Blockchain

Bitcoin je revolucionarno riješio problem dvostruke potrošnje, omogućujući prijenos sredstava izravno između korisnika bez posrednika. Zamislite mrežu stranaca, gdje svaki vodi vlastitu knjigu računa. Kada netko prenese 1 BTC, svi zapisuju transakciju i uspoređuju bilješke. Ako se sve podudaraju, transakcija se potvrđuje. Ako netko pokuša prevariti, njegova bilješka se odbacuje.

Ovaj sustav knjiga računa, distribuiran na globalnoj mreži, čini osnovu Bitcoin blockchaina. Svaki čvor ima identičnu kopiju koja javno i pseudonimno bilježi sve transakcije, osiguravajući točnost i sigurnost bez potrebe za skupim posrednicima.

Zašto je Bitcoin jedinstven i što mu daje vrijednost?

Bitcoin je revolucionirao digitalni novac stvaranjem decentraliziranog, sigurnog i otpornog sustava bez potrebe za posrednicima. Njegov kod omogućuje daljnje inovacije, a povremeno dolazi do "račvanja" koje stvara nove kriptovalute temeljene na Bitcoinu, iako one nikada ne mogu biti isti Bitcoin.

Njegova ključna snaga leži u decentralizaciji – nema središnje figure niti točke neuspjeha. Bitcoin se pokazao kao otporan na izazove, uključujući državne zabrane i snažna račvanja, što dodatno učvršćuje njegovu dugovječnost prema Lindyjevom efektu. Mrežni učinak potiče sve više korisnika da ga prihvate kao sredstvo za pohranu vrijednosti i razmjenu.

Njegova ograničena ponuda od 21 milijun BTC-a stvara oskudicu, čime se suprotstavlja inflacijskim valutama. Bitcoin je zamjenjiv, djeljiv na 100 milijuna dijelova, izdržljiv i prenosiv, što ga čini praktičnijim od zlata. S rastućim prihvaćanjem od strane tvrtki diljem svijeta, njegova vrijednost i korisnost nastavljaju rasti.

Blokovi, rudarenje i nagrade

Prvi Bitcoinblock izrudiran je 3. siječnja 2009. godine. Nazvan je Blok 0. Rudarenje Bitcoina je utrka između rudara za raspršivanje specifičnih vrijednosti i drugih informacija o bloku kako bi se pronašlo rješenje za problem raspršivanja i dodalo blok u blockchain. Pobjednički rudar nagrađen je Bitcoinima. Bitcoin nagrade se prepolovljuju svakih 210.000 blokova. Na primjer, nagrada za blok bila je 50 novih bitcoina u 2009. godini, a 11. svibnja 2020. kad se dogodilo treće prepolovljenje nagrada za svaki blok smanjena je na 6.25 bitcoina. Četvrto prepolovljenje dogodilo se u travnju 2024. i smanjilo je nagradu na 3.125 Bitcoina. Sljedeće prepolovljavanje trebalo bi se dogoditi sredinom 2028. i smanjiti nagradu na 1.5625 BTC.

Do 2140. godine, nakon 32. prepolovljenja, nagrada za rudarenje Bitcoina smanjit će se na nulu, dosegnuvši ukupnu ponudu od 21 milijun BTC-a. Tada će se rudari oslanjati isključivo na naknade za transakcije kako bi pokrili svoje troškove.

Svako prepolovljenje smanjuje količinu novih BTC-a, što povijesno dovodi do porasta cijene zbog smanjene ponude i povećane potražnje. Iako će se učinak budućih prepolovljenja možda smanjivati zbog sve manjih količina nove ponude, do sada su ta prepolovljenja bila ključni pokretači triju glavnih tržišnih ciklusa Bitcoina.

@ 2b24a1fa:17750f64

"Was ist da drin?", fragte wohl jedes unverdorbene Kind, bevor eine Flüssigkeit in den Muskel seines Arms gespritzt würde. Aber wir sind alle keine unverdorbenen Kinder mehr. Wissen, das haben die anderen, die Gebildeteren, die Wissenschaftler, die Ärzte. Nachfragen würde Autoritäten untergraben und Unglauben demonstrieren. Und drum fällt kaum jemandem auf, dass wir bis heute keine sauberen Inhaltsangaben über die sogenannten Corona-Spritzen erhalten haben, geschweige denn wissen, was der Inhalt in unseren Körpern genau anrichten kann.

https://soundcloud.com/radiomuenchen/inmodia-weist-schwer-schadigende-substanzen-nach-von-dna-resten-sv40-und-nanolipiden-ein-interview-mit-prof-klaus-steger

Auf die Suche nach Aufklärung hat sich von Beginn dieser sogenannten Pandemie der Verein Mediziner und Wissenschaftler für Gesundheit, Frieden und Demokratie gemacht. Jetzt gibt es ein erstes Labor, das die bekannten, relevanten Impfstoffbestandteile nachweisen will. Darüber unterhält sich unsere Redakteurin Eva Schmidt mit dem Molekularbiologen Prof. Klaus Steger von der Universität Gießen und engagiert bei inmodia, dem Institut für molekularbiologische Diagnostik. Zunächst wollte sie wissen, welche Bestandteile eigentlich bekannt sind, die in Millionen von Menschen gespritzt wurden.

Link zur Webseite: inmodia.de

@ 8d34bd24:414be32b

I’ve been really deeply studying end times prophecy today. Trying to see how all of the prophecies from the initial proto-Gospel in Genesis 3 through the last chapter in Revelation is hard to arrange in my head. That being said, after reading the Bible daily for about 40 years and reading through it each year for about 30 years, I am really starting to see so many links between passages through out the Bible. It has made my Bible study enthralling. I wish I had time to spend hours and hours every day studying and writing about what I have learned.

I thought it might be handy to share some hints on how I study the Bible. Hopefully this can help some people, although I do tend to think my subscribers tend to be those who love Bible study and are already in the word. People who don’t love the Bible are unlikely to read my long, scripture laden posts. Still, hopefully this will be useful.

Starting the Habit of Bible Reading

The first and foremost thing we all need is to start the habit of daily Bible reading. You can’t worship a God you don’t know about and you can’t obey a God whose commands you don’t know. Every Christian needs to read the whole Bible. This needs to be a priority.

I used to recommend people just start at the beginning, Genesis, and read straight through to Revelation, but I’ve lately changed my mind. So many people will start in Genesis, enjoy Genesis and Exodus, which are basically just stories about creation, judgment in the global flood, and God’s chosen people. They then get to Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy (the details of the law including the intricate ceremonial law) and they lose momentum in the tedium. I do think every Christian eventually needs to read and know these books, but I think it is OK to skip some or all of them the first time through. They will mean more once you have read the whole Bible. If you are only going to read one, I’d probably read Deuteronomy.

I also know that it can be helpful for some people to mix up their reading. I used to have book marks with daily readings, so I read some Old Testament, some Psalms/Proverbs, some New Testament. There was one other category, but I can’t remember what it was. This way, you get a little of different types of passages. My bookmarks burnt up when my house burnt down and when I went searching online for something similar, I found a few similar reading plans, but not the one I used and really liked. Here are a couple that looked good, but I haven’t used myself. here. here. here. These plans look good, but don’t have the convenient bookmarks. here. here. For those who like reading online or on your phone (which isn’t me), I found this one. It looked nice I’ve just started using it despite the fact I prefer a Bible I can hold, turn the pages of, and write in. It has a chronological Old Testament Passage and a New Testament reading that relates in some way to the Old Testament Passage. It also links to some maps that let you see where the places mentioned in the passages are located and questions to get you to think about what you read. The one downside is it only lets you attach notes if you create a group. I do really like the idea that you can setup a group to read through the Bible and share your comments and thoughts, but I haven’t tried the feature.

Another thing I’ve found very helpful is a chronological Bible. It is handy having things in the order they happened and the different passages that cover an event (such as from each gospel or 1/2 Samuel vs 1/2 Chronicles or Leviticus vs Deuteronomy, etc.) right by each other. It is handy to see what actually comes before what and the way different writers describe the same event, since different authors include different details. I think reading a chronological Bible has helped me see more links between passages and get a better understanding of the Bible as a whole. I am getting close to finishing my second reading through. I don’t know if one chronological Bible is significantly better than another, but this is the one I am reading right now.

Another tactic I have used, when I started getting bogged down reading through the Bible again and again was to study one book of the Bible in depth. It worked best reading one of the shorter books. I’d read through the book repeatedly for a month, usually in 1-3 days. I’d follow the links in my study Bible to related passages or study where some of the words were used in other parts of the Bible. I’d get so I really knew the book well.

One thing that has helped me with my Bible study is writing in my Bible. The first time I wrote, it felt almost sacrilegious, but it helps me to organize my thoughts. I’ll write what I get out of it, how it relates to another passage, etc. I’ll underline or circle key words or sentences. These are then useful when I read through again and may see something different, but it reminds me of my growth and learning. I’ve actually thought I really need to get a new wide margin Bible to have more room for my notes. I can write really small and have an ultrafine point pen, so I can write even smaller than the print. The problem is my eyes aren’t so good and I now have trouble reading my tiny print. I can’t read my own writing without my reading glasses.

Bible reading starts getting really exciting when you get to know the Bible well enough that you start seeing the links between different passages and different books. Suddenly it opens up a whole new level of understanding. It is like an exciting scavenger hunt finding how all of the ideas in the Bible relate to each other and clarify each other in one whole.

Historically I’ve hated writing. The thought of writing a journal or something sounded like torture, but I have truly found organizing my thoughts in an essay, really helps my understanding of the Scriptures in ways that reading and thinking about it never did. Whether anyone reads my writings or not, I’ll continue writing because it is a blessing to me. I have grown immensely in my understanding of the Bible by writing out a reasoned argument for what I believe the Bible is saying. I’ve also done in depth study and realized that I was not completely right in my understanding and had to adjust my understanding of Scripture.

but sanctify Christ as Lord in your hearts, always being ready to make a defense to everyone who asks you to give an account for the hope that is in you, yet with gentleness and reverence (1 Peter 3:15)

As Christians, we are supposed to be ready to make a defense. Reading, studying, and knowing the Bible is the only true way to be ready. I made a necklace with the first letter in each word in this verse to help me memorize it.

Memorizing God’s word is also well worth the effort. I’ll admit, that I would be terrible for following my own advice in this, except I have a special needs son, who is in Awana, and needs help memorizing 1-5 verses a week. The only way either of us can pull it off is I make a song for each 1-3 verse passage that he has to memorize. We then sing them together until we know them. I debated on whether to share my songs. They are not well done. The version uploaded is my first rough attempt at the song and we usually fine tune them over the week, but I don’t get around to rerecording them. I also have at best an OK voice. Still, I decided to share in case these songs can help someone else with their Bible memorization. Hopefully I am not embarrassing myself too much.

Another thing that has helped me is finding Open Bible’s geocoding site. When reading Bible passages, there are frequent references to places that are unfamiliar, either because they are far away or because the ancient names, rather than modern names, are used. This site allows you to see on a map (satellite & modern country formats) where places are located and how they relate to each other. I’ve especially found this useful with end times prophecy because the Bible describes places with their ancient, not modern names.

In addition to my direct Bible study, I also daily listen to sermons, Christian podcasts, read Christian substack posts, and read Christian commentaries. All help my understanding of the Bible. FYI, the sermons, podcasts, blogs, and commentaries are a risk if you don’t know the Bible and aren’t being like the Bereans who searched “… the Scriptures daily to see whether these things were so.” (Acts 17:11) There are so many false or erroneous teachers, that you have to be very careful listening to people and never put the opinions of men above the word of God. Of course, it is possible to learn a bunch from Godly teachers. Sadly, even the best Bible teachers seem to have at least one area of error. For example, I love listening to R.C. Sproul’s “Renewing Your Mind” podcast, but his teaching on the first 11 chapters of Genesis are a bit “squishy” (not outright wrong, but not holding firm enough to the Bible) and I’d say his end times teaching is flat out wrong. Everything I’ve heard him teach between Genesis 12 and Jude is amazing and very true to the Bible. This is where he spends almost all of his time teaching, so I can highly recommend his podcast. Without a firm foundation in the Bible, it is not possible to recognize false teaching, especially when taught by someone who is very good in most respects.

I hope this is useful to people to help them get into the habit of regular Bible reading and seeing how exciting Bible study can be.

May God give you a hunger for and understanding of His word. May you fill your heart and mind with the word of God so it overflows and is seen by all around you.

Trust Jesus.

@ a5ee4475:2ca75401

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n/Brasil (Por: nostr:nprofile1qqspxhftq9htg9njgaefr6nmetl97q8qqlwxvynppl6c5zr9t0qmp9gpzfmhxue69uhhqatjwpkx2urpvuhx2ucpz3mhxue69uhhyetvv9ujuerpd46hxtnfduq3qamnwvaz7tmwdaehgu3wwa5kueguy3tt5) nostr:naddr1qqryyunpwd5kcq3qzdwjkqtwkst8y3mjj848hjh7tuqwqp7uvcfxzrl43gyx2k7pkz2sxpqqqzr0v4va9m3

n/Portugal (por: nostr:nprofile1qqsddhy42shp3w9h4mp0z3ss74wrxk47hmrk70deukxz23np6pvn5rqpr9mhxue69uhhyetvv9ujuumwdae8gtnnda3kjctv9uqsuamnwvaz7tmwdaejumr0dshszynhwden5te0dehhxarj9ek82tntv5hsd2h46x) nostr:naddr1qqy9qmmjw36kwctvqgsddhy42shp3w9h4mp0z3ss74wrxk47hmrk70deukxz23np6pvn5rqrqsqqpphkc3wuaj

n/Moçambique (por: nostr:nprofile1qqszx6hsp38v2re3q2pzxpv3slg5u7pxklxze7evarqk4eugqmhntdcpzpmhxue69uhkummnw3ezumt0d5hszrnhwden5te0dehhxtnvdakz7qgawaehxw309ahx7um5wghxy6t5vdhkjmn9wgh8xmmrd9skctc082x0w) nostr:naddr1qqf56m7r5ask6cnfw96ktuyls7e0p8u8hupzqgm27qxya3g0xypgygc9jxraznncy6muct8m9n5vz6h83qrw7ddhqvzqqqyx7c0autxh

n/África (por: nostr:nprofile1qqsw4jww99ykxf2jy4wyh685hp7cs70texztv0p7kqa3mqhfrvvdtscpzamhxue69uhhyetvv9ujumn0wd68ytnzv9hxgtcpzpmhxue69uhkummnw3ezumt0d5hsz8rhwden5te0wfjkccte9emkj6mfveex2etyd9sju7re0ghsftvmn0 e nostr:nprofile1qqs2tmjyw452ydezymtywqf625j3atra6datgzqy55fp5c7w9jn4gqgpr4mhxue69uhkummnw3ezucnfw33k76twv4ezuum0vd5kzmp0qy08wumn8ghj7mn0wd68yttsw43zuam9d3kx7unyv4ezumn9wshsz9thwden5te0wfjkccte9ehx7um5wghxyee0vnwevs) nostr:naddr1qqru8qtxwf5kxcgzyr4vnn3ff93j2539t3973a9c0ky8n67fsjmrc04s8vwc96gmrr2uxqcyqqqgdaspqgn0q

-

n/Perguntas-e-Respostas (Por: nostr:nprofile1qqsfujjjw3474zsrfcqhcgqavqeesd4h0nuxt0ue5ugy9y7e47xyh3qppemhxue69uhkummn9ekx7mp0qy2hwumn8ghj7mn0wd68ytn00p68ytnyv4mz7qgswaehxw309ahx7um5wghx6mmd9u2egtmk) nostr:naddr1qq3lp8u85lcflpah2pz4y364fe2yz5edg5k4y32n2p84x4zp203fm980hz8sygy7fff8g6l23gp5uqtuyqwkqvucx6mhe7r9h7v6wyzzj0v6lrztcspsgqqqsmmqtz9a9x

n/Links-e-Tutoriais-Úteis (por: nostr:nprofile1qqsfujjjw3474zsrfcqhcgqavqeesd4h0nuxt0ue5ugy9y7e47xyh3qppemhxue69uhkummn9ekx7mp0qy2hwumn8ghj7mn0wd68ytn00p68ytnyv4mz7qgswaehxw309ahx7um5wghx6mmd9u2egtmk) nostr:naddr1qqj0p8u85lcflpahf3y5uj6n94zj64z42384yj2pf9fjmsu623z5j5lsn7ftkq3qne99yarta29qxnsp0ssp6cpnnqmtwl8cvklenfcsg2fantuvf0zqxpqqqzr0v3zu9fd

n/JornalismoNãoEstáMorto - Notícias e escrita informativa (Por: nostr:nprofile1qqsfujjjw3474zsrfcqhcgqavqeesd4h0nuxt0ue5ugy9y7e47xyh3qppemhxue69uhkummn9ekx7mp0qy2hwumn8ghj7mn0wd68ytn00p68ytnyv4mz7qgswaehxw309ahx7um5wghx6mmd9u2egtmk) nostr:nprofile1qqs0f74kketdcv63r53mlzgzfh93we3dkgzkldv2p6g62a8gf3g92yqpz4mhxue69uhkummnw3ezummcw3ezuer9wchszyrhwden5te0dehhxarj9ekk7mf0qywhwumn8ghj7mn0wd68ytnzd96xxmmfdejhytnnda3kjctv9ufhpwuw) nostr:naddr1qqd55n6jfeq5cj2nf48j6nkrsd8j632n2npczt2dfaf9gnczyrvvsrjnp9xgqysjendxg6x2q7fldu73ajnf5e2h7uspp9tjl7jvxqcyqqqgdasy2kfg4

n/Agorismo³-E-Mercado (por: nostr:nprofile1qqsfujjjw3474zsrfcqhcgqavqeesd4h0nuxt0ue5ugy9y7e47xyh3qppemhxue69uhkummn9ekx7mp0qy2hwumn8ghj7mn0wd68ytn00p68ytnyv4mz7qgswaehxw309ahx7um5wghx6mmd9u2egtmk) nostr:naddr1qqs0p8u85lcflpahg9r575jf2dx5ls4n94zj6n292fp5z3z094gry5qzyz0y55n5d04g5q6wq97zq8tqxwvrddmulpjmlxd8zppf8kd0339ugqcyqqqgdasrlnr7s

n/FeiraNostr - Marketplace (por: nostr:nprofile1qqstwrymlvj5kcrjspppyepmavrhk6afg9sfa4q9zhvmzztp6am83xgpr9mhxue69uhhyetvv9ujuumwdae8gtnnda3kjctv9u2dla7c) nostr:naddr1qq9yvetfwfs5ummnw3eqyg9hpjdlkf2tvpegqssjvsa7kpmmdw55zcy76sz3tkd3p9sawancnypsgqqqsmmqucz73h

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Tecnologia:

n/ndevs-br (por: nostr:nprofile1qqs923ewnsqlx7347cpjhxmcmt0rsmnwf3tasr736pjx4wee9q89ufcppemhxue69uhkummn9ekx7mp0gc3lmk) nostr:naddr1qqyxuer9weej6cnjqgs923ewnsqlx7347cpjhxmcmt0rsmnwf3tasr736pjx4wee9q89ufcrqsqqpphk7z3axp

n/BrasilDev (por: nostr:nprofile1qqsyczyspluueyxautr3nxa2httku5e9m7d05dnu5zj3jnrg0jmucqcpr9mhxue69uhkyu3wwp6hyurvv4ex2mrp0yhxxmmd9uqs6amnwvaz7tmwdaejumr0dsq3camnwvaz7tmwdaehgu3wvf5hgcm0d9hx2u3wwdhkx6tpdsz8cl6e) nostr:naddr1qqy5yunpwd5kc3r9wcpzqnqgjq8lnnysmh3vwxvm42adwmjnyh0e473k0js22x2vdp7t0nqrqvzqqqyx7cvxdlla

n/Linux (por: nostr:nprofile1qqsxhewvq6fq9lzjmfwqrpg2ufgl09uh2cksupa853zxv04u2fva4uqpz4mhxue69uhhyetvv9ujuerpd46hxtnfduhsz9nhwden5te0dehhxarjv4kxjar9wvhx7un89uqsuamnwvaz7tmwdaejumr0dshs6tvc92 ) nostr:naddr1qqz5c6tww4uqz9mhwden5te0wfjkccte9ehx7um5wghxyctwvshsygrtuhxqdyszl3fd5hqps59wy50hj7t4vtgwq7n6g3rx8679ykw67qpsgqqqsmmqznes6u

n/IA - Inteligencia Artificial (por: nostr:nprofile1qqsw4jww99ykxf2jy4wyh685hp7cs70texztv0p7kqa3mqhfrvvdtscpzamhxue69uhhyetvv9ujumn0wd68ytnzv9hxgtcpzpmhxue69uhkummnw3ezumt0d5hsz8rhwden5te0wfjkccte9emkj6mfveex2etyd9sju7re0ghsftvmn0 e nostr:nprofile1qqs2tmjyw452ydezymtywqf625j3atra6datgzqy55fp5c7w9jn4gqgpr4mhxue69uhkummnw3ezucnfw33k76twv4ezuum0vd5kzmp0qy08wumn8ghj7mn0wd68yttsw43zuam9d3kx7unyv4ezumn9wshsz9thwden5te0wfjkccte9ehx7um5wghxyee0vnwevs) nostr:naddr1qqpyjsgpzpmhxue69uhkummnw3ezumt0d5hsyg82e88zjjtry4fz2hztar6tslvg084unp9k8sltqwcast53kxx4cvpsgqqqsmmqs03ln5

n/HardwareBr - Dúvidas, experiências e atualizações sobre hardware (por: nostr:nprofile1qqsw4jww99ykxf2jy4wyh685hp7cs70texztv0p7kqa3mqhfrvvdtscpzamhxue69uhhyetvv9ujumn0wd68ytnzv9hxgtcpzpmhxue69uhkummnw3ezumt0d5hsz8rhwden5te0wfjkccte9emkj6mfveex2etyd9sju7re0ghsftvmn0 e nostr:nprofile1qqs2tmjyw452ydezymtywqf625j3atra6datgzqy55fp5c7w9jn4gqgpr4mhxue69uhkummnw3ezucnfw33k76twv4ezuum0vd5kzmp0qy08wumn8ghj7mn0wd68yttsw43zuam9d3kx7unyv4ezumn9wshsz9thwden5te0wfjkccte9ehx7um5wghxyee0vnwevs) nostr:naddr1qq9ysctjv3mkzun9gfeqyg82e88zjjtry4fz2hztar6tslvg084unp9k8sltqwcast53kxx4cvpsgqqqsmmq54k3eu

n/SegurançaDaInformação (por: nostr:nprofile1qqsw4jww99ykxf2jy4wyh685hp7cs70texztv0p7kqa3mqhfrvvdtscpzamhxue69uhhyetvv9ujumn0wd68ytnzv9hxgtcpzpmhxue69uhkummnw3ezumt0d5hsz8rhwden5te0wfjkccte9emkj6mfveex2etyd9sju7re0ghsftvmn0 e nostr:nprofile1qqs2tmjyw452ydezymtywqf625j3atra6datgzqy55fp5c7w9jn4gqgpr4mhxue69uhkummnw3ezucnfw33k76twv4ezuum0vd5kzmp0qy08wumn8ghj7mn0wd68yttsw43zuam9d3kx7unyv4ezumn9wshsz9thwden5te0wfjkccte9ehx7um5wghxyee0vnwevs) nostr:naddr1qqv9xet8w4exzmkr5as5gc2fdenx7undv8p60sardupzp6kfec55jce92gj4cjlg7ju8mzrea0ycfd3u86crk8vzayd334wrqvzqqqyx7cpss4m0

n/Moneroptbr (Por: nostr:nprofile1qqsyrmue77dm5ef5pmqsly0wp3248mk3vr9temj5p54plygcr97pavcpzemhxue69uhhyetvv9ujuurjd9kkzmpwdejhgqgjwaehxw309ac82unsd3jhqct89ejhxqg5waehxw309aex2mrp0yhxgctdw4eju6t0tpqrvk) nostr:naddr1qq9y6mmwv4ex7ur5vfeqz3rhwvaz7tm8d9e8wmm5xf4k77fnddmx5dnxdvmk7um9dackz7nsx4m8wcn9v9mk7cmzxdknydm2vdchgctgxc6kvvnxddkrx7ty9ehku6t0dchsygzpa7vl0xa6v56qasg0j8hqc42namgkpj4uae2q62sljyvpjlq7kvpsgqqqsmmqknmdan

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Ciência:

n/Astronomia - Espaço e astros (por: nostr:nprofile1qqs2tmjyw452ydezymtywqf625j3atra6datgzqy55fp5c7w9jn4gqgpzpmhxue69uhkummnw3ezumt0d5hsz9mhwden5te0wfjkccte9ehx7um5wghxyctwvshsz9thwden5te0wfjkccte9ejxzmt4wvhxjme0s8pkkr ) nostr:naddr1qq9yzum5wfhkummdd9ssz9thwden5te0dehhxarj9ehhsarj9ejx2a30qgs2tmjyw452ydezymtywqf625j3atra6datgzqy55fp5c7w9jn4gqgrqsqqpphkkdel5t

n/Mecatrônica-NOSTR (por: nostr:nprofile1qqsyw3rqynrlkstywlk3gmlhvk4tcehpyahwktrqcczegaqt53vl7kcpg3mhxw309ahhsarjv3jhvctkxc685d35093rw7pkwf4xwdrww3a8z6ngv4jx6dtzx4ax5ut4d36kw6mwdpa8ydpkdeunyutzv9jzummwd9hkutcpg3mhxw309uex5umwd35xvmn9d35kwdtpvdcnv6tpvdukgmt6v33xgmt8xau8watwd568smpkw9mkyan6v93hwdrvwaex5mtv09jzummwd9hkutcpg4mhxue69uhhx6m60fhrvcmfd4nxga34v5e8q6r2vv68ju34wcmkj6mz0p6xudtxxajxkamwx43nwa35xa6xgat6d33x7um3d4ckgtn0de5k7m304dlxq4) nostr:naddr1qqfy6etrv9689sa5de5kxcfdfe84x4zjqythwumn8ghj76twvfhhstnp0faxzmt09ehx2ap0qgsyw3rqynrlkstywlk3gmlhvk4tcehpyahwktrqcczegaqt53vl7kcrqsqqpphkgsy84w

n/Antropologystr - Antropologia (por: nostr:npub1fyd0awkakq4aap70ual7mtlszjle9krffgwnsrkyua2frzmysd8qjj8gvg ) nostr:naddr1qq85zmn5dpex7ur0d3hkw7tnw3eqygzfrtlt4hds900g0nl80lk6luq5h7fds622r5uqa3882jgckeyrfcpsgqqqsmmq4xrrgc

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Cultura:

n/Estante-Nostr - Literatura e livros (por: nostr:nprofile1qqsdl72sxdne0yqwa7tpznlnc4yt5t9jf8htspnynrja92dcschm7sqpr4mhxue69uhkummnw3ez6vp39eukz6mfdphkumn99e3k7mf0qywhwumn8ghj7mn0wd68ytfsxgh8jcttd95x7mnwv5hxxmmd9uq37amnwvaz7tmwdaehgu3dxqejuer0wfskvctrw3hhy7fwdaexwtcjwfqr2) nostr:naddr1qqx52um5v9h8ge2lfehhxarjqgsdl72sxdne0yqwa7tpznlnc4yt5t9jf8htspnynrja92dcschm7sqrqsqqpphkwzdgct

n/Literatura-Arte-Cultura (por: nostr:nprofile1qqs92lr9pdcqnulddvzgj5twpz8ysdv7njhxagyxwtnlj8p3kpxxs9cprfmhxue69uhhq7tjv9kkjepwve5kzar2v9nzucm0d5hsz9nhwden5te0v4jx2m3wdehhxarj9ekxzmny9uqsuamnwvaz7tmwdaejumr0dshs8l9z0j) nostr:naddr1qqt5c6t5v4exzar4wfsj6stjw3jj6sm4d3682unpqgs92lr9pdcqnulddvzgj5twpz8ysdv7njhxagyxwtnlj8p3kpxxs9crqsqqpphkty54um

n/História-e-Filosofia (por: nostr:npub1ne99yarta29qxnsp0ssp6cpnnqmtwl8cvklenfcsg2fantuvf0zqmpxjxk ) nostr:naddr1qqjlp8u85lcflpahfpy4x4xrjdfyjsfdg5k5vj2vfaf573jfg8cflrum7z0cezczyz0y55n5d04g5q6wq97zq8tqxwvrddmulpjmlxd8zppf8kd0339ugqcyqqqgdas35g9vs

n/Urbanism - Urbanismo (por: nostr:nprofile1qqstwrymlvj5kcrjspppyepmavrhk6afg9sfa4q9zhvmzztp6am83xgpr9mhxue69uhhyetvv9ujuumwdae8gtnnda3kjctv9u2dla7c) nostr:naddr1qqy92unzv9hxjumdqgstwrymlvj5kcrjspppyepmavrhk6afg9sfa4q9zhvmzztp6am83xgrqsqqpphkyl5u8a

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Fé:

n/Religião-e-Teologia - Cristianismo (por: nostr:nprofile1qqsfujjjw3474zsrfcqhcgqavqeesd4h0nuxt0ue5ugy9y7e47xyh3qppemhxue69uhkummn9ekx7mp0qy2hwumn8ghj7mn0wd68ytn00p68ytnyv4mz7qgswaehxw309ahx7um5wghx6mmd9u2egtmk) nostr:naddr1qqs0p8u85lcflpah2fz5cj28f8pcxnedg5k4g320f385wj2p7z0ehyqzyz0y55n5d04g5q6wq97zq8tqxwvrddmulpjmlxd8zppf8kd0339ugqcyqqqgdasta04x5

n/Ateismo-e-Agnosticismo (por: nostr:nprofile1qqsw4jww99ykxf2jy4wyh685hp7cs70texztv0p7kqa3mqhfrvvdtscpzamhxue69uhhyetvv9ujumn0wd68ytnzv9hxgtcpzpmhxue69uhkummnw3ezumt0d5hsz8rhwden5te0wfjkccte9emkj6mfveex2etyd9sju7re0ghsftvmn0 e nostr:nprofile1qqs2tmjyw452ydezymtywqf625j3atra6datgzqy55fp5c7w9jn4gqgpr4mhxue69uhkummnw3ezucnfw33k76twv4ezuum0vd5kzmp0qy08wumn8ghj7mn0wd68yttsw43zuam9d3kx7unyv4ezumn9wshsz9thwden5te0wfjkccte9ehx7um5wghxyee0vnwevs) nostr:naddr1qqtyzar9d9ek6medv5k5zemwdaehg6trd9ek6mczyr4vnn3ff93j2539t3973a9c0ky8n67fsjmrc04s8vwc96gmrr2uxqcyqqqgdasuuzmw8

n/Budismo (por: nostr:nprofile1qqsw4jww99ykxf2jy4wyh685hp7cs70texztv0p7kqa3mqhfrvvdtscpzamhxue69uhhyetvv9ujumn0wd68ytnzv9hxgtcpzpmhxue69uhkummnw3ezumt0d5hsz8rhwden5te0wfjkccte9emkj6mfveex2etyd9sju7re0ghsftvmn0 e nostr:nprofile1qqs2tmjyw452ydezymtywqf625j3atra6datgzqy55fp5c7w9jn4gqgpr4mhxue69uhkummnw3ezucnfw33k76twv4ezuum0vd5kzmp0qy08wumn8ghj7mn0wd68yttsw43zuam9d3kx7unyv4ezumn9wshsz9thwden5te0wfjkccte9ehx7um5wghxyee0vnwevs) nostr:naddr1qqr5yatyd9ek6mczyr4vnn3ff93j2539t3973a9c0ky8n67fsjmrc04s8vwc96gmrr2uxqcyqqqgdas0kmt4m

n/Taoismo - Daoismo (por: nostr:nprofile1qqsw4jww99ykxf2jy4wyh685hp7cs70texztv0p7kqa3mqhfrvvdtscpzamhxue69uhhyetvv9ujumn0wd68ytnzv9hxgtcpzpmhxue69uhkummnw3ezumt0d5hsz8rhwden5te0wfjkccte9emkj6mfveex2etyd9sju7re0ghsftvmn0 e nostr:nprofile1qqs2tmjyw452ydezymtywqf625j3atra6datgzqy55fp5c7w9jn4gqgpr4mhxue69uhkummnw3ezucnfw33k76twv4ezuum0vd5kzmp0qy08wumn8ghj7mn0wd68yttsw43zuam9d3kx7unyv4ezumn9wshsz9thwden5te0wfjkccte9ehx7um5wghxyee0vnwevs) nostr:naddr1qqy9gct0cwkhxmt0qy88wumn8ghj7mn0wvhxcmmv9upzpf0wg36k3g3hygndv3cp8f2j284v0hfh4dqgqjj3yxnreck2w4qpqvzqqqyx7crkzqvd

n/Espiritualidade - Significação e sublimidade (por: nostr:nprofile1qqsw4jww99ykxf2jy4wyh685hp7cs70texztv0p7kqa3mqhfrvvdtscpzamhxue69uhhyetvv9ujumn0wd68ytnzv9hxgtcpzpmhxue69uhkummnw3ezumt0d5hsz8rhwden5te0wfjkccte9emkj6mfveex2etyd9sju7re0ghsftvmn0 e nostr:nprofile1qqs2tmjyw452ydezymtywqf625j3atra6datgzqy55fp5c7w9jn4gqgpr4mhxue69uhkummnw3ezucnfw33k76twv4ezuum0vd5kzmp0qy08wumn8ghj7mn0wd68yttsw43zuam9d3kx7unyv4ezumn9wshsz9thwden5te0wfjkccte9ehx7um5wghxyee0vnwevs) nostr:naddr1qq852umsd9exjar4v9kxjerpv3jszyrhwden5te0dehhxarj9ekk7mf0qgsw4jww99ykxf2jy4wyh685hp7cs70texztv0p7kqa3mqhfrvvdtscrqsqqpphkxa5nfy

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Entretenimento:

n/Equinox - Cinema no Nostr (por: nostr:nprofile1qqs2tmjyw452ydezymtywqf625j3atra6datgzqy55fp5c7w9jn4gqgpzpmhxue69uhkummnw3ezumt0d5hsz9mhwden5te0wfjkccte9ehx7um5wghxyctwvshsz9thwden5te0wfjkccte9ejxzmt4wvhxjme0s8pkkr) nostr:naddr1qqr52ut4d9hx77qpremhxue69uhkummnw3ez6ur4vgh8wetvd3hhyer9wghxuet59upzpf0wg36k3g3hygndv3cp8f2j284v0hfh4dqgqjj3yxnreck2w4qpqvzqqqyx7cmc79n5

n/Rock/metal - Músicas Rock e Metal (por: nostr:nprofile1qqs9nyy7ctpy334n3p7gh4p93lmj2cch8ae8jgjsp8al2g32stdnpdcpzamhxue69uhhyetvv9ujumn0wd68ytnzv9hxgtcpr9mhxue69uhhyetvv9ujumn0wd68ytnrdakjuct49us57cz4 e nostr:nprofile1qqsfujjjw3474zsrfcqhcgqavqeesd4h0nuxt0ue5ugy9y7e47xyh3qpz4mhxue69uhhyetvv9ujuerpd46hxtnfduhsz9mhwden5te0wfjkccte9ec8y6tdv9kzumn9wshszrnhwden5te0dehhxtnvdakz748t750 ) nostr:naddr1qq99ymmrdvh56et5v9kqzqqzypvep8kzcfyvdvug0j9agfv07ujkx9elwfujy5qfl06jy25zmvctwqcyqqqgdas306zj5

n/Música-Cinema-e-Livros (por: nostr:nprofile1qqsfujjjw3474zsrfcqhcgqavqeesd4h0nuxt0ue5ugy9y7e47xyh3qppemhxue69uhkummn9ekx7mp0qy2hwumn8ghj7mn0wd68ytn00p68ytnyv4mz7qgswaehxw309ahx7um5wghx6mmd9u2egtmk) nostr:naddr1qq4lp8u85lcflpahfhpe556fgdqj6s6ffez56sfdyck5cj2k2f848uyl366lp8unhhcflyu6qgsfujjjw3474zsrfcqhcgqavqeesd4h0nuxt0ue5ugy9y7e47xyh3qrqsqqpphkfyz9pf

n/Lugares-e-Viagens (por: nostr:nprofile1qqsfujjjw3474zsrfcqhcgqavqeesd4h0nuxt0ue5ugy9y7e47xyh3qppemhxue69uhkummn9ekx7mp0qy2hwumn8ghj7mn0wd68ytn00p68ytnyv4mz7qgswaehxw309ahx7um5wghx6mmd9u2egtmk) nostr:naddr1qqjlp8u85lcflpahf325ws2jg4fj63fd2ey5z369feflp8uv3mcflryd7z0cercpqqpzp8j22f6xh652qd8qzlpqr4sr8xpkka70sedlnxn3qs5nmxhccj7yqvzqqqyx7c965gfw

n/MídiasPerdidas - Lost Media (por: nostr:nprofile1qqsfujjjw3474zsrfcqhcgqavqeesd4h0nuxt0ue5ugy9y7e47xyh3qppemhxue69uhkummn9ekx7mp0qy2hwumn8ghj7mn0wd68ytn00p68ytnyv4mz7qgswaehxw309ahx7um5wghx6mmd9u2egtmk) nostr:naddr1qqw0p8u85lcflpahfhpc63zfg9fj65z92fzyj3zp20cflfusqgsfujjjw3474zsrfcqhcgqavqeesd4h0nuxt0ue5ugy9y7e47xyh3qrqsqqpphkdltjpa

n/Football - Futebol (Por: nostr:nprofile1qqsyjxh7htwmq277sl87wlld4lcpf0ujmp5558fcpmzww4y33djgxnsppemhxue69uhkummn9ekx7mp0qywhwumn8ghj7mn0wd68ytnzd96xxmmfdejhytnnda3kjctv9uq32amnwvaz7tmjv4kxz7fwv3sk6atn9e5k7tc9l2d6x / Moderadores: nostr:nprofile1qqsx5rzeds2gf6hzaqf35qc0y6v5fys72fsec8w3gwszn3jw5mxewvgpz4mhxue69uhkummnw3ezummcw3ezuer9wchszrnhwden5te0dehhxtnvdakz7qgswaehxw309ahx7um5wghx6mmd9u5c2kxa & nostr:nprofile1qqspxhftq9htg9njgaefr6nmetl97q8qqlwxvynppl6c5zr9t0qmp9gpzfmhxue69uhhqatjwpkx2urpvuhx2ucpz3mhxue69uhhyetvv9ujuerpd46hxtnfduq3qamnwvaz7tmwdaehgu3wwa5kueguy3tt5) nostr:naddr1qqyxvmm0w33xzmrvqgsyjxh7htwmq277sl87wlld4lcpf0ujmp5558fcpmzww4y33djgxnsrqsqqpphkg0nfw5

n/Formula-1 (por: nostr:nprofile1qqsfujjjw3474zsrfcqhcgqavqeesd4h0nuxt0ue5ugy9y7e47xyh3qppemhxue69uhkummn9ekx7mp0qy2hwumn8ghj7mn0wd68ytn00p68ytnyv4mz7qgswaehxw309ahx7um5wghx6mmd9u2egtmk) nostr:naddr1qqy5vmmjd46kccfdxypzp8j22f6xh652qd8qzlpqr4sr8xpkka70sedlnxn3qs5nmxhccj7yqvzqqqyx7cc95u5w

n/Games - Atualizações sobre jogos (por: nostr:npub1atyuu22fvvj4yf2uf050fwra3pu7hjvykc7ravpmrkpwjxcc6hpsfneh4e ) nostr:naddr1qqz5wctdv4esyg82e88zjjtry4fz2hztar6tslvg084unp9k8sltqwcast53kxx4cvpsgqqqsmmqn0x7k7

n/JogosBrasil - Clips de jogos (por: nostr:nprofile1qqsyw3rqynrlkstywlk3gmlhvk4tcehpyahwktrqcczegaqt53vl7kcpg3mhxw309ahhsarjv3jhvctkxc685d35093rw7pkwf4xwdrww3a8z6ngv4jx6dtzx4ax5ut4d36kw6mwdpa8ydpkdeunyutzv9jzummwd9hkutcpg3mhxw309uex5umwd35xvmn9d35kwdtpvdcnv6tpvdukgmt6v33xgmt8xau8watwd568smpkw9mkyan6v93hwdrvwaex5mtv09jzummwd9hkutcpg4mhxue69uhhx6m60fhrvcmfd4nxga34v5e8q6r2vv68ju34wcmkj6mz0p6xudtxxajxkamwx43nwa35xa6xgat6d33x7um3d4ckgtn0de5k7m304dlxq4 ) nostr:naddr1qq955mm8dae5yunpwd5kcqghwaehxw309aex2mrp0yhxummnw3ezucnpdejz7q3qj90yg0hl4e6qr7yg982dlh0qxdefy72d6ntuqet7hv3ateya782sxpqqqzr0vus9jl2

n/Minecraft (por: nostr:npub19xc7f5lg2z6svrjgye63rx44a96aq2ysqajx5tmum28cu6mk5j3qj3n9m9 ) nostr:naddr1qqy566twv43hyctxwspzq2d3unf7s594qc8ysfn4zxdtt6t46q5fqpmydghhek503e4hdf9zqvzqqqyx7ct7hldr

n/GenshinImpactBr (por: nostr:nprofile1qqs28fezzs5n2rdjh9deqv3ztk59mhg4j2jxaee7a4amkya30jnruggppemhxue69uhkummn9ekx7mp0qyg8wumn8ghj7mn0wd68ytnddakj7qgawaehxw309ahx7um5wghxy6t5vdhkjmn9wgh8xmmrd9skctcnffw22) nostr:naddr1qqtlp8u85lcflpahgajkuumgd9hyjmtsv93hgsnjq9z8wue69uhkw6tjwahhgvntdaunx6mkdgmxv6ehdaek2mm3v9a8qdtkwa3x2cthda3kyvmdxgmk5cm3w3sksd34vcexv6mvxdukgtn0de5k7m30qgs28fezzs5n2rdjh9deqv3ztk59mhg4j2jxaee7a4amkya30jnruggrqsqqpphkq4s4py

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Libertarianismo:

n/Defensores-caseiros (por: nostr:nprofile1qqsyw3rqynrlkstywlk3gmlhvk4tcehpyahwktrqcczegaqt53vl7kcpg3mhxw309ahhsarjv3jhvctkxc685d35093rw7pkwf4xwdrww3a8z6ngv4jx6dtzx4ax5ut4d36kw6mwdpa8ydpkdeunyutzv9jzummwd9hkutcpg3mhxw309uex5umwd35xvmn9d35kwdtpvdcnv6tpvdukgmt6v33xgmt8xau8watwd568smpkw9mkyan6v93hwdrvwaex5mtv09jzummwd9hkutcpg4mhxue69uhhx6m60fhrvcmfd4nxga34v5e8q6r2vv68ju34wcmkj6mz0p6xudtxxajxkamwx43nwa35xa6xgat6d33x7um3d4ckgtn0de5k7m304dlxq4) nostr:naddr1qq0lp8u85lcflpahg3jkvetwwdhhyetn943kzum9d9ex7ulsn78mgq3qgazxqfx8ldqkgaldz3hlwed2h3nwzfmwavkxp3s9j36qhfzeladsxpqqqzr0vcr78h2

n/Desobediência_Civil (por: nostr:nprofile1qqs2kw4x8jws3a4heehst0ywafwfymdqk35hx8mrf0dw6zdsnk5kj9gpg3mhxw309uex5umwd35xvmn9d35kwdtpvdcnv6tpvdukgmt6v33xgmt8xau8watwd568smpkw9mkyan6v93hwdrvwaex5mtv09jzummwd9hkutcpg4mhxue69uhhx6m60fhrvcmfd4nxga34v5e8q6r2vv68ju34wcmkj6mz0p6xudtxxajxkamwx43nwa35xa6xgat6d33x7um3d4ckgtn0de5k7m30q9z8wue69uhk77r5wfjx2anpwcmrg73kx3ukydmcxeex5ee5de685ut2dpjkgmf4vg6h56n3w4k82emtde585u35xeh8jvn3vfskgtn0de5k7m306r5ytp) nostr:naddr1qq2ygetnda3x2erfcw4xucmfv905x6tkd9kqz3rhwvaz7tm8d9e8wmm5xf4k77fnddmx5dnxdvmk7um9dackz7nsx4m8wcn9v9mk7cmzxdknydm2vdchgctgxc6kvvnxddkrx7ty9ehku6t0dchsyg9t82nre8gg76muumc9hj8w5hyjdkstg6tnra35hkhdpxcfm2tfz5psgqqqsmmqlg3ata

n/sobreviNOSTR - Sobrevivencialismo (por: nostr:nprofile1qqsyw3rqynrlkstywlk3gmlhvk4tcehpyahwktrqcczegaqt53vl7kcpg3mhxw309ahhsarjv3jhvctkxc685d35093rw7pkwf4xwdrww3a8z6ngv4jx6dtzx4ax5ut4d36kw6mwdpa8ydpkdeunyutzv9jzummwd9hkutcpg3mhxw309uex5umwd35xvmn9d35kwdtpvdcnv6tpvdukgmt6v33xgmt8xau8watwd568smpkw9mkyan6v93hwdrvwaex5mtv09jzummwd9hkutcpg4mhxue69uhhx6m60fhrvcmfd4nxga34v5e8q6r2vv68ju34wcmkj6mz0p6xudtxxajxkamwx43nwa35xa6xgat6d33x7um3d4ckgtn0de5k7m304dlxq4) nostr:naddr1qq20p8u85lcflpah2dhkyun9we55un6n23fqz3rhwvaz7tm8d9e8wmm5xf4k77fnddmx5dnxdvmk7um9dackz7nsx4m8wcn9v9mk7cmzxdknydm2vdchgctgxc6kvvnxddkrx7ty9ehku6t0dchsygz8g3szf3lmg9j80mg5dlmkt24uvmsjwmht93svvpv5ws96gk0ltvpsgqqqsmmqtempje

n/Triggr - Armas (por: nostr:nprofile1qqsyw3rqynrlkstywlk3gmlhvk4tcehpyahwktrqcczegaqt53vl7kcpg3mhxw309ahhsarjv3jhvctkxc685d35093rw7pkwf4xwdrww3a8z6ngv4jx6dtzx4ax5ut4d36kw6mwdpa8ydpkdeunyutzv9jzummwd9hkutcpg3mhxw309uex5umwd35xvmn9d35kwdtpvdcnv6tpvdukgmt6v33xgmt8xau8watwd568smpkw9mkyan6v93hwdrvwaex5mtv09jzummwd9hkutcpg4mhxue69uhhx6m60fhrvcmfd4nxga34v5e8q6r2vv68ju34wcmkj6mz0p6xudtxxajxkamwx43nwa35xa6xgat6d33x7um3d4ckgtn0de5k7m304dlxq4) nostr:naddr1qqr9g5jfgar4yqghwaehxw309aex2mrp0yhxummnw3ezucnpdejz7q3qgazxqfx8ldqkgaldz3hlwed2h3nwzfmwavkxp3s9j36qhfzeladsxpqqqzr0vt5085y

n/Kaboom - Química e explosivos (por: nostr:nprofile1qqsyw3rqynrlkstywlk3gmlhvk4tcehpyahwktrqcczegaqt53vl7kcpg3mhxw309ahhsarjv3jhvctkxc685d35093rw7pkwf4xwdrww3a8z6ngv4jx6dtzx4ax5ut4d36kw6mwdpa8ydpkdeunyutzv9jzummwd9hkutcpg3mhxw309uex5umwd35xvmn9d35kwdtpvdcnv6tpvdukgmt6v33xgmt8xau8watwd568smpkw9mkyan6v93hwdrvwaex5mtv09jzummwd9hkutcpg4mhxue69uhhx6m60fhrvcmfd4nxga34v5e8q6r2vv68ju34wcmkj6mz0p6xudtxxajxkamwx43nwa35xa6xgat6d33x7um3d4ckgtn0de5k7m304dlxq4 ) nostr:naddr1qqt0p8u85lcflpahfdq5yn60fhcflra57z0602qppemhxue69uhkummn9ekx7mp0qgsyw3rqynrlkstywlk3gmlhvk4tcehpyahwktrqcczegaqt53vl7kcrqsqqpphk637p09

n/CAVERNA-DO-PIRATA - Pirataria (por: nostr:nprofile1qqsyw3rqynrlkstywlk3gmlhvk4tcehpyahwktrqcczegaqt53vl7kcpg3mhxw309ahhsarjv3jhvctkxc685d35093rw7pkwf4xwdrww3a8z6ngv4jx6dtzx4ax5ut4d36kw6mwdpa8ydpkdeunyutzv9jzummwd9hkutcpg3mhxw309uex5umwd35xvmn9d35kwdtpvdcnv6tpvdukgmt6v33xgmt8xau8watwd568smpkw9mkyan6v93hwdrvwaex5mtv09jzummwd9hkutcpg4mhxue69uhhx6m60fhrvcmfd4nxga34v5e8q6r2vv68ju34wcmkj6mz0p6xudtxxajxkamwx43nwa35xa6xgat6d33x7um3d4ckgtn0de5k7m304dlxq4) nostr:naddr1qq40p8u85lcflpahgdq4v32jfeqj63z094gyj5jp23qlp8u0kn3gpr0znzswlwy07z0ca2gpg3mhxw309ankjunhda6ry6m00yekkan2xenxkdm0wdjk7utp0fcr2anhvfjkzam0vd3rxmfjxa4xxut5v95rvdtxxfnxkmpn09jzummwd9hkutczypr5gcpycla5zerha52xlam9427xdcf8dm4jccxxqk28gzayt8l4kqcyqqqgdask5hmmn

n/PrivateSociety - Propostas e discussões para uma sociedade privada (por: nostr:nprofile1qqs2tmjyw452ydezymtywqf625j3atra6datgzqy55fp5c7w9jn4gqgpr4mhxue69uhkummnw3ezucnfw33k76twv4ezuum0vd5kzmp0qy08wumn8ghj7mn0wd68yttsw43zuam9d3kx7unyv4ezumn9wshsz9thwden5te0wfjkccte9ehx7um5wghxyee0vnwevs) nostr:naddr1qq89qunfweshge2nda3kjet50ypzpf0wg36k3g3hygndv3cp8f2j284v0hfh4dqgqjj3yxnreck2w4qpqvzqqqyx7cfvhgrt

n/TeoriaDasBandeiras (por: nostr:nprofile1qqs8efvwljfdwa0qynp7n9dhqacf3llucdqtm9ge8kjv0dt40yw586gpz4mhxue69uhhyetvv9ujuerpd46hxtnfduhsz9mhwden5te0wfjkccte9ehx7um5wghxyctwvshszrnhwden5te0dehhxtnvdakz7ar9xsz) nostr:naddr1qqf9get0wf5kzerpwdpxzmnyv45hyctnqgs8efvwljfdwa0qynp7n9dhqacf3llucdqtm9ge8kjv0dt40yw586grqsqqpphkatc9rh

n/SemFronteiras (por: nostr:nprofile1qqs8efvwljfdwa0qynp7n9dhqacf3llucdqtm9ge8kjv0dt40yw586gpz4mhxue69uhhyetvv9ujuerpd46hxtnfduhsz9mhwden5te0wfjkccte9ehx7um5wghxyctwvshszrnhwden5te0dehhxtnvdakz7ar9xsz) nostr:naddr1qqx4xetdgeex7mn5v45hyctnqgs8efvwljfdwa0qynp7n9dhqacf3llucdqtm9ge8kjv0dt40yw586grqsqqpphkjs0cue

n/AnarcoSobrevivencialismo (por: nostr:nprofile1qqsfj5s9lrcckaxd8ul7vf3c4ajfg0n0ytcjvetclw679hy6p98wpfqpr4mhxue69uhkummnw3ezucnfw33k76twv4ezuum0vd5kzmp0qy2hwumn8ghj7un9d3shjtnwdaehgu3wvfnj7qg4waehxw309ahx7um5wghx77r5wghxgetk9uykdgj7) nostr:naddr1qqdyzmnpwf3k75m0vfex2anfwejkucmfv9kxjumddap9yq3qn9fqt7833d6v60elucnr3tmyjslx7gh3yejh37a4utwf5z2wuzjqxpqqqzr0vsz5kcy

n/SociedadeAlternativaLibertaria - Libertários (por: nostr:nprofile1qqs2ph3za34henpq2y3rzgqwgdc4pjmpleqr5t62rf7kxj0lmdyxnfgppemhxue69uhkummn9ekx7mp0ydypw5) nostr:naddr1qq09xmmrd9jkgctyv4qkcar9wfhxzarfwes5c6tzv4e8gctjd9ssyg9qmc3wc6muess9zg33yq8yxu2sedslusp69a9p5ltrf8lakjrf55psgqqqsmmq8dtk3m

n/LibertariosPT - Libertários de Portugal (por: nostr:nprofile1qqszx8rlqax4pakclsxscudfset7fs37jm7rflnugh3nf8r4ehx4z4gppemhxue69uhkummn9ekx7mp05leack) nostr:naddr1qqx5c6tzv4e8gctjd9hhx5z5qgszx8rlqax4pakclsxscudfset7fs37jm7rflnugh3nf8r4ehx4z4grqsqqpphke05802

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Discussões Sociais

n/Aliança-Conservadora-Brasileira (por: nostr:npub1atg5rgfuarup49470kqexfgcesdr85yru56y0y8qf3z6kc30g2vqyfyqyp ) nostr:naddr1qqsyzmrfv9hv8fmptapk7mnnv4e8vctydaexzh6zwfshx6tvv45hycgzyr4dzsdp8n50sx5khe7crye9rrxp5v7ss0jng3usupxyt2mz9apfsqcyqqqgdasue9j59

n/Ilha-de-Anhatomirin - Monarquia (Por: nostr:nprofile1qqsgzc22v804davx6vpwtwfu6j84yvupeld497tfr396usmu7s0m08qpz4mhxue69uhhyetvv9ujuerpd46hxtnfduhszymhwden5te0v9ehgunpdshxu6twdfsj7qguwaehxw309a5x7ervvfhkgtnrdaexzcmvv5h8gmm0d3ej7a2jp7u) nostr:naddr1qqf5jmrgvykkgefdg9hxsct5dakkjunfd5q3uamnwvaz7tmwdaehgu3dwp6kytnhv4kxcmmjv3jhytnwv46z7q3qs9s55cwl2m6cd5czukune4y02gecrn7m2tukj8zt4epheaqlk7wqxpqqqzr0vu2qg3m

n/ManosphereBrasil - Contra a misandria (Por: nostr:nprofile1qqs0p3yd48kzm56a4tual772y3vsjwehx6tc3rv8ht8q0zgncg5r7qgpg3mhxw309ahhsarjv3jhvctkxc685d35093rw7pkwf4xwdrww3a8z6ngv4jx6dtzx4ax5ut4d36kw6mwdpa8ydpkdeunyutzv9jzummwd9hkutcpjnhed) nostr:naddr1qqgy6ctwdaehq6r9wfj5yunpwd5kcqgawaehxw309ahx7um5wghxy6t5vdhkjmn9wgh8xmmrd9skctczyrcvfrdfaskaxhd2l80lhj3ytyynkdekj7ygmpa6ecrcjy7z9qlszqcyqqqgdasl3kaju

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Memes

n/Shitposting (Por: nostr:nprofile1qqs9nyy7ctpy334n3p7gh4p93lmj2cch8ae8jgjsp8al2g32stdnpdcpzamhxue69uhhyetvv9ujumn0wd68ytnzv9hxgtcpr9mhxue69uhhyetvv9ujumn0wd68ytnrdakjuct49us57cz4) nostr:naddr1qq94x6rfw3cx7um5d9hxwqgswaehxw309ahx7um5wghx6mmd9upzqkvsnmpvyjxxkwy8ez75yk8lwftrzulhy7fz2qylhafz92pdkv9hqvzqqqyx7chlz42w

n/Puro-caldo-do-Brasil. (por: nostr:nprofile1qqsztjv2pflmwcayr2jaq90astj94lu5l0smr0zhkfdct4ry7uxu7dqywzq8t) nostr:naddr1qq24qatjdukkxctvv3hj6er094p8yctnd9kzuqghwaehxw309aex2mrp0yh8qunfd4skctnwv46z7q3qyhyc5znlka36gx496q2lmqhyttlef7lpkx790vjmsh2xfacdeu6qxpqqqzr0vwh0r4w

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Locais

n/NordesteLibertário - Nordeste (Por: nostr:nprofile1qqs2tmjyw452ydezymtywqf625j3atra6datgzqy55fp5c7w9jn4gqgpzpmhxue69uhkummnw3ezumt0d5hsz9mhwden5te0wfjkccte9ehx7um5wghxyctwvshsz9thwden5te0wfjkccte9ejxzmt4wvhxjme0s8pkkr ) nostr:naddr1qqf5ummjv3jhxar9f35kyetjwnp6zunfdupzpf0wg36k3g3hygndv3cp8f2j284v0hfh4dqgqjj3yxnreck2w4qpqvzqqqyx7cnejrgl

n/BahiaLibertária - Bahia (por: nostr:nprofile1qqs2tmjyw452ydezymtywqf625j3atra6datgzqy55fp5c7w9jn4gqgpzpmhxue69uhkummnw3ezumt0d5hsz9mhwden5te0wfjkccte9ehx7um5wghxyctwvshsz9thwden5te0wfjkccte9ejxzmt4wvhxjme0s8pkkr ) nostr:naddr1qqgyyctgd9s5c6tzv4e8fsapwf5kzq3q5hhygatg5gmjyfkkguqn54f9r6k8m5m6ksyqffgjrf3uut982sqsxpqqqzr0vc4949j

n/LiberdadeMinas - Minas Gerais (Por: nostr:nprofile1qqsf0kszkmrmy9l3c7mxr3uhh3fmyjpq2z4hjvv7wdq84k5npd7gw3cpz4mhxue69uhhyetvv9ujuerpd46hxtnfduhszxthwden5te0wfjkccte9eekummjwsh8xmmrd9skctcprpmhxue69uhhyetvv9ujuurvv438xarj9e3k7mf0mx68nx) nostr:naddr1qq8yc6tzv4exgctyv4xkjmnpwvqsqq3qjldq9dk8kgtlr3akv8re00znkfyzq59t0yceuu6q0tdfxzmusarsxpqqqzr0vag4knt

n/CyberpunkManaus - Manaus (Por: nostr:nprofile1qqsz8v8zlrg0jclhasdksctsr2jw28lrqwn3zrsclnkpmytvmzhhdlqpz3mhxw309ucnqt3jx5cjuvpwxgarsvpcxqq3wamn8ghj7vfexghrzd3c9ccjuv3s8gurqwps9uq5gamn8ghj7entv43kjd3nvfcx5en6093h2up5w3ekgmn4xsekvatwx438xamywp6ksemcwp6xummzdgekzdmz0pmhzd3j0g6xzepwdahxjmmw9u2upp88) nostr:naddr1qqgyx7tzv4e8qatwdvk56ctwv96hxqgqqgsz8v8zlrg0jclhasdksctsr2jw28lrqwn3zrsclnkpmytvmzhhdlqrqsqqpphkgjh4rf

n/BelémLibertario (por: nostr:npub167s6q8sfzkhel4227kacu98zcg6e37v5sqwkv8mxaazrryz9huzqlhcu2t) nostr:nevent1qqsqnqgx3u2whdqdqmlstqcmgav6xfe4upz2qxfvj03tlk699dzlk7qzyrt6rgq7py26l874ft6mhrs5utprtx8ejjqp6eslvmh5gvvsgklsgqcyqqqqq2qqsdz6l

n/SãoPauloLivre - São Paulo (por: nostr:nprofile1qqsw4jww99ykxf2jy4wyh685hp7cs70texztv0p7kqa3mqhfrvvdtscpzamhxue69uhhyetvv9ujumn0wd68ytnzv9hxgtcpzpmhxue69uhkummnw3ezumt0d5hsz8rhwden5te0wfjkccte9emkj6mfveex2etyd9sju7re0ghsftvmn0 e nostr:nprofile1qqs2tmjyw452ydezymtywqf625j3atra6datgzqy55fp5c7w9jn4gqgpr4mhxue69uhkummnw3ezucnfw33k76twv4ezuum0vd5kzmp0qy08wumn8ghj7mn0wd68yttsw43zuam9d3kx7unyv4ezumn9wshsz9thwden5te0wfjkccte9ehx7um5wghxyee0vnwevs) nostr:naddr1qq898sardagxzatvdaxxjanjv5pzp6kfec55jce92gj4cjlg7ju8mzrea0ycfd3u86crk8vzayd334wrqvzqqqyx7cmls060

n/AcreLibertário - Acre (por: nostr:nprofile1qqsw4jww99ykxf2jy4wyh685hp7cs70texztv0p7kqa3mqhfrvvdtscpzamhxue69uhhyetvv9ujumn0wd68ytnzv9hxgtcpzpmhxue69uhkummnw3ezumt0d5hsz8rhwden5te0wfjkccte9emkj6mfveex2etyd9sju7re0ghsftvmn0 e nostr:nprofile1qqs2tmjyw452ydezymtywqf625j3atra6datgzqy55fp5c7w9jn4gqgpr4mhxue69uhkummnw3ezucnfw33k76twv4ezuum0vd5kzmp0qy08wumn8ghj7mn0wd68yttsw43zuam9d3kx7unyv4ezumn9wshsz9thwden5te0wfjkccte9ehx7um5wghxyee0vnwevs) nostr:naddr1qq85zcmjv4xxjcn9wf6v8gtjd9hsyg82e88zjjtry4fz2hztar6tslvg084unp9k8sltqwcast53kxx4cvpsgqqqsmmqftljpt

n/Alagoas (por: nostr:nprofile1qqsw4jww99ykxf2jy4wyh685hp7cs70texztv0p7kqa3mqhfrvvdtscpzamhxue69uhhyetvv9ujumn0wd68ytnzv9hxgtcpzpmhxue69uhkummnw3ezumt0d5hsz8rhwden5te0wfjkccte9emkj6mfveex2etyd9sju7re0ghsftvmn0 e nostr:nprofile1qqs2tmjyw452ydezymtywqf625j3atra6datgzqy55fp5c7w9jn4gqgpr4mhxue69uhkummnw3ezucnfw33k76twv4ezuum0vd5kzmp0qy08wumn8ghj7mn0wd68yttsw43zuam9d3kx7unyv4ezumn9wshsz9thwden5te0wfjkccte9ehx7um5wghxyee0vnwevs) nostr:naddr1qqr5zmrpvahkzuczyr4vnn3ff93j2539t3973a9c0ky8n67fsjmrc04s8vwc96gmrr2uxqcyqqqgdas8qtaf4

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Empreendedorismo:

n/Empreendedorismo/BR (por: nostr:npub14ysljm0gn6nnjv95yzeq6ffze4f3f9l0248kez4fhm4yz3fzardslwx5e8) nostr:naddr1qqd5y4zr9azk6urjv4jkuer9v3hhy6tnd4hj7snjv9ekjmqzyz5jr7tdaz02wwfsksstyrf9ytx4x9yhaa257my24xlw5s29yt5dkqcyqqqgdaslzrp3p

n/Empreendedorismo/SP (por: nostr:npub14ysljm0gn6nnjv95yzeq6ffze4f3f9l0248kez4fhm4yz3fzardslwx5e8) nostr:naddr1qqt5y4zr9azk6urjv4jkuer9v3hhy6tnd4hj756sqgs2jg0edh5fafeexz6zpvsdy53v65c5jlh42nmv325ma6jpg53w3kcrqsqqpphkcym25j

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Análise

n/EBDV (Em Busca Da Verdade) - Análise geral e desenvolvimento pessoal (por: nostr:nprofile1qqs0xmu0skfdlmtl5tth6cv99za8f8kv7ulz5srkm8p6v5k03dx9lzspz4mhxue69uhkummnw3ezummcw3ezuer9wchszrnhwden5te0dehhxtnvdakz7qgswaehxw309ahx7um5wghx6mmd9usvrt9r) nostr:naddr1qqzy2sjy2cpzpum037ze9hld073dwltps55t5ay7enmnu2jqwmvu8fjje795chu2qvzqqqyx7cy9v5px

@ 557c650b:b04c6817

Um exercício mental

@ 005bc4de:ef11e1a2

The beautiful evil of horse racing

Horse racing intrigues me. And, it appalls me. I find it to be both gloriously beautiful and brutally cruel.

One of the fun facts shared tirelessly around social media for Kentucky Derby #151 was something like this: "This is the first Derby where every horse is in the bloodline of Secretariat." Secretariat, if you don't know, won the Triple Crown in 1973 (KY Derby, Preakness, Belmont) and still holds the fastest times in all three of those races.

That's really a nice fun fact when you first hear it, but maybe it shouldn't be too surprising. After a successful racing career, a male racehorse "retires" to a life of studding himself out, which is where the real horse money is. His post-racing stats: he bred 60 mares per year, he sired 660 foals, and he earned an estimated $120 million in stud fees. When you start branching out the Secretariat family tree over several generations, well, the sheer numbers must be very large. That means the chances that any given Thoroughbred might have a hint of Secretariat blood must get rather high. Grok AI estimates there are 500,000 Thoroughbreds today worldwide, and that beteen 250,000 to 400,000 are in Secretariat's lineage, that's 50% to 80% of every Thoroughbred. Suddenly, the social media snippet from Derby #151 is less surprising, less cool.

Secretariat, retired from racing.

The beautiful side of horse racing

Horse racing is beautiful. This is the easy part to write. If you've ever been to a horse track, especially on a big race day, it's a true multi-sensory experience.

• There are smells that we typically don't smell often in this modern world...especially if you hang out near the paddock. Personally, I don't find horse dung particularly stinky, but earthy.
• There are tastes and good smells. Food and drink are a huge part of horse racing. There is a reason that the Derby has its own pie (a chocolate pecan pie) and each major race has its own drink. Feasting and tailgating are huge parts of horse racing.
• There are things to feel, actually to bodily feel. Aside from crowds of people to bump into, if you stand close to the track, you can feel the reverberation of hooves beating the dirt. We hear the term "thundering herd" sometimes in college sports, but, that term is not just words. You can actually feel the thunder of those hooves.
• The sounds are distinctly horse racing. The announcer's calls of "Less than a minute," "They're in the gates," and "And they're off!" are iconic, not to mention the terms "down to the wire," "won by a nose," or "photo finish." And then there's the bugle's announcement, the singing of "My Old Kentucky Home" at the Derby, the roar of the crowd, and moans of loss from bad bets, shrieks of joy from good bets, and that thunder from the herd, of course.
• The visuals are just stunning. People-wise, the women in their pastel sundresses, the men are snazzy in their colors too (though some go too over-the-top for my liking; they move from classy to clownish), and then there are the hats which are their own category altogether. There's the track, and the spires, and the grass and dirt (or mud) and roses. And there's the jockeys and their colorful silks. But, mostly, there's the horses. A Thoroughbred racehorse at full speed, in full stride, is incredible to look upon. It is a beast that is entirely built for one pure reason: speed. You might be familiar with ESPN's "The Body Issue" that features elite, pro athletes in the nude so that their incredible physiques are displayed. Horse racing is the same thing, equine style. The Derby, in particular, is a sports photographer's bonanza. If you actually know what you're doing, you can't not get great results. Below are some photos amateur me point-and-clicked on Derby Day at a horse track (not Churchill Downs):

!(image)[https://files.peakd.com/file/peakd-hive/crrdlx/Eq7LSG39v5H5NpQppxhzwhfAtJVQikYVppRJsgZXh6KxGXU2YochRXqoJaW7NMZ8Yd8.jpg]

!(image)[https://files.peakd.com/file/peakd-hive/crrdlx/23wWw7ZbXPJxKFAyLwuraK1QypVcLV6QpsyG6Ccr6ZLiPYgNtUBa3ALWx1XR4wPYayhmT.png]

!(image)[https://files.peakd.com/file/peakd-hive/crrdlx/2432HqW3ZtUCjvGD7WTkg2z2ngoByX2rV6htgENN1eytUYXycRCaQdevL7xn1mdKC8qG8.gif]

!(image)[https://files.peakd.com/file/peakd-hive/crrdlx/245HijMM8pQ7c2EdJwrzUPa3LDjm1P51WqU6j5mYkAJnAXJrkbAn6XBNCzR7G28MSR62u.png]

!(image)[https://files.peakd.com/file/peakd-hive/crrdlx/EpVAhnScSoAVCYvw2Faf7ZyipskYLvu9MuBXzmHN3jdVPoDBVAVR8yqrrGf1c7Apxzb.jpg]

!(image)[https://files.peakd.com/file/peakd-hive/crrdlx/245Hm6k5HafqiMfzUiNK7Z3pUG752f4CmLc5pMVuonkQVY1sKG9ucSrdGgvNVQGNud628.gif]

Horse racing appeals to all senses and is viscerally exhilarating in so many ways. It is beautiful.

Genetics

But, let's get back to the real point: this game is all about Brave New World-like breeding and genetics. It is horse eugenics. The idea is simple: fast Mommy horse and fast Daddy horse means fast baby horse. In horse racing, a horse's blood lineage is called its dosage. Personally, I pay zero attention to dosage (I focus on track length and closing the long races), but dosage is a mathematical stat that tries to answer, "How much is this horse truly a Thoroughbred and a genetic winner?" This question of dosage begs another question, "What actually is a Thoroughbred?"

A Thoroughbred is a horse breed. There are a lot of horse breeds, a lot. For a novice like me, it's very hard to distinguish one from another. I think most people can see a difference between a draft horse, bred for pulling heavy loads, and a Thoroughbred, bred for speed. I think most people, if betting on a foot race, would bet on the Thoroughbred below, left and not on "Jupiter, the largest draft horse in America" on the right. If betting on hauling a wagon load of beer up a steep hill, most would bet Jupiter.

!(image)[https://files.peakd.com/file/peakd-hive/crrdlx/23yx8AjtVZkpE7jXJ2RXzV78hhXSvsgU97i2FkvfcFcEZevfshNgwPw2diJNhmL344gmR.png]

But, when comparing racing horses, there are also Sandardbreds which are bred for harness racing and thus have a heavier build than Thoroughbreds. The two breeds are shown below, but their distinctions are not particularly outstanding to my novice eye. Can you tell the difference, which is the Standardbred versus the Thoroughbred? (Answer at the bottom of page.) Maybe side-by-side you can tell, but could you tell if you saw one standing alone? If you saw two of the same breed, could you judge by appearance which one runs faster? If you can, I tip my cap to you.

!(image)[https://files.peakd.com/file/peakd-hive/crrdlx/23zbTqFJgYpKyXwxbGsVeQiKv4tTZSj8S8QboTJWEhTETPqjnaUVDtX2BirjBXH5KVNo6.png]

I imagine most people are much more familiar with, and can more readily notice, the differences in dog breeds. For instance, take the French Bulldog, the Greyhound, or the world's best dog breed, the Labrador Retriever (totally unbiased here).

!(image)[https://files.peakd.com/file/peakd-hive/crrdlx/244oozGkxAwS4sqoWiT8phQv8ssrqq4caB9bHgDufsogds7scUUfhp54WTKmosDzfL5WT.png]

The French Bulldog is bred for cosmetics, the greyhound for pure speed, and the Labrador for all-around everything...intelligence, sturdy athleticism, loyal companionship (totally unbiased here). In these three dogs, we can clearly see the differences that have resulted from breeding.

The evil side of horse racing

Horse racing is evil. And, it is cruel. But, for now, let's step back to the dogs. Dog breeding can be cruel as well.

The French Bulldog is something of the "it" dog right now. A quick Google Gemini search reported it as the most popular breed in 2025.

I remember when "101 Dalmatians" came out 1996. Dalmatians skyrocketed in popularity. But, that popularity was anything but a blessing for Dalmatian pups. They were overbred (and are too inbred as it is), oversold, and were taken in by people eager to get in on the "it" dog then and scoop up the cute spotted pups. But, Dalmatians are very active pups that grow into very active dogs. When the novelty of the spotted pup wore off, many were returned or given away or taken to shelters as being uncontrollable.

The French Poodle situation is not too different. The dogs were bred for little purpose beyond the sin of human vanity. People wanted a short, stocky, smoosh-faced dog that they perceived as cute. And, that's what they got: an unathletic dog that looked a certain way, with middle-of-the-road intelligence, and little use aside from its appearance.

Worse, seeking out this certain "toy dog" look, French Bulldogs suffer from a plethora of health issues. Summed up, they have the lowest life expectancy "by a large margin" of all dogs at only 4.5 years (average is 11.2. years).

There is a neighbor near to me who breeds French Bulldogs. Evidently, it's a lucrative business as they apparently sell for an estimated $2,000 to $8,000 dollars each. I don't know how many litters the neighbor's have bred and pawned, but it has been several. The breeder bitch is constantly given a little trot outside before being hauled to the vet for insemination. (Sadly, this seems to be about the only time she is taken out for exercise and family "fun.") Considering he and his wife have no real job, this seems to be their job. Breed, advertise (complete with foofy tutu outfit photos), market, sell, repeat. With only a 4.5 year life span, I see the lucrative nature in this business.

All told, it's basically a sin and a shame that humans do this to these dogs. A certain segment of people desire a certain unnatural smooshed face in a dog. And because we vainly want a certain look in a dog, so as to accessorize our own look, we breed them into forms unnatural to a canine, curse them with severe breathing difficulties and other serious health issues, and short lives.

A Greyhound is essentially a canine Thoroughbred. From generations of selective breeding, it has a massive chest, long body with a narrow waist, and long, spindly legs. It's sole purpose is speed. Ironically, both the Thoroughbred and Greyhound can race at about the same speed...44 mph, give or take.

Man's sinful nature has abused the Greyhound too. These hounds are racing dogs and racing means gambling. So, dog tracks for have been common. The pups are bred, they race a few years, then they are hopefully adopted out. A good friend of mine once adopted a retired racer to become the family dog. "Bandit" initially had a post-race job as a business's guard dog. But, due to him constantly doing nothing but laying around and sleeping, he was fired as a guard dog (who gets a Greyhound for a guard dog anyway?). Bandit eventually went to my friend, was a bit neurotic, but turned out to be a good family dog.

I think most Greyhounds don't have the fortunate story of Bandit. Once raced out, they're done and forgotten. Man's thrills are fleeting, whatever sparkles in his eye soon fades. To combat the ills of dog racing, I know that the citizens of Florida voted to outlaw dog racing in 2018 (and it indeed ended Dec. 31, 2020). Now, dog tracks lay rusting away, and Greyhounds are largely forgotten.

And then, there's the Labrador Retriever. What's not to like? These dogs can do it all, and they do it all well. Name a dog task, Labs do that well. Full disclosure: I once had a Lab (or rather, half Lab, and half...Great Dane? Doberman? Something?). Her mother was Lab and my dog looked Lab, though a bit taller and leaner. She was incredible. So, yes, I favor Labs.

But, even my beloved Labs and all that they excel in, even Labs have their issues, such as high rates of hip dysplasia. Selective breeding, and a too-narrow gene pool, have consequences.

Back to horses

Let's try to bring this back to horses. Thoroughbreds and horse racing mirror both of the characteristics seen in the French Bulldog and the Greyhound.

• Thoroughbreds have been, and still are, extremely selectively bred to accentuate certain qualities: speed, speed, speed.
• Thoroughbreds are bred for money. Literally, a champion stud or mare doesn't breed for free.

Regarding speed, Thoroughbreds have a massive muscular chest, almost no waist at all, massive muscular hindquarters, and long, spindly, almost cartoonishly thin legs. And, this built-for-speed physique brings up one of the cruelest aspects of horse racing: Thoroughbreds are prone to "break down."

These horses are structured unnaturally, like aliens. Having such a massive, muscular, powerful architecture stilted on such twig-like legs (and getting more massive and twiggier due to constant selective breeding of these traits) is a recipe for disaster. "Breaking down" in horse terms is a rather correct term. Their leg bones break under the stress and force of running, then the horse's weight and thrust breaks the legs down further.

The name Barabaro might come to memory. Barbaro won the Kentucky Derby in 2006 impressively, by a full 6.5 lengths. Hopes were high for a Triple Crown winner. At the Preakness two weeks later, Barabaro broke down. Actually, in his pre-start excitement he broke through the gate to false start. These animals are bred to run and race, they know when it's race time. He was so jacked up and ready to run while in the starting gate, he bucked up, banged his head hard, then literally broke through the gate to false start. Then, after reentering, he started off the race clean before breaking down in front of the main grandstand of viewers. Horse's can break any of their several leg bones. Barbaro broke the cannon, sesamoid, long pastern, and dislocated the fetlock (ankle joint). In other words, he shattered his leg.

When horses break their legs, they're usually put down. As to why, there are lots of reasons, but it comes down to the fact that horses are built for standing and running, especially Thoroughbreds. They are not built for laying down to recuperate, and actually suffer health consequences for not standing. Understandably, a broken leg causes the horse to favor weight to the other legs while standing and this, in turn, can cause other issues. Altogether, the horse suffers.

In Barbaro's case, they tried to rehab him. I think normally he would have been put down on the track in the equine ambulance (the "meat wagon"), but this was Barbaro. The resources were there, he was beloved, and millions had witnessed his injury live. Not trying to save him would have been a public relations nightmare. Putting him down on live TV would have been even worse. There was surgery, then laminitis (inflammation under the hoof) in his opposite good hoof, the result of standing unnaturally. He rallied, then had more setbacks including laminitis in his front hooves. He was in pain, with no way to stand, and then was euthanized in 2007.

!(image)[https://files.peakd.com/file/peakd-hive/crrdlx/23wgoS1v6e2i2gizAqeMeXHf6Zwhz3BTuYMuYNL676tqbPZWwvXUhw7R1J6K4r7DmRj2K.png]

Regarding the money, top studs earn $200 to $400,000 for stud service. A top mare can be bought for $100 to $300,000, then you need the stud service. This is only to breed the foal. This has nothing to do with stabling or training the animals. In other words, it's extremely expensive.

Also regarding the money, there is, of course, the gambling. You might say this is the whole point of horse racing. It's certainly the whole point for breeding Thoroughbreds. It was the whole point for Greyhounds in Florida, before that point was banned.

This year, an estimated $200 million was bet on the Kentucky Derby, the one race alone. $300 million was bet on the races combined. Grok estimated that globally in 2022, horse racing was a $402 billion dollar industry and expects it to grow to $793 billion by 2030.

Those numbers are staggering. But, again, I come back to sinful man. Our love of money is the root of this beautiful evil called horse racing.

I really don't know many scenes more beautiful than a Kentucky horse ranch and a Thoroughbred running across the bluegrass. Add a colt running with his mother, the beauty is staggering. But, underneath that beauty, there is an evil side to horse racing. That side is fueled by sinful man's pride to win and his love of money.

Horse racing is a beautiful evil.

Image sources: https://wikipedia.org, original by me at the track, equine bones at https://www.anatomy-of-the-equine.com/distal-limb-bones.html, the final two images from https://pixabay.com

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Note: In the "Can you tell the difference" side-by-side images above, the Thoroughbred was on the left, the Standardbred on the right.

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@ 9c35fe6b:5977e45b

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@ 752f5d10:88491db3

Opinion about Trendo: Forex Trading & Broker (android)

L o s i n g $111,555 overnight was a crushing blow. The account lockout and subpar customer service that followed left me stunned. However, I gained invaluable insights from this ordeal : Conduct thorough research before committing Verify credentials and read reviews from multiple sources Be c a u t i o u s of un realistic promises Demand responsive and reliable support. Fortunately, I found chelsy__desmarais__54__A T__g=m=a=i=l__D=o=t__c_o_m, which helped me re-cover from this financial setback. W_h_a_t_s_A_p_p ; +1=8=5=9=4=3=6=4=2=1=1

WalletScrutiny #nostrOpinion

Join the conversation!

@ 000002de:c05780a7

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CIMZH7DEPPQ

I really enjoy listening to non-technical people talk about technology when they get the bigger picture impacts and how it relates to our humanity.

I was reminded of this video by @k00b's post about an AI generated video of a victim forgiving his killer.

Piper says, "Computers are better at words than you. Than I". But they are machines. They cannot feel. They cannot have emotion.

This people honors me with their lips, but their heart is far from me

~ Matthew 15:8

Most of us hate it when people are fake with us. When they say things they don't mean. When they say things just to get something they want from us. Yet, we are quickly falling into this same trap with technology. Accepting it as real and human. I'm not suggesting we can't use technology but we have to be careful that we do not fall into this mechanical trap and forget what makes humans special.

We are emotional and spiritual beings. Though AI didn't exist during the times Jesus walked the earth read the verse above in a broader context.

Then Pharisees and scribes came to Jesus from Jerusalem and said, “Why do your disciples break the tradition of the elders? For they do not wash their hands when they eat.” He answered them, “And why do you break the commandment of God for the sake of your tradition? For God commanded, ‘Honor your father and your mother,’ and, ‘Whoever reviles father or mother must surely die.’ But you say, ‘If anyone tells his father or his mother, “What you would have gained from me is given to God,” he need not honor his father.’ So for the sake of your tradition you have made void the word of God. You hypocrites! Well did Isaiah prophesy of you, when he said:

“‘This people honors me with their lips,

but their heart is far from me;

in vain do they worship me,

teaching as doctrines the commandments of men.’”

Empty words. Words without meaning because they are not from a pure desire and love. You may not be a Christian but don't miss the significance of this. There is a value in being real. Sharing true emotion and heart. Don't fall into the trap of the culture of lies that surrounds us. I would rather hear true words with mistakes and less eloquence any day over something fake. I would rather share a real moment with the ones I love than a million fake moments. Embrace the messy imperfect but real world.

originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/973324

@ 8671a6e5:f88194d1

"I tried pasting my login key into the text field, but no luck—it just wouldn't work. Turns out, the login field becomes completely unusable whenever the on-screen keyboard shows up on my phone. So either no one ever bothered to test this on a phone, or they did and thought, ‘Eh, who needs to actually log in anyway?’."

### \ \ Develop and evolve

Any technology or industry at the forefront of innovation faces the same struggle. Idealists, inventors, and early adopters jump in first, working to make things usable for the technical crowd. Only later do the products begin to take shape for the average user.

Bitcoin’s dropping the Ball on usability (and user-experience)

First, we have to acknowledge the progress we've made. Bitcoin has come a long way in terms of usability—no doubt about it. Even if I still think it’s bad, it’s nowhere near as terrible as it was ten or more years ago. The days of printing a paper wallet from some shady website and hoping it would still work months or years later are behind us. The days of buggy software never getting fixed are mostly over.

The Bitcoin technology itself made progress through many BIPs (Bitcoin Improvement Proposals) and combined with an increasing number of apps, devs, websites and related networks (Liquid, Lightning, Nostr, ....) we can say that we're seeing a strong ecosystem going its way. The ecosystem is alive and expanding, and technically, things are clearly working. The problem is that we’re still building with a mindset where developers and project managers consider usability—but don’t truly care about it in practice. They don’t lead with it. (Yes, there are always exceptions.)

All that progress looks cool, when you see the latest releases of hardware wallets, software wallets, exchanges, nostr clients and services built purely for bitcoin, you're usually thinking that we've progressed nicely. But I want to focus on the downside of all these shiny tools. Because if Bitcoin has made it this far, it’s mostly thanks to people who deeply understand its value and are stubborn enough to push through the friction. They don’t give up when the user experience sucks.

Many bitcoiners completely lost their perspective on the software front in my opinion. Because we could have been so much further ahead, and we didn't because some of the most important components on the user-facing side of Bitcoin (arguably the most important part) hasn’t kept pace with the popularity and possible growth. And that should be a great concern, because Bitcoin is meant to be open and accessible. The blockchain is public. This is supposed to be for everyone. This is an open ledger technology so in theory everything is user-facing to one extent or another. Yet we fail on that front to make the glue stick. Somewhere, we’re easily amused by the tools we create, and often contains hurdles we can’t see or feel. While users reject it after 5 seconds tops.

We didn’t came a lot further yet, because we’ve ignored usability at its core (pun intended).

I’m not talking about usability in the “it works on my machine” sense. I’m talking about usability that meets the standard of modern apps. Think Spotify, Instagram, Uber, Gmail. Products that ordinary people use without reading a manual or digging through forums.

That’s the bar. We’re still far from it.

Bad UX scares your grandma away

… and that’s how many bitcoiners apparently like it.

Subsequently, when I say usability, I’m using it as an umbrella term. For me, it covers user experience, user interface, and real-life, full-cycle testing—from onboarding a brand new user to rolling out a new version of the app. And oh boy, our onboarding is so horrible. (“Hey wanna try bitcoin? Here’s an app that takes up to 4 minutes or more to get though, but wait, you’ll have to install a plugin, or wait I’ll send you an on-chain transaction…)

Take a look at the listings on Bitvocation, an excellent job board for Bitcoiners and related projects. You’ll quickly notice a pattern: almost no companies are hiring software testers. It’s marketing, more marketing, some sales, and of course, full-stack developers. But … No testers.

Because testing has become something that’s often skipped or automated in a hurry. Maybe the devs run a test locally to confirm that the feature they just built doesn’t crash outright. That’s it. And if testing does happen at a company, it’s usually shallow—focused only on the top five percent of critical bugs. The finer points that shape real user experience, like button placement, navigation flow, and responsiveness, are dumped on “the community.”

Which leads to some software being rushed out to production, and only then do teams discover how many problems exist in the real world. If there’s anyone left to care that is, since most teams are scattered all over the world and get paid by the hour by some VC firm on a small runway to a launch date.

This has real life consequences I’ve seen for myself with new users. Like a lightning wallet having a +5 minute onboarding time, and a fat on-screen error for the new users, or a hardware wallet stuck in an endless upgrade loop, just because nobody tested it on a device that was “old” (as in, one year old).

The result is clear: usability and experience testing are so low on the priority list, they may as well not exist. And that’s tragic, because the enthusiasm of new users gets crushed the moment they run into what I call Linux’plaining.

That’s when something obvious fails — like a lookup command that’s copied straight from their own help documentation but doesn’t work — and the answer you get as a user is something like: “Yeah, but first you have to…” followed by an explanation that isn’t mentioned anywhere in the interface or documentation. You were just supposed to know. No one updates the documentation, and no one cares. As most of the projects are very temporary or don’t really care if it succeeds or not, because they’re bitcoiners and bitcoin always wins. Just like PGP always was super cool and good, and users should just be smarter.

Lessons from the past usability disasters

We can always learn from the past especially when its precedents are still echoing through the systems we use today

So here goes, some examples from the legacy / fiat industry:

Lotus Notes, for example. Once a titan in enterprise communication software, which managed to capture about 145 million mailboxes. But its downfall is an example of what happens when you ignore and keep ignoring real-life user needs and fail to evolve with the market. Software like that doesn’t just fade, it collapses under the weight of its own inertia and bloat. If you think bitcoin can’t have that, yes… we’re of course not having a competitor in the market (hard money is hard money, not a mailbox or office software provider of course). But we can erode trust to the extent that it becomes LotusNotes’d.

Its archaic 1990s interface came with clunky navigation and a chaotic document management system. Users got frustrated fast—basic tasks took too long. Picture this: you're stuck in a cubicle, trying to find the calendar function in Lotus Notes while a giant office printer hisses and spits out stacks of paper behind you. The platform never made the leap to modern expectations. It failed to deliver proper mobile clients and clung to outdated tech like LotusScript and the Domino architecture, which made it vulnerable to security issues and incompatible with the web standards of the time. By 2012, IBM pulled the plug on the Lotus brand, as businesses moved en masse to cloud-based alternatives.

Another kind of usability failure has plagued PGP1 (and still does so after 34 years). PGP (Pretty Good Privacy) is a time-tested and rock-solid method for encryption and key exchange, but it’s riddled with usability problems, especially for anyone who isn’t technically inclined.

Its very nature and complexity are already steep hurdles (and yes, you can’t make it fully easy without compromising how it’s supposed to work—granted). But the real problem? Almost zero effort has gone into giving even the most eager new users a manageable learning curve. That neglect slowly killed off any real user base—except for the hardcore encryption folks who already know what they’re doing.

Ask anyone in a shopping street or the historic center of your city if they’ve heard of PGP. And on the off chance someone knows it’s not a trendy new fast-food joint called “Perfectly Grilled Poultry,” the odds of them having actually used it in the past six months are basically zero, unless you happen to bump into that one neckbeard guy in his 60s wearing a stained Star Wars T-shirt named Leonard.

The builders of PGP made one major mistake: they never treated usability as a serious design goal (that’s normal for people knee deep in encryption, I get that, it’s the way it is). PGP is fantastic on itself. Other companies and projects tried to build around it, but while they stumbled, tools like Signal and ProtonMail stepped in; offering the same core features of encryption and secure messaging, minus the headache. They delivered what PGP never could: powerful functionality wrapped in something regular people can actually use. Now, we’ve got encrypted communication flowing through apps like Signal, where all the complex tech is buried so deep in the background, the average user doesn’t even realize it’s there. ProtonMail went one step further even, integrating PGP so cleanly that users never need to exchange keys or understand the cryptography behind it all, yet still benefit from bulletproof encryption.

There’s no debate—this shift is a good thing. History shows that unusable software fades into irrelevance. Whether due to lack of interest, failure to reach critical mass, or a competitor swooping in to eat market share, clunky tools don’t survive. Now, to be clear, Bitcoin doesn’t have to worry about that kind of threat. There’s no real competition when it comes to hard money. Unless, of course, you genuinely believe that flashy shitcoins are a viable alternative—in which case, you might as well stop reading here and go get yourself scammed on the latest Solana airdrop or whatever hype train’s leaving the station today for the degens.

The main takeaway here is that Bitcoin must avoid becoming the next Lotus Notes, bloated with features but neglected by users—or the next PGP, sidelined by its own lack of usability. That kind of trajectory would erode trust, especially if usability and onboarding keep falling behind. And honestly, we’re already seeing signs of this in bitcoin. User adoption in Europe, especially in countries like Germany is noticeably lagging. The introduction of the EU’s MiCA regulations isn’t helping either. Most of the companies that were actually pushing adoption are now either shutting down, leaving the EU, or jumping through creative loopholes just to stay alive. And the last thing on anyone’s mind is improving UX. It takes time, effort, and specialized people to seriously think through how to build this properly, from the beginning, with this ease of use and onboarding in mind. That’s a luxury most teams can’t or won’t prioritize right now. Understandably when the lack of funds is still a major issue within the bitcoin space. (for people sitting on hard money, there’s surprisingly little money flowing into useful projects that aren’t hyped up empty boxes)

The number of nodes being set up by end users worldwide isn’t exactly skyrocketing either. Sure, there’s some growth but let’s not overstate it. Based on Bitnodes’ snapshots taken in March of each year, we’re looking at: 2022 : around 10500 2023 : around 17000 2024 : around 18500 2025 : around 21000 (I know there are different methods of measuring these, like read-only nodes, the % change is roughly the same nonetheless)

In my opinion, if we had non-clunky software that was actually released with proper testing and usability in mind, we could’ve easily doubled those node numbers. A bad user experience with a wallet spreads fast—and brings in exactly zero new users. The same goes for people trying to set up a miner or spin up a node, only to give up after a few frustrating steps. Sure, there are good people out there making guides and videos2 to help mitigate those hurdles, and that helps. But let’s be honest: there’s still very little “wow” factor when average users interact with most Bitcoin software. Almost every time they walk away, it’s because of one of two things—usability issues or bugs.

For the record: if a user can’t set up a wallet because the interface is so rotten or poorly tested, so they don’t know where to click or how to even select a seed word from a list, then that’s a problem — that’s a bug. Argue all you want: sure, it’s not a code-level bug and no, it’s not a system crash. But it is a usability failure. Call it onboarding friction, UX flaw, whatever fits your spreadsheet or circus Maximus of failures in your ticketing system. Bottom line: if your software doesn’t help users accomplish its core purpose, it’s broken. It’s a bug. Pretending it’s something a copywriter or marketing team can fix is pure deflection. The solution isn’t to relabel the problem, 1990’s telecom-style, just to avoid dealing with it. It’s to actually sit down, think, collaborate, and go through the issue, and getting real solutions out. ”No it’s not an issue, that’s how it works” like someone from a failing (and by now defunct) wallet told me once, is not a solution.

You got 21 seconds

The user can’t be onboarded because your software has an “issue”? In my book, that’s a bug. The usual response when you report it? “Yeah, that’s not a priority.” Well, guess what? It actually is a priority. All these small annoyances, hurdles, and bits of BS still plague this industry, and they make the whole experience miserable for regular people trying it out for the first time. The first 21 seconds (yeah, you see what I did there) are the most important when someone opens new software. If it doesn’t click right away—if they’re fiddling with sats or dollar signs, or hunting for some hidden setting buried behind a tiny arrow—it’s game over. They’re annoyed. They’re gone.

And this is exactly why we’re seeing a flood of shitcoin apps sweeping new users off their feet with "faster apps" or "nicer designs" apps that somehow can afford the UI specialists and slick, centralized setups to spread their lies and scams.

I hate to say it, but the Phantom wallet for example, for the Solana network, loaded with fake airdrop schemes and the most blatant scams — has a far better UX than most Bitcoin wallets and Lightning Wallets. Learn from it. Download that **** and get to know what we do wrong and how we can learn from the enemy.

That’s a hard truth. So, instead of just screaming “Uh, shitcooooin!” (yes, we know it is), maybe we should start learning from it. Their apps are better than ours in terms of UI and UX. They attract more people 5x faster (we know that’s also because of the fast gains and retardation playing with the marketing) but we can’t keep ignoring that. Somehow these apps attract more than our trustworthiness, our steady, secure, decentralized hard money truth.

It’s like stepping into one of the best Italian restaurants in town—supposedly. But then the menu’s a mess, the staff is scrolling on their phones, and something smells burnt coming from the kitchen. So, what do you do? You walk out. You cross the street to the fast food joint and order a burger and fries. And as you’re walking out with your food, someone from the Italian place yells at you: “Fast food is bad!” ”Yeah man I know, I wanted a nice Spaghetti aglio e olio, but here I am, digesting a cheeseburger that felt rather spongy.” (the problem is so gone so deep now, that users just walk past that Italian restaurant, don’t even recognize it as a restaurant because it doesn’t have cheeseburgers).

Fear of the dark

Technical people, not marketeers built bitcoin, it’s build on hundreds of small building blocks that interacted over time to have the bitcoin network and it’s immer evolving value. At one point David Chaum cooked up eCash, using blind signatures to let people send digital money anonymously — except it was still stuck on clunky centralized servers. Go back even further, to the 1970s, when Diffie, Hellman, and Rivest introduced public-key cryptography—the magic sauce that gave us secure digital signatures and authentication, making sure your messages stayed private and tamper-proof.

Fast forward to the 1990s, where peer-to-peer started to take off, decentralized networks getting started. Adam Back’s Hashcash in ‘97 used proof-of-work to fight email spam, and the cypherpunks were all about sticking it to the man with privacy-first, the invention 199 Human-Readable 128-bit keys3, decentralized systems. We started to swap files over p2p networks and later, torrents.

All these parts—anonymous cash, encryption, and leaderless networks finally clicked into place when Satoshi Nakamoto poured them into a chain of blocks, built on an ingenious “time-stamping” system: the timechain, or blockchain if you prefer. And just like that, Bitcoin was born—a peer-to-peer money system that didn’t need middlemen and actually worked without any central servers.

So yes, it’s only natural that Bitcoin and the many tools, born from math, obscurity, and cryptography, isn’t exactly always a user-interface darling. That’s also it’s charm for me in any case, as the core is robust and valuable beyond belief. That’s why we love to so see more use, more adoption.

But that doesn’t mean we can’t squash critical “show-stopper” bugs before releasing bitcoin-related software. And it sure as hell doesn’t mean we should act like jerks when a user points out something’s broken, confusing, or just doesn’t meet expectations. We can’t be complacent either about our role as builders of the next generations, as the core is hard money, and it would be a fatal mistake for the world to see it being used only for some rockstars from Wall Street and their counterparts to store their debt laden fiat. We can free people, make them better, make them elevate themselves. And yet, the people we try to elevate, we often alienate. All because we don’t test our stuff well enough. We should be so good, we blow the banking apps away. (they’re blowing themselves out of the market luckily with fiat “features” and overly over the top use of “analytics” to measure your carbon footprint for example).

We should be so damn professional that someone using Bitcoin apps for a full year wouldn’t even notice any bugs, because there wouldn’t be much to get annoyed by.

So… we have to do better. I’ve seen it time and time again — on Lightning tipping apps, Nostr plugins, wallets, hardware wallets, even metal plates we can screw up somehow … you name it. “It works on my machine”, isn’t enough anymore! Those days are over.

Even apps built with solid funding and strong dev and test teams like fedi.xyz4 can miss the mark. While the idea was good and the app itself ran fine without too much hurdles and usual bugs. But usability failed on a different front: there was just nothing meaningful to do in the app beyond poking around, chatting a bit, and sending a few sats back and forth. The communities it’s supposed to connect, just aren’t there, or weren’t there “yet”.

It’s a beautifully designed application and a strong proof-of-concept for federated community funds. But then… nothing. No one I know uses it. Their last blogpost was from beginning of October 2024, which doesn’t bode well, writing this than 6 months after. That said, they got some great onboarding going, usually under 20 seconds, which proves it can be done right (even if it was all a front-end for a more complex backend).

As you can see “usability” is a broad terminology, covering technical aspects, user-interface, but also use-cases. Even if you have a cool app that works really well and is well thought-out users won’t use it if there’s no real substance. You can’t get that critical mass by waiting for customers to come in or communities to embrace it. They won’t, because most of the individuals already had past experiences with bitcoin apps or services, and there’s a reason for them not being on-board already.

A lot of bitcoin companies build tools for new people. Never for the lapsed people, the persons that came in, thought of it as an investment or “a coin”… then left because of a bad experience or the price going down in fiat. All the while we have some software that usually isn’t so kind to new people, or causes loss of funds and time. Even if they make one little “mistake” of not knowing the system beforehand.

Bitcoin’s Moby Dick

\ Bitcoin itself has a big issue here. The user base could grow faster, and more robust, if there wasn’t software that worked as a sort of repellent against users.

I especially see a younger and less tech-savvy audience absolutely disliking the software we have now. No matter if it’s Electrum’s desktop wallet (hardly the sexiest tool out there, although I like it myself, but it lacks some features), Sparrow, or any lightning wallet out there (safe for WoS). I even saw people disliking Proton wallet, which I personally thought of as something really slick, well-made and polished. But even that doesn’t cut it for many people, as the “account” and “wallet” system wasn’t clear enough for them. (You see, we all have the same bias, because we know bitcoin, we look at it from a perspective of “facepalm, of course it’s a wallet named “account”, but when you sit next to a new user, it becomes clear that this is a hurdle. (please proton wallet: name a wallet a wallet, not “account”. But most users already in bitcoin, love what you’re doing)

Naturally disliking usability

The same technically brilliant people who maintain Bitcoin and build its apps haven’t quite tapped into their inner Steve Jobs—if that person even exists in the Bitcoin space. Let’s be honest: the next iOS-style wow moment, or the kind of frictionless usability seen in Spotify or Instagram, probably won’t come from hardcore Bitcoin devs alone. In fact, some builders in the space seem to actively disregard—or even look down on—discussions about usability. Just mention names like Wallet of Satoshi (yes, we all know it’s a custodial frontend) or the need for smoother interactions with Bitcoin, and you’ll get eye-rolls or defensive rants instead of curiosity or openness.

Moving more towards a better user interface for things like Sparrow or Bitcoin Core for example, would bring all kinds of “bad things” according to some, and on top of that, bring in new users (noobs) that ask questions like: “Do you burn all these sats when I make a transaction?” (Yes, that’s a real one.)

I get the “usability sucks” gripe — fear of losing key features, dumbing things down, or opening the door to unwanted changes (like BIP proposals real bitcoiners hate) that tweak bitcoin to suit any user’s whim. Close to no one in bitcoin (really in bitcoin!) wants that, including me.

That fear is however largely unfounded; because Bitcoin doesn’t change without consensus. Any change that would undermine its core use or value proposition simply won’t make it through. And let’s be honest: most of the users who crave these “faster,” centralized alternatives—those drawn to slick apps, one-click solutions, and dopamine-driven UI—will either stick with fiat, ape into the shitcoin-of-the-month, or praise the shiny new CBDC once it drops (“much fast, much cool”). These degen types, chasing fiat gains and jackpot dreams, aren’t relevant to this story, No matter what we build for bitcoin, they’ll always love the fiat-story and will always dislike bitcoin because it’s not a jackpot for them. (Honestly, why don’t they just gamble at a casino?)

People who fear that improving usability will somehow bring down the Bitcoin network are being a bit too paranoid—and honestly, they often don’t understand what usability or proper testing actually means.

They treat it like fluff, when in reality it's fundamental. Usability doesn't mean dumbing things down or compromising Bitcoin's core values; it means understanding why your fancy new app isn’t being used by anyone outside of your bubble. Testing is the beating heart of getting things out with confidence. Nothing more satisfying in software building than to proudly show even your beta versions to users, knowing it’s well tested. It’s much more than clicking a few buttons and tossing your code on GitHub. It's about asking real questions: can someone outside your Telegram group actually use this and will it they be using the software at all?

If you create a Nostr app that opens an in-app browser window and then tries to log you in with your NIPS05 or NIPS07 or whatever number it is that authenticates you, then you need to think about how it’s going to work in real life. Have people already visited this underlying website? Is that website using the exact same mechanism? Is it really working like we think it is in the real world? (Some notable good things are happening with the development of Keychat for example, I have the feeling they get it, it’s not all bad). And yes, there are still bugs and things to improve there, they’re just starting. (The browser section and nostr login need some work imho).

Guess what? You can test your stuff. But it takes time and effort. The kind of effort that, if skipped, gets multiplied across thousands of people. Thousands of people wasting their time trying to use your app, hitting errors, assuming they did something wrong, retrying, googling workarounds—only to eventually realize: it’s not them. It’s a bug. A bug you didn’t catch. Because you didn’t test. And now everyone loses. And guess what? Those users? They’re not coming back.

A good example (to stay positive here) is Fountain App, where the first versions were , eh… let’s say not so good, and then quickly evolved into a company and product that works really well, and also listens to their users and fixes their bugs. The interface can still be better in my opinion, but it’s getting there. And it’s super good now.

A bad example? Alby. (Sorry to say.) It still suffers from a bloated, clunky interface and an onboarding flow that utterly confuses new or returning users. It just doesn’t get the job done. Opinions may vary, sure, but hand this app to any non-technical user and ask them to get online and do a Nostr zap. Watch what happens. If they even manage to get through the initial setup, that is.

Another example? Bitkit. When I tried transferring funds from the "savings" to the "spending" account, the wallet silently opened a Lightning channel—no warning, no explanation—and suddenly my coins were locked up. To make things worse, the wallet still showed the full balance as spendable, even though part of it was now stuck in that channel. That was in November 2024, the last time I touched Bitkit. I wasted too much time trying to figure it out, I haven’t looked back (assuming the project is even still alive, I didn’t see them pop up anywhere).

Some metal BIP39 backup tools are great in theory but poorly executed. I bought one that didn’t even include a simple instruction on how to open it. The person I gave it to spent two hours trying to open it with a screwdriver and even attempted drilling. Turns out, it just slides open with some pressure. A simple instruction would’ve saved all that frustration.

Builders often assume users “just get it,” but a small guide could’ve prevented all the hassle. It’s a small step, but it’s crucial for better user experience. So why not avoid such situations and put a friggin cheap piece of paper in the box so people know how to open it? (The creators would probably facepalm if they read this, “how can users nòt see this?”). Yeah,… put a paper in there with instructions.

That’s natural, because as a creator you’re “in” it, you know. You don’t see how others would overlook something so obvious.

Bitcoiners are extremely bad on that front.

I’ll dive deeper into some examples in part 2 of this post.

By AVB

end of part 1

If you like to support independent thought and writings on bitcoin, follow this substack please https://coinos.io/allesvoorbitcoin/receive\ \ footnotes:

1 https://philzimmermann.com/EN/findpgp/

2 BTC sessions: set up a bitcoin node

3 https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1751

4 https://www.fedi.xyz/

@ bbef5093:71228592

India csökkentené az atomerőművek építési idejét ambiciózus nukleáris céljai eléréséhez

India célja, hogy a jelenlegi 10 évről a „világszínvonalú” 6 évre csökkentse atomerőművi projektjeinek kivitelezési idejét, hogy elérje a 2047-re kitűzött, 100 GW beépített nukleáris kapacitást.

Az SBI Capital Markets (az Indiai Állami Bank befektetési banki leányvállalata) jelentése szerint ez segítene mérsékelni a korábbi költségtúllépéseket, és vonzóbbá tenné az országot a globális befektetők számára.

A jelentés szerint a jelenlegi, mintegy 8 GW kapacitás és a csak 7 GW-nyi építés alatt álló kapacitás mellett „jelentős gyorsítás” szükséges a célok eléréséhez.

A kormány elindította a „nukleáris energia missziót”, amelyhez körülbelül 2,3 milliárd dollárt (2 milliárd eurót) különített el K+F-re és legalább öt Bharat kis moduláris reaktor (BSMR) telepítésére, de további kihívásokat kell megoldania a célok eléréséhez.

Az építési idők csökkentése kulcsfontosságú, de a jelentés átfogó rendszerszintű reformokat is javasol, beleértve a gyorsabb engedélyezést, a földszerzési szabályok egyszerűsítését, az erőművek körüli védőtávolság csökkentését, és a szabályozó hatóság (Atomic Energy Regulatory Board) nagyobb önállóságát.

A jelentés szerint a nemzet korlátozott uránkészletei miatt elengedhetetlen az üzemanyagforrások diverzifikálása nemzetközi megállapodások révén, valamint az indiai nukleáris program 2. és 3. szakaszának felgyorsítása.

India háromlépcsős nukleáris programja célja egy zárt üzemanyagciklus kialakítása, amely a természetes uránra, a plutóniumra és végül a tóriumra épül. A 2. szakaszban gyorsneutronos reaktorokat használnak, amelyek több energiát nyernek ki az uránból, kevesebb bányászott uránt igényelnek, és a fel nem használt uránt új üzemanyaggá alakítják. A 3. szakaszban fejlett reaktorok működnek majd India hatalmas tóriumkészleteire alapozva.

2025 januárjában az indiai Nuclear Power Corporation (NPCIL) pályázatot írt ki Bharat SMR-ek telepítésére, először nyitva meg a nukleáris szektort indiai magáncégek előtt.

Eddig csak az állami tulajdonú NPCIL építhetett és üzemeltethetett kereskedelmi atomerőműveket Indiában.

A Bharat SMR-ek (a „Bharat” hindiül Indiát jelent) telepítése a „Viksit Bharat” („Fejlődő India”) program része.

Engedélyezési folyamat: „elhúzódó és egymásra épülő”

A Bharat atomerőmű fejlesztésének részletei továbbra sem világosak, de Nirmala Sitharaman pénzügyminiszter júliusban elmondta, hogy az állami National Thermal Power Corporation és a Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited közös vállalkozásában valósulna meg a fejlesztés.

Sitharaman hozzátette, hogy a kormány a magánszektorral közösen létrehozna egy Bharat Small Reactors nevű céget, amely SMR-ek és új nukleáris technológiák kutatás-fejlesztésével foglalkozna.

Az SBI jelentése szerint javítani kell az SMR programot, mert az engedélyezési folyamat jelenleg „elhúzódó és egymásra épülő”, és aránytalan kockázatot jelent a magánszereplők számára a reaktorfejlesztés során.

A program „stratégiailag jó helyzetben van a sikerhez”, mert szigorú belépési feltételeket támaszt, így csak komoly és alkalmas szereplők vehetnek részt benne.

A kormánynak azonban be kellene vezetnie egy kártérítési záradékot, amely védi a magáncégeket az üzemanyag- és nehézvíz-ellátás hiányától, amely az Atomenergia Minisztérium (DAE) hatáskörébe tartozik.

A jelentés szerint mind az üzemanyag, mind a nehézvíz ellátása a DAE-től függ, és „a hozzáférés hiánya” problémát jelenthet. India legtöbb kereskedelmi atomerőműve hazai fejlesztésű, nyomottvizes nehézvizes reaktor.

A jelentés szerint: „A meglévő szabályozási hiányosságok kezelése kulcsfontosságú, hogy a magánszektor vezethesse a kitűzött 100 GW nukleáris kapacitás 50%-ának fejlesztését 2047-ig.”

Az NPCIL nemrégiben közölte, hogy India 2031–32-ig további 18 reaktort kíván hozzáadni az energiamixhez, ezzel az ország nukleáris kapacitása 22,4 GW-ra nő.

A Nemzetközi Atomenergia-ügynökség adatai szerint Indiában 21 reaktor üzemel kereskedelmi forgalomban, amelyek 2023-ban az ország áramtermelésének körülbelül 3%-át adták. Hat egység van építés alatt.

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Roszatom pert indított a leállított Hanhikivi-1 projekt miatt Finnországban

Az orosz állami Roszatom atomenergetikai vállalat pert indított Moszkvában a finn Fortum és Outokumpu cégek ellen, és 227,8 milliárd rubel (2,8 milliárd dollár, 2,4 milliárd euró) kártérítést követel a finnországi Hanhikivi-1 atomerőmű szerződésének felmondása miatt – derül ki bírósági dokumentumokból és a Roszatom közleményéből.

A Roszatom a „mérnöki, beszerzési és kivitelezési (EPC) szerződés jogellenes felmondása”, a részvényesi megállapodás, az üzemanyag-ellátási szerződés megsértése, valamint a kölcsön visszafizetésének megtagadása miatt követel kártérítést.

A Fortum a NucNetnek e-mailben azt írta, hogy „nem kapott hivatalos értesítést orosz perről”.

A Fortum 2025. április 29-i negyedéves jelentésében közölte, hogy a Roszatom finn leányvállalata, a Raos Project, valamint a Roszatom nemzetközi divíziója, a JSC Rusatom Energy International, illetve a Fennovoima (a Hanhikivi projektért felelős finn konzorcium) között a Hanhikivi EPC szerződésével kapcsolatban nemzetközi választottbírósági eljárás zajlik.

2025 februárjában a választottbíróság úgy döntött, hogy nincs joghatósága a Fortummal szembeni követelések ügyében. „Ez a döntés végleges volt, így a Fortum nem része a választottbírósági eljárásnak” – közölte a cég.

A Fortum 2015-ben kisebbségi tulajdonos lett a Fennovoima projektben, de a teljes tulajdonrészt 2020-ban leírta.

A Fennovoima konzorcium, amelyben a Roszatom a Raos-on keresztül 34%-os kisebbségi részesedéssel rendelkezett, 2022 májusában felmondta a Hanhikivi-1 létesítésére vonatkozó szerződést az ukrajnai háború miatti késedelmek és megnövekedett kockázatok miatt.

A projekt technológiája az orosz AES-2006 típusú nyomottvizes reaktor lett volna.

2021 áprilisában a Fennovoima közölte, hogy a projekt teljes beruházási költsége 6,5–7 milliárd euróról 7–7,5 milliárd euróra nőtt.

2022 augusztusában a Roszatom és a Fennovoima kölcsönösen milliárdos kártérítési igényt nyújtott be egymás ellen a projekt leállítása miatt.

A Fennovoima nemzetközi választottbírósági eljárást indított 1,7 milliárd euró előleg visszafizetéséért. A Roszatom 3 milliárd eurós ellenkeresetet nyújtott be. Ezek az ügyek jelenleg is nemzetközi bíróságok előtt vannak.

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Dél-koreai delegáció Csehországba utazik nukleáris szerződés aláírására

Egy dél-koreai delegáció 2025. május 6-án Csehországba utazik, hogy részt vegyen egy több milliárd dolláros szerződés aláírásán, amely két új atomerőmű építéséről szól a Dukovany telephelyen – közölte a dél-koreai kereskedelmi, ipari és energetikai minisztérium.

A delegáció, amelyben kormányzati és parlamenti tisztviselők is vannak, kétnapos prágai látogatásra indul, hogy részt vegyen a szerdára tervezett aláírási ceremónián.

A küldöttség találkozik Petr Fiala cseh miniszterelnökkel és Milos Vystrcil szenátusi elnökkel is, hogy megvitassák a Dukovany projektet.

Fiala múlt héten bejelentette, hogy Prága május 7-én írja alá a Dukovany szerződést a Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power (KHNP) céggel.

A cseh versenyhivatal nemrég engedélyezte a szerződés aláírását a KHNP-vel, miután elutasította a francia EDF fellebbezését.

A versenyhivatal április 24-i döntése megerősítette a korábbi ítéletet, amelyet az EDF megtámadott, miután 2024 júliusában elvesztette a tenderpályázatot a KHNP-vel szemben.

Ez lehetővé teszi, hogy a két dél-koreai APR1400 reaktor egység szerződését aláírják Dukovanyban, Dél-Csehországban. A szerződés az ország történetének legnagyobb energetikai beruházása, értéke legalább 400 milliárd korona (16 milliárd euró, 18 milliárd dollár).

A szerződést eredetileg márciusban írták volna alá, de a vesztes pályázók (EDF, Westinghouse) fellebbezései, dél-koreai politikai bizonytalanságok és a cseh cégek lokalizációs igényei miatt csúszott.

A KHNP januárban rendezte a szellemi tulajdonjogi vitát a Westinghouse-zal, amely korábban azt állította, hogy a KHNP az ő technológiáját használja az APR1400 reaktorokban.

A szerződés aláírása Dél-Korea első külföldi atomerőmű-építési projektje lesz 2009 óta, amikor a KHNP négy APR1400 reaktort épített az Egyesült Arab Emírségekben, Barakahban.

Csehországban hat kereskedelmi reaktor működik: négy orosz VVER-440-es Dukovanyban, két nagyobb VVER-1000-es Temelínben. Az IAEA szerint ezek az egységek a cseh áramtermelés mintegy 36,7%-át adják.

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Az USA-nak „minél előbb” új reaktort kell építenie – mondta a DOE jelöltje a szenátusi bizottság előtt

Az USA-nak minél előbb új atomerőművet kell építenie, és elő kell mozdítania a fejlett reaktorok fejlesztését, engedélyezését és telepítését – hangzott el a szenátusi energiaügyi bizottság előtt.

Ted Garrish, aki a DOE nukleáris energiaügyi helyettes államtitkári posztjára jelöltként jelent meg, elmondta: az országnak új reaktort kell telepítenie, legyen az nagy, kis moduláris vagy mikroreaktor.

Az USA-ban jelenleg nincs épülő kereskedelmi atomerőmű, az utolsó kettő, a Vogtle-3 és Vogtle-4 2023-ban, illetve 2024-ben indult el Georgiában.

„A nukleáris energia kivételes lehetőség a növekvő villamosenergia-igény megbízható, megfizethető és biztonságos kielégítésére” – mondta Garrish, aki tapasztalt atomenergetikai vezető. Szerinte az USA-nak nemzetbiztonsági okokból is fejlesztenie kell a hazai urándúsító ipart.

Vizsgálni kell a nemzetközi piacot és a kormányközi megállapodások lehetőségét az amerikai nukleáris fejlesztők és ellátási láncok számára, valamint meg kell oldani a kiégett fűtőelemek elhelyezésének problémáját.

1987-ben a Kongresszus a nevadai Yucca Mountain-t jelölte ki a kiégett fűtőelemek végleges tárolóhelyének, de 2009-ben az Obama-adminisztráció leállította a projektet.

Az USA-ban az 1950-es évek óta mintegy 83 000 tonna radioaktív hulladék, köztük kiégett fűtőelem halmozódott fel, amelyet jelenleg acél- és betonkonténerekben tárolnak az erőművek telephelyein.

Garrish korábban a DOE nemzetközi ügyekért felelős helyettes államtitkára volt (2018–2021), jelenleg az Egyesült Haladó Atomenergia Szövetség igazgatótanácsának elnöke.

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Egyéb hírek

Szlovénia közös munkát sürget az USA-val a nukleáris energiában:
Az USA és Horvátország tisztviselői együttműködésről tárgyaltak Közép- és Délkelet-Európa energiaellátásának diverzifikálása érdekében, különös tekintettel a kis moduláris reaktorokra (SMR). Horvátország és Szlovénia közösen tulajdonolja a szlovéniai Krško atomerőművet, amely egyetlen 696 MW-os nyomottvizes reaktorával Horvátország áramfogyasztásának 16%-át, Szlovéniáénak 20%-át adja. Szlovénia fontolgatja egy második blokk építését, de tavaly elhalasztotta az erről szóló népszavazást.

Malawi engedélyezi a Kayelekera uránbánya újraindítását:
A Malawi Atomenergia Hatóság kiadta a sugárbiztonsági engedélyt a Lotus (Africa) Limited számára, így újraindulhat a Kayelekera uránbánya, amely több mint egy évtizede, 2014 óta állt a zuhanó uránárak és biztonsági problémák miatt. A bánya 85%-át az ausztrál Lotus Resources helyi leányvállalata birtokolja. A Lotus szerint a bánya újraindítása teljesen finanszírozott, kb. 43 millió dollár (37 millió euró) tőkével.

Venezuela és Irán nukleáris együttműködést tervez:
Venezuela és Irán a nukleáris tudomány és technológia terén való együttműködésről tárgyalt. Az iráni állami média szerint Mohammad Eslami, az Iráni Atomenergia Szervezet vezetője és Alberto Quintero, Venezuela tudományos miniszterhelyettese egyetemi és kutatási programok elindításáról egyeztetett. Venezuelában nincs kereskedelmi atomerőmű, de 2010-ben Oroszországgal írt alá megállapodást új atomerőművek lehetőségéről. Iránnak egy működő atomerőműve van Bushehr-1-nél, egy másik ugyanott épül, mindkettőt Oroszország szállította.

@ 40bdcc08:ad00fd2c

Introduction

Bitcoin’s OP_RETURN opcode, a mechanism for embedding small data in transactions, has ignited a significant debate within the Bitcoin community. Originally designed to support limited metadata while preserving Bitcoin’s role as a peer-to-peer electronic cash system, OP_RETURN is now at the center of proposals that could redefine Bitcoin’s identity. The immutable nature of Bitcoin’s timechain makes it an attractive platform for data storage, creating tension with those who prioritize its monetary function. This discussion, particularly around Bitcoin Core pull request #32406 (GitHub PR #32406), highlights a critical juncture for Bitcoin’s future.

What is OP_RETURN?

Introduced in 2014, OP_RETURN allows users to attach up to 80 bytes of data to a Bitcoin transaction. Unlike other transaction outputs, OP_RETURN outputs are provably unspendable, meaning they don’t burden the Unspent Transaction Output (UTXO) set—a critical database for Bitcoin nodes. This feature was a compromise to provide a standardized, less harmful way to include metadata, addressing earlier practices that embedded data in ways that bloated the UTXO set. The 80-byte limit and restriction to one OP_RETURN output per transaction are part of Bitcoin Core’s standardness rules, which guide transaction relay and mining but are not enforced by the network’s consensus rules (Bitcoin Stack Exchange).

Standardness vs. Consensus Rules

Standardness rules are Bitcoin Core’s default policies for relaying and mining transactions. They differ from consensus rules, which define what transactions are valid across the entire network. For OP_RETURN: - Consensus Rules: Allow OP_RETURN outputs with data up to the maximum script size (approximately 10,000 bytes) and multiple outputs per transaction (Bitcoin Stack Exchange). - Standardness Rules: Limit OP_RETURN data to 80 bytes and one output per transaction to discourage excessive data storage and maintain network efficiency.

Node operators can adjust these policies using settings like -datacarrier (enables/disables OP_RETURN relay) and -datacarriersize (sets the maximum data size, defaulting to 83 bytes to account for the OP_RETURN opcode and pushdata byte). These settings allow flexibility but reflect Bitcoin Core’s default stance on limiting data usage.

The Proposal: Pull Request #32406

Bitcoin Core pull request #32406, proposed by developer instagibbs, seeks to relax these standardness restrictions (GitHub PR #32406). Key changes include: - Removing Default Size Limits: The default -datacarriersize would be uncapped, allowing larger OP_RETURN data without a predefined limit. - Allowing Multiple Outputs: The restriction to one OP_RETURN output per transaction would be lifted, with the total data size across all outputs subject to a configurable limit. - Deprecating Configuration Options: The -datacarrier and -datacarriersize settings are marked as deprecated, signaling potential removal in future releases, which could limit node operators’ ability to enforce custom restrictions.

This proposal does not alter consensus rules, meaning miners and nodes can already accept transactions with larger or multiple OP_RETURN outputs. Instead, it changes Bitcoin Core’s default relay policy to align with existing practices, such as miners accepting non-standard transactions via services like Marathon Digital’s Slipstream (CoinDesk).

Node Operator Flexibility

Currently, node operators can customize OP_RETURN handling: - Default Settings: Relay transactions with one OP_RETURN output up to 80 bytes. - Custom Settings: Operators can disable OP_RETURN relay (-datacarrier=0) or adjust the size limit (e.g., -datacarriersize=100). These options remain in #32406 but are deprecated, suggesting that future Bitcoin Core versions might not support such customization, potentially standardizing the uncapped policy.

Arguments in Favor of Relaxing Limits

Supporters of pull request #32406 and similar proposals argue that the current restrictions are outdated and ineffective. Their key points include: - Ineffective Limits: Developers bypass the 80-byte limit using methods like Inscriptions, which store data in other transaction parts, often at higher cost and inefficiency (BitcoinDev Mailing List). Relaxing OP_RETURN could channel data into a more efficient format. - Preventing UTXO Bloat: By encouraging OP_RETURN use, which doesn’t affect the UTXO set, the proposal could reduce reliance on harmful alternatives like unspendable Taproot outputs used by projects like Citrea’s Clementine bridge. - Supporting Innovation: Projects like Citrea require more data (e.g., 144 bytes) for security proofs, and relaxed limits could enable new Layer 2 solutions (CryptoSlate). - Code Simplification: Developers like Peter Todd argue that these limits complicate Bitcoin Core’s codebase unnecessarily (CoinGeek). - Aligning with Practice: Miners already process non-standard transactions, and uncapping defaults could improve fee estimation and reduce reliance on out-of-band services, as noted by ismaelsadeeq in the pull request discussion.

In the GitHub discussion, developers like Sjors and TheCharlatan expressed support (Concept ACK), citing these efficiency and innovation benefits.

Arguments Against Relaxing Limits

Opponents, including prominent developers and community members, raise significant concerns about the implications of these changes: - Deviation from Bitcoin’s Purpose: Critics like Luke Dashjr, who called the proposal “utter insanity,” argue that Bitcoin’s base layer should prioritize peer-to-peer cash, not data storage (CoinDesk). Jason Hughes warned it could turn Bitcoin into a “worthless altcoin” (BeInCrypto). - Blockchain Bloat: Additional data increases the storage and processing burden on full nodes, potentially making node operation cost-prohibitive and threatening decentralization (CryptoSlate). - Network Congestion: Unrestricted data could lead to “spam” transactions, raising fees and hindering Bitcoin’s use for financial transactions. - Risk of Illicit Content: The timechain’s immutability means data, including potentially illegal or objectionable content, is permanently stored on every node. The 80-byte limit acts as a practical barrier, and relaxing it could exacerbate this issue. - Preserving Consensus: Developers like John Carvalho view the limits as a hard-won community agreement, not to be changed lightly.

In the pull request discussion, nsvrn and moth-oss expressed concerns about spam and centralization, advocating for gradual changes. Concept NACKs from developers like wizkid057 and Luke Dashjr reflect strong opposition.

Community Feedback

The GitHub discussion for pull request #32406 shows a divided community: - Support (Concept ACK): Sjors, polespinasa, ismaelsadeeq, miketwenty1, TheCharlatan, Psifour. - Opposition (Concept NACK): wizkid057, BitcoinMechanic, Retropex, nsvrn, moth-oss, Luke Dashjr. - Other: Peter Todd provided a stale ACK, indicating partial or outdated support.

Additional discussions on the BitcoinDev mailing list and related pull requests (e.g., #32359 by Peter Todd) highlight similar arguments, with #32359 proposing a more aggressive removal of all OP_RETURN limits and configuration options (GitHub PR #32359).

| Feedback Type | Developers | Key Points | |---------------|------------|------------| | Concept ACK | Sjors, ismaelsadeeq, others | Improves efficiency, supports innovation, aligns with mining practices. | | Concept NACK | Luke Dashjr, wizkid057, others | Risks bloat, spam, centralization, and deviation from Bitcoin’s purpose. | | Stale ACK | Peter Todd | Acknowledges proposal but with reservations or outdated support. |

Workarounds and Their Implications

The existence of workarounds, such as Inscriptions, which exploit SegWit discounts to embed data, is a key argument for relaxing OP_RETURN limits. These methods are costlier and less efficient, often costing more than OP_RETURN for data under 143 bytes (BitcoinDev Mailing List). Supporters argue that formalizing larger OP_RETURN data could streamline these use cases. Critics, however, see workarounds as a reason to strengthen, not weaken, restrictions, emphasizing the need to address underlying incentives rather than accommodating bypasses.

Ecosystem Pressures

External factors influence the debate: - Miners: Services like Marathon Digital’s Slipstream process non-standard transactions for a fee, showing that market incentives already bypass standardness rules. - Layer 2 Projects: Citrea’s Clementine bridge, requiring more data for security proofs, exemplifies the demand for relaxed limits to support innovative applications. - Community Dynamics: The debate echoes past controversies, like the Ordinals debate, where data storage via inscriptions raised similar concerns about Bitcoin’s purpose (CoinDesk).

Bitcoin’s Identity at Stake

The OP_RETURN debate is not merely technical but philosophical, questioning whether Bitcoin should remain a focused monetary system or evolve into a broader data platform. Supporters see relaxed limits as a pragmatic step toward efficiency and innovation, while opponents view them as a risk to Bitcoin’s decentralization, accessibility, and core mission. The community’s decision will have lasting implications, affecting node operators, miners, developers, and users.

Conclusion

As Bitcoin navigates this crossroads, the community must balance the potential benefits of relaxed OP_RETURN limits—such as improved efficiency and support for new applications—against the risks of blockchain bloat, network congestion, and deviation from its monetary roots. The ongoing discussion, accessible via pull request #32406 on GitHub (GitHub PR #32406). Readers are encouraged to explore the debate and contribute to ensuring that any changes align with Bitcoin’s long-term goals as a decentralized, secure, and reliable system.

@ bf47c19e:c3d2573b

Originalni tekst na antenam.net

31.10.2024 / Autor: Ana Nives Radović

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Godišnjica objavljivanja revolucionarnog dokumenta nije samo podsjetnik na nastanak Bitcoina, već i na značajnu promjenu koju je donio u načinu na koji razmišljamo o novcu i ekonomskom suverenitetu. Njegov značaj premašuje ideju o zaradi na promjeni njegove vrijednosti, jer otvara vrata širem razumijevanju digitalne imovine i decentralizovanih finansija koje inspirišu moderno bankarstvo i platne sisteme da se razvijaju u drugačijem smjeru, povećavajući svijest o sigurnosti i dostupnosti.

Šesnaest je godina od objavljivanja dokumenta naslovljenog kao "Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System", poznatog i kao „biijeli papir“ (white paper) u kojem su izloženi koncept i svrha novog sistema digitalne valute – sistema koji bi funkcionisao nezavisno od bilo koje vlade ili finansijske institucije. Bijeli papir, kojeg je 31. oktobra 2008. objavio pojedinac ili tim ljudi pod imenom Satoši Nakamoto ponudio je smjelo rješenje za sve veći problem – kontrolu valute centralnih banaka i sve veće poteškoće u prenošenju vrijednosti preko interneta bez posrednika. Ovaj trenutak označio je nastanak Bitcoina, revolucionarne digitalne valute i prve kriptovalute na svijetu koja je kasnije lansirana 3. januara 2009. godine.

Bitcoin je nastao u vrijeme finansijske krize 2008. godine, u periodu kada je povjerenje u tradicionalne finansijske sisteme bilo na izuzetno niskom nivou. Ljudi su počeli da se pitaju da li postoji način za upravljanje novcem koji ne zavisi od banaka, koje, kao što su tadašnji događaji pokazali, mogu propasti ili djelovati na načine koji nijesu u najboljem interesu javnosti. Nakamotova inovacija, Bitcoin, bila je zamišljena kao sistem u kojem korisnici mogu direktno slati i primati novac, zaobilazeći potrebu za bankama. U tom procesu, Nakamoto je svijetu predstavio novu tehnologiju kojoj je kasnije američki naučnik i programer Harold Fini dao naziv blockchain – decentralizovan i otporan na manipulacije način za evidentiranje transakcija.

Šta je Bitcoin?

Bitcoin je vrsta digitalne valute koja omogućava ljudima da direktno jedni drugima šalju i primaju vrijednost putem interneta. Za razliku od tradicionalnih valuta, kao što je euro ili dolar, koje kontrolišu vlade i banke, Bitcoin funkcioniše bez centralne vlasti. To znači da nema nikoga ko je zadužen za njega i nema banke koja odlučuje kako se može koristiti. Umjesto toga, Bitcoin se oslanja na veliku mrežu računara širom svijeta koja ga održava i bilježi njegove transakcije. Ova mreža je poznata kao „Bitcoin mreža“.

Kako Bitcoin funkcioniše?

U suštini, Bitcoin funkcioniše kao „decentralizovana digitalna valuta“. Kada kažemo decentralizovana, mislimo da nijedna osoba, kompanija ili vlada ne kontroliše Bitcoin. Umjesto toga, svaka transakcija se bilježi na zajedničkoj knjizi, nazvanoj blockchain, koju održava mreža računara širom svijeta. Svaki put kada neko pošalje ili primi Bitcoin, transakcija se grupiše sa drugima i dodaje u ovaj lanac blokova. Budući da je ovaj lanac kopiran i dijeljen među brojnim računarima, gotovo je neizvodljivo izmijeniti ili hakovati ga, čime se osigurava da Bitcoin transakcije budu bezbjedne i pouzdane.

Još jedan interesantan aspekt je da Bitcoin ima ograničenu ponudu. Kreiran je samo 21 milion bitcoina, što ga čini rijetkom imovinom i sprečava inflaciju na način na koji to može biti slučaj sa tradicionalnim valutama koje se „doštampavaju“. Bitcoin transakcije su omogućene kroz skup kriptografskih pravila, koja ljudima omogućavaju da potvrde svaku transakciju kao legitimnu bez potrebe da vjeruju trećoj strani. Ovaj skup pravila je poznat kao kriptografija, zbog čega se Bitcoin naziva kriptovalutom – prvom koja je ikada stvorena i jedinom koja u potpunosti ima sve karakteristike onoga što je istinska ideja i svrha postojanja kriptovaluta.

Razumijevanje finansijske revolucije Bitcoina

Bitcoin, predstavljen 2008. godine, privukao je globalnu pažnju kao decentralizovana digitalna valuta koja funkcioniše nezavisno od banaka i vlada, ali pored svoje peer-to-peer arhitekture i decentralizovane infrastrukture, on ima jedinstvenu finansijsku karakteristiku – inherentno je deflatoran. Za razliku od fiat valuta poput dolara ili eura, koje centralne banke mogu štampati kada procijene da je to potrebno, ponuda Bitcoina je ograničena, fiksirana i ne povećava se. Ova deflatorna osobina navela je mnoge da ga vide kao revolucionarni finansijski instrument, „digitalno zlato“ koje bi moglo da preoblikuje koncepte vrijednosti, očuvanja bogatstva i monetarne politike.

Fiksna ponuda – limit od 21 miliona

Najkarakterističnija odlika Bitcoina je njegova ograničena ponuda. Kada je Satoši Nakamoto kreirao Bitcoin, postavio je ograničenje na ukupan broj bitcoina koji će ikada postojati – 21 milion. Ovo ograničenje se oštro razlikuje od tradicionalnih fiat valuta, gdje centralne banke mogu povećavati ponudu novca štampanjem dodatne količine. Postavljanjem ovog ograničenja, Nakamoto je osigurao da Bitcoin postane sve rjeđi vremenom, karakteristika koja je dizajnirana za očuvanje vrijednosti kako potražnja raste.

U tradicionalnim finansijama, valute mogu izgubiti vrijednost kada se previše štampaju, što se može vidjeti u slučajevima inflacije. Bitcoinov dizajn, međutim, znači da, kada se posljednji Bitcoin izrudari (što se predviđa oko 2140. godine), novi novčići neće ulaziti u cirkulaciju, što ga efektivno čini prvom deflatornom valutom u velikom obimu.

Mehanizam smanjenje ponude tokom vremena

Oskudica Bitcoina dodatno se pojačava procesom nazvanim „halving“ (prepolovljenje), koji smanjuje stopu stvaranja novih bitcoina. Približno svake četiri godine nagrada koju „rudari“ dobijaju za dodavanje novih blokova u blockchain se prepolovi. Ovaj mehanizam smanjuje mogućnost inflacije Bitcoina tokom vremena, stvarajući predvidivo, postepeno smanjenje ponude.

U početku su rudari dobijali 50 bitcoina po bloku. Nakon prvog halvinga 2012. godine, nagrada je pala na 25, a do 2020. smanjila se na 6,25 bitcoina po bloku. Ovaj proces halvinga će se nastaviti sve do približno 2140. godine, kada će svih 21 milion bitcoina biti u cirkulaciji, a rudari će biti podstaknuti isključivo transakcionim naknadama, umjesto novim novčićima. Halving ima dva osnovna učinka – usporava rast ponude Bitcoina i stvara predvidivu oskudicu koja može podstaći tražnju, jer učesnici na tržištu znaju da će sa svakim ciklusom biti sve manje dostupnih bitcoina.

Zašto je Bitcoin važan?

Većina tradicionalnih valuta je inflaciona po dizajnu. Centralne banke teže kontrolisanoj stopi inflacije, često oko 2%, kako bi podstakle ekonomski rast, ohrabrile potrošnju i pružile fleksibilnost u odgovoru na ekonomske krize. Međutim, ova inflacija može potkopati kupovnu moć fiat valuta vremenom, što je zabrinjavajuće tokom perioda prekomjernog štampanja novca, kao što su mjere i programi kvantitativnog popuštanja viđene posljednjih godina.

Bitcoinov deflatorni dizajn je revolucionaran u ovom kontekstu jer nudi potencijalnu zaštitu od inflacije. Sa fiksnom ponudom, Bitcoin može da dobija na vrijednosti tokom vremena, posebno ako potražnja raste jer postaje rjeđi. Za mnoge, deflatorni model Bitcoina čini ga privlačnim sredstvom za očuvanje bogatstva na način koji tradicionalne valute i imovina ne mogu da ponude.

Pored toga, ovaj model izazvao je promjenu čitave filozofije u načinu na koji ljudi razmišljaju o novcu, investiranju i štednji. Dok tradicionalne finansije podstiču potrošnju i investicije kroz inflaciju, deflatorna priroda Bitcoina može podstaći štednju, jer bi njegova vrijednost mogla da raste u budućnosti. Ovaj kvalitet „čuvara vrijednosti“ naveo je mnoge da Bitcoinu daju naziv „digitalno zlato“.

Ekonomija oskudice – ono što Bitcoinu daje vrijednost

U ekonomiji, oskudica obično povećava vrijednost, jer tražnja za ograničenim resursom može povećati njegovu cijenu. Zlato je, na primjer, dugo bilo čuvar vrijednosti zbog svoje oskudice i poteškoća u vađenju. Bitcoin odražava ovaj koncept u digitalnom svijetu. Inherentno je rijedak zbog ograničenja od 21 milion, i, kao zlato, zahtijeva trud (kroz digitalno rudarenje) da bi ušao u cirkulaciju.

Pored toga, oskudica Bitcoina postaje sve izraženija kako raste interesovanje institucija i pojedinaca. Mnogi investitori privučeni su Bitcoinom kao dugoročnom imovinom upravo zbog ove fiksne ponude, oslanjajući se na to da će rastuća tražnja naspram ograničene ponude povećati njegovu vrijednost tokom vremena. Ova privlačnost je pojačana u regionima sa brzom inflacijom ili ekonomskom nestabilnošću, gdje rizik od devalvacije čini Bitcoin privlačnom alternativom za očuvanje bogatstva.

Bitcoin kao globalni čuvar vrijednosti

Osim što je sredstvo razmjene, deflatorna priroda Bitcoina pozicionira ga kao potencijalni globalni čuvar vrijednosti. Zlato je istorijski imalo ovu ulogu, jer su ga koristili pojedinci, institucije i vlade kao zaštitu od ekonomske nestabilnosti i inflacije. Bitcoin postaje moderni pandan tome, posebno privlačan mlađim generacijama i investitorima sklonim tehnologiji, koji ga vide kao superiornu alternativu.

Deflatorni dizajn takođe omogućava Bitcoinu da prelazi međunarodne granice i nadilazi lokalne ekonomske uslove. U zemljama koje prolaze kroz valutne krize, Bitcoin nudi alternativu koja je bez granica i nezavisna od politika centralne banke. Ova sposobnost da djeluje kao čuvar vrijednosti posebno je značajna na tržištima i ekonomijama u razvoju, gdje je valutna nestabilnost učestalija.

Može li oskudica Bitcoina predstavljati rizik?

Iako deflatorni model Bitcoina ima svoje prednosti, nije bez kritika. Jedna od zabrinutosti je da ekstremna deflacija može obeshrabriti potrošnju. U sistemu gdje vrijednost valute raste tokom vremena, ljudi mogu preferirati štednju umjesto potrošnje ili investiranja, što može dovesti do smanjenja ekonomske aktivnosti. Ekonomisti brinu da bi, ako Bitcoin postane široko prihvaćena valuta, njegova deflatorna priroda mogla ugroziti ekonomski rast podsticanjem „gomilanja“ umesto cirkulacije.

Još jedna kritika se odnosi na fiksnu ponudu Bitcoina u ekonomiji koja stalno raste. Tradicionalne valute su inflatorne kako bi pratile rast populacije, ekonomije i produktivnosti. Sa ograničenom ponudom, Bitcoin ne može da raste u skladu sa ekonomskim razvojem, što bi u teoriji moglo izazvati probleme sa likvidnošću u ekonomiji zasnovanoj na Bitcoinu. Ipak, kako ideja nije da Bitcoin bude jedino sredstvo plaćanja, strah od takvog scenarija je neutemeljen, budući da ekosistem u kojem funkcioniše koegzistira sa nizom drugih platnih sistemna koji su na raspolaganju širom svijeta.

Eliminiše problem dvostrukog trošenja

U svijetu novca postoji veliki problem koji se naziva „dvostruko trošenje“. Zamislite da možete potrošiti iste eure dvaput – platite jedan proizvod ili uslugu, a zatim, nekako, uspijete da ga ponovo potrošite na nešto drugo. U fizičkom svijetu ovo nije problem, ali u računovodstvenom jeste. Ako kao fizičku valutu u gotovini platite nešto, ta količina novca odlazi iz vašeg novčanika, ali u bankovnim transakcijama stvari funkcionišu drugačije.

Da bi se osiguralo da Bitcoin ne može biti kopiran ili potrošen dvaput, koristi se tehnologija zvana blockchain. Nakamotov Bijeli papir još nije pomenuo taj izraz, jer mu je naziv dat nekoliko dana kasnije, no umjesto toga, opisao je koncept „lanca blokova“, postavljajući sistem za evidentiranje transakcija u blokovima koji su međusobno povezani. Ovaj koncept je kasnije postao poznat kao blockchain, termin koji je nastao nakon izdavanja Bitcoina dok su ljudi pokušavali da imenuju osnovnu tehnologiju. Fokus Bijelog papira bio je na tome kako Bitcoin može bezbjedno pratiti i potvrđivati transakcije, koristeći ovaj povezani lanac blokova kao neku vrstu digitalne knjige.

Pristup iz Bijelog papira uveo je revolucionarnu ideju – zajedničku, otpornu na manipulacije evidenciju koja se nije oslanjala na centralnu vlast za ažuriranje ili verifikaciju. Ovaj sistem povezanih blokova (ono što sada nazivamo blockchain) postao je osnova Bitcoina i, kasnije, bezbroj drugih primjena u finansijama, tehnologiji i brojnim drugim oblastima.

Ova baza je poput ogromne digitalne knjige, ili evidencije, u kojoj je svaka Bitcoin transakcija (prenosa novca od jednog do drugog korisnika) zabilježena. Ono što ovu digitalnu evidenciju čini posebnom jeste to što nije smještena na jednom mjestu, niti je pod kontrolom jedne osobe ili institucije – ona je u potpunosti decentralizovana, što znači da se kopije ove knjige čuvaju na hiljadama računara širom svijeta, a svi oni moraju da se saglase oko toga koje transakcije su validne.

Svaki put kada neko pošalje Bitcoin drugoj osobi, ova transakcija se dodaje u blockchain. Da bi se dodala, grupa računara (nazvana „rudari“) mora da verifikuje da je ova transakcija stvarna, što znači da Bitcoin koji se troši već nije korišćen drugdje. Ovi rudari rade zajedno, koristeći složene matematičke operacije, kako bi potvrdili transakcije. Kada se verifikuje, transakcija se dodaje u blockchain, a cijela mreža se ažurira kako bi prepoznala ovu transakciju kao legitimnu. Ovaj proces osigurava da nijedan Bitcoin ne može biti potrošen dvaput, rješavajući problem dvostrukog trošenja.

Peer-to-Peer transakcije bez posrednika

Još jedan veliki razlog zašto je Bitcoin važan je taj što omogućava ljudima da šalju novac direktno jedni drugima bez potrebe za posrednikom. Recimo da želite da pošaljete novac prijatelju koji živi u drugoj zemlji. Obično biste otišli u svoju banku, koja bi se povezala s drugom bankom u toj zemlji, što može trajati danima i uključivati različite naknade.

Međutim, Bitcoin je omogućio da se direktno pošalju sredstva, bez obzira na to gdje se nalazite u svijetu. Pošto je u pitanju peer-to-peer (P2P) način razmjene, nema potrebe za posrednikom da upravlja transakcijom. To može učiniti transakcije bržim i ponekad jeftinijim, posebno kada se sredstva šalju međunarodno. Ova P2P struktura je jedan od glavnih razloga zbog kojih ljudi se na ovaj oblik imovine gleda kao na alternativu složenim transakcijama, posebno važnim za društva i sredine u kojima je dostupnost finansijskih usluga niska.

Transparentnost i sigurnost

U svijetu tradicionalnog bankarstva, ljudi se oslanjaju na banke koje drže novac sigurnim i omogućavaju da transakcije budu poštene i sigurne. Međutim, s Bitcoinom, povjerenje nije smešteno u centralnu banku ili kompaniju, već u samu Bitcoin mrežu, koju održavaju svi računari koji prate blockchain. Pošto je blockchain javan i može ga provjeriti bilo ko, on je veoma transparentan. Svaka transakcija koja je ikada obavljena Bitcoinom zabilježena je u ovoj javnoj knjizi, tako da ako neko pokuša da prevari sistem, to bi bilo očigledno svima.

Transparentnost Bitcoina takođe ga čini veoma sigurnim. Pošto svi u mreži imaju kopiju blockchaina, bilo bi gotovo nemoguće da jedna osoba ili čak grupa ljudi izmijeni ili preuzme kontrolu nad njim. Da biste promijenili blockchain, morali biste kontrolisati više od polovine svih računara širom svijeta u Bitcoin mreži, što je izuzetno teško. Ovaj nivo sigurnosti, u kombinaciji s transparentnošću, pomaže ljudima da se osjećaju sigurno koristeći Bitcoin.

Značaj za razvoj finansija

Tokom godina, Bitcoin je postao više od eksperimenta u digitalnom novcu. Inspirisao je hiljade drugih kreatora latnih rješenja i pokrenuo važne razgovore o budućnosti novca, povjerenja i tehnologije. Kako sve više ljudi počinje da preispituje kako tradicionalne banke funkcionišu i traži nove načine za upravljanje svojim finansijama, Bitcoin ostaje snažna opcija ne samo u smislu alternative, već mogućnosti povezivanja njegove funkcionalnosti sa onim što već postoji u finansijskoj tehnologiji. Njegov značaj je u tome što predstavlja potpuno novi način razmišljanja o novcu i njegovom korišćenju i što rješava neke od ključnih problema koji su karakteristični finansijske sisteme.

Ideja decentralizacije

U mnogim sistemima koje danas koristimo postoji centralna vlast – banka, vlada ili kompanija – koja ima kontrolu i koja donosi pravila, odlučuje ko ima pristup i odobrava aktivnosti, što je prilično spor i skup proces u cjelini. Koncept Bitcoina je drugačiji jer je decentralizovan, a to znači da ne postoji jedna osoba, banka ili organizacija koja donosi odluke, već je to prepušteno mreži koju čine milioni korisničkih uređaja na mreži koji održavaju sistem u funkciji.

Pored toga, decentralizacija onemogućava cenzurisanje, jer niko ne može da interveniše i blokira nečiji pristup ili transakcije. To čini sistem demokratskijim, omogućavajući ljudima širom svijeta da se pridruže bez traženja dozvole.

Kriptografski dokazi – vjerovanje u matematiku, a ne u ljude

Kada nešto kupite koristeći Bitcoin, ne morate se oslanjati na posrednika da verifikuje vašu transakciju. Umjesto toga, Bitcoin koristi nešto što se naziva „kriptografskim dokazom. Kriptografski dokazi su poput digitalnog ključa i brave koji čuvaju informacije sigurnima, jer se oslanjaju na složenu matematiku koja osigurava da se samo validne transakcije dodaju u blockchain, onemogućavajući falsifikovanje ili prevaru.

Kriptografski dokazi funkcionišu tako što kreiraju heš (hash) – dug i jedinstven broj, za svaki blok transakcija. Svaki heš je povezan s prethodnim, što pomaže u obezbjeđivanju cijelog lanca. Matematika iza ovog procesa je toliko složena da bi zahtijevala ogromnu računarsku moć kada bi i pokušala da je razbije. Koristeći kriptografske dokaze, Bitcoin ne zahtijeva povjerenje u ljude, već se umjesto toga, oslanja na neprobojne matematičke algoritme da osigura svaku transakciju.

Proof of Work – digitalna zagonetka koja štiti Bitcoin

Bitcoinova mreža je osigurana procesom koji se naziva Proof of Work (dokaz o radu), koji je najjednostavnije razumjeti ako ga zamislite kao izazovnu zagonetku koju računari, poznati kao „rudari“, moraju da riješe da bi dodali novi blok u blockchain. Prvi računar koji riješi zagonetku dobija priliku da doda blok i dobija nagradu u bitcoinima. Ova zagonetka je izuzetno složena i zahtijeva od rudara da koristi veliku količinu mnogo računarske snage, što je skupo u smislu vremena i energije.

U tom smislu Proof of Work čuva mrežu sigurnom, jer kad bi neko pokušao da prevari sistem ponovnim pisanjem blockchaina, morao ponovo da uradi svako izračunavanja dokaza o radu za svaki blok koji želi da izmijeni, što je praktično nemoguće. Na ovaj način Bitcoin kreira mrežni sistem u kojem je prevara previše skupa i previše složena da bi se bilo kome isplatila.

Šesnaest godina kasnije...

Bitcoin je za ovo vrijeme postao mnogo više od digitalne valute – on je simbol finansijske nezavisnosti i pokretačka snaga nove finansijske tehnologije i ekonomskih koncepata. Pokrenuo je diskusije o budućnosti novca, a inspirisao je brojne pružaoce platnih usluga, uključujući brojne banke širom svijeta i FinTech kompanije, da unapređuju poslovni model.

Zbog količine koja je u opticaju njegova upotreba kao valute ostaje ograničena u poređenju s tradicionalnim novcem, dok njegova cijena nastavlja da fluktuira u zavisnosti od tržišnih okolnosti. U tom smislu uticaj Bitcoina na finansije, tehnologiju i društvo u cjelini već je dubok, navodeći promišljenije i kreativnije istraživanje kako se vrednostima može upravljati i razmenjivati u savremenom svijetu, podstičući značaj decentralizacije i svijest o zaštiti podataka.

Iako često predstavljan kao sredstvo za „brzo bogaćenje“ ili sresdstvo za obavljanje anonimnih transakcija, motivi za njegovo kreiranje, kao i njegova uloga u finansijskom i tehnološkom svijetu potpuno se razlikuju od toga. Bitcoin je prva, najstarija, najvrednija i – u najširem smislu – po svim parametrima jedina prava, potpuno decenztralizovana kriptovaluta koja je transformisala način na koji razmišljamo o novcu, povjerenju i bezbednosti u digitalnoj eri.

@ c1e9ab3a:9cb56b43

If you're an engineer stepping into the Bitcoin space from the broader crypto ecosystem, you're probably carrying a mental model shaped by speed, flexibility, and rapid innovation. That makes sense—most blockchain platforms pride themselves on throughput, programmability, and dev agility.

But Bitcoin operates from a different set of first principles. It’s not competing to be the fastest network or the most expressive smart contract platform. It’s aiming to be the most credible, neutral, and globally accessible value layer in human history.

Here’s why that matters—and why Bitcoin is not just an alternative crypto asset, but a structural necessity in the global financial system.

1. Bitcoin Fixes the Triffin Dilemma—Not With Policy, But Protocol

The Triffin Dilemma shows us that any country issuing the global reserve currency must run persistent deficits to supply that currency to the world. That’s not a flaw of bad leadership—it’s an inherent contradiction. The U.S. must debase its own monetary integrity to meet global dollar demand. That’s a self-terminating system.

Bitcoin sidesteps this entirely by being:

• Non-sovereign – no single nation owns it
• Hard-capped – no central authority can inflate it
• Verifiable and neutral – anyone with a full node can enforce the rules

In other words, Bitcoin turns global liquidity into an engineering problem, not a political one. No other system, fiat or crypto, has achieved that.

2. Bitcoin’s “Ossification” Is Intentional—and It's a Feature

From the outside, Bitcoin development may look sluggish. Features are slow to roll out. Code changes are conservative. Consensus rules are treated as sacred.

That’s the point.

When you’re building the global monetary base layer, stability is not a weakness. It’s a prerequisite. Every other financial instrument, app, or protocol that builds on Bitcoin depends on one thing: assurance that the base layer won’t change underneath them without extreme scrutiny.

So-called “ossification” is just another term for predictability and integrity. And when the market does demand change (SegWit, Taproot), Bitcoin’s soft-fork governance process has proven capable of deploying it safely—without coercive central control.

3. Layered Architecture: Throughput Is Not a Base Layer Concern

You don’t scale settlement at the base layer. You build layered systems. Just as TCP/IP doesn't need to carry YouTube traffic directly, Bitcoin doesn’t need to process every microtransaction.

Instead, it anchors:

• Lightning (fast payments)
• Fedimint (community custody)
• Ark (privacy + UTXO compression)
• Statechains, sidechains, and covenants (coming evolution)

All of these inherit Bitcoin’s security and scarcity, while handling volume off-chain, in ways that maintain auditability and self-custody.

4. Universal Assayability Requires Minimalism at the Base Layer

A core design constraint of Bitcoin is that any participant, anywhere in the world, must be able to independently verify the validity of every transaction and block—past and present—without needing permission or relying on third parties.

This property is called assayability—the ability to “test” or verify the authenticity and integrity of received bitcoin, much like verifying the weight and purity of a gold coin.

To preserve this:

• The base layer must remain resource-light, so running a full node stays accessible on commodity hardware.
• Block sizes must remain small enough to prevent centralization of verification.
• Historical data must remain consistent and tamper-evident, enabling proof chains across time and jurisdiction.

Any base layer that scales by increasing throughput or complexity undermines this fundamental guarantee, making the network more dependent on trust and surveillance infrastructure.

Bitcoin prioritizes global verifiability over throughput—because trustless money requires that every user can check the money they receive.

5. Governance: Not Captured, Just Resistant to Coercion

The current controversy around OP_RETURN and proposals to limit inscriptions is instructive. Some prominent devs have advocated for changes to block content filtering. Others see it as overreach.

Here's what matters:

• No single dev, or team, can force changes into the network. Period.
• Bitcoin Core is not “the source of truth.” It’s one implementation. If it deviates from market consensus, it gets forked, sidelined, or replaced.
• The economic majority—miners, users, businesses—enforce Bitcoin’s rules, not GitHub maintainers.

In fact, recent community resistance to perceived Core overreach only reinforces Bitcoin’s resilience. Engineers who posture with narcissistic certainty, dismiss dissent, or attempt to capture influence are routinely neutralized by the market’s refusal to upgrade or adopt forks that undermine neutrality or openness.

This is governance via credible neutrality and negative feedback loops. Power doesn’t accumulate in one place. It’s constantly checked by the network’s distributed incentives.

6. Bitcoin Is Still in Its Infancy—And That’s a Good Thing

You’re not too late. The ecosystem around Bitcoin—especially L2 protocols, privacy tools, custody innovation, and zero-knowledge integrations—is just beginning.

If you're an engineer looking for:

• Systems with global scale constraints
• Architectures that optimize for integrity, not speed
• Consensus mechanisms that resist coercion
• A base layer with predictable monetary policy

Then Bitcoin is where serious systems engineers go when they’ve outgrown crypto theater.

Take-away

Under realistic, market-aware assumptions—where:

• Bitcoin’s ossification is seen as a stability feature, not inertia,
• Market forces can and do demand and implement change via tested, non-coercive mechanisms,
• Proof-of-work is recognized as the only consensus mechanism resistant to fiat capture,
• Wealth concentration is understood as a temporary distribution effect during early monetization,
• Low base layer throughput is a deliberate design constraint to preserve verifiability and neutrality,
• And innovation is layered by design, with the base chain providing integrity, not complexity...

Then Bitcoin is not a fragile or inflexible system—it is a deliberately minimal, modular, and resilient protocol.

Its governance is not leaderless chaos; it's a negative-feedback structure that minimizes the power of individuals or institutions to coerce change. The very fact that proposals—like controversial OP_RETURN restrictions—can be resisted, forked around, or ignored by the market without breaking the system is proof of decentralized control, not dysfunction.

Bitcoin is an adversarially robust monetary foundation. Its value lies not in how fast it changes, but in how reliably it doesn't—unless change is forced by real, bottom-up demand and implemented through consensus-tested soft forks.

In this framing, Bitcoin isn't a slower crypto. It's the engineering benchmark for systems that must endure, not entertain.

Final Word

Bitcoin isn’t moving slowly because it’s dying. It’s moving carefully because it’s winning. It’s not an app platform or a sandbox. It’s a protocol layer for the future of money.

If you're here because you want to help build that future, you’re in the right place.

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@ bf47c19e:c3d2573b

Originalan tekst na linkedin.com

12.04.2024 / Autor: Aleksandar Matanović

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60/40 portfolio je dugo važio za idealan izbor nekome ko ima umerenu sklonost ka riziku, a nema vremena da prati berzu. Dakle, ubaciš 60% u akcije, 40% u obveznice i pustiš vreme da radi svoje.

Malo sam se igrao sa brojkama i računao šta bi bilo da je neko u taj portfolio ubacio malo Bitkoina. Period koji je obrađen je januar 2014 - januar 2024. Ovde napominjem da nikako nisam radio "cherry picking", to jest nisam birao period u kome se Bitkoin pokazao u najboljem mogućem svetlu. Maltene sam uradio suprotno. Da sam izabrao bilo koji januar pre 2014-te, prinosi na BTC bi bili neuporedivo veći. Čak i da sam izabrao januar 2015-te ili 2016-te, takođe bi prinosi bili veći jer je cena tada bila niža nego u januaru 2014-te. Izbor datuma je bio posledica želje da zaokružim jednu celu deceniju, period nakon kojeg su strpljivi investitori nagrađeni time što ne plaćaju porez na kapitalnu dobit.

Obradio sam 3 realna scenarija:

1. Klasičan 60/40 portfolio. Na uloženih $10.000 u januaru 2014. godine, 10 godina kasnije bismo imali tačno $17.434. Prosečan godišnji prinos je 5,72%.
2. 99% uloženo u 60/40 portfolio, 1% uloženo u Bitkoin. Na uloženih $10.000, imali bismo $22.505 ili 8,45% godišnje. Samo 1% u BTC, a skoro 3% veći godišnji prinos. (narandžasta linija)
3. 90% uloženo u 60/40 portfolio, 10% uloženo u Bitkoin. Sad već postaje zabavno... od $10.000 do $68.145, što bi bilo 21,16% godišnje - jače od proseka Vorena Bafeta. (zelena linija)

Uzeo sam u obzir i rizike i zamislio da je u ovom periodu cena Bitkoina polako padala i na kraju pala na 0. Dakle naredna 2 scenarija su hipotetička.

1. 99% uloženo u 60/40 portfolio, 1% uloženo u Bitkoin, Bitkoin propao. Investirano $10.000, dobijeno $17.259 ili 5.61% godišnje. Minimalni gubitak u odnosu na čist 60/40 portfolio iz prvog scenarija. Zbog toga se na grafiku vide 4 linije iako ih ima 5, toliko je mala razlika.
2. 90% uloženo u 60/40 portfolio, 10% uloženo u Bitkoin, Bitkoin propao. Investirano $10.000, dobijeno $15.690 ili 4.61% godišnje. To je ona donja. ljubičasta linija na grafikonu. Nije neki prinos, ali nije ni katastrofa.

Mogao sam da idem i sa preko 10%, naravno završili bismo na preko $100.000. Međutim, hteo sam da budem konzervativan i stvari gledam iz ugla investitora koji ipak ima nešto manji apetit ka riziku i nedovljno poznaje Bitkoin. Mogao sam i da uzmem drugačiji period. Na primer, za jan 2012 - jan 2022 bi narandžasta linija završila na preko milion dolara, a zelena na preko 10 miliona. Da, nije greška u računici... zaista biste za 10 godina, počev od januara 2012-te imali preko milion dolara da ste uložili ukupno $10.000, 99% u akcije i obveznice, a 1% u Bitkoin. Sa 90% u akcijama i obveznicama i 10% u Bitkoinu, već ste na 8 cifara.

Istorijske performanse nisu garancija budućih prinosa. Investiranje u Bitkoin je rizično. Ignorisanje Bitkoina je rizično. Svako bira svoj rizik. Ovo nije investicioni savet, ovo je prijateljski savet.

@ 005bc4de:ef11e1a2

May 6 marks my "Nostr birthday." This means I've been on Nostr for two years now. See my initial "Running nostr" note timestamped and archived on the Hive blockchain at https://peakd.com/bitcoin/@crrdlx/running-nostr

Two years ago, I really had no idea what Nostr was. I was asking, "What is this Nostr thing?"

And, I had no idea what I was doing then while using the front end clients. The clients were clunky and since the protocol was rather plastic (still kinda is). As evidence to my ignorance, the spinning wheels on Coracle.social just kept spinning. I didn't realize that since I was only following two people, one being myself, there was nothing to load from relays except my one "Running nostr" note. Hence, the Coracle wheels just spun in their mesmerizing manner. At least they're soothing to watch.

Yet, despite my ignorance, I had an inkling of a notion that Nostr was indeed something different, maybe special. Otherwise, I wouldn't have taken the time to capture an animated gif and make that Hive post to chronicle my first Nostr note.

For fun, I made another "Running nostr" note yesterday using Coracle.social. It still has those muted, earthy tones, but the wheels are not there anymore for long. Coracle, like Nostr, has come a long way in two years. It loads much faster now, which means less wheel spinning. I kind of miss the wheels for some reason, they build the drama and expectation of what might appear.

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!HBIT

@ bf47c19e:c3d2573b

Originalni tekst na ecd.rs

13.06.2023. / Autor: Igor Mirković

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Ograničena količina Bitcoina:

Ukupno: 21 milion BTC

Trenutno izrudareno: 19.400.050 BTC

Preostalo za rudarenje: 1.599.950 BTC

Dnevno se izrudari: 900 BTC

Da li je 21 milion Bitcoina dovoljno?

Da li znate koliko je milionera u svetu? Oko 56 miliona milionera, odnosno 1.1% populacije. Ako podelimo 21 milion Bitcoin-a na 56 miliona milionera dobijamo 0.375 BTC po svakom milioneru.

Ograničena zaliha Bitcoina i broj milionera su sami dovoljni da lansiraju cenu, jer bi posedovanje jednog celog Bitcoin-a moglo da postane status moći milionera u budućnosti.

Verovatno bi se oni nekako i dogovorili na ravnopravnu raspodelu da u svetu nema preko 2.000 milijardera, kojima ni 1, a kamoli 0.39 BTC nisu dovoljni za smislenu investiciju.

Zašto kompanije kupuju Bitcoin?

Jedan od faktora koji ovu računicu čini još diskutabilnijom su Bitcoin-i koji su zauvek nestali i zaboravljeni na novčanicima. Nezahvalno je tvrditi koliko je Bitcoin-a „izgubljeno“, ali postoje i istraživanja koja pokazuju da to uopšte nije mali deo celokupne ponude. Kreator Bitcoin-a Satoši odmah je u startu pretpostavio da ovako nešto može da se desi i na ovu okrutnu prirodnu selekciju dao je logičan komentar da će, u slučaju ako neko izgubi pristup svojim Bitcoin-ima, coini koje ima ostatak zajednice samim tim vredeti više.

Kako bismo shvatili zašto je ograničena zaliha izuzetno važna, vratićemo se na staro dobro poređenje zlata i Bitcoin-a. Bitcoin i zlato imaju mnogo sličnosti ali i jednu ključnu razliku. Bitcoin nazivaju digitalnim zlatom, nekada čak i drugom, unapređenom verzijom zlata (Zlato 2.0).

I zlato i Bitcoin:

Imaju fiksnu i ograničenu zalihu. Za BTC se zna koliko ga ima, a za zlato se zna da je ograničeno i da ga nema mnogo. Ne mogu biti lažirani i napravljeni veštački.

Najveća razlika između ova dva čuvara vrednosti je što je zlato u fizičkom obliku, a BTC je isključivo digitalan. Digitalne karakteristike Bitcoin-u daju brojne prednosti u odnosu na zlato: Lako je deljiv na sitnije delove, lako se šalje svuda u svetu, lako se čuva, transportuje i potpuno je transparentan.

Magija od 21 miliona

Ponuda i tražnja… dva jednostavna koncepta, a opet dovoljno sveobuhvatna da definišu i utiču na sve. Kada se spoje, kreiraju apstraktnu pojavu koja se zove vrednost.

Koliko nečega ima i koliko je traženo? Odrednica je za plate radnih mesta, cene imovine, roba, usluga, dobra i gde god želimo da pripišemo neku vrednost možemo početi od tog osnova.

Od samog nastanka čoveka, sve na svetu je imalo percipiranu neograničenu zalihu. Od životinja, zemlje, zlata, vode, nafte. Ljudi su bukvalno konzumirali počevši od pećinskog čoveka pa do danas kao da nema ograničenja ni u čemu.

U stanju smo da konzumiramo i trošimo resurse dok ne nestanu zauvek sa zemlje, samo pogledajte životinje, biljke i sirovine koje su nestale ili su veoma ugrožene zbog uticaja ljudskih „potreba“. Smislili smo čak i šta ćemo kada odrećene sirovine ili životinje nestanu. Napravićemo DNK klonove, sintetičke proizvode, imitaciju koja će nam služiti za naše lične potrebe. Što su zalihe manje i manje, cene su veće ali i želja… potreba za konzumacijom nema cenu.

Šta to znači u slučaju Bitcoin-a? Kao što znamo, Bitcoin je bio prva imovina koja je zaista ograničena, na 21 milion coina, to je sve što će ikada biti stvoreno, a ljudi ne mogu da ga kloniraju, doštampaju, veštački naprave, lažiraju ili slično.

Ograničenost Bitcoin-a se kosi sa svim ljudskim potrošačkim navikama. Uvek postoji način da dobijete više, osim u slučaju Bitcoin-a.

Ova činjenica ograničenosti zaliha je poremetila definiciju ekonomske vrednosti za Bitcoin. To je razlog zašto je on došao do vrednosti od preko 20 hiljada dolara za nešto više od 10 godina. To je jedan od najvećih skokova vrednosti u istoriji čovečanstva i po mišljenju mnogih, samo početak.

Zašto je ograničenje od 21 miliona koje zagovornici ističu toliko važno, koliko je trenutno Bitcoin-a na tržištu i koji je proces koji stvara nove coine odnosno kada će i poslednji BTC biti dostupan?

Bitcoin se često smatra novom vrstom novca koji rešava nedostatke i nudi poboljšanja postojećeg monetarnog sistema. Jedno od tih poboljšanja je fiksna zaliha – 21 milion Bitcoin-a i kodirana logika, koja se ne može menjati, o tome kako će se Bitcoin-i stvarati i po kom principu distribuirati dok se ne postigne ta cifra što se očekuje oko 2150. godine.

Postoje dva elementa fiksne zalihe koji su bitni za razumevanje: Zašto je fiksna zaliha bitna karakteristika za novac i koji sistem Bitcoin koristi kako bi je garantovao.

Odnos ograničene zalihe i vrednosti

Prvi oblici novca pojavili su se nezavisno u različitim kulturama i predstavljali su ključno rešenje i prelazak sa tadašnje trampe. Različite vrste stvari isprobane su kao oblik novca – kokosovi orasi, stoka, ječam, so, biseri, školjke – pre nego što su se zlato i srebro utemeljili kao najefikasniji.

Razlog zbog kojeg su plemeniti metali postali standard za novac bilo je ispunjavanje ključnih karakteristika kako bi novac bio efikasan kao sredstvo razmene:

Prenosiv – Lak za nošenje Izdržljiv – Neće fizički propasti Deljiv – Može se podeliti na manje jednake delove Zamenljiv – Svaka deo je zamenljiv za bilo koju drugu stvar Prepoznatljiv – Očigledno je šta je Oskudan – nema ga u izobilju niti ga je lako nabaviti

Od šest magičnih stvari koje čine novac korisnim za razmenu, poslednja je daleko najvažnija (isto tako je u slučaju novca kao načina očuvanja vrednosti – skladišta vrednosti).

Zamislite sa kakvim problemima bismo se suočavali da je so ostala dominantan oblik novca.

Zlato ispunjava uslov oskudnosti i većinu od ostalih pet, ali je njegova mana izuzetno tešak transport.

Kada je Satoši Nakamoto krenuo sa stvaranjem novog oblika internet novca, on/ona/oni su morali da pronađu način da stvore neku vrstu digitalnog zlata, ali sa isprogramiranom distribucijom odnosno ukupnom ponudom, što je bilo mnogo teže realizovati i napraviti nego što zvuči.

Isprogramirana zaliha

Ako razmislite o najpoznatijim digitalnim formatima- jpeg slikama, Google dokumentima, mp3 datotekama – svi oni mogu da se kopiraju prilično lako. Bitcoin ne može, jer to nije datoteka koja se nalazi na vašem telefonu ili laptopu, već postoji u obliku zapisa koji je povezan sa adresom – mestom na bitcoin blokčejnu– koji možete zamisliti kao broj bankovnog računa.

Ako imate pristup bitcoin adresi i neka sredstva u Bitcoin-u na njoj, možete ga iskoristiti. Dakle, Bitcoin blokčejn kao monetarni sistem je kuća svih bitkoina koji su u opticaju, drugim rečima, ukupne ponude Bitkoina.

Sledeće logično pitanje je kako se kontroliše i održava bitkoin mreža? Česta zabluda koja postoji zbog tradicionalnih finansijskih sistema je da ko god to kontroliše može stvoriti onoliko BTC-a koliko želi? Možda, ako bi to kontrolisala jedna osoba, sigurno bi bila u iskušenju… tako u stvari funkcioniše postojeći novac centralnih banaka.

Kako nastaju Bitkoini?

Jedan od najmagičnijih mehanizama Bitcoin sistema je način na koji se stvaraju novi Bitcoin-i kroz proces koji se zove rudarenje. To je prilično složen proces, tako da ko želi da istraži i kopa dublje može se informiše na našem blogu u sekciji rudarenje.

Bitcoin sistem funkcioniše u skladu sa skupom pravila koji se nazivaju Bitcoin Protokol. Taj skup pravila kaže da će ukupno postojati maksimalno 21 milion, sa fiksnim brojem Bitcoin-a koji se kreira svakih 10 minuta kao nagrada za rudare koji obrađuju nove transakcije u bloku podataka. Blokovi podataka su povezani zajedno sa neraskidivim kriptografskim vezama – otuda i termin blokčejn.

Rudarenje kriptovaluta – Kakva su iskustva srpskih rudara?

Prvi blok je iskopan u januaru 2009. godine, kada je nagrada za rudare bila 50 BTC-a. Tako je 50 novih koina puštano u promet svakih 10 minuta.

Protokol o Bitcoin-u je programiran da kada se stvori 210.000 blokova, nagrada se prepolovi, što se dešava otprilike svake četiri godine i naziva se Bitcoin halving.

Bitcoin je do sada prošao kroz tri halvinga. Umesto da bude inflatoran – sa stalno rastućom ponudom – koja narušava vrednost, Bitcoin je deflatoran jer raste uz opadajuću maržu, koja će na kraju dostići nulu kada se dostigne količina od distribuiranih 21 milion BTC-a.

Zašto baš 21 milion?

Neka jednostavna matematika ukazuje na to da je Satoši možda imao mnogo veću viziju o bitkoinu – što bolje objašnjava zašto je izabran maksimalni iznos od 21 milion.

U vreme stvaranja Bitcoin-a, celokupna svetska ponuda novca iznosila je približno 21 hiljadu milijardi dolara. Ova cifra, poznata kao M1 novčana masa, sastoji se od ukupne vrednosti celokupnog fizičkog novca na svetu, uključujući gotovinu, kovanice, čekove i još mnogo toga.

Ako bi Bitcoin narastao i postao jedinstvena svetska valuta — zamenjujući sve one od kojih se sastoji M1 cifra — onda bi svaki BTC vredeo milion dolara. Pošto u svakom Bitcoin-u ima 100 miliona satošija, to bi postavilo vrednost svakog satošija na 0,01 dolara.

Činjenica da su ovi brojevi tako blisko usklađeni bila bi izuzetna slučajnost, ako nije namerno.

Druga verzija

Iako je teorija zamene novčane mase M1 možda najverovatnije obrazloženje zašto je Satoši odabrao 21 milion da bude limit za Bitcoin, postoji još jedno donekle jednostavnije objašnjenje.

Gledajući parametre koji se koriste za kontrolu distribucije Bitcoin-a, postaje jasno da cifra od 21 milion BTC-a omogućava mreži da osigura da se blokovi rudare u redovnom vremenskom okviru (10 minuta).

Takođe. osigurava da se količina bitkoina koji se isplaćuje rudarima kao nagrade za blok vremenom smanjuje, kako se maksimalna ponuda približava granici. Kako se ispostavilo, parametri koje je Satoshi postavio za ovo neizbežno dovode do proizvodnje od maksimalno 21 miliona BTC. Na osnovu ove karakteristike, ukupno 210.000 blokova treba da se rudari u svakom četvorogodišnjem ciklusu, nakon čega se nagrada za blok prepolovi.

U prvom ciklusu je puštano 50 BTC po bloku; ovo je prepolovljeno na 25 BTC po bloku u 2012. godini, zatim ponovo na 12,5 BTC po bloku u 2016. Nakon prepolovljenja u 2020., trenutno je na 6,25 BTC po bloku.

Ako nastavimo videćemo da je zbir nagrada za blok za svaki ciklus jednak 100 (50 + 25 + 6,25 +3,125, itd.). Množenjem ovog broja sa cifrom od 210.000 blokova, dobijate maksimalnu moguću ponudu od 21 milion.

Dakle, da li je zaliha Bitcoin-a filozofski gest ili proizvod nemilosrdne matematičke logike? Samo Satoši Nakamoto zaista zna.

@ bf47c19e:c3d2573b

Originalni tekst na ecd.rs

02.05.2023. / Autor: Igor Mirković

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Bitcoin halving je ključni događaj Bitcoin mreže koji umanjuje nagrade za rudarenje, utiče na trend tržišta, profitabilnost rudara i pokreće inovacije u kripto ekosistemu.

Smanjenje nagrade za rudare utiče i na cenu Bitcoin-a, a veliki investitori i rudarska postrojenja igraju značajnu ulogu u oblikovanju tržišnog odgovora na ovaj događaj.

Predstojeći halving može podstaći investitore i rudare da pored Bitcoin-a istraže ponudu altkoina ali i da potraže isplativija rešenja za rudarenje.

Sta je Bitcoin halving?

Bitcoin halving je proces smanjenja nagrade koju rudari dobijaju za potvrđivanje transakcija na Bitcoin mreži. Ovaj proces se dešava svakih 210.000 blokova, što pada na svake četiri godine.

Kada je Bitcoin prvi put pokrenut 2009. godine, nagrada za izrudaren blok u kome se čuvaju transakcije bila je 50 BTC. Nakon prvog halvinga 2012. godine, nagrada se smanjila na 25 BTC po bloku. Drugi halving se dogodio 2016. godine i nagrada se smanjila na 12,5 BTC po bloku. Treći halving se dogodio u maju 2020. godine i nagrada se smanjila na 6,25 BTC po bloku.

Sledeći halving se očekuje 2024. godine i nagrada će se ponovo smanjiti upola, na 3,125 BTC po bloku.

Smanjenje nagrade za cilj ima smanjenje količine novih Bitcoina koji se stvaraju kako bi se dostigla ograničena ukupna ponuda od 21 milion BTC. Ova dinamika stvaranja novih coina takođe utiče na cenu Bitcoina.

Kada se poslednji Bitcoin izrudari, nagrade po izrudarenom bloku će nestati. To se očekuje oko 2140. godine. Nakon toga, rudari će moći da zarađuju samo kroz naknade za realizaciju transakcija koje korisnici mreže plaćaju.

Bitcoin halving je događaj koji smanjuje broj novih Bitcoina koji se generišu po bloku.

U skladu sa opštim zakonom ekonomije – manja ponuda uz stabilnu tražnju bi trebalo da rezultira višim cenama.

Godinu dana pre dugo očekivanog halvinga, stručnjaci i investitori u kripto industriji pažljivo prate njegov potencijalni uticaj na tržište.

Bitcoin halving je je osnovni deflatorni mehanizam definisan u Bitcoin protokolu. Dizajniran je da smanji nagradu za rudarenje za 50% na svakih 210.000 blokova ili otprilike svake četiri godine. Ovo smanjenje ima dvostruku svrhu.

Jedna je kontrola stope inflacije Bitcoin-a kroz imitaciju oskudice, a druga je garancija predvidljive i sve manje ponude novog BTC-a koji ulazi na tržište.

Ovaj mehanizam ima za cilj da očuva vrednost BTC-a tokom vremena, čineći ga atraktivnim čuvarom vrednosti. Kao rezultat toga, halving je ključna komponenta dugoročne ekonomske održivosti Bitcoin-a.

Istorijski gledano, halving je značajno uticao na cenu Bitcoina zbog smanjene ponude novog BTC-a na tržištu. Na primer, u halving događajima 2012, 2016. i 2020. cena bitcoina je doživela značajan porast u mesecima nakon prepolovljavanja nagrade, zato što su trgovci očekivali šok na strani ponude i povećanu potražnju za oskudnijom imovinom.

Trenutno, nagrada za rudarenje iznosi 6,25 BTC po bloku. Nakon sledećeg halvinga koji se očekuje 2024. godine, nagrada za rudarenje će se smanjiti na 3,125 BTC po bloku.

Kakve je posledice halving uzrokovao u prošlosti?

Stručnjaci predviđaju da bi halving mogao dovesti do značajnih promena u ceni BTC-a, kao što je bio slučaj prethodnog puta. Međutim, faktori kao što su globalni ekonomski uslovi, regulatorni razvoj i strategije institucionalnih investitora mogu uticati na ishod.

Tokom halvinga 2012. cena Bitcoina je porasla sa oko 11 dolara u novembru 2012. na oko 1.100 dolara u novembru 2013. godine, što je značajno povećanje u roku od godinu dana.

Tokom ovog perioda, Bitcoin je još uvek bio relativno nov koncept. A tržište su prvenstveno pokretali mali investitori i rani korisnici koji su predvideli potencijal decentralizovane digitalne valute.

Halving u 2016. doveo je do povećanja cene bitcoina sa oko 650 dolara u julu 2016. na skoro 20.000 dolara u decembru 2017. Taj rast je bilo podstaknut povećanom pažnjom velikih medija i ulaskom institucionalnih investitora.

Ipak, regulatorni razvoji i pokušaji da se nametnu strožija pravila za kripto berze, doprineli su nestabilnosti tržišta.

Halving iz 2020. doveo je do povećanja cene bitcoina sa oko 9.000 dolara u maju 2020. na istorijski maksimum od oko 69.000 dolara u novembru 2021. Halving 2020. okarakterisan je rekordnim institucionalnim interesovanjem, vođenim velikim korporacijama i investicionim fondovima koji su ušli na kripto tržište.

COVID-19 pandemija takođe je odigrala značajnu ulogu u oblikovanju raspoloženja na tržištu. Kako su globalna ekonomska kriza i neviđene fiskalne stimulativne mere izazvale zabrinutost zbog inflacije i slabljenja nacionalnih valuta, potražnja za Bitcoinom je rasla.

Kada je sledeći datum Bitkoin halvinga?

Sledeći datum Bitkoin halvinga je zakazan za blok 840.000 – predviđeno je da će se desiti 20. aprila 2024. u 09:20 UTC.

Na datum Bitkoin halvinga predviđeno je da nagrada za blok padne sa 6,25 bitkoina po bloku na 3,125 bitkoina po bloku.

BTC Halving 2024

Analizirajući istorijske obrasce Bitcoin halvinga, čini se da investitori često akumuliraju Bitcoin uoči halvinga i to upravo nekih godinu dana pre.

To bi značilo, ako pretpostavimo da je najniža cena za ovaj ciklus bila u novembru prošle godine (kada je Bitcoin dostigao minimum od oko 16.000 dolara), trenutno se pripremamo za novi vrh koji bi se desio godinu dana nakon halvinga odnosno dve godine od sada. Ova teorija zasniva se na verovanju da kretanja cena prate sličan obrazac kao prethodnih događaja.

Međutim, važno je znati da ne znači nužno da će doći do povećanja ili stagnacije cene Bitcoina. Kripto tržište je značajno sazrelo od poslednjeg halvinga 2020. godine i sada postoji daleko više kriptovaluta koje su u prvom planu korisnika.

Porast rudarske snage

Predstojeći halving će smanjiti nagrade za rudarenje za 50%, što vrši značajan finansijski pritisak na Bitcoin rudare. Ovo smanjenje nagrada tera rudare da prilagode svoje poslovanje kako bi održali profitabilnost i nastavili da održavaju blokčejn mrežu.

Kao odgovor na smanjene nagrade, rudari mogu izabrati da nadograde svoju opremu, kroz ulaganje u energetski efikasniji i moćniji hardver kako bi optimizovali svoje rudarske operacije. Koristeći najnoviju tehnologiju, rudari mogu smanjiti potrošnju energije ali i operativne troškove.

Međutim, povećani troškovi povezani sa nadogradnjom opreme i poboljšanjem energetske efikasnosti mogu nepogodno uticati na manje rudare. Ovim manjim rudarskim postrojenjima često nedostaju finansijska sredstva da se takmiče sa većim, dobro finansiranim rudarskim fondovima.

Kao rezultat toga, neki manji rudari mogu biti primorani da napuste tržište ili mogu biti primorani da se pripoje većim rudarskim postrojenjima kako bi opstali u trci za nagrade.

Pored toga, uticaj halvinga na rudare može dovesti do promena u rudarskom pejzažu, pri čemu rudari traže lokacije sa nižim troškovima energije ili povoljnijim regulatornim okruženjem. Ovo bi moglo da promeni geografsku sliku rudarskih stanica što dodatno utiče na decentralizaciju mreže.

@ bf47c19e:c3d2573b

Originalan tekst na ecd.rs

05.04.2022. / Autor: Aleksandar Matanović

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Većinu ljudi ka Bitkoinu privuče mogućnost brze zarade. Gledajući istorijsko kretanje cene, deluje im da je bilo izuzetno lako obogatiti se uz odgovarajući tajming kupovine i prodaje. Naravno, u praksi stvari umeju dosta drugačije da izgledaju. Jednom kada se uđe, najjači poriv da se kupuje bude baš kad je cena najviša i euforija na vrhuncu, dok pad cene uglavnom uzrokuje paničnu prodaju baš u najgorem trenutku. Novajlije se tu retko odmah snađu.

Neki posle gubitaka i razočarenja kompletno napuste ceo kripto ekosistem misleći da je problem u tržištu, a ne u njihovoj naivnosti i brzopletosti. Drugi ostanu, pa se ili izvešte u trgovanju ili počnu da rudare ili se zaljube u tehnologiju ili nauče da budu strpljivi ili nađi neki svoj put u ovoj industriji. Ipak, mnogima, neretko i pravim veteranima koji su već godinama tu, prečesto promaknu najbitnije karakteristike Bitkoina.

Zamrzavanje bankovnih računa

Nažalost, ponekad su potrebne teške situacije da bi se prave vrednosti nečega shvatile. Ne kaže se uzalud: „Na muci se poznaju junaci“. U poslednjih mesec-dva svedoci smo događaja za koje smo mislili, ili smo se barem nadali da nisu mogući. Najpre protesti u Kanadi i reakcija „demokratske“ vlasti koja je bila tako oštra, da je se ni najveći diktatori ne bi postideli. Zatim i nešto mnogo gore, a to je rat u Ukrajini.

Ne ulazeći u to ko je za šta kriv, jer dovoljno se njih tom tematikom bavi, činjenica da je su neki Kanađani, Rusi i Ukrajinci praktično preko noći postali odsečeni od finansijskog sistema od kojeg u nekoj meri zavise. U Kanadi je vlada nepodobnima zamrzavala bankovne račune, Rusima su uglavnom spolja „isekli“ mnoge novčane tokove na način da, kao što to obično i biva, najviše trpe građani koji ništa nikome nisu skrivili, a šta tek reći za Ukrajince koji su, bez dileme, najgore prošli.

Prava vrednost Bitkoina

Neki često kažu da Bitkoin nema upotrebnu vrednost i da služi samo za špekulacije. Međutim, u situaciji kada je račun u banci zamrznut zbog učešća u protestima, nije loše imati neku vrednost koju je nemoguće zamrznuti, a vrlo lako se može unovčiti po potrebi. Kada više ne rade PayPal, VISA, MasterCard, SWIFT… a imate poslovnog partnera koji treba nešto da vam uplati ili rođaka koji treba da vam pošalje novac, dosta je koristan novac koji niko ne može da zaustavi i za čije korišćenje ničija dozvola nije potrebna Na kraju, ako padaju bombe i treba da bežite glavom bez obzira, imati imovinu koja je u digitalnom obliku i koja ide svuda sa vama, a ne mora da se nosi, je zlata vredno. Ili možda bolje reći „digitalnog zlata (kako neki zovu Bitkoin) vredno“.

Najbitnije karakteristika Bitkoina mnogima promiču, jer srećom mnogi nisu bili u situaciji da im te njegove karakteristike budu bitne. Te karakteristike su neotuđivost, dostupnost i otpornost na sve vrste cenzure.

Nikada u istoriji nismo imali mogućnost da novac ili neku drugu vrednost sa par klikova prenesemo na drugi kraj sveta, a da ne moramo nikoga da pitamo za dozvolu da to uradimo. I dok god standardni kanali rade, teško razumemo pravu vrednost koju ta mogućnost pruža.

„Problem je što je cena mnogo volatilna, pa je zato neupotrebljiv za bilo šta ozbiljno“, često se može čuti. Da, problem je dok ne dođete u situaciju da možete sa sobom poneti nešto ili ništa. Problem je dok niste suočeni sa izborom da novac pošaljete tako ili nikako. Onda par procenata promene cene na dnevnom nivou ne znači ništa jer rešavate problem koji nikako drugačije ne možete rešiti. I postaje nebitno da li ste ga kupili u savršenom trenutku ili ste možda mogli i bolje da prođete.

@ 1b9fc4cd:1d6d4902

Music has always been dynamic, molding and reflecting cultural shifts across generations. From the smoky underground clubs of Northern England to the gritty, graffiti-laden walls of New York City's punk venues, and the rain-soaked streets of Seattle, the evolution of music is a testament to the ever-changing landscape of human expression. Daniel Siegel Alonso takes you on a witty and insightful journey through pivotal moments in music history: The Beatles at The Cavern Club, punk rock's birth at CBGBs, and the Seattle grunge explosion.

The Beatles do The Cavern

Close your eyes and imagine: It's 1961, and you're down in the basement of The Cavern Club in Liverpool; it's packed with sweat-drenched, eager faces, and the air thick, dripping with anticipation. On stage, four young lads who would soon become the most famous band in the world are tuning their guitars. The Beatles, with their mop-top haircuts and cheeky grins, are on the precipice of changing music for generations.

Before they were household names, John, Paul, George, and Ringo honed their craft in this humble, dimly lit venue. The Cavern Club was their proving ground, where they transitioned from covering American icons Chuck Berry and Little Richard to showcasing their original material. Here, they first captivated audiences with their infectious energy and groundbreaking sound.

The group's time at The Cavern Club was pivotal. It was where they caught the eye of Brian Epstein, who would become its manager, and later, record producer George Martin, aka the fifth Beatle. This tiny, subterranean venue was the launchpad for a nuclear cultural revolution. The Beatles didn't just play pop and rock music; they constructed an identity, a lifestyle, and, in hindsight, an era. They embodied the spirit of the Swinging 60s, melding rock 'n' roll with a bouncy pop sensibility that was both rowdy and charming.

Anarchy in the Big Apple

Daniel Siegel Alonso fast-forwards to the mid-70s, and we're in an entirely different world. Bankrupt Manhattan, in the bowels of a biker bar on the Bowery called CBGBs--a mouthful of an acronym standing for Country, Bluegrass, and Blues. The stage is dilapidated, and the sound system is a haphazard collection of amps and speakers at best. Here, the raw energy of punk rock was born, thrashing and pogoing its way into the mainstream.

CBGBs became the center of a musical revolt. Groups like The Ramones, Blondie, and Television took to the ramshackle stage, bringing with them a loud, fast, and unapologetically raw sound. Punk was a direct response to the bloated excesses of middle-of-the-road rock and bands like Yes, Chicago, and Fleetwood Mac; punk was do-it-yourself, back to basics, and in-your-face.

The Ramones epitomized this new angsty attitude with their black leather jackets and torn jeans. The songs they wrote were short, sharp, and shocking to audiences accustomed to indulgent guitar solos and elaborate stage productions. CBGBs was more than just a venue; it was a breeding ground for a cultural movement. It embraced the DIY ethic, encouraging emerging bands to play regardless of polish or professionalism. This sense of independence and defiance reverberated with a new generation of listeners disenchanted by the status quo.

The Last Great Rock Revolution

Siegel Alonso jumps ahead another decade to Seattle, a city known more for its rain than its rock-and-roll. Yet, over three decades ago, Seattle was the epicenter of grunge, a new genre that would once again redefine music. The core of this movement was a collection of venues like The Crocodile and The Off Ramp, where bands like Nirvana, Pearl Jam, and Soundgarden first made their mark.

Grunge was a gritty, angst-filled reaction to the over-produced pop and ostentatious hair metal of the 80s. It combined the raw energy of punk from the previous decade with heavy metal's strength, birthing a sound that was both abrasive and softly melodic. Grunge poster boy Kurt Cobain, with his ragged sweaters and unkempt wiry hair, became the reluctant voice of the last analog generation. Nirvana's breakout album, "Nevermind," was a seismic pop culture event, forcing grunge into the global mainstream.

Seattle's grunge scene was characterized by authenticity and a sense of community. Bands often collaborated and supported each other, creating a tight-knit musical ecosystem. The city's isolation from traditional music industry hubs allowed for a unique sound to develop, one that was untainted by commercial pressures.

Connecting the Dots

What ties these three musical moments together is their grassroots beginnings. The Beatles, the first wave of punk rock, and grunge all began in small, dingy venues, driven by pure passion and a craving to disrupt the status quo. Each musical chapter mirrored and influenced the cultural zeitgeist of its time, providing a soundtrack to their respective eras' social changes and attitudes.

The Cavern Club, CBGBs, and Seattle's grunge venues were more than places where bands performed; they were incubators of innovation and rebellion. They nurtured the raw, unpolished energy that would shape the future of popular music.

As Siegel Alonso reflects on these musical milestones, a pattern of evolution emerges driven by a handful of fundamental ingredients: authenticity, community, and a bold embrace of the unknown. Music's narrative is one of constant change, and as these examples depict, it's often in the most unexpected places that the next big thing begins to take shape.

@ bf47c19e:c3d2573b

Originalni tekst na ecd.rs

25.08.2020 / Autor: Marko Matanović

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Istorija rudarenja bitkoina počinje ne toliko davne 2009. godine nastankom Bitkoin-a, odnosno od nastanka blokčejna kao tehnologije. U Satošijevom whitepaper-u spominje se pojam Proof-of-Work (PoW). U ovom sada već istorijskom dokumentu koji objašnjava funkcionisanje Bitkoin-a navodi se da će se Proof-of-Work sistem koristiti za validaciju blokova u Bitkoin blokčejnu (procesuiranje transakcija), a da bi blok bio “potvrđen” potrebno je da se izdvoji određena procesorska snaga. U suštini Proof-of-Work obezbeđuje sigurnost blokčejna tako što zahteva od korisnika da uloži odredjenu količinu rada kako bi bio nagradjen i omogućava dodavanje novih validnih transakcija u blok.

Da bismo poslali transakciju na Bitkoin mreži potrebno je da platimo određeni transaction fee, tj. naknadu za obradu i potvrđivanje same transakcije. Upravo ovaj transaction fee se distribuira rudarima kao podsticaj da rade svoj posao u najboljem interesu i po utvrđenim pravilima sistema, odnosno da koriste svoj hardver radi potvrđivanja (naših) transakcija na mreži. Transakcije sa većim izdvojenim transaction fee-jem će biti brže potvrđene na mreži jer će baš ta transakcija rudarima biti isplativija za potvrđivanje. Osim ove vrste transakcija rudari dobijaju i određenu nagradu za svaki potvrđeni blok.

Trenutni block reward je 6.25 BTC-a po potvrđenom bloku. Ovaj iznos se deli među svim rudarima na mreži proporcionalno njihovom učinku, što znači da što je više rudara na mreži to je njihova pojedinačna nagrada manja jer je veća konkurencija. Sem toga što se nagrada smanjuje sa većom konkurencijom povećava se i težina rudarenja. Nagrada za Bitkoin se smanjuje na određenom broju izrudarenih blokova i svaki put je nova nagrada dva puta manja od prethodne. Ovo je u kripto zajednici poznatije kao “Bitcoin halving” koji se odigrava otprilike na svake četiri godine, sa ciljem da svaki put upola umanji inflaciju samog bitkoina kako bi održao/povećao svoju vrednost.

Cene Bitkoina i nagrade po bloku

Istorija rudarenja bitkoina se može podeliti u nekoliko era koje prate razvoj kripto industrije kao celine. Ove ere se razlikuju po hardveru koji se koristio za rudarenja. Ukoliko se pitate zašto je uopšte bilo potrebno menjati, odnosno pojačavati hardver koji se koristi – razlog je povećanje težine kopanja usled popularizacije kriptovaluta i rudarenja kriptovaluta tokom vremena. Svake godine bio je potreban sve jači i bolji hardver kako bi se rudarenje isplatilo, prvenstveno jer je konkurencija (bila) sve veća, i samim tim više učesnika deli nagradu koja je posledično manja. To uglavnom znači da nam treba jači hardver kako bismo, kao rudari, uradili što veći deo posla na validaciji svakog bloka i maksimalno povećali nagradu koja sledi.

Istorija rudarenja bitkoina uopšteno se može podeliti na nekoliko celina: – Era procesora (2009 – 2010) – Era grafičkih kartica (2010 – 2011) – Era FPGA kartica (2011 – 2013) – Era ASIC uređaja (2013 – 2020)

Era procesora (2009 – 2010)

Ovo je početna era rudarenja koju karateriše korišćenje procesora koji se mogu naći u bilo kom laptopu ili desktop računaru. Prvobitna Satošijeva ideja je bila da svako na mreži koristi svoj procesor za rudarenje. Na početku ove ere rudarenje je pre svega bio veoma neobičan hobi. Satoši je želeo na taj način da bolje osigura stabilnost i sigurnost mreže. Prvi bitkoini koji su bili iskopani, bili su iskopani upravo pomoću procesora. Korišćen je sličan program kao program za mrežno otključavanje Nokia telefona zbog sličnog principa korišćenja SHA-256 funkcije za enkripciju. Svako ko je želeo je mogao da rudari bitkoin uz pomoć svog laptopa ili desktop računara.

Kako se sve više rudara priključivalo na mrežu i kako je postalo moguće zameniti prve bitkoine za fiat novac, javio se interesantan problem – procesori koji su u to vreme imali bolje performanse su mogli da izrudare više bitkoina, što ujedno znači da su bili profitabilniji. Sve više rudara je koristilo procesore jačih performansi što je rezultovalo povećanjem težine kopanja. Povećanje težine kopanja je značilo da su procesori slabijih performansi postali još manje isplativi, odnosno da će dobiti proporcionalno manje bitkoina. Ljudi koji su u ovo vreme rudarili na Bitkoin mreži su mogli na mesečnom nivou da zarade i više hiljada bitkoina u zavisnosti od tipa i broja procesora koji su koristili.

Naravno, tada je cena bitkoina bila višestruko manja nego što je sada. Bez obzira na malu cenu, određeni ljudi su uvideli potencijal u rudarenju i krenuli su sa nabavkom sve boljih i boljih procesora. Cilj je bio što isplativije rudarenje bitkoina sa što manjim ulaganjima. Na ovaj način smo dobili prve rudare i potpuno funkcionalnu Bitkoin mrežu.

AMD Phenom II procesor iz 2008. godine

Era grafičkih kartica (2010 – 2011)

Kako je potražnja za bitkoinom porasla, a on dostigao cenu od 10 centi u oktobru 2010. godine, pojavili su se prvi rudari koji su koristili grafičke kartice (GPU) za rudarenje umesto procesora. Pojedinci su otkrili da je ovaj način rudarenja mnogo efikasniji od rudarenja procesorom, a vest se brzo raširila. Za relativno kratko vreme težina kopanja je toliko porasla da se uopšte nije isplatilo kopati procesorom. Računari sa dobrom diskretnom grafičkom karticom koja se može koristiti za igranje video igara su ubrzo postale mašine za zaradu nove vrste digitalnog novca.

Tada je u svetu računarstva bila popularna opcija korišćenja dve grafičke kartice za bolje performanse u video igrama i programima koji su bili veoma zahtevni (npr. video produkcija ili 3D modelovanje), tako da je već postojala potrebna infrastruktura za rudarenje sa više grafičkih kartica. Što više grafičkih kartica u računaru to je zarada bila bolja. Ubrzo su se pojavili miningrig-ovi (računari specijalizovani za rudarenje) koji su imali od 4 do 8 grafičkih kartica. U početku ovo su bile po izgledu jako amaterski sklopljene mašine, ali su kasnije poprimile poseban i donekle standardizovan oblik.

Primer izgleda prvih mining rig-ova

Era FPGA kartica (2011 – 2013)

FPGA je skraćeno od field-programmable gate array. Konkretan hardver je dizajniran tako da korisnik može naknadno da ga prilagodi za određeni zadatak. Karakteristika ovih uređaja je brzo izvršavanje konkretne vrste zadataka koje može biti i do dva puta efikasnije od izvršavanja istog zadatka pomoću grafičke kartice. Ovaj potencijal zaintrigirao je rudare tog doba i sredinom 2011. godine otpočelo je korišćenje ovog hardvera za potrebe rudarenja. Obzirom na to da FPGA uređaji nisu toliko jednostavni za korišćenje za razliku od grafičkih kartica i procesora, u početku nije bilo puno ljudi koji su rudarili pomoću ovih uređaja. Kako je softver za rudarenje uz pomoć FPGA uređaja postajao sve dostupniji, rastao je i broj ljudi koji su na ovaj način zarađivali svoje bitkoine.

Naravno, velika efikasnost ovih uređaja i činjenica da daju dva puta bolje rezultate od grafičkih kartica samo je dodatno doprinela povećanju težine kopanja bitkoina, ali nisu FPGA uređaji doveli do toga da GPU rudarenje postane istorija rudarenja bitkoina. Do toga su doveli ASIC uređaji koji su stupili na scenu 2013. godine.

FPGA uređaj

Era ASIC uređaja (2013 – 2020)

ASIC uređaji su se prvi put pojavili 2013. godine i potpuno su preuzeli scenu rudarenja. Naime, ASIC je skraćeno od application-specific integrated circuit što znači da su ASIC uređaji posebno pravljeni za rešavanje jedne vrste zadatka. Mana ovog pristupa je to što se ASIC uređaji ne mogu koristiti ni za šta drugo osim za rudarenje uz pomoć određenog algoritma. Prednosti ovih uređaja su višestruko bolje performanse i veoma laka instalacija. Nije bilo potrebno razumeti se u hardver za korišćenje ASIC uređaja. Rudari bi samo naručili ove mašine i uključili ih. Odjednom svako je mogao da rudari na Bitkoin mreži uz minimalan trud. To je rezultiralo povećanjem težine kopanja do te mere da su svi prethodno navedeni načini rudarenja postali (skoro) potpuno neisplativi za kopanje bitkoina.

Istorija rudarenja bitkoina pamti nekoliko firmi koje su se bavile prozvodnjom ASIC uređaja među kojima je i današnji gigant Bitmain. Trka za najboljim ASIC uređajem je dovela do gašenja velikog broja firmi jer su samo firme sa kompetentim proizvodom mogle da opstanu na tržištu. Što je veći broj određenog modela bio proizveden, to su troškovi njegove proizvodnje bili manji, tako da manje firme nisu imale puno šanse da opstanu kao ozbiljni konkurenti u ponudi uređaja rudarima.

Prvi ASIC-i su bili u obliku USB uređaja. Bili su bez ventilatora, bez buke i uz minimalnu potrošnju struje. Rudari su ubrzo krenuli da prave prve farme za rudarenje uz pomoć ovih malih uređaja – nekoliko desetina njih povezanih na isti računar uz pomoć USB hub-ova davali su maksimalne performanse. Sa porastom težine kopanja, sve bolji i bolji ASIC-i su zauzimali svoja mesta u garažama i skladištima rudara dok su stari bili prodavani po znatno manjim cenama.

Prve ASIC farme

ASIC uređaji su se razvijali kako je potreba za sve jačim mašinama rasla. Ova era i dalje traje, a ASIC uređaji danas pružaju nekoliko hiljada puta bolje performanse od prvih procesora koji su bili korišćeni 2009. godine. Nove generacije ASIC-a su uvek veoma isplative, ali treba uzeti u obzir i veoma veliku cenu novih ASIC uređaja kao i činjenicu da novi modeli izlaze na svakih nekoliko meseci što smanjuje profitabilnost starih modela.

Izgled današnjeg ASIC uređaja

Ovi uređaji će ostati dominantni na sceni Bitkoin rudarenja i nema naznaka da će se to promeniti u skorije vreme. U sledećem blogu o rudarenju bitkoina i kriptovaluta uopšte ćemo proći kroz način(e) za postavljanje rig-a za rudarenje i trenutno dostupne opcije na domaćem tržištu. Takođe ćemo pokriti određene modele i procene profitabilnosti rudarenja bitkoina u 2020-oj godini.

@ 90de72b7:8f68fdc0

🚦Traffic Light Control System🚦

This Petri net represents a traffic control protocol ensuring that two traffic lights alternate safely and are never both green at the same time.

petrinet ;start () -> greenLight1 redLight2 ;toRed1 greenLight1 -> queue redLight1 ;toGreen2 redLight2 queue -> greenLight2 ;toGreen1 queue redLight1 -> greenLight1 ;toRed2 greenLight2 -> redLight2 queue ;stop redLight1 queue redLight2 -> ()

@ bf47c19e:c3d2573b

Originalni tekst na linkedin.com

07.12.2016 / Autor: Aleksandar Matanović

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Kažu da su svi generali pametni posle bitke. Međutim, pošto sam se i pre „bitke“ pokazao kao dobar general (moj intervju u članku objavljenom 2 meseca pre „bitke“), daću sebi za pravo da pokušam da objasnim šta se desilo i zašto se desilo. Koga mrzi da čita članak, evo ukratko o čemu se radilo: Početkom maja sam bio zamoljen da prokomentarišem kako će prepolovljavanje nagrade za rudare u julu uticati na cenu bitkoina. Rekao sam tada da mislim da će cena do prepolovljavanja (između tačke „A“ i tačke „B“ na grafikonu) rasti, da će posle prepolovljavanja (od tačke „B“ pa na dalje) kratkoročno cena pasti, pa da će nakon toga dugoročno rasti. Upravo tako nešto se i desilo. Ipak, moram da naglasim da cena bitkoina zavisi od mnogih faktora i zaista je teško izolovati uticaj nekog pojedinačnog faktora na cenu, tako da se svaka ovakva analiza mora uzeti sa dosta rezerve.

Ovog jula desilo se nešto što se dešava jednom u 4 godine... a nisu Olimpijske igre ili 29-ti februar. Nagrada za bitkoin rudare se prepolovila i sada iznosi 12.5 bitkoina po bloku (uz to naravno ide i zbir provizija svih transakcija u bloku, ali taj iznos je i dalje bitno manji od 12.5 btc). Mnogi su mislili da će taj događaj vinuti cenu bitkoina u nebesa, verovatno i zbog toga što je nakon prethodnog prepolovljavanja nagrade krenuo rast koji je za manje od godinu dana rezultirao u povećanju cene od preko 10.000%. Ipak, prepolovljanje nagrade nije, barem kratkoročno, donelo očekivani skok cene. Objašnjenje za to se može tražiti u Hipotezi Efikasnog Tržišta.

Hipoteza Efikasnog Tržišta (HET), u svom jačem obliku, tvrdi da se sve javno dostupne informacije o nečemu (u ovom slučaju – o bitkoinu) već ogledaju u ceni tog nečega. Zbog toga, analizom tih javno dostupnih informacija nije moguće „pobediti“ tržište. Možemo diskutovati o tome koliko je tržište bitkoina efikasno i u kojoj meri je ova hipoteza na njega primenjiva, kao i tome koliko je i sama HET valjana, ali meni je početkom maja baš ta hipoteza pomogla da predvidim kretanje cene pre i posle prepolovljavanja.

Da bi cena nečega rasla, mora da postoji povećan broj onih koji to žele da kupe u odnosu na broj onih koji to žele da prodaju. Hajde da na trenutak zamislimo da se prepolovljavanje nagrade dogodilo potpuno neočekivano, to jest da niko nije znao da će se dogoditi. Špekulanti bi brzo shvatili da će se zbog smanjenog tempa generisanja novih bitkoina verovatno poremetiti odnos ponude i potražnje (u korist potražnje) i krenuli bi da kupuju nadajući se da će kasnije prodati po većoj ceni. Nesumljivo, to bi dovelo do rasta cene bitkoina, verovatno naglog.

Međutim, pošto se za prepolovljavanje unapred znalo da će se dogoditi i kada će se dogoditi, po HET ta, javno dostupna, informacija se već reflektovala na cenu pre prepolovljavanja. Prostim jezikom rečeno, pošto su ljudi očekivali rast cene posle prepolovljavanja, oni su mesecima unapred kupovali bitkoine, nadajući se da će da profitiraju posle rasta. Sva ta silna kupovina pred prepolovljavanje je povećela potražnju pa samim tim i cenu bitkoina. Ali, baš zato što su svi pokupovali bitkoine pred prepolovljavanje, kad se prepolovljavanje dogodilo – više nije imao ko da kupuje. A cena ne može da raste dalje ako nema dovoljno potražnje da tu cenu gura na gore. Baš zbog te smanjene potražnje, cena bitkoina je mesecima posle prepolovljavanja stagnirala, čak je imala i jedan ozbiljan pad, zbog BitFinex-a.

Dugoročno, naravno da je logično da prepolovljavanje nagrade ipak donese rast cene. Najpre, tempo generisanja novih bitkoina se smanjuje, a ako potražnja nastavi da raste sličnom brzinom kao i ranije, cena mora da raste. Takođe, prepolovljavanje nagrade je prepolovilo profit rudarima, koji će sada želeti da prodaju bitkoine po višoj ceni da bi zadržali sličan nivo prihoda kao ranije. Videćemo da li je jesenji rast cene upravo početak tog dugoročnog trenda rasta koji sam u članku prognozirao ili samo privremena stvar. Ipak, tu je još dosta drugih faktora, pre svih pitanje kako će bitkoin zajednica odgovoriti na problem skaliranja - što će biti jedna od narednih tema.

Napomena: Ova analiza predstavlja moje lično viđenje situacije. Nisam ekspert za analizu kretanja cene, tako da ovde navedene informacije ne treba uzimati kao relevantne pri eventualnim odlukama o kupovini ili prodaji kriptovaluta.

@ 9c35fe6b:5977e45b

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@ bf47c19e:c3d2573b

Originalni tekst na ecd.rs

29.04.2020. / Autor: Aleksandar Matanović

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U poslednjih par meseci smo naučili da mnoge stvari koje deluju sigurno i nepromenljivo zapravo ne moraju da budu takve. Ove godine nećemo gledati tenis na Vimbldonu, a olimpijske igre su odložene za sledeću godinu. Ipak, i u ovim ludim vremenima postoje stvari za koje možemo biti sigurni da će se dogoditi tačno kada su bile i planirane. Jedna od njih je prepolovljavanje nagrade za rudare bitkoina, poznatije kao „bitcoin halving“ u ovom slučaju u doba korone.

Za one kojima je ova tematika nova, samo par rečenica o halving-u. „Rudari“ su ljudi koji svoj hardver koriste za održavanje bitkoin mreže. Za svaki novi blok transakcija koji se doda u blokčejn, neko od rudara dobije 12.5 BTC, a to se deševa otprilike na svakih 10 minuta. Nakon prepolovljavanja nagrade, rudari će dobijati 6.25 BTC po bloku.

„Bitcoin halving“ je planiran za 11.05., možda bude dan-dva pre ili kasnije, ali neće odstupiti više od toga. To je inače nešto što je predviđeno da se dešava na svake 4 godine, ali se zbog skoro neprekidnog rasta procesorske snage rudara do sada dešavalo u intervalima koji su nešto kraći od 4 godine (prethodno prepolovljavanje nagrade se desilo u julu 2016.).

Pre 4 godine sam pisao na ovu temu kada sam od strane Cointelegraph-a bio zamoljen da prognoziram uticaj halvinga na cenu. Par meseci kasnije sam napisao i članak u kojem sam objasnio kako sam uspeo da pogodim kretanje cene.

Da nema korone, moja prognoza se u principu ne bi razlikovala od prognoze koju sam dao pre 4 godine. Sa koronom, pokazalo se da je teško bilo šta prognozirati. Često sam govorio da bi bitkoin eksplodirao (u pozitivnom smislu) da je postojao 2008. godine tokom ekonomske krize. I dalje to mislim. Međutim, kriza sa kojom se sad suočavamo nije ista kao ona od pre 12 godina. Tada smo imali krah finansijskog sistema koji je ozbiljno uzdrmao čak i najveće svetske banke, samim tim i poverenje u bankarski sistem. Alternativa u vidu kriptovaluta bi u tim okolnostima mnogima bila vrlo zanimljiva. Ipak, sada nemamo krizu finansijskog sistema, barem ne još uvek. Iako mnogi prognoziraju da nas čeka kriza koja će biti ozbiljnija od one iz 2008. godine, mislim da malo ko razmišlja o dugoročnim posledicama u ovom trenutku i o tome koje investicije će dugoročno biti najisplativije.

Dugoročno planiranje je u ovim okolnostima luksuz koji retko ko može sebi da priušti. U situciji kad su ljudi zabrinuti za svoj život i život svojih bližnjih, kad su ostali bez posla ili se plaše da mogu ostati (ili se plaše da li će im biznis preživeti, ako su vlasnici biznisa), verovatno da retko ko razmišlja o tome da li je pametnije investirati u zlato ili digitalno zlato (kako mnogi nazivaju bitkoin) i šta će za 5 ili 10 godina doneti veći profit.

Zbog činjenice da je ceo svet zaokupljen virusom, mislim da će prepolovljavanje nagrade za rudare proći relativno neopaženo, pogotovo u mejnstrim medijima. Od početka krize, cena kriptovaluta se kretala slično kao i indeksi na svetskim berzama, što je čudno, barem gledajući istoriju… mada, u svojoj relativno kratkoj istoriji bitkoin se još nije susreo sa koronom, niti bilo čime sličnim. Kratkoročno, mislim da će na cenu bitkoina mnogo više uticati talasi osećaja panike i optimizma koji će se na globalnom nivou smenjivati kao posledica daljih dešavanja vezano za koronu, nego prepolovljavanje nagrade za rudare ili bilo šta drugo što se dešava unutar same kripto industrije. Zbog toga, ne bih se usudio da dam bilo kakvu procenu kad je u pitanju kratkoročno kretanje cene bitkoina.

Dugoročno gledano, ja sam već oko 8 godina optimista (uz par kratkotrajnih kriza) kad je bitkoin u pitanju i to korona neće promeniti. Kao što sve pandemije prolaze, proći će i korona, pa će svet morati da se suoči sa dugoročnim posledicama svojih kratkoročnih odluka koje su donete i koje će biti donete tokom narednih meseci. Ovde ni na koji način ne želim da te odluke dovodim u pitanje, jer u ovakvim situacijama ne postoje dobra rešenja, samo manje ili više loša. I samo vreme može da pokaže koja su bila kakva. Ipak, koliko god neke odluke bile opravdane ili iznuđene, one će imati posledice.

Ekonomija je stala i mnoge države su već najavile ozbiljno doštampavanje novca kako bi ponovo pokrenule privredu. Imajući u vidu da su i pre tog doštampavanja, države mahom bile ozbiljno zadužene, postavlja se pitanje koliko dodatnog zaduživanja može da se podnese. Ovo će biti ozbiljan izazov čak i za najjače svetske ekomije, a posebno za one slabije. Iznenadilo bi me da ova kriza ne prouzrokuje ozbiljne nivoe inflacije i devalvacije valuta, pa čak i potpuni bankrot u nekim od zemalja u razvoju. Nikako ne isključujem mogućnost da se tako nešto desi i u nekoj od razvijenih zemalja. Valuta koja se ne može nekontrolisano doštampavati i time obezvređivati može biti vrlo simpatična alternativa u tim okolnostima.

@ bf47c19e:c3d2573b

Originalni tekst na ecd.rs

18.08.2020 / Autor: Igor Mirković

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Činjenica je da živimo u vremenu u kome su informacije dostupne na dohvat ruke, svuda i svima. Analiza najsitnijih detalja zaobilazi ljudske, ponekad pogrešne procene, potpomognuta kompjuterskom tačnošću dovodi nas do maestralnih otkrića. U izobilju sačuvanih podataka blokčejn industrije gde je transparentnost glavni adut, kruži velika nepoznanica koja zbog svoje nerešivosti prerasta u misteriju. Ko je idejni tvorac Bitkoina, jednog od najuticajnijih projekata u modernoj finansijskoj industriji i znate li ko je misteriozni Satoši Nakamoto?!

Nepoznati genije, čija je kreacija najpoznatija alternativa čitavom svetskom monetarnom sistemu ali i svakodnevnom životu, kome svi nalazimo zamerke, na koje smo navikli da prećutimo i prihvatimo ih jer mislimo da tako mora, imao je ideju o konceptu čuvanja i razmene vrednosti koja će savršeno funkcionisati unutar društva. Bitkoin je prvi put prezentovan javnosti 31. oktobra 2008. u tekstu koji se popularno naziva Bitkoin Whitepaper i predstavlja dokument o filozofiji u rešavanju određenog problema. Bitkoin Whitepaper je kao autor potpisao Satoši Nakamoto.

Satoši Nakamotov Bitkoin whitepaper

Kandidata koji mogu biti iza ovog imena ili pseudonima svakako ima, ali nećemo odmotavati klupko unazad, nego ćemo pratiti Satošijev rad i stvari koje zapravo znamo kako bi nas dovele do nekoga ili nečega. Saznanja, ko je to, koristeći taktiku dobrih poker igrača, u kojoj ne moramo videti kroz zatamnjene naočare drugih igrača kako bi ih pročitali, već ćemo tumačiti njihove postupke, govor tela, izbor reči…

Sami počeci ovakve ideje datiraju mnogo ranije i idu do 1980. godine i Cypherpunk zajednice koja je bila sačinjena od fanatika za brigu o privatnosti podataka na internetu i kriptografa koji su kreirali softvere za zaštitu podataka. To je bila privilegija državnika na visokim pozicijama sa pristupom poverljivim informacijama i naravno, tajni alat vrhunskih špijuna. Cypherpunk su aktivisti koji se zalažu za široku upotrebu kriptografije i tehnologije za unapređenje privatnosti, kao puta ka društvenim i političkim promenama.

Zaštita privatnosti je smatrana bitnom ali nije bila masovno dostupna, a Cypherpunk zajednica se zalagala protiv sistema „Veliki brat“ sistema u kome je nekome iznad uvek dostupan uvid u naše aktivnosti. Promovisali su zaštitu, enkripciju i bezbednost na individualnom nivou, u kome bi svako trebalo da preduzme dostupne mere predostrožnosti i zaštiti svoj virtuelni (lični) identitet.

Pretpostavljamo da je Satoši bio deo ove zajednice jer je definitivno bio njihov istomišljenik i kao inspiraciju za kreiranje Bitkoina imao je par postojećih projekata iz zajednice poput B-Money, Digi Cash ili Bit Gold koji su idejno bili slični Bitkoinu ali neuspešni u realizaciji.

Nakon objavljivanja Bitkoina, Satošijeva ideja se postepeno širila zajednicom i privukla brojne programere koji su bili voljni da daju svoj doprinos u razvijanju i adaptaciji, ali je Satošijev lik i dalje ostao neotkriven jer je sa saradnicima komunicirao isključivo porukama preko e-mail adrese i foruma, koristeći potrebnu zaštitu. Njegova lokacija i ostali tragovi do njega bili su nedostupni. Čak i njegovi najbliži saradnici znali su ga samo kao internet nalog sa alijasom Satoši Nakamoto.

Citat iz „The Crypto Anarchist Manifesto“

Pored toga što je bio ključna osoba za kreaciju i razvoj Bitkoina, nije upadao u oči javnosti jer mediji i ljudi koji su čuli za Bitkoin, masovnu primenu i uspeh projekta tretirali su kao naučnu fantastiku i nisu joj pridavali bitan, a kamoli revolucionaran značaj.

03.01.2009. nakon niza transakcija, uspešno je „izrudaren“ prvi blok u Bitkoin blokčejnu i nagrada koja je sledila rudaru tog bloka (Satošiju) bila je 50 BTC. U kompjuterskom kodu prvog bloka nalazi se „skrivena poruka“ koja kada se dešifruje glasi:

– The Times 03/Jan/2009 Chancellor on brink of second bailoutfor banks

Ova poruka se podudara sa naslovnom stranom londonskih novina tog dana, ukazujući na pogrešne poteze postojećeg monetarnog i finansijskog sistema, koji su razlog nastanka Bitkoina. Država pomaže banke i privredu tako što im puni čašu za podsticaj ekonomije, ali flaša novca iz koje uporno dolivaju je fiktivna i napunjena je novcem „ispod čekića“, kojim se kupuje socijalni i ekonomski mir.

Bitkoin programeri

Kako je vreme prolazilo, mnogi su uvideli prednosti koje Bitkoin ima, broj korisnika se povećavao, a mreža je bila sve stabilnija. Satoši je aktivno radio sa brojnim programerima na razvitku same tehnologije, ali teško je bilo kontrolisati pravac u kome će Bitkoin biti korišćen. Novac koji ne može biti kontrolisan od strane Centralne Banke, ne može biti oporezivan, nije inflatoran i može biti poslat i primljen svuda, veoma brzo zloupotrebljen je kao savršen način finansiranja i plaćanja projekata koji su smatrani krajnje ilegalnim i zabranjem od strane vlada širom sveta.

Jedan od takvih slučajeva bio je WikiLeaks skandal 2010. godine, koji je koristio Bitkoin kao sredstvo finansiranja svog sajta, na kome su objavljivani ukradeni podaci koji su bili strogo poverljivi i zabranjeni za javnost, a sadržali su brojne malverzacije i tajne dogovore medju državama.

Satoši Nakamoto je osporavao korišćenje Bitkoina u ove svrhe, ali zbog same prirode Bitkoin-a bilo je nemoguće da se ovako nešto spreči. Borba izmedju dobrog i lošeg koja se vodila u zajednici, nastala neiskustvom u do tada neviđenoj situaciji i višestruke neregulative, moralno je potresla Satošija, koji nedugo zatim na misteriozni način nestaje sa svih foruma… Ostavlja samo komentar: „Bilo bi mnogo bolje da je Bitkoin privukao pažnju javnosti na bilo koji drugi način, osim na ovaj. WikiLeaks je uzburkao roj pčela, koji je sada krenuo na nas.“

Svestan mogućih problema sa vlastima zbog svoje kreacije, odlučuje da se potpuno povuče i prepusti razvijanje projekta svojim najbližim saradnicima i zajednici. Bitkoin je nastavio da se razvija i istakli su se mnogi koji su uticali na unapređenje kako tehničke pozadine projekta tako i medijske prihvaćenosti i pravne regulative.

Ljudi lako shvate Bitkoin, jer je ideja o savršenom finansijskom trzistu u njihovoj glavi vrlo slična, a Satoši se pobrinuo da tehnoloski podupre takvu zamisao. Čovek koji je živeo za procvat tehnologije u kojoj je anonimnost i dostupnost vrlina, van svakog zla modernog doba, u kome se često zloupotrebljava tehnološka revolucija da se tron postojećih vladara utemelji, na štetu nemoćnih.

Količina Bitkoina koja je došla u Satošijevo vlasništvo tokom početnih godina procenjena je na minimum 1.000.000 BTC-a, što sada, nakon rasta svesti o stvarnoj i mogućoj vrednosti Bitkoina iznosi oko 11 milijardi američkih dolara i to ga direktno klasifikuje kao jednog od najbogatijih ljudi na svetu.

Naslovna strana magazina „The Times“

Debata ko je misteriozni genije i idejni tvorac bitkoina – Satoši Nakamoto i dalje traje. Da li je muškarac, žena…? Ili čitava grupa ljudi stoji iza pseudonima? Mnoge analize poruka po načinu spelovanja upućuju da je reč o osobi engleskog porekla, naprednog programerskog znanja i shvatanja ekonomije. Akademski građanin koji razdvaja novu rečenicu sa dva spejsa posle tačke, što je simbolično za akademske radove tog vremena, ali i za stare pisaće mašine, koje je možda koristio u mladosti i tako razvio naviku.

Jako je interesantna činjenica da ni jedan coin u njegovom vlasništvu od njegovog nestanka, nije poslat ili potrošen. Stoje na kripto novčanicima, netaknuti. Svi za koje se pretpostavljalo da stoje iza Bitkoina su javno negirali da su oni misteriozni idejni tvorac Satoši Nakamoto, svi sa kojima je sarađivao tvrde da ne znaju njegov identitet i svi koji su se dobrovoljno javili da preuzmu zasluge za kreaciju, nisu imali dovoljno jake dokaze za samoproklamovane tvrdnje.

Najbogatiji Bitkoin holderi

Bitkoin nosi etiketu savršenog sistema otpornog na bilo koji vid malverzacije u samim transakcijama jer krajnju realizaciju ne vrše drugi ljudi nego kompjuterski program. Kripto rudari, novčanici za čuvanje, adrese za slanje, mnogima su poznati termini koji su sastavni deo Bitkoin mreze ali jedna stvar je ostala nepoznanica kako za ljubitelje kriptovaluta tako i za ostatak sveta, samo srce projekta, ko je i gde je osoba koja se krije iza potpisa Satoshi Nakamoto.

@ 2b24a1fa:17750f64

Eine Kolumne von Michael Sailer, jeden ersten Freitag bei Radio München, nachzulesen auf sailersblog.de.

https://soundcloud.com/radiomuenchen/belastigungen-35-das-ist-nicht-meine-regierung?

@ d61f3bc5:0da6ef4a

I remember the first gathering of Nostr devs two years ago in Costa Rica. We were all psyched because Nostr appeared to solve the problem of self-sovereign online identity and decentralized publishing. The protocol seemed well-suited for textual content, but it wasn't really designed to handle binary files, like images or video.

The Problem

When I publish a note that contains an image link, the note itself is resilient thanks to Nostr, but if the hosting service disappears or takes my image down, my note will be broken forever. We need a way to publish binary data without relying on a single hosting provider.

We were discussing how there really was no reliable solution to this problem even outside of Nostr. Peer-to-peer attempts like IPFS simply didn't work; they were hopelessly slow and unreliable in practice. Torrents worked for popular files like movies, but couldn't be relied on for general file hosting.

Awesome Blossom

A year later, I attended the Sovereign Engineering demo day in Madeira, organized by Pablo and Gigi. Many projects were presented over a three hour demo session that day, but one really stood out for me.

Introduced by hzrd149 and Stu Bowman, Blossom blew my mind because it showed how we can solve complex problems easily by simply relying on the fact that Nostr exists. Having an open user directory, with the corresponding social graph and web of trust is an incredible building block.

Since we can easily look up any user on Nostr and read their profile metadata, we can just get them to simply tell us where their files are stored. This, combined with hash-based addressing (borrowed from IPFS), is all we need to solve our problem.

How Blossom Works

The Blossom protocol (Blobs Stored Simply on Mediaservers) is formally defined in a series of BUDs (Blossom Upgrade Documents). Yes, Blossom is the most well-branded protocol in the history of protocols. Feel free to refer to the spec for details, but I will provide a high level explanation here.

The main idea behind Blossom can be summarized in three points:

1. Users specify which media server(s) they use via their public Blossom settings published on Nostr;
2. All files are uniquely addressable via hashes;
3. If an app fails to load a file from the original URL, it simply goes to get it from the server(s) specified in the user's Blossom settings.

Just like Nostr itself, the Blossom protocol is dead-simple and it works!

Let's use this image as an example:

If you look at the URL for this image, you will notice that it looks like this:

blossom.primal.net/c1aa63f983a44185d039092912bfb7f33adcf63ed3cae371ebe6905da5f688d0.jpg

All Blossom URLs follow this format:

[server]/[file-hash].[extension]

The file hash is important because it uniquely identifies the file in question. Apps can use it to verify that the file they received is exactly the file they requested. It also gives us the ability to reliably get the same file from a different server.

Nostr users declare which media server(s) they use by publishing their Blossom settings. If I store my files on Server A, and they get removed, I can simply upload them to Server B, update my public Blossom settings, and all Blossom-capable apps will be able to find them at the new location. All my existing notes will continue to display media content without any issues.

Blossom Mirroring

Let's face it, re-uploading files to another server after they got removed from the original server is not the best user experience. Most people wouldn't have the backups of all the files, and/or the desire to do this work.

This is where Blossom's mirroring feature comes handy. In addition to the primary media server, a Blossom user can set one one or more mirror servers. Under this setup, every time a file is uploaded to the primary server the Nostr app issues a mirror request to the primary server, directing it to copy the file to all the specified mirrors. This way there is always a copy of all content on multiple servers and in case the primary becomes unavailable, Blossom-capable apps will automatically start loading from the mirror.

Mirrors are really easy to setup (you can do it in two clicks in Primal) and this arrangement ensures robust media handling without any central points of failure. Note that you can use professional media hosting services side by side with self-hosted backup servers that anyone can run at home.

Using Blossom Within Primal

Blossom is natively integrated into the entire Primal stack and enabled by default. If you are using Primal 2.2 or later, you don't need to do anything to enable Blossom, all your media uploads are blossoming already.

To enhance user privacy, all Primal apps use the "/media" endpoint per BUD-05, which strips all metadata from uploaded files before they are saved and optionally mirrored to other Blossom servers, per user settings. You can use any Blossom server as your primary media server in Primal, as well as setup any number of mirrors:

## Conclusion

For such a simple protocol, Blossom gives us three major benefits:

1. Verifiable authenticity. All Nostr notes are always signed by the note author. With Blossom, the signed note includes a unique hash for each referenced media file, making it impossible to falsify.
2. File hosting redundancy. Having multiple live copies of referenced media files (via Blossom mirroring) greatly increases the resiliency of media content published on Nostr.
3. Censorship resistance. Blossom enables us to seamlessly switch media hosting providers in case of censorship.

Thanks for reading; and enjoy! 🌸

@ c9badfea:610f861a

1. Install PocketPal (it's free and open source)
2. Launch the app, open the menu, and navigate to Models
3. Download one or more models (e.g. Phi, Llama, Qwen)
4. Once downloaded, tap Load to start chatting

ℹ️ Experiment with different models and their quantizations (Q4, Q6, Q8, etc.) to find the most suitable one

@ 6538925e:571e55c3

It’s been a little while since we released a major design update, so we’re really excited to get this new version of the app into your hands. Here’s a breakdown of all the main updates included in Fountain 1.2:

#### Library Design Update

• New content-type filters at the top of the page make it easier to navigate between podcasts and music in your library.

• Recently Played is now the default view in your library, so it’s easier to jump back into podcasts you’ve already started.

• The Music filter now makes it easier to find saved tracks and albums, and it also gives you a list of all the artists whose music you’ve saved.

• We’ve refreshed the design of the content cards to make it easier to see how much time is remaining on episodes you’ve already started.

#### Content Pages Design Update

• All of the different content pages have undergone an extensive redesign, including shows, episodes, artists, albums, tracks, clips and playlists

• We’ve replaced the tab layout we were using on the content pages with one scrollable page, making it easier to access features like chapters and tracklists

• We’ve sanitised the formatting of show notes too, and if there is no activity for a given episode, we now display the expanded show notes

#### Episode Summaries

Ever looked at a 4-hour Lex Fridman episode and wished you could just read a high-level summary? We certainly have, so we did something about it.

• Every episode page now has a Summary button above the show notes.

• Simply pay 500 sats to unlock a summary, or upgrade to Fountain Premium for $2.99/month to enjoy unlimited summaries.

• Summaries and transcripts now come as a bundle — two for the price of one!

• Thanks to major improvements, they’re now faster, cheaper, and more accurate than ever before.

#### Playback Improvements

We’ve completely rebuilt our audio engine from the ground up. Playback is now more robust and reliable — especially for music. Here are some of the key enhancements in Fountain 1.2:

• Tracks now load and play instantly when tapped.

• When playing a collection of tracks (e.g. from an artist, album, or playlist), you can now skip seamlessly between them.

• We’ve replaced the scrollable player page with full-screen modals to make it easier to access show notes, comments, transcripts, chapters, tracklists, and your queue.

• The new Smart Resume feature rewinds the episode by 5 seconds when you hit pause, so you don’t miss a beat.

• You can now skip forward or backward by 60 seconds for faster navigation through episodes.

Other Bug Fixes & Improvements

• Rebuilt payment stats for more complete and reliable transaction records.

• Refreshed the design of the Settings pages for better usability.

• Added new episode notification preferences in Settings.

• Fixed several playback issues that were causing crashes or freezes.

• Updated lock screen display and controls for livestreams.

• Fixed issue where the next item in the queue paused unexpectedly.

• Resolved playback stuttering on Android during livestreams.

• Fixed disappearing playback controls on the lock screen.

• Fixed playback speed not updating correctly.

• Resolved issue where played episodes couldn’t be replayed.

• Fixed playback not resuming correctly when listening in the car.

• Synced car playback position with the device.

• Fixed persistent car display refresh issue.

• Fixed volume control via car controls.

• Resolved issue with headphone controls after playing a transcript.

• Fixed disappearing metadata on the lock screen.

• Fixed bug where downloaded episodes stopped in airplane mode but showed as playing.

---

We would love to hear how you’re finding Fountain 1.2. Please submit your thoughts and feedback via the main menu in the app and we will take it on board as we continue to improve the app.

If you want to help test new features out before they get released, you can join Fountain Beta on Telegram. All iOS and Android users welcome.

@ c9badfea:610f861a

1. Install Kiwix (it's free and open source)
2. Download ZIM files from the Kiwix Library (you will find complete offline versions of Wikipedia, Stack Overflow, Bitcoin Wiki, DevDocs and many more)
3. Open the downloaded ZIM files within the Kiwix app

ℹ️ You can also package any website using either Kiwix Zimit (online tool) or the Zimit Docker Container (for technical users)

ℹ️ .zim is the file format used for packaged websites

@ 6e64b83c:94102ee8

Nostr-static is a powerful static site generator that transforms long-form Nostr content into beautiful, standalone websites. It makes your content accessible to everyone, even those not using Nostr clients. For more information check out my previous blog post How to Create a Blog Out of Nostr Long-Form Articles

What's New in Version 0.7?

RSS and Atom Feeds

Version 0.7 brings comprehensive feed support with both RSS and Atom formats. The system automatically generates feeds for your main content, individual profiles, and tag-specific pages. These feeds are seamlessly integrated into your site's header, making them easily discoverable by feed readers and content aggregators.

This feature bridges the gap between Nostr and traditional web publishing, allowing your content to reach readers who prefer feed readers or automated content distribution systems.

Smart Content Discovery

The new tag discovery system enhances your readers' experience by automatically finding and recommending relevant articles from the Nostr network. It works by:

1. Analyzing the tags in your articles
2. Fetching popular articles from Nostr that share these tags
3. Using configurable weights to rank these articles based on:
4. Engagement metrics (reactions, reposts, replies)
5. Zap statistics (amount, unique zappers, average zap size)
6. Content quality signals (report penalties)

This creates a dynamic "Recommended Articles" section that helps readers discover more content they might be interested in, all while staying within the Nostr ecosystem.

See the new features yourself by visiting our demo at: https://blog.nostrize.me

@ 90de72b7:8f68fdc0

05/05 PetriNostr. My everyday activity

PetriNostr never sleep! This is a demo

petrinet ;startDay () -> working ;stopDay working -> () ;startPause working -> paused ;endPause paused -> working ;goSmoke working -> smoking ;endSmoke smoking -> working ;startEating working -> eating ;stopEating eating -> working ;startCall working -> onCall ;endCall onCall -> working ;startMeeting working -> inMeetinga ;endMeeting inMeeting -> working ;logTask working -> working

@ bf47c19e:c3d2573b

Originalni rad

Jun 2018 / Autor: Aleksandar Radivojević

---

APSTRAKT:

Kripto valute, kao pod kategorija virtuelnih valuta, predstavljaju nastavak inovacija zasnovanih na tehnološkom napretku na finansijskim tržištima. Ovaj put predmet inovacije je sam novac. Nagli porast interesovanja za ovu vrstu valuta u svetu uticao je na potrebu regulacije, pre svega na nacionalnom, a zatim i nadnacionalnom nivou. Međutim, problem pri regulaciji posledica je nekoliko faktora: nivo tehnološke kompleksnosti sistema kripto valuta, činjenica da se kripto valute tek nalaze u početnoj fazi razvoja, kao i činjenica da bi pogrešna regulacija mogla da dovede do potencijalnog tehnološkog zaostatka za drugim državama. Stoga ne čudi raznolikost u regulisanju istog fenomena od strane različitih država, u nekim slučajevima čak i potpuna suprotnost. Važno je napomenuti da kripto valute treba posmatrati kao inovaciju, odnosno fenomen koji je u razvoju. Shodno tome svaka kritika, pozitivna ili negativna, samo je kritika trenutnog koraka u procesu razvoja, pa je treba uzeti sa rezervom. U dugom roku kripto valute će napustiti nedefinisanu sferu i iskazati svoj potencijal i vrednost, tek tada ćemo sa sigurnošću moći da ocenimo njihov doprinos razvoju društva.

1. UVOD

Virtuelna valuta predstavlja valutu denominiranu u sopstvenoj jedinici mere iza koje ne stoji država niti bilo koji centralizovani autoritet, a čija se vrednost određuje na tržištu u čistom odnosu ponude i tražnje, bez uplitanja monetarnih vlasti.

Postoji nekoliko definicija virtuelnih valuta, pa tako Međunarodni monetarni fond (MMF) virtualnu valutu definiše kao „Digitalni predstavnik vrednosti, izdat od strane privatnih aktera i denominiran u sopstvenoj jedinici vrednosti“2. Evropska centralna banka (ECB) koristi sledeću definiciju „Digitalni predstavnik vrednosti, koji nije izdat od strane centralne banke, kreditne institucije ili institucije elektronskog novca, koji u nekim situacijama može biti korišćena kao zamena za novac“3. ECB je u odnosu na definiciju iz 2012. godine4 uvela dve promene. Izbačen je termin neregulisan, usled činjenice da su određene države regulisale virtuelne valute, ali još važnije ECB prema novoj definiciji ne definiše više virtuelne valute kao novac.

Upravo ove dve promene u definiciji ECB ukazuju na trenutno najznačajnija pitanja vezana za virtuelne valute, pitanje regulacije i pitanje klasifikacije ovih valuta kao novac ili finansijsku imovinu.

Karakteristike pojedinačnih virtuelnih valuta klasifikuju ih u podgrupe. Neke od njih postoje već duži niz godina bez ikakvih potreba regulacije, usled činjenice da njihov uticaj na globalnu ekonomiju nije značajan. Uticaj kripto valuta, kao jedne od potkategorija, postao je toliki da zahteva uključivanje kreatora ekonomskih politika u njihovo regulisanje. Bilo da ograniči ili podstakne njihovu upotrebu.

U osnovi, kripto valute u potpunosti preispituju sistem monetarnog funkcionisanja zasnovanog na fiducijarnom novcu iza čije vrednosti stoji država ili određeni viši centralizovani autoritet. Kako iza virtuelne valute ne stoji država, a sistem funkcionisanja je zasnovan na kompleksnoj tehnologiji, postavlja se pitanje uloge centralne banke, komercijalnih banaka i ostalih finansijskih institucija koje su u poslednjih nekoliko decenije bili dominantni akteri finansijskog sektora.

2. BITKOIN

Bitkoin predstavlja kripto valutu koja je pokretač i nosilac trenutnog stanja na tržištu kripto valuta sa učešćem od preko 40%. Prema karakteristikama virtuelnih valuta ovu kripto valutu svrstavamo u potpuno decentralizovanu i konvertibilnu, a njena ukupna, buduća, ponuda je unapred određena. Nastanak bitkoina vezuje se za članak koji je objavljen od strane autora pod pseudonimom Satoši Nakamoto 2008. godine pod nazivom „Bitkoin – Elektronski sistem gotovine između jednakih“. Satoši Nakamoto, za sada nepoznati pojedinac ili grupa pojedinaca, 2009. godine pustio je u promet prvi bitkoin softver i prve jedinice valute. S obzirom da se radi o tehnologiji baziranoj na otvorenom kodu (open source technology) sistem je nastavio da radi bez potrebe uključivanja njegovog osnivača.

Ukupna tržišna vrednost bitkoin valute u trećem kvartalu 2017. godine iznosila je 75 milijardi dolara, taj iznos je početkom 2018. godine dostigao 232 milijarde dolara, dok je početkom juna 2018. godine on iznosio 115 milijardi. U poređenju sa monetarnim agregatima dominantnih fiducijarnih valuta ovaj iznos nije značajan ( EUR M3 11804 milijardi5, USD M3 13701 milijardi6). Međutim bitkoin posmatramo kao novi fenomen koji beleži snažni rast (tržišna vrednost na kraju 2016. godine iznosila je 15,5 milijardi dolara).

Celokupni proces koji stoji iza kreiranja, transfera, čuvanja i trošenja virtualne valute obavlja se elektronski. Osnovni elementi sistema svake virtualne valute jesu sama valuta (Bitkoin, Ethereum, itd.) i tehnologija beleženja i sprovođenja transakcija. Mehanizam na osnovu koga funkcioniše određena valuta definiše i sprovodi: izdavanje valute; sprovođenje internih pravila koja su osnova funkcionisanja valute; transfer novca i poravnanja. Mehanizam na osnovu kojeg funkcionišu kripto valute jeste decentralizovani mehanizam koji koristi kriptografiju (šifrovanje) u obavljanju ovih funkcija.

Decentralizovani mehanizam podrazumeva da ne postoji centralna jedinica koja izdaje novac, vrši proveru i realizaciju plaćanja, poravnanja, itd., već se ove funkcije sprovode od strane većeg broja nezavisnih jedinica (pojedinaca, udruženja ili kompanija). Ove jedinice zovu se „rudari“ (miners) i oni svojim uključivanjem u online mrežu virtualne valute obavljaju ove aktivnosti koristeći kapacitete svoje računarske opreme. Rudari su pojedinci ili kompanije raspoređeni po celom svetu koji ovu aktivnost obavljaju u cilju dobijanja vlasništva nad novim jedinicama kripto valute. Ovako decentralizovani sistem koji stoji iza obrade transakcija eliminiše mogućnost ljudske greške koja je prisutna u bankama i ostalim finansijskim institucijama. Naime, da bi pojedinac ili grupa pojedinaca promenila bilo koju informaciju u sistemu mora raspolagati sa 51% računarskog kapaciteta koji stoji iza mreže, što je skoro neizvodljivo.

Neophodan element sistema kripto valuta jeste digitalni novčanik (wallet) koji predstavlja softver koji čuva informacije o količini i iznosu kripto valuta koje su u posedu vlasnika novčanika. Korišćenje bilo koje kripto valute podrazumeva prethodno registrovanje novčanika. Pružaoci usluga novčanika su privatne firme koje funkcionišu u sistemu kripto valuta pa je ovaj deo sistema u određenoj meri rizičan, jer se informacije o vlasništvu nad kripto valutom mogu izgubiti lošim upravljanjem kompanije koja pruža usluge ili tehnološkim rizicima kojima je ona izložena7.

Jedan od najinteresantnijih i najznačajnijih elemenata sistema kripto valuta jeste „lanac blokova“ (blockchain) koji predstavlja decentralizovanu bazu podataka sačinjenu od manjih baza (blokova) koji su digitalno povezani na mreži. Ovi blokovi sadrže informacije o transakcijama koje se kriptografski generišu u jedan blok koji se zatim povezuje sa ostalim već generisanim blokovima koji sadrže prethodne informacije. Celokupna procedura na kojoj je zasnovan blockchain onemogućava bilo kakvu promenu informacija u bloku, jer su blokovi međusobno povezani kodom, pa je za promenu podataka potrebno hakovati ceo lanac blokova.

Bitkoin, ostale kripto valute, njihov značaj u budućnosti i primena i dalje su pod znakom pitanja. Međutim, isto se ne može reći za blockchain tehnologiju. Ova tehnologija i njene moguće primene već su zainteresovale veliki broj značajnih aktera na tržištu, pa i država. Goldman Sachs je još u 2015. godini prijavio i registrovao patent za sistem virtuelnog poravnanja finansijskih transakcija koje će u velikoj meri olakšati bankarske transakcije, a koji je upravo zasnovan na blockchain tehnologiji. Blockchain tehnologija nije ograničena samo na finansije. Nepromenljivost informacija čini tehnologiju primenljivom i u drugim sferama. Švedska je najdalje otišla u primeni ove tehnologije, a planovi za primenu u imovinskim transakcijama i katastru su već u toku. Primene ove tehnologije su višestruke i rast njene zastupljenosti u različitim sferama se može očekivati u budućnosti.

3. POTREBA REGULACIJE

Navedene osobine kripto valuta prikazane na primeru najpopularnije valute, bitkoin-a, ukazuju na složenost problema njihove regulacije. Reč je o globalnom fenomenu u čijoj dosadašnjoj regulaciji pojedinačne zemlje ne samo da nemaju zajednički stav, već se ti stavovi u pojedinim slučajevima potpuno razlikuju. Pored toga, na nacionalnom nivou postavlja se pitanje nadležnosti regulacije, s obzirom da još uvek postoji nerazumevanje da li je reč o valuti ili imovini i koji deo sistema treba regulisati (transakciju, vlasnika, posrednika, prodavca,..). Tehnološki faktori takođe utiču na mogućnosti regulacije, usled teškoća u praćenju operacija sa virtuelnim valutama.

Dinamičan rast trgovine virtuelnim valutama u poslednjih godinu dana uticao je i na sve veći broj pokušaja regulacije od strane pojedinačnih država, ali i na rast zahteva za usaglašavanjem i regulacijom na međunarodnom nivou. Dosadašnji načini regulacije u velikoj meri su različiti od zemlje do zemlje. Većina zemalja izdala je upozorenje potrošačima, a neke od zemalja odlučile su se i za nametanje zahteva za izdavanje dozvola za određene učesnike na tržištu, dok je jedan broj zemalja potpuno zabranio upotrebu valuta.

Osnovni rizici koje kripto valute i rast njihove popularnosti i upotrebe sa sobom nose posledično definišu načine regulacije. Ti rizici jesu finansiranje terorizma, pranje novca, izbegavanje poreza, neregulisano kretanje kapitala, zaštita potrošača, itd. Pored toga, karakteristike mehanizma koji pokreće sistem, odnosno akteri i njihove međusobne veze, drugi su osnovni faktor koji definiše način regulacije. Stoga su dosadašnje regulative najčešće bile usmerene na učesnike u trgovini kripto valutama i finansijske institucije koje sa njima posluju.

Transakcije između korisnika virtuelne valute nije moguće regulisati, usled činjenice da je jedan od osnovnih principa virtuelnih valuta upravo anonimnost vlasništva. Međutim kompanije koje prihvataju plaćanje za svoje usluge ili dobra u virtuelnim valutama mogu biti predmet regulacije. Takođe, mada transakcije među vlasnicima valuta jesu anonimne, konverzija virtuelnih valuta u fiducijarne valute najčešće se sprovodi preko posrednika, koji može biti, i za sada u velikom broju slučajeva i jeste, predmet regulacije. U primeru Srbije, kupovina virtuelne valute vrši se preko posrednika, koji za svoje usluge uzima naknadu od 4-7% po transakciji.

Za sada, ove kompanije predstavljaju očigledne ciljeve regulacije. Određene zemlje regulišu i pružaoce „novčanik“ servisa, jer su oni neophodni činioci sistema virtuelnih valuta. Razlog za ovo jeste trenutni, ali u budućnosti možda i izraženiji, odnos obima transakcija između vlasnika kripto valuta (koji je anoniman) i transakcija vlasnika valuta i pružaoca usluga i dobara za te valute (prodavaca). Regulacija kroz pružaoce usluga „novčanika“ nije česta usled činjenice da se ona odnosi na regulacije između učesnika bez konverzije virtuelnih valuta u realnu ekonomiju (dobra, usluge ili fiducijarne valute).

Ubrzan razvoj virtuelnih valuta izazvao je brzu potrebu regulacije, pa su se određene države odlučile za unilateralne regulacije na sopstvenom tržištu, dok je za međunarodni konsenzus i regulaciju potrebno vreme. Međunarodna regulacija biće postepena iz više razloga. Pre svega reč je o promenljivom fenomenu pa shodno tome nije moguće odlučiti se za konkretnu trajnu regulaciju pre sagledavanja i razumevanja celokupnog fenomena. Dodatno, različite države drugačije sagledavaju ovaj fenomen i njegov potencijal. Dok neke države zabranjuju njegovu upotrebu (Kina) druge je u potpunosti podržavaju (Australija, Kanada, itd.).

Razvoj virtuelnih valuta predstavlja revoluciju na valutnom tržištu koja može imati značajan uticaj na celokupno funkcionisanje svetske ekonomije. Pri regulisanju potrebno je voditi računa da se primenom postojećih načina regulacije ne ograniči ili promeni smer ove inovacije.

Budući da virtuelne valute pružaju veću slobodu pojedincu, od njega zahtevaju i veću odgovornost. Naime, transakcija za određenu robu (primer kupovina preko interneta) beleži se putem blockchain-a i u tom trenutku je finalna. Plaćanje tim putem na pogrešan račun tradicionalni sistem rešava zahtevom za povraćaj novca sa jednog računa na drugi u okviru komercijalne banke, odnosno korigovanje u procesu poravnanja. Sistem plaćanja virtuelnim valutama nema ovu mogućnost, usled činjenice da nema centralnog regulatora koji može izvršiti promenu i činjenice da je vlasništvo nad računom anonimno.

Još jedan rizik je kvar sistema na kome su virtualne valute bazirane. Do kvara može doći usled tehnoloških problema sa kojima se suočava sama mreža, pružaoci usluga „novčanika“ ili platforma za trgovinu virtuelnim valutama. Mada stvarni i potencijalno veoma opasni, ovi rizici svojstveni su i trenutnom sistemu pa tako može doći do „kvara“ samog finansijskog sistema, banaka (pružaoca usluga „novčanika“) ili berzi (platformi za trgovinu). Ove kvarove smo i pored regulacija već doživeli, a reakcija je bila podrška države sistemu u kvaru, pa bi u regulaciji kripto valuta trebalo razmotriti i snažniju podršku države u funkcionisanju osnova postojećeg sistema i stvaranju mreža zaštite u slučaju pojedinačnih kvarova aktera na mreži.

Jedina realna opasnost virtuelnih valuta u ovom trenutku jeste njihov neuspeh i krah investitora koji su uložili u njih, što ni u kom slučaju ne bi trebalo da bude pitanje kojim se kreatori ekonomske politike bave. Naime, krah investitora, pojedinaca i kompanija, u slučaju da se vremenom pokaže da kripto valute nemaju nikakvu vrednost, ne bi imao uticaj međunarodni finansijski sistem jer ne bi doveo do lančanog kraha osnovnih finansijskih institucija, kao što je slučaj bio sa krahom tržišta nekretnina 2008. godine. Većina zemalja koje su se do sada bavile pitanjem kripto valuta objavilo je saopštenja za javnost kojima se građanima ukazuje na potencijalne rizike korišćenja i ulaganja u ove valute. Slično obaveštenje objavila je i Narodna banka Srbije samo u užem obliku pozivajući se i usmeravajući građane na obaveštenja Evropske unije.

Jedan od najčešće pominjanih rizika široke rasprostranjenosti virtuelnih valuta jesu mogućnost finansiranja terorizma i pranje novca. Ovi rizici se pominju u skoro svima analizama uticaja kripto valuta, a njihova regulacija upravo predstavlja preteranu regulaciju koja ograničava inovacije. Sprečavanje finansiranja terorizma kontrolom finansija pojedinaca u okviru postojećeg sistema rezultat je prilike koju je način funkcionisanja sistema pružio institucijama koje su zadužene za nacionalnu sigurnost i borbu protiv terorizma. Uvođenje boljeg i efikasnijeg sistema ne treba biti ograničavano činjenicom da je prethodni sistem olakšavao određenim institucijama izvršavanje svojih dužnosti. Naprotiv, druge institucije bi trebalo da, umesto ograničavanja tehnološkog napretka u drugim sferama, podstiču napredak tehnologije u svom delovanju i traže načine za uspešnije obavljanje svojih dužnosti korišćenjem inovacija i novih sistema.

Ni fiducijarni ni virtuelni novac nemaju funkciju sprečavanja terorizma. Sloboda pojedinaca i anonimnost u raspolaganju sopstvenom imovinom trebalo bi da bude jedna od osnova demokratije pa je njeno regulisanje uskraćivanje ovih prava zarad drugog cilja. Sankcionisanje korišćenja imovine pojedinca ili kompanije za finansiranje terorizma treba biti sprovedeno od strane nadležnih institucija, uz pomoć finansijskog sistema ukoliko on pruža mogućnosti za to, ali ne ograničavanjem razvoja društva da bi se te mogućnosti zadržale.

Korišćenje kripto valuta, i anonimnost i lakoća transfera iz jedne u drugu državu koju one pružaju, takođe otežava borbu protiv izbegavanja oporezivanja sakrivanjem bogatstva i prihoda. Još jedan problem u oporezivanju jeste i šta se oporezuje – kripto valuta kao imovina ili novac. Jedno od trenutnih rešenja pri definisanju ovog pitanje jeste klasifikacija prema vremenu držanja valute. Odnosno, da li se valuta drži duži period u cilju sticanja kapitalne dobiti u slučaju porasta njene vrednosti ili se često koristi kao sredstvo plaćanja. Pitanje je i kako i po kojoj vrednosti oporezovati novo stvorenu valutu, dobijenu procesom „rudarenja“, da li po tržišnoj vrednosti u trenutku ostvarivanja prava na novu jedinicu valute (SAD) ili tek po vrednosti u trenutku prodaje te jedinica (Australija).

Takođe postoji rizik i da će razvijanje samog sistema blokchain-a uticati na smanjenje prihoda drugih finansijskih institucija kao što su berze, ali ovde je reč o riziku tehnološkog napretka na profitne kompanije koje zaostaju u razvoju i inovacijama i koje ni u kakvom slučaju ne bi trebalo regulacijom štiti od neuspeha na slobodnom tržištu.

Prvobitni fokus treba da bude na najhitnijim pitanjima vezanim za kripto valute, uključujući finansijski integritet, zaštitu potrošača/investitora i utaju poreza, uz istovremeno ostavljanje manje neposrednih rizika (na primer, finansijsku stabilnost, monetarnu politiku) za kasniju fazu. Pravi pristup regulaciji zavisiće od budućeg razvoja virtuelnih valuta, koji za sada nije predvidiv. Međutim, sam razvoj virtuelnih valuta zavisiće od sadašnje reguacije, pa je potrebno veoma pažljivo pristupiti regulaciji u cilju zaštite tržišta i građana od rizika, ali ne na uštrb ekonomskog napretka.

Za razliku od samih virtuelnih valuta primena blockchain mehanizma ne predstavlja problem regulatorima.

4. REGULACIJA U SVETU

Najliberalnija država na svetu po pitanju operacija sa bitkoinom i ostalim kripto valutama jeste Japan. Bitkoin je u Japanu definisan kao legalno sredstvo plaćanja što je dovelo do brzog rasta broja kompanija koje primaju bitkoin kao sredstvo plaćanja, kao i do brzog razvoja kompanija koje se bave razvojem blockchain tehnologije. Za razliku od nacionalne valute banke nemaju obavezu obavljanja operacija sa bitkoinom, ali je upotreba bitkoina neograničena ukoliko se strane u upotrebi o tome slažu. Kao zemlja sa najliberalnijom regulacijom i najvećim učešćem u ukupnoj trgovini na dnevnom nivou trgovina kripto valutama u Japanu je takođe najčešće bila meta značajnih hakerskih napada i krađa8.

Još jedna zemlja sa veoma liberalnim pogledom na ovu tehnologiju jeste Australija. Operacije sa bitkoinom i ostalim kripto valutama nisu ograničene, niti su ICO9 ograničene, ali se svaka pojedinačna ICO posmatra od strane države u cilju povećavanja sigurnosti i smanjivanja rizika. Poreska politika bitkoin i ostale slične valute posmatra kao imovinu, i na osnovu toga definiše kapitalnu dobit u zavisnosti od operacija sa ovom imovinom10.

Predsednik Belorusije koga mnogi nazivaju poslednjim evropskim diktatorom, Aleksandar Lukašenko, potpisao je krajem decembra 2017. godine zakon čijim je stupanjem na snagu, krajem marta 2018. godine, regulisano poslovanje sa kripto valutama. Preduzeća u skladu sa ovim zakonom mogu da kreiraju svoje kripto valute, poseduju druge kripto valute i vrše sve operacije sa njima isključivo preko berzi kripto valuta. Građani mogu slobodno da obavljaju aktivnosti „rudara“, da kupuju, prodaju i menjaju kripto valute, kao i da ih kupuju i prodaju za beloruske rublje. Ostvareni profit od svih ovih operacija neće biti oporezivan sve do januara 2023 godine, niti će se aktivnosti rudarenja i trgovanja kripto valuta smatrati preduzetničkim poduhvatom11. Ovaj zakon posebnu pažnju posvećuje blokchain tehnologiji pa se aktivnosti zasnovane na ovoj tehnologiji posebno oporezuju. Ova preduzeća biće oslobođena poreza na dobit i poreza na dodatu vrednost. Umesto toga plaćaće porez u iznosu od 1% ukupnog prihoda.

Rusija je početkom 2018. godine predstavila nacrt zakona kojim će biti regulisane operacije sa kripto valutama12. Mada zakon definiše kripto valute kao imovinu, a ne kao novac, njegove odredbe pomak su ka razvoju kripto valuta, s obzirom da su informacije o regulaciji kripto valuta od strane ruskih vlasti u prethodnom period bile pre svega usmerene ka potpunoj zabrani operacija sa ovim valutama. Trgovina kripto valutama kao imovinom, međutim, najverovatnije neće biti podložna porezu na dodatu vrednost s obzirom da će se suštinski posmatrati kao finansijska imovina. U poslednje vreme se sve više i govori i o aktivnostima ruskih vlasti ka kreiranju državne kripto valute – kriptorublje13. Trenutno je nepoznato da li će ova valuta, ukoliko bude kreirana, biti jedna od dozvoljenih kripto valuta na ruskom tržištu ili jedina dozvoljena, ali njeno eventualno kreiranje će svakako biti pomak u razvoju kripto valuta.

Vlada Kanade je prva zemlja koja je formalno regulisala digitalne valute, u junu 2014. godine. Bitkoin definiše kao elektronski novac koji građani mogu koristiti kao sredstvo plaćanja u kompanijama koje to sredstvo prihvataju. Takođe, dozvoljena je kupovina i prodaja bitkoina kao finansijske imovine u cilju ostvarivanja zarade. Sa druge strane bitkoin nije zakonsko sredstvo plaćanja, pa je time njegova upotreba ograničena u kompanijama koje prihvataju da svoje usluge ili robu prodaju za tu kripto valutu. Poreska regulacija transakcija u bitkoin-u ista je kao i za transakcije u nacionalnoj valuti. Sve poreske obaveze nastale iz promene vlasništva bitkoina podložne su već postojećim poreskim obligacijama. Takođe, svaki gubitak ili dobitak od trgovine bitkoinom kao finansijskom imovinom mora biti prijavljen pri obračunu poreza na dohodak građana14.

Sjedinjene Američke Države prepustile su svakoj državi u okviru svog sastava da odrede kako će njihovi građani moći da učestvuju u operacijama sa kripto valutama. Na nivou nacije regulacija definiše virtualne valute kao imovinu i obavezuje građane da prijave ostvareni profit na osnovu operacija sa virtualnim valutama poreskoj administraciji15. Različite državne agencije takođe regulišu u određenoj meri operacije sa kripto valutama koje su u njihovoj nadležnosti, ne regulišući same kripto valute već operacije sa njima koje nisu dozvoljene. Pa tako Mreža za primenu regulacija u oblasti finansijskog kriminala (Financial Crimes Enforcement Network - FinCEN) kao deo Ministarstva finansija SAD nalaže svim berzama koje trguju kripto valutama i drugim kompanijama koje se bave operacijama sa kripto valutama da se registruju kao kompanije koje se bave prenosom ili konverzijom novca i time budu regulisane Zakonom o sigurnosti bankarskog sistema.

Regulacija u Ujedinjenom Kraljevstvu je u toku i u ovom slučaju je najpre usmerena ka rešavanju problema koje popularizacija ovih valuta donosi u oblasti borbe protiv terorizma i pranja novca. U skladu sa time pre svega će biti regulisane platforme za trgovinu valutama i kompanije koje pružaju usluge virtuelnih novčanika u okviru direktiva za suzbijanje pranja novca i finansiranje terorizma16.

Evropska unija kao celina nije jasno regulisala kripto valute. Usaglašavanje većeg broja zemalja oko regulisanja pojma koji se i dalje razvija i koji i dalje nema jasnu definiciju zahteva određeno vreme i iskustvo, ali aktivnosti pojedinačnih zemalja EU povodom ovog pitanja mogu nam ukazati na pravac razvoja kripto valuta i tehnologija koje stoje iza njih u EU u budućnosti. Početkom 2018. godine francuski ministar finansija najavio je formiranje radne grupe čiji ce cilj biti definisanje regulatornih normi kriptov valuta. Estonija je već zatražila od EU komentar na pokretanje ICO za sopstvenu kripto valutu estcoin, što je možda moglo biti i očekivao od države sa veoma razvijenim digitalnim društvom i e-upravom. Članovi Nacionalne banke Finske objavili su septembru 2017. godine istraživački dokument17 u kome navode da ne postoji potreba za regulacijom bitkoina. U Nemačkoj nije doneta regulativa koja se odnosi na sam bitkoin i ostale kripto valute već se primenjuju već postojeće regulative na „sredstvo razmene“ kako je bitkoin definisan u Nemačkoj. Značajno je napomenuti da pri kupovini bitkoina za euro bitkoin mora biti uvećan za PDV, čime je njegova popularizacija donekle ograničena.

Švajcarska takođe nije posebno regulisala bitkoin niti je na bilo koji način ograničila njegovu upotrebu. Pored toga što su ovakvi uslovi doveli do razvoja kompanija koje se bave razvojem blockchain tehnologije, država je kroz stvaranje asocijacije18 ovih kompanija dodatno doprinela njihovom razvoju i pokazala svoj interes u daljem razvoju tehnologije koja stoji iza kripto valuta. U januaru 2018. godine Državni sekretarijat za međunarodna finansijska pitanja (SIF) uspostavio je radnu grupu za blockchain / ICO koja e pregledati zakonski okvir i identifikovati bilo kakvu potrebu za aktivnostima uz učeše Federalnog ureda pravde (FOJ), Švajcarskog nadzornog organa za finansijsko tržište (FINMA)19.

Nasuprot ovim zemljama, koje regulisanjem ne zabranjuju upotrebu bitkoina, Narodna banka Kine je u septembru zabranila inicijalne ponude virtuelnih valuta (initaila coin offering - ICO)20 i donela odluku o zatvaranju domaćih berzi za prodaju bitkoina. Međutim, regulacijom nije zabranjeno „rudarenje“ novih jedinica postojećih valuta. Razlozi za ovakav stav Kine prema kripto valutama mogu se pronaći u jedinstvenim okolnostima u kojima je regulacija doneta. Naime, Kina se u trenutku regulacije nalazila u situaciji u kojoj se dominantan deo trgovine bitkinom obavlja od strane kineskih građana21, dve od tri kineske berze za trgovinu kripto valutama koje su zatvorene u trenutku donošenja regulacije (Bitfinex, OkCoin, i BTCC) zauzimale su drugo i treće mesto na svetu prema obimu trgovine kripto valutama22, a gore navedene regulacije u drugim zemljama u tom trenutku nisu bile donete. U takvim okolnostima Kina je morala da reguliše tržište kako ne bi došlo do ozbiljnijih ekonomskih posledica kao rezultat kombinacije navedenih faktora. Kako se kripto valute budu razvijale, a različiti oblici regulacije davali rezultate i preporuke za dalju regulaciju, možemo očekivati relaksaciju tržišta kripto valuta u Kini.

Indija još uvek nije regulisala kripto valute, ali sa primljenim iznosom doznaka u vrednosti od 72 milijarde dolara u 2015. godini23 predstavlja poseban izazov za regulatore jer bitkoin omogućuje nesmetan trenutni priliv doznaka iz virtuelnog novčanika pošiljaoca na račun primaoca potpuno netransparentno. Filipini kao zemlja koja se nalazi na trećem mestu liste sa 29 milijardi dolara primljenih kroz doznake u 2015. godini takođe su najavili regulaciju, posebno pri konverziji bitkoina u nacionalnu valutu.

U Srbiji su operacije sa Bitkoinom su slobodne i moguće je slobodno ih razmenjivati za dinare. Kao i većina zemalja Srbija (Narodna banka) je objavila upozorenje o upotrebi kripto valuta24 još u 2014. godini, pozivajući se na obaveštenja Evropske unije. Bitkoin je u Srbiji moguće slobodno razmenjivati za dinare. Za Srbiju je regulacija bitkoina važna i iz ugla primanja doznaka, čija je vrednost procenjena na 2 milijarde američkih dolara.

5. ZAKLJUČAK

Za sistem kripto valuta se ne može reći da predstavlja realnu opasnost, a da to ne bude zasnovano samo na pretpostavkama. Takođe, kao što smo već naveli, najveći deo kritika, kao što su finansiranje terorizma, izbegavanje poreza, itd., nisu realne kritike jer se ovim problemima bave institucije, a ne novac. Da je moguće vršiti aktivnosti borbe protiv ovih problema bez ograničavanja ili zabrane korišćenja kripto valuta pokazuje primer kažnjavanja kompanije BTC za pranje novca putem operacija sa kripto valutama u Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama, od strane državne agencije Mreža za primenu regulacija u oblasti finansijskog kriminala 25

U radu smo videli nekoliko načina regulacije kripto valuta u nekim od najrazvijenijih svetskih ekonomija. Neke od navedenih regulacija su iskazane formalno, dok je u nekim slučajevima regulacija izvršena jednostavnim prihvatanjem operacija sa kripto valutama. Nakon regulacija i prihvatanja operacija sa kripto valutama u ovim zemljama teško je verovati da će druge zemlje u bliskoj budućnosti moći da zabrane upotrebu i ograde se od tehnološkog razvoja zasnovanog na blockchain tehnologiji i kripto valutama. Ovakva mogućnost svakako postoji, ali je ona verovatna isključivo na tržištima na kojima trgovina kripto valutama bude značajno pozitivno odstupala od svetskih trendova, kao što je bio slučaj sa Kineskim tržištem.

Kripto valute predstavljaju značajnu tehnološku evoluciju u okviru međunarodnog finansijskog sistema. I postojeći sistem zasnovan je na prethodnim tehnološkim evolucijama, pa je tako i u ovom slučaju potrebno pratiti njen razvoj, prihvatiti i primeniti sve pozitivne aspekte. Uključivanje države kroz regulaciju ovde je možda i najpotrebnije. Kao i kod svakog tehnološkog napretka najveći otpor daljem napretku stvaraju oni koji najviše uživaju u postojećem sistemu. U slučaju da se pokaže da kripto valute pružaju značajnu korist građanima na štetu finansijskih institucija ovaj otpor će svakako biti snažan.

Videli smo da su kritike koje se odnose na finansiranje terorizma, pranje novca, itd., neosnovane. Sa druge strane kritike da se ne radi o novcu su prerane. Fluktuacije vrednosti koje kripto valute iskazuju na dnevnom nivou nisu svojstvene pravim valutama, pa ih pre svega treba posmatrati kao imovinu kojom se trguje. Međutim i ovde se može postaviti pitanje fluktuacija valuta u uslovima inflacije i hiperinflacije, odnosno u uslovima nestabilnosti i nemogućnosti predviđanja, čak i kratkoročnih, kretanja na tržištu valute koja je u pitanju. Upravo takve okolnosti trenutno karakterišu tržište kripto valuta. Klasifikacija kripto valuta kao imovine u ovom trenutku možda je i opravdana sa aspekta da se njima više trguje nego što se koriste u trgovini, ali u tom smislu bi i klasifikacija interneta u sličnoj fazi razvoja kao „sistem za razmenu naučnih informacija“ bila opravdana. Upotreba i mogućnosti kripto valuta tek su u ranoj fazi razvoja. Šta one trenutno predstavljaju, imovinu ili novac, može biti predmet debate, ali samo na nivou pojedinačnih zemalja, usled njihove različite primene na ovim nivoima, i samo u trenutku razmatranja.

Kako su kripto valute iskazale otpornost na negativne regulacije, pritisak velikih igrača na obaranje cena, medijski pritisak ekonomskih analitičara, i opstale kao još uvek u potpunosti nedefinisani fenomen realno je očekivati da ćemo u narednih nekoliko meseci videti pozitivne promene u regulaciji kripto valuta kao i verovatno uključivanje berzi u trgovinu kripto valutama kao imovinom. U srednjem roku ovo bi trebalo da dovede do rasta vrednosti kripto valuta. U dugom roku kripto valute će preći iz nedefinisane sfere i u funkciji četvrte industrijske revolucije iskazati svoj potencijal i vrednost.

Posebnu pažnju treba obratiti na činjenicu da se ovo odnosi samo na mali broj kripto valuta, koje će nivoom tehnološkog razvoja najpre i najbolje odgovoriti na zahteve tržišta. Dominantan broj kripto valuta i u ovom trenutku nema nikakvu vrednost, već se u potpunosti bazira na već široko rasprostranjenoj tehnologiji i snažnom marketingu. U tom smislu kretanje na tržištu kripto valuta možemo poistovetiti sa kretanjem na tačka-com tržištu krajem devedesetih godina 20. veka. Početak razvoja interneta doveo je do ogromnih rasta ulaganja u kompanije koje su bile bazirane na internetu, bez obzira na činjenicu da ta ulaganja nisu bila opravdana ekonomskim podacima i činjenicama. Nakon pucanja balona veliki broj ulagača ostao je bez celokupnog ulaganja, ali oni koji su uložili u E-bay, Amazon, i dr. ostvarili su i verovatno i dalje ostvaruju značajan profit.

Ovde možemo napraviti još jednu vezu. U trenutku razvoja interneta moglo se takođe postaviti pitanje njegovog budućeg uticaja na razvoj terorizma, pornografije, i dr. i smanjivanje mogućnosti odgovarajućih službi u borbi protiv ovih problema. Da li su ovi razlozi trebali da spreče razvoj internet tehnologije ili ne?

Narodna banka Srbije, kao i ostali kreatori ekonomskih politika u Srbiji, trebalo bi da prate sve promene na tržištu kripto valuta i regulacije i aktivnosti drugih država kako bi mogli da procene potencijalne rizike i prednosti ranog uvođena i regulacije kripto valuta. Uzevši u obzir moguće legalne načine kupovine i prodaje kripto valuta u Srbiji, NBS bi u ovom trenutku mogla da uloži napore u regulisanje kupo-prodaje ovih valuta i oporezivanje dobiti nastale ne osnovu ovih transakcija.

6. LITERATURA

• Ernest and Young Global Consumer Banking Survey, 2014, http://www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUAssets/EY_-_Global_Consumer_Banking_Survey_2014/$FILE/EY-Global-Consumer-Banking-Survey-2014.pdf
• European Central Bank, 2012, Virtual currency schemes, Frankfurt.
• European Central Bank, 2015, Virtual currency schemes – a further analysis, Frankfurt.
• Financial Action Task Force, 2014, Virtual Currencies Key Definitions and Potential AML/
• CFT Risks, Pariz.
• International Monetary Fund, 2016, Virtual Currencies and Beyond: Initial Considerations, Washington.
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4. Neregulisani digitalni novac koji je najčešće izdat i regulisan od strane svog osnivača i prihvaćen od strane određene virtuelne zajednice
5. http://sdw.ecb.europa.eu/reports.do?node=1000003478 Podatak za oktobar 2017. godine.
6. https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/MABMM301USM189S Podatak za septembar 2017. godine.
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8. Mt. Gox Exchange i Coincheck
9. Inicijalna ponuda virtuelnih valuta
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11. https://media.dev.by/decree_media_kit_en.pdf
12. https://ria.ru/economy/20171221/1511414652.html
13. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-4989410/Russia-launches-cyber-currency-CryptoRuble.html
14. https://www.canada.ca/en/financial-consumer-agency/services/payment/digital-currency.html
15. https://www.irs.gov/newsroom/irs-virtual-currency-guidance
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18. https://cryptovalley.swiss/
19. https://www.sif.admin.ch/sif/en/home/dokumentation/medienmitteilungen/medienmitteilungen.msg-id-69539.html
20. Inicijalna ponuda virtuelne valute (ICO) podrazumeva neregulisano finansiranje razvoja novih virtuelnih valuta prikupljanjem sredstava od zainteresovanih investitora. Investitori (pojedinci ili kompanije) ulažu fiducijarni novac ili već postojeće virtuelne valute u zamenu za vlasništvo nad određenim brojem jedinica novostvorene valute, u nadi da će u budućnosti njena vrednost biti višestruko veća. Ukoliko se prikupi unapred definisana potrebna suma u okviru ICO investitorima se dodeljuje pripadajući broj jedinica nove valute, ukoliko ne investirani novac se vraća investitorima.
21. Prema nekim procenama 45% ukupne trgovine bitkoinom.
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@ 7460b7fd:4fc4e74b

PR 32359：取消 OP_RETURN 字节限制提案深入分析

提案概述及代码变更内容

提案背景与意图：比特币核心当前对交易中的 OP_RETURN 输出（数据载体输出）有严格限制：默认最多允许单个 OP_RETURN 输出，且其 scriptPubKey 大小不超过 83 字节（约80字节数据加上OP_RETURN和Pushdata前缀）groups.google.com。这一标准规则旨在轻度阻碍链上存储大量任意数据，鼓励将非金融数据以“更无害”的方式存入链上（比如用OP_RETURN而非可花费的UTXO输出）groups.google.com。然而随着时间推移，这一限制并未阻止用户将数据写入区块链，反而促使开发者设计各种变通方案绕过限制。例如，近期 Citrea Clementine 协议（闪电网络相关项目）因为OP_RETURN容量不足，而改用不可花费的Taproot输出来存储所需数据groups.google.com。这样的做法导致大量小额UTXO留存在UTXO集，对全节点造成负担，被视为比使用OP_RETURN更有害的副作用github.com。基于此背景，Bitcoin Core 开发者 Peter Todd（与 Chaincode 实验室的 Antoine Poinsot 等人）提出了 PR #32359，意在解除OP_RETURN的字节大小限制，以消除这种“适得其反”的限制策略groups.google.comgithub.com。

**代码变更要点：**该PR主要修改了与标准交易校验和策略配置相关的代码，包括移除 script/standard.cpp 中对OP_RETURN输出大小和数量的检查，以及删除策略配置选项 -datacarrier 和 -datacarriersizegithub.com。具体而言：

• 取消OP_RETURN大小限制：删除了判断OP_RETURN数据长度是否超过 MAX_OP_RETURN_RELAY（83字节）的标准性检查。此后，交易中的OP_RETURN输出脚本长度将不再被固定上限限制，只要满足区块重量等共识规则即可（理论上可嵌入远大于83字节的数据）github.comgroups.google.com。PR说明中明确提到移除了这些限制的执行代码github.com。相应地，-datacarriersize 配置参数被删除，因为其存在意义（设置OP_RETURN字节上限）已不复存在github.com。此前 -datacarriersize 默认为83，当用户调高该值时节点可接受更大数据载体输出；而现在代码中已无此参数，节点将无条件接受任意大小的OP_RETURN输出。

• 移除OP_RETURN输出数量限制：原先比特币核心默认策略还规定每笔交易最多只有一个OP_RETURN输出是标准的，多于一个即视为非标准交易（拒绝中继）bitcoin.stackexchange.com。该PR同样意在取消此“任意”限制groups.google.com。修改中移除了对 nDataOut（OP_RETURN输出计数）的检查，即允许一笔交易包含多个OP_RETURN输出而仍被视作标准交易。之前的代码若检测到 nDataOut > 1 会返回“multi-op-return”的拒绝原因github.com；PR删除了这一段逻辑，相应的功能测试也更新或移除了对“multi-op-return”非标准原因的断言github.com。

• 保留标准形式要求：值得注意的是，OP_RETURN输出的形式要求仍保留。PR描述中强调“数据载体输出的形式仍保持标准化：脚本以单个 OP_RETURN 开头，后跟任意数量的数据推字节；不允许非数据类的其他脚本操作码”github.com。也就是说，虽然大小和数量限制解除了，但OP_RETURN脚本内容只能是纯数据，不能夹带其他执行opcode。这保证了这些输出依然是“不可花费”的纯数据输出，不会改变它们对UTXO集的影响（不会增加UTXO）。

综上，PR #32359 的核心改动在策略层面放宽了对 OP_RETURN 的限制，删除了相关配置和检查，使节点默认接受任意大小、任意数量的 OP_RETURN 数据输出。同时维持其基本形式（OP_RETURN+数据）以确保此变更不会引入其它类型的非标准交易格式。

改动层级：策略规则 vs 共识规则

该提案属于策略层（policy-level）的更改，而非共识层规则的更改。也就是说，它影响的是节点对交易的_中继、存储和打包_策略，而不改变交易或区块在链上的有效性判定。OP_RETURN字节上限和数量限制从一开始就是标准性约束（Standardness），并非比特币共识协议的一部分groups.google.com。因此，移除这些限制不会导致旧节点与新节点产生区块共识分歧。具体理由如下：

• 无共识规则变动：原有的83字节上限只是节点默认_拒绝转发/挖矿_超限交易的规则，但如果矿工强行将超83字节的OP_RETURN交易打包进区块，所有遵循共识规则的节点（包括未升级的旧节点）依然会接受该区块。因为共识层并没有“OP_RETURN大小不得超过83字节”的规定github.com。正如开发者所指出的，现行的OP_RETURN限制属于“standardness rules”，其约束可以被轻易绕过，并不影响交易的最终有效性github.com。Peter Todd 在评论中强调，为真正禁止链上发布任意数据，必须修改比特币的共识协议，而这在现实中几乎不可能实施github.com。

• **旧节点兼容性：**由于没有引入新的脚本opcode或共识验证规则，旧版本节点即使不升级，仍然会承认包含大OP_RETURN输出的区块为有效。换言之，不存在分叉风险。旧节点唯一的区别是仍会按照老策略拒绝中继此类交易，但一旦交易被打包进区块，它们仍会接受github.com。正因如此，这一提议不会引发硬分叉，只是改变默认策略。

• **策略可自行定制：**另外，正如PR作者所言，这纯粹是默认策略的调整，用户依然可以选择运行修改版的软件继续实施先前的限制。例如，Peter Todd提到有替代实现（如 Bitcoin Knots）可以继续强制这些限制github.com。因此，这并非要“强制”所有节点解除限制，而是主流软件默认策略的演进。

需要澄清的是，有反对者担心解除限制可能扩大攻击面（下文详述），但这些都是针对节点资源和网络层面的影响，而非共识层安全性问题。总的来看，PR #32359 是策略层改进，与先前如RBF默认开启、逐渐弱化非标准交易限制等改变类似，其出发点在于网络行为而非协议规则本身。

对闪电网络节点和交易验证的影响

对链上验证的影响：由于这是策略层变更，交易和区块的验证规则并未改变，因此运行旧版本 Bitcoin Core 的闪电网络节点在共识上不会出现任何问题。闪电网络全节点通常依赖比特币全节点来跟踪链上交易，它们关心的是交易确认和共识有效性。解除OP_RETURN限制并不会使旧节点拒绝新区块，因而不会造成闪电通道关闭交易或HTLC交易在旧节点上验签失败等情况。换句话说，不升级Bitcoin Core软件的LN节点仍可正常参与链上共识，无需担心链上交易验证兼容性。

对节点中继和资源的影响：主要影响在于网络传播和资源占用。如果闪电网络节点所连接的Bitcoin Core没有升级，它将不会中继或存储那些含有超大OP_RETURN的未确认交易（因为旧版本视之为非标准交易）。这可能导致未升级节点的内存池与升级节点不一致：某些在新版节点中合法存在的交易，在旧版中被拒之门外。不过这通常不影响闪电网络的运行，因为闪电通道相关交易本身不会包含OP_RETURN数据输出。此外，当这些交易被矿工打包进区块后，旧节点依然会接收到区块并处理。所以，即便LN节点的后端Bitcoin Core未升级，最坏情形只是它在交易未打包时可能感知不到这些“大数据”交易，但这通常无碍于闪电网络功能（闪电网络主要关心的是通道交易的确认情况）。

升级的好处和必要性：从闪电网络生态来看，放宽OP_RETURN限制反而可能带来一些正面作用。正如前述，已有闪电网络周边项目因为83字节限制不足，转而使用不可花费输出存储数据groups.google.com。例如 Antoine Poinsot 在邮件列表中提到的 Clementine 协议，将某些watchtower挑战数据存进Taproot输出，因为OP_RETURN容量不够groups.google.com。解除限制后，此类应用完全可以改用更友好的OP_RETURN输出来存储数据，不再制造永久占据UTXO集的“垃圾”UTXOgithub.com。因此，闪电网络的watchtower、跨链桥等组件若需要在链上写入证据数据，将可直接利用更大的OP_RETURN输出，网络整体效率和健壮性都会提升。

需要注意的是，如果PR最终被合并并广泛部署，闪电网络节点运营者应该升级其Bitcoin Core后端以跟上新的默认策略。升级后，其节点将和大多数网络节点一样中继和接受大OP_RETURN交易，确保自己的内存池和网络同步，不会漏掉一些潜在相关交易（尽管目前来看，这些交易对LN通道本身并无直接关联）。总之，从兼容性看不升级没有致命问题，但从网络参与度和功能上看，升级是有益的。

潜在的间接影响：反对者提出，解除限制可能导致区块和内存池充斥更多任意数据，从而推高链上手续费、影响闪电通道关闭时所需的手续费估计。例如，如果大量大OP_RETURN交易占据区块空间，链上拥堵加剧，LN通道关闭需要支付更高费用才能及时确认。这其实是一般性拥堵问题，并非LN特有的兼容性问题。支持者则认为，这正是自由市场作用的体现，使用链上空间就该竞争付费github.com。无论如何，闪电网络作为二层方案，其优势在于减少链上交互频率，链上手续费市场的变化对LN有影响但不改变其运行逻辑。LN节点只需确保其Bitcoin Core正常运行、及时跟上链上状态即可。

开发者讨论焦点：支持与反对观点

PR #32359 在开发者社区引发了激烈讨论，支持者和反对者针锋相对，各自提出了有力的论据。以下总结双方主要观点：

• 支持方观点：

• 当前限制无效且适得其反：支持者强调83字节上限并未阻止人们在链上存数据，反而促使更有害的行为。Peter Todd指出，很多协议改用不可花费UTXO或在scriptsig中藏数据来绕过OP_RETURN限制，结果增加了UTXO集膨胀，这是限制OP_RETURN带来的反效果github.com。与其如此，不如移除限制，让数据都写入可被丢弃的OP_RETURN输出，避免UTXO污染github.comgithub.com。正如一位支持者所言：“与其让尘埃UTXO永远留在UTXO集合，不如使用可证明不可花费的输出（OP_RETURN）”github.com。

• **限制易被绕过，增添维护负担：**由于有些矿工或服务商（如MARA Slipstream私有广播）本就接受大OP_RETURN交易，这一限制对有心者来说形同虚设github.com。同时，存在维护这个限制的代码和配置选项，增加了节点实现复杂度。Todd认为，与其让Bitcoin Core承担维护“低效甚至有害”的限制，不如干脆取消，有需要的人可以使用其他软件实现自己的政策github.com。他提到有替代的Bitcoin Knots节点可自行过滤“垃圾”交易，但没必要要求Bitcoin Core默认坚持这些无效限制github.com。

• 尊重自由市场，拥抱链上数据用例：部分支持者从理念上认为，比特币区块空间的使用应交由手续费市场决定，而不应由节点软件做人为限制。著名开发者 Jameson Lopp 表示，是时候承认“有人就是想用比特币做数据锚定”，我们应当提供更优方式满足这种需求，而不是一味阻碍github.com。他认为用户既然愿意付费存数据，就说明这种行为对他们有价值，矿工也有动力处理；网络层不应进行过度的“父爱”式管制github.com。对于反对者所称“大数据交易会挤占区块、抬高手续费”，Lopp直言“这本来就是区块空间市场运作方式”，愿付高费者得以优先确认，无可厚非github.com。

• 统一与简化策略：还有支持者指出，既然限制容易绕过且逐渐没人遵守，那保留它只会造成节点之间策略不一致，反而增加网络复杂性。通过取消限制，所有核心节点一致地接受任意大小OP_RETURN，可避免因为策略差异导致的网络孤块或中继不畅（尽管共识不受影响，但策略不一致会带来一些网络层问题）。同时删除相关配置项，意味着简化用户配置，减少困惑和误用。Peter Todd在回应保留配置选项的建议时提到，Bitcoin Core在Full-RBF功能上也曾移除过用户可选项，直接默认启用，因为现实证明矿工最终都会朝盈利的方向调整策略，节点自行设置反而无济于事github.com。他以RBF为例：在Core开启默认Full-RBF之前，矿工几乎已经100%自行采用了RBF策略，因此保留开关意义不大github.com。类比来看，数据交易也是如此：如果有利可图，矿工终会打包，无论节点是否选择不转发。

• 反对方观点：

• 去除限制会放松对垃圾交易的防线：反对者担心，一旦解除OP_RETURN限制，链上将出现更多纯粹存储数据的“垃圾”交易，给网络带来DoS攻击和资源消耗风险。开发者 BrazyDevelopment 详细描述了可能被加剧的攻击向量github.com：首先，“Flood-and-Loot”攻击——攻击者构造带有巨大OP_RETURN数据的低价值交易（符合共识规则，多笔交易可达数MB数据），疯狂填充各节点的内存池。github.com这样会占满节点内存和带宽，延迟正常交易的传播和确认，并推高手续费竞争。github.com虽然节点有maxmempool大小限制和最低中继费率等机制，但这些机制基于常规交易行为调校，面对异常海量的数据交易可能捉襟见肘github.com。其次，“RBF替换循环”攻击——攻击者可以利用无需额外费用的RBF替换，不断发布和替换包含大OP_RETURN的数据交易，在内存池中反复占据空间却不被确认，从而扰乱手续费市场和内存池秩序github.com。反对者认为，移除大小上限将使上述攻击更廉价、更容易实施github.com。他们主张即便要放宽，也应设定一个“高但合理”的上限（例如100KB），或在内存池压力大时动态调整限制，以保护较小资源节点的运行github.com。

• 用户丧失自定义策略的权利：一些开发者反对彻底删掉 -datacarrier 和 -datacarriersize 选项。他们认为即使大势所趋是接受更多数据，也应保留用户自主选择的空间。正如开发者 BitcoinMechanic 所言：“矿工接受大数据交易不代表用户就不能选择自己的内存池装些什么”github.com。目前用户可以通过配置将-datacarrier设为0（不中继OP_RETURN交易）或者调低-datacarriersize来严格限制自己节点的策略。直接去除这些选项，会让那些出于各种考虑（如运营受限资源节点、防范垃圾数据）的用户失去控制权。从这个角度看，反对者认为限制应该由用户 opt-in 地解除，而不是一刀切放开。开发者 Retropex 也表示：“如果矿工想要更大的数据载体交易，他们完全可以自行调整这些设置…没有理由剥夺矿工和节点运营者做选择的权利”github.com。

• 此改动非必要且不符合部分用户利益：有反对意见认为当前83字节其实已经能覆盖绝大多数合理应用需求，更大的数据上链并非比特币设计初衷。他们担心放开限制会鼓励把比特币区块链当作任意数据存储层，偏离“点对点电子现金”主线，可能带来长期的链膨胀问题。这一阵营有人将此争议上升为理念之争：是坚持比特币作为金融交易为主，还是开放成为通用数据区块链？有评论形容这场拉锯“有点类似2017年的扩容之争”，虽然本质不同（一个是共识层区块大小辩论，一个是策略层数据使用辩论），但双方观点分歧同样明显99bitcoins.com99bitcoins.com。一些反对者（如Luke Dashjr等）长期主张减少非必要的数据上链，此次更是明确 Concept NACK。Luke-Jr 认为，其实完全可以通过引入地址格式变化等办法来识别并限制存数据的交易，而不需要动用共识层改动github.com（虽然他也承认这会非常激进和不现实，但以此反驳“除了改共识无计可施”的观点）。总之，反对者倾向于维持现状：代码里已有的限制无需移除，至少不应在无压倒性共识下贸然改变github.com。

• 社区共识不足：许多开发者在GitHub上给出了“Concept NACK”（概念上不支持）的评价。一位参与者感叹：“又来？两年前讨论过的理由现在依然适用”github.com。在PR的Review日志中，可以看到反对此提案的活跃贡献者数量明显多于支持者github.com。例如，反对阵营包括 Luke-Jr、BitcoinMechanic、CryptoGuida、1ma 等众多开发者和社区成员，而支持此提案的核心开发者相对少一些（包括Jameson Lopp、Sjöors、Sergio Demian Lerner等）github.com。这种意见分裂显示出社区对取消OP_RETURN限制尚未达成广泛共识。一些反对者还担忧这么大的改动可能引发社区矛盾，甚至有人夸张地提到可能出现新的链分叉风险99bitcoins.com99bitcoins.com（虽然实际上由于不涉及共识，硬分叉风险很小，但社区内部分歧确实存在）。

综上，支持者聚焦于提高链上效率、顺应实际需求和减轻UTXO负担，认为解除限制利大于弊；而反对者强调网络稳健、安全和用户自主，担心轻易放开会招致滥用和攻击。双方在GitHub上的讨论异常热烈，很多评论获得了数十个👍或👎表态，可见整个社区对此议题的关注度之高github.comgithub.com。

PR当前状态及后续展望

截至目前（2025年5月初），PR #32359 仍处于开放讨论阶段，并未被合并。鉴于该提案在概念上收到了众多 NACK，缺乏开发者间的明确共识，短期内合并的可能性不大。GitHub 上的自动统计显示，给予“Concept NACK”的评审者数量显著超过“Concept ACK”的数量github.com。这表明在Bitcoin Core维护者看来，社区对是否采纳此改动存在明显分歧。按照 Bitcoin Core 一贯的谨慎作风，当一个提案存在较大争议时，通常会被搁置或要求进一步修改、讨论，而不会仓促合并。

目前，该PR正等待进一步的评审和讨论。有开发者提出了替代方案或折中思路。例如，Bitcoin Core维护者 instagibbs 提交了相关的 PR #32406，提议仅取消默认的OP_RETURN大小上限（等效于将-datacarriersize默认提高到极大），但保留配置选项，从而在不牺牲用户选择权的情况下实现功能开放github.com。这表明部分反对者并非完全拒绝放宽限制，而是希望以更温和的方式推进。PR #32359 与这些提案互相冲突，需要协调出统一的方案github.com。另外，也有开发者建议在测试网上模拟大OP_RETURN交易的攻击场景，以评估风险、说服怀疑者github.com。

审议状态总结：综合来看，PR #32359 尚未接近合并，更谈不上被正式接受进入下一个Bitcoin Core版本。它既没有被关闭（拒绝），也没有快速进入最终review/merge阶段，而是停留在激烈讨论中。目前Bitcoin Core的维护者并未给出明确的合并时间表，反而是在鼓励社区充分讨论其利弊。未来的走向可能有几种：要么提案经过修改（例如保留配置项、增加安全机制等）逐渐赢得共识后合并，要么维持搁置等待更明确的社区信号。此外，不排除开发者转而采用渐进路线——例如先在测试网络取消限制试验，或先提高上限值而非彻底移除，以观察效果。也有可能此提案最终会因共识不足而长期悬而不决。

总之，OP_RETURN字节限制之争体现了比特币开发中策略层决策的审慎和平衡：需要在创新开放与稳健保守之间找到折衷。PR #32359 所引发的讨论仍在持续，它的意义在于促使社区重新审视链上数据存储的策略取舍。无论最终结果如何，这一讨论本身对比特币的发展具有积极意义，因为它让开发者和社区更加清晰地权衡了比特币作为数据载体和价值载体的定位。我们将持续关注该提案的进展，以及围绕它所展开的进一步测试和论证。github.comgroups.google.com

引用来源：

• Bitcoin Core PR #32359 提案内容github.comgithub.com及开发者讨论（Peter Todd评论github.comgithub.com等）

• Bitcoin Dev 邮件列表讨论帖：《Relax OP_RETURN standardness restrictions》groups.google.comgroups.google.com

• GitHub 开发者评论摘录：支持意见（Jameson Loppgithub.com等）与反对意见（BitcoinMechanicgithub.com、BrazyDevelopmentgithub.com等）

• Bitcoin Core PR 评论自动统计（Concept ACK/NACK 汇总）github.com

@ bf47c19e:c3d2573b

Originalni tekst na startit.rs

25.12.2014 / Autor: Zoja Kukić

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Ko je na početku prošle godine kupio Bitcoin, sigurno nije zadovoljan. Vrednost ove kritpovalute je u odnosu na početak godine pala 52% u odnosu na dolar, ali je zato iznos investicija u BTC projekte ove godine skoro 3 puta viši nego sve prethodne investicije zajedno. Ovaj negativan trend ga je do prošle nedelje činio najgorom investicijom, lošijim

Ko je na početku prošle godine kupio Bitcoin, sigurno nije zadovoljan. Vrednost ove kritpovalute je u odnosu na početak godine pala 52% u odnosu na dolar, ali je zato iznos investicija u BTC projekte ove godine skoro 3 puta viši nego sve prethodne investicije zajedno.

Ovaj negativan trend ga je do prošle nedelje činio najgorom investicijom, lošijim čak i od rublje koja prolazi kroz najveći svoj pad u poslednjih 16 godina, međutim ipak se izvukao u poslednjim danima.

U ovu godinu BTC ušao je vredan 770,44$, već 6. januara je dostigao svoju najvišu vrednost od 951$, a danas vredi 332$.

Kraj BTC kao spekulativne valute?

Pad Bitcoina može da se posmatra i sa pozitivne strane, jer može da označava njegov kraj kao spekulativne valute i ulazak u pravu bitcoin ekonomiju. Što pre ljudi prestanu da je kupuju samo da bi je kasnije prodali i zapravo počnu da ga koriste za kupovinu/prodaju dobara i usluga, to će pre postati stabilniji i realniji u vrednosti, a samim tim i prihvaćeniji, što opet utiče na njegovu vrednost.

U poslednjih nekoliko meseci Bitcoin nije ooscilirao kao ranije – kretao se između 300 i 400$.

Razlozi za smanjenu vrednost Bitcoina mogu biti različiti, pa se tako pretpostavlja da su rani prihvatioci sredinom ove godine prodavali svoje Bitcoine, briga oko regulative ili konkurencije, smanjeno učešće špekulanata, ali i jačanje dolara, sa kojim se najčešće stavlja u relaciju.

Iz ugla korisnika Bitcoina – bilo onoga koji kupuje njime, ili onog koji ga prodaje, ovo je dobar znak, jer je život mnogo lakši ako znate da je Bitcoin približno 350$.

Da bi ova kriptovaluta bila prihvaćena od strane masa, potrebno je da bude stabilna i ova godina može biti uvod u to. Stabilna valuta vodi većoj upotrebi BTC, a što je veći broj transakcija između kupovine Bitcoina i prodaje istog, to će valuta biti realnija i samim tim, stabilnija.

Broj kupaca i prodavaca koji koriste Bitcoin ove godine je drastično porastao i završićemo godinu sa više od 90.000 biznisa čije porizvode ili usluge možete kupiti ovom valutom. Iako su to uglavnom bili biznisi iz različitih niša, primetan je rast u prihvaćenosti od strane velikih kompanija, kao što su npr. Dell i Microsoft.

Bitcoin kao sredstvo plaćanja, a ne štednje ili investicije

Iako je vrednost Bitcoina opala i može dobiti titulu jedne od lošijih investicija (opet, ako ulažete samo da biste nakon određenog vremena pokupili kajmak), investitori i dalje intenzivno ulažu u BTC projekte. Razlog leži u tome što bez obzira na vrednost Bitcoina, njegova upotreba sve više raste i gledajući iz tog ugla, ova godina je bila prilično uspešna i to se vidi i po investicijama.

Od ukupno 317 miliona dolara koliko investicija su pridobili projekti zasnovani na BTC, čak 71% je investirano ove godine.

Špekulanti nisu samo negativno uticali na BTC – svakako su značajno uticali na nepredvidivost i česte promene vrednosti Bitcoina, ali su ove aktivnosti privukle pažnju medija i javnosti što je uticalo na rast baze korisnika Bitcoina. Moglo bi se pretpostaviti da je sada taj broj korisnika dostigao kritičnu masu i da je vreme za realnu BTC ekonomiju – onu u kojoj će ljudi zaista trgovati Bitcoinima, a ne držati ih da bi ih prodali.

Naravno, postoji i negativna strana priče, a to je mogućnost da špekulanti odlaze masovno, jer predviđaju još veći krah ove valute, kojoj je ishod sa regulativama i bezbednošču i dalje neizvestan. Kao i sve drugo, vreme će pokazati.

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Introduction: The Power of Fiction and the Shaping of Collective Morality

Stories define the moral landscape of a civilization. From the earliest mythologies to the modern spectacle of global cinema, the tales a society tells its youth shape the parameters of acceptable behavior, the cost of transgression, and the meaning of justice, power, and redemption. Among the most globally influential narratives of the past half-century is the Star Wars saga, a sprawling science fiction mythology that has transcended genre to become a cultural religion for many. Central to this mythos is the arc of Anakin Skywalker, the fallen Jedi Knight who becomes Darth Vader. In Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith, Anakin commits what is arguably the most morally abhorrent act depicted in mainstream popular cinema: the mass murder of children. And yet, by the end of the saga, he is redeemed.

This chapter introduces the uninitiated to the events surrounding this narrative turn and explores the deep structural and ethical concerns it raises. We argue that the cultural treatment of Darth Vader as an anti-hero, even a role model, reveals a deep perversion in the collective moral grammar of the modern West. In doing so, we consider the implications this mythology may have on young adults navigating identity, masculinity, and agency in a world increasingly shaped by spectacle and symbolic narrative.

Part I: The Scene and Its Context

In Revenge of the Sith (2005), the third episode of the Star Wars prequel trilogy, the protagonist Anakin Skywalker succumbs to fear, ambition, and manipulation. Convinced that the Jedi Council is plotting against the Republic and desperate to save his pregnant wife from a vision of death, Anakin pledges allegiance to Chancellor Palpatine, secretly the Sith Lord Darth Sidious. Upon doing so, he is given a new name—Darth Vader—and tasked with a critical mission: to eliminate all Jedi in the temple, including its youngest members.

In one of the most harrowing scenes in the film, Anakin enters the Jedi Temple. A group of young children, known as "younglings," emerge from hiding and plead for help. One steps forward, calling him "Master Skywalker," and asks what they are to do. Anakin responds by igniting his lightsaber. The screen cuts away, but the implication is unambiguous. Later, it is confirmed through dialogue and visual allusion that he slaughtered them all.

There is no ambiguity in the storytelling. The man who will become the galaxy’s most feared enforcer begins his descent by murdering defenseless children.

Part II: A New Kind of Evil in Youth-Oriented Media

For decades, cinema avoided certain taboos. Even films depicting war, genocide, or psychological horror rarely crossed the line into showing children as victims of deliberate violence by the protagonist. When children were harmed, it was by monstrous antagonists, supernatural forces, or offscreen implications. The killing of children was culturally reserved for historical atrocities and horror tales.

In Revenge of the Sith, this boundary was broken. While the film does not show the violence explicitly, the implication is so clear and so central to the character arc that its omission from visual depiction does not blunt the narrative weight. What makes this scene especially jarring is the tonal dissonance between the gravity of the act and the broader cultural treatment of Star Wars as a family-friendly saga. The juxtaposition of child-targeted marketing with a central plot involving child murder is not accidental—it reflects a deeper narrative and commercial structure.

This scene was not a deviation from the arc. It was the intended turning point.

Part III: Masculinity, Militarism, and the Appeal of the Anti-Hero

Darth Vader has long been idolized as a masculine icon. His towering presence, emotionless control, and mechanical voice exude power and discipline. Military institutions have quoted him. He is celebrated in memes, posters, and merchandise. Within the cultural imagination, he embodies dominance, command, and strategic ruthlessness.

For many young men, particularly those struggling with identity, agency, and perceived weakness, Vader becomes more than a character. He becomes an archetype: the man who reclaims power by embracing discipline, forsaking emotion, and exacting vengeance against those who betrayed him. The emotional pain that leads to his fall mirrors the experiences of isolation and perceived emasculation that many young men internalize in a fractured society.

The symbolism becomes dangerous. Anakin's descent into mass murder is portrayed not as the outcome of unchecked cruelty, but as a tragic mistake rooted in love and desperation. The implication is that under enough pressure, even the most horrific act can be framed as a step toward a noble end.

Part IV: Redemption as Narrative Alchemy

By the end of the original trilogy (Return of the Jedi, 1983), Darth Vader kills the Emperor to save his son Luke and dies shortly thereafter. Luke mourns him, honors him, and burns his body in reverence. In the final scene, Vader's ghost appears alongside Obi-Wan Kenobi and Yoda—the very men who once considered him the greatest betrayal of their order. He is welcomed back.

There is no reckoning. No mention of the younglings. No memorial to the dead. No consequence beyond his own internal torment.

This model of redemption is not uncommon in Western storytelling. In Christian doctrine, the concept of grace allows for any sin to be forgiven if the sinner repents sincerely. But in the context of secular mass culture, such redemption without justice becomes deeply troubling. The cultural message is clear: even the worst crimes can be erased if one makes a grand enough gesture at the end. It is the erasure of moral debt by narrative fiat.

The implication is not only that evil can be undone by good, but that power and legacy matter more than the victims. Vader is not just forgiven—he is exalted.

Part V: Real-World Reflections and Dangerous Scripts

In recent decades, the rise of mass violence in schools and public places has revealed a disturbing pattern: young men who feel alienated, betrayed, or powerless adopt mythic narratives of vengeance and transformation. They often see themselves as tragic figures forced into violence by a cruel world. Some explicitly reference pop culture, quoting films, invoking fictional characters, or modeling their identities after cinematic anti-heroes.

It would be reductive to claim Star Wars causes such events. But it is equally naive to believe that such narratives play no role in shaping the symbolic frameworks through which vulnerable individuals understand their lives. The story of Anakin Skywalker offers a dangerous script:

• You are betrayed.
• You suffer.
• You kill.
• You become powerful.
• You are redeemed.

When combined with militarized masculinity, institutional failure, and cultural nihilism, this script can validate the darkest impulses. It becomes a myth of sacrificial violence, with the perpetrator as misunderstood hero.

Part VI: Cultural Responsibility and Narrative Ethics

The problem is not that Star Wars tells a tragic story. Tragedy is essential to moral understanding. The problem is how the culture treats that story. Darth Vader is not treated as a warning, a cautionary tale, or a fallen angel. He is merchandised, celebrated, and decontextualized.

By separating his image from his actions, society rebrands him as a figure of cool dominance rather than ethical failure. The younglings are forgotten. The victims vanish. Only the redemption remains. The merchandise continues to sell.

Cultural institutions bear responsibility for how such narratives are presented and consumed. Filmmakers may intend nuance, but marketing departments, military institutions, and fan cultures often reduce that nuance to symbol and slogan.

Conclusion: Reckoning with the Stories We Tell

The story of Anakin Skywalker is not morally neutral. It is a tale of systemic failure, emotional collapse, and unchecked violence. When presented in full, it can serve as a powerful warning. But when reduced to aesthetic dominance and easy redemption, it becomes a tool of moral decay.

The glorification of Darth Vader as a cultural icon—divorced from the horrific acts that define his transformation—is not just misguided. It is dangerous. It trains a generation to believe that power erases guilt, that violence is a path to recognition, and that final acts of loyalty can overwrite the deliberate murder of the innocent.

To the uninitiated, Star Wars may seem like harmless fantasy. But its deepest myth—the redemption of the child-killer through familial love and posthumous honor—deserves scrutiny. Not because fiction causes violence, but because fiction defines the possibilities of how we understand evil, forgiveness, and what it means to be a hero.

We must ask: What kind of redemption erases the cries of murdered children? And what kind of culture finds peace in that forgetting?

@ b99efe77:f3de3616

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Places & Transitions

• Places:

• Bla bla bla: some text

• Transitions:

• start: Initializes the system.
• logTask: bla bla bla.

petrinet ;startDay () -> working ;stopDay working -> () ;startPause working -> paused ;endPause paused -> working ;goSmoke working -> smoking ;endSmoke smoking -> working ;startEating working -> eating ;stopEating eating -> working ;startCall working -> onCall ;endCall onCall -> working ;startMeeting working -> inMeetinga ;endMeeting inMeeting -> working ;logTask working -> working

@ bf47c19e:c3d2573b

Originalni članak na politika.rs.

06.12.2014 / Autor: Istok Pavlović

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Pre nekoliko godina, pojavila se digitalna valuta – bitkoin. Isprva, delovalo je kao utopija šačice sanjara ideja da ova valuta jednog dana postane glavno sredstvo plaćanja među ljudima, i da se potpuno ukine bankarski sistem i posrednici u finansijskim transakcijama. Međutim, san polako postaje realnost. Sve više ozbiljnih kompanija prima bitkoin kao sredstvo plaćanja, i njegovo usvajanje se povećava iz meseca u mesec.

Kako zapravo radi bitkoin? Da bismo odgovorili na ovo pitanje, pođimo od jednog starijeg problema u matematici, koji se zove „problem vizantijskih generala”.

Vizantijski generali opkolili su neprijateljski grad. Svaki od generala nalazi se sa svojom vojskom negde oko grada, i generali su geografski razdvojeni. Komunikacija među generalima ide preko kurira, koji prenose poruke. Da bi napad uspeo, generali moraju da se dogovore oko zajedničkog nastupa – da krenu svi odjednom u dogovoreno vreme. Međutim, problem je što među generalima, pa i među kuririma mogu da postoje izdajnici – ljudi koji rade za neprijatelja i koji će namerno preneti pogrešnu poruku kako bi sabotirali napad. Kako organizovati prenošenje poruka među generalima tako da akcija uspe, bez obzira na izdajnike?

Rešenje ovog problema postoji, i u pitanju je veoma kompleksan matematički algoritam koji se razvio početkom 21. veka. Pojavom bržih kompjutera, ovaj problem postao je rešiv za kraće vreme. U praksi, ovo je značilo da smo dobili način da se uspostavi potpuno poverenje između dve osobe na internetu koje se uopšte ne poznaju. To je otvorilo čitav novi spektar mogućnosti – a jedna od tih mogućnosti je digitalni novac.

Bitkoin sistem je zapravo kao jedna velika finansijska knjiga na internetu. Vi kupujete prostor u toj knjizi, u zamenu za klasičan novac ili prodajom neke robe ili usluga, i tada postajete vlasnik određene sume bitkoina. Taj svoj prostor zatim možete prodati nekom drugom ko hoće da ga kupi. Sve transakcije su potpuno sigurne i niko na svetu ne može da ospori da su se desile.Transakcije automatski beleži mreža kompjutera širom sveta prema „algoritmu vizantijskih generala”, bez ikakvog upliva živih ljudi, i tako dobijamo maksimalno poverenje. S obzirom na to da su ljudi eliminisani iz jednačine, najvažnija posledica ovog sistema je to što sada sve transakcije mogu da budu bez posrednika, bez banaka i nema provizije.

Ova poslednja činjenica je jedan od ključnih razloga što je bitkoin uveden kao sredstvo plaćanja u mnogim prodavnicama. Koliko god opskurno delovao, bitkoin je zapravo mnogo povoljniji za prodavce od klasičnog novca. Recimo da prodajete elektronske uređaje, gde je uobičajena margina profita oko pet procenata. Banke za procesiranje kartice uzimaju 2,5 odsto. Vi, dakle dajete polovinu svog profita banci, samo zato što banke kao sistem imaju monopol nad plaćanjem i nemate izbora. Tačnije, niste imali izbora do pojave bitkoina.

Za velike kompanije, kojima ne smetaju bankarske provizije, bitkoin je više stvar prestiža i mode. „Hej, pogledajte kako smo mi moderna kompanija, primamo bitkoine.” Međutim, za male porodične biznise bitkoini bukvalno mogu da znače opstanak.

Postavlja se logično pitanje, šta je to što bitkoinima daje vrednost? Odgovor na ovo pitanje zapravo leži u pitanju „šta je to što daje vrednost klasičnom novcu”. Ako pogledamo istoriju novca, u početnom trenutku za ljude je to bilo neko parče papira, ali su uvedene zlatne rezerve kao garancija da taj papir vredi. Ova garancija stvorila je kod ljudi veru u novac, i ta vera čini njegovu vrednost. Kasnije, ove zlatne rezerve su davno prevaziđene i nemaju veze s količinom novca u opticaju, ali ono što je ostalo jeste vera u novac, i samo zahvaljujući toj veri novac ima vrednost.

Ista stvar je i sa bitkoinima. Njegovu vrednost zapravo čini vera. Milionima ljudi širom sveta krv uzavri od sreće kada čuju za ideju da se konačno iskoreni bankarski sistem. Oni vide bankare kao „krvopije koji žive na tuđoj grbači”, i podržaće svaku ideju u tom pravcu. Počeće pasionirano da koriste bitkoine kao sredstvo plaćanja gde god je to moguće, sanjajući da dožive tokom svog života naslov u novinama „Bankari ostali bez posla”, da bi tog dana mogli da kažu: „I ja sam u ovome učestvovao, ja sam jedan od oslobodilaca čovečanstva.”

Naravno, kao i svaka tehnologija u svojoj ranoj fazi, bitkoin ima svoje propuste koji se sređuju. Ako pogledate internet komentare, ima ljudi koji će naći sto mana bitkoinima. Ipak, da smo slušali kritizere koji kritikuju tehnologije u ranoj fazi, nikada ne bismo imali avione, električnu struju, ili bilo koje inovacije koje su u početku delovale nesigurno, a bez kojih nam je današnji život nezamisliv.

@ 526bec6a:07c68d13

Let’s talk about a straightforward betting strategy that’s been around for years, often used by folks who treat horse racing more like a business than a gamble. This method is all about following a clear staking plan to aim for a small, consistent profit per race—without needing to be a racing expert. I’ll break it down step-by-step so it’s easy to understand, even if you’re new to this! The Goal: Small, Steady Wins The idea here is to aim for a target profit (T) of 5 points per race. Think of a "point" as a unit of money you decide on—it could be $50, $1, or whatever you’re comfortable with. For example, I use a starting bank of $200, and I set each point at $1. So, 5 points = $5 profit per race. Important Rule: Once you pick the value of a point, stick with it throughout the entire betting sequence. Don’t change it, no matter what happens! Why This Works (Even If You Know Nothing About Racing) This plan is designed so that you’ll eventually win, even if you’re clueless about horses. The catch? You need to be patient and okay with small profits per point because the stakes (the amount you bet) can grow after each loss. For example: If you set each point at £1 and lose 10 races in a row, your 11th bet would need to recover $55 (your target plus losses). If you set each point at 25p, you’d only need to recover $13.75 after 10 losses. See the difference? Lower point values mean smaller risks, but also smaller profits. Pick a point value that matches the risk you’re willing to take and the profit you want to make. How the Staking Plan Works Here’s the basic idea: you start with a target profit of 5 points per race. If you lose, you add your loss to the next race’s target. If you win, you subtract your gain. The goal is to keep going until you hit your total profit target, then start over. Let’s break down the key terms: T (Target): Your profit goal for the race (starts at 5 points). T + L: Your target plus any losses from previous races (or minus any gains if you won). S (Stake): How much you bet on the race. R (Result): Whether you won (e.g., 2-1 means the horse paid 2-to-1 odds) or lost (L). W (Points Won): How many points you gained from a win. L (Points Lost): How many points you lost from a bet. AWL (Running Total): Your accumulated wins and losses over the sequence. Once you reach your overall profit goal (like 40 points in the example below), you take your winnings and start the sequence over with a 5-point target. Example Sequence: Watch It in Action Here’s a sample sequence to show how this plays out. I’m using a 1-per-point value for simplicity: Race( see image posted for details in url or comment section) https://m.stacker.news/89957 What happened here? In Race 1, I aimed for 5 points but lost my 2-point stake, so my running total is -2. In Race 2, I added my loss (2) to the new target (10), so I’m aiming for 12 points. I lost again, so my running total drops to -6. By Race 8, I finally hit a big win (4-1 odds), gaining 44 points. My running total jumps to +50, which exceeds my overall target of 40 points. I take my profit ($50 if each point is $1) and start over in Race 9 with a 5-point target. How to Calculate Your Stake To figure out how much to bet (your stake), take your T + L (target plus losses) and divide by 3, rounding to the nearest whole number. Why 3? Because you want to bet on horses with odds of 3-1 or higher. A win at those odds will cover all your losses and give you your target profit. For example: In Race 4, my T + L is 33. Divide by 3: 33 ÷ 3 = 11. So, I bet 11 points. My horse wins at 2-1 odds, so I get 22 points back (11 × 2). This clears my losses and gives me a profit. Pro Tip: Stick to odds of evens (1-1) or higher. Many pros avoid “odds-on” bets (like 1-2) because they don’t pay enough to make this system work well. Tips to Make This Work for You Pick Your Races Wisely: You don’t have to bet on every race. Some pros bet on every race at a meeting (e.g., 6 races a day, 36 bets a week), but I recommend being selective. Consider using a professional tipping service for better picks—newspaper tips can be risky (one “expert” once picked 30 losers in a row!). Spread Your Bets: Use 3 or 4 different bookmakers. No single bookie will be happy if you keep winning over time. Account for Betting Tax (If Applicable): If there’s a tax on your bets, add it to your next race’s target. This way, the system covers the tax for you. Be Prepared for Losing Streaks: Even with careful picks, you might hit a string of losses. That’s why you keep your point value low—so your stakes don’t balloon too much. Why This Is a “Business,” Not Gambling People who use this method don’t see it as gambling—they treat racing like a business. The key is patience and discipline. A single win at 3-1 odds or higher will wipe out all your losses and deliver your target profit. It’s a slow grind, but it’s designed to keep you in the game long-term. Final Thoughts This staking plan is all about consistency and managing risk. Start with a small bank (like $200), set a point value you’re comfortable with (like 50 or 1), and stick to the rules. You don’t need to be a racing genius—just follow the system, bet smart, and wait for that big win to clear your slate and put profit in your pocket. Got questions or want to tweak this for your own style? Let me know, and I’ll help you fine-tune your approach! Happy betting!

@ bf47c19e:c3d2573b

Originalni tekst na trzisnoresenje.blogspot.com

06.10.2014 / Autor: Slaviša Tasić

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Od kako je bitcoin postao popularan vodi se rasprava među zagovornicima slobodnog tržišta oko njegovo gpravog statusa: da li je to budući novac, efikasan sistem zaobilaženja državne kontrole i garant slobode pojedinca, ili pak fikcija i pomodarstvo iza koje nema ničeg stvarnog?

Teorijski centar debate je pitanje da li je bitcoin "zapravo" novac ili ne. Jedna grupa tvrdi da jeste, pozivajući se na to da je nastao hiljadama dobrovoljnih akata potrošača na tržištu i time uspostavljen kao konvencija. Ko ste vi, teoretičari iz fotelje, da u ime naroda koji prihvata bitcoin definišete šte je "pravi" novac a šta nije? Druga škola tvrdi da je to irelevantno, da je takozvana vrednost bitcoina fiktivna i naduvana, i da će uskoro pući, jer nema nikakve realne pozadine: svaki novac kroz istoriju je uvek morao da ima podlogu nećeg realnog, najčešće plemenitog metala neke vrste, novac nikad ne nastaje nečijom naredbom ili proizvoljnom odlukom.

Vrlo često se u ovom kontekstu pominje Misesova čuena "teorema regresije". Ona kaže da je novac univerzalno razmensko sredstvo koje svoju vrednost crpe iz prethodne upotrebne vrednosti materijala od kojeg je sačinjeno. Recimo, zlato i srebro imaju vrednost kao nakit i luksuzna roba koju ljudi traže iz ne-monetarnih razloga, a njihova vrednost kao novca se onda izvodi iz te prethodne evaluacije njegove ne monetarne upotrebne "vrednosti". Tehnički rečeno, tražnja za zlatom kao monetarnim dobrom izvedena je iz tražnje za zlatom kao nemonetarnim dobrom.

Problem sa bitcoinom je što na prvi pogled on nema nikakvu ne-monetarnu vrednost. Nije zasnovan ni na kakvom fizičkom materijalu ili robi, već predstavlja kompjuterski algoritam. Bitcoin je beskoristan za bilo šta drugo osim kao sredstvo plaćanja. Ako je tome tako, onda postoje samo dve mogućnosti: ili bitcoin ne može da bude novac, ili je teorija o realnoj, nemonetarnoj osnovi novca netačna.

Izgleda da ni jedno ni drugo nije slučaj. Bitcoin jeste sredstvo razmene, iako još uvek nije novac, budući da nije univerzalno prihvaćen (što ne znači da ne može ili da neće biti prihvaćen), ali bitcoin istovremeno JESTE zasnovan na nečem realnom, tj ima vrednost i mimo svoje uloge kao novca. Ta prethodna vrednost bitcoina je njegova uloga kao efikasnog sistema plaćanja. Kao što Jeffrey Tucker naglašava u svom novom tekstu, Bitcoin je 2008 uveden kao sistem plaćanja koji bi omogućio efikasni transfer resursa između pojedinaca u raznim delovima sveta uz potpuno zaobilaženje zvaničnog finansijskog sistema. Programski dokument osnivača Bitcoina nije uopšte spominjao novac nego samo sistem plaćanja koji omogućava pouzdanost, anonimonst i operisanje izvan zvaničnih finansijkih tokova. Tehnički detalji su ovde.

Bitcoin kao sistem je lansiran 9 januara 2009, ali u tom trenutku njegova vrednost je bila nula! Sve do oktobra 2009 potenicjalni klijenti su mogli da dobiju besplatno koliko god hoće bitcoina da eksperimentišu. Ljudi su vršili prve transakcije, proveravali da li je sistem pouzdan, da li radi onako kako je obećano itd. Taj proces eksperminetisanja je trajao oko deset meseci. U tom periodu Bitcoin kao novac nije imao nikakvu tržišnu vrednost. Pre tačno pet godina, 5 oktobra 2009 postavljena je prva tržišna cena. Ona je bila 1390 bitcoina za jedan američki dolar, odnosno jedan bitcoin je vredeo manje od desetog dela penija. U tom trenutku publika je bila još uvek skeptična, što se pokazalo u vrlo niskoj ceni, ali kako je vreme prolazilo cena je rasla jer je evaluacija sistema, sa protokom vremena i daljim potvrđivanjem njegove vrednosti i pouzdanosti, kao i ulaskom mnogo šireg kurga ljudi u igru, postajala sve viša. Međutim, to je sve sa teorijske tačke gledišta irelevantno; ključna stvar je da je početna evaluacija bitcoina, prva tržišna cena objavljena 5 oktobra 2009 bila zapravo izraz evaluacije sistema plaćanja koja je vršena mesecima nezavisno od samog novca (tj njegove potencijalne vrednosti). Bitcoin kao novac "regresira" u mizesovskom smislu na bitcoin kao sistem plaćanja.

Dakle, bitcoin nije fiat novac. On predstavlja potencijalnu valutu koja je izvedena iz tržišne vrednosti specifičnog sistema plaćanja koji klijentima omogućava značajne prednosti koje drugi sistemi ne pružaju. I stoga oza njega stoji "realna vrednost" u istom smislu u kome nešto "realno" stoji iza zlata i srebra kao novca, ili iza modernih fiat valuta izvedenih iz zlata i srebra. Ja ne verujem da bi bitcoin imao velike šanse protiv zlata i srebra na slobodnom tržištu valuta, ali u ovom trenutku ne postoji slobodno tržište valuta, tj onaj ko pokuša da trguje u zlatu završiće u zatvoru. U takvim okolnostima, virtuelnost bitcoina predstavlja komparativnu prednost u odnosu na svaku vrstu robnog novca uključujući i zlato: vlasnik ne poseduje nikakvu fizičku supstancu koju vlada može da mu konfiskuje. Naravno, to bi moglo da se promeni ukoliko vlade ocene da je bitcoin značajna opasnost i krene u tehnološki rat protiv njega. U tom slučaju bi i cena verovatno pala.

@ dd664d5e:5633d319

Speak your truth, Nostr

I think that there's a difference in the decisions people make when they're True Believers, and when they've just been hired to do something, or they arrived much later and don't really get the point of the decisions. It's that way with any organization controlled by a protocol, such as a constitution, basic law, canon, or core specification.

The True Believers all eventually look like idiotic fanatics who can't "keep up with the cool kids", but they arrived there because they were looking for a solution to a particular problem that they were having. If you then change the solution, to solve some other problem, while destroying the solution that attracted them to the project, in the first place, then they'll be unhappy about it.

Being cool doesn't automatically make you right about everything, but you can simply have enough might to "change" what is right. Shift the goalposts so that the problem you are trying to solve is The Most Pressing Problem. Everyone still focused on the Original Problem is reduced to protesting and being called "difficult", "unhelpful", "uncooperative", "rude".

Why are they protesting? Why don't they just go with the flow? Look at us, we never protest. We are so nice! We're totally happy with the way things are going. We are always polite and elegant and regal. Only rude people complain.

Good vibes only.

@ 90de72b7:8f68fdc0

05/05 T1 Traffic Light Control System

This Petri net represents a traffic control protocol ensuring that two traffic lights alternate safely and are never both green at the same time.

Places & Transitions

• Places:
• greenLight1: Indicates that the first traffic light is green.
• greenLight2: Indicates that the second traffic light is green.
• redLight1: Indicates that the first traffic light is red.
• redLight2: Indicates that the second traffic light is red.

• queue: Acts as a synchronization mechanism ensuring controlled alternation between the two traffic lights.

• Transitions:

• start: Initializes the system by placing tokens in greenLight1 and redLight2.
• toRed1: Moves a token from greenLight1 to redLight1, while placing a token in queue.
• toGreen2: Moves a token from redLight2 to greenLight2, requiring queue.
• toGreen1: Moves a token from queue and redLight1 to greenLight1.
• toRed2: Moves a token from greenLight2 to redLight2, placing a token back into queue.
• stop: Terminates the system by removing tokens from redLight1, queue, and redLight2, representing the system's end state. petrinet ;start () -> greenLight1 redLight2 ;toRed1 greenLight1 -> queue redLight1 ;toGreen2 redLight2 queue -> greenLight2 ;toGreen1 queue redLight1 -> greenLight1 ;toRed2 greenLight2 -> redLight2 queue ;stop redLight1 queue redLight2 -> ()

@ bf47c19e:c3d2573b

Originalni tekst na startit.rs

20.03.2014 / Autor: Pavle Mihajlović

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Kada pomislimo na novac prvo nam prolete slike keša. Novac je pre svega sredstvo razmene, koje omogućava jednostavnu trgovinu. To je takođe merilo putem kojeg pratimo poslovanje i čuvamo ostvarenu ekonomsku vrednost.

Školjke, kamenčići, žito, tkanina, metalni novac i na kraju papir, koji su se svi koristili kao sredstvo plaćanja, pokazuju da je od materijala, za novac, mnogo važnije ispunjenje tri pomenute funkcije. Poslednja inovacija na tom polju je digitalna valuta koja bi mogla da omogući da se trgovina, obračun i čuvanje vrednosti obavljaju najjeftinije i najefikasnije do sada.

Postoji čitav niz tekstova koje možete pronaći na internetu koji će mnogo bolje i detaljnije objasniti tehničku stranu Bitcoina. Niti znam, niti bih mogao da razumem detalje, te ovde iznosim ekonomsku (teorijsku) perspektivu. Ukratko, Bitcoin nastaje procesom rudarenja “mining”, koji podrazumeva da vaš računar rešava izuzetno komplikovanu jednačinu. Rešavanjem dobijate pravo na nagradu – određeni deo jedinice bitcoina.

Otprilike u čitavom sistemu, 6 Bitcoina se izrudari svakog sata. U opticaju je trenutno 12 miliona Bitcoina a maksimalni potencijal je 21 milion. Bitcoin takođe možete kupiti na nekoj od više stotina aktivnih berzi za konvencionalne valute, ili neposredno od drugih vlasnika.

Nakon rudarenja ili kupovine, vaš bitcoin nalazi se u digitalnom novčaniku koji putem kriptovanih poruka i umršenih protokola komunicira sa drugim novčanicima. To vam omogućava da preko određenih sajtova i klijent servera koji pružaju uslugu uparivanja digitalnih novčanika, izdate transakciju prema nekom drugom korisniku koji ima digitalni novčanik.

Na kraju sve transakcije moraju proći kroz protokol verifikacije koji se, opet za nagradu, obavlja decentralizovano od strane mnogih korisnika. U suštini, to je primena koncepta klirinških kuća na digitalnu valutu.

Cilj osnivača Bitcoina je verovatno bio da ta valuta postane sredstvo razmene i merilo vrednosti u savremenoj realnoj i virtuelnoj privredi. Uz sve oscilacije vrednosti i problem koje valuta proživljava, ovo je jedna od najvažnijih inovacija u monetarnoj sferi koja bi mogla iz temelja da promeni ekonomski sistem u kojem ćemo živati za par decenija.

Kao decentralizovana digitalna valuta Bitcoin oživljava u digitalnom svetu, principe davno napuštenog sistema zlatnog standarda, kakav je postojao u srednjem veku i ranim fazama razvoja kapitalizma. Suštinske sličnosti sa zlatnim standardnom je ideja da se ograničenom ponudom Bitcoina i odsustvom bilo kojeg autoriteta koji upravlja ponudom očuva vrednost valute. Prednost bitcoina u odnosu na zlato je u tome što se može beskonačno deliti na mnogo decimala, što je gotovo besplatan za održavanje i skladištenje i vrlo jeftin za proizvodnju u poređenju sa zlatom.

Ograničenje ponude Bitcoina je važno jer čuva vrednost. Da je rudarenje neograničeno, dugoročno, njegova vrednost bi se svela na trošak struje, amortizaciju procesa i rad ljudi potrebnih da se izrudari. Uz napredovanje tehnologije rezultat bi bio da se Bitcoin ne bi fundamentalno razlikovao od konvencionalnih valuta, koje su kroz sto godina inflacije izgubile preko 90% svoje nominalne vrednosti.

Druga važna karakteristika je decentralizovanost. Svaki pojedinac može učestvovati u rudarenju, razmena je potpuno dobrovoljna, a kontrola protokola razmene je decentralizovana, jer mnogi članovi zajednice mogu vršiti kontrolu i nadzor sigurnosti transakcija.

Nijedna država ne može uticati na razmenski kurs između Bitcoina i drugih valuta – već je to prepušteno tržišnim silama. Za razliku od modernih nacionalnih valuta, ne postoji niti jedan monopol u ponudi valute, niti ograničenje korišćenja isključivo jednog platežnog sredstva (legal tender law).

Ako Bitcoin prestane da vrši funckije novca na dobar način, ako mu padne vrednost ili propadne uvek se može dobrovoljno preći na bilo koju drugu digitalnu valutu ili konvencionalan novac.

Pobednik ili pokojnik?

Bitcoin je novotarija i kao svaka novotarija ima veliki broj entuzijasta koji se brzo zainteresovao za digitalnu kripto-valutu. Koncept kriptovanih protokola, decentralizovane kontrole transakcija i ograničene ponude vrlo je primamljiv. Istraživanja korisnika verovatno bi pokazala da su korisnici Bitcoina oni koji tragaju za revolucionarnim rešenjima, koji ne veruju u savremeni finansijski sistem, ljudi koji su entuzijastični po pitanju uloge ICT u životu, oni koji traže visok nivo diskrecije i poverljivosti informacija na internetu, hakeri, kriminalci, trgovci ilegalnim robama i dr.

Međutim, kratkoročno mnogo važniji faktor za razvoj i opstanak Bitcoina su finansijski investitori – ljudi koji pre svega ulažu u bitcoin kako bi ga kasnije prodali po višoj ceni, a ne zbog neposrednog korišćenja valute za transakcije ili obračun. Sa rastom popularnosti i ograničenom ponudom cena Bitcoina je brzo porasla a tokom poslednjih 6 meseci doživela dramatičan skok i fluktuacije.

Bitcoin je balon čija vrednost je precenjena u odnosu na fundamentalnu funkcije novca. Upravo zbog toga, svaka negativna informacija ili dnevni pad vrednosti od 10% čine špekulativne investitore nervoznim i oni pokušavaju da se oslobode Bitcoina kako bi sačuvali prinos investicije. Time se urušava trenutna vrednost Bitcoina na berzama i dolazi do strmoglavog pada.

Takođe, negativan uticaj imaju i vlasti pojedinih nacionalnih država koje su promenama regulacije ili pretnjama uspele da na kratko uzdrmaju poverenje u digitalnu valutu. Veliki udarac dogodio se krajem februara kada je nestala berza za razmenu Bitcoina MtGox.com i oborio vrednost valute za jednu petinu. Pre nekoliko dana direktorka jedne od berzi pronađena je mrtva.

Svašta je moguće u uzburkanom svetu špekulacija koji danas čini Bitcoin. Nije isključeno da ćemo otkriti puno lakih zarada, puno primera vrednog i upornog rada koji se isplatio. Takođe, biće investitora koji će izgubiti bogatstva, kriminala, velikih prevara. Zato sa ovom valutom treba biti posebno oprezan.

Bitcoinom danas vladaju finansijski zakoni, mnogo više nego logika protokola, kriptografske karateristike primenjene tehnologije ili korisnost Bitcoina u izvrđenju transakcija. Ako želite da se obogatite, pametno i strpljivo ulaganje u Bitcoin može vam doneti veliku zaradu.

Ovaj tekst vam neće reći kako da ulažete, kao što vam nijedan tekst na internet ne može reći. Pritom ne zaboravite da je ulaganje u Bitcoin radi brzo zarade finansijsko ulaganje. Odvojite vaš sud od emocija, “osećaja” i entuzijazma za tehnologiom i ne zaboravite zlatno pravilo finansija: never risk what you cannot afford to lose!

Finansijske spekulacije mogu kratkoročno uzdići Bitcoin veoma visoko, ali ga mogu i uništiti u veoma kratkom roku. Međutim, jedna stvar je sigurna, digitalne valute predstavljaju budućnost. Pojava desetina drugih konkurentskih valuta pokazuje da je budućnost veoma blizu. U svetu oštre konkurencije i inovacija možemo očekivati mnoštvo različitih koncepata digitalnih valuta, tehnička rešenja i poboljšanja koja će sve bolje težiti ostvarenju funkcija novca.

U svetu decentralizacije, slobode i odustva autoriteta, mudrost miliona koji učestvuju u procesu stvaranja novog monetarnog sistema, dovešće do izdvajanja nekoliko ili jedne digitalne valute koja najbolje zadovoljava funkciju novca. Vrlo lako može da se desi da to uopšte ne bude Bitcoin, kao što su i mnoge vodeće inovacije izgubile bitku sa svojim sledbenicima.

Digitalna valuta osnovni preduslov za internet prodaju

Svi ljudi koji se bave ICT ili imaju startap moraju razmišljati sa perspektivom integrisanja digitalnih valuta u svoj portfolio usluga ili kao segment proizvoda, ukoliko žele da učestvuju u najvećoj monetarnoj revoluciji od štampanog novca. Najvažniji pokazatelj koji možete pratiti nije trenutna cena neke digitalne valute – ona je dugoročno irelevantna – već ukupnu vrednost svih transakcija koje se obave digitalnim valutama.

Sigurnost, lakoća transakcija, dobrovoljno učestvovanje, ograničena ponuda i decentralizacija kontrole nad valutama dovešće dugoročno do istiskivanja konvencionalnih valuta, prvo sa interneta, a potom verovatno i iz ostatka ekonomije.

@ bf47c19e:c3d2573b

Originalni tekst na trzisnoresenje.blogspot.com

15.12.2023 / Autor: Slaviša Tasić

---

Ovako sam pisao u aprilu kad je Bitcoin vredeo $50-100 dolara:

"Koja je budućnost Bitcoina? Većina mu predviđa propast, ali već smo videli da ima neprijatelje sa obeju strana i obe imaju svoje razloge. ... Ali ekonomski gledano, sada kad je Bitcoin došao dovde, meni se čini da može još mnogo rasti."

...

"Zato mislim da ekonomski Bitcoin više nema problem. Sa ovako ograničenom ponudom, a uz održanje sadašnje tražnje ili njen rast, njegove vrednost može i još mnogo da poraste."

U međuvremenu je otišao na preko $1,000. Ali mislite da sam kupio neki Bitcoin? Nisam, teško je baviti se takvim sitnicama kad morate da pišete blog.

Evo šta sada mislim o Bitcoinu.

Najvažnije je razumeti zašto Bitcoin uopšte ima vrednost. To što ima neku vrednost i nije tako iznenađujuće. Valute su istorijski spontano nastajale najčešće od nečega što ima istinsku vrednost, bronze, srebra ili zlata. Ali nije neviđeno ni da novac bez intristične vrednosti bude široko prihvaćen. Poznat je slučaj ostrva kamenog novca, gde je novac bilo kamenje, neka vrsta krečnjaka (vidi sliku ispod). Stanovnici jednog polinezijskog ostrva su koristili ovaj kamen kao novac zbog samo jedne osobine -- zato što nije postojao na ostrvu. Da biste nabavili takvo kamenje morali ste ići na drugo ostrvo, što je bilo skupo i naporno. I to je jedina osobina koja je krečnjak činila novcem, nisu ga koristili ni za šta drugo.

Štaviše, da ne bi kotrljali kamenje pri svakoj kupovini, trgovali su samo pravima na odrđeni kamen, a da se kamen uopšte nije morao pomeriti s mesta. To je suštinski isto kao današnje elektronsko bankarstvo, ali to je druga priča.

Bitcoin je nešto najbliže tome. Kad se uspostavi konvencija, onda novac ne mora imati imanentnu vrednost. Konvencija je, iz garantovanu retkost dovoljan uslov da nešto uspe kao novac. Kao i krečnjak na tom ostrvu, Bitcoin je suštinski bezvredan, ali 1) ne može se naći lako (ima retkost) i 2) postoji konvencija da se prihvata kao novac -- prihvatate ga jer znate da će ga i drugi prihvatiti.

Ali koliko je Bitcoin zaista redak? Sam Bitcoin jeste, jer mu je ponuda programski ograničena. Ali sada vidimo uspon drugih kripto valuta -- Litecoin, Peercoin, i drugi. Bitcoin je redak, ali svako može da napravi nešto jako slično bitcoinu i zvati ga drugačije. To se uveliko i dešava, za sada bez efekta na vrednost Bitcoina.

Za sada Bitcoin ima rastuću snagu konvencije, ili ekonomskim rečnikom, za njega radi efekat mreže. Efekat mreže postoji kada svaki dodatni korisnik povećava vrednost dobra -- vi koristite tastaturu sa početnim slovima QWERTY zato što svi drugi koriste istu tastaturu pa je glupo da počinjete nešto drugo; otvorili ste Facebook nalog ne zato što je Facebook tehnološki najbolje urađen nego zato što svi drugi imaju Facebook pa se tako nalkaše povezujete; nemate Google Plus jer niko drugi nema Google Plus što ga čini beskorisnim, i tako dalje. Uspostavljene mreže je jako teško srušiti, one se perpetuiraju i rastu na principu začaranog kruga.

Kad se jednom uspostave, mreže kao Facebook ili Bitcoin imaju ugrađenu prednost i teško ih je srušiti. Ali znate li ko je još imao efekat mreže u svoju korist? Imao je Windows i imao je MySpace. Windows se još drži ali nije ni blizu moći od pre desetak godina, a MySpace je potpuno propao -- a ljudi su 2008. MySpaceu predviđali večni monopol zbog efekta mreže. Poenta je, efekat mreže je prednost ali nikome ne garantuje monopol, pa čak ni opstanak.

Situacija sa Bitcoinom je ovakva. Sa pojavom drugih valuta retkost je izgubio. Nije bitno što nema Bitcoina, Bitcoin je samo ime. Ima ili može biti neograničeno mnogo kriptovaluta istog tipa i to je ono što je važno. Konvenciju odnosno efekat mreže Bitcoin još uvek ima, štaviše tu je i dalje u usponu. Ali to mu ne garantuje dugoročni uspeh. Kad se ta dva saberu, mislim da Bitcoin nema dobrih dugoročnih izgleda. Da sam onda u aprilu kupio Bitcoine, sada bih prodao.

@ 7ef5f1b1:0e0fcd27

A monthly newsletter by The 256 Foundation

May 2025

Introduction:

Welcome to the fifth newsletter produced by The 256 Foundation! April was a jam-packed month for the Foundation with events ranging from launching three grant projects to the first official Ember One release. The 256 Foundation has been laser focused on our mission to dismantle the proprietary mining empire, signing off on a productive month with the one-finger salute to the incumbent mining cartel.

[IMG-001] Hilarious meme from @CincoDoggos

Dive in to catch up on the latest news, mining industry developments, progress updates on grant projects, Actionable Advice on helping test Hydra Pool, and the current state of the Bitcoin network.

Definitions:

DOJ = Department of Justice

SDNY = Southern District of New York

BTC = Bitcoin

SD = Secure Digital

Th/s = Terahash per second

OSMU = Open Source Miners United

tx = transaction

PSBT = Partially Signed Bitcoin Transaction

FIFO = First In First Out

PPLNS = Pay Per Last N Shares

GB = Gigabyte

RAM = Random Access Memory

ASIC = Application Specific Integrated Circuit

Eh/s = Exahash per second

Ph/s = Petahash per second

News:

April 7: the first of a few notable news items that relate to the Samourai Wallet case, the US Deputy Attorney General, Todd Blanche, issued a memorandum titled “Ending Regulation By Prosecution”. The memo makes the DOJ’s position on the matter crystal clear, stating; “Specifically, the Department will no longer target virtual currency exchanges, mixing and tumbling services, and offline wallets for the acts of their end users or unwitting violations of regulations…”. However, despite the clarity from the DOJ, the SDNY (sometimes referred to as the “Sovereign District” for it’s history of acting independently of the DOJ) has yet to budge on dropping the charges against the Samourai Wallet developers. Many are baffled at the SDNY’s continued defiance of the Trump Administration’s directives, especially in light of the recent suspensions and resignations that swept through the SDNY office in the wake of several attorneys refusing to comply with the DOJ’s directive to drop the charges against New York City Mayor, Eric Adams. There is speculation that the missing piece was Trump’s pick to take the helm at the SDNY, Jay Clayton, who was yet to receive his Senate confirmation and didn’t officially start in his new role until April 22. In light of the Blanche Memo, on April 29, the prosecution and defense jointly filed a letter requesting additional time for the prosecution to determine it’s position on the matter and decide if they are going to do the right thing, comply with the DOJ, and drop the charges. Catch up on what’s at stake in this case with an appearance by Diverter on the Unbounded Podcast from April 24, the one-year anniversary of the Samourai Wallet developer’s arrest. This is the most important case facing Bitcoiners as the precedence set in this matter will have ripple effects that touch all areas of the ecosystem. The logic used by SDNY prosecutors argues that non-custodial wallet developers transfer money in the same way a frying pan transfers heat but does not “control” the heat. Essentially saying that facilitating the transfer of funds on behalf of the public by any means constitutes money transmission and thus requires a money transmitter license. All non-custodial wallets (software or hardware), node operators, and even miners would fall neatly into these dangerously generalized and vague definitions. If the SDNY wins this case, all Bitcoiners lose. Make a contribution to the defense fund here.

April 11: solo miner with ~230Th/s solves Block #891952 on Solo CK Pool, bagging 3.11 BTC in the process. This will never not be exciting to see a regular person with a modest amount of hashrate risk it all and reap all the mining reward. The more solo miners there are out there, the more often this should occur.

April 15: B10C publishes new article on mining centralization. The article analyzes the hashrate share of the currently five biggest pools and presents a Mining Centralization Index. The results demonstrate that only six pools are mining more than 95% of the blocks on the Bitcoin Network. The article goes on to explain that during the period between 2019 and 2022, the top two pools had ~35% of the network hashrate and the top six pools had ~75%. By December 2023 those numbers grew to the top two pools having 55% of the network hashrate and the top six having ~90%. Currently, the top six pools are mining ~95% of the blocks.

[IMG-002] Mining Centralization Index by @0xB10C

B10C concludes the article with a solution that is worth highlighting: “More individuals home-mining with small miners help too, however, the home-mining hashrate is currently still negligible compared to the industrial hashrate.”

April 15: As if miner centralization and proprietary hardware weren’t reason enough to focus on open-source mining solutions, leave it to Bitmain to release an S21+ firmware update that blocks connections to OCEAN and Braiins pools. This is the latest known sketchy development from Bitmain following years of shady behavior like Antbleed where miners would phone home, Covert ASIC Boost where miners could use a cryptographic trick to increase efficiency, the infamous Fork Wars, mining empty blocks, and removing the SD card slots. For a mining business to build it’s entire operation on a fragile foundation like the closed and proprietary Bitmain hardware is asking for trouble. Bitcoin miners need to remain flexible and agile and they need to be able to adapt to changes instantly – the sort of freedoms that only open-source Bitcoin mining solutions are bringing to the table.

Free & Open Mining Industry Developments:

The development will not stop until Bitcoin mining is free and open… and then it will get even better. Innovators did not disappoint in April, here are nine note-worthy events:

April 5: 256 Foundation officially launches three more grant projects. These will be covered in detail in the Grant Project Updates section but April 5 was a symbolic day to mark the official start because of the 6102 anniversary. A reminder of the asymmetric advantage freedom tech like Bitcoin empowers individuals with to protect their rights and freedoms, with open-source development being central to those ends.

April 5: Low profile ICE Tower+ for the Bitaxe Gamma 601 introduced by @Pleb_Style featuring four heat pipes, 2 copper shims, and a 60mm Noctua fan resulting in up to 2Th/s. European customers can pick up the complete upgrade kit from the Pleb Style online store for $93.00.

IMG-003] Pleb Style ICE Tower+ upgrade kit

April 8: Solo Satoshi spells out issues with Bitaxe knockoffs, like Lucky Miner, in a detailed article titled The Hidden Cost of Bitaxe Clones. This concept can be confusing for some people initially, Bitaxe is open-source, right? So anyone can do whatever they want… right? Based on the specific open-source license of the Bitaxe hardware, CERN-OHL-S, and the firmware, GPLv3, derivative works are supposed to make the source available. Respecting the license creates a feed back loop where those who benefit from the open-source work of those who came before them contribute back their own modifications and source files to the open-source community so that others can benefit from the new developments. Unfortunately, when the license is disrespected what ends up happening is that manufacturers make undocumented changes to the components in the hardware and firmware which yields unexpected results creating a number of issues like the Bitaxe overheating, not connecting to WiFi, or flat out failure. This issue gets further compounded when the people who purchased the knockoffs go to a community support forum, like OSMU, for help. There, a number of people rack their brains and spend their valuable time trying to replicate the issues only to find out that they cannot replicate the issues since the person who purchased the knockoff has something different than the known Bitaxe model and the distributor who sold the knockoff did not document those changes. The open-source licenses are maintaining the end-users’ freedom to do what they want but if the license is disrespected then that freedom vanishes along with details about whatever was changed. There is a list maintained on the Bitaxe website of legitimate distributors who uphold the open-source licenses, if you want to buy a Bitaxe, use this list to ensure the open-source community is being supported instead of leeched off of.

April 8: The Mempool Open Source Project v3.2.0 launches with a number of highlights including a new UTXO bubble chart, address poisoning detection, and a tx/PSBT preview feature. The GitHub repo can be found here if you want to self-host an instance from your own node or you can access the website here. The Mempool Open Source Project is a great blockchain explorer with a rich feature set and helpful visualization tools.

[IMG-004] Address poisoning example

April 8: @k1ix publishes bitaxe-raw, a firmware for the ESP32S3 found on Bitaxes which enables the user to send and receive raw bytes over USB serial to and from the Bitaxe. This is a helpful tool for research and development and a tool that is being leveraged at The 256 Foundation for helping with the Mujina miner firmware development. The bitaxe-raw GitHub repo can be found here.

April 14: Rev.Hodl compiles many of his homestead-meets-mining adaptations including how he cooks meat sous-vide style, heats his tap water to 150°F, runs a hashing space heater, and how he upgraded his clothes dryer to use Bitcoin miners. If you are interested in seeing some creative and resourceful home mining integrations, look no further. The fact that Rev.Hodl was able to do all this with closed-source proprietary Bitcoin mining hardware makes a very bullish case for the innovations coming down the pike once the hardware and firmware are open-source and people can gain full control over their mining appliances.

April 21: Hashpool explained on The Home Mining Podcast, an innovative Bitcoin mining pool development that trades mining shares for ecash tokens. The pool issues an “ehash” token for every submitted share, the pool uses ecash epochs to approximate the age of those shares in a FIFO order as they accrue value, a rotating key set is used to eventually expire them, and finally the pool publishes verification proofs for each epoch and each solved block. The ehash is provably not inflatable and payouts are similar to the PPLNS model. In addition to the maturity window where ehash tokens are accruing value, there is also a redemption window where the ehash tokens can be traded in to the mint for bitcoin. There is also a bitcoin++ presentation from earlier this year where @vnprc explains the architecture.

April 26: Boerst adds a new page on stratum.work for block template details, you can click on any mining pool and see the extended details and visualization of their current block template. Updates happen in real-time. The page displays all available template data including the OP_RETURN field and if the pool is merge mining, like with RSK, then that will be displayed too. Stratum dot work is a great project that offers helpful mining insights, be sure to book mark it if you haven’t already.

[IMG-005] New stratum.work live template page

April 27: Public Pool patches Nerdminer exploit that made it possible to create the impression that a user’s Nerdminer was hashing many times more than it actually was. This exploit was used by scammers trying to convince people that they had a special firmware for the Nerminer that would make it hash much better. In actuality, Public Pool just wasn’t checking to see if submitted shares were duplicates or not. The scammers would just tweak the Nerdminer firmware so that valid shares were getting submitted five times, creating the impression that the miner was hashing at five times the actual hashrate. Thankfully this has been uncovered by the open-source community and Public Pool quickly addressed it on their end.

Grant Project Updates:

Three grant projects were launched on April 5, Mujina Mining Firmware, Hydra Pool, and Libre Board. Ember One was the first fully funded grant and launched in November 2024 for a six month duration.

Ember One:

@skot9000 is the lead engineer on the Ember One and April 30 marked the conclusion of the first grant cycle after six months of development culminating in a standardized hashboard featuring a ~100W power consumption, 12-24v input voltage range, USB-C data communication, on-board temperature sensors, and a 125mm x 125mm formfactor. There are several Ember One versions on the road map, each with a different kind of ASIC chip but staying true to the standardized features listed above. The first Ember One, the 00 version, was built with the Bitmain BM1362 ASIC chips. The first official release of the Ember One, v3, is available here. v4 is already being worked on and will incorporate a few circuit safety mechanisms that are pretty exciting, like protecting the ASIC chips in the event of a power supply failure. The firmware for the USB adaptor is available here. Initial testing firmware for the Ember One 00 can be found here and full firmware support will be coming soon with Mujina. The Ember One does not have an on-board controller so a separate, USB connected, control board is required. Control board support is coming soon with the Libre Board. There is an in-depth schematic review that was recorded with Skot and Ryan, the lead developer for Mujina, you can see that video here. Timing for starting the second Ember One cycle is to be determined but the next version of the Ember One is planned to have the Intel BZM2 ASICs. Learn more at emberone.org

Mujina Mining Firmware:

@ryankuester is the lead developer for the Mujina firmware project and since the project launched on April 5, he has been working diligently to build this firmware from scratch in Rust. By using the bitaxe-raw firmware mentioned above, over the last month Ryan has been able to use a Bitaxe to simulate an Ember One so that he can start building the necessary interfaces to communicate with the range of sensors, ASICs, work handling, and API requests that will be necessary. For example, using a logic analyzer, this is what the first signs of life look like when communicating with an ASIC chip, the orange trace is a message being sent to the ASIC and the red trace below it is the ASIC responding [IMG-006]. The next step is to see if work can be sent to the ASIC and results returned. The GitHub repo for Mujina is currently set to private until a solid foundation has been built. Learn more at mujina.org

[IMG-006] First signs of life from an ASIC

Libre Board:

@Schnitzel is the lead engineer for the Libre Board project and over the last month has been modifying the Raspberry Pi Compute Module I/O Board open-source design to fit the requirements for this project. For example, removing one of the two HDMI ports, adding the 40-pin header, and adapting the voltage regulator circuit so that it can accept the same 12-24vdc range as the Ember One hashboards. The GitHub repo can be found here, although there isn’t much to look at yet as the designs are still in the works. If you have feature requests, creating an issue in the GitHub repo would be a good place to start. Learn more at libreboard.org

Hydra Pool:

@jungly is the lead developer for Hydra Pool and over the last month he has developed a working early version of Hydra Pool specifically for the upcoming Telehash #2. Forked from CK Pool, this early version has been modified so that the payout goes to the 256 Foundation bitcoin address automatically. This way, users who are supporting the funderaiser with their hashrate do not need to copy/paste in the bitcoin address, they can just use any vanity username they want. Jungly was also able to get a great looking statistics dashboard forked from CKstats and modify it so that the data is populated from the Hydra Pool server instead of website crawling. After the Telehash, the next steps will be setting up deployment scripts for running Hydra Pool on a cloud server, support for storing shares in a database, and adding PPLNS support. The 256 Foundation is only running a publicly accessible server for the Telehash and the long term goals for Hydra Pool are that the users host their own instance. The 256 Foundation has no plans on becoming a mining pool operator. The following Actionable Advice column shows you how you can help test Hydra Pool. The GitHub repo for Hydra Pool can be found here. Learn more at hydrapool.org

Actionable Advice:

The 256 Foundation is looking for testers to help try out Hydra Pool. The current instance is on a hosted bare metal server in Florida and features 64 cores and 128 GB of RAM. One tester in Europe shared that they were only experiencing ~70ms of latency which is good. If you want to help test Hydra Pool out and give any feedback, you can follow the directions below and join The 256 Foundation public forum on Telegram here.

The first step is to configure your miner so that it is pointed to the Hydra Pool server. This can look different depending on your specific miner but generally speaking, from the settings page you can add the following URL:

stratum+tcp://stratum.hydrapool.org:3333

On some miners, you don’t need the “stratum+tcp://” part or the port, “:3333”, in the URL dialog box and there may be separate dialog boxes for the port.

Use any vanity username you want, no need to add a BTC address. The test iteration of Hydra Pool is configured to payout to the 256 Foundation BTC address.

If your miner has a password field, you can just put “x” or “1234”, it doesn’t matter and this field is ignored.

Then save your changes and restart your miner. Here are two examples of what this can look like using a Futurebit Apollo and a Bitaxe:

[IMG-007] Apollo configured to Hydra Pool

[IMG-008] Bitaxe Configured to Hydra Pool

Once you get started, be sure to check stats.hydrapool.org to monitor the solo pool statistics.

[IMG-009] Ember One hashing to Hydra Pool

At the last Telehash there were over 350 entities pointing as much as 1.12Eh/s at the fundraiser at the peak. At the time the block was found there was closer to 800 Ph/s of hashrate. At this next Telehash, The 256 Foundation is looking to beat the previous records across the board. You can find all the Telehash details on the Meetup page here.

State of the Network:

Hashrate on the 14-day MA according to mempool.space increased from ~826 Eh/s to a peak of ~907 Eh/s on April 16 before cooling off and finishing the month at ~841 Eh/s, marking ~1.8% growth for the month.

[IMG-010] 2025 hashrate/difficulty chart from mempool.space

Difficulty was 113.76T at it’s lowest in April and 123.23T at it’s highest, which is a 8.3% increase for the month. But difficulty dropped with Epoch #444 just after the end of the month on May 3 bringing a -3.3% downward adjustment. All together for 2025 up to Epoch #444, difficulty has gone up ~8.5%.

According to the Hashrate Index, ASIC prices have flat-lined over the last month. The more efficient miners like the <19 J/Th models are fetching $17.29 per terahash, models between 19J/Th – 25J/Th are selling for $11.05 per terahash, and models >25J/Th are selling for $3.20 per terahash. You can expect to pay roughly $4,000 for a new-gen miner with 230+ Th/s.

[IMG-011] Miner Prices from Luxor’s Hashrate Index

Hashvalue over the month of April dropped from ~56,000 sats/Ph per day to ~52,000 sats/Ph per day, according to the new and improved Braiins Insights dashboard [IMG-012]. Hashprice started out at $46.00/Ph per day at the beginning of April and climbed to $49.00/Ph per day by the end of the month.

[IMG-012] Hashprice/Hashvalue from Braiins Insights

The next halving will occur at block height 1,050,000 which should be in roughly 1,063 days or in other words ~154,650 blocks from time of publishing this newsletter.

Conclusion:

Thank you for reading the fifth 256 Foundation newsletter. Keep an eye out for more newsletters on a monthly basis in your email inbox by subscribing at 256foundation.org. Or you can download .pdf versions of the newsletters from there as well. You can also find these newsletters published in article form on Nostr.

If you haven’t done so already, be sure to RSVP for the Texas Energy & Mining Summit (“TEMS”) in Austin, Texas on May 6 & 7 for two days of the highest Bitcoin mining and energy signal in the industry, set in the intimate Bitcoin Commons, so you can meet and mingle with the best and brightest movers and shakers in the space.

[IMG-013] TEMS 2025 flyer

While you’re at it, extend your stay and spend Cinco De Mayo with The 256 Foundation at our second fundraiser, Telehash #2. Everything is bigger in Texas, so set your expectations high for this one. All of the lead developers from the grant projects will be present to talk first-hand about how to dismantle the proprietary mining empire.

If you are interested in helping The 256 Foundation test Hydra Pool, then hopefully you found all the information you need to configure your miner in this issue.

[IMG-014] FREE SAMOURAI

If you want to continue seeing developers build free and open solutions be sure to support the Samourai Wallet developers by making a tax-deductible contribution to their legal defense fund here. The first step in ensuring a future of free and open Bitcoin development starts with freeing these developers.

Live Free or Die,

-econoalchemist

@ 90de72b7:8f68fdc0

04/05. Custom T10. Traffic Light Control System

This Petri net represents a traffic control protocol ensuring that two traffic lights alternate safely and are never both green at the same time.

Places & Transitions

• Places:
• greenLight1: Indicates that the first traffic light is green.
• greenLight2: Indicates that the second traffic light is green.
• redLight1: Indicates that the first traffic light is red.
• redLight2: Indicates that the second traffic light is red.

• queue: Acts as a synchronization mechanism ensuring controlled alternation between the two traffic lights.

• Transitions:

• start: Initializes the system by placing tokens in greenLight1 and redLight2.
• toRed1: Moves a token from greenLight1 to redLight1, while placing a token in queue.
• toGreen2: Moves a token from redLight2 to greenLight2, requiring queue.
• toGreen1: Moves a token from queue and redLight1 to greenLight1.
• toRed2: Moves a token from greenLight2 to redLight2, placing a token back into queue.
• stop: Terminates the system by removing tokens from redLight1, queue, and redLight2, representing the system's end state. ```petrinet ;start () -> greenLight1 redLight2 ;toRed1 greenLight1 -> queue redLight1 ;toGreen2 redLight2 queue -> greenLight2 ;toGreen1 queue redLight1 -> greenLight1 ;toRed2 greenLight2 -> redLight2 queue ;stop redLight1 queue redLight2 -> ()

@ c7aa97dc:0d12c810

COLDCARDS’s new Co-Sign feature lets you use a multisig (2 of N) wallet where the second key (policy key) lives inside the same COLDCARD and signs only when a transaction meets the rules you set-for example:

1. Maximum amount per send (e.g. 500k Sats)
2. Wait time between sends, (e.g 144 blocks = 1 day)
3. Only send to approved addresses,
4. Only send after you provide a 2FA code

If a payment follows the rules, COLDCARD automatically signs the transaction with 2 keys which makes it feel like a single-sig wallet.

Break a rule and the device only signs with 1 key, so nothing moves unless you sign the transaction with a separate off-site recovery key.

It’s the convenience of singlesig with the guard-rails of multisig.

Use Cases Unlocked

Below you will find an overview of usecases unlocked by this security enhancing feature for everyday bitcoiners, families, and small businesses.

1. Travel Lock-Down Mode

Before you leave, set the wait-time to match the duration of your trip—say 14 days—and cap each spend at 50k sats. If someone finds the COLDCARD while you’re away, they can take only one 50k-sat nibble and then must wait the full two weeks—long after you’re back—to try again. When you notice your device is gone you can quickly restore your wallet with your backup seeds (not in your house of course) and move all the funds to a new wallet.

2. Shared-Safety Wallet for Parents or Friends

Help your parents or friends setup a COLDCARD with Co-Sign, cap each spend at 500 000 sats and enforce a 7-day gap between transactions. Everyday spending sails through; anything larger waits for your co-signature from your key. A thief can’t steal more than the capped amount per week, and your parents retains full sovereignty—if you disappear, they still hold two backup seeds and can either withdraw slowly under the limits or import those seeds into another signer and move everything at once.

3. My First COLDCARD Wallet

Give your kid a COLDCARD, but whitelist only their own addresses and set a 100k sat ceiling. They learn self-custody, yet external spends still need you to co-sign.

4. Weekend-Only Spending Wallet

Cap each withdrawal (e.g., 500k sats) and require a 72-hour gap between sends. You can still top-up Lightning channels or pay bills weekly, but attackers that have access to your device + pin will not be able to drain it immediately.

5. DIY Business Treasury

Finance staff use the COLDCARD to pay routine invoices under 0.1 BTC. Anything larger needs the co-founder’s off-site backup key.

6. Donation / Grant Disbursement Wallet

Publish the deposit address publicly, but allow outgoing payments only to a fixed list of beneficiary addresses. Even if attackers get the device, they can’t redirect funds to themselves—the policy key refuses to sign.

7. Phoenix Lightning Wallet Top-Up

Add a Phoenix Lightning wallet on-chain deposit addresses to the whitelist. The COLDCARD will co-sign only when you’re refilling channels. This is off course not limited to Phoenix wallet and can be used for any Lightning Node.

8. Deep Cold-Storage Bridge

Whitelist one or more addresses from your bitcoin vault. Day-to-day you sweep hot-wallet incoming funds (From a webshop or lightning node) into the COLDCARD, then push funds onward to deep cold storage. If the device is compromised, coins can only land safely in the vault.

9. Company Treasury → Payroll Wallets

List each employee’s salary wallet on the whitelist (watch out for address re-use) and cap the amount per send. Routine payroll runs smoothly, while attackers or rogue insiders can’t reroute funds elsewhere.

10. Phone Spending-Wallet Refills

Whitelist only some deposit addresses of your mobile wallet and set a small per-send cap. You can top up anytime, but an attacker with the device and PIN can’t drain more than the refill limit—and only to your own phone.

I hope these usecase are helpfull and I'm curious to hear what other use cases you think are possible with this co-signing feature.

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For deeper technical details on how Co-Sign works, refer to the official documentation on the Coldcard website. https://coldcard.com/docs/coldcard-cosigning/

You can also watch their Video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MjMPDUWWegw

coldcard #coinkite #bitcoin #selfcustody #multisig #mk4 #ccq

nostr:npub1az9xj85cmxv8e9j9y80lvqp97crsqdu2fpu3srwthd99qfu9qsgstam8y8 nostr:npub12ctjk5lhxp6sks8x83gpk9sx3hvk5fz70uz4ze6uplkfs9lwjmsq2rc5ky

@ bf47c19e:c3d2573b

Originalni tekst na trzisnoresenje.blogspot.com

03.04.2013 / Autor: Slaviša Tasić

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Posle kiparske epizode naglo je došlo do rasta njegove vrednosti. Bitcoin je virtuelna valuta koju ne kontroliše niko. Umesto toga, emitovanje Bitcoina ograničeno je komplikovanim programom. Kao i kod zlata, svako može da iskopa novčiće, ali kopanje je naporno i neizvesno -- jedina je razlika što se posao ne obavlja fizički već kompjuterski. Program je postavljen tako da količina iskopanih Bitcoina raste po stalno opadajućoj stopi, dok se na kraju, za nekih stotinak godina, asimptotski ne približi konačnom nivou.

Za bliže objašnjenje Bitcoina i više o tekućim dešavanima pročešljajte Nedeljni komentar, a meni ceo fenomen postaje vrlo interesantan iz nekoliko razloga.

Prvo, Bitcoin ima mnogo neprijatelja. Neprijatelji su pristalice državnog novca, jer je ovo privatni, decentralizovani novac, čije štampanje ne kontrolišu stručnjaci za monetarnu politiku već se obavlja po automatskom programu. Tokovi novca se teško kontrolišu i neke centralne banke su već "izrazile zabrinutost" zbog rastuće uloge ove valute.

Ali, neprijatelji su i libertarijanski ekonomisti kojima je bliži zlatni standard. U njihovu viziju se ne uklapa to što Bitcoin očigledno nema pravu materijalnu vrednost. Bitcoin je nešto kao privatni fiat novac -- dosada neviđeni fenomen. Po njima tako nešto ne može da postoji i zato mu od samog početka predviđaju propast, ali ih bar za ovih par godina njegovog postojanja stvarnost demantuje.

Dalje, nastanak i dosadašnji uspeh Bitcoina se kosi sa bilo kojom postojećom teorijom i štaviše, za njegov uspeh gotovo da uopšte nema racionalnog objašnjenja. Najveća tajna slobodne razmene, bilo da je to tržište ili drugi oblici slobodne i dobrovoljne saradnje, je to što iz neorganizovane akcije slobodnih pojedinaca može doći do ishoda kojima se ne možemo unapred nadati, koji prevazilaze našu moć imaginacije i koje čak i ex post teško možemo racionalno objasniti. (To je Hayekova najvažnija ideja, a ne njegov libertarijanizam po sebi).

Bitcoin je izgledao a i dalje većini ekonomista i medija izgleda nemoguće, jer iako je njegova ponuda ograničena programom, tražnja za njim je stvar pukog verovanja. Kod zlata i srebra, tražnja postoji jer ti metali imaju i stvarnu vrednost. Kod državnog novca, tražnja postoji jer vam država kaže da morate da koristite taj novac, ali i svojim autoritetom garantuje da će svi ostali prihvatati taj novac. Kod Bitcoina vam niko ne garantuje ništa. Kako je to počelo da se koristi, kako su ljudi, posebno oni u početku, prihvatali da prodaju stvari za Bitcoine, ili da razmenjuju svoje evre i dolare za Bitcoine, meni uopšte nije jasno. Sada je lakše, valuta je donekle uspostavljena, više je prodavaca koji je prihvataju, znate da ima dovoljno onih koji je koriste i zato ima nekih osnova za verovanje da će se to nastaviti. Ali da je tako nešto moglo da počne, da nastane ni iz čega, je gotovo neshvatljivo.

Koja je budućnost Bitcoina? Većina mu predviđa propast, ali već smo videli da ima neprijatelje sa obeju strana i obe imaju svoje razloge. Propast je pre svega moguća usled državne intervencije. Možda će tako nešto jednostavno biti zabranjeno i proganjano. Kad je američka Komisija za hartije od vrednosti mogla da ugasi jako korisnu onlajn kladionicu Intrade (čije smo kvote na razne događaje u svetu ovde često linkovali), navodno iz razloga finansijske sigurnosti, onda je vrlo moguće da i Bitcoin dođe na red.

Ali ekonomski gledano, sada kad je Bitcoin došao dovde, meni se čini da može još mnogo rasti. Tačno je da tražnja za njim počiva na cikličnom verovanju, na verovanju svakog korisnika da će svi drugi nastaviti da primaju Bitcoin, ali: prvo, već nas je jednom iznanadilo da je Bitcoin samo na osnovu tog verovanja došao od nule do današnjih preko 100$ za Bitcoin. Drugo, ne zaboravite da ni ostale valute nisu baš toliko drugačije. Tražnja za državnim novcen se, bez obzira na državne garancije, dobrim delom zasniva na istoj slobodnoj veri da će i drugi prihvatati taj novac. Zlato ima materijalnu vrednost, ali ta vrednost, za industrijsku upotrebu ili nakit, je obično dosta manja od njegove sadašnje cene. Nisu se u poslenjih nekoliko godina industrijska upotreba i atraktivnost zlatnog nakita promenili, već su se promenila očekivanja vrednosti zlata, koja takođe zavise od vaše pretpostavke da će i ostali nastaviti da kupuju i drže zlato.

Zato mislim da ekonomski Bitcoin više nema problem. Sa ovako ograničenom ponudom, a uz održanje sadašnje tražnje ili njen rast, njegove vrednost može i još mnogo da poraste. Mnogo realniji scenario raspada je panika posle najave država da će zabraniti njegovu upotrebu uz neki izgovor kao što su finansijska stabilnost ili sprečavanje pranja novca. Ali čak i ako se to dogodi ostaće fascinantno da je ovakva inicijativa uopšte uspela -- protivno zakonima slabašne ljudske logike.

@ 90de72b7:8f68fdc0

04/05-T5 PetriNostr. My everyday activity

PetriNostr never sleep! This is a demo. So long. PetriNostr never sleep! This is a demo. So long. PetriNostr never sleep! This is a demo. So long

• Transitions:
• start: Initializes the system.
• logTask: bla bla bla.

petrinet ;startDay () -> working ;stopDay working -> () ;startPause working -> paused ;endPause paused -> working ;goSmoke working -> smoking ;endSmoke smoking -> working ;startEating working -> eating ;stopEating eating -> working ;startCall working -> onCall ;endCall onCall -> working ;startMeeting working -> inMeetinga ;endMeeting inMeeting -> working ;logTask working -> working

@ bf47c19e:c3d2573b

Časopis studenata Ekonomskog fakulteta - "Monopolist", oktobar 2013. / Autor: Nikola Nikitović

Da li ćemo, uz pomoć interneta, uspeti da zaobiđemo banke u procesu novčanih transakcija i tako učinimo sebe bogatijim?

Slobodno tržište tera svakog učesnika da popravi performanse svog proizvoda ili usluge, smanji troškove, eliminiše nepotrebne aktivnosti i sve to u cilju profi ta. Zato ne čudi što zbog pojave savremenih tehnologija mnoga zanimanja nestaju. Tako danas skoro da više i nemamo daktilografe, limare, časovničare i slično. Međutim, delatnost koja je izložena konkurenciji, ali vekovima opstaje i tradicionalno pravi velike profi te je bankarstvo. Iste godine kad je svet zahvatila svetska ekonomska kriza, te čuvene 2008, osoba ili grupa ljudi pod pseudonimom „Satoši Nakamoto” izbacuje „bitkoin protokol”. Idejni tvorac bitkoina izabrao je da ostane anoniman, što je otvorilo prostor za istražitelje koji su pokušali da otkriju identitet Satoši Nakamota. Izneti su i dokazi koji povezuju troje ljudi sa identitetom Nakamota, ali ništa više od onoga što obični demanti ne mogu osporiti.

ŠTA JE, U STVARI, „BITKOIN”?

Jedna od ideja tvoraca bitkoina je da se dizajnira nova ekonomija u kojoj digitalni domen ima primarnu ulogu. Bitkoin je prva decentralizovana digitalna valuta. Za razliku od evra, dolara, dinara ili bilo koje druge valute, bitkoinom ne upravlja nijedna institucija - ni centralna banka, ni vlada, niti bilo ko drugi. To su digitalni novčići koji se mogu slati putem interneta. Šaljemo ih neposredno, dakle, bez učešća banaka, što znači da su troškovi slanja, ako ne nulti, onda svakako manji nego do sada. Geografski faktori ne predstavljaju ograničenje, pa, na kojoj god lokaciji da se nalazimo, moći ćemo da primamo ili šaljemo ovaj digitalni novac. Takođe, jedna od važnih osobina bitkoina je ta da nam račun ni u jednom trenutku ne može biti zamrznut.

Urednik „Bitkoin magazina” kaže da je bitkoin upravo ono što bi novac trebalo da bude. Ove transakcije ne liče na klasične novčane transakcije. Kako njima ne upravlja centralna banka, infl acija nije moguća, što u slučaju Srbije, zemlje s tradicionalno visokom infl acijom i drugom najvećom hiperinfl acijom, dosta znači. Bitkoini se generišu u procesu zvanom „mining”. Kompjuter nam zadaje kompleksan matematički problem, a cilj je šezdesetčetvorocifreni broj. Ukoliko kompjuter uspešno reši ovaj algoritam, postajemo vlasnici pedeset bitkoina. Mreža je programirana tako da povećava ponudu novca prema predodređenom rasporedu sve dok ukupan broj bitkoina ne dostigne 21 milion. Trenutno se u proseku izbacuje oko dvadeset pet novčića na svakih deset minuta. Ovaj broj biće prepolovljen do 2017, i tako svake četiri godine dok ne dostigne limit. Novembra 2012. kreirana je polovina ukupne ponude bitkoina od 21 milion, a oko 2140. bi trebalo i cela ponuda.

Vrednost bitkoina u odnosu na dolar rapidno se uvećava - od svega trideset centi januara 2011. do 125 dolara marta 2013. Iz tog razloga ljudi koriste bitkoin radije kao investiciju, nego kao sredstvo plaćanja.

Mt.Gox je najveća svetska bitkoin berza (eng. exchange) gde ljudi mogu da trguju bitkoinima bilo s kim u svetu, mogu da ih kupuju lokalnom valutom, a mogu čak i da ih skladište. Ipak, ni ovo nije bez rizika: hakeri mogu da upadnu u sistem i da ga ozbiljno ugroze. Bitkoin je, takođe, poznat po tome što je moguće, uz određeni softver, kupovati nelegalne proizvode poput droge, što skeptici vide kao negativnu stranu ove valute. Ali, ako znamo da nož može da ubije čoveka, ali i da iseče hleb, da li to onda znači da treba da zabranimo proizvodnju noževa?

Najveći interes za novu digitalnu valutu pokazuju zemlje koje nemaju tako jak bankarski sektor kao Kina, Rusija, zemlje Latinske Amerike i Afrika. Postoje dva aspekta bitkoina koja izazivaju sumnju u naše razumevanje novca: on je istovremeno i valuta i način plaćanja (nešto kao „pejpal” sa svojom valutom). Svakako da se vladama i ostalim regulatornim telima ovaj koncept ne sviđa. Oni vole kad akademci razmišljaju o monetarnoj politici, pišu radove i predaju svoje ideje nadležnima, koji ih prihvate ili odbace. Satoši Nakamoto, tvorac bitkoina, nije tako razmišljao: on je napravio valutu i pustio je u upotrebu, pa ko hoće, može da je koristi. Ovo je prvi put u istoriji da jedan čovek može da šalje i prima novac bez učešća ijedne druge osobe, bilo gde na planeti. Nije bitno da li ima bankovni račun, nije bitno da li ima kreditne kartice, ako ima kompjuter i pristup internetu, može da šalje novac odakle god želi i niko ga ne može sprečiti u tome. Neki idu i toliko daleko da kažu da je ovo i najveći izum posle interneta. Ako je tako, to znači da će tražnja rasti, a kako je ponuda predvidiva i ograničena, znači da će i cena da raste. Ako je zaista tako, hajdemo onda svi po bitkoine.

@ 0af9edfe:2236d66c

Nostr (kratko za Notes and Other Stuff Transmitted by Relays) je nov, decentraliziran sistem za sporočanje in deljenje vsebin, ki omogoča, da ljudje komunicirajo na spletu brez potrebe po velikih podjetjih, kot so Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, ipd.

Vsebuje nekaj ključnih značilnosti, ki ga ločijo od tradicionalnih socialnih omrežij:

Decentralizacija: Namesto da bi bile vsebine shranjene na enem mestu (na primer na strežnikih Facebooka), so vsebine shranjene na več različnih računalnikih (t.i. "relays"). To pomeni, da ni enega podjetja, ki bi imel popoln nadzor nad podatki.

Brez cenzure: Ker ni enega glavnega podjetja, ki bi nadzorovalo vsebino, je manj možnosti za cenzuro. Ljudje lahko prosto delijo informacije, ne da bi morali skrbeti, da jih bo nekdo blokiral zaradi mnenja.

Enostavnost uporabe: Uporaba Nostra je podobna nekaterim socialnim omrežjem. Ustvariš svoj profil, pišeš sporočila (t.i. "nostr notes"), jih deliš z drugimi uporabniki, in sodeluješ v diskusijah. Namesto da se povezujeta prek prijateljev ali sledilcev, se povežeš s tistimi, ki uporabljajo iste "relay"-e.

Povezljivost: Ker je odprt in brez centraliziranih pravil, lahko Nostr uporabljajo različne aplikacije in naprave, ki se med seboj povezujejo. To pomeni, da lahko tvoji zapisi in sporočila ostanejo dostopni in si jih lahko ogledajo tudi ljudje na drugih platformah, ki podpirajo Nostr.

Primer uporabe: če bi želel deliti nekaj, lahko napišeš kratek zapis (kot tweet na Twitterju), ga objaviš na Nostr, in drugi uporabniki, ki so povezani na isti "relay", bodo videli tvoj zapis. če ti bo všeč nekdo drug, lahko preprosto sledite njegovim zapisom, ne glede na to, na kateri aplikaciji ste.

To je zelo preprosta razlaga, vendar omogoča veliko več, ko pogledaš globlje. Glavna ideja je, da imaš več nadzora nad tem, kaj deliš in kako komuniciraš.

Identiteta na Nostru:

Na Nostru se identiteta ne povezuje z e-poštnim naslovom ali drugimi osebnimi podatki, kot to počnemo na običajnih socialnih omrežjih (npr. Facebook, Instagram). Namesto tega se identiteta temelji na kriptografskih ključih (t.i. public keys in private keys).

Public key (javni ključ): To je tvoja "javna" identiteta, ki jo deliš z drugimi. Lahko bi rekel, da je to nekaj podobnega uporabniškemu imenu na drugih omrežjih. Ko nekdo uporablja tvoj javni ključ, te lahko najde in vidi tvoje objave.

Private key (zasebni ključ): To je tvoja varnostna geslo, s katerim si lastnik svojega računa. Zasebni ključ je tvoja odgovornost, ker je tisto, kar omogoča dostop do tvojih zapisov in nadzor nad tvojo identiteto na Nostr. Nikoli ne smeš deliti svojega zasebnega ključa z nikomer, saj lahko ta oseba prevzame nadzor nad tvojo identiteto.

Primer para javnega/zasebnega ključa:

Javni ključ - se začne z npub1: npub1w0z4m0x7yxja33xldmu5m66dpw0v2h2ye5jvm040hajke0sqe4wq62g6z5

Zasebni ključ - se začne z nsec1: nsec1u2csc4sxjusyesjwukzvfmr6upv6py4usnhhjys2uxempgckgd9sud45g9

Ker so ti ključi zaradi svoje naključne zmešnjave znakov precej neprijazni in težko berljivi človeku, se na Nostr uporabljajo dodatne funkcionalnosti, ki omogočajo enostavnejšo identifikacijo uporabnika. Namesto dolgočasnih in zapletenih nizov znakov, kot je npub1...xxxxxxxxxx, si lahko nastavite človeško berljiv vzdevek, na primer HitriJanez, ki bo prikazan ob vaših objavah. To je sicer opcijsko, saj lahko ostanete povsem anonimni, če želite. Poleg vzdevka lahko v svoj profil dodate tudi druge podatke, kot so povezava do vaše spletne strani, kratek opis ali bio, kar omogoča bolj osebno predstavljanje. V ozadju bo Nostr aplikacija še vedno uporabljala te ključe, le vam kot uporabniku bodo prikazovale te bolj prijazne vzdevke.

Razlika v primerjavi z običajnimi socialnimi omrežji:

Na tradicionalnih omrežjih (kot sta Facebook ali Instagram) se običajno prijaviš z e-poštnim naslovom ali telefonsko številko, povezano z osebnim računom. Tvoje ime, slika profila in druge podrobnosti so del tvoje identitete, ki je pogosto povezano s tvojo pravo identiteto.

Na Nostru pa ni centralnega podjetja, ki bi te povezalo z določenimi podatki. Tvoja identiteta je zgolj povezana z kripto ključi, ki omogočajo, da se povežeš s svetom, vendar se ne razkrijejo tvoji osebni podatki, razen če se jih sam odločiš deliti. Tvoj "uporabniški profil" je lahko anonimno povezan zgolj s tvojim javnim ključem.

Previdnost z zasebnim ključem:

Tvoj zasebni ključ je zelo pomemben, ker omogoča, da dokažeš lastništvo nad svojimi objavami in interakcijami na Nostr. Če ga izgubiš ali ga nekdo ukrade, tvegaš, da bojo drugi prevzeli nadzor nad tvojim računom. Tu so priporočila, kako biti previden:

Shrani zasebni ključ na varnem mestu: Zasebni ključ ne shranjuj na spletu ali v nevaren dokument (npr. v e-pošti ali besedilnih datotekah, ki so lahko dostopne drugim). Priporočljivo je, da ga napišeš na papir in shraniš na fizično varno lokacijo (npr. v sef).

Na kratko: Zasebni ključ je kot ključ za tvoje lastno digitalno lastnino. Ohraniti ga varnega je ključnega pomena, da ohraniš nadzor nad svojo identiteto na Nostr.

Glavne prednosti Nostra:

• Nadzor nad identiteto: Na Nostr-u si lastnik svoje identitete. Tvoj profil ni vezan na enega samega podjetja ali strežnika, temveč je povezan z tvojim kripto ključem. Če te nekdo blokira na enem "relayu" (kot neka platforma), lahko preprosto preklopiš na drug "relay" in tvoje vsebine in identiteta ostanejo nespremenjene. Tako si vedno v nadzoru.\ Primerjava s Facebookom: če te Facebook blokira, tvoja celotna identiteta izgine. če ne moreš dostopati do svojega računa, izgubiš vse podatke, slike, objave in povezanost s prijatelji. Facebook je lastnik tvojih podatkov in je edini, ki ima nadzor nad tvojim profilom. Pri Nostr-u tega tveganja ni, ker imaš ti nadzor.
• Odsotnost cenzure in nadzora: Na Nostru ni centraliziranega nadzora, ki bi ti povedal, kaj lahko deliš in kaj ne. Cenzura je minimalna, ker ni enega samega podjetja, ki bi lahko odločevalo o tem, kaj je dovoljeno.\ Primerjava s Facebookom: Na Facebooku lahko tvoje vsebine blokira algoritem ali moderator, če niso v skladu z njihovimi pravili. Na Nostr-u tega ni - če ti nekdo ne ustreza, lahko preprosto preklopiš na drug relay ali platformo brez skrbi, da te bo nekdo "izbrisal".
• Odsotnost algoritmov in oglasov: Na Nostru ne obstajajo tradicionalni algoritmi za prikazovanje vsebine. Tvoj feed ni manipuliran ali filtriran na podlagi tvojih prejšnjih interakcij, kot je to na Facebooku ali Instagramu. Nostr te ne bo poskušal "zasvojiti" s ciljem, da boš tam preživel čim več časa in gledal čim več oglasnih sporočil, kot to počnejo korporacije. Uporabnik lahko izbere, kateri algoritem ali prikazovanje vsebine želi, in celo preklaplja med različnimi možnostmi. \ Primerjava s Facebookom: Na Facebooku ti algoritmi narekujejo, kaj boš videl na svojem zidu, pri čemer se upoštevajo tvoje prejšnje interakcije, všečki in podobno. To pogosto pomeni, da ti bodo prikazovali samo vsebine, s katerimi že sodeluješ, in izpustili nove ideje, poglede ali informacije, ki niso v tvojem trenutnem "mehurčku". Na Nostr-u pa si lahko preprosto izbereš, katere vsebine in ljudi želiš spremljati brez algoritemske manipulacije.
• Manj oglasov in komercialnih vplivov: Ker Nostr ni odvisen od oglasov za ustvarjanje dobička, uporabniki niso nenehno izpostavljeni komercialnim vsebinam. To pomeni, da tvoje uporabniške izkušnje niso motene z oglasi, ki bi jih platforma prikazovala za povečanje svojih prihodkov. \ Primerjava s Facebookom: Facebook nenehno prikazuje oglase, ki temeljijo na tvojem vedenju na platformi, tvojem iskanju in drugih podatkih. To pomeni, da je tvoja uporabniška izkušnja v veliki meri usmerjena v to, da postaneš potencialni kupec, ne pa zgolj uporabnik. Na Nostr-u tega ni, ker ni podjetja, ki bi imelo interes za tvoj nakup ali interakcije.
• Večja zasebnost: Na Nostr-u nimaš sledenja ali zbiranja tvojih osebnih podatkov, kot to počnejo večja podjetja na drugih platformah. Tvoje vsebine so tvoje, brez možnosti, da jih podjetja uporabijo za oglaševalske namene.
• Fleksibilnost uporabe in sodelovanja: Ker je Nostr odprtokodni sistem, lahko vsaka aplikacija in platforma, ki uporablja Nostr, ponudi svojo različico izkušnje. To pomeni, da lahko preizkusiš različne aplikacije in funkcionalnosti, odvisno od tega, kaj ti najbolj ustreza.

Slabosti Nostra:

• Kompleksnost za nove uporabnike: Nostr ni tako enostavno uporabljati kot Facebook ali Instagram, ker ni enotne platforme. Za začetek moraš razumeti osnovne koncepte, kot so kripto ključi, relayi in aplikacije, ki komunicirajo z Nostr protokolom. Za ljudi, ki niso seznanjeni s tehnologijo, je to lahko precej zapleteno. Primer: če želiš začeti uporabljati Nostr, boš moral izbrati aplikacijo za interakcijo (npr. "Domus", "Amethyst", "Snort" in druge), nato pa se prijaviti z uporabniškim ključem. Ta raznolikost aplikacij in načinov uporabe ni tako intuitivna kot preprosta prijava s svojim Facebook računom.
• Razpršenost aplikacij in platform: Nostr ni eno samo podjetje, ampak protokol, ki ga podpirajo različne aplikacije. To pomeni, da ni ene glavne spletne strani ali aplikacije, kjer bi se vsi uporabniki enostavno povezovali. Namesto tega imaš na voljo različne aplikacije za različne naprave - nekatere so na voljo samo na spletnih brskalnikih, nekatere samo na Androidu ali iPhonu. Primer: če želiš uporabiti Nostr na svojem telefonu, boš moral najprej izbrati aplikacijo, ki je na voljo za tvojo napravo, nato pa se povežeš s svetom Nostra preko te aplikacije. Vse te aplikacije pa delujejo po istem protokolu, kar pomeni, da vse skupaj vidiš enako sliko vsebin, a proces uporabe ni vedno enak na vseh napravah. To lahko zmede nove uporabnike, ki so navajeni, da imajo vse na enem mestu.
• Upravljanje z digitalno identiteto: Nostr temelji na uporabi kripto ključev, kar pomeni, da moraš biti zelo previden pri shranjevanju svojega zasebnega ključa. Za nekoga, ki ni navajen uporabljati digitalnih denarnic ali upravljalcev gesel, bo to predstavljalo precejšen izziv.\ Primer: če izgubiš svoj zasebni ključ ali ga pozabiš, ne boš mogel dostopati do svojega Nostr računa. To je precejšen izziv, saj večina ljudi ni vajena skrbeti za varno hrambo svojih ključev, kot to počnejo uporabniki kriptovalut. Pomanjkanje centralne podpore za obnovo računa (kot je to pri Facebooku ali Gmailu) pomeni, da je odgovornost popolnoma na tebi.
• Omejena uporabniška podpora: Ker Nostr ni centralizirana platforma, je tudi podpora za uporabnike precej omejena. če se srečaš z težavami ali vprašanji, ne boš mogel preprosto kontaktirati servisa za pomoč kot na Facebooku. Podpora je pogosto le v okviru skupnosti, ki deluje na forumih, GitHubu ali preko drugih odprtokodnih kanalov, kar ni najbolj dostopno za običajnega uporabnika.\ Primer: če naletiš na težavo pri nastavitvi aplikacije ali povezavi z relayem, boš moral pogosto poiskati rešitev v forumu ali skupnosti, kjer lahko poteka veliko samostojnega raziskovanja.
• Manjša uporabniška baza in vsebina: Ker je Nostr še vedno zelo nov in nima tako široke uporabniške baze kot vešja omrežja (Facebook, Twitter), bo na začetku morda težje najti ljudi ali vsebine, ki te zanimajo - sploh v Sloveniji. Omrežje še ni tako široko uveljavljeno, kar pomeni, da bo uporabniška izkušnja za novinca precej bolj omejena. Primer: Na Facebooku lahko takoj najdeš milijone ljudi, s katerimi deliš interese. Pri Nostr-u pa boš morda moral malo bolj iskati, da najdeš ljudi ali skupnosti, ki ti ustrezajo. Kljub temu, da se omrežje hitro širi, je še vedno precej manj obsežno.
• Težave pri iskanju vsebin: Ker je vsebina na Nostru razpršena po različnih relay-ih in aplikacijah, bo iskanje določenih vsebin težje kot na večjih platformah, kjer so vsebine organizirane v enotnem okolju. Na Nostr-u ni centraliziranega iskalnika, zato lahko iskanje specifičnih tem ali ljudi postane težje. \ Primer: če želiš najti specifične objave ali teme, ki te zanimajo, boš moral poiskati različne relaye ali aplikacije, ki omogočajo iskanje, vendar ti ne bo nujno vedno dala najboljših rezultatov.
• Odsotnost algoritmov, čeprav smo jo omenili kot prednost, je hkrati tudi slabost. Kot novi uporabnik boste ob prvi prijavi verjetno videli bodisi vse objave bodisi prav nič. Dokler ne začnete slediti drugim uporabnikom in #hashtagom, bo celotna izkušnja verjetno zmedena. Pri drugih centraliziranih socialnih omrežjih vas ob ustvarjanju računa pogosto vprašajo, kateri so vaši interesi (npr. politika, vrtnarjenje, avtomobilizem), nato pa algoritmi začnejo prikazovati vsebine, povezane z vašimi interesi, in predlagajo ljudi, ki bi jih bilo priporočljivo spremljati.\ \ Na Nostru se ta proces dobrodošlice novemu uporabniku še oblikuje. Vsak posamezen Nostr klient (aplikacija) eksperimentira z različnimi načini, kako novega uporabnika primerno vpeljati, vendar izkušnja zaenkrat še ni dodelana.Na Nostru se ta proces dobrodošlice novemu uporabniku še oblikuje. Vsak posamezen Nostr klient (aplikacija) eksperimentira z različnimi načini, kako novega uporabnika primerno vpeljati, vendar izkušnja zaenkrat še ni dodelana.
• Hramba slik in videoposnetkov: Nostr je primarno zasnovan za hrambo tekstovnih sporočil, zato ni idealen za obsežnejše multimedijske vsebine, kot so slike in videoposnetki. Pri objavi običajnih slik večjih težav načeloma ne bo, vendar večji videoposnetki v visoki ločljivosti lahko predstavljajo izziv. Tu se kot uporabnik srečate z realnostjo, da hramba podatkov stane. Medtem ko tradicionalna socialna omrežja te vsebine pogosto ponujajo "brezplačno", je to zato, ker zaslužijo od oglasov in s prodajo vaših navad in drugih modelov. Na Nostru boste morali poiskati rešitve za objavo večjih videoposnetkov. Obstajajo platforme, ki omogočajo gostovanje večjih datotek, vendar so te običajno plačljive. Tako boste morali biti pripravljeni na iskanje in uporabo zunanjih rešitev za shranjevanje in distribucijo večjih medijskih datotek.

Zanimivost: Integracija Bitcoin Lightning plačil kot nadomestek všečkanja:

Na Nostru se razvija tudi zanimiva funkcionalnost, ki omogoča integracijo Bitcoin Lightning omrežja za plačevanje in podpiranje vsebin, kar lahko nadomesti tradicionalne mehanizme všečkanja. Namesto, da preprosto pritisneš "všeč mi je" na objavi, lahko z Bitcoin Lightning plačili neposredno podpreš vsebine, ki ti so všeč.

Bitcoin Lightning je nadgradnja glavnega Bitcoin omrežja, ki omogoča instantne transakcije z ničnimi ali zelo nizkimi provizijami, kar je idealno za pošiljanje manjših zneskov. V nasprotju s tradicionalnimi Bitcoin transakcijami, ki lahko trajajo dlje in vključujejo višje provizije, Lightning omogoča skoraj takojšnje prenose z minimalnimi stroški.

V Nostr svetu so običajno v igri zelo mali zneski, saj uporabniki pogosto pošiljajo mikroplačila kot nagrado za zanimive objave. Na primer, z Bitcoin Lightning lahko pošlješ enega satoshija (kar je 0.00000001 BTC) brez provizij. To omogoča nagrajevanje ustvarjalcev vsebin z majhnimi plačili, ki se hitro seštevajo, če ob določeni objavi prejmejo veliko takih monetarnih "všečkov".

Kvalitetni kreatorji vsebin tako lahko z več manjšimi plačili ustvarijo konkretna plačila, kar zagotavlja pravično nagrajevanje za njihov trud, brez potrebe po oglasih ali algoritemski manipulaciji.

Kako to deluje?

Ko vidiš objavo, ki ti je všeč, lahko pošlješ "navaden" všeček ali pa majhno plačilo preko Lightning omrežja neposredno ustvarjalcu te vsebine kot naprednejši "všeček". To deluje kot način za nagrajevanje ustvarjalcev vsebin za njihov trud in ustvarjalnost. To odpravi potrebo po algoritmih, ki običajno odločajo, katere vsebine se prikažejo v tvojem feedu. Za uporabnika to pomeni, da lahko preko majhnih plačil neposredno nagovarja ustvarjalce in spodbuja vsebine, ki mu ustrezajo, brez potrebe po "všečkih" ali "share-ih", ki se običajno uporabljajo v tradicionalnih omrežjih.

Prednosti tega pristopa:

• Povečana motivacija za ustvarjalce vsebin: Ustvarjalci vsebin so neposredno nagrajeni za kakovost svojih objav, kar lahko vodi do večje kvalitete vsebin.
• Brez algoritmov: Ker so plačila neposredno povezana z vsebinami, ne potrebuješ algoritma, ki bi ti priporočal vsebine na podlagi tvojih prejšnjih interakcij.
• Enostavnost monetizacije: Ustvarjalci lahko na enostaven način monetizirajo svoj trud brez potrebe po oglaševalskih modelih, ki so pogosti v drugih omrežjih.

Slabosti tega pristopa:

Ker Bitcoin Lightning omrežje še vedno ni popolnoma uveljavljeno med vsemi uporabniki, se lahko zgodi, da nekateri niso pripravljeni ali zmožni uporabljati tega načina plačevanja. Prav tako je potreben nekaj znanja o kriptovalutah in Bitcoin Lightning omrežju, kar lahko zmanjša dostopnost te funkcionalnosti za popolne začetnike v svetu kriptovalut.

Nasveti za začetnike na Nostr:

• Začnite z uporabniku prijaznimi aplikacijami: če niste najbolj tehnično podkovani, priporočamo, da začnete z Nostr platformami ali aplikacijami, ki poenostavijo vstop in vključujejo že integrirano denarnico za prejemanje Bitcoin Lightning plačil. Te aplikacije so običajno oblikovane tako, da so uporabniku prijazne in po izgledu podobne tradicionalnim socialnim omrežjem, kar olajša prehod. \ Na primer, Primal.net je odlična izbira za začetnike, saj omogoča enostaven dostop do Nostra in vključuje že vse potrebne funkcionalnosti za hiter začetek.
• Uporabljajte #hashtage za večjo vidnost: Za večjo izpostavljenost vaše prve objave uporabite #hashtage. Na primer, vaša prva objava naj vključuje #introductions, saj boste tako omogočili, da vašo objavo vidijo drugi uporabniki, ki iščejo nove ljudi. Če objavite brez hashtaga, je velika verjetnost, da vaša objava ne bo videna, še posebej, če imate kot nov uporabnik 0 sledilcev. Koristen je tudi hashtag #asknostr, kadar imate kakršnokoli vprašanje glede uporabe Nostra ali če želite deliti svoja vprašanja o smislu življenju v splošnem.
• Učite se počasi in sledite zanimivim uporabnikom: Na začetku ne hitite. Poiščite zanimive uporabnike, ki jih želite spremljati, in začnite z njimi. Tako bo vaš feed postal bolj zanimiv, saj boste prejemali vsebine, ki vas resnično zanimajo. Poleg tega lahko sledite tudi #hashtagom, kar vam omogoči, da se osredotočite na specifične teme, kot so politika, umetnost, tehnologija ali karkoli drugega, kar vas zanima.
• Uporabljajte mute oz. "utišaj": Ker je Nostr brez cenzure lahko naletite na vsebine/objave, ki vam niso všeč, so za vas žaljive ali pa so preprosto spam. Take uporabnike preprosto "utišate" v vaši Nostr aplikaciji. Tako si sami kurirate vsebino, katero želite videti v svojem feedu.
• Uporabljajte vzporedno: Ni vam potrebno izbrisati vaši starih socialnih omrežji. Uporabljajte Nostr vzporedno, sporočilo lahko hkrati objavite na Twittru, nato pa še na Nostru. Dosegli bose dodatne uporabnike in morda doživeli zanimivejše debate.
• Vrnite se kasneje: Preizkusite Nostr, če vam ne odgovarja se vrnite kasneje. Protokol, aplikacije in druge storitve okrog Nostra se izjemno hitro razvijajo, morda je v tej fazi zadeva za vas še preveč kaotična. Že čez nekaj mesecev je izkušnja lahko drugačna.
• Ne skrbite preveč za hrambo identitete na začetku: Če ste šele začeli, si ne belite preveč glave z varnostjo in hrambo svoje identitete. Za branje in občasno komentiranje objav izguba identitete ni katastrofa. Na začetku si lahko enostavno ustvarite novo identiteto, če kaj pomotoma izgubite. Ključ je, da se naučite osnove in uživate v raziskovanju Nostra brez prevelikega stresa. \ Če pa ustvarjate vsebine profesionalno in socialna omrežja predstavljajo vaš vir prihodkov, je varna hramba vaše identitete izjemno pomembna. V tem primeru se čim prej izobrazite o varni hrambi zasebnih ključev. Najboljše je, da svoj zasebni ključ shranite v upravljalniku gesel, ki zagotavlja, da je zaščiten in vedno dostopen. Za dodatno varnost lahko uporabite podpisovalni vtičnik za Nostr portale preko brskalnika. Ta vtičnik omogoča, da ni potrebno vnašati zasebnega ključa neposredno v spletne strani. Vtičnik namesto tega pošlje samo podpisana sporočila, brez da bi izdal vaš zasebni ključ, kar povečuje varnost vaše identitete.

Trenutno popularne enostavne aplikacije za interakcijo z Nostr omrežjem:

• Primal.net - kot spletna aplikacija in tudi:
• Primal Android aplikacija: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=net.primal.android&hl=en-US
• Primal Apple iOS aplikacija: https://apps.apple.com/us/app/primal/id1673134518
• Amethyst - Samo Android: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.vitorpamplona.amethyst&hl=en
• Damus - Samo Apple iOS: https://apps.apple.com/us/app/damus/id1628663131
• Snort - samo spletna aplikacija: https://snort.social/
• Razišči še druge aplikacije tu: https://nostrapps.com/

Obstaja še veliko drugih, za razne namene. Ne pozabimo, da je Nostr izključno protokol, katerega uporabljajo različni klienti oz. aplikacije na primer:

• aplikacija kot je ta, kjer je napisan ta članek - Highligter.com - namenjena daljšim člankom,
• Fountain.fm - aplikacija za podcaste in glasbo - odprta alternativa Spotify-ju,
• zap.stream - aplikacija za stream-anje video vsebin.

Ključna prednost, ki se pojavi z uporabo Nostra je, da je naša identiteta pri vseh aplikacijah enaka, torej ne rabimo kreirati "novega računa" za vsako. \ Primer: Na Primal.net sledim uporabniku HitriJanez, ker so mi všeč njegove objave in rad z njim debatiram. Ko odprem aplikacijo Fountain.fm lahko vidim, da je HitriJanez všečkal nekaj podcastov, kateri bodo morda tudi meni zanimivi. Ko obiščem Highligter.com pa vidim, da je HitriJanez objavil zanimiv blog o Čebelarjenju. Torej z eno "prijavo" imamo vpogled v različne aplikacije kjer usvarjajo in objavljajo različni uporabniki, ko nekomu "sledimo" mu sledimo na različnih področjih. To je lastnost, ki naredi Nostr izjemno poseben z neskončno možnostmi za dodatne aplikacije.

Ker je razvoj Nostra odprt lahko kdorkoli prispeva ali predlaga izboljšave. Integracija mikroplačil s pomočjo Bitcoin Lightning omrežja pa ponuja še dodatne možnosti, ki nikdar do sedaj niso bile izvedljive.

kajjenostr #slovenija #slovenia #blog

@ 005bc4de:ef11e1a2

OSU commencement speech revisited 1 year later

One year ago, May 5, 2024, the commencement speaker at Ohio State University was Chris Pan. He got booed for mentioning bitcoin. There were some other things involved, but the bitcoin part is what could my ears.

Here's an article about the speech and a video clip with the bitcoin mention. The quote that I feel is especially pertinent is this, '“The mechanics of investing are actually easy, but it comes down to mindset,” Pan said. “The most common barriers are fear, laziness and closed-mindedness.”'

Last year, I wrote this and had it sent as a reminder to myself (I received the reminder yesterday after totally forgetting about this):

Ohio State commencement speaker mentions bitcoin and got booed.

I wondered what would've happened if they'd taken his advice to heart and bought bitcoin that day. Linked article: https://www.businessinsider.com/osu-commencement-speaker-ayahuasca-praises-bitcoin-booed-viral-2024-5

Nat Brunell interviewed him on her Coin Stories podcast shortly after his speech: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LRqKxKqlbcI

BTC on 5/5/2024 day of speech: about $64,047 (chart below)

If any of those now wise old 23 year olds remember the advice they were given, bitcoin is currently at $95,476. If any took Pan's advice, they achieved a 49% gain in one year. Those who did not take Pan's advice, lost about 2.7% of their buying power due to inflation.

For bitcoiners, think about how far we've come. May of 2024 was still the waning days of the "War on Crypto," bitcoin was boiling the oceans, if you held, used, or liked bitcoin you were evil. Those were dark days and days I'm glad are behind us.

Here is the full commencement speech. The bitcoin part is around the 5 or 6 minute mark: https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=lcH-iL_FdYo