@ cefb08d1:f419beff

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jIydjo4B25U

The GWM Catch Up Day 2: Western Australia pushes CT to the ultimate test in all or nothing bouts:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4zwuqs6iTPg

Women and Men Results:

https://stacker.news/items/984538

@ 04c915da:3dfbecc9

One of the most common criticisms leveled against nostr is the perceived lack of assurance when it comes to data storage. Critics argue that without a centralized authority guaranteeing that all data is preserved, important information will be lost. They also claim that running a relay will become prohibitively expensive. While there is truth to these concerns, they miss the mark. The genius of nostr lies in its flexibility, resilience, and the way it harnesses human incentives to ensure data availability in practice.

A nostr relay is simply a server that holds cryptographically verifiable signed data and makes it available to others. Relays are simple, flexible, open, and require no permission to run. Critics are right that operating a relay attempting to store all nostr data will be costly. What they miss is that most will not run all encompassing archive relays. Nostr does not rely on massive archive relays. Instead, anyone can run a relay and choose to store whatever subset of data they want. This keeps costs low and operations flexible, making relay operation accessible to all sorts of individuals and entities with varying use cases.

Critics are correct that there is no ironclad guarantee that every piece of data will always be available. Unlike bitcoin where data permanence is baked into the system at a steep cost, nostr does not promise that every random note or meme will be preserved forever. That said, in practice, any data perceived as valuable by someone will likely be stored and distributed by multiple entities. If something matters to someone, they will keep a signed copy.

Nostr is the Streisand Effect in protocol form. The Streisand effect is when an attempt to suppress information backfires, causing it to spread even further. With nostr, anyone can broadcast signed data, anyone can store it, and anyone can distribute it. Try to censor something important? Good luck. The moment it catches attention, it will be stored on relays across the globe, copied, and shared by those who find it worth keeping. Data deemed important will be replicated across servers by individuals acting in their own interest.

Nostr’s distributed nature ensures that the system does not rely on a single point of failure or a corporate overlord. Instead, it leans on the collective will of its users. The result is a network where costs stay manageable, participation is open to all, and valuable verifiable data is stored and distributed forever.

@ 472f440f:5669301e

Marty's Bent

via me

Don't sleep on what's happening in Japan right now. We've been covering the country and the fact that they've lost control of their yield curve since late last year. After many years of making it a top priority from a monetary policy perspective, last year the Bank of Japan decided to give up on yield curve control in an attempt to reel inflation. This has sent yields for the 30-year and 40-year Japanese government bonds to levels not seen since the early 2000s in the case of the 30-year and levels never before seen for the 40-year, which was launched in 2007. With a debt to GDP ratio that has surpassed 250% and a population that is aging out with an insufficient amount of births to replace the aging workforce, it's hard to see how Japan can get out of this conundrum without some sort of economic collapse.

This puts the United States in a tough position considering the fact that Japan is one of the largest holders of U.S. Treasury bonds with more than 1,135 sats | $1.20 trillion in exposure. If things get too out of control in Japan and the yield curve continues to drift higher and inflation continues to creep higher Japan can find itself in a situation where it's a forced seller of US Treasuries as they attempt to strengthen the yen. Another aspect to consider is the fact that investors may see the higher yields on Japanese government bonds and decide to purchase them instead of US Treasuries. This is something to keep an eye on in the weeks to come. Particularly if higher rates drive a higher cost of capital, which leads to even more inflation. As producers are forced to increase their prices to ensure that they can manage their debt repayments.

It's never a good sign when the Japanese Prime Minister is coming out to proclaim that his country's financial situation is worse than Greece's, which has been a laughing stock of Europe for the better part of three decades. Japan is a very proud nation, and the fact that its Prime Minister made a statement like this should not be underappreciated.

As we noted last week, the 10-year and 30-year U.S. Treasury bonds are drifting higher as well. Earlier today, the 30-year bond yield surpassed 5%, which has been a psychological level that many have been pointed to as a critical tipping point. When you take a step back and look around the world it seems pretty clear that bond markets are sending a very strong signal. And that signal is that something is not well in the back end of the financial system.

This is even made clear when you look at the private sector, particularly at consumer debt. In late March, we warned of the growing trend of buy now, pay later schemes drifting down market as major credit card companies released charge-off data which showed charge-off rates reaching levels not seen since the 2008 great financial crisis. At the time, we could only surmise that Klarna was experiencing similar charge-off rates on the bigger-ticket items they financed and started doing deals with companies like DoorDash to finance burrito deliveries in an attempt to move down market to finance smaller ticket items with a higher potential of getting paid back. It seems like that inclination was correct as Klarna released data earlier today showing more losses on their book as consumers find it extremely hard to pay back their debts.

via NewsWire

This news hit the markets on the same day as the average rate of the 30-year mortgage in the United States rose to 7.04%. I'm not sure if you've checked lately, but real estate prices are still relatively elevated outside of a few big cities who expanded supply significantly during the COVID era as people flooded out of blue states towards red states. It's hard to imagine that many people can afford a house based off of sticker price alone, but with a 7% 30-year mortgage rate it's becoming clear that the ability of the Common Man to buy a house is simply becoming impossible.

via Lance Lambert

The mortgage rate data is not the only thing you need to look at to understand that it's becoming impossible for the Common Man of working age to buy a house. New data has recently been released that highlights That the median home buyer in 2007 was born in 1968, and the median home buyer in 2024 was born in 1968. Truly wild when you think of it. As our friend Darth Powell cheekily highlights below, we find ourselves in a situation where boomers are simply trading houses and the younger generations are becoming indentured slaves. Forever destined to rent because of the complete inability to afford to buy a house.

via Darth Powell

via Yahoo Finance

Meanwhile, Bitcoin re-approached all-time highs late this evening and looks primed for another breakout to the upside. This makes sense if you're paying attention. The high-velocity trash economy running on an obscene amount of debt in both the public and private sectors seems to be breaking at the seams. All the alarm bells are signaling that another big print is coming. And if you hope to preserve your purchasing power or, ideally, increase it as the big print approaches, the only thing that makes sense is to funnel your money into the hardest asset in the world, which is Bitcoin.

via Bitbo

Buckle up, freaks. It's gonna be a bumpy ride. Stay humble, Stack Sats.

Trump's Middle East Peace Strategy: Redefining U.S. Foreign Policy

In his recent Middle East tour, President Trump signaled what our guest Dr. Anas Alhajji calls "a major change in US policy." Trump explicitly rejected the nation-building strategies of his predecessors, contrasting the devastation in Afghanistan and Iraq with the prosperity of countries like Saudi Arabia and UAE. This marks a profound shift from both Republican and Democratic foreign policy orthodoxy. As Alhajji noted, Trump's willingness to meet with Syrian President Assad follows a historical pattern where former adversaries eventually become diplomatic partners.

"This is really one of the most important shifts in US foreign policy to say, look, sorry, we destroyed those countries because we tried to rebuild them and it was a big mistake." - Dr. Anas Alhajji

The administration's new approach emphasizes negotiation over intervention. Rather than military solutions, Trump is engaging with groups previously considered off-limits, including the Houthis, Hamas, and Iran. This pragmatic stance prioritizes economic cooperation and regional stability over ideological confrontation. The focus on trade deals and investment rather than regime change represents a fundamental reimagining of America's role in the Middle East.

Check out the full podcast here for more on the Iran nuclear situation, energy market predictions, and why AI development could create power grid challenges. Only on TFTC Studio.

Headlines of the Day

Bitcoin Soars to 100,217 sats | $106.00K While Bonds Lose 40% Since 2020 - via X

US Senate Advances Stablecoin Bill As America Embraces Bitcoin - via X

Get our new STACK SATS hat - via tftcmerch.io

Texas House Debates Bill For State-Run Bitcoin Reserve - via X

---

Take the First Step Off the Exchange

Bitkey is an easy, secure way to move your Bitcoin into self-custody. With simple setup and built-in recovery, it’s the perfect starting point for getting your coins off centralized platforms and into cold storage—no complexity, no middlemen.

Take control. Start with Bitkey.

Use the promo code “TFTC20” during checkout for 20% off

---

Ten31, the largest bitcoin-focused investor, has deployed 158,469 sats | $150.00M across 30+ companies through three funds. I am a Managing Partner at Ten31 and am very proud of the work we are doing. Learn more at ten31.vc/invest.

---

Final thought...

Don't let the noise consume you. Focus on making your life 1% better every day.

---

Get this newsletter sent to your inbox daily: https://www.tftc.io/bitcoin-brief/

Subscribe to our YouTube channels and follow us on Nostr and X:

@ f85b9c2c:d190bcff

Sometimes I feel like reversing time. I miss my childhood. Honestly, who wouldn’t? Back then, life was so simple, so carefree. I had no bills to pay, no deadlines to chase, and no worries about what tomorrow might bring. All I had to do was wake up, play, eat, and maybe dodge a beating or two from Mum when I got a little too adventurous😂. Sometimes I feel like reversing time, just to relive those golden days when my biggest problem was figuring out how to sneak a piece of meat from the pot without getting caught.

I remember those moments vividly. When I was little, I’d tiptoe into the kitchen, the aroma of Mum’s stew pulling me like a magnet. I’d wait for her to turn her back, then—bam!—my tiny hand would dive into the pot, snagging a juicy piece of meat. Of course, I wasn’t exactly a master thief. Mum always seemed to know. She’d catch me red-handed, and let’s just say her wooden spoon wasn’t just for cooking! I was kinda stubborn back then, so those beatings happened a lot. But I don’t steal meat anymore—grown-up me knows better. Life was different then. My only “job” was to have fun—climbing trees, chasing friends, or making up wild stories in my head. Now, adulthood feels like a never-ending to-do list. I miss the freedom, the laughter, the way problems seemed to vanish with a nap or a hug. If I could, I’d turn back the clock, even just for a day, to feel that lightness again. Childhood wasn’t perfect, but it sure felt like it.

@ 9be6a199:6e133301

sadfsflkjsdflkdsjfglksjdfglksdaasdfsdfsdfsdfssdsd

@ 9be6a199:6e133301

sadfsflkjsdflkdsjfglksjdfglksdaasdfsdfsdfsdfssdsd

@ 9be6a199:6e133301

sadfsflkjsdflkdsjfglksjdfglksdaasdfsdfsdfsdfs

@ 9be6a199:6e133301

sadfsflkjsdflkdsjfglksjdfglksd

@ 9be6a199:6e133301

@ f85b9c2c:d190bcff

Solana (SOL) is acquiring popularity in the crypto world for its speed and flexibility.It's rapidly gaining ground on established blockchains, grabbing investor interest.

History Of Solana Anatoly Yakovenko, once a Qualcomm executive, formulated the concept for Solana in 2017. A town on the Southern California coast inspired the name. Yakovenko wanted a swifter, more reliable blockchain network to address the limitations of existing onesat that time. Solana is based in San Francisco, California, at the headquarters of Solana Labs. Solana was launched in March 2020, making a major step in the advancement of blockchain technology.

What Is Solana? Solana is a blockchain network built for speed and affordability.This versatility makes it useful for DeFi, NFTs, and more. Solana operates on its own independent blockchain network with SOL as its native token and infrastructure to power its operations. It functions as a self-sufficient ecosystem, independent of any other existing blockchain network.

How Does Solana Work? Unlike normal blockchains that usually rely on the Proof-of-Work mechanism, Solana uses another approach. It combines two mechanisms: 1.Proof-of-Stake: It lets operators secure the network by putting SOL tokens at stake. These operators are entrusted with adding new blocks to the blockchain and are rewarded for their contribution.

2.Proof-of-History: It helps eliminates the need for communications between operators and boosts transaction processing speed.

Conclusion The mix of these mechanisms is a key factor behind Solana’s reputation for superior speed. Of course, it uses other technical aspects that contribute to its efficiency, but PoS and PoH play a critical role.

@ 9be6a199:6e133301

test

@ 08f96856:ffe59a09

เมื่อพูดถึง Bitcoin Standard หลายคนมักนึกถึงภาพโลกอนาคตที่ทุกคนใช้บิตคอยน์ซื้อกาแฟหรือของใช้ในชีวิตประจำวัน ภาพแบบนั้นดูเหมือนไกลตัวและเป็นไปไม่ได้ในความเป็นจริง หลายคนถึงกับพูดว่า “คงไม่ทันเห็นในช่วงชีวิตนี้หรอก” แต่ในมุมมองของผม Bitcoin Standard อาจไม่ได้เริ่มต้นจากการที่เราจ่ายบิตคอยน์โดยตรงในร้านค้า แต่อาจเริ่มจากบางสิ่งที่เงียบกว่า ลึกกว่า และเกิดขึ้นแล้วในขณะนี้ นั่นคือ การล่มสลายทีละน้อยของระบบเฟียตที่เราใช้กันอยู่

ระบบเงินที่อิงกับอำนาจรัฐกำลังเข้าสู่ช่วงขาลง รัฐบาลทั่วโลกกำลังจมอยู่ในภาระหนี้ระดับประวัติการณ์ แม้แต่ประเทศมหาอำนาจก็เริ่มแสดงสัญญาณของภาวะเสี่ยงผิดนัดชำระหนี้ อัตราเงินเฟ้อกลายเป็นปัญหาเรื้อรังที่ไม่มีท่าทีจะหายไป ธนาคารที่เคยโอนฟรีเริ่มกลับมาคิดค่าธรรมเนียม และประชาชนก็เริ่มรู้สึกถึงการเสื่อมศรัทธาในระบบการเงินดั้งเดิม แม้จะยังพูดกันไม่เต็มเสียงก็ตาม

ในขณะเดียวกัน บิตคอยน์เองก็กำลังพัฒนาแบบเงียบ ๆ เงียบ... แต่ไม่เคยหยุด โดยเฉพาะในระดับ Layer 2 ที่เริ่มแสดงศักยภาพอย่างจริงจัง Lightning Network เป็น Layer 2 ที่เปิดใช้งานมาได้ระยะเวลสหนึ่ง และยังคงมีบทบาทสำคัญที่สุดในระบบนิเวศของบิตคอยน์ มันทำให้การชำระเงินเร็วขึ้น มีต้นทุนต่ำ และไม่ต้องบันทึกทุกธุรกรรมลงบล็อกเชน เครือข่ายนี้กำลังขยายตัวทั้งในแง่ของโหนดและการใช้งานจริงทั่วโลก

ขณะเดียวกัน Layer 2 ทางเลือกอื่นอย่าง Ark Protocol ก็กำลังพัฒนาเพื่อตอบโจทย์ด้านความเป็นส่วนตัวและประสบการณ์ใช้งานที่ง่าย BitVM เปิดแนวทางใหม่ให้บิตคอยน์รองรับ smart contract ได้ในระดับ Turing-complete ซึ่งทำให้เกิดความเป็นไปได้ในกรณีใช้งานอีกมากมาย และเทคโนโลยีที่น่าสนใจอย่าง Taproot Assets, Cashu และ Fedimint ก็ทำให้การออกโทเคนหรือสกุลเงินที่อิงกับบิตคอยน์เป็นจริงได้บนโครงสร้างของบิตคอยน์เอง

เทคโนโลยีเหล่านี้ไม่ใช่การเติบโตแบบปาฏิหาริย์ แต่มันคืบหน้าอย่างต่อเนื่องและมั่นคง และนั่นคือเหตุผลที่มันจะ “อยู่รอด” ได้ในระยะยาว เมื่อฐานของความน่าเชื่อถือไม่ใช่บริษัท รัฐบาล หรือทุน แต่คือสิ่งที่ตรวจสอบได้และเปลี่ยนกฎไม่ได้

แน่นอนว่าบิตคอยน์ต้องแข่งขันกับ stable coin, เงินดิจิทัลของรัฐ และ cryptocurrency อื่น ๆ แต่สิ่งที่ทำให้มันเหนือกว่านั้นไม่ใช่ฟีเจอร์ หากแต่เป็นความทนทาน และความมั่นคงของกฎที่ไม่มีใครเปลี่ยนได้ ไม่มีทีมพัฒนา ไม่มีบริษัท ไม่มีประตูปิด หรือการยึดบัญชี มันยืนอยู่บนคณิตศาสตร์ พลังงาน และเวลา

หลายกรณีใช้งานที่เคยถูกทดลองในโลกคริปโตจะค่อย ๆ เคลื่อนเข้ามาสู่บิตคอยน์ เพราะโครงสร้างของมันแข็งแกร่งกว่า ไม่ต้องการทีมพัฒนาแกนกลาง ไม่ต้องพึ่งกลไกเสี่ยงต่อการผูกขาด และไม่ต้องการ “ความเชื่อใจ” จากใครเลย

Bitcoin Standard ที่ผมพูดถึงจึงไม่ใช่การเปลี่ยนแปลงแบบพลิกหน้ามือเป็นหลังมือ แต่คือการ “เปลี่ยนฐานของระบบ” ทีละชั้น ระบบการเงินใหม่ที่อิงอยู่กับบิตคอยน์กำลังเกิดขึ้นแล้ว มันไม่ใช่โลกที่ทุกคนถือเหรียญบิตคอยน์ แต่มันคือโลกที่คนใช้อาจไม่รู้ตัวด้วยซ้ำว่า “สิ่งที่เขาใช้นั้นอิงอยู่กับบิตคอยน์”

ผู้คนอาจใช้เงินดิจิทัลที่สร้างบน Layer 3 หรือ Layer 4 ผ่านแอป ผ่านแพลตฟอร์ม หรือผ่านสกุลเงินใหม่ที่ดูไม่ต่างจากเดิม แต่เบื้องหลังของระบบจะผูกไว้กับบิตคอยน์

และถ้ามองในเชิงพัฒนาการ บิตคอยน์ก็เหมือนกับอินเทอร์เน็ต ครั้งหนึ่งอินเทอร์เน็ตก็ถูกมองว่าเข้าใจยาก ต้องพิมพ์ http ต้องรู้จัก TCP/IP ต้องตั้ง proxy เอง แต่ปัจจุบันผู้คนใช้งานอินเทอร์เน็ตโดยไม่รู้ว่าเบื้องหลังมีอะไรเลย บิตคอยน์กำลังเดินตามเส้นทางเดียวกัน โปรโตคอลกำลังถอยออกจากสายตา และวันหนึ่งเราจะ “ใช้มัน” โดยไม่ต้องรู้ว่ามันคืออะไร

หากนับจากช่วงเริ่มต้นของอินเทอร์เน็ตในยุค 1990 จนกลายเป็นโครงสร้างหลักของโลกในสองทศวรรษ เส้นเวลาของบิตคอยน์ก็กำลังเดินตามรอยเท้าของอินเทอร์เน็ต และถ้าเราเชื่อว่าวัฏจักรของเทคโนโลยีมีจังหวะของมันเอง เราก็จะรู้ว่า Bitcoin Standard นั้นไม่ใช่เรื่องของอนาคตไกลโพ้น แต่มันเกิดขึ้นแล้ว

siamstr

@ 88cc134b:5ae99079

content

nostr:nevent1qvzqqqqqqypzpkygz22lv3pdey6gr7ygmk67wjh24hdvj3t797mm6z0x3ax4erdhqqsdxy48qm3tces0tu90shwltcg20zsprejkahklwftpzyhytcf32tc9sm779

@ 57d1a264:69f1fee1

Deliberate (?) trade-offs we make for the sake of output speed.

... By sacrificing depth in my learning, I can produce substantially more work. I’m unsure if I’m at the correct balance between output quantity and depth of learning. This uncertainty is mainly fueled by a sense of urgency due to rapidly improving AI models. I don’t have time to learn everything deeply. I love learning, but given current trends, I want to maximize immediate output. I’m sacrificing some learning in classes for more time doing outside work. From a teacher’s perspective, this is obviously bad, but from my subjective standpoint, it’s unclear.

Finding the balance between learning and productivity. By trade, one cannot be productive in specific areas without first acquire the knowledge to define the processes needed to deliver. Designing the process often come on a try and fail dynamic that force us to learn from previous mistakes.

I found this little journal story fun but also little sad. Vincent's realization, one of us trading his learnings to be more productive, asking what is productivity without quality assurance?

Inevitably, parts of my brain will degenerate and fade away, so I need to consciously decide what I want to preserve or my entire brain will be gone. What skills am I NOT okay with offloading? What do I want to do myself?

Read Vincent's journal https://vvvincent.me/llms-are-making-me-dumber/

https://stacker.news/items/984361

@ 21335073:a244b1ad

Someone asked for my thoughts, so I’ll share them thoughtfully. I’m not here to dictate how to promote Nostr—I’m still learning about it myself. While I’m not new to Nostr, freedom tech is a newer space for me. I’m skilled at advocating for topics I deeply understand, but freedom tech isn’t my expertise, so take my words with a grain of salt. Nothing I say is set in stone.

Those who need Nostr the most are the ones most vulnerable to censorship on other platforms right now. Reaching them requires real-time awareness of global issues and the dynamic relationships between governments and tech providers, which can shift suddenly. Effective Nostr promoters must grasp this and adapt quickly.

The best messengers are people from or closely tied to these at-risk regions—those who truly understand the local political and cultural dynamics. They can connect with those in need when tensions rise. Ideal promoters are rational, trustworthy, passionate about Nostr, but above all, dedicated to amplifying people’s voices when it matters most.

Forget influencers, corporate-backed figures, or traditional online PR—it comes off as inauthentic, corny, desperate and forced. Nostr’s promotion should be grassroots and organic, driven by a few passionate individuals who believe in Nostr and the communities they serve.

The idea that “people won’t join Nostr due to lack of reach” is nonsense. Everyone knows X’s “reach” is mostly with bots. If humans want real conversations, Nostr is the place. X is great for propaganda, but Nostr is for the authentic voices of the people.

Those spreading Nostr must be so passionate they’re willing to onboard others, which is time-consuming but rewarding for the right person. They’ll need to make Nostr and onboarding a core part of who they are. I see no issue with that level of dedication. I’ve been known to get that way myself at times. It’s fun for some folks.

With love, I suggest not adding Bitcoin promotion with Nostr outreach. Zaps already integrate that element naturally. (Still promote within the Bitcoin ecosystem, but this is about reaching vulnerable voices who needed Nostr yesterday.)

To promote Nostr, forget conventional strategies. “Influencers” aren’t the answer. “Influencers” are not the future. A trusted local community member has real influence—reach them. Connect with people seeking Nostr’s benefits but lacking the technical language to express it. This means some in the Nostr community might need to step outside of the Bitcoin bubble, which is uncomfortable but necessary. Thank you in advance to those who are willing to do that.

I don’t know who is paid to promote Nostr, if anyone. This piece isn’t shade. But it’s exhausting to see innocent voices globally silenced on corporate platforms like X while Nostr exists. Last night, I wondered: how many more voices must be censored before the Nostr community gets uncomfortable and thinks creatively to reach the vulnerable?

A warning: the global need for censorship-resistant social media is undeniable. If Nostr doesn’t make itself known, something else will fill that void. Let’s start this conversation.

@ a39d19ec:3d88f61e

Die Debatte um Migration, Grenzsicherung und Abschiebungen wird in Deutschland meist emotional geführt. Wer fordert, dass illegale Einwanderer abgeschoben werden, sieht sich nicht selten dem Vorwurf des Rassismus ausgesetzt. Doch dieser Vorwurf ist nicht nur sachlich unbegründet, sondern verkehrt die Realität ins Gegenteil: Tatsächlich sind es gerade diejenigen, die hinter jeder Forderung nach Rechtssicherheit eine rassistische Motivation vermuten, die selbst in erster Linie nach Hautfarbe, Herkunft oder Nationalität urteilen.

Das Recht steht über Emotionen

Deutschland ist ein Rechtsstaat. Das bedeutet, dass Regeln nicht nach Bauchgefühl oder politischer Stimmungslage ausgelegt werden können, sondern auf klaren gesetzlichen Grundlagen beruhen müssen. Einer dieser Grundsätze ist in Artikel 16a des Grundgesetzes verankert. Dort heißt es:

„Auf Absatz 1 [Asylrecht] kann sich nicht berufen, wer aus einem Mitgliedstaat der Europäischen Gemeinschaften oder aus einem anderen Drittstaat einreist, in dem die Anwendung des Abkommens über die Rechtsstellung der Flüchtlinge und der Europäischen Menschenrechtskonvention sichergestellt ist.“

Das bedeutet, dass jeder, der über sichere Drittstaaten nach Deutschland einreist, keinen Anspruch auf Asyl hat. Wer dennoch bleibt, hält sich illegal im Land auf und unterliegt den geltenden Regelungen zur Rückführung. Die Forderung nach Abschiebungen ist daher nichts anderes als die Forderung nach der Einhaltung von Recht und Gesetz.

Die Umkehrung des Rassismusbegriffs

Wer einerseits behauptet, dass das deutsche Asyl- und Aufenthaltsrecht strikt durchgesetzt werden soll, und andererseits nicht nach Herkunft oder Hautfarbe unterscheidet, handelt wertneutral. Diejenigen jedoch, die in einer solchen Forderung nach Rechtsstaatlichkeit einen rassistischen Unterton sehen, projizieren ihre eigenen Denkmuster auf andere: Sie unterstellen, dass die Debatte ausschließlich entlang ethnischer, rassistischer oder nationaler Kriterien geführt wird – und genau das ist eine rassistische Denkweise.

Jemand, der illegale Einwanderung kritisiert, tut dies nicht, weil ihn die Herkunft der Menschen interessiert, sondern weil er den Rechtsstaat respektiert. Hingegen erkennt jemand, der hinter dieser Kritik Rassismus wittert, offenbar in erster Linie die „Rasse“ oder Herkunft der betreffenden Personen und reduziert sie darauf.

Finanzielle Belastung statt ideologischer Debatte

Neben der rechtlichen gibt es auch eine ökonomische Komponente. Der deutsche Wohlfahrtsstaat basiert auf einem Solidarprinzip: Die Bürger zahlen in das System ein, um sich gegenseitig in schwierigen Zeiten zu unterstützen. Dieser Wohlstand wurde über Generationen hinweg von denjenigen erarbeitet, die hier seit langem leben. Die Priorität liegt daher darauf, die vorhandenen Mittel zuerst unter denjenigen zu verteilen, die durch Steuern, Sozialabgaben und Arbeit zum Erhalt dieses Systems beitragen – nicht unter denen, die sich durch illegale Einreise und fehlende wirtschaftliche Eigenleistung in das System begeben.

Das ist keine ideologische Frage, sondern eine rein wirtschaftliche Abwägung. Ein Sozialsystem kann nur dann nachhaltig funktionieren, wenn es nicht unbegrenzt belastet wird. Würde Deutschland keine klaren Regeln zur Einwanderung und Abschiebung haben, würde dies unweigerlich zur Überlastung des Sozialstaates führen – mit negativen Konsequenzen für alle.

Sozialpatriotismus

Ein weiterer wichtiger Aspekt ist der Schutz der Arbeitsleistung jener Generationen, die Deutschland nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg mühsam wieder aufgebaut haben. Während oft betont wird, dass die Deutschen moralisch kein Erbe aus der Zeit vor 1945 beanspruchen dürfen – außer der Verantwortung für den Holocaust –, ist es umso bedeutsamer, das neue Erbe nach 1945 zu respektieren, das auf Fleiß, Disziplin und harter Arbeit beruht. Der Wiederaufbau war eine kollektive Leistung deutscher Menschen, deren Früchte nicht bedenkenlos verteilt werden dürfen, sondern vorrangig denjenigen zugutekommen sollten, die dieses Fundament mitgeschaffen oder es über Generationen mitgetragen haben.

Rechtstaatlichkeit ist nicht verhandelbar

Wer sich für eine konsequente Abschiebepraxis ausspricht, tut dies nicht aus rassistischen Motiven, sondern aus Respekt vor der Rechtsstaatlichkeit und den wirtschaftlichen Grundlagen des Landes. Der Vorwurf des Rassismus in diesem Kontext ist daher nicht nur falsch, sondern entlarvt eine selektive Wahrnehmung nach rassistischen Merkmalen bei denjenigen, die ihn erheben.

@ a39d19ec:3d88f61e

Nun da das deutsche Bundesregime den Ruin Deutschlands beschlossen hat, der sehr wahrscheinlich mit dem Werkzeug des Geld druckens "finanziert" wird, kamen mir so viele Gedanken zur Geldmengenausweitung, dass ich diese für einmal niedergeschrieben habe.

Die Ausweitung der Geldmenge führt aus klassischer wirtschaftlicher Sicht immer zu Preissteigerungen, weil mehr Geld im Umlauf auf eine begrenzte Menge an Gütern trifft. Dies lässt sich in mehreren Schritten analysieren:

1. Quantitätstheorie des Geldes

Die klassische Gleichung der Quantitätstheorie des Geldes lautet:

M • V = P • Y

wobei:
- M die Geldmenge ist,
- V die Umlaufgeschwindigkeit des Geldes,
- P das Preisniveau,
- Y die reale Wirtschaftsleistung (BIP).

Wenn M steigt und V sowie Y konstant bleiben, muss P steigen – also Inflation entstehen.

2. Gütermenge bleibt begrenzt

Die Menge an real produzierten Gütern und Dienstleistungen wächst meist nur langsam im Vergleich zur Ausweitung der Geldmenge. Wenn die Geldmenge schneller steigt als die Produktionsgütermenge, führt dies dazu, dass mehr Geld für die gleiche Menge an Waren zur Verfügung steht – die Preise steigen.

3. Erwartungseffekte und Spekulation

Wenn Unternehmen und Haushalte erwarten, dass mehr Geld im Umlauf ist, da eine zentrale Planung es so wollte, können sie steigende Preise antizipieren. Unternehmen erhöhen ihre Preise vorab, und Arbeitnehmer fordern höhere Löhne. Dies kann eine sich selbst verstärkende Spirale auslösen.

4. Internationale Perspektive

Eine erhöhte Geldmenge kann die Währung abwerten, wenn andere Länder ihre Geldpolitik stabil halten. Eine schwächere Währung macht Importe teurer, was wiederum Preissteigerungen antreibt.

5. Kritik an der reinen Geldmengen-Theorie

Der Vollständigkeit halber muss erwähnt werden, dass die meisten modernen Ökonomen im Staatsauftrag argumentieren, dass Inflation nicht nur von der Geldmenge abhängt, sondern auch von der Nachfrage nach Geld (z. B. in einer Wirtschaftskrise). Dennoch zeigt die historische Erfahrung, dass eine unkontrollierte Geldmengenausweitung langfristig immer zu Preissteigerungen führt, wie etwa in der Hyperinflation der Weimarer Republik oder in Simbabwe.

@ a296b972:e5a7a2e8

Die Natur strebt nach einem Gleichgewicht durch Ausgleich von nicht zueinander passenden Verhältnissen. Die Gesellschaft ist ein sozialer Organismus, der ebenso nach Ausgleich und einer Stimmigkeit der Verhältnisse strebt. Das sind Naturgesetze, die keine Regierung auf Dauer imstande ist, außer Kraft zu setzen.

Weder oppositionelle Kräfte, noch Kräfte innerhalb des Souveräns haben die Absicht, die Demokratie abzuschaffen. Es geht vielmehr darum, sie wieder in der Form herzustellen, in der sie ihren Namen auch verdient. Dazu gehört, dass alle Macht vom Volke ausgeht, was derzeit nicht der Fall ist.

Ein durch den Staat vorgegebenes Bildungssystem hat Menschen vor allem zu gefügigen Rädchen im Wirtschaftsgetriebe und nicht zu alles kritisch hinterfragenden Bürgern erzogen, die ständig der Regierung auf die Finger schauen.

Wenn die Bürger, der Souverän, eine Regierung immer mehr „machen lässt“ und glaubt, es sei genug, alle 4 Jahre sein Wahl-Kreuzchen zu machen, entfernt er sich immer mehr von der Kontrolle der durch ihn beauftragten Vertreter, und diese entfernen sich so immer mehr vom Alltag der Bürger.

Zu wenig Gegenrede des Souveräns führt zu immer mehr Übermut der Regierung, die sich immer sicherer wird, mit jedem Unsinn durchzukommen.

Ist dann die Schmerzgrenze des Souveräns erreicht, beginnt er, die Opposition zu stärken. In einer funktionierenden Demokratie würde das dazu führen, dass die Opposition die Regierung bildet, die dann die Chance hat, Fehlentwicklungen abzustellen und ausgleichend tätig zu werden.

Derzeit findet sowohl beim Souverän, als auch bei den Parteien, die bisher Regierungen zusammengestellt haben, ein Erwachen statt.

Da die ehemaligen Volks-Parteien unbedingt an der Macht festhalten wollen, seitens des Souveräns auf zu wenig Widerstand stoßen, wird mit der Macht, einer Demokratie nicht würdig, umgegangen. Dem sollte dringend Einhalt geboten werden.

Der Missbrauch äußert sich in brutalen (Lieblingswort der Ex-Außen-Dings) Einschränkungen der Grundrechte (Corona-Zeit), in der Einschränkung der Meinungsfreiheit (D S A), in Tendenzen zunehmender Kontrolle und Überwachung, Förderung von Denunzianten-Portalen, Kapern des öffentlich-rechtlichen Rundfunks, Förderung von NGOs, die als Sprechpuppen genutzt werden. Besetzt von Menschen, die entweder tatsächlich überzeugt sind von dem, was sie ideologisch vertreten, oder die über Charaktereigenschaften verfügen, die noch sehr viel Optimierungspotenzial in sich bergen. Gepaart mit fachlicher Inkompetenz ist das ein gefährlicher Cocktail.

Erst jüngst sogar durch Ausreiseverbote, wie in einem Staat, mit dem man das derzeitige Deutschland nicht vergleichen darf. So groß ist inzwischen schon die Angst geworden, die Kontrolle über die Macht zu verlieren. Alles, was an Kritik geäußert werden will, gilt als Delegitimierung des Staates. Auf keinen Fall darf sie im Ausland geäußert werden, damit es ja nichts davon mitbekommt, was in Deutschland abgeht. Das ist so wie ein Kind, dass sich die Hände vor die Augen hält und meint, es würde nicht gesehen werden.

Die Regierung ist übergriffig geworden. Je lauter sie Demokratie schreit, desto totalitärer wird sie.

Durch fehlende Kontrolle des Souveräns sind charakterlich und fachlich ungeeignete Personen in die Politik gelangt, deren ständige Überforderung dazu führt, dass sich deren Entscheidungen immer weiter von der Lebensrealität des Souveräns entfernen.

Bislang haben rund 25% des Souveräns diese Schieflage erkannt und wollen einer Opposition, die so stark geworden ist, weil die Alt-Parteien über Jahre Fehler an Fehler aneinandergereiht haben, die Gelegenheit geben, diese Fehler zu beheben und auszugleichen. Offen bleibt die Frage, ob sie dazu wirklich in der Lage sind, oder ob die Gefahr besteht, dass sie von einem möglicherweise grundsätzlich kranken System vereinnahmt werden.

Da es seitens der Alt-Parteien keine Einsicht gibt, dass sie in der Regierung nicht mehr den Willen des Souveräns vertreten, derzeit auch besonders gut zu sehen an dem Friedenswillen des Souveräns im Vergleich zur Kriegstreiberei der Regierung, bleibt nur, der Opposition zumindest die Chance zu geben, es besser zu machen und den Willen des Souveräns umzusetzen. Gelänge das nicht, ist die Demokratie, wie wir sie bislang verstanden haben, gescheitert.

Eine daraus resultierende Staatsform stünde dem Freiheitsgedanken diametral gegenüber.

Die Verteidigung von Unseredemokratie seitens der Regierung entlarvt das eigentliche, was damit gemeint ist, nämlich die Erhaltung der eigenen Macht, verbunden mit allen Vorzügen und Privilegien. Sie richtet sich gegen das eigene Volk, das mit einer ganz normal funktionierenden Demokratie schon sehr zufrieden wäre. Unseredemokratie ist nicht unsere Demokratie!

In Anlehnung an die berühmt gewordene Lüge Walter Ulbrichs: „Niemand hat die Absicht eine Mauer zu errichten“, hat derzeit niemand die Absicht, die sogenannte Brandmauer einzureißen, bzw. sie so lange stehen zu lassen, wie es eben geht, um die herrschenden Machtverhältnisse so lange wie möglich aufrechtzuerhalten. Die Geschichte hat jedoch zum Glück gezeigt, dass selbst eine Berliner Mauer nicht ewig hält.

Wie sich aus dem absurd-lächerlichen Gutachten, einer der Regierung gegenüber weisungsgebundenen Behörde herausgestellt hat, gibt es keinerlei Anzeichen dafür, dass die Opposition die demokratische Grundordnung weder gefährden noch beseitigen will.

Da die ehemaligen Volksparteien augenscheinlich nicht in der Lage sind, politische, wirtschaftliche und gesellschaftliche Verhältnisse zum Wohle des Deutschen Volkes herzustellen, ist der demokratische Weg, die Opposition hierzu zu ermächtigen.

Wird das weiterhin verhindert, wird der Unmut des Souveräns weiter zunehmen, und spätestens, wenn die zunehmenden Schikanen die Schmerzgrenze überschritten haben, wird der Souverän nach geeigneten Mitteln und Möglichkeiten suchen, diese Schieflage zu beheben und auszugleichen.

Derzeit stehen sich ein in der Zahl und im Befinden zunehmend unzufrieden werdender Souverän und eine immer absurdere Entscheidungen treffende Regierung im lebendigen Tauziehen um Interessen gegenüber. Je mehr Bockmist die Alt-Parteien bauen, um so stärker wird die Opposition.

Aufgrund der jetzt schon vorhandenen Anzahl wacher Bürger und der Anzahl der in der Politik Unfähigen, ist eigentlich schon jetzt klar, wer in diesem Tauziehen die größere Kraft hat und wer das „Spiel“ nach demokratischen Regeln am Ende gewinnen wird. Das ist eindeutig der Souverän. Verliert er, wider Erwarten, verliert auch die Demokratie.

Dem Souverän fehlt nur noch ein wenig mehr Selbstvertrauen und ein Bewusstsein für die Macht, über die er tatsächlich verfügt.

Je mehr absurde Entscheidungen seitens der Regierung getroffen werden, und man arbeitet ja sehr fleißig daran, besonders, wenn es um Frieden geht, desto stärker wird das Selbstbewusstsein des Souveräns werden und ein natürlicher, friedlicher Ausgleich der Schieflage kann stattfinden. Der Start der neuen Regierung war jedenfalls schon einmal sehr "Keine-4-Jahre".

Wer sich in die steile und eisglatte Abfahrtspiste Deutschlands vertiefen will, hier eine Rezension zu dem Buch „Im Taumel des Niedergangs“ von dem von mir sehr geschätzten und akribisch arbeitenden Uwe Froschauer:

https://www.manova.news/artikel/abwarts

oder

https://wassersaege.com/blogbeitraege/abwaerts-rezension-des-buches-im-taumel-des-niedergangs-von-uwe-froschauer/

Dieser Artikel wurde mit dem Pareto-Client geschrieben

* *

(Bild von pixabay)

@ 0d97beae:c5274a14

This article hopes to complement the article by Lyn Alden on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jk_HWmmwiAs

The reason why we have broken money

Before the invention of key technologies such as the printing press and electronic communications, even such as those as early as morse code transmitters, gold had won the competition for best medium of money around the world.

In fact, it was not just gold by itself that became money, rulers and world leaders developed coins in order to help the economy grow. Gold nuggets were not as easy to transact with as coins with specific imprints and denominated sizes.

However, these modern technologies created massive efficiencies that allowed us to communicate and perform services more efficiently and much faster, yet the medium of money could not benefit from these advancements. Gold was heavy, slow and expensive to move globally, even though requesting and performing services globally did not have this limitation anymore.

Banks took initiative and created derivatives of gold: paper and electronic money; these new currencies allowed the economy to continue to grow and evolve, but it was not without its dark side. Today, no currency is denominated in gold at all, money is backed by nothing and its inherent value, the paper it is printed on, is worthless too.

Banks and governments eventually transitioned from a money derivative to a system of debt that could be co-opted and controlled for political and personal reasons. Our money today is broken and is the cause of more expensive, poorer quality goods in the economy, a larger and ever growing wealth gap, and many of the follow-on problems that have come with it.

Bitcoin overcomes the "transfer of hard money" problem

Just like gold coins were created by man, Bitcoin too is a technology created by man. Bitcoin, however is a much more profound invention, possibly more of a discovery than an invention in fact. Bitcoin has proven to be unbreakable, incorruptible and has upheld its ability to keep its units scarce, inalienable and counterfeit proof through the nature of its own design.

Since Bitcoin is a digital technology, it can be transferred across international borders almost as quickly as information itself. It therefore severely reduces the need for a derivative to be used to represent money to facilitate digital trade. This means that as the currency we use today continues to fare poorly for many people, bitcoin will continue to stand out as hard money, that just so happens to work as well, functionally, along side it.

Bitcoin will also always be available to anyone who wishes to earn it directly; even China is unable to restrict its citizens from accessing it. The dollar has traditionally become the currency for people who discover that their local currency is unsustainable. Even when the dollar has become illegal to use, it is simply used privately and unofficially. However, because bitcoin does not require you to trade it at a bank in order to use it across borders and across the web, Bitcoin will continue to be a viable escape hatch until we one day hit some critical mass where the world has simply adopted Bitcoin globally and everyone else must adopt it to survive.

Bitcoin has not yet proven that it can support the world at scale. However it can only be tested through real adoption, and just as gold coins were developed to help gold scale, tools will be developed to help overcome problems as they arise; ideally without the need for another derivative, but if necessary, hopefully with one that is more neutral and less corruptible than the derivatives used to represent gold.

Bitcoin blurs the line between commodity and technology

Bitcoin is a technology, it is a tool that requires human involvement to function, however it surprisingly does not allow for any concentration of power. Anyone can help to facilitate Bitcoin's operations, but no one can take control of its behaviour, its reach, or its prioritisation, as it operates autonomously based on a pre-determined, neutral set of rules.

At the same time, its built-in incentive mechanism ensures that people do not have to operate bitcoin out of the good of their heart. Even though the system cannot be co-opted holistically, It will not stop operating while there are people motivated to trade their time and resources to keep it running and earn from others' transaction fees. Although it requires humans to operate it, it remains both neutral and sustainable.

Never before have we developed or discovered a technology that could not be co-opted and used by one person or faction against another. Due to this nature, Bitcoin's units are often described as a commodity; they cannot be usurped or virtually cloned, and they cannot be affected by political biases.

The dangers of derivatives

A derivative is something created, designed or developed to represent another thing in order to solve a particular complication or problem. For example, paper and electronic money was once a derivative of gold.

In the case of Bitcoin, if you cannot link your units of bitcoin to an "address" that you personally hold a cryptographically secure key to, then you very likely have a derivative of bitcoin, not bitcoin itself. If you buy bitcoin on an online exchange and do not withdraw the bitcoin to a wallet that you control, then you legally own an electronic derivative of bitcoin.

Bitcoin is a new technology. It will have a learning curve and it will take time for humanity to learn how to comprehend, authenticate and take control of bitcoin collectively. Having said that, many people all over the world are already using and relying on Bitcoin natively. For many, it will require for people to find the need or a desire for a neutral money like bitcoin, and to have been burned by derivatives of it, before they start to understand the difference between the two. Eventually, it will become an essential part of what we regard as common sense.

Learn for yourself

If you wish to learn more about how to handle bitcoin and avoid derivatives, you can start by searching online for tutorials about "Bitcoin self custody".

There are many options available, some more practical for you, and some more practical for others. Don't spend too much time trying to find the perfect solution; practice and learn. You may make mistakes along the way, so be careful not to experiment with large amounts of your bitcoin as you explore new ideas and technologies along the way. This is similar to learning anything, like riding a bicycle; you are sure to fall a few times, scuff the frame, so don't buy a high performance racing bike while you're still learning to balance.

@ d360efec:14907b5f

🚀📉 #BTC วิเคราะห์ H2! พุ่งชน 105K แล้วเจอแรงขาย... จับตา FVG 100.5K เป็นจุดวัดใจ! 👀📊

จากากรวิเคราะห์ทางเทคนิคสำหรับ #Bitcoin ในกรอบเวลา H2:

สัปดาห์ที่แล้ว #BTC ได้เบรคและพุ่งขึ้นอย่างแข็งแกร่งค่ะ 📈⚡ แต่เมื่อวันจันทร์ที่ผ่านมา ราคาได้ขึ้นไปชนแนวต้านบริเวณ 105,000 ดอลลาร์ แล้วเจอแรงขายย่อตัวลงมาตลอดทั้งวันค่ะ 🧱📉

ตอนนี้ ระดับที่น่าจับตาอย่างยิ่งคือโซน H4 FVG (Fair Value Gap ในกราฟ 4 ชั่วโมง) ที่ 100,500 ดอลลาร์ ค่ะ 🎯 (FVG คือโซนที่ราคาวิ่งผ่านไปเร็วๆ และมักเป็นบริเวณที่ราคามีโอกาสกลับมาทดสอบ/เติมเต็ม)

👇 โซน FVG ที่ 100.5K นี้ ยังคงเป็น Area of Interest ที่น่าสนใจสำหรับมองหาจังหวะ Long เพื่อลุ้นการขึ้นในคลื่นลูกถัดไปค่ะ!

🤔💡 อย่างไรก็ตาม การตัดสินใจเข้า Long หรือเทรดที่บริเวณนี้ ขึ้นอยู่กับว่าราคา แสดงปฏิกิริยาอย่างไรเมื่อมาถึงโซน 100.5K นี้ เพื่อยืนยันสัญญาณสำหรับการเคลื่อนไหวที่จะขึ้นสูงกว่าเดิมค่ะ!

เฝ้าดู Price Action ที่ระดับนี้อย่างใกล้ชิดนะคะ! 📍

BTC #Bitcoin #Crypto #คริปโต #TechnicalAnalysis #Trading #FVG #FairValueGap #PriceAction #MarketAnalysis #ลงทุนคริปโต #วิเคราะห์กราฟ #TradeSetup #ข่าวคริปโต #ตลาดคริปโต

@ 37fe9853:bcd1b039

yoyoaa

@ 91bea5cd:1df4451c

Contexto e início

O precursor direto do avivamento foi William J. Seymour, um pregador afro-americano filho de ex-escravos, influenciado pelos ensinamentos de Charles Parham, que pregava o "batismo no Espírito Santo" com evidência do falar em línguas.

Em 1906, Seymour foi convidado para pregar em uma igreja em Los Angeles. Após ser rejeitado por alguns por sua pregação sobre o batismo com o Espírito Santo, ele começou a liderar reuniões de oração na casa da família Asberry. Em abril de 1906, durante uma dessas reuniões, os participantes começaram a experimentar manifestações intensas do Espírito Santo, incluindo glossolalia (falar em línguas), curas e profecias.

A Rua Azusa

Logo, o número de participantes cresceu tanto que foi necessário mudar para um antigo prédio da Igreja Metodista Africana Episcopal, no número 312 da Rua Azusa, no centro de Los Angeles. Esse local se tornou o epicentro do avivamento.

Características marcantes

Cultos espontâneos e fervorosos, muitas vezes sem ordem pré-definida.

Diversidade étnica e social: negros, brancos, latinos, asiáticos, ricos e pobres adoravam juntos — algo radical para os padrões da época.

Ênfase nas manifestações espirituais, como línguas, curas, visões e profecias.

Igualdade de gênero e raça no ministério, com mulheres e homens de diversas origens pregando e liderando.

Impacto

O avivamento da Rua Azusa marcou o nascimento e expansão global do pentecostalismo, hoje uma das maiores forças do cristianismo mundial. Missionários saíram de Azusa para várias partes do mundo, levando a mensagem pentecostal. Movimentos como as Assembleias de Deus e Igreja do Evangelho Quadrangular têm raízes nesse avivamento.

Tensão e Interpretação entre Reformistas e Pentecostalistas

Evangelhos e Atos

João Batista profetiza: “Ele vos batizará com o Espírito Santo e com fogo” (Mateus 3:11).

Em Atos 2, no Pentecostes, os discípulos falam em línguas e recebem poder (Atos 1:8; 2:4).

Outros episódios: Atos 10 (Casa de Cornélio) e Atos 19 (Éfeso).

Cartas Paulinas

Paulo não relaciona diretamente o “batismo com o Espírito” ao falar em línguas. Em 1 Coríntios 12:13 ele diz: “Pois em um só Espírito todos nós fomos batizados em um corpo”.

A glossolalia aparece como um dom entre outros, mas não como evidência obrigatória (1 Coríntios 12:30).

Tensão

Pentecostais veem o batismo com o Espírito como uma segunda experiência após a conversão, evidenciada por línguas. Reformados geralmente interpretam que o batismo com o Espírito ocorre na conversão e que línguas não são obrigatórias ou cessaram com os apóstolos.

Reformadores e o Batismo com o Espírito Santo

Martinho Lutero, João Calvino e outros reformadores não falavam em línguas nem davam ênfase a experiências carismáticas.

Cessacionismo: Doutrina comum entre reformados que diz que os dons sobrenaturais (línguas, profecias, curas) cessaram com a era apostólica.

Continuação (posição pentecostal): Os dons continuam hoje.

Filmes / Documentários

“Azusa Street: The Origins of Pentecostalism” (2006) – Documentário com imagens históricas e entrevistas.

“Wesley” (2009) – Biografia de John Wesley, precursor do metodismo e influência indireta no pentecostalismo.

“The Cross and the Switchblade” (1970) – História de David Wilkerson e a conversão de Nicky Cruz; enfatiza a obra do Espírito.

Série “God in America” (PBS) – Episódio sobre o pentecostalismo (não só Azusa, mas seu impacto cultural).

@ 57d1a264:69f1fee1

Digital Psychology ↗

Wall of impact website showcase a collection of success metrics and micro case studies to create a clear, impactful visual of your brand's achievements. It also displays a Wall of love with an abundance of testimonials in one place, letting the sheer volume highlight your brand's popularity and customer satisfaction.

And like these, many others collections like Testimonial mashup that combine multiple testimonials into a fast-paced, engaging reel that highlights key moments of impact in an attention-grabbing format.

Awards and certifications of websites highlighting third-party ratings and verification to signal trust and quality through industry-recognized achievements and standards.

View them all at https://socialproofexamples.com/

https://stacker.news/items/984357

@ d360efec:14907b5f

@ 62033ff8:e4471203

收录的内容中 kind=1的部分，实话说 质量不高。 所以我增加了kind=30023 长文的article，但是更新的太少，多个relays 的服务器也没有多少长文。

所有搜索nostr如果需要产生价值，需要有高质量的文章和新闻。 而且现在有很多机器人的文章充满着浪费空间的作用，其他作用都用不上。

https://www.duozhutuan.com 目前放的是给搜索引擎提供搜索的原材料。没有做UI给人类浏览。所以看上去是粗糙的。 我并没有打算去做一个发microblog的 web客户端，那类的客户端太多了。

我觉得nostr社区需要解决的还是应用。如果仅仅是microblog 感觉有点够呛

幸运的是npub.pro 建站这样的，我觉得有点意思。

yakihonne 智能widget 也有意思

我做的TaskQ5 我自己在用了。分布式的任务系统，也挺好的。

@ 609f186c:0aa4e8af

Google says that Android 16 is slated to feature an optional high security mode. Cool.

Advanced Protection has a bunch of requested features that address the kinds of threats we worry about.

It's the kind of 'turn this one thing on if you face elevated risk' that we've been asking for from Google.

And likely reflects some learning after Google watched Apple 's Lockdown Mode play out. I see a lot of value in this..

Here are some features I'm excited to see play out:

The Intrusion Logging feature is interesting & is going to impose substantial cost on attackers trying to hide evidence of exploitation. Logs get e2ee encrypted into the cloud. This one is spicy.

The Offline Lock, Inactivity Reboot & USB protection will frustrate non-consensual attempts to physically grab device data.

Memory Tagging Extension is going to make a lot of attack & exploitation categories harder.

2G Network Protection & disabling Auto-connect to insecure networks are going to address categories of threat from things like IMSI catchers & hostile WiFi.

I'm curious about some other features such as:

Spam & Scam detection: Google messages feature that suggests message content awareness and some kind of scanning.

Scam detection for Phone by Google is interesting & coming later. The way it is described suggests phone conversation awareness. This also addresses a different category of threat than the stuff above. I can see it addressing a whole category of bad things that regular users (& high risk ones too!) face. Will be curious how privacy is addressed or if this done purely locally. Getting messy: Friction points? I see Google thinking these through, but I'm going to add a potential concern: what will users do when they encounter friction? Will they turn this off & forget to re-enable? We've seen users turn off iOS Lockdown Mode when they run into friction for specific websites or, say, legacy WiFi. They then forget to turn it back on. And stay vulnerable.

Bottom line: users disabling Apple's Lockdown Mode for a temporary thing & leaving it off because they forget to turn it on happens a lot. This is a serious % of users in my experience...

And should be factored into design decisions for similar modes. I feel like a good balance is a 'snooze button' or equivalent so that users can disable all/some features for a brief few minute period to do something they need to do, and then auto re-enable.

Winding up:

I'm excited to see how Android Advanced Protection plays with high risk users' experiences. I'm also super curious whether the spam/scam detection features may also be helpful to more vulnerable users (think: aging seniors)...

Niche but important:

Some users, esp. those that migrated to security & privacy-focused Android distros because of because of the absence of such a feature are clear candidates for it... But they may also voice privacy concerns around some of the screening features. Clear communication from the Google Security / Android team will be key here.

@ a5142938:0ef19da3

Content coming soon.

Learn more on Wikipedia

@ b099870e:f3ba8f5d

The fools in life want things fast and easy – money, success, attention. Boredom is their great enemy and fear. Whatever they manage to get slips through their hands as fast as it comes in. You, on the other hand, want to outlast your rivals. You are building the foundation for something that can continue to expand. To make this happen, you will have to serve an apprenticeship. You must learn early on to endure the hours of practice and drudgery, knowing that in the end all of that time will translate into a higher pleasure – mastery of a craft and of yourself. Your goal is to reach the ultimate skill level – an intuitive feel for what must come next.

Quote from The 50th Law that I'm currently reading

@ d360efec:14907b5f

Disclaimer: * การวิเคราะห์นี้เป็นเพียงแนวทาง ไม่ใช่คำแนะนำในการซื้อขาย * การลงทุนมีความเสี่ยง ผู้ลงทุนควรตัดสินใจด้วยตนเอง

@ e4950c93:1b99eccd

Contenu à venir.

En savoir plus sur Wikipedia

@ 3bf0c63f:aefa459d

Report of how the money Jack donated to the cause in December 2022 has been misused so far.

Bounties given

March 2025

• Dhalsim: 1,110,540 - Work on Nostr wiki data processing

February 2025

• BOUNTY* NullKotlinDev: 950,480 - Twine RSS reader Nostr integration
• Dhalsim: 2,094,584 - Work on Hypothes.is Nostr fork
• Constant, Biz and J: 11,700,588 - Nostr Special Forces

January 2025

• Constant, Biz and J: 11,610,987 - Nostr Special Forces
• BOUNTY* NullKotlinDev: 843,840 - Feeder RSS reader Nostr integration
• BOUNTY* NullKotlinDev: 797,500 - ReadYou RSS reader Nostr integration

December 2024

• BOUNTY* tijl: 1,679,500 - Nostr integration into RSS readers yarr and miniflux
• Constant, Biz and J: 10,736,166 - Nostr Special Forces
• Thereza: 1,020,000 - Podcast outreach initiative

November 2024

• Constant, Biz and J: 5,422,464 - Nostr Special Forces

October 2024

• Nostrdam: 300,000 - hackathon prize
• Svetski: 5,000,000 - Latin America Nostr events contribution
• Quentin: 5,000,000 - nostrcheck.me

June 2024

• Darashi: 5,000,000 - maintaining nos.today, searchnos, search.nos.today and other experiments
• Toshiya: 5,000,000 - keeping the NIPs repo clean and other stuff

May 2024

• James: 3,500,000 - https://github.com/jamesmagoo/nostr-writer
• Yakihonne: 5,000,000 - spreading the word in Asia
• Dashu: 9,000,000 - https://github.com/haorendashu/nostrmo

February 2024

• Viktor: 5,000,000 - https://github.com/viktorvsk/saltivka and https://github.com/viktorvsk/knowstr
• Eric T: 5,000,000 - https://github.com/tcheeric/nostr-java
• Semisol: 5,000,000 - https://relay.noswhere.com/ and https://hist.nostr.land relays
• Sebastian: 5,000,000 - Drupal stuff and nostr-php work
• tijl: 5,000,000 - Cloudron, Yunohost and Fraidycat attempts
• Null Kotlin Dev: 5,000,000 - AntennaPod attempt

December 2023

• hzrd: 5,000,000 - Nostrudel
• awayuki: 5,000,000 - NOSTOPUS illustrations
• bera: 5,000,000 - getwired.app
• Chris: 5,000,000 - resolvr.io
• NoGood: 10,000,000 - nostrexplained.com stories

October 2023

• SnowCait: 5,000,000 - https://nostter.vercel.app/ and other tools
• Shaun: 10,000,000 - https://yakihonne.com/, events and work on Nostr awareness
• Derek Ross: 10,000,000 - spreading the word around the world
• fmar: 5,000,000 - https://github.com/frnandu/yana
• The Nostr Report: 2,500,000 - curating stuff
• james magoo: 2,500,000 - the Obsidian plugin: https://github.com/jamesmagoo/nostr-writer

August 2023

• Paul Miller: 5,000,000 - JS libraries and cryptography-related work
• BOUNTY tijl: 5,000,000 - https://github.com/github-tijlxyz/wikinostr
• gzuus: 5,000,000 - https://nostree.me/

July 2023

• syusui-s: 5,000,000 - rabbit, a tweetdeck-like Nostr client: https://syusui-s.github.io/rabbit/
• kojira: 5,000,000 - Nostr fanzine, Nostr discussion groups in Japan, hardware experiments
• darashi: 5,000,000 - https://github.com/darashi/nos.today, https://github.com/darashi/searchnos, https://github.com/darashi/murasaki
• jeff g: 5,000,000 - https://nostr.how and https://listr.lol, plus other contributions
• cloud fodder: 5,000,000 - https://nostr1.com (open-source)
• utxo.one: 5,000,000 - https://relaying.io (open-source)
• Max DeMarco: 10,269,507 - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aA-jiiepOrE
• BOUNTY optout21: 1,000,000 - https://github.com/optout21/nip41-proto0 (proposed nip41 CLI)
• BOUNTY Leo: 1,000,000 - https://github.com/leo-lox/camelus (an old relay thing I forgot exactly)

June 2023

• BOUNTY: Sepher: 2,000,000 - a webapp for making lists of anything: https://pinstr.app/
• BOUNTY: Kieran: 10,000,000 - implement gossip algorithm on Snort, implement all the other nice things: manual relay selection, following hints etc.
• Mattn: 5,000,000 - a myriad of projects and contributions to Nostr projects: https://github.com/search?q=owner%3Amattn+nostr&type=code
• BOUNTY: lynn: 2,000,000 - a simple and clean git nostr CLI written in Go, compatible with William's original git-nostr-tools; and implement threaded comments on https://github.com/fiatjaf/nocomment.
• Jack Chakany: 5,000,000 - https://github.com/jacany/nblog
• BOUNTY: Dan: 2,000,000 - https://metadata.nostr.com/

April 2023

• BOUNTY: Blake Jakopovic: 590,000 - event deleter tool, NIP dependency organization
• BOUNTY: koalasat: 1,000,000 - display relays
• BOUNTY: Mike Dilger: 4,000,000 - display relays, follow event hints (Gossip)
• BOUNTY: kaiwolfram: 5,000,000 - display relays, follow event hints, choose relays to publish (Nozzle)
• Daniele Tonon: 3,000,000 - Gossip
• bu5hm4nn: 3,000,000 - Gossip
• BOUNTY: hodlbod: 4,000,000 - display relays, follow event hints

March 2023

• Doug Hoyte: 5,000,000 sats - https://github.com/hoytech/strfry
• Alex Gleason: 5,000,000 sats - https://gitlab.com/soapbox-pub/mostr
• verbiricha: 5,000,000 sats - https://badges.page/, https://habla.news/
• talvasconcelos: 5,000,000 sats - https://migrate.nostr.com, https://read.nostr.com, https://write.nostr.com/
• BOUNTY: Gossip model: 5,000,000 - https://camelus.app/
• BOUNTY: Gossip model: 5,000,000 - https://github.com/kaiwolfram/Nozzle
• BOUNTY: Bounty Manager: 5,000,000 - https://nostrbounties.com/

February 2023

• styppo: 5,000,000 sats - https://hamstr.to/
• sandwich: 5,000,000 sats - https://nostr.watch/
• BOUNTY: Relay-centric client designs: 5,000,000 sats https://bountsr.org/design/2023/01/26/relay-based-design.html
• BOUNTY: Gossip model on https://coracle.social/: 5,000,000 sats
• Nostrovia Podcast: 3,000,000 sats - https://nostrovia.org/
• BOUNTY: Nostr-Desk / Monstr: 5,000,000 sats - https://github.com/alemmens/monstr
• Mike Dilger: 5,000,000 sats - https://github.com/mikedilger/gossip

January 2023

• ismyhc: 5,000,000 sats - https://github.com/Galaxoid-Labs/Seer
• Martti Malmi: 5,000,000 sats - https://iris.to/
• Carlos Autonomous: 5,000,000 sats - https://github.com/BrightonBTC/bija
• Koala Sat: 5,000,000 - https://github.com/KoalaSat/nostros
• Vitor Pamplona: 5,000,000 - https://github.com/vitorpamplona/amethyst
• Cameri: 5,000,000 - https://github.com/Cameri/nostream

December 2022

• William Casarin: 7 BTC - splitting the fund
• pseudozach: 5,000,000 sats - https://nostr.directory/
• Sondre Bjellas: 5,000,000 sats - https://notes.blockcore.net/
• Null Dev: 5,000,000 sats - https://github.com/KotlinGeekDev/Nosky
• Blake Jakopovic: 5,000,000 sats - https://github.com/blakejakopovic/nostcat, https://github.com/blakejakopovic/nostreq and https://github.com/blakejakopovic/NostrEventPlayground

@ 23b0e2f8:d8af76fc

Necessário

• Um Android que você não use mais (a câmera deve estar funcionando).
• Um cartão microSD (opcional, usado apenas uma vez).
• Um dispositivo para acompanhar seus fundos (provavelmente você já tem um).

Algumas coisas que você precisa saber

• O dispositivo servirá como um assinador. Qualquer movimentação só será efetuada após ser assinada por ele.
• O cartão microSD será usado para transferir o APK do Electrum e garantir que o aparelho não terá contato com outras fontes de dados externas após sua formatação. Contudo, é possível usar um cabo USB para o mesmo propósito.
• A ideia é deixar sua chave privada em um dispositivo offline, que ficará desligado em 99% do tempo. Você poderá acompanhar seus fundos em outro dispositivo conectado à internet, como seu celular ou computador pessoal.

---

O tutorial será dividido em dois módulos:

• Módulo 1 - Criando uma carteira fria/assinador.
• Módulo 2 - Configurando um dispositivo para visualizar seus fundos e assinando transações com o assinador.

---

No final, teremos:

• Uma carteira fria que também servirá como assinador.
• Um dispositivo para acompanhar os fundos da carteira.

---

Módulo 1 - Criando uma carteira fria/assinador

1. Baixe o APK do Electrum na aba de downloads em https://electrum.org/. Fique à vontade para verificar as assinaturas do software, garantindo sua autenticidade.

2. Formate o cartão microSD e coloque o APK do Electrum nele. Caso não tenha um cartão microSD, pule este passo.

1. Retire os chips e acessórios do aparelho que será usado como assinador, formate-o e aguarde a inicialização.

1. Durante a inicialização, pule a etapa de conexão ao Wi-Fi e rejeite todas as solicitações de conexão. Após isso, você pode desinstalar aplicativos desnecessários, pois precisará apenas do Electrum. Certifique-se de que Wi-Fi, Bluetooth e dados móveis estejam desligados. Você também pode ativar o modo avião.\ (Curiosidade: algumas pessoas optam por abrir o aparelho e danificar a antena do Wi-Fi/Bluetooth, impossibilitando essas funcionalidades.)

1. Insira o cartão microSD com o APK do Electrum no dispositivo e instale-o. Será necessário permitir instalações de fontes não oficiais.

1. No Electrum, crie uma carteira padrão e gere suas palavras-chave (seed). Anote-as em um local seguro. Caso algo aconteça com seu assinador, essas palavras permitirão o acesso aos seus fundos novamente. (Aqui entra seu método pessoal de backup.)

---

Módulo 2 - Configurando um dispositivo para visualizar seus fundos e assinando transações com o assinador.

1. Criar uma carteira somente leitura em outro dispositivo, como seu celular ou computador pessoal, é uma etapa bastante simples. Para este tutorial, usaremos outro smartphone Android com Electrum. Instale o Electrum a partir da aba de downloads em https://electrum.org/ ou da própria Play Store. (ATENÇÃO: O Electrum não existe oficialmente para iPhone. Desconfie se encontrar algum.)

2. Após instalar o Electrum, crie uma carteira padrão, mas desta vez escolha a opção Usar uma chave mestra.

1. Agora, no assinador que criamos no primeiro módulo, exporte sua chave pública: vá em Carteira > Detalhes da carteira > Compartilhar chave mestra pública.

1. Escaneie o QR gerado da chave pública com o dispositivo de consulta. Assim, ele poderá acompanhar seus fundos, mas sem permissão para movimentá-los.

2. Para receber fundos, envie Bitcoin para um dos endereços gerados pela sua carteira: Carteira > Addresses/Coins.

3. Para movimentar fundos, crie uma transação no dispositivo de consulta. Como ele não possui a chave privada, será necessário assiná-la com o dispositivo assinador.

1. No assinador, escaneie a transação não assinada, confirme os detalhes, assine e compartilhe. Será gerado outro QR, desta vez com a transação já assinada.

1. No dispositivo de consulta, escaneie o QR da transação assinada e transmita-a para a rede.

---

Conclusão

Pontos positivos do setup:

• Simplicidade: Basta um dispositivo Android antigo.
• Flexibilidade: Funciona como uma ótima carteira fria, ideal para holders.

Pontos negativos do setup:

• Padronização: Não utiliza seeds no padrão BIP-39, você sempre precisará usar o electrum.
• Interface: A aparência do Electrum pode parecer antiquada para alguns usuários.

Nesse ponto, temos uma carteira fria que também serve para assinar transações. O fluxo de assinar uma transação se torna: Gerar uma transação não assinada > Escanear o QR da transação não assinada > Conferir e assinar essa transação com o assinador > Gerar QR da transação assinada > Escanear a transação assinada com qualquer outro dispositivo que possa transmiti-la para a rede.

Como alguns devem saber, uma transação assinada de Bitcoin é praticamente impossível de ser fraudada. Em um cenário catastrófico, você pode mesmo que sem internet, repassar essa transação assinada para alguém que tenha acesso à rede por qualquer meio de comunicação. Mesmo que não queiramos que isso aconteça um dia, esse setup acaba por tornar essa prática possível.

---

@ 207ad2a0:e7cca7b0

Quick context: I wanted to check out Nostr's longform posts and this blog post seemed like a good one to try and mirror. It's originally from my free to read/share attempt to write a novel, but this post here is completely standalone - just describing how I used AI image generation to make a small piece of the work.

Hold on, put your pitchforks down - outside of using Grammerly & Emacs for grammatical corrections - not a single character was generated or modified by computers; a non-insignificant portion of my first draft originating on pen & paper. No AI is ~~weird and crazy~~ imaginative enough to write like I do. The only successful AI contribution you'll find is a single image, the map, which I heavily edited. This post will go over how I generated and modified an image using AI, which I believe brought some value to the work, and cover a few quick thoughts about AI towards the end.

Let's be clear, I can't draw, but I wanted a map which I believed would improve the story I was working on. After getting abysmal results by prompting AI with text only I decided to use "Diffuse the Rest," a Stable Diffusion tool that allows you to provide a reference image + description to fine tune what you're looking for. I gave it this Microsoft Paint looking drawing:

and after a number of outputs, selected this one to work on:

The image is way better than the one I provided, but had I used it as is, I still feel it would have decreased the quality of my work instead of increasing it. After firing up Gimp I cropped out the top and bottom, expanded the ocean and separated the landmasses, then copied the top right corner of the large landmass to replace the bottom left that got cut off. Now we've got something that looks like concept art: not horrible, and gets the basic idea across, but it's still due for a lot more detail.

The next thing I did was add some texture to make it look more map like. I duplicated the layer in Gimp and applied the "Cartoon" filter to both for some texture. The top layer had a much lower effect strength to give it a more textured look, while the lower layer had a higher effect strength that looked a lot like mountains or other terrain features. Creating a layer mask allowed me to brush over spots to display the lower layer in certain areas, giving it some much needed features.

At this point I'd made it to where I felt it may improve the work instead of detracting from it - at least after labels and borders were added, but the colors seemed artificial and out of place. Luckily, however, this is when PhotoFunia could step in and apply a sketch effect to the image.

At this point I was pretty happy with how it was looking, it was close to what I envisioned and looked very visually appealing while still being a good way to portray information. All that was left was to make the white background transparent, add some minor details, and add the labels and borders. Below is the exact image I wound up using:

Overall, I'm very satisfied with how it turned out, and if you're working on a creative project, I'd recommend attempting something like this. It's not a central part of the work, but it improved the chapter a fair bit, and was doable despite lacking the talent and not intending to allocate a budget to my making of a free to read and share story.

The AI Generated Elephant in the Room

If you've read my non-fiction writing before, you'll know that I think AI will find its place around the skill floor as opposed to the skill ceiling. As you saw with my input, I have absolutely zero drawing talent, but with some elbow grease and an existing creative direction before and after generating an image I was able to get something well above what I could have otherwise accomplished. Outside of the lowest common denominators like stock photos for the sole purpose of a link preview being eye catching, however, I doubt AI will be wholesale replacing most creative works anytime soon. I can assure you that I tried numerous times to describe the map without providing a reference image, and if I used one of those outputs (or even just the unedited output after providing the reference image) it would have decreased the quality of my work instead of improving it.

I'm going to go out on a limb and expect that AI image, text, and video is all going to find its place in slop & generic content (such as AI generated slop replacing article spinners and stock photos respectively) and otherwise be used in a supporting role for various creative endeavors. For people working on projects like I'm working on (e.g. intended budget $0) it's helpful to have an AI capable of doing legwork - enabling projects to exist or be improved in ways they otherwise wouldn't have. I'm also guessing it'll find its way into more professional settings for grunt work - think a picture frame or fake TV show that would exist in the background of an animated project - likely a detail most people probably wouldn't notice, but that would save the creators time and money and/or allow them to focus more on the essential aspects of said work. Beyond that, as I've predicted before: I expect plenty of emails will be generated from a short list of bullet points, only to be summarized by the recipient's AI back into bullet points.

I will also make a prediction counter to what seems mainstream: AI is about to peak for a while. The start of AI image generation was with Google's DeepDream in 2015 - image recognition software that could be run in reverse to "recognize" patterns where there were none, effectively generating an image from digital noise or an unrelated image. While I'm not an expert by any means, I don't think we're too far off from that a decade later, just using very fine tuned tools that develop more coherent images. I guess that we're close to maxing out how efficiently we're able to generate images and video in that manner, and the hard caps on how much creative direction we can have when using AI - as well as the limits to how long we can keep it coherent (e.g. long videos or a chronologically consistent set of images) - will prevent AI from progressing too far beyond what it is currently unless/until another breakthrough occurs.

@ 6f3670d9:03f04036

Disclaimer: - This will void your warranty - There might be differences between the Bitaxe and the Lucky Miner that might not cause issues or damage immediately, but might manifest long-term - Proceed at your own risk

---

A Different Pickaxe

You live in a place where it's difficult to get a Bitaxe. You have access to AliExpress. You look around. You find something called the "Lucky Miner LV06". A Bitaxe clone that uses the same mining chip as the Bitaxe Ultra (BM1366 ASIC). You buy one.

You plug it in, you enter your wallet address and other settings, and it starts mining. It works! Great!

But it's running a customized firmware. It's not AxeOS. Maybe there's something shady in the stock firmware. It's not open-source, after all. Also, AxeOS looks amazing... And that automatic pool fail-over feature is handy.

You think to yourself: "Maybe I can use the Bitaxe firmware on this?". Guess what? You're right!

Flashing From Web UI

What usually works for me is to: - Download the Bitaxe firmware files (esp-miner.bin and www.bin) from GitHub (here). Version 2.4.1 seems to work well, as of this writing. - Then from the Lucky Miner web interface, upload the "Website" (www.bin) file. - Wait for a minute or two after it's done uploading. - Upload the "Firmware" (esp-miner.bin) file. - Wait another minute or two. - Unplug the power and plug it back in. - Set the "Core Voltage" and "Frequency" to the defaults. - Unplug the power and plug it back in again.

If you're lucky (no pun intended), you'll have a working Lucky Miner with AxeOS. Update the settings and mine away!

However, often times I've been unlucky, like what happened while I was writing this article, ironically. The miner malfunctions for no obvious reason. It keeps rebooting, or it's not mining (zero/low hashrate), or the web interface is inaccessible. You name it.

The miner has become a "brick". How do you "unbrick" it?

When you brick a Bitaxe, you can recover it by flashing (uploading) a "Factory Image". The Bitaxe has a USB port that makes this easy. Follow the guide and it should come back to life again. Unfortunately, the Lucky Miner LV06 doesn't have a USB port. It has a serial port, though. We'll have to get our hands a bit dirty.

Flashing Using the Serial Port

We need to connect the serial port of the miner to a computer and run a program to flash (upload) the firmware file on the miner. Any 3.3v UART serial port should be sufficient. Unfortunately, PCs don't usually come with a UART serial port these days, let alone a 3.3v one. The serial port common in old computers is an RS-232 port, which will most probably fry your miner if you try to connect it directly. Beware.

In my case, as a serial port for my PC, I'm using an Arduino Due I had lying around. We connect it to the PC through USB, and on the other side we connect a few wires to the miner, which gives the PC access to the miner.

WARNING: Make sure your serial port is 3.3v or you will probably kill the miner. Arduino Uno is 5v not 3.3v, for example, and cannot be used for this.

Wiring

First, we need to open the Lucky Miner. Use a small flat screwdriver to gently push the two plastic clips shown in the picture below. Gently pry the top cover away from the bottom cover on the clips side first, then remove the other side. Be careful not to break the display cable.

Once the cover is off, you can find the miner's serial port in the top right corner (J10), as shown in the next picture. We'll also need the reset button (EN).

There are three screws holding the PCB and the bottom cover together. If you're confident in your ability to push the small button on the underside of the PCB with the bottom cover on, then no need to remove these. The following picture shows what we need from that side.

And the next picture shows the pins and USB port we will use from the Arduino.

Now, we need to connect: - The USB port on the Arduino labelled "programming" to the PC - Pin 18 (TX1) on the Arduino to J10 through-hole pad 5 (blue dot) - Pin 19 (RX1) on the Arduino to J10 through-hole pad 3 (green dot) - Any GND pin on the Arduino to J10 through-hole pad 4 (yellow dot)

I didn't need to solder the wires to the pads. Keeping everything stable, perhaps by putting a weight on the wires or a bit of tape, was sufficient in all my attempts.

Setting up the Arduino

To use the Arduino as a serial port for our PC, we'll have to make it pass-through data back and forth between the USB port and UART1, where we connected the miner.

The following steps are all done on a PC running Debian Linux (Bookworm), in the spirit of freedom and open-source.

First, we start the Arduino IDE. If the package for the Arduino Due board is not already installed, you'll see a small prompt at the bottom. Click "Install this package".

Click the "Install" button.

Once the package is installed, click "Close".

Next, we select the Due board. Click the "Tools" menu, select "Board", select "Arduino ARM (32-bits) Boards" and click "Arduino Due (Programming Port)"

Next, we select the port. Click the "Tools" menu again, select "Port", and click the port where the Arduino is connected. In my case it was "/dev/ttyACM0".

Now we need to upload the following code to the Arduino board. The code is actually the "SerialPassthrough" example from the IDE, but with the serial speed changed to match the miner.

``` void setup() { Serial.begin(115200); Serial1.begin(115200); }

void loop() { if (Serial.available()) { // If anything comes in Serial (USB), Serial1.write(Serial.read()); // read it and send it out Serial1 }

if (Serial1.available()) { // If anything comes in Serial1 Serial.write(Serial1.read()); // read it and send it out Serial (USB) } } ```

Copy/paste the code into the IDE and click upload. You'll see "Done uploading" at the bottom.

Next we'll test if we're receiving data from the miner. We start by opening the "Serial Monitor" from the "Tools" menu in the IDE. Then we change the baudrate to 115200.

Set the Arduino and the miner in a comfortable position, make sure the wires are held in place and got a good contact on both sides, and the power is plugged in.

Now we'll put the miner in "download" mode. Press and hold the button on the underside (K1), press and release the reset button (EN), then release the other button (K1).

You should see some text from the miner in the serial monitor window, like in the picture below.

Congratulations! We know we're able to receive data from the miner now. We're not sure transmit is working, but we'll find out when we try to flash.

Flashing Using the Serial Port, for Real

To flash the Lucky Miner we'll need a software tool named esptool and the factory image firmware file.

I usually use "esp-miner-factory-205-v2.1.8.bin" for the factory image (this one) as a base, and then flash the version I want from the Web UI, using the steps I mentioned earlier.

For esptool, the documentation (here) shows us how to install it. To make things a little easier on our Debian Linux system, we'll use pipx instead of pip. The instructions below are adapted for that.

First we make sure pipx is installed. Run this command in a terminal and follow the instructions:

sudo apt-get install pipx

Then we install esptool using pipx. Run the following in a terminal:

pipx install esptool

The output will be something like this:

user@pc:~$ pipx install esptool installed package esptool 4.8.1, installed using Python 3.11.2 These apps are now globally available - esp_rfc2217_server.py - espefuse.py - espsecure.py - esptool.py ⚠️ Note: '/home/user/.local/bin' is not on your PATH environment variable. These apps will not be globally accessible until your PATH is updated. Run `pipx ensurepath` to automatically add it, or manually modify your PATH in your shell's config file (i.e. ~/.bashrc). done! ✨ 🌟 ✨

We can see pipx telling us we won't be able to run our tool because the folder where it was installed is not in the PATH variable. To fix that, we can follow pipx instructions and run:

pipx ensurepath

And we'll see something like this:

``` user@pc:~$ pipx ensurepath Success! Added /home/user/.local/bin to the PATH environment variable.

Consider adding shell completions for pipx. Run 'pipx completions' for instructions.

You will need to open a new terminal or re-login for the PATH changes to take effect.

Otherwise pipx is ready to go! ✨ 🌟 ✨ ```

Now, close the terminal and re-open it so that esptool becomes available.

Finally, to actually flash the miner, put the miner in download mode, then in the following command change the port ("/dev/ttyACM0") to your serial port, as we've seen earlier, and the file path to where your firmware file is, and run it:

esptool.py -p /dev/ttyACM0 --baud 115200 write_flash --erase-all 0x0 ~/Downloads/esp-miner-factory-205-v2.1.8.bin

If everything went fine, the tool will take a few minutes to flash the firmware to the miner. You'll see something like this in the output:

``` user@pc:~$ esptool.py -p /dev/ttyACM0 --baud 115200 write_flash --erase-all 0x0 ~/Downloads/esp-miner-factory-205-v2.1.8.bin esptool.py v4.8.1 Serial port /dev/ttyACM0 Connecting..... Detecting chip type... ESP32-S3 Chip is ESP32-S3 (QFN56) (revision v0.2) Features: WiFi, BLE, Embedded PSRAM 8MB (AP_3v3) Crystal is 40MHz MAC: 3c:84:27:ba:be:01 Uploading stub... Running stub... Stub running... Configuring flash size... Erasing flash (this may take a while)... Chip erase completed successfully in 9.5s Compressed 15802368 bytes to 1320190... Wrote 15802368 bytes (1320190 compressed) at 0x00000000 in 152.1 seconds (effective 831.2 kbit/s)... Hash of data verified.

Leaving... Hard resetting via RTS pin... ```

And we're done! Hopefully the miner will be recovered now.

Hope this helps!

Stay humble,
dumb-package

A Warning About Beta Versions of AxeOS

For reasons unknown to me, while I was writing this article I wanted to try the testing version of AxeOS, which was v2.4.1b (beta). Flashing from Web UI went smooth, but the miner stopped mining. I flashed back to v2.1.8 using the serial port, a known good version for me, but it wouldn't mine, still.

Thankfully, v2.4.1 was released recently, and flashing it from the Web UI magically revived my miner. So, be warned.

Bonus: File Hashes

For convenience, these are the SHA256 hashes of the files I used in this article: ``` da24fceb246f3b8b4dd94e5143f17bd38e46e5285e807ebd51627cb08f665c0a ESP-Miner-v2.4.1/esp-miner.bin 16c5c671391f0e3e88a3e79ce33fad3b0ec232b8572fad5e1e0d1ad3251ab394 ESP-Miner-v2.4.1/www.bin

d5182a15b6fa21d7b9b31bff2026d30afed9d769781a48db914730a5751e20c6 esp-miner-factory-205-v2.1.8.bin ```

@ 39cc53c9:27168656

Read the original blog post

The new website is finally live! I put in a lot of hard work over the past months on it. I'm proud to say that it's out now and it looks pretty cool, at least to me!

Why rewrite it all?

The old kycnot.me site was built using Python with Flask about two years ago. Since then, I've gained a lot more experience with Golang and coding in general. Trying to update that old codebase, which had a lot of design flaws, would have been a bad idea. It would have been like building on an unstable foundation.

That's why I made the decision to rewrite the entire application. Initially, I chose to use SvelteKit with JavaScript. I did manage to create a stable site that looked similar to the new one, but it required Jav aScript to work. As I kept coding, I started feeling like I was repeating "the Python mistake". I was writing the app in a language I wasn't very familiar with (just like when I was learning Python at that mom ent), and I wasn't happy with the code. It felt like spaghetti code all the time.

So, I made a complete U-turn and started over, this time using Golang. While I'm not as proficient in Golang as I am in Python now, I find it to be a very enjoyable language to code with. Most aof my recent pr ojects have been written in Golang, and I'm getting the hang of it. I tried to make the best decisions I could and structure the code as well as possible. Of course, there's still room for improvement, which I'll address in future updates.

Now I have a more maintainable website that can scale much better. It uses a real database instead of a JSON file like the old site, and I can add many more features. Since I chose to go with Golang, I mad e the "tradeoff" of not using JavaScript at all, so all the rendering load falls on the server. But I believe it's a tradeoff that's worth it.

What's new

• UI/UX - I've designed a new logo and color palette for kycnot.me. I think it looks pretty cool and cypherpunk. I am not a graphic designer, but I think I did a decent work and I put a lot of thinking on it to make it pleasant!
• Point system - The new point system provides more detailed information about the listings, and can be expanded to cover additional features across all services. Anyone can request a new point!
• ToS Scrapper: I've implemented a powerful automated terms-of-service scrapper that collects all the ToS pages from the listings. It saves you from the hassle of reading the ToS by listing the lines that are suspiciously related to KYC/AML practices. This is still in development and it will improve for sure, but it works pretty fine right now!
• Search bar - The new search bar allows you to easily filter services. It performs a full-text search on the Title, Description, Category, and Tags of all the services. Looking for VPN services? Just search for "vpn"!
• Transparency - To be more transparent, all discussions about services now take place publicly on GitLab. I won't be answering any e-mails (an auto-reply will prompt to write to the corresponding Gitlab issue). This ensures that all service-related matters are publicly accessible and recorded. Additionally, there's a real-time audits page that displays database changes.
• Listing Requests - I have upgraded the request system. The new form allows you to directly request services or points without any extra steps. In the future, I plan to enable requests for specific changes to parts of the website.
• Lightweight and fast - The new site is lighter and faster than its predecessor!
• Tor and I2P - At last! kycnot.me is now officially on Tor and I2P!

How?

This rewrite has been a labor of love, in the end, I've been working on this for more than 3 months now. I don't have a team, so I work by myself on my free time, but I find great joy in helping people on their private journey with cryptocurrencies. Making it easier for individuals to use cryptocurrencies without KYC is a goal I am proud of!

If you appreciate my work, you can support me through the methods listed here. Alternatively, feel free to send me an email with a kind message!

Technical details

All the code is written in Golang, the website makes use of the chi router for the routing part. I also make use of BigCache for caching database requests. There is 0 JavaScript, so all the rendering load falls on the server, this means it needed to be efficient enough to not drawn with a few users since the old site was reporting about 2M requests per month on average (note that this are not unique users).

The database is running with mariadb, using gorm as the ORM. This is more than enough for this project. I started working with an sqlite database, but I ended up migrating to mariadb since it works better with JSON.

The scraper is using chromedp combined with a series of keywords, regex and other logic. It runs every 24h and scraps all the services. You can find the scraper code here.

The frontend is written using Golang Templates for the HTML, and TailwindCSS plus DaisyUI for the CSS classes framework. I also use some plain CSS, but it's minimal.

The requests forms is the only part of the project that requires JavaScript to be enabled. It is needed for parsing some from fields that are a bit complex and for the "captcha", which is a simple Proof of Work that runs on your browser, destinated to avoid spam. For this, I use mCaptcha.

@ 91bea5cd:1df4451c

Básico

bash lsblk # Lista todos os diretorios montados.

Para criar o sistema de arquivos:

bash mkfs.btrfs -L "ThePool" -f /dev/sdx

Criando um subvolume:

bash btrfs subvolume create SubVol

Montando Sistema de Arquivos:

bash mount -o compress=zlib,subvol=SubVol,autodefrag /dev/sdx /mnt

Lista os discos formatados no diretório:

bash btrfs filesystem show /mnt

Adiciona novo disco ao subvolume:

bash btrfs device add -f /dev/sdy /mnt

Lista novamente os discos do subvolume:

bash btrfs filesystem show /mnt

Exibe uso dos discos do subvolume:

bash btrfs filesystem df /mnt

Balancea os dados entre os discos sobre raid1:

bash btrfs filesystem balance start -dconvert=raid1 -mconvert=raid1 /mnt

Scrub é uma passagem por todos os dados e metadados do sistema de arquivos e verifica as somas de verificação. Se uma cópia válida estiver disponível (perfis de grupo de blocos replicados), a danificada será reparada. Todas as cópias dos perfis replicados são validadas.

iniciar o processo de depuração :

bash btrfs scrub start /mnt

ver o status do processo de depuração Btrfs em execução:

bash btrfs scrub status /mnt

ver o status do scrub Btrfs para cada um dos dispositivos

bash btrfs scrub status -d / data btrfs scrub cancel / data

Para retomar o processo de depuração do Btrfs que você cancelou ou pausou:

btrfs scrub resume / data

Listando os subvolumes:

bash btrfs subvolume list /Reports

Criando um instantâneo dos subvolumes:

Aqui, estamos criando um instantâneo de leitura e gravação chamado snap de marketing do subvolume de marketing.

bash btrfs subvolume snapshot /Reports/marketing /Reports/marketing-snap

Além disso, você pode criar um instantâneo somente leitura usando o sinalizador -r conforme mostrado. O marketing-rosnap é um instantâneo somente leitura do subvolume de marketing

bash btrfs subvolume snapshot -r /Reports/marketing /Reports/marketing-rosnap

Forçar a sincronização do sistema de arquivos usando o utilitário 'sync'

Para forçar a sincronização do sistema de arquivos, invoque a opção de sincronização conforme mostrado. Observe que o sistema de arquivos já deve estar montado para que o processo de sincronização continue com sucesso.

bash btrfs filsystem sync /Reports

Para excluir o dispositivo do sistema de arquivos, use o comando device delete conforme mostrado.

bash btrfs device delete /dev/sdc /Reports

Para sondar o status de um scrub, use o comando scrub status com a opção -dR .

bash btrfs scrub status -dR / Relatórios

Para cancelar a execução do scrub, use o comando scrub cancel .

bash $ sudo btrfs scrub cancel / Reports

Para retomar ou continuar com uma depuração interrompida anteriormente, execute o comando de cancelamento de depuração

bash sudo btrfs scrub resume /Reports

mostra o uso do dispositivo de armazenamento:

btrfs filesystem usage /data

Para distribuir os dados, metadados e dados do sistema em todos os dispositivos de armazenamento do RAID (incluindo o dispositivo de armazenamento recém-adicionado) montados no diretório /data , execute o seguinte comando:

sudo btrfs balance start --full-balance /data

Pode demorar um pouco para espalhar os dados, metadados e dados do sistema em todos os dispositivos de armazenamento do RAID se ele contiver muitos dados.

Opções importantes de montagem Btrfs

Nesta seção, vou explicar algumas das importantes opções de montagem do Btrfs. Então vamos começar.

As opções de montagem Btrfs mais importantes são:

**1. acl e noacl

**ACL gerencia permissões de usuários e grupos para os arquivos/diretórios do sistema de arquivos Btrfs.

A opção de montagem acl Btrfs habilita ACL. Para desabilitar a ACL, você pode usar a opção de montagem noacl .

Por padrão, a ACL está habilitada. Portanto, o sistema de arquivos Btrfs usa a opção de montagem acl por padrão.

**2. autodefrag e noautodefrag

**Desfragmentar um sistema de arquivos Btrfs melhorará o desempenho do sistema de arquivos reduzindo a fragmentação de dados.

A opção de montagem autodefrag permite a desfragmentação automática do sistema de arquivos Btrfs.

A opção de montagem noautodefrag desativa a desfragmentação automática do sistema de arquivos Btrfs.

Por padrão, a desfragmentação automática está desabilitada. Portanto, o sistema de arquivos Btrfs usa a opção de montagem noautodefrag por padrão.

**3. compactar e compactar-forçar

**Controla a compactação de dados no nível do sistema de arquivos do sistema de arquivos Btrfs.

A opção compactar compacta apenas os arquivos que valem a pena compactar (se compactar o arquivo economizar espaço em disco).

A opção compress-force compacta todos os arquivos do sistema de arquivos Btrfs, mesmo que a compactação do arquivo aumente seu tamanho.

O sistema de arquivos Btrfs suporta muitos algoritmos de compactação e cada um dos algoritmos de compactação possui diferentes níveis de compactação.

Os algoritmos de compactação suportados pelo Btrfs são: lzo , zlib (nível 1 a 9) e zstd (nível 1 a 15).

Você pode especificar qual algoritmo de compactação usar para o sistema de arquivos Btrfs com uma das seguintes opções de montagem:

• compress=algoritmo:nível
• compress-force=algoritmo:nível

Para obter mais informações, consulte meu artigo Como habilitar a compactação do sistema de arquivos Btrfs .

**4. subvol e subvolid

**Estas opções de montagem são usadas para montar separadamente um subvolume específico de um sistema de arquivos Btrfs.

A opção de montagem subvol é usada para montar o subvolume de um sistema de arquivos Btrfs usando seu caminho relativo.

A opção de montagem subvolid é usada para montar o subvolume de um sistema de arquivos Btrfs usando o ID do subvolume.

Para obter mais informações, consulte meu artigo Como criar e montar subvolumes Btrfs .

**5. dispositivo

A opção de montagem de dispositivo** é usada no sistema de arquivos Btrfs de vários dispositivos ou RAID Btrfs.

Em alguns casos, o sistema operacional pode falhar ao detectar os dispositivos de armazenamento usados em um sistema de arquivos Btrfs de vários dispositivos ou RAID Btrfs. Nesses casos, você pode usar a opção de montagem do dispositivo para especificar os dispositivos que deseja usar para o sistema de arquivos de vários dispositivos Btrfs ou RAID.

Você pode usar a opção de montagem de dispositivo várias vezes para carregar diferentes dispositivos de armazenamento para o sistema de arquivos de vários dispositivos Btrfs ou RAID.

Você pode usar o nome do dispositivo (ou seja, sdb , sdc ) ou UUID , UUID_SUB ou PARTUUID do dispositivo de armazenamento com a opção de montagem do dispositivo para identificar o dispositivo de armazenamento.

Por exemplo,

• dispositivo=/dev/sdb
• dispositivo=/dev/sdb,dispositivo=/dev/sdc
• dispositivo=UUID_SUB=490a263d-eb9a-4558-931e-998d4d080c5d
• device=UUID_SUB=490a263d-eb9a-4558-931e-998d4d080c5d,device=UUID_SUB=f7ce4875-0874-436a-b47d-3edef66d3424

**6. degraded

A opção de montagem degradada** permite que um RAID Btrfs seja montado com menos dispositivos de armazenamento do que o perfil RAID requer.

Por exemplo, o perfil raid1 requer a presença de 2 dispositivos de armazenamento. Se um dos dispositivos de armazenamento não estiver disponível em qualquer caso, você usa a opção de montagem degradada para montar o RAID mesmo que 1 de 2 dispositivos de armazenamento esteja disponível.

**7. commit

A opção commit** mount é usada para definir o intervalo (em segundos) dentro do qual os dados serão gravados no dispositivo de armazenamento.

O padrão é definido como 30 segundos.

Para definir o intervalo de confirmação para 15 segundos, você pode usar a opção de montagem commit=15 (digamos).

**8. ssd e nossd

A opção de montagem ssd** informa ao sistema de arquivos Btrfs que o sistema de arquivos está usando um dispositivo de armazenamento SSD, e o sistema de arquivos Btrfs faz a otimização SSD necessária.

A opção de montagem nossd desativa a otimização do SSD.

O sistema de arquivos Btrfs detecta automaticamente se um SSD é usado para o sistema de arquivos Btrfs. Se um SSD for usado, a opção de montagem de SSD será habilitada. Caso contrário, a opção de montagem nossd é habilitada.

**9. ssd_spread e nossd_spread

A opção de montagem ssd_spread** tenta alocar grandes blocos contínuos de espaço não utilizado do SSD. Esse recurso melhora o desempenho de SSDs de baixo custo (baratos).

A opção de montagem nossd_spread desativa o recurso ssd_spread .

O sistema de arquivos Btrfs detecta automaticamente se um SSD é usado para o sistema de arquivos Btrfs. Se um SSD for usado, a opção de montagem ssd_spread será habilitada. Caso contrário, a opção de montagem nossd_spread é habilitada.

**10. descarte e nodiscard

Se você estiver usando um SSD que suporte TRIM enfileirado assíncrono (SATA rev3.1), a opção de montagem de descarte** permitirá o descarte de blocos de arquivos liberados. Isso melhorará o desempenho do SSD.

Se o SSD não suportar TRIM enfileirado assíncrono, a opção de montagem de descarte prejudicará o desempenho do SSD. Nesse caso, a opção de montagem nodiscard deve ser usada.

Por padrão, a opção de montagem nodiscard é usada.

**11. norecovery

Se a opção de montagem norecovery** for usada, o sistema de arquivos Btrfs não tentará executar a operação de recuperação de dados no momento da montagem.

**12. usebackuproot e nousebackuproot

Se a opção de montagem usebackuproot for usada, o sistema de arquivos Btrfs tentará recuperar qualquer raiz de árvore ruim/corrompida no momento da montagem. O sistema de arquivos Btrfs pode armazenar várias raízes de árvore no sistema de arquivos. A opção de montagem usebackuproot** procurará uma boa raiz de árvore e usará a primeira boa que encontrar.

A opção de montagem nousebackuproot não verificará ou recuperará raízes de árvore inválidas/corrompidas no momento da montagem. Este é o comportamento padrão do sistema de arquivos Btrfs.

**13. space_cache, space_cache=version, nospace_cache e clear_cache

A opção de montagem space_cache** é usada para controlar o cache de espaço livre. O cache de espaço livre é usado para melhorar o desempenho da leitura do espaço livre do grupo de blocos do sistema de arquivos Btrfs na memória (RAM).

O sistema de arquivos Btrfs suporta 2 versões do cache de espaço livre: v1 (padrão) e v2

O mecanismo de cache de espaço livre v2 melhora o desempenho de sistemas de arquivos grandes (tamanho de vários terabytes).

Você pode usar a opção de montagem space_cache=v1 para definir a v1 do cache de espaço livre e a opção de montagem space_cache=v2 para definir a v2 do cache de espaço livre.

A opção de montagem clear_cache é usada para limpar o cache de espaço livre.

Quando o cache de espaço livre v2 é criado, o cache deve ser limpo para criar um cache de espaço livre v1 .

Portanto, para usar o cache de espaço livre v1 após a criação do cache de espaço livre v2 , as opções de montagem clear_cache e space_cache=v1 devem ser combinadas: clear_cache,space_cache=v1

A opção de montagem nospace_cache é usada para desabilitar o cache de espaço livre.

Para desabilitar o cache de espaço livre após a criação do cache v1 ou v2 , as opções de montagem nospace_cache e clear_cache devem ser combinadas: clear_cache,nosapce_cache

**14. skip_balance

Por padrão, a operação de balanceamento interrompida/pausada de um sistema de arquivos Btrfs de vários dispositivos ou RAID Btrfs será retomada automaticamente assim que o sistema de arquivos Btrfs for montado. Para desabilitar a retomada automática da operação de equilíbrio interrompido/pausado em um sistema de arquivos Btrfs de vários dispositivos ou RAID Btrfs, você pode usar a opção de montagem skip_balance .**

**15. datacow e nodatacow

A opção datacow** mount habilita o recurso Copy-on-Write (CoW) do sistema de arquivos Btrfs. É o comportamento padrão.

Se você deseja desabilitar o recurso Copy-on-Write (CoW) do sistema de arquivos Btrfs para os arquivos recém-criados, monte o sistema de arquivos Btrfs com a opção de montagem nodatacow .

**16. datasum e nodatasum

A opção datasum** mount habilita a soma de verificação de dados para arquivos recém-criados do sistema de arquivos Btrfs. Este é o comportamento padrão.

Se você não quiser que o sistema de arquivos Btrfs faça a soma de verificação dos dados dos arquivos recém-criados, monte o sistema de arquivos Btrfs com a opção de montagem nodatasum .

Perfis Btrfs

Um perfil Btrfs é usado para informar ao sistema de arquivos Btrfs quantas cópias dos dados/metadados devem ser mantidas e quais níveis de RAID devem ser usados para os dados/metadados. O sistema de arquivos Btrfs contém muitos perfis. Entendê-los o ajudará a configurar um RAID Btrfs da maneira que você deseja.

Os perfis Btrfs disponíveis são os seguintes:

single : Se o perfil único for usado para os dados/metadados, apenas uma cópia dos dados/metadados será armazenada no sistema de arquivos, mesmo se você adicionar vários dispositivos de armazenamento ao sistema de arquivos. Assim, 100% do espaço em disco de cada um dos dispositivos de armazenamento adicionados ao sistema de arquivos pode ser utilizado.

dup : Se o perfil dup for usado para os dados/metadados, cada um dos dispositivos de armazenamento adicionados ao sistema de arquivos manterá duas cópias dos dados/metadados. Assim, 50% do espaço em disco de cada um dos dispositivos de armazenamento adicionados ao sistema de arquivos pode ser utilizado.

raid0 : No perfil raid0 , os dados/metadados serão divididos igualmente em todos os dispositivos de armazenamento adicionados ao sistema de arquivos. Nesta configuração, não haverá dados/metadados redundantes (duplicados). Assim, 100% do espaço em disco de cada um dos dispositivos de armazenamento adicionados ao sistema de arquivos pode ser usado. Se, em qualquer caso, um dos dispositivos de armazenamento falhar, todo o sistema de arquivos será corrompido. Você precisará de pelo menos dois dispositivos de armazenamento para configurar o sistema de arquivos Btrfs no perfil raid0 .

raid1 : No perfil raid1 , duas cópias dos dados/metadados serão armazenadas nos dispositivos de armazenamento adicionados ao sistema de arquivos. Nesta configuração, a matriz RAID pode sobreviver a uma falha de unidade. Mas você pode usar apenas 50% do espaço total em disco. Você precisará de pelo menos dois dispositivos de armazenamento para configurar o sistema de arquivos Btrfs no perfil raid1 .

raid1c3 : No perfil raid1c3 , três cópias dos dados/metadados serão armazenadas nos dispositivos de armazenamento adicionados ao sistema de arquivos. Nesta configuração, a matriz RAID pode sobreviver a duas falhas de unidade, mas você pode usar apenas 33% do espaço total em disco. Você precisará de pelo menos três dispositivos de armazenamento para configurar o sistema de arquivos Btrfs no perfil raid1c3 .

raid1c4 : No perfil raid1c4 , quatro cópias dos dados/metadados serão armazenadas nos dispositivos de armazenamento adicionados ao sistema de arquivos. Nesta configuração, a matriz RAID pode sobreviver a três falhas de unidade, mas você pode usar apenas 25% do espaço total em disco. Você precisará de pelo menos quatro dispositivos de armazenamento para configurar o sistema de arquivos Btrfs no perfil raid1c4 .

raid10 : No perfil raid10 , duas cópias dos dados/metadados serão armazenadas nos dispositivos de armazenamento adicionados ao sistema de arquivos, como no perfil raid1 . Além disso, os dados/metadados serão divididos entre os dispositivos de armazenamento, como no perfil raid0 .

O perfil raid10 é um híbrido dos perfis raid1 e raid0 . Alguns dos dispositivos de armazenamento formam arrays raid1 e alguns desses arrays raid1 são usados para formar um array raid0 . Em uma configuração raid10 , o sistema de arquivos pode sobreviver a uma única falha de unidade em cada uma das matrizes raid1 .

Você pode usar 50% do espaço total em disco na configuração raid10 . Você precisará de pelo menos quatro dispositivos de armazenamento para configurar o sistema de arquivos Btrfs no perfil raid10 .

raid5 : No perfil raid5 , uma cópia dos dados/metadados será dividida entre os dispositivos de armazenamento. Uma única paridade será calculada e distribuída entre os dispositivos de armazenamento do array RAID.

Em uma configuração raid5 , o sistema de arquivos pode sobreviver a uma única falha de unidade. Se uma unidade falhar, você pode adicionar uma nova unidade ao sistema de arquivos e os dados perdidos serão calculados a partir da paridade distribuída das unidades em execução.

Você pode usar 1 00x(N-1)/N % do total de espaços em disco na configuração raid5 . Aqui, N é o número de dispositivos de armazenamento adicionados ao sistema de arquivos. Você precisará de pelo menos três dispositivos de armazenamento para configurar o sistema de arquivos Btrfs no perfil raid5 .

raid6 : No perfil raid6 , uma cópia dos dados/metadados será dividida entre os dispositivos de armazenamento. Duas paridades serão calculadas e distribuídas entre os dispositivos de armazenamento do array RAID.

Em uma configuração raid6 , o sistema de arquivos pode sobreviver a duas falhas de unidade ao mesmo tempo. Se uma unidade falhar, você poderá adicionar uma nova unidade ao sistema de arquivos e os dados perdidos serão calculados a partir das duas paridades distribuídas das unidades em execução.

Você pode usar 100x(N-2)/N % do espaço total em disco na configuração raid6 . Aqui, N é o número de dispositivos de armazenamento adicionados ao sistema de arquivos. Você precisará de pelo menos quatro dispositivos de armazenamento para configurar o sistema de arquivos Btrfs no perfil raid6 .

@ e6817453:b0ac3c39

The Rise of Graph RAGs and the Quest for Data Quality

As we enter a new year, it’s impossible to ignore the boom of retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) systems, particularly those leveraging graph-based approaches. The previous year saw a surge in advancements and discussions about Graph RAGs, driven by their potential to enhance large language models (LLMs), reduce hallucinations, and deliver more reliable outputs. Let’s dive into the trends, challenges, and strategies for making the most of Graph RAGs in artificial intelligence.

Booming Interest in Graph RAGs

Graph RAGs have dominated the conversation in AI circles. With new research papers and innovations emerging weekly, it’s clear that this approach is reshaping the landscape. These systems, especially those developed by tech giants like Microsoft, demonstrate how graphs can:

• Enhance LLM Outputs: By grounding responses in structured knowledge, graphs significantly reduce hallucinations.
• Support Complex Queries: Graphs excel at managing linked and connected data, making them ideal for intricate problem-solving.

Conferences on linked and connected data have increasingly focused on Graph RAGs, underscoring their central role in modern AI systems. However, the excitement around this technology has brought critical questions to the forefront: How do we ensure the quality of the graphs we’re building, and are they genuinely aligned with our needs?

Data Quality: The Foundation of Effective Graphs

A high-quality graph is the backbone of any successful RAG system. Constructing these graphs from unstructured data requires attention to detail and rigorous processes. Here’s why:

• Richness of Entities: Effective retrieval depends on graphs populated with rich, detailed entities.
• Freedom from Hallucinations: Poorly constructed graphs amplify inaccuracies rather than mitigating them.

Without robust data quality, even the most sophisticated Graph RAGs become ineffective. As a result, the focus must shift to refining the graph construction process. Improving data strategy and ensuring meticulous data preparation is essential to unlock the full potential of Graph RAGs.

Hybrid Graph RAGs and Variations

While standard Graph RAGs are already transformative, hybrid models offer additional flexibility and power. Hybrid RAGs combine structured graph data with other retrieval mechanisms, creating systems that:

• Handle diverse data sources with ease.
• Offer improved adaptability to complex queries.

Exploring these variations can open new avenues for AI systems, particularly in domains requiring structured and unstructured data processing.

Ontology: The Key to Graph Construction Quality

Ontology — defining how concepts relate within a knowledge domain — is critical for building effective graphs. While this might sound abstract, it’s a well-established field blending philosophy, engineering, and art. Ontology engineering provides the framework for:

• Defining Relationships: Clarifying how concepts connect within a domain.
• Validating Graph Structures: Ensuring constructed graphs are logically sound and align with domain-specific realities.

Traditionally, ontologists — experts in this discipline — have been integral to large enterprises and research teams. However, not every team has access to dedicated ontologists, leading to a significant challenge: How can teams without such expertise ensure the quality of their graphs?

How to Build Ontology Expertise in a Startup Team

For startups and smaller teams, developing ontology expertise may seem daunting, but it is achievable with the right approach:

1. Assign a Knowledge Champion: Identify a team member with a strong analytical mindset and give them time and resources to learn ontology engineering.
2. Provide Training: Invest in courses, workshops, or certifications in knowledge graph and ontology creation.
3. Leverage Partnerships: Collaborate with academic institutions, domain experts, or consultants to build initial frameworks.
4. Utilize Tools: Introduce ontology development tools like Protégé, OWL, or SHACL to simplify the creation and validation process.
5. Iterate with Feedback: Continuously refine ontologies through collaboration with domain experts and iterative testing.

So, it is not always affordable for a startup to have a dedicated oncologist or knowledge engineer in a team, but you could involve consulters or build barefoot experts.

You could read about barefoot experts in my article :

Even startups can achieve robust and domain-specific ontology frameworks by fostering in-house expertise.

How to Find or Create Ontologies

For teams venturing into Graph RAGs, several strategies can help address the ontology gap:

1. Leverage Existing Ontologies: Many industries and domains already have open ontologies. For instance:

2. Public Knowledge Graphs: Resources like Wikipedia’s graph offer a wealth of structured knowledge.

3. Industry Standards: Enterprises such as Siemens have invested in creating and sharing ontologies specific to their fields.

4. Business Framework Ontology (BFO): A valuable resource for enterprises looking to define business processes and structures.

5. Build In-House Expertise: If budgets allow, consider hiring knowledge engineers or providing team members with the resources and time to develop expertise in ontology creation.

6. Utilize LLMs for Ontology Construction: Interestingly, LLMs themselves can act as a starting point for ontology development:

7. Prompt-Based Extraction: LLMs can generate draft ontologies by leveraging their extensive training on graph data.

8. Domain Expert Refinement: Combine LLM-generated structures with insights from domain experts to create tailored ontologies.

Parallel Ontology and Graph Extraction

An emerging approach involves extracting ontologies and graphs in parallel. While this can streamline the process, it presents challenges such as:

• Detecting Hallucinations: Differentiating between genuine insights and AI-generated inaccuracies.
• Ensuring Completeness: Ensuring no critical concepts are overlooked during extraction.

Teams must carefully validate outputs to ensure reliability and accuracy when employing this parallel method.

LLMs as Ontologists

While traditionally dependent on human expertise, ontology creation is increasingly supported by LLMs. These models, trained on vast amounts of data, possess inherent knowledge of many open ontologies and taxonomies. Teams can use LLMs to:

• Generate Skeleton Ontologies: Prompt LLMs with domain-specific information to draft initial ontology structures.
• Validate and Refine Ontologies: Collaborate with domain experts to refine these drafts, ensuring accuracy and relevance.

However, for validation and graph construction, formal tools such as OWL, SHACL, and RDF should be prioritized over LLMs to minimize hallucinations and ensure robust outcomes.

Final Thoughts: Unlocking the Power of Graph RAGs

The rise of Graph RAGs underscores a simple but crucial correlation: improving graph construction and data quality directly enhances retrieval systems. To truly harness this power, teams must invest in understanding ontologies, building quality graphs, and leveraging both human expertise and advanced AI tools.

As we move forward, the interplay between Graph RAGs and ontology engineering will continue to shape the future of AI. Whether through adopting existing frameworks or exploring innovative uses of LLMs, the path to success lies in a deep commitment to data quality and domain understanding.

Have you explored these technologies in your work? Share your experiences and insights — and stay tuned for more discussions on ontology extraction and its role in AI advancements. Cheers to a year of innovation!

@ c066aac5:6a41a034

I’m drawn to extremities in art. The louder, the bolder, the more outrageous, the better. Bold art takes me out of the mundane into a whole new world where anything and everything is possible. Having grown up in the safety of the suburban midwest, I was a bit of a rebellious soul in search of the satiation that only came from the consumption of the outrageous. My inclination to find bold art draws me to NOSTR, because I believe NOSTR can be the place where the next generation of artistic pioneers go to express themselves. I also believe that as much as we are able, were should invite them to come create here.

My Background: A Small Side Story

My father was a professional gamer in the 80s, back when there was no money or glory in the avocation. He did get a bit of spotlight though after the fact: in the mid 2000’s there were a few parties making documentaries about that era of gaming as well as current arcade events (namely 2007’sChasing GhostsandThe King of Kong: A Fistful of Quarters). As a result of these documentaries, there was a revival in the arcade gaming scene. My family attended events related to the documentaries or arcade gaming and I became exposed to a lot of things I wouldn’t have been able to find. The producer ofThe King of Kong: A Fistful of Quarters had previously made a documentary calledNew York Dollwhich was centered around the life of bassist Arthur Kane. My 12 year old mind was blown: The New York Dolls were a glam-punk sensation dressed in drag. The music was from another planet. Johnny Thunders’ guitar playing was like Chuck Berry with more distortion and less filter. Later on I got to meet the Galaga record holder at the time, Phil Day, in Ottumwa Iowa. Phil is an Australian man of high intellect and good taste. He exposed me to great creators such as Nick Cave & The Bad Seeds, Shakespeare, Lou Reed, artists who created things that I had previously found inconceivable.

I believe this time period informed my current tastes and interests, but regrettably I think it also put coals on the fire of rebellion within. I stopped taking my parents and siblings seriously, the Christian faith of my family (which I now hold dearly to) seemed like a mundane sham, and I felt I couldn’t fit in with most people because of my avant-garde tastes. So I write this with the caveat that there should be a way to encourage these tastes in children without letting them walk down the wrong path. There is nothing inherently wrong with bold art, but I’d advise parents to carefully find ways to cultivate their children’s tastes without completely shutting them down and pushing them away as a result. My parents were very loving and patient during this time; I thank God for that.

With that out of the way, lets dive in to some bold artists:

Nicolas Cage: Actor

There is an excellent video by Wisecrack on Nicolas Cage that explains him better than I will, which I will linkhere. Nicolas Cage rejects the idea that good acting is tied to mere realism; all of his larger than life acting decisions are deliberate choices. When that clicked for me, I immediately realized the man is a genius. He borrows from Kabuki and German Expressionism, art forms that rely on exaggeration to get the message across. He has even created his own acting style, which he calls Nouveau Shamanic. He augments his imagination to go from acting to being. Rather than using the old hat of method acting, he transports himself to a new world mentally. The projects he chooses to partake in are based on his own interests or what he considers would be a challenge (making a bad script good for example). Thus it doesn’t matter how the end result comes out; he has already achieved his goal as an artist. Because of this and because certain directors don’t know how to use his talents, he has a noticeable amount of duds in his filmography. Dig around the duds, you’ll find some pure gold. I’d personally recommend the filmsPig, Joe, Renfield, and his Christmas film The Family Man.

Nick Cave: Songwriter

What a wild career this man has had! From the apocalyptic mayhem of his band The Birthday Party to the pensive atmosphere of his albumGhosteen, it seems like Nick Cave has tried everything. I think his secret sauce is that he’s always working. He maintains an excellent newsletter calledThe Red Hand Files, he has written screenplays such asLawless, he has written books, he has made great film scores such asThe Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford, the man is religiously prolific. I believe that one of the reasons he is prolific is that he’s not afraid to experiment. If he has an idea, he follows it through to completion. From the albumMurder Ballads(which is comprised of what the title suggests) to his rejected sequel toGladiator(Gladiator: Christ Killer), he doesn’t seem to be afraid to take anything on. This has led to some over the top works as well as some deeply personal works. Albums likeSkeleton TreeandGhosteenwere journeys through the grief of his son’s death. The Boatman’s Callis arguably a better break-up album than anything Taylor Swift has put out. He’s not afraid to be outrageous, he’s not afraid to offend, but most importantly he’s not afraid to be himself. Works I’d recommend include The Birthday Party’sLive 1981-82, Nick Cave & The Bad Seeds’The Boatman’s Call, and the filmLawless.

Jim Jarmusch: Director

I consider Jim’s films to be bold almost in an ironic sense: his works are bold in that they are, for the most part, anti-sensational. He has a rule that if his screenplays are criticized for a lack of action, he makes them even less eventful. Even with sensational settings his films feel very close to reality, and they demonstrate the beauty of everyday life. That's what is bold about his art to me: making the sensational grounded in reality while making everyday reality all the more special. Ghost Dog: The Way of the Samurai is about a modern-day African-American hitman who strictly follows the rules of the ancient Samurai, yet one can resonate with the humanity of a seemingly absurd character. Only Lovers Left Aliveis a vampire love story, but in the middle of a vampire romance one can see their their own relationships in a new deeply human light. Jim’s work reminds me that art reflects life, and that there is sacred beauty in seemingly mundane everyday life. I personally recommend his filmsPaterson,Down by Law, andCoffee and Cigarettes.

NOSTR: We Need Bold Art

NOSTR is in my opinion a path to a better future. In a world creeping slowly towards everything apps, I hope that the protocol where the individual owns their data wins over everything else. I love freedom and sovereignty. If NOSTR is going to win the race of everything apps, we need more than Bitcoin content. We need more than shirtless bros paying for bananas in foreign countries and exercising with girls who have seductive accents. Common people cannot see themselves in such a world. NOSTR needs to catch the attention of everyday people. I don’t believe that this can be accomplished merely by introducing more broadly relevant content; people are searching for content that speaks to them. I believe that NOSTR can and should attract artists of all kinds because NOSTR is one of the few places on the internet where artists can express themselves fearlessly. Getting zaps from NOSTR’s value-for-value ecosystem has far less friction than crowdfunding a creative project or pitching investors that will irreversibly modify an artist’s vision. Having a place where one can post their works without fear of censorship should be extremely enticing. Having a place where one can connect with fellow humans directly as opposed to a sea of bots should seem like the obvious solution. If NOSTR can become a safe haven for artists to express themselves and spread their work, I believe that everyday people will follow. The banker whose stressful job weighs on them will suddenly find joy with an original meme made by a great visual comedian. The programmer for a healthcare company who is drowning in hopeless mundanity could suddenly find a new lust for life by hearing the song of a musician who isn’t afraid to crowdfund their their next project by putting their lighting address on the streets of the internet. The excel guru who loves independent film may find that NOSTR is the best way to support non corporate movies. My closing statement: continue to encourage the artists in your life as I’m sure you have been, but while you’re at it give them the purple pill. You may very well be a part of building a better future.

@ 3104fbbf:ac623068

Introduction

If you have a functioning brain, it’s impossible to fully stand for any politician or align completely with any political party. The solutions we need are not found in the broken systems of power but in individual actions and local initiatives. Voting for someone may be your choice, but relying solely on elections every few years as a form of political activism is a losing strategy. People around the world have fallen into the trap of thinking that casting a ballot once every four years is enough, only to return to complacency as conditions worsen. Voting for the "lesser of two evils" has been the norm for decades, yet expecting different results from the same flawed system is naive at best.

The truth is, governments are too corrupt to save us. In times of crisis, they won’t come to your aid—instead, they will tighten their grip, imposing more surveillance, control, and wealth extraction to benefit the oligarch class. To break free from this cycle, we must first protect ourselves individually—financially, geographically, and digitally—alongside our families.

Then, we must organize and build resilient local communities. These are the only ways forward. History has shown us time and again that the masses are easily deceived by the political circus, falling for the illusion of a "savior" who will fix everything. But whether right, center, or left, the story remains the same: corruption, lies, and broken promises. If you possess a critical and investigative mind, you know better than to place your trust in politicians, parties, or self-proclaimed heroes. The real solution lies in free and sovereign individuals who reject the herd mentality and take responsibility for their own lives.

From the beginning of time, true progress has come from individuals who think for themselves and act independently. The nauseating web of politicians, billionaires, and oligarchs fighting for power and resources has never been—and will never be—the answer to our problems. In a world increasingly dominated by corrupted governments, NGOs, and elites, ordinary people must take proactive steps to protect themselves and their families.

---

1. Financial Protection: Reclaiming Sovereignty Through Bitcoin

Governments and central banks have long manipulated fiat currencies, eroding wealth through inflation and bailouts that transfer resources to the oligarch class. Bitcoin, as a decentralized, censorship-resistant, and finite currency, offers a way out. Here’s what individuals can do:

• Adopt Bitcoin as a Savings Tool: Shift a portion of your savings into Bitcoin to protect against inflation and currency devaluation. Bitcoin’s fixed supply (21 million coins) ensures it cannot be debased like fiat money.

• Learn Self-Custody: Store your Bitcoin in a hardware wallet or use open-source software wallets. Avoid centralized exchanges, which are vulnerable to government seizure or collapse.

• Diversify Geographically: Hold assets in multiple jurisdictions to reduce the risk of confiscation or capital controls. Consider offshore accounts or trusts if feasible.

• Barter and Local Economies: In times of crisis, local barter systems and community currencies can bypass failing national systems. Bitcoin can serve as a global medium of exchange in such scenarios.

---

2. Geographical Flexibility: Reducing Dependence on Oppressive Systems

Authoritarian regimes thrive on controlling populations within fixed borders. By increasing geographical flexibility, individuals can reduce their vulnerability:

• Obtain Second Passports or Residencies: Invest in citizenship-by-investment programs or residency permits in countries with greater freedoms and lower surveillance.

• Relocate to Freer Jurisdictions: Research and consider moving to regions with stronger property rights, lower taxes, and less government overreach.

• Decentralize Your Life: Avoid keeping all your assets, family, or business operations in one location. Spread them across multiple regions to mitigate risks.

---

3. Digital Privacy: Fighting Surveillance with Advanced Tools

The rise of mass surveillance and data harvesting by governments and corporations threatens individual freedom. Here’s how to protect yourself:

• Use Encryption: Encrypt all communications using tools like Signal or ProtonMail. Ensure your devices are secured with strong passwords and biometric locks.

• Adopt Privacy-Focused Technologies: Use Tor for anonymous browsing, VPNs to mask your IP address, and open-source operating systems like Linux to avoid backdoors.

• Reject Surveillance Tech: Avoid smart devices that spy on you (e.g., Alexa, Google Home). Opt for decentralized alternatives like Mastodon instead of Twitter, or PeerTube instead of YouTube.

• Educate Yourself on Digital Privacy: Learn about tools and practices that enhance your online privacy and security.

---

4. Building Resilient Local Communities: The Foundation of a Free Future

While individual actions are crucial, collective resilience is equally important. Governments are too corrupt to save populations in times of crisis—history shows they will instead impose more control and transfer wealth to the elite.

To counter this, communities must organize locally:

• Form Mutual Aid Networks: Create local groups that share resources, skills, and knowledge. These networks can provide food, medical supplies, and security during crises.

• Promote Local Economies: Support local businesses, farmers, and artisans. Use local currencies or barter systems to reduce dependence on centralized financial systems.

• Develop Off-Grid Infrastructure: Invest in renewable energy, water filtration, and food production to ensure self-sufficiency. Community gardens, solar panels, and rainwater harvesting are excellent starting points.

• Educate and Empower: Host workshops on financial literacy, digital privacy, and sustainable living. Knowledge is the most powerful tool against authoritarianism.

---

5. The Bigger Picture: Rejecting the Illusion of Saviors

The deep corruption within governments, NGOs, and the billionaire class is evident. These entities will never act in the interest of ordinary people. Instead, they will exploit crises to expand surveillance, control, and wealth extraction. The idea of a political “savior” is a dangerous illusion. True freedom comes from individuals taking responsibility for their own lives and working together to build decentralized, resilient systems.

---

Conclusion: A Call to Action

The path to a genuinely free humanity begins with individual action. By adopting Bitcoin, securing digital privacy, increasing geographical flexibility, and building resilient local communities, ordinary people can protect themselves against authoritarianism. Governments will not save us—they are the problem. It is up to us to create a better future, free from the control of corrupt elites.

• The tools for liberation already exist.

• The question is: will we use them?

For those interested, I share ideas and solutions in my book « THE GATEWAY TO FREEDOM » https://blisshodlenglish.substack.com/p/the-gateway-to-freedom

⚡ The time to act is now. Freedom is not given—it is taken. ⚡

If you enjoyed this article, consider supporting it with a Zap!

---

My Substack ENGLISH = https://blisshodlenglish.substack.com/ My substack FRENCH = https://blisshodl.substack.com/

---

Get my Book « THE GATEWAY TO FREEDOM » here 🙏 => https://coinos.io/blisshodl

---

---

@ 39cc53c9:27168656

Read the original blog post

Know Your Customer is a regulation that requires companies of all sizes to verify the identity, suitability, and risks involved with maintaining a business relationship with a customer. Such procedures fit within the broader scope of anti-money laundering (AML) and counterterrorism financing (CTF) regulations.

Banks, exchanges, online business, mail providers, domain registrars... Everyone wants to know who you are before you can even opt for their service. Your personal information is flowing around the internet in the hands of "god-knows-who" and secured by "trust-me-bro military-grade encryption". Once your account is linked to your personal (and verified) identity, tracking you is just as easy as keeping logs on all these platforms.

Rights for Illusions

KYC processes aim to combat terrorist financing, money laundering, and other illicit activities. On the surface, KYC seems like a commendable initiative. I mean, who wouldn't want to halt terrorists and criminals in their tracks?

The logic behind KYC is: "If we mandate every financial service provider to identify their users, it becomes easier to pinpoint and apprehend the malicious actors."

However, terrorists and criminals are not precisely lining up to be identified. They're crafty. They may adopt false identities or find alternative strategies to continue their operations. Far from being outwitted, many times they're several steps ahead of regulations. Realistically, KYC might deter a small fraction – let's say about 1% ^1 – of these malefactors. Yet, the cost? All of us are saddled with the inconvenient process of identification just to use a service.

Under the rhetoric of "ensuring our safety", governments and institutions enact regulations that seem more out of a dystopian novel, gradually taking away our right to privacy.

To illustrate, consider a city where the mayor has rolled out facial recognition cameras in every nook and cranny. A band of criminals, intent on robbing a local store, rolls in with a stolen car, their faces obscured by masks and their bodies cloaked in all-black clothes. Once they've committed the crime and exited the city's boundaries, they switch vehicles and clothes out of the cameras' watchful eyes. The high-tech surveillance? It didn’t manage to identify or trace them. Yet, for every law-abiding citizen who merely wants to drive through the city or do some shopping, their movements and identities are constantly logged. The irony? This invasive tracking impacts all of us, just to catch the 1% ^1 of less-than-careful criminals.

KYC? Not you.

KYC creates barriers to participation in normal economic activity, to supposedly stop criminals. ^2

KYC puts barriers between many users and businesses. One of these comes from the fact that the process often requires multiple forms of identification, proof of address, and sometimes even financial records. For individuals in areas with poor record-keeping, non-recognized legal documents, or those who are unbanked, homeless or transient, obtaining these documents can be challenging, if not impossible.

For people who are not skilled with technology or just don't have access to it, there's also a barrier since KYC procedures are mostly online, leaving them inadvertently excluded.

Another barrier goes for the casual or one-time user, where they might not see the value in undergoing a rigorous KYC process, and these requirements can deter them from using the service altogether.

It also wipes some businesses out of the equation, since for smaller businesses, the costs associated with complying with KYC norms—from the actual process of gathering and submitting documents to potential delays in operations—can be prohibitive in economical and/or technical terms.

You're not welcome

Imagine a swanky new club in town with a strict "members only" sign. You hear the music, you see the lights, and you want in. You step up, ready to join, but suddenly there's a long list of criteria you must meet. After some time, you are finally checking all the boxes. But then the club rejects your membership with no clear reason why. You just weren't accepted. Frustrating, right?

This club scenario isn't too different from the fact that KYC is being used by many businesses as a convenient gatekeeping tool. A perfect excuse based on a "legal" procedure they are obliged to.

Even some exchanges may randomly use this to freeze and block funds from users, claiming these were "flagged" by a cryptic system that inspects the transactions. You are left hostage to their arbitrary decision to let you successfully pass the KYC procedure. If you choose to sidestep their invasive process, they might just hold onto your funds indefinitely.

Your identity has been stolen

KYC data has been found to be for sale on many dark net markets^3. Exchanges may have leaks or hacks, and such leaks contain very sensitive data. We're talking about the full monty: passport or ID scans, proof of address, and even those awkward selfies where you're holding up your ID next to your face. All this data is being left to the mercy of the (mostly) "trust-me-bro" security systems of such companies. Quite scary, isn't it?

As cheap as $10 for 100 documents, with discounts applying for those who buy in bulk, the personal identities of innocent users who passed KYC procedures are for sale. ^3

In short, if you have ever passed the KYC/AML process of a crypto exchange, your privacy is at risk of being compromised, or it might even have already been compromised.

(they) Know Your Coins

You may already know that Bitcoin and most cryptocurrencies have a transparent public blockchain, meaning that all data is shown unencrypted for everyone to see and recorded forever. If you link an address you own to your identity through KYC, for example, by sending an amount from a KYC exchange to it, your Bitcoin is no longer pseudonymous and can then be traced.

If, for instance, you send Bitcoin from such an identified address to another KYC'ed address (say, from a friend), everyone having access to that address-identity link information (exchanges, governments, hackers, etc.) will be able to associate that transaction and know who you are transacting with.

Conclusions

To sum up, KYC does not protect individuals; rather, it's a threat to our privacy, freedom, security and integrity. Sensible information flowing through the internet is thrown into chaos by dubious security measures. It puts borders between many potential customers and businesses, and it helps governments and companies track innocent users. That's the chaos KYC has stirred.

The criminals are using stolen identities from companies that gathered them thanks to these very same regulations that were supposed to combat them. Criminals always know how to circumvent such regulations. In the end, normal people are the most affected by these policies.

The threat that KYC poses to individuals in terms of privacy, security and freedom is not to be neglected. And if we don’t start challenging these systems and questioning their efficacy, we are just one step closer to the dystopian future that is now foreseeable.

Edited 20/03/2024 * Add reference to the 1% statement on Rights for Illusions section to an article where Chainalysis found that only 0.34% of the transaction volume with cryptocurrencies in 2023 was attributable to criminal activity ^1

@ b83a28b7:35919450

This article was originally part of the sermon of Plebchain Radio Episode 111 (May 2, 2025) that nostr:nprofile1qyxhwumn8ghj7mn0wvhxcmmvqyg8wumn8ghj7mn0wd68ytnvv9hxgqpqtvqc82mv8cezhax5r34n4muc2c4pgjz8kaye2smj032nngg52clq7fgefr and I did with nostr:nprofile1qythwumn8ghj7ct5d3shxtnwdaehgu3wd3skuep0qyt8wumn8ghj7ct4w35zumn0wd68yvfwvdhk6tcqyzx4h2fv3n9r6hrnjtcrjw43t0g0cmmrgvjmg525rc8hexkxc0kd2rhtk62 and nostr:nprofile1qyxhwumn8ghj7mn0wvhxcmmvqyg8wumn8ghj7mn0wd68ytnvv9hxgqpq4wxtsrj7g2jugh70pfkzjln43vgn4p7655pgky9j9w9d75u465pqahkzd0 of the nostr:nprofile1qythwumn8ghj7ct5d3shxtnwdaehgu3wd3skuep0qyt8wumn8ghj7etyv4hzumn0wd68ytnvv9hxgtcqyqwfvwrccp4j2xsuuvkwg0y6a20637t6f4cc5zzjkx030dkztt7t5hydajn

Listen to the full episode here:

<<https://fountain.fm/episode/Ln9Ej0zCZ5dEwfo8w2Ho>>

---

Bitcoin has always been a narrative revolution disguised as code. White paper, cypherpunk lore, pizza‑day legends - every block is a paragraph in the world’s most relentless epic. But code alone rarely converts the skeptic; it’s the camp‑fire myth that slips past the prefrontal cortex and shakes hands with the limbic system. People don’t adopt protocols first - they fall in love with protagonists.

Early adopters heard the white‑paper hymn, but most folks need characters first: a pizza‑day dreamer; a mother in a small country, crushed by the cost of remittance; a Warsaw street vendor swapping złoty for sats. When their arcs land, the brain releases a neurochemical OP_RETURN which says, “I belong in this plot.” That’s the sly roundabout orange pill: conviction smuggled inside catharsis.

That’s why, from 22–25 May in Warsaw’s Kinoteka, the Bitcoin Film Fest is loading its reels with rebellion. Each documentary, drama, and animated rabbit‑hole is a stealth wallet, zipping conviction straight into the feels of anyone still clasped within the cold claw of fiat. You come for the plot, you leave checking block heights.

---

Here's the clip of the sermon from the episode:

nostr:nevent1qvzqqqqqqypzpwp69zm7fewjp0vkp306adnzt7249ytxhz7mq3w5yc629u6er9zsqqsy43fwz8es2wnn65rh0udc05tumdnx5xagvzd88ptncspmesdqhygcrvpf2

@ c631e267:c2b78d3e

Die zwei mächtigsten Krieger sind Geduld und Zeit. \ Leo Tolstoi

Zum Wohle unserer Gesundheit, unserer Leistungsfähigkeit und letztlich unseres Glücks ist es wichtig, die eigene Energie bewusst zu pflegen. Das gilt umso mehr für an gesellschaftlichen Themen interessierte, selbstbewusste und kritisch denkende Menschen. Denn für deren Wahrnehmung und Wohlbefinden waren und sind die rasanten, krisen- und propagandagefüllten letzten Jahre in Absurdistan eine harte Probe.

Nur wer regelmäßig Kraft tankt und Wege findet, mit den Herausforderungen umzugehen, kann eine solche Tortur überstehen, emotionale Erschöpfung vermeiden und trotz allem zufrieden sein. Dazu müssen wir erkunden, was uns Energie gibt und was sie uns raubt. Durch Selbstreflexion und Achtsamkeit finden wir sicher Dinge, die uns erfreuen und inspirieren, und andere, die uns eher stressen und belasten.

Die eigene Energie ist eng mit unserer körperlichen und mentalen Gesundheit verbunden. Methoden zur Förderung der körperlichen Gesundheit sind gut bekannt: eine ausgewogene Ernährung, regelmäßige Bewegung sowie ausreichend Schlaf und Erholung. Bei der nicht minder wichtigen emotionalen Balance wird es schon etwas komplizierter. Stress abzubauen, die eigenen Grenzen zu kennen oder solche zum Schutz zu setzen sowie die Konzentration auf Positives und Sinnvolles wären Ansätze.

Der emotionale ist auch der Bereich, über den «Energie-Räuber» bevorzugt attackieren. Das sind zum Beispiel Dinge wie Überforderung, Perfektionismus oder mangelhafte Kommunikation. Social Media gehören ganz sicher auch dazu. Sie stehlen uns nicht nur Zeit, sondern sind höchst manipulativ und erhöhen laut einer aktuellen Studie das Risiko für psychische Probleme wie Angstzustände und Depressionen.

Geben wir negativen oder gar bösen Menschen keine Macht über uns. Das Dauerfeuer der letzten Jahre mit Krisen, Konflikten und Gefahren sollte man zwar kennen, darf sich aber davon nicht runterziehen lassen. Das Ziel derartiger konzertierter Aktionen ist vor allem, unsere innere Stabilität zu zerstören, denn dann sind wir leichter zu steuern. Aber Geduld: Selbst vermeintliche «Sonnenköniginnen» wie EU-Kommissionspräsidentin von der Leyen fallen, wenn die Zeit reif ist.

Es ist wichtig, dass wir unsere ganz eigenen Bedürfnisse und Werte erkennen. Unsere Energiequellen müssen wir identifizieren und aktiv nutzen. Dazu gehören soziale Kontakte genauso wie zum Beispiel Hobbys und Leidenschaften. Umgeben wir uns mit Sinnhaftigkeit und lassen wir uns nicht die Energie rauben!

Mein Wahlspruch ist schon lange: «Was die Menschen wirklich bewegt, ist die Kultur.» Jetzt im Frühjahr beginnt hier in Andalusien die Zeit der «Ferias», jener traditionellen Volksfeste, die vor Lebensfreude sprudeln. Konzentrieren wir uns auf die schönen Dinge und auf unsere eigenen Talente – soziale Verbundenheit wird helfen, unsere innere Kraft zu stärken und zu bewahren.

[Titelbild: Pixabay]

---

Dieser Beitrag wurde mit dem Pareto-Client geschrieben und ist zuerst auf Transition News erschienen.

@ 04c915da:3dfbecc9

Bitcoin has always been rooted in freedom and resistance to authority. I get that many of you are conflicted about the US Government stacking but by design we cannot stop anyone from using bitcoin. Many have asked me for my thoughts on the matter, so let’s rip it.

Concern

One of the most glaring issues with the strategic bitcoin reserve is its foundation, built on stolen bitcoin. For those of us who value private property this is an obvious betrayal of our core principles. Rather than proof of work, the bitcoin that seeds this reserve has been taken by force. The US Government should return the bitcoin stolen from Bitfinex and the Silk Road.

Using stolen bitcoin for the reserve creates a perverse incentive. If governments see bitcoin as a valuable asset, they will ramp up efforts to confiscate more bitcoin. The precedent is a major concern, and I stand strongly against it, but it should be also noted that governments were already seizing coin before the reserve so this is not really a change in policy.

Ideally all seized bitcoin should be burned, by law. This would align incentives properly and make it less likely for the government to actively increase coin seizures. Due to the truly scarce properties of bitcoin, all burned bitcoin helps existing holders through increased purchasing power regardless. This change would be unlikely but those of us in policy circles should push for it regardless. It would be best case scenario for American bitcoiners and would create a strong foundation for the next century of American leadership.

Optimism

The entire point of bitcoin is that we can spend or save it without permission. That said, it is a massive benefit to not have one of the strongest governments in human history actively trying to ruin our lives.

Since the beginning, bitcoiners have faced horrible regulatory trends. KYC, surveillance, and legal cases have made using bitcoin and building bitcoin businesses incredibly difficult. It is incredibly important to note that over the past year that trend has reversed for the first time in a decade. A strategic bitcoin reserve is a key driver of this shift. By holding bitcoin, the strongest government in the world has signaled that it is not just a fringe technology but rather truly valuable, legitimate, and worth stacking.

This alignment of incentives changes everything. The US Government stacking proves bitcoin’s worth. The resulting purchasing power appreciation helps all of us who are holding coin and as bitcoin succeeds our government receives direct benefit. A beautiful positive feedback loop.

Realism

We are trending in the right direction. A strategic bitcoin reserve is a sign that the state sees bitcoin as an asset worth embracing rather than destroying. That said, there is a lot of work left to be done. We cannot be lulled into complacency, the time to push forward is now, and we cannot take our foot off the gas. We have a seat at the table for the first time ever. Let's make it worth it.

We must protect the right to free usage of bitcoin and other digital technologies. Freedom in the digital age must be taken and defended, through both technical and political avenues. Multiple privacy focused developers are facing long jail sentences for building tools that protect our freedom. These cases are not just legal battles. They are attacks on the soul of bitcoin. We need to rally behind them, fight for their freedom, and ensure the ethos of bitcoin survives this new era of government interest. The strategic reserve is a step in the right direction, but it is up to us to hold the line and shape the future.

@ 6f3670d9:03f04036

This is my first long-form post. The starting line.

There's nothing of value here. Just using this as a marker.

I hope to post a lot more. Documenting how I made something work would be very useful to me, and hopefully others, but I've been too lazy to do that. Wish me luck!

Stay humble,
dumb-package

@ 8576ca0e:621f735e

The Bitcoin community is currently debating BIP 177, a proposal that seeks to redefine Bitcoin’s base unit from the satoshi (sat) to bitcoin itself. Proposed by Synonym CEO John Carvalho, this initiative aims to simplify Bitcoin’s usability, reduce cognitive barriers for newcomers, and align the currency’s representation with its integer-based protocol design. While the proposal has sparked enthusiasm among some supporters, it has also faced criticism for potentially eroding Bitcoin’s cultural heritage. Here’s a comprehensive breakdown of BIP 177 and its implications. 

What Is BIP 177?  BIP 177 is a non consensus proposal that reimagines how Bitcoin units are displayed and labeled. Key changes include:  1. Base Unit Redefinition: The smallest unit, currently called a satoshi (1 sat = 0.00000001 BTC), would be renamed to "bitcoin" (lowercase). Thus, 1 BTC would equal 100,000,000 bitcoins under the new system .  2. Integer Only Display: Transactions and balances would be shown in whole numbers (e.g., "10,000 bitcoins" instead of "0.0001 BTC") to eliminate decimal complexity .  3. Symbol Adoption: The "₿" symbol could represent the base unit, making values like ₿34,500,000 equivalent to 0.345 BTC .  4. Backward Compatibility: The BTC ticker and total supply (21 million BTC) remain unchanged. Users and applications can toggle between legacy and new formats . 

Why BIP 177? The Case for Change  1. Reducing Cognitive Load  Decimal heavy displays (e.g., 0.000023 BTC) are unintuitive, especially for new users. Integer values (e.g., 2,300 bitcoins) simplify mental calculations and reduce errors in transactions . As Carvalho argues, Bitcoin’s protocol inherently uses integers, and the decimal system is a "human imposed abstraction" . 

1. Eliminating Unit Fear  A Bitcoin priced at $100,000+ can deter newcomers who perceive it as unaffordable. By rebranding the base unit, 1 bitcoin would appear as a fraction of a cent (e.g., $0.00104 per bitcoin), making ownership of thousands of bitcoins feel more accessible . This shift could mitigate "price ceiling anxiety" and encourage broader adoption . 

2. Aligning with Bitcoin’s Design  Bitcoin’s ledger tracks discrete units, not fractions. BIP 177 emphasizes this by removing artificial decimal formatting, fostering a clearer understanding of Bitcoin’s scarcity and indivisible nature . 

3. Mainstream Usability  For everyday transactions like buying coffee integer displays (e.g., "1,830 bitcoins") are more practical than tiny decimals. This aligns with Bitcoin’s growing role in micropayments, as seen in El Salvador’s adoption of satoshis for daily use . 

Criticisms and Concerns  1. Cultural Erosion  The term "satoshi" honors Bitcoin’s pseudonymous creator, and its deprecation risks alienating long-time supporters. Critics argue that abandoning this term weakens Bitcoin’s cultural identity . 

1. Confusion Risks  Renaming the base unit "bitcoin" while retaining BTC could cause ambiguity. For example, saying "I own 1,000 bitcoins" might mislead newcomers into thinking they own 1,000 BTC . Translation challenges also arise, particularly in languages like Chinese where "比特币" (Bitcoin) would represent both BTC and the base unit . 

2. Brand Perception  Bitcoin’s high value per BTC is a marketing strength. Displaying prices as fractions of a cent might dilute its perceived prestige, potentially affecting investor sentiment . 

3. Implementation Hurdles  Wallets, exchanges, and merchants would need to update interfaces, APIs, and educational materials—a process estimated to take 2+ years . 

Community Reactions: A Divided Ecosystem  - Supporters: Proponents like Jack Dorsey argue that integer displays simplify Bitcoin for mass adoption. They compare the shift to historical advancements like replacing Roman numerals with Arabic numbers .  - Opponents: Critics dismiss BIP 177 as "bikeshedding" focusing on trivial changes while ignoring larger issues like transaction fees. Some Reddit users warn, "Don’t split it, don’t change anything" . 

Implementation Timeline  1. Phase 1 (3–6 months): Introduce dual displays and pilot testing in wallets like Bitkit .  2. Phase 2 (6–12 months): Mainstream platforms adopt integer displays by default.  3. Phase 3 (12+ months): Legacy decimal formats are phased out entirely . 

Conclusion: Tradition vs Progress  BIP 177 highlights Bitcoin’s evolving identity: Should it prioritize cultural heritage or usability for the next billion users? While the proposal doesn’t alter Bitcoin’s code or supply, its success hinges on community consensus. As Carvalho notes, "Bitcoin’s heart is immovable code. BIP 177 merely retires the decimal point" . Whether this change becomes a footnote or a revolution remains to be seen but it undeniably sparks a vital conversation about Bitcoin’s future.

@ a4a6b584:1e05b95b

The Four-Layer Framework

Layer 1: Zoom Out

Start by looking at the big picture. What’s the subject about, and why does it matter? Focus on the overarching ideas and how they fit together. Think of this as the 30,000-foot view—it’s about understanding the "why" and "how" before diving into the "what."

Example: If you’re learning programming, start by understanding that it’s about giving logical instructions to computers to solve problems.

• Tip: Keep it simple. Summarize the subject in one or two sentences and avoid getting bogged down in specifics at this stage.

Once you have the big picture in mind, it’s time to start breaking it down.

---

Layer 2: Categorize and Connect

Now it’s time to break the subject into categories—like creating branches on a tree. This helps your brain organize information logically and see connections between ideas.

Example: Studying biology? Group concepts into categories like cells, genetics, and ecosystems.

• Tip: Use headings or labels to group similar ideas. Jot these down in a list or simple diagram to keep track.

With your categories in place, you’re ready to dive into the details that bring them to life.

---

Layer 3: Master the Details

Once you’ve mapped out the main categories, you’re ready to dive deeper. This is where you learn the nuts and bolts—like formulas, specific techniques, or key terminology. These details make the subject practical and actionable.

Example: In programming, this might mean learning the syntax for loops, conditionals, or functions in your chosen language.

• Tip: Focus on details that clarify the categories from Layer 2. Skip anything that doesn’t add to your understanding.

Now that you’ve mastered the essentials, you can expand your knowledge to include extra material.

---

Layer 4: Expand Your Horizons

Finally, move on to the extra material—less critical facts, trivia, or edge cases. While these aren’t essential to mastering the subject, they can be useful in specialized discussions or exams.

Example: Learn about rare programming quirks or historical trivia about a language’s development.

• Tip: Spend minimal time here unless it’s necessary for your goals. It’s okay to skim if you’re short on time.

---

Pro Tips for Better Learning

1. Use Active Recall and Spaced Repetition

Test yourself without looking at notes. Review what you’ve learned at increasing intervals—like after a day, a week, and a month. This strengthens memory by forcing your brain to actively retrieve information.

2. Map It Out

Create visual aids like diagrams or concept maps to clarify relationships between ideas. These are particularly helpful for organizing categories in Layer 2.

3. Teach What You Learn

Explain the subject to someone else as if they’re hearing it for the first time. Teaching exposes any gaps in your understanding and helps reinforce the material.

4. Engage with LLMs and Discuss Concepts

Take advantage of tools like ChatGPT or similar large language models to explore your topic in greater depth. Use these tools to:
- Ask specific questions to clarify confusing points.
- Engage in discussions to simulate real-world applications of the subject.
- Generate examples or analogies that deepen your understanding.

Tip: Use LLMs as a study partner, but don’t rely solely on them. Combine these insights with your own critical thinking to develop a well-rounded perspective.

---

Get Started

Ready to try the Four-Layer Method? Take 15 minutes today to map out the big picture of a topic you’re curious about—what’s it all about, and why does it matter? By building your understanding step by step, you’ll master the subject with less stress and more confidence.

@ 04c915da:3dfbecc9

Recently we have seen a wave of high profile X accounts hacked. These attacks have exposed the fragility of the status quo security model used by modern social media platforms like X. Many users have asked if nostr fixes this, so lets dive in. How do these types of attacks translate into the world of nostr apps? For clarity, I will use X’s security model as representative of most big tech social platforms and compare it to nostr.

The Status Quo

On X, you never have full control of your account. Ultimately to use it requires permission from the company. They can suspend your account or limit your distribution. Theoretically they can even post from your account at will. An X account is tied to an email and password. Users can also opt into two factor authentication, which adds an extra layer of protection, a login code generated by an app. In theory, this setup works well, but it places a heavy burden on users. You need to create a strong, unique password and safeguard it. You also need to ensure your email account and phone number remain secure, as attackers can exploit these to reset your credentials and take over your account. Even if you do everything responsibly, there is another weak link in X infrastructure itself. The platform’s infrastructure allows accounts to be reset through its backend. This could happen maliciously by an employee or through an external attacker who compromises X’s backend. When an account is compromised, the legitimate user often gets locked out, unable to post or regain control without contacting X’s support team. That process can be slow, frustrating, and sometimes fruitless if support denies the request or cannot verify your identity. Often times support will require users to provide identification info in order to regain access, which represents a privacy risk. The centralized nature of X means you are ultimately at the mercy of the company’s systems and staff.

Nostr Requires Responsibility

Nostr flips this model radically. Users do not need permission from a company to access their account, they can generate as many accounts as they want, and cannot be easily censored. The key tradeoff here is that users have to take complete responsibility for their security. Instead of relying on a username, password, and corporate servers, nostr uses a private key as the sole credential for your account. Users generate this key and it is their responsibility to keep it safe. As long as you have your key, you can post. If someone else gets it, they can post too. It is that simple. This design has strong implications. Unlike X, there is no backend reset option. If your key is compromised or lost, there is no customer support to call. In a compromise scenario, both you and the attacker can post from the account simultaneously. Neither can lock the other out, since nostr relays simply accept whatever is signed with a valid key.

The benefit? No reliance on proprietary corporate infrastructure.. The negative? Security rests entirely on how well you protect your key.

Future Nostr Security Improvements

For many users, nostr’s standard security model, storing a private key on a phone with an encrypted cloud backup, will likely be sufficient. It is simple and reasonably secure. That said, nostr’s strength lies in its flexibility as an open protocol. Users will be able to choose between a range of security models, balancing convenience and protection based on need.

One promising option is a web of trust model for key rotation. Imagine pre-selecting a group of trusted friends. If your account is compromised, these people could collectively sign an event announcing the compromise to the network and designate a new key as your legitimate one. Apps could handle this process seamlessly in the background, notifying followers of the switch without much user interaction. This could become a popular choice for average users, but it is not without tradeoffs. It requires trust in your chosen web of trust, which might not suit power users or large organizations. It also has the issue that some apps may not recognize the key rotation properly and followers might get confused about which account is “real.”

For those needing higher security, there is the option of multisig using FROST (Flexible Round-Optimized Schnorr Threshold). In this setup, multiple keys must sign off on every action, including posting and updating a profile. A hacker with just one key could not do anything. This is likely overkill for most users due to complexity and inconvenience, but it could be a game changer for large organizations, companies, and governments. Imagine the White House nostr account requiring signatures from multiple people before a post goes live, that would be much more secure than the status quo big tech model.

Another option are hardware signers, similar to bitcoin hardware wallets. Private keys are kept on secure, offline devices, separate from the internet connected phone or computer you use to broadcast events. This drastically reduces the risk of remote hacks, as private keys never touches the internet. It can be used in combination with multisig setups for extra protection. This setup is much less convenient and probably overkill for most but could be ideal for governments, companies, or other high profile accounts.

---

Nostr’s security model is not perfect but is robust and versatile. Ultimately users are in control and security is their responsibility. Apps will give users multiple options to choose from and users will choose what best fits their need.

@ 7bdef7be:784a5805

We value sovereignty, privacy and security when accessing online content, using several tools to achieve this, like open protocols, open OSes, open software products, Tor and VPNs. ## The problem Talking about our social presence, we can manually build up our follower list (social graph), pick a Nostr client that is respectful of our preferences on what to show and how, but with the standard following mechanism, our main feed is public, **so everyone can actually snoop** what we are interested in, and what is supposable that we read daily. ## The solution Nostr has a simple solution for this necessity: encrypted lists. Lists are what they appear, a collection of people or interests (but they can also group much other stuff, see [NIP-51](https://github.com/nostr-protocol/nips/blob/master/51.md)). So we can create lists with contacts that we don't have in our main social graph; these lists can be used primarily to create **dedicated feeds**, but they could have other uses, for example, related to monitoring. The interesting thing about lists is that they can also be **encrypted**, so unlike the basic following list, which is always public, we can hide the lists' content from others. The implications are obvious: we can not only have a more organized way to browse content, but it is also **really private one**. One might wonder what use can really be made of private lists; here are some examples: - Browse “can't miss” content from users I consider a priority; - Supervise competitors or adversarial parts; - Monitor sensible topics (tags); - Following someone without being publicly associated with them, as this may be undesirable; The benefits in terms of privacy as usual are not only related to the casual, or programmatic, observer, but are also evident when we think of **how many bots scan our actions to profile us**. ## The current state Unfortunately, lists are not widely supported by Nostr clients, and encrypted support is a rarity. Often the excuse to not implement them is that they are harder to develop, since they require managing the encryption stuff ([NIP-44](https://github.com/nostr-protocol/nips/blob/master/51.md)). Nevertheless, developers have an easier option to start offering private lists: give the user the possibility to simply **mark them as local-only**, and never push them to the relays. Even if the user misses the sync feature, this is sufficient to create a private environment. To date, as far as I know, the best client with list management is Gossip, which permits to manage **both encrypted and local-only lists**. Beg your Nostr client to implement private lists!

@ 56f27915:5fee3024

Buchbeschreibung:\ \ Dieses Buch ist ein Appell. 

Es richtet sich nicht nur an den Kopf des Lesers, sondern auch an seinen Willen.\ \ Es ist ein Appell an Volk und Leser, die Lenkung der Geschicke direkt selbst in die Hand zu nehmen. Nicht nur: "Was ist?" sondern vor allem: "Was können wir tun?" ist in diesem Buch die große Frage.\ \ Mit dem Blick auf diese Frage wird das Grundgesetz betrachtet und gezeigt, dass es absolut noch nicht der gediegene Glockenguss ist, als der es uns von "oben" immer vorgestellt wurde, sondern dass in ihm auch extrem gegenläufige, bemessen an seinen freiheitlich-demokratischen Idealen sogar als extrem verfassungs-widrig zu bezeichnende Tendenzen wirken, die heute in seine Zerstörung führen.\ \ Vor allem die unselige Übermacht des Parteienwesens und die damit verbundene systemische Entmündigung des Souveräns, des Volkes, ist das Ergebnis dieser verfassungs-widrigen Tendenzen.\ \ Es wird aber auch gezeigt, wo in den Idealen des Grundgesetzes und in den Entscheidungen der Mütter und Väter dieses Grundgesetzes die Ansatzpunkte liegen, durch die der Zerstörung des Grundgesetzes wirkungsvoll begegnet werden kann. Und diese Ansatzpunkte werden im Buch allseits zur Entfaltung gebracht.\ \ "Wer die Demokratie verteidigen will, der muss sie weiter entwickeln." Im Sinne dieses Wortes wird dem Leser ein praktikabler Weg gewiesen, auf dem er unmittelbar helfen kann, das Grundgesetz den wirkenden Zerstörungskräften zu entwinden, durch Einrichtung der direkten Bürgerbeteiligung an den entscheidenden Fragen unserer Republik die Position des Souveräns gegenüber der Parteienmacht zu stärken, Freiheitsrechte, Demokratie und Rechtsstaat auf eine wesentlich höhere Stufe als bisher zu bringen und sich durch eine verfassungs-klärende Versammlung seine Basis selbst und neu zu geben.

Buch bestellen: https://great-reset-von-unten.de/

\ Und nicht vergessen, abzustimmen! Die Zeit ist reif. Packen wir's an.\  

@ fe32298e:20516265

Today I learned how to install NVapi to monitor my GPUs in Home Assistant.

NVApi is a lightweight API designed for monitoring NVIDIA GPU utilization and enabling automated power management. It provides real-time GPU metrics, supports integration with tools like Home Assistant, and offers flexible power management and PCIe link speed management based on workload and thermal conditions.

• GPU Utilization Monitoring: Utilization, memory usage, temperature, fan speed, and power consumption.
• Automated Power Limiting: Adjusts power limits dynamically based on temperature thresholds and total power caps, configurable per GPU or globally.
• Cross-GPU Coordination: Total power budget applies across multiple GPUs in the same system.
• PCIe Link Speed Management: Controls minimum and maximum PCIe link speeds with idle thresholds for power optimization.
• Home Assistant Integration: Uses the built-in RESTful platform and template sensors.

Getting the Data

sudo apt install golang-go git clone https://github.com/sammcj/NVApi.git cd NVapi go run main.go -port 9999 -rate 1 curl http://localhost:9999/gpu

Response for a single GPU: [ { "index": 0, "name": "NVIDIA GeForce RTX 4090", "gpu_utilisation": 0, "memory_utilisation": 0, "power_watts": 16, "power_limit_watts": 450, "memory_total_gb": 23.99, "memory_used_gb": 0.46, "memory_free_gb": 23.52, "memory_usage_percent": 2, "temperature": 38, "processes": [], "pcie_link_state": "not managed" } ]

Response for multiple GPUs: [ { "index": 0, "name": "NVIDIA GeForce RTX 3090", "gpu_utilisation": 0, "memory_utilisation": 0, "power_watts": 14, "power_limit_watts": 350, "memory_total_gb": 24, "memory_used_gb": 0.43, "memory_free_gb": 23.57, "memory_usage_percent": 2, "temperature": 36, "processes": [], "pcie_link_state": "not managed" }, { "index": 1, "name": "NVIDIA RTX A4000", "gpu_utilisation": 0, "memory_utilisation": 0, "power_watts": 10, "power_limit_watts": 140, "memory_total_gb": 15.99, "memory_used_gb": 0.56, "memory_free_gb": 15.43, "memory_usage_percent": 3, "temperature": 41, "processes": [], "pcie_link_state": "not managed" } ]

Start at Boot

Create /etc/systemd/system/nvapi.service:

``` [Unit] Description=Run NVapi After=network.target

[Service] Type=simple Environment="GOPATH=/home/ansible/go" WorkingDirectory=/home/ansible/NVapi ExecStart=/usr/bin/go run main.go -port 9999 -rate 1 Restart=always User=ansible

Environment="GPU_TEMP_CHECK_INTERVAL=5"

Environment="GPU_TOTAL_POWER_CAP=400"

Environment="GPU_0_LOW_TEMP=40"

Environment="GPU_0_MEDIUM_TEMP=70"

Environment="GPU_0_LOW_TEMP_LIMIT=135"

Environment="GPU_0_MEDIUM_TEMP_LIMIT=120"

Environment="GPU_0_HIGH_TEMP_LIMIT=100"

Environment="GPU_1_LOW_TEMP=45"

Environment="GPU_1_MEDIUM_TEMP=75"

Environment="GPU_1_LOW_TEMP_LIMIT=140"

Environment="GPU_1_MEDIUM_TEMP_LIMIT=125"

Environment="GPU_1_HIGH_TEMP_LIMIT=110"

[Install] WantedBy=multi-user.target ```

Home Assistant

Add to Home Assistant configuration.yaml and restart HA (completely).

For a single GPU, this works: ``` sensor: - platform: rest name: MYPC GPU Information resource: http://mypc:9999 method: GET headers: Content-Type: application/json value_template: "{{ value_json[0].index }}" json_attributes: - name - gpu_utilisation - memory_utilisation - power_watts - power_limit_watts - memory_total_gb - memory_used_gb - memory_free_gb - memory_usage_percent - temperature scan_interval: 1 # seconds

• platform: template sensors: mypc_gpu_0_gpu: friendly_name: "MYPC {{ state_attr('sensor.mypc_gpu_information', 'name') }} GPU" value_template: "{{ state_attr('sensor.mypc_gpu_information', 'gpu_utilisation') }}" unit_of_measurement: "%" mypc_gpu_0_memory: friendly_name: "MYPC {{ state_attr('sensor.mypc_gpu_information', 'name') }} Memory" value_template: "{{ state_attr('sensor.mypc_gpu_information', 'memory_utilisation') }}" unit_of_measurement: "%" mypc_gpu_0_power: friendly_name: "MYPC {{ state_attr('sensor.mypc_gpu_information', 'name') }} Power" value_template: "{{ state_attr('sensor.mypc_gpu_information', 'power_watts') }}" unit_of_measurement: "W" mypc_gpu_0_power_limit: friendly_name: "MYPC {{ state_attr('sensor.mypc_gpu_information', 'name') }} Power Limit" value_template: "{{ state_attr('sensor.mypc_gpu_information', 'power_limit_watts') }}" unit_of_measurement: "W" mypc_gpu_0_temperature: friendly_name: "MYPC {{ state_attr('sensor.mypc_gpu_information', 'name') }} Temperature" value_template: "{{ state_attr('sensor.mypc_gpu_information', 'temperature') }}" unit_of_measurement: "°C" ```

For multiple GPUs: ``` rest: scan_interval: 1 resource: http://mypc:9999 sensor: - name: "MYPC GPU0 Information" value_template: "{{ value_json[0].index }}" json_attributes_path: "$.0" json_attributes: - name - gpu_utilisation - memory_utilisation - power_watts - power_limit_watts - memory_total_gb - memory_used_gb - memory_free_gb - memory_usage_percent - temperature - name: "MYPC GPU1 Information" value_template: "{{ value_json[1].index }}" json_attributes_path: "$.1" json_attributes: - name - gpu_utilisation - memory_utilisation - power_watts - power_limit_watts - memory_total_gb - memory_used_gb - memory_free_gb - memory_usage_percent - temperature

• platform: template sensors: mypc_gpu_0_gpu: friendly_name: "MYPC GPU0 GPU" value_template: "{{ state_attr('sensor.mypc_gpu0_information', 'gpu_utilisation') }}" unit_of_measurement: "%" mypc_gpu_0_memory: friendly_name: "MYPC GPU0 Memory" value_template: "{{ state_attr('sensor.mypc_gpu0_information', 'memory_utilisation') }}" unit_of_measurement: "%" mypc_gpu_0_power: friendly_name: "MYPC GPU0 Power" value_template: "{{ state_attr('sensor.mypc_gpu0_information', 'power_watts') }}" unit_of_measurement: "W" mypc_gpu_0_power_limit: friendly_name: "MYPC GPU0 Power Limit" value_template: "{{ state_attr('sensor.mypc_gpu0_information', 'power_limit_watts') }}" unit_of_measurement: "W" mypc_gpu_0_temperature: friendly_name: "MYPC GPU0 Temperature" value_template: "{{ state_attr('sensor.mypc_gpu0_information', 'temperature') }}" unit_of_measurement: "C"

• platform: template sensors: mypc_gpu_1_gpu: friendly_name: "MYPC GPU1 GPU" value_template: "{{ state_attr('sensor.mypc_gpu1_information', 'gpu_utilisation') }}" unit_of_measurement: "%" mypc_gpu_1_memory: friendly_name: "MYPC GPU1 Memory" value_template: "{{ state_attr('sensor.mypc_gpu1_information', 'memory_utilisation') }}" unit_of_measurement: "%" mypc_gpu_1_power: friendly_name: "MYPC GPU1 Power" value_template: "{{ state_attr('sensor.mypc_gpu1_information', 'power_watts') }}" unit_of_measurement: "W" mypc_gpu_1_power_limit: friendly_name: "MYPC GPU1 Power Limit" value_template: "{{ state_attr('sensor.mypc_gpu1_information', 'power_limit_watts') }}" unit_of_measurement: "W" mypc_gpu_1_temperature: friendly_name: "MYPC GPU1 Temperature" value_template: "{{ state_attr('sensor.mypc_gpu1_information', 'temperature') }}" unit_of_measurement: "C"

```

Basic entity card: type: entities entities: - entity: sensor.mypc_gpu_0_gpu secondary_info: last-updated - entity: sensor.mypc_gpu_0_memory secondary_info: last-updated - entity: sensor.mypc_gpu_0_power secondary_info: last-updated - entity: sensor.mypc_gpu_0_power_limit secondary_info: last-updated - entity: sensor.mypc_gpu_0_temperature secondary_info: last-updated

Ansible Role

```

• name: install go become: true package: name: golang-go state: present

• name: git clone git: repo: "https://github.com/sammcj/NVApi.git" dest: "/home/ansible/NVapi" update: yes force: true

go run main.go -port 9999 -rate 1

• name: install systemd service become: true copy: src: nvapi.service dest: /etc/systemd/system/nvapi.service

• name: Reload systemd daemons, enable, and restart nvapi become: true systemd: name: nvapi daemon_reload: yes enabled: yes state: restarted ```

@ 6f6b50bb:a848e5a1

Che cosa significherebbe trattare l'IA come uno strumento invece che come una persona?

Dall’avvio di ChatGPT, le esplorazioni in due direzioni hanno preso velocità.

La prima direzione riguarda le capacità tecniche. Quanto grande possiamo addestrare un modello? Quanto bene può rispondere alle domande del SAT? Con quanta efficienza possiamo distribuirlo?

La seconda direzione riguarda il design dell’interazione. Come comunichiamo con un modello? Come possiamo usarlo per un lavoro utile? Quale metafora usiamo per ragionare su di esso?

La prima direzione è ampiamente seguita e enormemente finanziata, e per una buona ragione: i progressi nelle capacità tecniche sono alla base di ogni possibile applicazione. Ma la seconda è altrettanto cruciale per il campo e ha enormi incognite. Siamo solo a pochi anni dall’inizio dell’era dei grandi modelli. Quali sono le probabilità che abbiamo già capito i modi migliori per usarli?

Propongo una nuova modalità di interazione, in cui i modelli svolgano il ruolo di applicazioni informatiche (ad esempio app per telefoni): fornendo un’interfaccia grafica, interpretando gli input degli utenti e aggiornando il loro stato. In questa modalità, invece di essere un “agente” che utilizza un computer per conto dell’essere umano, l’IA può fornire un ambiente informatico più ricco e potente che possiamo utilizzare.

Metafore per l’interazione

Al centro di un’interazione c’è una metafora che guida le aspettative di un utente su un sistema. I primi giorni dell’informatica hanno preso metafore come “scrivanie”, “macchine da scrivere”, “fogli di calcolo” e “lettere” e le hanno trasformate in equivalenti digitali, permettendo all’utente di ragionare sul loro comportamento. Puoi lasciare qualcosa sulla tua scrivania e tornare a prenderlo; hai bisogno di un indirizzo per inviare una lettera. Man mano che abbiamo sviluppato una conoscenza culturale di questi dispositivi, la necessità di queste particolari metafore è scomparsa, e con esse i design di interfaccia skeumorfici che le rafforzavano. Come un cestino o una matita, un computer è ora una metafora di se stesso.

La metafora dominante per i grandi modelli oggi è modello-come-persona. Questa è una metafora efficace perché le persone hanno capacità estese che conosciamo intuitivamente. Implica che possiamo avere una conversazione con un modello e porgli domande; che il modello possa collaborare con noi su un documento o un pezzo di codice; che possiamo assegnargli un compito da svolgere da solo e che tornerà quando sarà finito.

Tuttavia, trattare un modello come una persona limita profondamente il nostro modo di pensare all’interazione con esso. Le interazioni umane sono intrinsecamente lente e lineari, limitate dalla larghezza di banda e dalla natura a turni della comunicazione verbale. Come abbiamo tutti sperimentato, comunicare idee complesse in una conversazione è difficile e dispersivo. Quando vogliamo precisione, ci rivolgiamo invece a strumenti, utilizzando manipolazioni dirette e interfacce visive ad alta larghezza di banda per creare diagrammi, scrivere codice e progettare modelli CAD. Poiché concepiamo i modelli come persone, li utilizziamo attraverso conversazioni lente, anche se sono perfettamente in grado di accettare input diretti e rapidi e di produrre risultati visivi. Le metafore che utilizziamo limitano le esperienze che costruiamo, e la metafora modello-come-persona ci impedisce di esplorare il pieno potenziale dei grandi modelli.

Per molti casi d’uso, e specialmente per il lavoro produttivo, credo che il futuro risieda in un’altra metafora: modello-come-computer.

Usare un’IA come un computer

Sotto la metafora modello-come-computer, interagiremo con i grandi modelli seguendo le intuizioni che abbiamo sulle applicazioni informatiche (sia su desktop, tablet o telefono). Nota che ciò non significa che il modello sarà un’app tradizionale più di quanto il desktop di Windows fosse una scrivania letterale. “Applicazione informatica” sarà un modo per un modello di rappresentarsi a noi. Invece di agire come una persona, il modello agirà come un computer.

Agire come un computer significa produrre un’interfaccia grafica. Al posto del flusso lineare di testo in stile telescrivente fornito da ChatGPT, un sistema modello-come-computer genererà qualcosa che somiglia all’interfaccia di un’applicazione moderna: pulsanti, cursori, schede, immagini, grafici e tutto il resto. Questo affronta limitazioni chiave dell’interfaccia di chat standard modello-come-persona:

• Scoperta. Un buon strumento suggerisce i suoi usi. Quando l’unica interfaccia è una casella di testo vuota, spetta all’utente capire cosa fare e comprendere i limiti del sistema. La barra laterale Modifica in Lightroom è un ottimo modo per imparare l’editing fotografico perché non si limita a dirti cosa può fare questa applicazione con una foto, ma cosa potresti voler fare. Allo stesso modo, un’interfaccia modello-come-computer per DALL-E potrebbe mostrare nuove possibilità per le tue generazioni di immagini.

• Efficienza. La manipolazione diretta è più rapida che scrivere una richiesta a parole. Per continuare l’esempio di Lightroom, sarebbe impensabile modificare una foto dicendo a una persona quali cursori spostare e di quanto. Ci vorrebbe un giorno intero per chiedere un’esposizione leggermente più bassa e una vibranza leggermente più alta, solo per vedere come apparirebbe. Nella metafora modello-come-computer, il modello può creare strumenti che ti permettono di comunicare ciò che vuoi più efficientemente e quindi di fare le cose più rapidamente.

A differenza di un’app tradizionale, questa interfaccia grafica è generata dal modello su richiesta. Questo significa che ogni parte dell’interfaccia che vedi è rilevante per ciò che stai facendo in quel momento, inclusi i contenuti specifici del tuo lavoro. Significa anche che, se desideri un’interfaccia più ampia o diversa, puoi semplicemente richiederla. Potresti chiedere a DALL-E di produrre alcuni preset modificabili per le sue impostazioni ispirati da famosi artisti di schizzi. Quando clicchi sul preset Leonardo da Vinci, imposta i cursori per disegni prospettici altamente dettagliati in inchiostro nero. Se clicchi su Charles Schulz, seleziona fumetti tecnicolor 2D a basso dettaglio.

Una bicicletta della mente proteiforme

La metafora modello-come-persona ha una curiosa tendenza a creare distanza tra l’utente e il modello, rispecchiando il divario di comunicazione tra due persone che può essere ridotto ma mai completamente colmato. A causa della difficoltà e del costo di comunicare a parole, le persone tendono a suddividere i compiti tra loro in blocchi grandi e il più indipendenti possibile. Le interfacce modello-come-persona seguono questo schema: non vale la pena dire a un modello di aggiungere un return statement alla tua funzione quando è più veloce scriverlo da solo. Con il sovraccarico della comunicazione, i sistemi modello-come-persona sono più utili quando possono fare un intero blocco di lavoro da soli. Fanno le cose per te.

Questo contrasta con il modo in cui interagiamo con i computer o altri strumenti. Gli strumenti producono feedback visivi in tempo reale e sono controllati attraverso manipolazioni dirette. Hanno un overhead comunicativo così basso che non è necessario specificare un blocco di lavoro indipendente. Ha più senso mantenere l’umano nel loop e dirigere lo strumento momento per momento. Come stivali delle sette leghe, gli strumenti ti permettono di andare più lontano a ogni passo, ma sei ancora tu a fare il lavoro. Ti permettono di fare le cose più velocemente.

Considera il compito di costruire un sito web usando un grande modello. Con le interfacce di oggi, potresti trattare il modello come un appaltatore o un collaboratore. Cercheresti di scrivere a parole il più possibile su come vuoi che il sito appaia, cosa vuoi che dica e quali funzionalità vuoi che abbia. Il modello genererebbe una prima bozza, tu la eseguirai e poi fornirai un feedback. “Fai il logo un po’ più grande”, diresti, e “centra quella prima immagine principale”, e “deve esserci un pulsante di login nell’intestazione”. Per ottenere esattamente ciò che vuoi, invierai una lista molto lunga di richieste sempre più minuziose.

Un’interazione alternativa modello-come-computer sarebbe diversa: invece di costruire il sito web, il modello genererebbe un’interfaccia per te per costruirlo, dove ogni input dell’utente a quell’interfaccia interroga il grande modello sotto il cofano. Forse quando descrivi le tue necessità creerebbe un’interfaccia con una barra laterale e una finestra di anteprima. All’inizio la barra laterale contiene solo alcuni schizzi di layout che puoi scegliere come punto di partenza. Puoi cliccare su ciascuno di essi, e il modello scrive l’HTML per una pagina web usando quel layout e lo visualizza nella finestra di anteprima. Ora che hai una pagina su cui lavorare, la barra laterale guadagna opzioni aggiuntive che influenzano la pagina globalmente, come accoppiamenti di font e schemi di colore. L’anteprima funge da editor WYSIWYG, permettendoti di afferrare elementi e spostarli, modificarne i contenuti, ecc. A supportare tutto ciò è il modello, che vede queste azioni dell’utente e riscrive la pagina per corrispondere ai cambiamenti effettuati. Poiché il modello può generare un’interfaccia per aiutare te e lui a comunicare più efficientemente, puoi esercitare più controllo sul prodotto finale in meno tempo.

La metafora modello-come-computer ci incoraggia a pensare al modello come a uno strumento con cui interagire in tempo reale piuttosto che a un collaboratore a cui assegnare compiti. Invece di sostituire un tirocinante o un tutor, può essere una sorta di bicicletta proteiforme per la mente, una che è sempre costruita su misura esattamente per te e il terreno che intendi attraversare.

Un nuovo paradigma per l’informatica?

I modelli che possono generare interfacce su richiesta sono una frontiera completamente nuova nell’informatica. Potrebbero essere un paradigma del tutto nuovo, con il modo in cui cortocircuitano il modello di applicazione esistente. Dare agli utenti finali il potere di creare e modificare app al volo cambia fondamentalmente il modo in cui interagiamo con i computer. Al posto di una singola applicazione statica costruita da uno sviluppatore, un modello genererà un’applicazione su misura per l’utente e le sue esigenze immediate. Al posto della logica aziendale implementata nel codice, il modello interpreterà gli input dell’utente e aggiornerà l’interfaccia utente. È persino possibile che questo tipo di interfaccia generativa sostituisca completamente il sistema operativo, generando e gestendo interfacce e finestre al volo secondo necessità.

All’inizio, l’interfaccia generativa sarà un giocattolo, utile solo per l’esplorazione creativa e poche altre applicazioni di nicchia. Dopotutto, nessuno vorrebbe un’app di posta elettronica che occasionalmente invia email al tuo ex e mente sulla tua casella di posta. Ma gradualmente i modelli miglioreranno. Anche mentre si spingeranno ulteriormente nello spazio di esperienze completamente nuove, diventeranno lentamente abbastanza affidabili da essere utilizzati per un lavoro reale.

Piccoli pezzi di questo futuro esistono già. Anni fa Jonas Degrave ha dimostrato che ChatGPT poteva fare una buona simulazione di una riga di comando Linux. Allo stesso modo, websim.ai utilizza un LLM per generare siti web su richiesta mentre li navighi. Oasis, GameNGen e DIAMOND addestrano modelli video condizionati sull’azione su singoli videogiochi, permettendoti di giocare ad esempio a Doom dentro un grande modello. E Genie 2 genera videogiochi giocabili da prompt testuali. L’interfaccia generativa potrebbe ancora sembrare un’idea folle, ma non è così folle.

Ci sono enormi domande aperte su come apparirà tutto questo. Dove sarà inizialmente utile l’interfaccia generativa? Come condivideremo e distribuiremo le esperienze che creiamo collaborando con il modello, se esistono solo come contesto di un grande modello? Vorremmo davvero farlo? Quali nuovi tipi di esperienze saranno possibili? Come funzionerà tutto questo in pratica? I modelli genereranno interfacce come codice o produrranno direttamente pixel grezzi?

Non conosco ancora queste risposte. Dovremo sperimentare e scoprirlo!Che cosa significherebbe trattare l'IA come uno strumento invece che come una persona?

Dall’avvio di ChatGPT, le esplorazioni in due direzioni hanno preso velocità.

La prima direzione riguarda le capacità tecniche. Quanto grande possiamo addestrare un modello? Quanto bene può rispondere alle domande del SAT? Con quanta efficienza possiamo distribuirlo?

La seconda direzione riguarda il design dell’interazione. Come comunichiamo con un modello? Come possiamo usarlo per un lavoro utile? Quale metafora usiamo per ragionare su di esso?

La prima direzione è ampiamente seguita e enormemente finanziata, e per una buona ragione: i progressi nelle capacità tecniche sono alla base di ogni possibile applicazione. Ma la seconda è altrettanto cruciale per il campo e ha enormi incognite. Siamo solo a pochi anni dall’inizio dell’era dei grandi modelli. Quali sono le probabilità che abbiamo già capito i modi migliori per usarli?

Propongo una nuova modalità di interazione, in cui i modelli svolgano il ruolo di applicazioni informatiche (ad esempio app per telefoni): fornendo un’interfaccia grafica, interpretando gli input degli utenti e aggiornando il loro stato. In questa modalità, invece di essere un “agente” che utilizza un computer per conto dell’essere umano, l’IA può fornire un ambiente informatico più ricco e potente che possiamo utilizzare.

Metafore per l’interazione

Al centro di un’interazione c’è una metafora che guida le aspettative di un utente su un sistema. I primi giorni dell’informatica hanno preso metafore come “scrivanie”, “macchine da scrivere”, “fogli di calcolo” e “lettere” e le hanno trasformate in equivalenti digitali, permettendo all’utente di ragionare sul loro comportamento. Puoi lasciare qualcosa sulla tua scrivania e tornare a prenderlo; hai bisogno di un indirizzo per inviare una lettera. Man mano che abbiamo sviluppato una conoscenza culturale di questi dispositivi, la necessità di queste particolari metafore è scomparsa, e con esse i design di interfaccia skeumorfici che le rafforzavano. Come un cestino o una matita, un computer è ora una metafora di se stesso.

La metafora dominante per i grandi modelli oggi è modello-come-persona. Questa è una metafora efficace perché le persone hanno capacità estese che conosciamo intuitivamente. Implica che possiamo avere una conversazione con un modello e porgli domande; che il modello possa collaborare con noi su un documento o un pezzo di codice; che possiamo assegnargli un compito da svolgere da solo e che tornerà quando sarà finito.

Tuttavia, trattare un modello come una persona limita profondamente il nostro modo di pensare all’interazione con esso. Le interazioni umane sono intrinsecamente lente e lineari, limitate dalla larghezza di banda e dalla natura a turni della comunicazione verbale. Come abbiamo tutti sperimentato, comunicare idee complesse in una conversazione è difficile e dispersivo. Quando vogliamo precisione, ci rivolgiamo invece a strumenti, utilizzando manipolazioni dirette e interfacce visive ad alta larghezza di banda per creare diagrammi, scrivere codice e progettare modelli CAD. Poiché concepiamo i modelli come persone, li utilizziamo attraverso conversazioni lente, anche se sono perfettamente in grado di accettare input diretti e rapidi e di produrre risultati visivi. Le metafore che utilizziamo limitano le esperienze che costruiamo, e la metafora modello-come-persona ci impedisce di esplorare il pieno potenziale dei grandi modelli.

Per molti casi d’uso, e specialmente per il lavoro produttivo, credo che il futuro risieda in un’altra metafora: modello-come-computer.

Usare un’IA come un computer

Sotto la metafora modello-come-computer, interagiremo con i grandi modelli seguendo le intuizioni che abbiamo sulle applicazioni informatiche (sia su desktop, tablet o telefono). Nota che ciò non significa che il modello sarà un’app tradizionale più di quanto il desktop di Windows fosse una scrivania letterale. “Applicazione informatica” sarà un modo per un modello di rappresentarsi a noi. Invece di agire come una persona, il modello agirà come un computer.

Agire come un computer significa produrre un’interfaccia grafica. Al posto del flusso lineare di testo in stile telescrivente fornito da ChatGPT, un sistema modello-come-computer genererà qualcosa che somiglia all’interfaccia di un’applicazione moderna: pulsanti, cursori, schede, immagini, grafici e tutto il resto. Questo affronta limitazioni chiave dell’interfaccia di chat standard modello-come-persona:

Scoperta. Un buon strumento suggerisce i suoi usi. Quando l’unica interfaccia è una casella di testo vuota, spetta all’utente capire cosa fare e comprendere i limiti del sistema. La barra laterale Modifica in Lightroom è un ottimo modo per imparare l’editing fotografico perché non si limita a dirti cosa può fare questa applicazione con una foto, ma cosa potresti voler fare. Allo stesso modo, un’interfaccia modello-come-computer per DALL-E potrebbe mostrare nuove possibilità per le tue generazioni di immagini.

Efficienza. La manipolazione diretta è più rapida che scrivere una richiesta a parole. Per continuare l’esempio di Lightroom, sarebbe impensabile modificare una foto dicendo a una persona quali cursori spostare e di quanto. Ci vorrebbe un giorno intero per chiedere un’esposizione leggermente più bassa e una vibranza leggermente più alta, solo per vedere come apparirebbe. Nella metafora modello-come-computer, il modello può creare strumenti che ti permettono di comunicare ciò che vuoi più efficientemente e quindi di fare le cose più rapidamente.

A differenza di un’app tradizionale, questa interfaccia grafica è generata dal modello su richiesta. Questo significa che ogni parte dell’interfaccia che vedi è rilevante per ciò che stai facendo in quel momento, inclusi i contenuti specifici del tuo lavoro. Significa anche che, se desideri un’interfaccia più ampia o diversa, puoi semplicemente richiederla. Potresti chiedere a DALL-E di produrre alcuni preset modificabili per le sue impostazioni ispirati da famosi artisti di schizzi. Quando clicchi sul preset Leonardo da Vinci, imposta i cursori per disegni prospettici altamente dettagliati in inchiostro nero. Se clicchi su Charles Schulz, seleziona fumetti tecnicolor 2D a basso dettaglio.

Una bicicletta della mente proteiforme

La metafora modello-come-persona ha una curiosa tendenza a creare distanza tra l’utente e il modello, rispecchiando il divario di comunicazione tra due persone che può essere ridotto ma mai completamente colmato. A causa della difficoltà e del costo di comunicare a parole, le persone tendono a suddividere i compiti tra loro in blocchi grandi e il più indipendenti possibile. Le interfacce modello-come-persona seguono questo schema: non vale la pena dire a un modello di aggiungere un return statement alla tua funzione quando è più veloce scriverlo da solo. Con il sovraccarico della comunicazione, i sistemi modello-come-persona sono più utili quando possono fare un intero blocco di lavoro da soli. Fanno le cose per te.

Questo contrasta con il modo in cui interagiamo con i computer o altri strumenti. Gli strumenti producono feedback visivi in tempo reale e sono controllati attraverso manipolazioni dirette. Hanno un overhead comunicativo così basso che non è necessario specificare un blocco di lavoro indipendente. Ha più senso mantenere l’umano nel loop e dirigere lo strumento momento per momento. Come stivali delle sette leghe, gli strumenti ti permettono di andare più lontano a ogni passo, ma sei ancora tu a fare il lavoro. Ti permettono di fare le cose più velocemente.

Considera il compito di costruire un sito web usando un grande modello. Con le interfacce di oggi, potresti trattare il modello come un appaltatore o un collaboratore. Cercheresti di scrivere a parole il più possibile su come vuoi che il sito appaia, cosa vuoi che dica e quali funzionalità vuoi che abbia. Il modello genererebbe una prima bozza, tu la eseguirai e poi fornirai un feedback. “Fai il logo un po’ più grande”, diresti, e “centra quella prima immagine principale”, e “deve esserci un pulsante di login nell’intestazione”. Per ottenere esattamente ciò che vuoi, invierai una lista molto lunga di richieste sempre più minuziose.

Un’interazione alternativa modello-come-computer sarebbe diversa: invece di costruire il sito web, il modello genererebbe un’interfaccia per te per costruirlo, dove ogni input dell’utente a quell’interfaccia interroga il grande modello sotto il cofano. Forse quando descrivi le tue necessità creerebbe un’interfaccia con una barra laterale e una finestra di anteprima. All’inizio la barra laterale contiene solo alcuni schizzi di layout che puoi scegliere come punto di partenza. Puoi cliccare su ciascuno di essi, e il modello scrive l’HTML per una pagina web usando quel layout e lo visualizza nella finestra di anteprima. Ora che hai una pagina su cui lavorare, la barra laterale guadagna opzioni aggiuntive che influenzano la pagina globalmente, come accoppiamenti di font e schemi di colore. L’anteprima funge da editor WYSIWYG, permettendoti di afferrare elementi e spostarli, modificarne i contenuti, ecc. A supportare tutto ciò è il modello, che vede queste azioni dell’utente e riscrive la pagina per corrispondere ai cambiamenti effettuati. Poiché il modello può generare un’interfaccia per aiutare te e lui a comunicare più efficientemente, puoi esercitare più controllo sul prodotto finale in meno tempo.

La metafora modello-come-computer ci incoraggia a pensare al modello come a uno strumento con cui interagire in tempo reale piuttosto che a un collaboratore a cui assegnare compiti. Invece di sostituire un tirocinante o un tutor, può essere una sorta di bicicletta proteiforme per la mente, una che è sempre costruita su misura esattamente per te e il terreno che intendi attraversare.

Un nuovo paradigma per l’informatica?

I modelli che possono generare interfacce su richiesta sono una frontiera completamente nuova nell’informatica. Potrebbero essere un paradigma del tutto nuovo, con il modo in cui cortocircuitano il modello di applicazione esistente. Dare agli utenti finali il potere di creare e modificare app al volo cambia fondamentalmente il modo in cui interagiamo con i computer. Al posto di una singola applicazione statica costruita da uno sviluppatore, un modello genererà un’applicazione su misura per l’utente e le sue esigenze immediate. Al posto della logica aziendale implementata nel codice, il modello interpreterà gli input dell’utente e aggiornerà l’interfaccia utente. È persino possibile che questo tipo di interfaccia generativa sostituisca completamente il sistema operativo, generando e gestendo interfacce e finestre al volo secondo necessità.

All’inizio, l’interfaccia generativa sarà un giocattolo, utile solo per l’esplorazione creativa e poche altre applicazioni di nicchia. Dopotutto, nessuno vorrebbe un’app di posta elettronica che occasionalmente invia email al tuo ex e mente sulla tua casella di posta. Ma gradualmente i modelli miglioreranno. Anche mentre si spingeranno ulteriormente nello spazio di esperienze completamente nuove, diventeranno lentamente abbastanza affidabili da essere utilizzati per un lavoro reale.

Piccoli pezzi di questo futuro esistono già. Anni fa Jonas Degrave ha dimostrato che ChatGPT poteva fare una buona simulazione di una riga di comando Linux. Allo stesso modo, websim.ai utilizza un LLM per generare siti web su richiesta mentre li navighi. Oasis, GameNGen e DIAMOND addestrano modelli video condizionati sull’azione su singoli videogiochi, permettendoti di giocare ad esempio a Doom dentro un grande modello. E Genie 2 genera videogiochi giocabili da prompt testuali. L’interfaccia generativa potrebbe ancora sembrare un’idea folle, ma non è così folle.

Ci sono enormi domande aperte su come apparirà tutto questo. Dove sarà inizialmente utile l’interfaccia generativa? Come condivideremo e distribuiremo le esperienze che creiamo collaborando con il modello, se esistono solo come contesto di un grande modello? Vorremmo davvero farlo? Quali nuovi tipi di esperienze saranno possibili? Come funzionerà tutto questo in pratica? I modelli genereranno interfacce come codice o produrranno direttamente pixel grezzi?

Non conosco ancora queste risposte. Dovremo sperimentare e scoprirlo!

Tradotto da:\ https://willwhitney.com/computing-inside-ai.htmlhttps://willwhitney.com/computing-inside-ai.html

@ cae03c48:2a7d6671

Bitcoin Magazine

Ben Allen Receives Maelstrom Bitcoin Developer Grant to Advance Payjoin Tech

Ben Allen has been named the third recipient of the Maelstrom Bitcoin Developer Grant, the family office of Arthur Hayes announced in a recent press release sent to Bitcoin Magazine. Over the next year, Allen will focus on enhancing the Payjoin Dev Kit project, a privacy-focused Bitcoin transaction tool designed to improve user anonymity and network scalability.

Payjoin, first introduced in 2019 by Nicolas Dorier in BIP 78, allows both the sender and receiver to contribute inputs to a single Bitcoin transaction. This disrupts common assumptions used by financial surveillance firms, namely the idea that multiple transaction inputs must come from a single entity. By breaking this assumption, even limited adoption of Payjoin can bolster privacy across the Bitcoin network.

“Maelstrom would like to congratulate Ben Allen on this grant,” said Arthur Hayes, Chief Investment Officer of Maelstrom. “The great thing about Payjoin, is that if only a small amount of adoption is achieved, it breaks a key assumption used by financial surveillance companies. The assumption they have is that if a Bitcoin transaction has multiple inputs, all the inputs must all belong to the same entity. Therefore, Payjoin adoption improves the privacy of even the people who don’t use it. We are excited to support Ben Allen’s work on open-source tools and software to increase Payjoin adoption.” 

Allen, who will be working alongside Dan Gould, aims to expand the implementation of Payjoin so it can be integrated into more Bitcoin wallets. He acknowledged the technical complexities of the project—including the requirement for receivers to be online—but expressed optimism about overcoming these challenges.

“I’m deeply grateful to Arthur Hayes and Maelstrom for generously providing me with this grant to support my work on the Payjoin Dev Kit project,” said Allen. “With this funding, I can dedicate myself full-time to enhancing the Payjoin implementation, improving testing, and ensuring that the dev kit remains robust, well-documented, and maintainable for the future.”

Allen also emphasized the broader mission of his work: “Improving privacy for bitcoin is an area where continued improvement allows for a better experience by empowering users to control their financial data and foster greater peace of mind when using bitcoin day to day. This is an exciting opportunity to contribute to Bitcoin’s privacy and scalability, and I’m looking forward to continuing to collaborate with the community to make Payjoin more widely adopted.”

Maelstrom, which is focused on supporting digital asset infrastructure, is led by Arthur Hayes, co-founder of BitMEX. Through grants like this one, the firm is investing in the foundational tools that promote a more private, scalable, and decentralized Bitcoin ecosystem.

This post Ben Allen Receives Maelstrom Bitcoin Developer Grant to Advance Payjoin Tech first appeared on Bitcoin Magazine and is written by Jenna Montgomery.

@ 04c915da:3dfbecc9

In much of the world, it is incredibly difficult to access U.S. dollars. Local currencies are often poorly managed and riddled with corruption. Billions of people demand a more reliable alternative. While the dollar has its own issues of corruption and mismanagement, it is widely regarded as superior to the fiat currencies it competes with globally. As a result, Tether has found massive success providing low cost, low friction access to dollars. Tether claims 400 million total users, is on track to add 200 million more this year, processes 8.1 million transactions daily, and facilitates $29 billion in daily transfers. Furthermore, their estimates suggest nearly 40% of users rely on it as a savings tool rather than just a transactional currency.

Tether’s rise has made the company a financial juggernaut. Last year alone, Tether raked in over $13 billion in profit, with a lean team of less than 100 employees. Their business model is elegantly simple: hold U.S. Treasuries and collect the interest. With over $113 billion in Treasuries, Tether has turned a straightforward concept into a profit machine.

Tether’s success has resulted in many competitors eager to claim a piece of the pie. This has triggered a massive venture capital grift cycle in USD tokens, with countless projects vying to dethrone Tether. Due to Tether’s entrenched network effect, these challengers face an uphill battle with little realistic chance of success. Most educated participants in the space likely recognize this reality but seem content to perpetuate the grift, hoping to cash out by dumping their equity positions on unsuspecting buyers before they realize the reality of the situation.

Historically, Tether’s greatest vulnerability has been U.S. government intervention. For over a decade, the company operated offshore with few allies in the U.S. establishment, making it a major target for regulatory action. That dynamic has shifted recently and Tether has seized the opportunity. By actively courting U.S. government support, Tether has fortified their position. This strategic move will likely cement their status as the dominant USD token for years to come.

While undeniably a great tool for the millions of users that rely on it, Tether is not without flaws. As a centralized, trusted third party, it holds the power to freeze or seize funds at its discretion. Corporate mismanagement or deliberate malpractice could also lead to massive losses at scale. In their goal of mitigating regulatory risk, Tether has deepened ties with law enforcement, mirroring some of the concerns of potential central bank digital currencies. In practice, Tether operates as a corporate CBDC alternative, collaborating with authorities to surveil and seize funds. The company proudly touts partnerships with leading surveillance firms and its own data reveals cooperation in over 1,000 law enforcement cases, with more than $2.5 billion in funds frozen.

---

The global demand for Tether is undeniable and the company’s profitability reflects its unrivaled success. Tether is owned and operated by bitcoiners and will likely continue to push forward strategic goals that help the movement as a whole. Recent efforts to mitigate the threat of U.S. government enforcement will likely solidify their network effect and stifle meaningful adoption of rival USD tokens or CBDCs. Yet, for all their achievements, Tether is simply a worse form of money than bitcoin. Tether requires trust in a centralized entity, while bitcoin can be saved or spent without permission. Furthermore, Tether is tied to the value of the US Dollar which is designed to lose purchasing power over time, while bitcoin, as a truly scarce asset, is designed to increase in purchasing power with adoption. As people awaken to the risks of Tether’s control, and the benefits bitcoin provides, bitcoin adoption will likely surpass it.

@ 640f3844:d7b13a29

CrazyGames là một nền tảng giải trí số đang ngày càng khẳng định vị thế trong cộng đồng người dùng hiện đại nhờ vào khả năng cung cấp trải nghiệm linh hoạt, hấp dẫn và thân thiện. Với giao diện được thiết kế thông minh và trực quan, CrazyGames giúp người dùng dễ dàng tiếp cận và khám phá hàng loạt nội dung đa dạng chỉ trong vài thao tác. Dù sử dụng điện thoại, máy tính bảng hay máy tính để bàn, hệ thống luôn được tối ưu hóa để vận hành mượt mà, không gây gián đoạn hay ảnh hưởng đến trải nghiệm tổng thể. CrazyGames không chỉ đơn thuần là một nền tảng kỹ thuật số mà còn là nơi hội tụ của sáng tạo, công nghệ và niềm vui, nơi người dùng có thể tìm thấy sự giải tỏa sau những giờ làm việc căng thẳng hoặc học tập mệt mỏi. Nền tảng luôn chú trọng đến việc đổi mới giao diện, bổ sung các tính năng tiện ích nhằm mang lại giá trị sử dụng thực tế và phù hợp với xu hướng công nghệ đang thay đổi từng ngày.

Một trong những điểm nhấn nổi bật khiến CRAZYGAMES thu hút sự quan tâm rộng rãi chính là tính cá nhân hóa và khả năng kết nối cộng đồng vượt trội. Hệ thống sử dụng các thuật toán phân tích hành vi thông minh để đưa ra các đề xuất nội dung phù hợp với sở thích và nhu cầu riêng biệt của từng người dùng, từ đó nâng cao mức độ hài lòng và giữ chân người dùng lâu hơn. Không gian cộng đồng tích hợp trong nền tảng cũng tạo điều kiện cho các thành viên giao lưu, chia sẻ cảm nhận và trao đổi kinh nghiệm, giúp tăng sự gắn kết và hình thành một hệ sinh thái giải trí sôi động, đầy màu sắc. Hơn thế nữa, CrazyGames thường xuyên cập nhật nội dung mới, điều chỉnh theo phản hồi thực tế từ người dùng nhằm đảm bảo mọi người luôn cảm thấy được lắng nghe và phục vụ đúng với mong đợi. Việc áp dụng công nghệ mới, đặc biệt là trí tuệ nhân tạo và dữ liệu lớn, đã giúp CrazyGames trở thành một nền tảng tiên phong trong việc cá nhân hóa trải nghiệm người dùng ở cấp độ cao nhất.

CrazyGames cũng đặt yếu tố bảo mật và hỗ trợ kỹ thuật làm trọng tâm trong chiến lược phát triển lâu dài. Với hệ thống bảo mật nhiều lớp, kết hợp xác thực người dùng và mã hóa dữ liệu tiên tiến, người dùng có thể yên tâm khi trải nghiệm mà không phải lo lắng về quyền riêng tư hay nguy cơ rò rỉ thông tin cá nhân. Đồng thời, đội ngũ chăm sóc khách hàng của CrazyGames luôn sẵn sàng phản hồi nhanh chóng, giải quyết kịp thời các vướng mắc phát sinh và liên tục cập nhật các hướng dẫn sử dụng để người dùng tận dụng được mọi tính năng mà nền tảng mang lại. Ngoài ra, CrazyGames còn tổ chức nhiều chương trình tương tác hấp dẫn và hoạt động khuyến khích sáng tạo trong cộng đồng, giúp nâng cao trải nghiệm người dùng và biến mỗi lần truy cập trở thành một hành trình khám phá mới mẻ. Với tất cả những yếu tố đó, CrazyGames không chỉ là một nền tảng giải trí kỹ thuật số, mà còn là người bạn đồng hành lý tưởng trong hành trình kết nối công nghệ, sáng tạo và cảm xúc.

@ 8576ca0e:621f735e

Now that you’ve mastered the basics, it’s time to level up. Bitcoin isn’t just about buying and holding it’s about understanding the ecosystem, optimizing security, and leveraging its unique properties to build wealth. In this deep dive, we’ll explore advanced concepts every Bitcoin enthusiast needs to know. 

1. Mastering Bitcoin Security: Beyond the Basics  -Multisig Wallets: Require multiple private keys to authorize transactions (e.g., 2-of-3 signatures). Ideal for protecting large holdings.  -Cold Storage Deep Dive: How to set up air gapped hardware wallets, metal seed backups, and geographic redundancy.  -Privacy Best Practices: Using CoinJoin, Tor, and wallets like Wasabi or Samourai to enhance anonymity.  -Pro Tip: Test recovery phrases before transferring large sums. 

2. Bitcoin’s Economic Landscape: Scarcity, Halvings, and Market Cycles  -The Halving Explained: How Bitcoin’s supply schedule (every 4 years) impacts price, miner behavior, and long term value.  -Stock to Flow (S2F) Model: Why Bitcoin’s scarcity makes it a compelling store of value.  -Market Psychology: Spotting bull/bear cycles, avoiding FOMO, and using dollar cost averaging (DCA) strategically. 

3. Advanced Transaction Techniques  -Layer 2 Solutions: Harnessing the Lightning Network for instant, low cost payments (and earning routing fees).  -Replace by Fee (RBF): Speed up stuck transactions by increasing fees.  -Taproot and Schnorr Signatures: How Bitcoin’s upgrades improve privacy and scalability. 

4. Earning Passive Income with Bitcoin  -Lending and Yield: Risks and rewards of platforms like Celsius (post-bankruptcy lessons) and decentralized alternatives.  -Bitcoin Mining Pools: Can you still profit as a small miner? We break down the math.  -Staking Alternatives: Wrapped Bitcoin (WBTC) in DeFi opportunities and risks. 

5. Navigating Regulation and Taxes  -Global Tax Compliance: Reporting crypto gains, airdrops, and forks (IRS, HMRC, etc.).  -Self custody vs Regulation: How governments are approaching Bitcoin custody laws and privacy tools.  -Bitcoin ETFs and Institutions: What BlackRock, Fidelity, and others mean for retail investors. 

6. The Future of Bitcoin: What’s Next?  -Bitcoin as a Reserve Asset: Nation states adopting BTC (El Salvador, Lugano).  -Smart Contracts on Bitcoin: Exploring Rootstock (RSK) and Discreet Log Contracts (DLCs).  -Quantum Computing Threats: Separating hype from reality. 

Why Follow My Profile?  -Weekly Deep Dives: From mining profitability calculators to privacy tool tutorials.  -Market Analysis: Bullish catalysts, bearish risks, and how to stay ahead.  -Community Q&A: Get your advance bitcion questions answered.

🔔 Follow my profile to unlock Bitcoin 103: Building Wealth in a Decentralized World. Coming soon!

@ e6817453:b0ac3c39

I started a long series of articles about how to model different types of knowledge graphs in the relational model, which makes on-device memory models for AI agents possible.

We model-directed graphs

Also, graphs of entities

We even model hypergraphs

Last time, we discussed why classical triple and simple knowledge graphs are insufficient for AI agents and complex memory, especially in the domain of time-aware or multi-model knowledge.

So why do we need metagraphs, and what kind of challenge could they help us to solve?

• complex and nested event and temporal context and temporal relations as edges
• multi-mode and multilingual knowledge
• human-like memory for AI agents that has multiple contexts and relations between knowledge in neuron-like networks

MetaGraphs

A meta graph is a concept that extends the idea of a graph by allowing edges to become graphs. Meta Edges connect a set of nodes, which could also be subgraphs. So, at some level, node and edge are pretty similar in properties but act in different roles in a different context.
Also, in some cases, edges could be referenced as nodes.
This approach enables the representation of more complex relationships and hierarchies than a traditional graph structure allows. Let’s break down each term to understand better metagraphs and how they differ from hypergraphs and graphs.

Graph Basics

• A standard graph has a set of nodes (or vertices) and edges (connections between nodes).
• Edges are generally simple and typically represent a binary relationship between two nodes.
• For instance, an edge in a social network graph might indicate a “friend” relationship between two people (nodes).

Hypergraph

• A hypergraph extends the concept of an edge by allowing it to connect any number of nodes, not just two.
• Each connection, called a hyperedge, can link multiple nodes.
• This feature allows hypergraphs to model more complex relationships involving multiple entities simultaneously. For example, a hyperedge in a hypergraph could represent a project team, connecting all team members in a single relation.
• Despite its flexibility, a hypergraph doesn’t capture hierarchical or nested structures; it only generalizes the number of connections in an edge.

Metagraph

• A metagraph allows the edges to be graphs themselves. This means each edge can contain its own nodes and edges, creating nested, hierarchical structures.
• In a meta graph, an edge could represent a relationship defined by a graph. For instance, a meta graph could represent a network of organizations where each organization’s structure (departments and connections) is represented by its own internal graph and treated as an edge in the larger meta graph.
• This recursive structure allows metagraphs to model complex data with multiple layers of abstraction. They can capture multi-node relationships (as in hypergraphs) and detailed, structured information about each relationship.

Named Graphs and Graph of Graphs

As you can notice, the structure of a metagraph is quite complex and could be complex to model in relational and classical RDF setups. It could create a challenge of luck of tools and software solutions for your problem.
If you need to model nested graphs, you could use a much simpler model of Named graphs, which could take you quite far.

The concept of the named graph came from the RDF community, which needed to group some sets of triples. In this way, you form subgraphs inside an existing graph. You could refer to the subgraph as a regular node. This setup simplifies complex graphs, introduces hierarchies, and even adds features and properties of hypergraphs while keeping a directed nature.

It looks complex, but it is not so hard to model it with a slight modification of a directed graph.
So, the node could host graphs inside. Let's reflect this fact with a location for a node. If a node belongs to a main graph, we could set the location to null or introduce a main node . it is up to you

Nodes could have edges to nodes in different subgraphs. This structure allows any kind of nesting graphs. Edges stay location-free

Meta Graphs in Relational Model

Let’s try to make several attempts to model different meta-graphs with some constraints.

Directed Metagraph where edges are not used as nodes and could not contain subgraphs

In this case, the edge always points to two sets of nodes. This introduces an overhead of creating a node set for a single node. In this model, we can model empty node sets that could require application-level constraints to prevent such cases.

Directed Metagraph where edges are not used as nodes and could contain subgraphs

Adding a node set that could model a subgraph located in an edge is easy but could be separate from in-vertex or out-vert.
I also do not see a direct need to include subgraphs to a node, as we could just use a node set interchangeably, but it still could be a case.

Directed Metagraph where edges are used as nodes and could contain subgraphs

As you can notice, we operate all the time with node sets. We could simply allow the extension node set to elements set that include node and edge IDs, but in this case, we need to use uuid or any other strategy to differentiate node IDs from edge IDs. In this case, we have a collision of ephemeral edges or ephemeral nodes when we want to change the role and purpose of the node as an edge or vice versa.

A full-scale metagraph model is way too complex for a relational database.
So we need a better model.

Now, we have more flexibility but loose structural constraints. We cannot show that the element should have one vertex, one vertex, or both. This type of constraint has been moved to the application level. Also, the crucial question is about query and retrieval needs.
Any meta-graph model should be more focused on domain and needs and should be used in raw form. We did it for a pure theoretical purpose.

@ cae03c48:2a7d6671

Bitcoin Magazine

Proof of Reserves Should Be the Standard for Bitcoin Treasury Companies

“The root problem with conventional currency is all the trust that’s required to make it work. The central bank must be trusted not to debase the currency, but the history of fiat currencies is full of breaches of that trust. Banks must be trusted to hold our money and transfer it electronically, but they lend it out in waves of credit bubbles with barely a fraction in reserve.”
— Satoshi Nakamoto (2009)

---

Bitcoin was created to eliminate the need for trusted intermediaries. It replaced opaque, permissioned systems with transparency, auditability, and decentralized verification. The ethos was clear from day one: don’t trust—verify.

And yet, many of the institutions now holding Bitcoin—custodians, exchanges, ETFs, even public companies—continue to rely on trust-based assumptions, the very problem Bitcoin was designed to solve.

For Bitcoin treasury companies, this contradiction is especially glaring. These are firms that claim to operate on a Bitcoin standard—yet without verifiable Proof of Reserves (PoR), there’s no way for shareholders to know whether the Bitcoin is actually there.

The Problem: Unproven Bitcoin Is Just Another IOU

Bitcoin is designed to be verifiable—but most corporate disclosures aren’t. When companies report BTC holdings without public wallet visibility or on-chain proof, investors are left to trust balance sheets, auditors, and custodians.

That opens the door to systemic risks:

• Rehypothecation: BTC pledged or lent behind the scenes
• Custodial failure: Centralized services operating without 1:1 backing
• “Paper Bitcoin”: Multiple claims on the same BTC, echoing legacy financial opacity

The mere presence of Bitcoin on a balance sheet is not a guarantee. Without verification, it’s no different than a fiat-denominated claim—an IOU dressed up in BTC terms.

What We Learned from Gold: The Paper Problem

Bitcoin is not the first hard asset to face this challenge. The gold market offers a cautionary tale.

For decades, gold investors have dealt with “paper gold” systems—unallocated accounts, synthetic ETFs, and derivatives with little or no linkage to actual metal. These claims often outnumber real reserves many times over, leading to widespread suspicion of price distortion and systemic misrepresentation.

Most gold investors don’t own gold—they own a claim to gold. And they have no way to prove it.

Bitcoin gives us the tools to break this cycle. But only if companies choose to use them.

Bitcoin Is Built for Proof—and Companies Should Use It

Unlike legacy assets, Bitcoin is designed to make proof of ownership and solvency a native function of the asset itself. Through public key cryptography, on-chain auditability, and permissionless transparency, Bitcoin enables real-time, trust-minimized verification.

This isn’t just a technical capability—it’s a governance feature. Bitcoin allows companies to demonstrate, cryptographically and without intermediaries, that their reserves exist, are intact, and are unencumbered. No bank statements. No opaque custodial claims. Just data, on-chain.

That’s a radical shift—and it’s one that Bitcoin treasury companies are uniquely positioned to take advantage of. In doing so, they can reduce audit complexity, strengthen shareholder communication, and align their internal capital practices with the trustless architecture of the asset they’re holding.

And it’s already happening. Metaplanet, Premiere Member of Bitcoin For Corporations, publicly discloses its BTC reserve addresses and transaction history. Anyone in the world—including shareholders, analysts, and regulators—can independently verify the existence and movement of their treasury. That’s not just compliance. That’s Bitcoin, applied. View the snapshot of Metaplanet’s proof of reserves dashboard below.

Public Companies Face the Greatest Responsibility

Public companies don’t operate in a vacuum. Their disclosures shape market perception, influence investor behavior, and—especially when Bitcoin is involved—serve as a proxy for the maturity of the asset class itself.

When a publicly traded company holds Bitcoin but offers no visibility into how that Bitcoin is held or verified, it exposes itself to multiple levels of risk: legal, reputational, operational, and strategic. It undermines trust at the very moment it claims to be embracing a trustless system.

More importantly, public companies send signals. Whether they like it or not, they become de facto representatives of the Bitcoin strategy they’ve adopted. Their behavior becomes part of the playbook for others considering similar moves.

That’s why the responsibility is higher. Transparency isn’t optional for companies who lead with Bitcoin. It’s a duty. And companies that choose opacity not only take on unnecessary risk—they weaken the credibility of the entire movement.e.

What Proof of Reserves Should Actually Include

For Proof of Reserves to have real integrity, it must go beyond vague references to “custody partners” or internal assurance statements. The key is verifiability—independent, data-driven, and actionable by any shareholder or auditor.

At a minimum, Bitcoin treasury companies should provide:

• Custody model clarity: Is the company using self-custody, shared multisig, or third-party solutions? Who controls the keys, and under what governance?
• On-chain transparency: Whether through view-only wallet addresses or cryptographic attestations (like Merkle tree proofs), companies must make it possible to verify balances against public disclosures.
• Encumbrance disclosure: Reserves that are pledged, lent out, or locked in yield strategies should be disclosed clearly, with timelines and risk parameters attached.
• Routine updates: Proof should be refreshed regularly—not once per year in an audit footnote, but as part of ongoing financial communication.
• Reconciliation framework: Companies should explain how on-chain data maps to reported BTC NAV in filings or investor materials.

For boards and CFOs, this doesn’t need to introduce operational risk. Tools already exist—xpub view-only wallets, custody APIs, third-party validators—to provide assurance without compromising security. The obstacle isn’t capability. It’s willingness.

Setting the Industry Benchmark: Where Bitcoin Treasury Companies Must Lead

Bitcoin treasury companies are not just financial outliers—they are structural pioneers. Their decision to hold BTC signals not only a belief in long-term value, but a rejection of legacy capital inefficiency. That’s why they must also lead on standards of integrity.

By adopting PoR voluntarily and early, companies can position themselves as trustworthy, sophisticated, and future-ready. This will matter more as institutional capital rotates into Bitcoin, as index inclusion expands, and as regulators begin asking sharper questions about crypto asset disclosures on balance sheets.

PoR isn’t just a way to comply with future standards—it’s a way to shape them. The companies that lead now will not only avoid future scrutiny—they’ll attract capital from allocators who are seeking transparency but don’t yet know where to find it.

At BFC, we believe the market rewards clarity. Bitcoin treasury companies have a chance to bake transparency into their structure, not as an afterthought, but as a strategic differentiator.

Shareholders Must Demand It

Proof of Reserves isn’t just a company initiative—it’s a shareholder obligation. When a public company holds Bitcoin on its balance sheet, it is acting as a fiduciary for shareholder capital denominated in one of the hardest, most transparent assets in history. To accept opacity in that context is to forfeit the very advantage Bitcoin offers.

If you’re an investor in a Bitcoin treasury company and you can’t verify the Bitcoin, you don’t own a monetary reserve—you own a narrative. You’re trusting that someone else is telling the truth, rather than requiring the proof Bitcoin makes possible.

That’s not aligned with the principles of sound capital stewardship.

Institutional allocators, activist shareholders, and governance professionals have a growing role to play here. Just as proxy advisors and investor coalitions have pushed for climate disclosures, board transparency, and ESG clarity in the past decade, it’s time to apply that same rigor to Bitcoin disclosures—especially for companies who claim to operate on a Bitcoin standard.

Demand direct answers:

• Can we verify the holdings on-chain?
• Are reserves fully collateralized and unencumbered?
• Has manageme

@ 58537364:705b4b85

อิคิไก (Ikigai) แปลว่า ความหมายของการมีชีวิตอยู่ เหตุผลของการมีชีวิตอยู่ เราเกิดมาเพื่ออะไร ใช้ชีวิตอยู่ไปทำไม เมื่อการงานไม่ใช่สิ่งที่แปลกแยกจากชีวิต

คนญี่ปุ่นเชื่อว่าทุกคนมี ikigai ของตัวเอง ผู้ที่ค้นพบ ikigai จะเจอความหมายและคุณค่าของชีวิต ทำให้มีความสุขกว่า อารมณ์ดีกว่า และมีโลกที่น่าอยู่กว่าด้วย

ปัจจุบัน มีหนังสือเกี่ยวกับอิคิไกออกวางขายเป็นจำนวนมาก แต่เล่มที่คนญี่ปุ่นเป็นคนเขียนเล่มแรกนั้น คือ

• The Little Book of Ikigai : The secret Japanese way to live a happy and long life โดยอาจารย์เคน โมหงิ (แปลภาษาไทยโดย คุณวุฒิชัย กฤษณะประการกิจ)

ตามมาสัมผัสโลกของอิคิไกที่แท้จริงจากนักวิทยาศาสตร์วิจัยด้านสมองชาวญี่ปุ่นคนนี้ ผ่านบทสนทนาที่จะเปลี่ยนความคิดใหม่ที่ว่า 'อิคิไก' เริ่มต้นจากมองหาความสุขเล็กๆ น้อยๆ ในแบบของตัวเราเอง

อาจารย์เคน โมหงิว่า ปู่จิโร่ เชฟซูชิวัย 94 ปี ที่ยังยืนปั้นซูชิให้เราทานอยู่ในทุกวันนี้ เป็นแรงบันดาลใจให้อาจารย์เกิดไอเดียในการเขียนหนังสืออิคิไก

เชฟซูชิที่ ‘ไม่ได้’ เริ่มเลือกงานนี้เพราะความรักหรือความถนัด แต่กลับทุ่มเทปั้นซูชิทุกคำเพื่อให้ลูกค้ามีความสุข… นั่นคือต้นแบบของอิคิไก

น่าแปลกที่คนญี่ปุ่นไม่ค่อยใช้คำว่า ‘อิคิไก’ ในชีวิตประจำวันหรือบทสนทนาทั่วไปเท่าไหร่

เพราะมันเป็นสิ่งที่ปกติและเราทำกันตามธรรมชาติ ในโลกปัจจุบัน เรามักพูดกันว่าทำอย่างไรเราถึงจะประสบความสำเร็จ ทำอย่างไรจะได้เลื่อนตำแหน่ง หากอยากเป็น CEO จะเป็นได้อย่างไร แต่คนญี่ปุ่นมีความคิดว่าความสำเร็จไม่ใช่ทุกอย่างในชีวิต

ยกตัวอย่างเช่นมีคนญี่ปุ่นจำนวนมากที่จริงจังกับงานอดิเรก หรือมี โคดาวาริ* คนอื่นไม่สนหรอกว่างานอดิเรกของคนคนนั้นจะเป็นอะไร ตราบใดที่คนคนนั้นดูมีความสุขดีนั่นก็โอเคแล้ว มีคนจำนวนมากคลั่งไคล้รถไฟ มังงะ (หนังสือการ์ตูน) หรือแอนิเมะ (ภาพยนตร์การ์ตูน) คนเหล่านี้ไม่จำเป็นต้องมีชื่อเสียงหรือได้รับการยอมรับจากสังคม ตราบเท่าที่พวกเขามีความสุขในแบบของเขาเอง มันก็ดีแล้ว

• ความพิถีพิถันใส่ใจในบางเรื่องเป็นพิเศษ เช่น คนที่ชอบเครื่องเขียนมากๆ จะพิถีพิถันในการเลือกปากกา สมุด ดินสอที่ตนเองจะใช้ เพราะฉะนั้น คนที่มีโคดาวาริเหล่านี้จะศึกษาเครื่องเขียนจนถึงที่สุด วิเคราะห์ ทดลอง จนพบว่าเครื่องเขียนแบบใดที่ตนเองหลงใหลที่สุด

อิคิไกของแต่ละคนอาจแตกต่างกัน ต่างคนอาจมีค่านิยมที่ต่างกัน ซึ่งสะท้อนในรูปแบบชีวิตที่แตกต่างกันก็ได้

อิคิไกเป็นเรื่องของความหลากหลายนะ สังคมญี่ปุ่นพยายามผลักดันให้เด็กๆ ทุกคนตามหาอิคิไกของตนเอง เราจะไม่บอกว่า งานนี้เงินดี ทำสิ หรืองานนี้เงินน้อย อย่าไปทำเลย ถ้าคุณถามนักศึกษาว่า พวกเขาอยากทำงานอะไร พวกเขาคงไม่ตอบว่าเลือกทำที่บริษัทนี้เพราะเงินเป็นอันดับแรกหรอก

อิคิไกแตกต่างจากคำว่า ‘ความสำเร็จ’ คนญี่ปุ่นรู้ว่าชีวิตไม่ได้มีแค่เรื่องประสบความสำเร็จ อิคิไกสำคัญกับชีวิตมากกว่า คุณอาจจะประสบความสำเร็จ แต่คุณอาจไม่มีอิคิไก ในทางกลับกัน แม้คุณไม่ประสบความสำเร็จ คุณอาจจะมีอิคิไกก็ได้ ซึ่งชีวิตคุณอาจจะมีความสุขมากกว่า

อาจารย์เคน โมหงินิยามคำว่า ‘ความสำเร็จ’ คือสิ่งที่คุณจะได้รับการยอมรับจากคนในสังคมหรือบริบทสังคมนั้นๆ แต่อิคิไกมาจากหัวใจของคุณ มาจากความสุขส่วนตัวของคุณ คนอื่นอาจจะไม่ได้มองว่านั่นคือความสำเร็จ

อิคิไกเป็นสิ่งที่เฉพาะบุคคล เราสามารถมีความสุขในแบบของเราเอง เราไม่ตัดสินความสุขของคนอื่น และให้เขามีความสุขในแบบของเขาเอง…

สิ่งสำคัญของอิคิไกคือ คุณมีความสุขเล็กๆ น้อยๆ จากเรื่องที่ดูเหมือนเป็นเรื่องเล็กๆ น้อยๆ หรือเปล่า เช่น ตอนเด็กๆ ผมชอบศึกษาเกี่ยวกับผีเสื้อ เวลาผมไปวิ่งออกกำลังกายแล้วเห็นผีเสื้อสวยๆ ผมก็สัมผัสได้ถึงอิคิไก หรือบางทีอาจเกิดขึ้นตอนที่ผมรู้สึกตลกๆ ก็ได้ ผมเห็นเด็กผู้ชายคนหนึ่งบอกพ่อว่า “พ่อๆ ต้องทำอย่างนี้สิ” เวลาผมได้ยินบทสนทนาแบบนี้ ผมก็รู้สึกถึงอิคิไก

หากพวกเราอยากมีอิคิไกบ้าง เราควรเริ่มจากอะไรดี ? เริ่มจากการสัมผัสความสุขจากสิ่งเล็กๆ น้อยๆ ก่อน มันเริ่มทำได้ง่ายที่สุด ในสมองเรามีสารชื่อโดพามีน หากเราทำอะไรสำเร็จเล็กๆ น้อยๆ โดพามีนจะหลั่งออกมา วงจรนั้นจะช่วยทำให้คุณมีความสุข การมีความสุขกับสิ่งเล็กๆ เช่นนี้เป็นเรื่องสำคัญมาก สำหรับหลายคน แนวคิดเรื่องอิคิไกอาจเข้าใจยาก หรือยากสำหรับบางคนที่ชีวิตพวกเขากำลังอยู่ในช่วงยากลำบาก กำลังรู้สึกหมดหวัง ท้อแท้ หรือไม่ได้เคารพตนเอง เพราะฉะนั้น เริ่มจากความสุขเล็กๆ น้อยๆ ก่อนครับ

มันเหมือนการคิดบวกไหม ? อิคิไกเป็นส่วนหนึ่งนะ เวลาเราคิดถึงชีวิต หรือคิดหาวิธีการคิดบวก มันเป็นเรื่องที่ซับซ้อนมาก สำหรับบางคนคำว่า ‘คิดบวก’ อาจฟังดูกดดันสำหรับพวกเขา เพราะฉะนั้น เริ่มจากการมองเห็นความสุขจากสิ่งเล็กๆ น้อยๆ รอบตัว สิ่งเล็กมากๆ เช่นการได้ตื่นมาชงกาแฟดื่ม การได้วิ่งกลางสายฝน

Lesson from Ken Mogi 1. อิคิไก ไม่ใช่การแสวงหาความสำเร็จหรือความร่ำรวย แต่เป็นการรู้สึกหรือสัมผัสถึงความสุขในชีวิตของตนเอง จนทำให้เราเห็นความหมายของชีวิตเราในแบบของเรา 2. อิคิไกไม่ใช่สิ่งที่สังคมนิยามหรือโลกให้ความสำคัญ แต่ละคนมีอิคิไกที่แตกต่างกัน และมีความสุขกับชีวิตในแบบของตนเอง ที่เราเลือกเอง 3. เราไม่ควรตัดสินคนอื่นหรือบีบบังคับคนอื่น เช่น ลูก แฟน ให้ใช้ชีวิตในแบบที่เราคิดว่าใช่ แต่เราควรเคารพความหลากหลายนั้น 4. มองคนที่มีอิคิไกหรือกำลังสนุกกับสิ่งที่พวกเขารักด้วยรอยยิ้ม และคอยช่วยเหลือหากพวกเขาลำบาก 5. อิคิไกมีทั้งระดับใหญ่ ซึ่งเกี่ยวกับแนวทางชีวิตหรือคุณค่าของงาน และอิคิไกระดับเล็กคือการสัมผัสความสุขเล็กๆ น้อยๆ ที่พบเห็นได้ในชีวิตประจำวัน 6. อิคิไก เริ่มต้นจากมองหาความสุขเล็กๆ น้อยๆ ในวันนี้

ที่มา : จากคอลัมน์ Cloud of Thoughts บทสัมภาษณ์ของอ.เกตุวดี Marumura พาไปคุยกับอาจารย์เคน โมหงิ ผู้เขียนหนังสืออิคิไกเล่มแรก!

@ e6817453:b0ac3c39

Hey folks! Today, let’s dive into the intriguing world of neurosymbolic approaches, retrieval-augmented generation (RAG), and personal knowledge graphs (PKGs). Together, these concepts hold much potential for bringing true reasoning capabilities to large language models (LLMs). So, let’s break down how symbolic logic, knowledge graphs, and modern AI can come together to empower future AI systems to reason like humans.

The Neurosymbolic Approach: What It Means ?

Neurosymbolic AI combines two historically separate streams of artificial intelligence: symbolic reasoning and neural networks. Symbolic AI uses formal logic to process knowledge, similar to how we might solve problems or deduce information. On the other hand, neural networks, like those underlying GPT-4, focus on learning patterns from vast amounts of data — they are probabilistic statistical models that excel in generating human-like language and recognizing patterns but often lack deep, explicit reasoning.

While GPT-4 can produce impressive text, it’s still not very effective at reasoning in a truly logical way. Its foundation, transformers, allows it to excel in pattern recognition, but the models struggle with reasoning because, at their core, they rely on statistical probabilities rather than true symbolic logic. This is where neurosymbolic methods and knowledge graphs come in.

Symbolic Calculations and the Early Vision of AI

If we take a step back to the 1950s, the vision for artificial intelligence was very different. Early AI research was all about symbolic reasoning — where computers could perform logical calculations to derive new knowledge from a given set of rules and facts. Languages like Lisp emerged to support this vision, enabling programs to represent data and code as interchangeable symbols. Lisp was designed to be homoiconic, meaning it treated code as manipulatable data, making it capable of self-modification — a huge leap towards AI systems that could, in theory, understand and modify their own operations.

Lisp: The Earlier AI-Language

Lisp, short for “LISt Processor,” was developed by John McCarthy in 1958, and it became the cornerstone of early AI research. Lisp’s power lay in its flexibility and its use of symbolic expressions, which allowed developers to create programs that could manipulate symbols in ways that were very close to human reasoning. One of the most groundbreaking features of Lisp was its ability to treat code as data, known as homoiconicity, which meant that Lisp programs could introspect and transform themselves dynamically. This ability to adapt and modify its own structure gave Lisp an edge in tasks that required a form of self-awareness, which was key in the early days of AI when researchers were exploring what it meant for machines to “think.”

Lisp was not just a programming language—it represented the vision for artificial intelligence, where machines could evolve their understanding and rewrite their own programming. This idea formed the conceptual basis for many of the self-modifying and adaptive algorithms that are still explored today in AI research. Despite its decline in mainstream programming, Lisp’s influence can still be seen in the concepts used in modern machine learning and symbolic AI approaches.

Prolog: Formal Logic and Deductive Reasoning

In the 1970s, Prolog was developed—a language focused on formal logic and deductive reasoning. Unlike Lisp, based on lambda calculus, Prolog operates on formal logic rules, allowing it to perform deductive reasoning and solve logical puzzles. This made Prolog an ideal candidate for expert systems that needed to follow a sequence of logical steps, such as medical diagnostics or strategic planning.

Prolog, like Lisp, allowed symbols to be represented, understood, and used in calculations, creating another homoiconic language that allows reasoning. Prolog’s strength lies in its rule-based structure, which is well-suited for tasks that require logical inference and backtracking. These features made it a powerful tool for expert systems and AI research in the 1970s and 1980s.

The language is declarative in nature, meaning that you define the problem, and Prolog figures out how to solve it. By using formal logic and setting constraints, Prolog systems can derive conclusions from known facts, making it highly effective in fields requiring explicit logical frameworks, such as legal reasoning, diagnostics, and natural language understanding. These symbolic approaches were later overshadowed during the AI winter — but the ideas never really disappeared. They just evolved.

Solvers and Their Role in Complementing LLMs

One of the most powerful features of Prolog and similar logic-based systems is their use of solvers. Solvers are mechanisms that can take a set of rules and constraints and automatically find solutions that satisfy these conditions. This capability is incredibly useful when combined with LLMs, which excel at generating human-like language but need help with logical consistency and structured reasoning.

For instance, imagine a scenario where an LLM needs to answer a question involving multiple logical steps or a complex query that requires deducing facts from various pieces of information. In this case, a solver can derive valid conclusions based on a given set of logical rules, providing structured answers that the LLM can then articulate in natural language. This allows the LLM to retrieve information and ensure the logical integrity of its responses, leading to much more robust answers.

Solvers are also ideal for handling constraint satisfaction problems — situations where multiple conditions must be met simultaneously. In practical applications, this could include scheduling tasks, generating optimal recommendations, or even diagnosing issues where a set of symptoms must match possible diagnoses. Prolog’s solver capabilities and LLM’s natural language processing power can make these systems highly effective at providing intelligent, rule-compliant responses that traditional LLMs would struggle to produce alone.

By integrating neurosymbolic methods that utilize solvers, we can provide LLMs with a form of deductive reasoning that is missing from pure deep-learning approaches. This combination has the potential to significantly improve the quality of outputs for use-cases that require explicit, structured problem-solving, from legal queries to scientific research and beyond. Solvers give LLMs the backbone they need to not just generate answers but to do so in a way that respects logical rigor and complex constraints.

Graph of Rules for Enhanced Reasoning

Another powerful concept that complements LLMs is using a graph of rules. A graph of rules is essentially a structured collection of logical rules that interconnect in a network-like structure, defining how various entities and their relationships interact. This structured network allows for complex reasoning and information retrieval, as well as the ability to model intricate relationships between different pieces of knowledge.

In a graph of rules, each node represents a rule, and the edges define relationships between those rules — such as dependencies or causal links. This structure can be used to enhance LLM capabilities by providing them with a formal set of rules and relationships to follow, which improves logical consistency and reasoning depth. When an LLM encounters a problem or a question that requires multiple logical steps, it can traverse this graph of rules to generate an answer that is not only linguistically fluent but also logically robust.

For example, in a healthcare application, a graph of rules might include nodes for medical symptoms, possible diagnoses, and recommended treatments. When an LLM receives a query regarding a patient’s symptoms, it can use the graph to traverse from symptoms to potential diagnoses and then to treatment options, ensuring that the response is coherent and medically sound. The graph of rules guides reasoning, enabling LLMs to handle complex, multi-step questions that involve chains of reasoning, rather than merely generating surface-level responses.

Graphs of rules also enable modular reasoning, where different sets of rules can be activated based on the context or the type of question being asked. This modularity is crucial for creating adaptive AI systems that can apply specific sets of logical frameworks to distinct problem domains, thereby greatly enhancing their versatility. The combination of neural fluency with rule-based structure gives LLMs the ability to conduct more advanced reasoning, ultimately making them more reliable and effective in domains where accuracy and logical consistency are critical.

By implementing a graph of rules, LLMs are empowered to perform deductive reasoning alongside their generative capabilities, creating responses that are not only compelling but also logically aligned with the structured knowledge available in the system. This further enhances their potential applications in fields such as law, engineering, finance, and scientific research — domains where logical consistency is as important as linguistic coherence.

Enhancing LLMs with Symbolic Reasoning

Now, with LLMs like GPT-4 being mainstream, there is an emerging need to add real reasoning capabilities to them. This is where neurosymbolic approaches shine. Instead of pitting neural networks against symbolic reasoning, these methods combine the best of both worlds. The neural aspect provides language fluency and recognition of complex patterns, while the symbolic side offers real reasoning power through formal logic and rule-based frameworks.

Personal Knowledge Graphs (PKGs) come into play here as well. Knowledge graphs are data structures that encode entities and their relationships — they’re essentially semantic networks that allow for structured information retrieval. When integrated with neurosymbolic approaches, LLMs can use these graphs to answer questions in a far more contextual and precise way. By retrieving relevant information from a knowledge graph, they can ground their responses in well-defined relationships, thus improving both the relevance and the logical consistency of their answers.

Imagine combining an LLM with a graph of rules that allow it to reason through the relationships encoded in a personal knowledge graph. This could involve using deductive databases to form a sophisticated way to represent and reason with symbolic data — essentially constructing a powerful hybrid system that uses LLM capabilities for language fluency and rule-based logic for structured problem-solving.

My Research on Deductive Databases and Knowledge Graphs

I recently did some research on modeling knowledge graphs using deductive databases, such as DataLog — which can be thought of as a limited, data-oriented version of Prolog. What I’ve found is that it’s possible to use formal logic to model knowledge graphs, ontologies, and complex relationships elegantly as rules in a deductive system. Unlike classical RDF or traditional ontology-based models, which sometimes struggle with complex or evolving relationships, a deductive approach is more flexible and can easily support dynamic rules and reasoning.

Prolog and similar logic-driven frameworks can complement LLMs by handling the parts of reasoning where explicit rule-following is required. LLMs can benefit from these rule-based systems for tasks like entity recognition, logical inferences, and constructing or traversing knowledge graphs. We can even create a graph of rules that governs how relationships are formed or how logical deductions can be performed.

The future is really about creating an AI that is capable of both deep contextual understanding (using the powerful generative capacity of LLMs) and true reasoning (through symbolic systems and knowledge graphs). With the neurosymbolic approach, these AIs could be equipped not just to generate information but to explain their reasoning, form logical conclusions, and even improve their own understanding over time — getting us a step closer to true artificial general intelligence.

Why It Matters for LLM Employment

Using neurosymbolic RAG (retrieval-augmented generation) in conjunction with personal knowledge graphs could revolutionize how LLMs work in real-world applications. Imagine an LLM that understands not just language but also the relationships between different concepts — one that can navigate, reason, and explain complex knowledge domains by actively engaging with a personalized set of facts and rules.

This could lead to practical applications in areas like healthcare, finance, legal reasoning, or even personal productivity — where LLMs can help users solve complex problems logically, providing relevant information and well-justified reasoning paths. The combination of neural fluency with symbolic accuracy and deductive power is precisely the bridge we need to move beyond purely predictive AI to truly intelligent systems.

Let's explore these ideas further if you’re as fascinated by this as I am. Feel free to reach out, follow my YouTube channel, or check out some articles I’ll link below. And if you’re working on anything in this field, I’d love to collaborate!

Until next time, folks. Stay curious, and keep pushing the boundaries of AI!

@ e6817453:b0ac3c39

Introduction: Personal Knowledge Graphs and Linked Data

We will explore the world of personal knowledge graphs and discuss how they can be used to model complex information structures. Personal knowledge graphs aren’t just abstract collections of nodes and edges—they encode meaningful relationships, contextualizing data in ways that enrich our understanding of it. While the core structure might be a directed graph, we layer semantic meaning on top, enabling nuanced connections between data points.

The origin of knowledge graphs is deeply tied to concepts from linked data and the semantic web, ideas that emerged to better link scattered pieces of information across the web. This approach created an infrastructure where data islands could connect — facilitating everything from more insightful AI to improved personal data management.

In this article, we will explore how these ideas have evolved into tools for modeling AI’s semantic memory and look at how knowledge graphs can serve as a flexible foundation for encoding rich data contexts. We’ll specifically discuss three major paradigms: RDF (Resource Description Framework), property graphs, and a third way of modeling entities as graphs of graphs. Let’s get started.

Intro to RDF

The Resource Description Framework (RDF) has been one of the fundamental standards for linked data and knowledge graphs. RDF allows data to be modeled as triples: subject, predicate, and object. Essentially, you can think of it as a structured way to describe relationships: “X has a Y called Z.” For instance, “Berlin has a population of 3.5 million.” This modeling approach is quite flexible because RDF uses unique identifiers — usually URIs — to point to data entities, making linking straightforward and coherent.

RDFS, or RDF Schema, extends RDF to provide a basic vocabulary to structure the data even more. This lets us describe not only individual nodes but also relationships among types of data entities, like defining a class hierarchy or setting properties. For example, you could say that “Berlin” is an instance of a “City” and that cities are types of “Geographical Entities.” This kind of organization helps establish semantic meaning within the graph.

RDF and Advanced Topics

Lists and Sets in RDF

RDF also provides tools to model more complex data structures such as lists and sets, enabling the grouping of nodes. This extension makes it easier to model more natural, human-like knowledge, for example, describing attributes of an entity that may have multiple values. By adding RDF Schema and OWL (Web Ontology Language), you gain even more expressive power — being able to define logical rules or even derive new relationships from existing data.

Graph of Graphs

A significant feature of RDF is the ability to form complex nested structures, often referred to as graphs of graphs. This allows you to create “named graphs,” essentially subgraphs that can be independently referenced. For example, you could create a named graph for a particular dataset describing Berlin and another for a different geographical area. Then, you could connect them, allowing for more modular and reusable knowledge modeling.

Property Graphs

While RDF provides a robust framework, it’s not always the easiest to work with due to its heavy reliance on linking everything explicitly. This is where property graphs come into play. Property graphs are less focused on linking everything through triples and allow more expressive properties directly within nodes and edges.

For example, instead of using triples to represent each detail, a property graph might let you store all properties about an entity (e.g., “Berlin”) directly in a single node. This makes property graphs more intuitive for many developers and engineers because they more closely resemble object-oriented structures: you have entities (nodes) that possess attributes (properties) and are connected to other entities through relationships (edges).

The significant benefit here is a condensed representation, which speeds up traversal and queries in some scenarios. However, this also introduces a trade-off: while property graphs are more straightforward to query and maintain, they lack some complex relationship modeling features RDF offers, particularly when connecting properties to each other.

Graph of Graphs and Subgraphs for Entity Modeling

A third approach — which takes elements from RDF and property graphs — involves modeling entities using subgraphs or nested graphs. In this model, each entity can be represented as a graph. This allows for a detailed and flexible description of attributes without exploding every detail into individual triples or lump them all together into properties.

For instance, consider a person entity with a complex employment history. Instead of representing every employment detail in one node (as in a property graph), or as several linked nodes (as in RDF), you can treat the employment history as a subgraph. This subgraph could then contain nodes for different jobs, each linked with specific properties and connections. This approach keeps the complexity where it belongs and provides better flexibility when new attributes or entities need to be added.

Hypergraphs and Metagraphs

When discussing more advanced forms of graphs, we encounter hypergraphs and metagraphs. These take the idea of relationships to a new level. A hypergraph allows an edge to connect more than two nodes, which is extremely useful when modeling scenarios where relationships aren’t just pairwise. For example, a “Project” could connect multiple “People,” “Resources,” and “Outcomes,” all in a single edge. This way, hypergraphs help in reducing the complexity of modeling high-order relationships.

Metagraphs, on the other hand, enable nodes and edges to themselves be represented as graphs. This is an extremely powerful feature when we consider the needs of artificial intelligence, as it allows for the modeling of relationships between relationships, an essential aspect for any system that needs to capture not just facts, but their interdependencies and contexts.

Balancing Structure and Properties

One of the recurring challenges when modeling knowledge is finding the balance between structure and properties. With RDF, you get high flexibility and standardization, but complexity can quickly escalate as you decompose everything into triples. Property graphs simplify the representation by using attributes but lose out on the depth of connection modeling. Meanwhile, the graph-of-graphs approach and hypergraphs offer advanced modeling capabilities at the cost of increased computational complexity.

So, how do you decide which model to use? It comes down to your use case. RDF and nested graphs are strong contenders if you need deep linkage and are working with highly variable data. For more straightforward, engineer-friendly modeling, property graphs shine. And when dealing with very complex multi-way relationships or meta-level knowledge, hypergraphs and metagraphs provide the necessary tools.

The key takeaway is that only some approaches are perfect. Instead, it’s all about the modeling goals: how do you want to query the graph, what relationships are meaningful, and how much complexity are you willing to manage?

Conclusion

Modeling AI semantic memory using knowledge graphs is a challenging but rewarding process. The different approaches — RDF, property graphs, and advanced graph modeling techniques like nested graphs and hypergraphs — each offer unique strengths and weaknesses. Whether you are building a personal knowledge graph or scaling up to AI that integrates multiple streams of linked data, it’s essential to understand the trade-offs each approach brings.

In the end, the choice of representation comes down to the nature of your data and your specific needs for querying and maintaining semantic relationships. The world of knowledge graphs is vast, with many tools and frameworks to explore. Stay connected and keep experimenting to find the balance that works for your projects.

@ 57d1a264:69f1fee1

Payjoin allows the sender and receiver of an on-chain payment to collaborate and create a transaction that breaks on-chain heuristics, allowing a more private transaction with ambiguous payment amount and UTXO ownership. Additionally, it can also be used for UTXO consolidation (receiver saves future fees) and batching payments (receiver can make payment(s) of their own in the process of receiving one), also known as transaction cut-through. Other than improved privacy, the rest of the benefits are typically applicable to the receiver, not the sender.

BIP-78 was the original payjoin protocol that required the receiver to run a endpoint/server (always online) in order to mediate the payjoin process. Payjoin adoption has remained pretty low, something attributed to the server & perpetual online-ness requirement. This is the motivation for payjoin v2.

The purpose of the one-pager is to analyse the protocol, and highlight the UX issues or tradeoffs it entails, so that the payjoin user flows can be appropriately designed and the tradeoffs likewise communicated. A further document on UX solutions might be needed to identify solutions and opportunities

The following observations are generally limited to individual users transacting through their mobile devices:

While users naturally want better privacy and fee-savings, they also want to minimise friction and minimise (optimise) payment time. These are universal and more immediate needs since they deal with the user experience.

Added manual steps

TL;DR v2 payjoin eliminates server & simultaneous user-liveness requirements (increasing TAM, and opportunities to payjoin, as a result) by adding manual steps.

Usually, the extent of the receiver's involvement in the transaction process is limited to sharing their address with the sender. Once they share the address/URI, they can basically forget about it. In the target scenario for v2 payjoin, the receiver must come online again (except they have no way of knowing "when") to contribute input(s) and sign the PSBT. This can be unexpected, unintuitive and a bit of a hassle.

Usually (and even with payjoin v1), the sender crafts and broadcasts the transaction in one go; meaning the user's job is done within a few seconds/minutes. With payjoin v2, they must share the original-PSBT with the receiver, and then wait for them to do their part. Once the the receiver has done that, the sender must come online to review the transaction, sign it & broadcast.

In summary,

In payjoin v1, step 3 is automated and instant, so delay 2, 3 =~ 0. As the user experiences it, the process is completed in a single session, akin to a non-payjoin transaction.

With payjoin v2, Steps 2 & 3 in the above diagram are widely spread and noticeable. These manual steps are separated by uncertain delays (more on that below) when compared to a non-payjoin transaction.

Delays

We've established that both senders and receivers must take extra manual steps to execute a payoin transaction. With payjoin v2, this process gets split into multiple sessions, since the sender and receiver are not like to be online simultaneously.

Delay 2 & 3 (see diagram above) are uncertain in nature. Most users do not open their bitcoin wallets for days or weeks! The receiver must come online before the timeout hits in order for the payjoin process to work, otherwise time is just wasted with no benefit. UX or technical solutions are needed to minimise these delays.

Delays might be exacerbated if the setup is based on hardware wallet and/or uses multisig.

Notifications or background processes

There is one major problem when we say "the user must come online to..." but in reality the user has no way of knowing there is a payjoin PSBT waiting for them. After a PSBT is sent to the relay, the opposite user would only find out about it whenever they happen to come online. Notifications and background sync processes might be necessary to minimise delays. This is absolutely essential to avert timeouts in addition to saving valuable time. Another risk is phantom payjoin stuff after the timeout is expired if receiver-side does not know it has.

Fee Savings

The following observations might be generally applicable for both original and this v2 payjoin version. Fee-savings with payjoin is a tricky topic. Of course, overall a payjoin transaction is always cheaper than 2 separate transactions, since they get to share the overhead.

Additionally, without the receiver contributing to fees, the chosen fee rate of the PSBT (at the beginning) drops, and can lead to slower confirmation. From another perspective, a sender paying with payjoin pays higher fees for similar confirmation target. This has been observed in a production wallet years back. Given that total transaction time can extend to days, the fee environment itself might change, and all this must be considered when designing the UX.

Of course, there is nothing stopping the receiver from contributing to fees, but this idea is likely entirely novel to the bitcoin ecosystem (perhaps payments ecosystem in general) and the user base. Additionally, nominally it involves the user paying fees and tolerating delays just to receive bitcoin. Without explicit incentives/features that encourage receivers to participate, payjoining might seem like an unncessary hassle.

Overall, it seems that payjoin makes UX significant tradeoffs for important privacy (and potential fee-saving) benefits. This means that the UX might have to do significant heavy-lifting, to ensure that users are not surprised, confused or frustrated when they try to transact on-chain in a privacy-friendly feature. Good, timely communication, new features for consolidation & txn-cutthrough and guided user flows seem crucial to ensure payjoin adoption and for help make on-chain privacy a reality for users.

---------------

Original document available here. Reach out at yashrajdca@proton.me, y_a_s_h_r_a_j.70 on Signal, or on reach out in Bitcoin Design discord.

https://stacker.news/items/981388

@ e6817453:b0ac3c39

The temporal semantics and temporal and time-aware knowledge graphs. We have different memory models for artificial intelligence agents. We all try to mimic somehow how the brain works, or at least how the declarative memory of the brain works. We have the split of episodic memory and semantic memory. And we also have a lot of theories, right?

Declarative Memory of the Human Brain

How is the semantic memory formed? We all know that our brain stores semantic memory quite close to the concept we have with the personal knowledge graphs, that it’s connected entities. They form a connection with each other and all those things. So far, so good. And actually, then we have a lot of concepts, how the episodic memory and our experiences gets transmitted to the semantic:

• hippocampus indexing and retrieval
• sanitization of episodic memories
• episodic-semantic shift theory

They all give a different perspective on how different parts of declarative memory cooperate.

We know that episodic memories get semanticized over time. You have semantic knowledge without the notion of time, and probably, your episodic memory is just decayed.

But, you know, it’s still an open question:

do we want to mimic an AI agent’s memory as a human brain memory, or do we want to create something different?

It’s an open question to which we have no good answer. And if you go to the theory of neuroscience and check how episodic and semantic memory interfere, you will still find a lot of theories, yeah?

Some of them say that you have the hippocampus that keeps the indexes of the memory. Some others will say that you semantic the episodic memory. Some others say that you have some separate process that digests the episodic and experience to the semantics. But all of them agree on the plan that it’s operationally two separate areas of memories and even two separate regions of brain, and the semantic, it’s more, let’s say, protected.

So it’s harder to forget the semantical facts than the episodes and everything. And what I’m thinking about for a long time, it’s this, you know, the semantic memory.

Temporal Semantics

It’s memory about the facts, but you somehow mix the time information with the semantics. I already described a lot of things, including how we could combine time with knowledge graphs and how people do it.

There are multiple ways we could persist such information, but we all hit the wall because the complexity of time and the semantics of time are highly complex concepts.

Time in a Semantic context is not a timestamp.

What I mean is that when you have a fact, and you just mentioned that I was there at this particular moment, like, I don’t know, 15:40 on Monday, it’s already awake because we don’t know which Monday, right? So you need to give the exact date, but usually, you do not have experiences like that.

You do not record your memories like that, except you do the journaling and all of the things. So, usually, you have no direct time references. What I mean is that you could say that I was there and it was some event, blah, blah, blah.

Somehow, we form a chain of events that connect with each other and maybe will be connected to some period of time if we are lucky enough. This means that we could not easily represent temporal-aware information as just a timestamp or validity and all of the things.

For sure, the validity of the knowledge graphs (simple quintuple with start and end dates)is a big topic, and it could solve a lot of things. It could solve a lot of the time cases. It’s super simple because you give the end and start dates, and you are done, but it does not answer facts that have a relative time or time information in facts . It could solve many use cases but struggle with facts in an indirect temporal context. I like the simplicity of this idea. But the problem of this approach that in most cases, we simply don’t have these timestamps. We don’t have the timestamp where this information starts and ends. And it’s not modeling many events in our life, especially if you have the processes or ongoing activities or recurrent events.

I’m more about thinking about the time of semantics, where you have a time model as a hybrid clock or some global clock that does the partial ordering of the events. It’s mean that you have the chain of the experiences and you have the chain of the facts that have the different time contexts.

We could deduct the time from this chain of the events. But it’s a big, big topic for the research. But what I want to achieve, actually, it’s not separation on episodic and semantic memory. It’s having something in between.

Blockchain of connected events and facts

I call it temporal-aware semantics or time-aware knowledge graphs, where we could encode the semantic fact together with the time component.I doubt that time should be the simple timestamp or the region of the two timestamps. For me, it is more a chain for facts that have a partial order and form a blockchain like a database or a partially ordered Acyclic graph of facts that are temporally connected. We could have some notion of time that is understandable to the agent and a model that allows us to order the events and focus on what the agent knows and how to order this time knowledge and create the chains of the events.

Time anchors

We may have a particular time in the chain that allows us to arrange a more concrete time for the rest of the events. But it’s still an open topic for research. The temporal semantics gets split into a couple of domains. One domain is how to add time to the knowledge graphs. We already have many different solutions. I described them in my previous articles.

Another domain is the agent's memory and how the memory of the artificial intelligence treats the time. This one, it’s much more complex. Because here, we could not operate with the simple timestamps. We need to have the representation of time that are understandable by model and understandable by the agent that will work with this model. And this one, it’s way bigger topic for the research.”

@ 9c9d2765:16f8c2c2

CHAPTER TWENTY THREE Across town, the Ray estate was drenched in shame. The once-proud family was now the subject of ridicule, their downfall televised, published, and whispered in business circles. Helen stood before a cracked mirror in her bedroom, mascara smudged, lips trembling with fury. The headlines were merciless:

"Heir to JP Empire Humiliated by Ray Family Then Bought Them Out."

"President James: From Rejection to Royalty."

She had lost more than power. She had lost control.

Mark, seated in an armchair with a drink that had gone warm, stared at the wall, his eyes empty. He was a strategist, a manipulator but somehow, he had underestimated James.

"He's just one man…" Mark muttered.

"No," Helen corrected him coldly. "He's not just a man. He’s a symbol now. Of power… of justice… and worst of all, forgiveness."

Mark scoffed. "Forgiveness?"

"Yes," she snapped, spinning to face him. "Because he didn’t destroy us when he could. That makes him look grander than anything we can ever fabricate. He let the world ruin us instead."

There was a long pause.

Then Mark stood, eyes narrow. "We’ll find another way. We always do."

But the fire in his voice had dulled. The Ray family was crippled, their company reduced to a shadow of its former self. Their staff had dwindled, partners severed ties, and their name now stood for arrogance and downfall.

Meanwhile, James had begun the silent restoration of more than just a company he was rebuilding legacies.

Back at JP Enterprises, Rita stepped into James’s office, her presence warm and reassuring.

“You’ve been in here for hours,” she said softly. “Everything alright?”

James looked up, his eyes thoughtful. “Everything is fine. I’m just… reflecting.”

“About them?”

He nodded. “Helen, Mark, Tracy. I know they’re not done. People like them never accept defeat.”

Rita approached, placing a comforting hand on the desk. “Then be ready for their next move. But know that you’re not alone anymore. And you’re no longer the man they thought you were.”

A faint smile curved on his lips. “No. I’m the man they made me become.”

Outside the office, whispers of the upcoming restructuring had already begun. Rumors swirled about James planning to absorb Ray Enterprises entirely into JP Holdings. Some believed he would dismantle it brick by brick. Others hoped he would revive it, proving once again that mercy was strength.

But only James knew his next move.

And as the days passed, the city watched some in admiration, others in dread.

Nightfall settled over the city like velvet, embroidered with the glimmer of a thousand restless lights. From the penthouse office of JP Enterprises, James stood before the floor-to-ceiling windows, his silhouette framed against the horizon. The world below him pulsed with ambition and whispers. Yet his mind wasn’t on the skyline, but on the murky tide still gathering beneath it Mark, Helen, and the crumbling remnants of a fallen dynasty that refused to stay buried.

The public had embraced his rise like a storybook tale. From the ashes of mockery, betrayal, and scorn, he had risen dignified, strategic, and unyielding. News outlets now hailed him as a symbol of resilience, of leadership sharpened by adversity. But James knew that the brightest stars cast the darkest shadows.

Behind the glamour, war drums still beat.

He sat at his desk, opening a sealed file handed to him earlier by his private investigator. Inside were photographs, recordings, and written transcripts irrefutable proof of secret meetings between Helen, Mark, and a few disgruntled former board members of Ray Enterprises. They were not merely planning revenge, they were mobilizing.

A knock interrupted his thoughts. Rita stepped in, poised and composed.

“You asked me to bring the reports on the integration of Ray Enterprises’ satellite branches.”

“Thank you, Rita,” James said, his voice calm but laced with calculation. “Leave them here.”

She lingered. “There’s something else,” she said, her tone more hushed now. “The woman from the anniversary… she’s resurfaced.”

James looked up slowly. “Where?”

“She was seen outside a media house yesterday, trying to set up another exclusive. But word is she's trying to recant her confession. Claims she was ‘coerced’ into blaming Mark and Helen.”

James’s gaze narrowed. “They’re trying to rewrite the narrative.”

Rita nodded. “And if they succeed, they’ll portray you as the one who orchestrated the chaos.”

He exhaled quietly, rising from his seat. “Let them try. The truth is no longer their weapon, it's mine.”

Meanwhile, in a dimly lit lounge across town, Mark and Helen sat opposite a trembling young woman, the same one who once fell to her knees and confessed everything at the anniversary.

“You owe us,” Helen said through clenched teeth. “We gave you the money, we protected you… and you humiliated us in front of the entire city.”

“I was scared,” the woman stammered, eyes darting between them. “Everyone was watching. Mr. JP was furious. What was I supposed to do?”

Mark leaned in, his expression carved from ice. “Fix it.”

“Y-You mean go to the press?”

Helen smiled coldly. “No. We mean bury the damage. Make James look like the one pulling your strings. We’ll give you twice what we paid. You just have to make the world believe he bribed you.”

As the woman hesitated, fear swimming in her gaze, Helen added softly, “Or you disappear.”

The woman’s nod was reluctant, but it was enough.

@ 04ce30c2:59ea576a

Em uma sociedade verdadeiramente livre, o indivíduo tem o direito de escolher como guardar e transferir valor. Isso inclui a liberdade de escolher qual moeda usar, sem coerção, monopólios ou imposições estatais. A concorrência entre moedas permite que as melhores propriedades monetárias prevaleçam de forma natural e voluntária.

Moeda imposta é controle

Quando uma única moeda é forçada por lei, seja por decreto estatal ou por exigências institucionais, o usuário perde a soberania sobre seu próprio patrimônio. Isso abre espaço para inflação arbitrária, bloqueios de transações, congelamento de fundos e vigilância massiva.

Concorrência monetária é essencial

A liberdade monetária implica a coexistência de várias moedas competindo entre si. Cada uma traz suas características e vantagens específicas. A escolha deve estar nas mãos do usuário, não em autoridades centralizadas.

A melhor moeda tende a se tornar o padrão

No longo prazo, a moeda com melhores propriedades monetárias, como previsibilidade, descentralização, auditabilidade e liquidez, tende a ser adotada como padrão de referência para precificação, poupança e comércio global.

O Bitcoin é a moeda mais forte nesse sentido. Mas isso não impede que outras moedas coexistam como ferramentas complementares em contextos específicos.

Conversão é liberdade

Se o usuário quiser por exemplo mais privacidade ao comprar um café ou pagar uma conta, ele pode facilmente trocar seus bitcoins por monero e usá-los conforme sua necessidade. A possibilidade de trocar entre moedas é parte essencial da liberdade financeira.

Uma sociedade livre permite a escolha. O padrão monetário deve emergir do consenso do mercado, não de imposições. Que o Bitcoin se torne o padrão não por decreto, mas por mérito. E que outras moedas existam para servir à liberdade individual em toda sua complexidade.

@ 57d1a264:69f1fee1

LegoGPT generates a LEGO structure from a user-provided text prompt in an end-to-end manner. Notably, our generated LEGO structure is physically stable and buildable.

Lego is something most of us knows. This is a opportuity to ask where is our creativity going? From the art of crafting figures to building blocks following our need and desires to have a machine thinking and building following step-by-step instructions to achieve an isolated goal.

Is the creative act then in the question itself, not anymore in the crafting? Are we just delegating the solution of problems, the thinking of how to respond to questions, to machines? Would it be different if delegated to other people?

Source: https://avalovelace1.github.io/LegoGPT/

https://stacker.news/items/981336

@ 7953d1fa:69c8039d

No mundo digital em constante evolução, plataformas de entretenimento online vêm ganhando espaço entre os brasileiros que buscam diversão, emoção e recompensas. Uma das opções que tem se destacado recentemente é a KK999, uma plataforma moderna, segura e repleta de oportunidades para jogadores de todos os níveis. Com uma ampla gama de jogos envolventes e uma experiência de usuário otimizada, o KK999 está conquistando cada vez mais adeptos no Brasil.

Introdução à Plataforma KK999 O KK999 se diferencia por oferecer uma experiência completa e intuitiva desde o primeiro acesso. A interface da plataforma foi cuidadosamente projetada para ser amigável, permitindo que novos usuários se cadastrem rapidamente e naveguem com facilidade. Tudo é pensado para garantir que o jogador tenha uma experiência fluida, sem complicações e com total transparência.

Além disso, o kk999se destaca por sua forte infraestrutura de segurança. Utilizando tecnologia de criptografia de ponta, os dados dos usuários são protegidos em todas as transações, garantindo tranquilidade para quem deseja apenas se divertir. Outro ponto importante é o suporte ao cliente, que está disponível 24 horas por dia, com atendimento em português, pronto para auxiliar com qualquer dúvida ou necessidade.

Variedade de Jogos para Todos os Gostos Um dos grandes atrativos do KK999 é a impressionante variedade de jogos disponíveis. Desde os tradicionais jogos de cartas até opções modernas com gráficos avançados, a plataforma atende todos os estilos de jogadores. Entre os destaques, estão as famosas roletas virtuais, jogos de pesca interativa, slot machines com temas variados e jogos ao vivo que simulam a sensação de estar em uma sala de jogos física.

Os slots, por exemplo, são um sucesso entre os brasileiros, oferecendo desde títulos clássicos com frutas e números até aventuras temáticas com bônus emocionantes. Os jogos de cartas também têm grande popularidade, incluindo versões modernas de pôquer, bacará e outros jogos estratégicos que desafiam a mente do jogador.

Para quem gosta de competir em tempo real, o KK999 oferece jogos ao vivo com crupiês reais e interatividade instantânea, proporcionando uma experiência imersiva e cheia de adrenalina. Tudo isso com transmissões de alta qualidade e conexão estável.

Experiência do Jogador: Diversão e Confiabilidade A experiência do jogador é uma das maiores prioridades do KK999. Desde o primeiro cadastro até as jogadas mais avançadas, a plataforma investe em funcionalidades que aumentam o conforto e a confiança do usuário. A navegação é rápida, os jogos carregam com eficiência e as recompensas são distribuídas com agilidade.

Outro fator que atrai muitos jogadores é o sistema de bônus e promoções. O KK999 frequentemente disponibiliza ofertas especiais para novos membros e prêmios para usuários frequentes, incentivando a fidelidade e aumentando ainda mais as chances de ganhar.

Além disso, o KK999 oferece uma experiência totalmente otimizada para dispositivos móveis. Seja no celular ou tablet, o jogador pode acessar todos os recursos da plataforma de qualquer lugar, a qualquer momento, sem perder desempenho ou qualidade.

Conclusão O KK999 se consolida como uma das principais plataformas de entretenimento digital no Brasil, reunindo inovação, segurança e uma variedade impressionante de jogos. Ideal tanto para iniciantes quanto para jogadores experientes, o site oferece tudo o que é necessário para transformar momentos comuns em experiências emocionantes.

@ a39d19ec:3d88f61e

A state-controlled money supply can influence the development of socialist policies and practices in various ways. Although the relationship is not deterministic, state control over the money supply can contribute to a larger role of the state in the economy and facilitate the implementation of socialist ideals.

Fiscal Policy Capabilities

When the state manages the money supply, it gains the ability to implement fiscal policies that can lead to an expansion of social programs and welfare initiatives. Funding these programs by creating money can enhance the state's influence over the economy and move it closer to a socialist model. The Soviet Union, for instance, had a centralized banking system that enabled the state to fund massive industrialization and social programs, significantly expanding the state's role in the economy.

Wealth Redistribution

Controlling the money supply can also allow the state to influence economic inequality through monetary policies, effectively redistributing wealth and reducing income disparities. By implementing low-interest loans or providing financial assistance to disadvantaged groups, the state can narrow the wealth gap and promote social equality, as seen in many European welfare states.

Central Planning

A state-controlled money supply can contribute to increased central planning, as the state gains more influence over the economy. Central banks, which are state-owned or heavily influenced by the state, play a crucial role in managing the money supply and facilitating central planning. This aligns with socialist principles that advocate for a planned economy where resources are allocated according to social needs rather than market forces.

Incentives for Staff

Staff members working in state institutions responsible for managing the money supply have various incentives to keep the system going. These incentives include job security, professional expertise and reputation, political alignment, regulatory capture, institutional inertia, and legal and administrative barriers. While these factors can differ among individuals, they can collectively contribute to the persistence of a state-controlled money supply system.

In conclusion, a state-controlled money supply can facilitate the development of socialist policies and practices by enabling fiscal policies, wealth redistribution, and central planning. The staff responsible for managing the money supply have diverse incentives to maintain the system, further ensuring its continuation. However, it is essential to note that many factors influence the trajectory of an economic system, and the relationship between state control over the money supply and socialism is not inevitable.

@ a39d19ec:3d88f61e

This week's functional 3d print is the "Dino Clip".

Dino Clip

I printed it some years ago for my son, so he would have his own clip for cereal bags.

Now it is used to hold a bag of dog food close.

The design by "Sneaks" is a so called "print in place". This means that the whole clip with moving parts is printed in one part, without the need for assembly after the print. The clip is very strong, and I would print it again if I need a "heavy duty" clip for more rigid or big bags. Link to the file at Printables

@ 57d1a264:69f1fee1

Just another Ecash nutsnote design is a ew template for brrr.gandlaf.com cashu tocken printing machine and honoring Ecash ideator David Lee Chaum. Despite the turn the initial project took, we would not have Ecash today without his pioneering approach in cryptography and privacy-preserving technologies.

A simple KISS (Keep It Super Simple) Ecash nutsnote delivered as SVG, nothing fancy, designed in PenPot, an open source design tool, for slides, presentations, mockups and interactive prototypes.

Here Just another Nutsnote's current state, together with some snapshots along the process. Your feedback is more than welcome.

https://design.penpot.app/#/view?file-id=749aaa04-8836-81c6-8006-0b29916ec156&page-id=749aaa04-8836-81c6-8006-0b29916ec157&section=interactions&index=0&share-id=addba4d5-28a4-8022-8006-2ecc4316ebb2

originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/979728

@ 57d1a264:69f1fee1

Has the architect Greg Chasen considered it when rebuilding the house just one year before the catastrophe? Apparently not! Another of his projects was featured on the Value of Architecture as properties with design integrity.

This is a super interesting subject. The historic character, livability, and modern disaster-resistance is a triangle where you often have to pick just one or two, which leads to some tough decisions that have major impacts on families and communities. Like one of the things he mentions is that the architect completely eliminated plants from the property. That's great for fire resistance, but not so great for other things if the entire town decides to go the same route (which he does bring up later in the video). I don't think there's any objectively right answer, but definitely lots of good (and important) discussion points to be had.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cbl_1qfsFXk

originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/979653

@ 39cc53c9:27168656

Read the original blog post

Over the past few months, I've dedicated my time to a complete rewrite of the kycnot.me website. The technology stack remains unchanged; Golang paired with TailwindCSS. However, I've made some design choices in this iteration that I believe significantly enhance the site. Particularly to backend code.

UI Improvements

You'll notice a refreshed UI that retains the original concept but has some notable enhancements. The service list view is now more visually engaging, it displays additional information in a more aesthetically pleasing manner. Both filtering and searching functionalities have been optimized for speed and user experience.

Service pages have been also redesigned to highlight key information at the top, with the KYC Level box always accessible. The display of service attributes is now more visually intuitive.

The request form, especially the Captcha, has undergone substantial improvements. The new self-made Captcha is robust, addressing the reliability issues encountered with the previous version.

Terms of Service Summarizer

A significant upgrade is the Terms of Service summarizer/reviewer, now powered by AI (GPT-4-turbo). It efficiently condenses each service's ToS, extracting and presenting critical points, including any warnings. Summaries are updated monthly, processing over 40 ToS pages via the OpenAI API using a self-crafted and thoroughly tested prompt.

Nostr Comments

I've integrated a comment section for each service using Nostr. For guidance on using this feature, visit the dedicated how-to page.

Database

The backend database has transitioned to pocketbase, an open-source Golang backend that has been a pleasure to work with. I maintain an updated fork of the Golang SDK for pocketbase at pluja/pocketbase.

Scoring

The scoring algorithm has also been refined to be more fair. Despite I had considered its removal due to the complexity it adds (it is very difficult to design a fair scoring system), some users highlighted its value, so I kept it. The updated algorithm is available open source.

Listings

Each listing has been re-evaluated, and the ones that were no longer operational were removed. New additions are included, and the backlog of pending services will be addressed progressively, since I still have access to the old database.

API

The API now offers more comprehensive data. For more details, check here.

About Page

The About page has been restructured for brevity and clarity.

Other Changes

Extensive changes have been implemented in the server-side logic, since the whole code base was re-written from the ground up. I may discuss these in a future post, but for now, I consider the current version to be just a bit beyond beta, and additional updates are planned in the coming weeks.

@ 57d1a264:69f1fee1

We asked members of the design community to choose an artifact that embodies craft—something that speaks to their understanding of what it means to make with intention. Here’s what they shared.

A vintage puzzle box, a perfectly tuned guitar, an AI-powered poetry camera. A daiquiri mixed with precision. A spreadsheet that still haunts muscle memory. Each artifact tells a story: not just about the thing itself, but about the choices of the creator behind it. What to refine, what to leave raw. When to push forward, when to let go. Whether built to last for generations or designed to delight in a fleeting moment, the common thread is that great craft doesn’t happen by accident. It’s made.

On the application of craft

Even the most experienced makers can benefit from building structure and intention into their practice. From sharpening your storytelling to designing quality products, these pieces offer practical ways to uplevel your craft.

Read more at https://www.figma.com/blog/craft-artifacts/

originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/979644

@ 7953d1fa:69c8039d

O cenário do entretenimento online no Brasil vem evoluindo rapidamente, e uma das plataformas que mais se destaca atualmente é a 8CC. Com uma proposta moderna, intuitiva e voltada para a melhor experiência do usuário, a 8CC conquistou a confiança de milhares de jogadores que buscam diversão, praticidade e oportunidades de ganhos reais em um ambiente seguro.

Conhecendo a Plataforma 8CC A 8CC é uma plataforma digital desenvolvida para atender tanto iniciantes quanto jogadores experientes. Sua interface amigável e bem organizada facilita a navegação mesmo para quem nunca teve contato com esse tipo de entretenimento antes. Compatível com computadores, tablets e celulares, o site é totalmente responsivo, o que significa que você pode se divertir de qualquer lugar, a qualquer hora.

Um dos diferenciais da 8cc é o seu compromisso com a segurança dos usuários. A plataforma utiliza tecnologia de criptografia de ponta para garantir a proteção de dados pessoais e transações financeiras. Além disso, o suporte ao cliente está sempre disponível para tirar dúvidas, resolver problemas e oferecer o melhor atendimento possível.

Diversidade de Jogos para Todos os Gostos Na 8CC, os jogadores têm acesso a uma vasta seleção de jogos online, desenvolvidos pelos principais provedores do mercado internacional. Isso garante alta qualidade gráfica, mecânicas inovadoras e excelente desempenho.

Entre os jogos mais populares da plataforma estão:

Slots (caça-níqueis): com temas variados, rodadas bônus e jackpots progressivos que proporcionam grandes emoções.

Jogos de mesa clássicos: como roleta, blackjack e bacará, com versões que imitam perfeitamente a experiência de jogo ao vivo.

Jogos com crupiês em tempo real: transmitidos com qualidade HD, esses jogos trazem interatividade e realismo, permitindo que o jogador se sinta dentro de um ambiente físico de alto padrão.

A plataforma também disponibiliza jogos de habilidade e apostas esportivas ao vivo, oferecendo uma experiência ainda mais completa e personalizada de acordo com o perfil de cada usuário.

Experiência do Jogador na 8CC Quem já experimentou jogar na 8CC sabe o quanto a plataforma valoriza o conforto e a satisfação de seus usuários. Desde o momento do cadastro até o resgate de ganhos, tudo é feito de forma simples, rápida e segura. O processo de registro é intuitivo, exigindo apenas alguns dados básicos, e os métodos de pagamento são variados, aceitando transferências bancárias, carteiras digitais e até criptomoedas.

Outro destaque é o sistema de recompensas e promoções. A 8CC frequentemente oferece bônus de boas-vindas, rodadas grátis e campanhas especiais para usuários fiéis, o que aumenta ainda mais as chances de ganhar e prolonga a diversão. Além disso, a plataforma promove torneios e desafios semanais com prêmios atrativos, incentivando a competição saudável entre os jogadores.

Por Que Escolher a 8CC? Existem muitas razões para escolher a 8CC como sua principal plataforma de jogos online:

Confiabilidade e segurança em todas as operações;

Variedade de jogos para todos os perfis;

Interface moderna e de fácil navegação;

Promoções e bônus frequentes;

Atendimento ao cliente eficiente e disponível 24 horas.

Se você busca uma experiência diferenciada, com diversão garantida e a possibilidade de transformar seu tempo livre em momentos empolgantes, a 8CC é a escolha certa. Descubra agora mesmo tudo o que essa plataforma inovadora tem a oferecer e junte-se à comunidade que está revolucionando o entretenimento digital no Brasil.

@ a367f9eb:0633efea

Last week, an investigation by Reuters revealed that Chinese researchers have been using open-source AI tools to build nefarious-sounding models that may have some military application.

The reporting purports that adversaries in the Chinese Communist Party and its military wing are taking advantage of the liberal software licensing of American innovations in the AI space, which could someday have capabilities to presumably harm the United States.

In a June paper reviewed by Reuters, six Chinese researchers from three institutions, including two under the People’s Liberation Army’s (PLA) leading research body, the Academy of Military Science (AMS), detailed how they had used an early version of Meta’s Llama as a base for what it calls “ChatBIT”.

The researchers used an earlier Llama 13B large language model (LLM) from Meta, incorporating their own parameters to construct a military-focused AI tool to gather and process intelligence, and offer accurate and reliable information for operational decision-making.

While I’m doubtful that today’s existing chatbot-like tools will be the ultimate battlefield for a new geopolitical war (queue up the computer-simulated war from the Star Trek episode “A Taste of Armageddon“), this recent exposé requires us to revisit why large language models are released as open-source code in the first place.

Added to that, should it matter that an adversary is having a poke around and may ultimately use them for some purpose we may not like, whether that be China, Russia, North Korea, or Iran?

The number of open-source AI LLMs continues to grow each day, with projects like Vicuna, LLaMA, BLOOMB, Falcon, and Mistral available for download. In fact, there are over one million open-source LLMs available as of writing this post. With some decent hardware, every global citizen can download these codebases and run them on their computer.

With regard to this specific story, we could assume it to be a selective leak by a competitor of Meta which created the LLaMA model, intended to harm its reputation among those with cybersecurity and national security credentials. There are potentially trillions of dollars on the line.

Or it could be the revelation of something more sinister happening in the military-sponsored labs of Chinese hackers who have already been caught attacking American infrastructure, data, and yes, your credit history?

As consumer advocates who believe in the necessity of liberal democracies to safeguard our liberties against authoritarianism, we should absolutely remain skeptical when it comes to the communist regime in Beijing. We’ve written as much many times.

At the same time, however, we should not subrogate our own critical thinking and principles because it suits a convenient narrative.

Consumers of all stripes deserve technological freedom, and innovators should be free to provide that to us. And open-source software has provided the very foundations for all of this.

Open-source matters When we discuss open-source software and code, what we’re really talking about is the ability for people other than the creators to use it.

The various licensing schemes – ranging from GNU General Public License (GPL) to the MIT License and various public domain classifications – determine whether other people can use the code, edit it to their liking, and run it on their machine. Some licenses even allow you to monetize the modifications you’ve made.

While many different types of software will be fully licensed and made proprietary, restricting or even penalizing those who attempt to use it on their own, many developers have created software intended to be released to the public. This allows multiple contributors to add to the codebase and to make changes to improve it for public benefit.

Open-source software matters because anyone, anywhere can download and run the code on their own. They can also modify it, edit it, and tailor it to their specific need. The code is intended to be shared and built upon not because of some altruistic belief, but rather to make it accessible for everyone and create a broad base. This is how we create standards for technologies that provide the ground floor for further tinkering to deliver value to consumers.

Open-source libraries create the building blocks that decrease the hassle and cost of building a new web platform, smartphone, or even a computer language. They distribute common code that can be built upon, assuring interoperability and setting standards for all of our devices and technologies to talk to each other.

I am myself a proponent of open-source software. The server I run in my home has dozens of dockerized applications sourced directly from open-source contributors on GitHub and DockerHub. When there are versions or adaptations that I don’t like, I can pick and choose which I prefer. I can even make comments or add edits if I’ve found a better way for them to run.

Whether you know it or not, many of you run the Linux operating system as the base for your Macbook or any other computer and use all kinds of web tools that have active repositories forked or modified by open-source contributors online. This code is auditable by everyone and can be scrutinized or reviewed by whoever wants to (even AI bots).

This is the same software that runs your airlines, powers the farms that deliver your food, and supports the entire global monetary system. The code of the first decentralized cryptocurrency Bitcoin is also open-source, which has allowed thousands of copycat protocols that have revolutionized how we view money.

You know what else is open-source and available for everyone to use, modify, and build upon?

PHP, Mozilla Firefox, LibreOffice, MySQL, Python, Git, Docker, and WordPress. All protocols and languages that power the web. Friend or foe alike, anyone can download these pieces of software and run them how they see fit.

Open-source code is speech, and it is knowledge.

We build upon it to make information and technology accessible. Attempts to curb open-source, therefore, amount to restricting speech and knowledge.

Open-source is for your friends, and enemies In the context of Artificial Intelligence, many different developers and companies have chosen to take their large language models and make them available via an open-source license.

At this very moment, you can click on over to Hugging Face, download an AI model, and build a chatbot or scripting machine suited to your needs. All for free (as long as you have the power and bandwidth).

Thousands of companies in the AI sector are doing this at this very moment, discovering ways of building on top of open-source models to develop new apps, tools, and services to offer to companies and individuals. It’s how many different applications are coming to life and thousands more jobs are being created.

We know this can be useful to friends, but what about enemies?

As the AI wars heat up between liberal democracies like the US, the UK, and (sluggishly) the European Union, we know that authoritarian adversaries like the CCP and Russia are building their own applications.

The fear that China will use open-source US models to create some kind of military application is a clear and present danger for many political and national security researchers, as well as politicians.

A bipartisan group of US House lawmakers want to put export controls on AI models, as well as block foreign access to US cloud servers that may be hosting AI software.

If this seems familiar, we should also remember that the US government once classified cryptography and encryption as “munitions” that could not be exported to other countries (see The Crypto Wars). Many of the arguments we hear today were invoked by some of the same people as back then.

Now, encryption protocols are the gold standard for many different banking and web services, messaging, and all kinds of electronic communication. We expect our friends to use it, and our foes as well. Because code is knowledge and speech, we know how to evaluate it and respond if we need to.

Regardless of who uses open-source AI, this is how we should view it today. These are merely tools that people will use for good or ill. It’s up to governments to determine how best to stop illiberal or nefarious uses that harm us, rather than try to outlaw or restrict building of free and open software in the first place.

Limiting open-source threatens our own advancement If we set out to restrict and limit our ability to create and share open-source code, no matter who uses it, that would be tantamount to imposing censorship. There must be another way.

If there is a “Hundred Year Marathon” between the United States and liberal democracies on one side and autocracies like the Chinese Communist Party on the other, this is not something that will be won or lost based on software licenses. We need as much competition as possible.

The Chinese military has been building up its capabilities with trillions of dollars’ worth of investments that span far beyond AI chatbots and skip logic protocols.

The theft of intellectual property at factories in Shenzhen, or in US courts by third-party litigation funding coming from China, is very real and will have serious economic consequences. It may even change the balance of power if our economies and countries turn to war footing.

But these are separate issues from the ability of free people to create and share open-source code which we can all benefit from. In fact, if we want to continue our way our life and continue to add to global productivity and growth, it’s demanded that we defend open-source.

If liberal democracies want to compete with our global adversaries, it will not be done by reducing the freedoms of citizens in our own countries.

Last week, an investigation by Reuters revealed that Chinese researchers have been using open-source AI tools to build nefarious-sounding models that may have some military application.

The reporting purports that adversaries in the Chinese Communist Party and its military wing are taking advantage of the liberal software licensing of American innovations in the AI space, which could someday have capabilities to presumably harm the United States.

In a June paper reviewed by Reuters, six Chinese researchers from three institutions, including two under the People’s Liberation Army’s (PLA) leading research body, the Academy of Military Science (AMS), detailed how they had used an early version of Meta’s Llama as a base for what it calls “ChatBIT”.

The researchers used an earlier Llama 13B large language model (LLM) from Meta, incorporating their own parameters to construct a military-focused AI tool to gather and process intelligence, and offer accurate and reliable information for operational decision-making.

While I’m doubtful that today’s existing chatbot-like tools will be the ultimate battlefield for a new geopolitical war (queue up the computer-simulated war from the Star Trek episode “A Taste of Armageddon“), this recent exposé requires us to revisit why large language models are released as open-source code in the first place.

Added to that, should it matter that an adversary is having a poke around and may ultimately use them for some purpose we may not like, whether that be China, Russia, North Korea, or Iran?

The number of open-source AI LLMs continues to grow each day, with projects like Vicuna, LLaMA, BLOOMB, Falcon, and Mistral available for download. In fact, there are over one million open-source LLMs available as of writing this post. With some decent hardware, every global citizen can download these codebases and run them on their computer.

With regard to this specific story, we could assume it to be a selective leak by a competitor of Meta which created the LLaMA model, intended to harm its reputation among those with cybersecurity and national security credentials. There are potentially trillions of dollars on the line.

Or it could be the revelation of something more sinister happening in the military-sponsored labs of Chinese hackers who have already been caught attacking American infrastructure, data, and yes, your credit history?

As consumer advocates who believe in the necessity of liberal democracies to safeguard our liberties against authoritarianism, we should absolutely remain skeptical when it comes to the communist regime in Beijing. We’ve written as much many times.

At the same time, however, we should not subrogate our own critical thinking and principles because it suits a convenient narrative.

Consumers of all stripes deserve technological freedom, and innovators should be free to provide that to us. And open-source software has provided the very foundations for all of this.

Open-source matters

When we discuss open-source software and code, what we’re really talking about is the ability for people other than the creators to use it.

The various licensing schemes – ranging from GNU General Public License (GPL) to the MIT License and various public domain classifications – determine whether other people can use the code, edit it to their liking, and run it on their machine. Some licenses even allow you to monetize the modifications you’ve made.

While many different types of software will be fully licensed and made proprietary, restricting or even penalizing those who attempt to use it on their own, many developers have created software intended to be released to the public. This allows multiple contributors to add to the codebase and to make changes to improve it for public benefit.

Open-source software matters because anyone, anywhere can download and run the code on their own. They can also modify it, edit it, and tailor it to their specific need. The code is intended to be shared and built upon not because of some altruistic belief, but rather to make it accessible for everyone and create a broad base. This is how we create standards for technologies that provide the ground floor for further tinkering to deliver value to consumers.

Open-source libraries create the building blocks that decrease the hassle and cost of building a new web platform, smartphone, or even a computer language. They distribute common code that can be built upon, assuring interoperability and setting standards for all of our devices and technologies to talk to each other.

I am myself a proponent of open-source software. The server I run in my home has dozens of dockerized applications sourced directly from open-source contributors on GitHub and DockerHub. When there are versions or adaptations that I don’t like, I can pick and choose which I prefer. I can even make comments or add edits if I’ve found a better way for them to run.

Whether you know it or not, many of you run the Linux operating system as the base for your Macbook or any other computer and use all kinds of web tools that have active repositories forked or modified by open-source contributors online. This code is auditable by everyone and can be scrutinized or reviewed by whoever wants to (even AI bots).

This is the same software that runs your airlines, powers the farms that deliver your food, and supports the entire global monetary system. The code of the first decentralized cryptocurrency Bitcoin is also open-source, which has allowed thousands of copycat protocols that have revolutionized how we view money.

You know what else is open-source and available for everyone to use, modify, and build upon?

PHP, Mozilla Firefox, LibreOffice, MySQL, Python, Git, Docker, and WordPress. All protocols and languages that power the web. Friend or foe alike, anyone can download these pieces of software and run them how they see fit.

Open-source code is speech, and it is knowledge.

We build upon it to make information and technology accessible. Attempts to curb open-source, therefore, amount to restricting speech and knowledge.

Open-source is for your friends, and enemies

In the context of Artificial Intelligence, many different developers and companies have chosen to take their large language models and make them available via an open-source license.

At this very moment, you can click on over to Hugging Face, download an AI model, and build a chatbot or scripting machine suited to your needs. All for free (as long as you have the power and bandwidth).

Thousands of companies in the AI sector are doing this at this very moment, discovering ways of building on top of open-source models to develop new apps, tools, and services to offer to companies and individuals. It’s how many different applications are coming to life and thousands more jobs are being created.

We know this can be useful to friends, but what about enemies?

As the AI wars heat up between liberal democracies like the US, the UK, and (sluggishly) the European Union, we know that authoritarian adversaries like the CCP and Russia are building their own applications.

The fear that China will use open-source US models to create some kind of military application is a clear and present danger for many political and national security researchers, as well as politicians.

A bipartisan group of US House lawmakers want to put export controls on AI models, as well as block foreign access to US cloud servers that may be hosting AI software.

If this seems familiar, we should also remember that the US government once classified cryptography and encryption as “munitions” that could not be exported to other countries (see The Crypto Wars). Many of the arguments we hear today were invoked by some of the same people as back then.

Now, encryption protocols are the gold standard for many different banking and web services, messaging, and all kinds of electronic communication. We expect our friends to use it, and our foes as well. Because code is knowledge and speech, we know how to evaluate it and respond if we need to.

Regardless of who uses open-source AI, this is how we should view it today. These are merely tools that people will use for good or ill. It’s up to governments to determine how best to stop illiberal or nefarious uses that harm us, rather than try to outlaw or restrict building of free and open software in the first place.

Limiting open-source threatens our own advancement

If we set out to restrict and limit our ability to create and share open-source code, no matter who uses it, that would be tantamount to imposing censorship. There must be another way.

If there is a “Hundred Year Marathon” between the United States and liberal democracies on one side and autocracies like the Chinese Communist Party on the other, this is not something that will be won or lost based on software licenses. We need as much competition as possible.

The Chinese military has been building up its capabilities with trillions of dollars’ worth of investments that span far beyond AI chatbots and skip logic protocols.

The theft of intellectual property at factories in Shenzhen, or in US courts by third-party litigation funding coming from China, is very real and will have serious economic consequences. It may even change the balance of power if our economies and countries turn to war footing.

But these are separate issues from the ability of free people to create and share open-source code which we can all benefit from. In fact, if we want to continue our way our life and continue to add to global productivity and growth, it’s demanded that we defend open-source.

If liberal democracies want to compete with our global adversaries, it will not be done by reducing the freedoms of citizens in our own countries.

Originally published on the website of the Consumer Choice Center.

@ 09fbf8f3:fa3d60f0

> ### 第三方API合集：

免责申明:

在此推荐的 OpenAI API Key 由第三方代理商提供，所以我们不对 API Key 的 有效性 和 安全性 负责，请你自行承担购买和使用 API Key 的风险。

| 服务商 | 特性说明 | Proxy 代理地址 | 链接 | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | AiHubMix | 使用 OpenAI 企业接口，全站模型价格为官方 86 折（含 GPT-4 ）| https://aihubmix.com/v1 | 官网 | | OpenAI-HK | OpenAI的API官方计费模式为，按每次API请求内容和返回内容tokens长度来定价。每个模型具有不同的计价方式，以每1,000个tokens消耗为单位定价。其中1,000个tokens约为750个英文单词（约400汉字）| https://api.openai-hk.com/ | 官网 | | CloseAI | CloseAI是国内规模最大的商用级OpenAI代理平台，也是国内第一家专业OpenAI中转服务，定位于企业级商用需求，面向企业客户的线上服务提供高质量稳定的官方OpenAI API 中转代理，是百余家企业和多家科研机构的专用合作平台。 | https://api.openai-proxy.org | 官网 | | OpenAI-SB | 需要配合Telegram 获取api key | https://api.openai-sb.com | 官网 |

持续更新。。。

---

推广：

访问不了openai，去低调云购买VPN。

官网：https://didiaocloud.xyz

邀请码：w9AjVJit

价格低至1元。

@ 57d1a264:69f1fee1

Shanghai: Bus Stops Here

A new crowd-sourced transit platform allows riders to propose, vote on, and activate new bus lines in as little as three days.

From early-morning school drop-offs to seniors booking rides to the hospital, from suburban commuters seeking a faster link to the metro to families visiting ancestral graves, Shanghai is rolling out a new kind of public bus — one that’s designed by commuters, and launched only when enough riders request it.

Branded “DZ” for dingzhi, or “customized,” the system invites residents to submit proposed routes through a city-run platform. Others with similar travel needs can opt in or vote, and if demand meets the threshold — typically 15 to 20 passengers per trip — the route goes live.

More than 220 DZ routes have already launched across all 16 city districts. Through an online platform opened May 8, users enter start and end points, preferred times, and trip frequency. If approved, routes can begin running in as little as three days.

Continue reading at https://www.sixthtone.com/news/1017072

originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/979637

@ 502ab02a:a2860397

พอพูดถึงบริษัทอย่าง Formo ที่ทำชีสโดยไม่ใช้วัวเลย คนส่วนใหญ่จะนึกถึงคำว่า “นวัตกรรม” “ยั่งยืน” “ลดโลกร้อน” กันเป็นด่านแรก แต่พอเฮียมองทะลุม่านควันพวกนี้ไป จะเห็นทุนรายใหญ่ที่หนุนหลังอยู่ ซึ่งหลายเจ้าก็ไม่ใช่ผู้พิทักษ์โลก แต่เป็นผู้เล่นตัวจี๊ดในอุตสาหกรรมอาหารโลกมายาวนาน

หนึ่งในนั้นคือบริษัทจากเกาหลีใต้ชื่อ CJ CheilJedang ซึ่งอาจฟังดูไกลตัว แต่จริงๆ แล้ว เฮียว่าชื่อนี้โผล่ตามซองอาหารสำเร็จรูปในครัวคนไทยหลายบ้านโดยไม่รู้ตัว

ถ้าจะเข้าใจ Formo ให้ถึงแก่น เราต้องมองไปถึงทุนที่ “ใส่เงิน” และ “ใส่จุดยืน” ลงไปในบริษัทนั้น และหนึ่งในผู้ถือหุ้นรายสำคัญก็คือ CJ CheilJedang บริษัทเกาหลีใต้ที่ก่อตั้งมาตั้งแต่ปี 1953 โดยเริ่มจากการเป็นโรงงานผลิตน้ำตาล จากนั้นก็กินรวบแทบทุกวงจรอาหารของเกาหลี

โปรไฟล์ CJ แค่เห็นภาพรวมก็ขนลุกแล้วครับ ลูกพี่เราแข็งแกร่งขนาดไหน - เป็นเจ้าของแบรนด์ Bibigo ที่เราอาจจะคุ้นในสินค้า กิมจิ และ CJ Foods ที่มีขายทั่วโลก -เป็นผู้ผลิต กรดอะมิโน รายใหญ่ของโลก เช่น ไลซีน, ทรีโอนีน, ทริปโตแฟน ที่ใช้เป็นวัตถุดิบในอาหารสัตว์ แต่ตอนนี้หลายบริษัทเอาไปใส่ใน Plant-based food แล้วเคลมว่าเป็นโปรตีนสมบูรณ์ -เป็นเจ้าของโรงงานผลิต แบคทีเรียสายพันธุ์พิเศษ สำหรับการหมักหลายประเภท -ขึ้นชื่อเรื่อง bioscience โดยเฉพาะ precision fermentation ซึ่งเป็นเทคโนโลยีเดียวกับที่ Formo ใช้ผลิตเคซีน (โปรตีนในนมวัว)

แปลว่า CJ ไม่ได้มาลงทุนใน Formo แบบ “หวังผลกำไรเฉยๆ” แต่เขามองเห็น “อนาคตใหม่ของอาหาร” ที่ตัวเองจะเป็นเจ้าของต้นน้ำยันปลายน้ำ

คำถามก็คือเบื้องลึกการลงทุนใน Formo ใครได้อะไร? Formo ปิดรอบระดมทุน Series A ได้ประมาณ 50 ล้านดอลลาร์สหรัฐ เมื่อปี 2021 โดยมีนักลงทุนหลายเจ้า เช่น EQT Ventures, Elevat3 Capital, Atomico แต่ CJ CheilJedang ก็เป็นหนึ่งในผู้ลงทุนเชิงกลยุทธ์ (strategic investor) ที่เข้ามาแบบไม่ใช่แค่ลงเงิน แต่เอา เทคโนโลยี + เครือข่ายโรงงาน + ซัพพลายเชนระดับโลก มาเสริมให้ Formo ขยายได้เร็วขึ้น

การจับมือกันครั้งนี้มีนัยยะสำคัญครับ -Formo ได้ เทคโนโลยีหมักจุลินทรีย์ (ที่ CJ ถนัดมาก) และช่องทางกระจายสินค้าในเอเชีย -CJ ได้ ถือหุ้นในบริษัทที่กำลังจะเปลี่ยนภาพ “ผลิตภัณฑ์จากนม” ให้กลายเป็นสิ่งที่ไม่ต้องมีสัตว์อีกต่อไป ซึ่งจะเป็นกลยุทธ์สำคัญในการสร้างแบรนด์อาหารแห่งอนาคต ที่นมจะต้องมาจากโรงงานผลิตเท่านั้นจึงจะมีคุณสมบัติที่ดีทั้งสารอาหารและความสะอาด

CJ เองก็เคยประกาศต่อสื่อว่า อยากเป็น “Global Lifestyle Company” ซึ่งฟังดูเบาๆ แต่จริงๆ คือแผนใหญ่ในการ เปลี่ยนวิธีการกินของคนทั้งโลกได้เลยเช่นกัน -จาก “อาหารจริง” ไปเป็น “อาหารสังเคราะห์” (synthetic food) -จาก “ฟาร์มสัตว์” ไปเป็น “ถังหมักจุลินทรีย์” -จาก “ความหลากหลายตามธรรมชาติ” ไปเป็น “สูตรกลาง” ที่ควบคุมได้ในระดับโมเลกุล

การหนุนหลัง Formo จึงไม่ใช่เรื่องบังเอิญ แต่เป็นอีกหนึ่งหมากในกระดานใหญ่ที่ CJ วางไว้ เพื่อเป็นเจ้าของอาหารอนาคตแบบไม่ต้องเลี้ยงหมู ไก่ วัว แต่ครองเทคโนโลยีแทน

คำถามคือแล้วผู้บริโภคจะรู้ทันไหมว่า เบื้องหลังชีสที่ไม่มีวัว อาจมี “ทุนที่อยากครองโลกอาหาร” คำที่เคลมว่า “ยั่งยืน” อาจสร้างระบบอาหารใหม่ที่ยิ่งห่างจากธรรมชาติเข้าไปทุกที

คนที่เคย “กลัวสารเคมี” ในอาหารแปรรูป กลับกลืนผลิตภัณฑ์จากห้องแล็บ โดยคิดว่า “มันคือความสะอาดและอนาคต” #pirateketo #กูต้องรู้มั๊ย #ม้วนหางสิลูก #siamstr

@ 39cc53c9:27168656

Read the original blog post

I'm launching a new service review section on this blog in collaboration with OrangeFren. These reviews are sponsored, yet the sponsorship does not influence the outcome of the evaluations. Reviews are done in advance, then, the service provider has the discretion to approve publication without modifications.

Sponsored reviews are independent from the kycnot.me list, being only part of the blog. The reviews have no impact on the scores of the listings or their continued presence on the list. Should any issues arise, I will not hesitate to remove any listing.

---

The review

WizardSwap is an instant exchange centred around privacy coins. It was launched in 2020 making it old enough to have weathered the 2021 bull run and the subsequent bearish year.

| Pros | Cons | |------|------| | Tor-friendly | Limited liquidity | | Guarantee of no KYC | Overly simplistic design | | Earn by providing liquidity | |

Rating: ★★★★★ Service Website: wizardswap.io

Liquidity

Right off the bat, we'll start off by pointing out that WizardSwap relies on its own liquidity reserves, meaning they aren't just a reseller of Binance or another exchange. They're also committed to a no-KYC policy, when asking them, they even promised they would rather refund a user their original coins, than force them to undergo any sort of verification.

On the one hand, full control over all their infrastructure gives users the most privacy and conviction about the KYC policies remaining in place.

On the other hand, this means the liquidity available for swapping isn't huge. At the time of testing we could only purchase at most about 0.73 BTC with XMR.

It's clear the team behind WizardSwap is aware of this shortfall and so they've come up with a solution unique among instant exchanges. They let you, the user, deposit any of the currencies they support into your account and earn a profit on the trades made using your liquidity.

Trading

Fees on WizardSwap are middle-of-the-pack. The normal fee is 2.2%. That's more than some exchanges that reserve the right to suddenly demand you undergo verification, yet less than half the fees on some other privacy-first exchanges. However as we mentioned in the section above you can earn almost all of that fee (2%) if you provide liquidity to WizardSwap.

It's good that with the current Bitcoin fee market their fees are constant regardless of how much, or how little, you send. This is in stark contrast with some of the alternative swap providers that will charge you a massive premium when attempting to swap small amounts of BTC away.

Test trades

Test trades are always performed without previous notice to the service provider.

During our testing we performed a few test trades and found that every single time WizardSwap immediately detected the incoming transaction and the amount we received was exactly what was quoted before depositing. The fees were inline with what WizardSwap advertises.

• Monero payment proof
• Bitcoin received
• Wizardswap TX link - it's possible that this link may cease to be valid at some point in the future.

ToS and KYC

WizardSwap does not have a Terms of Service or a Privacy Policy page, at least none that can be found by users. Instead, they offer a FAQ section where they addresses some basic questions.

The site does not mention any KYC or AML practices. It also does not specify how refunds are handled in case of failure. However, based on the FAQ section "What if I send funds after the offer expires?" it can be inferred that contacting support is necessary and network fees will be deducted from any refund.

UI & Tor

WizardSwap can be visited both via your usual browser and Tor Browser. Should you decide on the latter you'll find that the website works even with the most strict settings available in the Tor Browser (meaning no JavaScript).

However, when disabling Javascript you'll miss the live support chat, as well as automatic refreshing of the trade page. The lack of the first means that you will have no way to contact support from the trade page if anything goes wrong during your swap, although you can do so by mail.

One important thing to have in mind is that if you were to accidentally close the browser during the swap, and you did not save the swap ID or your browser history is disabled, you'll have no easy way to return to the trade. For this reason we suggest when you begin a trade to copy the url or ID to someplace safe, before sending any coins to WizardSwap.

The UI you'll be greeted by is simple, minimalist, and easy to navigate. It works well not just across browsers, but also across devices. You won't have any issues using this exchange on your phone.

Getting in touch

The team behind WizardSwap appears to be most active on X (formerly Twitter): https://twitter.com/WizardSwap_io

If you have any comments or suggestions about the exchange make sure to reach out to them. In the past they've been very receptive to user feedback, for instance a few months back WizardSwap was planning on removing DeepOnion, but the community behind that project got together ^1 and after reaching out WizardSwap reversed their decision ^2.

You can also contact them via email at: support @ wizardswap . io

Disclaimer

None of the above should be understood as investment or financial advice. The views are our own only and constitute a faithful representation of our experience in using and investigating this exchange. This review is not a guarantee of any kind on the services rendered by the exchange. Do your own research before using any service.

@ 04c3c1a5:a94cf83d

Testing Testing Testing

This is just a test this is just a test this is just a test This is just a test this is just a test this is just a test This is just a test this is just a test this is just a test This is just a test this is just a test this is just a test This is just a test this is just a test this is just a test This is just a test this is just a test this is just a test This is just a test this is just a test this is just a test

Would love a test

nostr:nprofile1qy2hwumn8ghj7etyv4hzumn0wd68ytnvv9hxgqg7waehxw309anx2etywvhxummnw3ezucnpdejz7ur0wp6kcctjqqspywh6ulgc0w3k6mwum97m7jkvtxh0lcjr77p9jtlc7f0d27wlxpslwvhau

| | | | | ------------------------ | - | - | | Quick'hthbdoiwenweuifier | | | | 1. Little | | |

ghtgehg

gwefjieqhf

MUCH BETTER

@ 4c48cf05:07f52b80

I believe that five years from now, access to artificial intelligence will be akin to what access to the Internet represents today. It will be the greatest differentiator between the haves and have nots. Unequal access to artificial intelligence will exacerbate societal inequalities and limit opportunities for those without access to it.

Back in April, the AI Index Steering Committee at the Institute for Human-Centered AI from Stanford University released The AI Index 2024 Annual Report.

Out of the extensive report (502 pages), I chose to focus on the chapter dedicated to Public Opinion. People involved with AI live in a bubble. We all know and understand AI and therefore assume that everyone else does. But, is that really the case once you step out of your regular circles in Seattle or Silicon Valley and hit Main Street?

Two thirds of global respondents have a good understanding of what AI is

The exact number is 67%. My gut feeling is that this number is way too high to be realistic. At the same time, 63% of respondents are aware of ChatGPT so maybe people are confounding AI with ChatGPT?

If so, there is so much more that they won't see coming.

This number is important because you need to see every other questions and response of the survey through the lens of a respondent who believes to have a good understanding of what AI is.

A majority are nervous about AI products and services

52% of global respondents are nervous about products and services that use AI. Leading the pack are Australians at 69% and the least worried are Japanise at 23%. U.S.A. is up there at the top at 63%.

Japan is truly an outlier, with most countries moving between 40% and 60%.

Personal data is the clear victim

Exaclty half of the respondents believe that AI companies will protect their personal data. And the other half believes they won't.

Expected benefits

Again a majority of people (57%) think that it will change how they do their jobs. As for impact on your life, top hitters are getting things done faster (54%) and more entertainment options (51%).

The last one is a head scratcher for me. Are people looking forward to AI generated movies?

Concerns

Remember the 57% that thought that AI will change how they do their jobs? Well, it looks like 37% of them expect to lose it. Whether or not this is what will happen, that is a very high number of people who have a direct incentive to oppose AI.

Other key concerns include:

• Misuse for nefarious purposes: 49%
• Violation of citizens' privacy: 45%

Conclusion

This is the first time I come across this report and I wil make sure to follow future annual reports to see how these trends evolve.

Overall, people are worried about AI. There are many things that could go wrong and people perceive that both jobs and privacy are on the line.

---

Full citation: Nestor Maslej, Loredana Fattorini, Raymond Perrault, Vanessa Parli, Anka Reuel, Erik Brynjolfsson, John Etchemendy, Katrina Ligett, Terah Lyons, James Manyika, Juan Carlos Niebles, Yoav Shoham, Russell Wald, and Jack Clark, “The AI Index 2024 Annual Report,” AI Index Steering Committee, Institute for Human-Centered AI, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, April 2024.

The AI Index 2024 Annual Report by Stanford University is licensed under Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International.

@ 79008e78:dfac9395

Keys and Addresses

อลิซต้องการจ่ายเงินให้กับบ๊อบแต่โหนดของบิตคอยน์ในระบบหลายพันโหนดจะตรวจสอบธุรกรรมของเธอ โดยไม่รู้ว่าอลิซหรือบ๊อบเป็นใคร ละเราต้องการรักษาความเป็นส่วนตัวของพวกเขาไว้เช่นนี้ อลิซจำเป็นต้องสื่อสารว่าบ๊อบควรได้รับบิตคอยน์บางส่วนของเธอโดยไม่เชื่อมโยงแง่มุมใด ๆ ของธุรกรรมนั้นกับตัวตนในโลกจริงของบ๊อบ หรือกับการชำระเงินด้วยบิตคอยน์ครั้งอื่น ๆ ที่บ๊อบได้รับ อลิซใช้ต้องทำให้มั่นใจว่ามีเพียแค่บ๊อบเท่านั้นที่สามารถใช้จ่ายบิตคอยน์ที่เขาได้รับต่อไปได้

ในบิตคอยน์ไวท์เปเปอร์ได้อธิบายถึงแผนการที่เรียบง่ายมากสำหรับการบรรลุเป้าหมายเหล่านั้น ดังที่แสดงในรูปด้านล่างนี้

ตัวของผู้รับอย่างบ๊อบเองจะได้รับบิตคอยน์ไปยัง public key ของเขาที่ถูกลงนามโดยผู้จ่ายอย่างอลิซ โดยบิตคอยน์ที่อลิซนำมาจ่ายนั้นก็ได้รับมาจากที่ใครสักคนส่งมาที่ public key ของเธอ และเธอก็ใช้ private key ของเธอในการลงนามเพื่อสร้างลายเซ็นของเธอและโหนดต่าง ๆ ของบิตคอยน์จะทำการตรวจสอบว่าลายเซ็นของอลิซผูกมัดกับเอาต์พุตของฟังก์ชันแฮชซึ่งตัวมันเองผูกมัดกับ public key ของบ๊อบและรายละเอียดธุรกรรมอื่นๆ

ในบทนี้เราจะพิจารณาpublic key private key Digital signatrue และ hash function จากนั้นใช้ทั้งหมดนี้ร่วมกันเพื่ออธิบาย address ที่ใช้โดยซอฟต์แวร์บิตคอยน์สมัยใหม่

Public Key Cryptography (การเข้ารหัสของ public key)

ระบบเข้ารหัสของ public key ถูกคิดค้นขึ้นในทศวรรษ 1970 มาจากรากฐานทางคณิตศาสตร์สำหรับความปลอดภัยของคอมพิวเตอร์และข้อมูลสมัยใหม่

นับตั้งแต่การคิดค้นระบบเข้ารหัส public key ได้มีการค้นพบฟังก์ชันทางคณิตศาสตร์ที่เหมาะสมหลายอย่าง เช่น การยกกำลังของจำนวนเฉพาะและการคูณของเส้นโค้งวงรี โดยฟังก์ชันทางคณิตศาสตร์เหล่านี้สามารถคำนวณได้ง่ายในทิศทางหนึ่ง แต่เป็นไปไม่ได้ที่จะคำนวณในทิศทางตรงกันข้ามโดยใช้คอมพิวเตอร์และอัลกอริทึมที่มีอยู่ในปัจจุบัน จากฟังก์ชันทางคณิตศาสตร์เหล่านี้ การเข้ารหัสลับช่วยให้สามารถสร้างลายเซ็นดิจิทัลที่ไม่สามารถปลอมแปลงได้และบิตคอยน์ได้ใช้การบวกและการคูณของเส้นโค้งวงรีเป็นพื้นฐานสำหรับการเข้ารหัสลับของมัน

ในบิตคอยน์ เราสามารถใช้ระบบเข้ารหัส public key เพื่อสร้างคู่กุญแจที่ควบคุมการเข้าถึงบิตคอยน์ คู่กุญแจประกอบด้วย private key และ public key ที่ได้มาจาก private key public keyใช้สำหรับรับเงิน และ private key ใช้สำหรับลงนามในธุรกรรมเพื่อใช้จ่ายเงิน

ความสัมพันธ์ทางคณิตศาสตร์ระหว่าง public key และ private key ที่ช่วยให้ private key สามารถใช้สร้างลายเซ็นบนข้อความได้ ลายเซ็นเหล่านี้สามารถตรวจสอบความถูกต้องกับ public key ได้โดยไม่เปิดเผย private key

TIP: ในการใช้งานซอฟแวร์กระเป๋าเงินบิตคอยน์บสงอัน จะทำการเก็บ private key และ public key ถูกเก็บไว้ด้วยกันในรูปแบบคู่กุญแจเพื่อความสะดวก แต่อย่างไรก็ตาม public key สามารถคำนวณได้จาก private key ดังนั้นการเก็บเพียง private key เท่านั้นก็เป็นไปได้เช่นกัน

bitcoin wallet มักจะทำการรวบรวมคู่กุญแต่ละคู่ ซึ่งจะประกอบไปด้วย private key และ public key โดย private key จะเป็นตัวเลขที่ถูกสุ่มเลือกขึ้นมา และเราขะใช้เส้นโค้งวงรี ซึ่งเป็นฟังก์ชันการเข้ารหัสทางเดียว เพื่อสร้าง public key ขึ้นมา

ทำไมจึงใช้การเข้ารหัสแบบอสมมาตร

ทำไมการเข้ารหัสแบบอสมมาตรจึงถูกใช้บิตคอยน์? มันไม่ได้ถูกใช้เพื่อ "เข้ารหัส" (ทำให้เป็นความลับ) ธุรกรรม แต่คุณสมบัติที่มีประโยชน์ของการเข้ารหัสแบบอสมมาตรคือความสามารถในการสร้าง ลายเซ็นดิจิทัล private key สามารถนำไปใช้กับธุรกรรมเพื่อสร้างลายเซ็นเชิงตัวเลข ลายเซ็นนี้สามารถสร้างได้เฉพาะโดยผู้ที่มีความเกี่ยวข้องกับ private key เท่านั้น แต่อย่างไรก็ตาม ทุกคนที่สามารถเข้าถึง public key และธุรกรรมสามารถใช้สิ่งเหล่านี้เพื่อ ตรวจสอบ ลายเซ็นได้ คุณสมบัติที่มีประโยชน์นี้ของการเข้ารหัสแบบอสมมาตรทำให้ทุกคนสามารถตรวจสอบลายเซ็นทุกรายการในทุกธุรกรรมได้ ในขณะที่มั่นใจว่าเฉพาะเจ้าของ private key เท่านั้นที่สามารถสร้างลายเซ็นที่ถูกต้องได้

Private keys

private key เป็นเพียงตัวเลขที่ถูกสุ่มขึ้น และการควบคุม private key ก็เป็นรากฐานสำคัญที่ทำให้เจ้าชองกุญแจดอกนี้สามารถควบคุมบิตคอยน์ทั้งหมดที่มีความเกี่ยวข้องกับ public key ที่คู่กัน private key นั้นใช้ในการสร้างลายเซ็นดิจิทัลที่ใช้ในการเคลื่อนย้ายบิตคอยน์ เราจำเป็นต้องเก็บ private key ให้เป็นความลับตลอดเวลา เพราะการเปิดเผยมันให้กับบุคคลอื่นนั้นก็เปรียบเสมือนกับการนำอำนาจในการควบคุมบิตคอยน์ไปให้แก่เขา นอกจากนี้ private key ยังจำเป็นต้องได้รับการสำรองข้อมูลและป้องกันจากการสูญหายโดยไม่ตั้งใจ เพราะหากเราได้ทำมันสูญหายไป จะไม่สามารถกู้คืนได้ และบิตคอยน์เหล่านั้นจะถูกปกป้องโดยกุญแจที่หายไปนั้นตลอดกาลเช่นกัน

TIP: private key ของบิตคอยน์นั้นเป็นเพียงแค่ตัวเลข คุณสามารถสร้างมันได้โดยใช้เพียงเหรียญ ดินสอ และกระดาษ โดยการโยนเหรียญเพียง 256 ครั้งจะทำให้คุณได้เลขฐานสองที่สามารถใช้เป็น private key ของบิตคอยน์ จากนั้นคุณสามารถใช้มันในการคำนวณหา public key แต่อย่างไรก็ตาม โปรดระมัดระวังเกี่ยวกับการเลือใช้วิธีการสุ่มที่ไม่สมบูรณ์ เพราะนั่นอาจลดความปลอดภัยของ private key และบิตคอยน์ที่มัมปกป้องอยู่อย่างมีนัยสำคัญ

ขั้นตอนแรกและสำคัญที่สุดในการสร้างกุญแจคือการหาแหล่งที่มาของความสุ่มที่ปลอดภัย (ซึ่งเรียกว่า เอนโทรปี) การสร้างกุญแจของบิตคอยน์นั้นเกือบเหมือนกับ "เลือกตัวเลขระหว่าง 1 และ 2^256" ซึ่งวิธีที่แน่นอนที่คุณใช้ในการเลือกตัวเลขนั้นไม่สำคัญตราบใดที่มันไม่สามารถคาดเดาหรือทำซ้ำได้ โดยปกติแล้วซอฟต์แวร์ของบิตคอยน์มักจะใช้ตัวสร้างตัวเลขสุ่มที่มีความปลอดภัยทางการเข้ารหัสเพื่อสร้างเอนโทรปี 256 บิต

สิ่งที่สำคัญในเรื่องนี้คือ private key สามารถเป็นตัวเลขใดๆ ระหว่าง 0 และ n - 1 (รวมทั้งสองค่า) โดยที่ n เป็นค่าคงที่ (n = 1.1578 × 10^77 ซึ่งน้อยกว่า 2^256 เล็กน้อย) ซึ่งกำหนดอยู่ใน elliptic curve ที่ใช้ใน Bitcoin ในการสร้างกุญแจดังกล่าว เราสุ่มเลือกเลขขนาด 256 บิตและตรวจสอบว่ามันน้อยกว่า n ในแง่ของการเขียนโปรแกรม โดยปกติแล้วสิ่งนี้ทำได้โดยการป้อนสตริงของบิตสุ่มที่ใหญ่กว่า ซึ่งรวบรวมจากแหล่งที่มาของความสุ่มที่มีความปลอดภัยทางการเข้ารหัส เข้าไปในอัลกอริทึมแฮช SHA256 ซึ่งจะสร้างค่าขนาด 256 บิตที่สามารถตีความเป็นตัวเลขได้อย่างสะดวก หากผลลัพธ์น้อยกว่า n เราจะได้กุญแจส่วนตัวที่เหมาะสม มิฉะนั้น เราก็เพียงแค่ลองอีกครั้งด้วยตัวเลขสุ่มอื่น

คำเตือน: อย่าเขียนโค้ดของคุณเองเพื่อสร้างตัวเลขสุ่ม หรือใช้ตัวสร้างตัวเลขสุ่ม "แบบง่าย" ที่มีให้ในภาษาโปรแกรมของคุณ ใช้ตัวสร้างตัวเลขสุ่มเทียมที่มีความปลอดภัยทางการเข้ารหัส (CSPRNG) จากแหล่งที่มีเอนโทรปีเพียงพอ ศึกษาเอกสารของไลบรารีตัวสร้างตัวเลขสุ่มที่คุณเลือกเพื่อให้มั่นใจว่ามีความปลอดภัยทางการเข้ารหัส การใช้งาน CSPRNG ที่ถูกต้องมีความสำคัญอย่างยิ่งต่อความปลอดภัยของกุญแจ

ต่อไปนี้คือกุญแจส่วนตัว (k) ที่สร้างขึ้นแบบสุ่มซึ่งแสดงในรูปแบบเลขฐานสิบหก (256 บิตแสดงเป็น 64 หลักเลขฐานสิบหก โดยแต่ละหลักคือ 4 บิต): 1E99423A4ED27608A15A2616A2B0E9E52CED330AC530EDCC32C8FFC6A526AEDD

TIP: จำนวนที่เป็นไปได้ของ private key ทั้งหมดนั้นมีอยู่ 2^256 เป็นตัวเลขที่ใหญ่มากจนยากจะจินตนาการได้ มันมีค่าประมาณ 10^77 (เลข 1 ตามด้วยเลข 0 อีก 77 ตัว) ในระบบเลขฐานสิบ เพื่อให้เข้าใจง่ายขึ้น ลองเปรียบเทียบกับจักรวาลที่เรามองเห็นได้ซึ่งนักวิทยาศาสตร์ประมาณการว่ามีอะตอมทั้งหมดประมาณ 10^80 อะตอม นั่นหมายความว่าช่วงค่าของกุญแจส่วนตัว Bitcoin มีขนาดใกล้เคียงกับจำนวนอะตอมทั้งหมดในจักรวาลที่เรามองเห็นได้

การอธิบายเกี่ยวกับวิทยาการเข้ารหัสแบบเส้นโค้งวงรี (Elliptic Curve Cryptography)

วิทยาการเข้ารหัสแบบเส้นโค้งวงรี (ECC) เป็นประเภทหนึ่งของการเข้ารหัสแบบอสมมาตรหรือ public key ซึ่งอาศัยหลักการของปัญหาลอการิทึมแบบไม่ต่อเนื่อง โดยแสดงออกผ่านการบวกและการคูณบนจุดต่างๆ ของเส้นโค้งวงรี

บิตคอยน์ใช้เส้นโค้งวงรีเฉพาะและชุดค่าคงที่ทางคณิตศาสตร์ ตามที่กำหนดไว้ในมาตรฐานที่เรียกว่า secp256k1 ซึ่งกำหนดโดยสถาบันมาตรฐานและเทคโนโลยีแห่งชาติ (NIST) เส้นโค้ง secp256k1 ถูกกำหนดโดยฟังก์ชันต่อไปนี้ ซึ่งสร้างเส้นโค้งวงรี: y² = (x³ + 7) บนฟิลด์จำกัด (F_p) หรือ y² mod p = (x³ + 7) mod p

โดยที่ mod p (มอดูโลจำนวนเฉพาะ p) แสดงว่าเส้นโค้งนี้อยู่บนฟิลด์จำกัดของอันดับจำนวนเฉพาะ p ซึ่งเขียนได้เป็น F_p โดย p = 2^256 – 2^32 – 2^9 – 2^8 – 2^7 – 2^6 – 2^4 – 1 ซึ่งเป็นจำนวนเฉพาะที่มีค่ามหาศาล

บิตคอยน์ใช้เส้นโค้งวงรีที่ถูกนิยามบนฟิลด์จำกัดของอันดับจำนวนเฉพาะแทนที่จะอยู่บนจำนวนจริง ทำให้มันมีลักษณะเหมือนรูปแบบของจุดที่กระจัดกระจายในสองมิติ ซึ่งทำให้ยากต่อการจินตนาการภาพ อย่างไรก็ตาม คณิตศาสตร์ที่ใช้นั้นเหมือนกับเส้นโค้งวงรีบนจำนวนจริง

ตัวอย่างเช่น การเข้ารหัสลับด้วยเส้นโค้งวงรี: การแสดงภาพเส้นโค้งวงรีบน F(p) โดยที่ p=17 แสดงเส้นโค้งวงรีเดียวกันบนฟิลด์จำกัดของอันดับจำนวนเฉพาะ 17 ที่มีขนาดเล็กกว่ามาก ซึ่งแสดงรูปแบบของจุดบนตาราง

เส้นโค้งวงรี secp256k1 ที่ใช้ในบิตคอยน์สามารถนึกถึงได้ว่าเป็นรูปแบบของจุดที่ซับซ้อนมากกว่าบนตารางที่มีขนาดใหญ่มหาศาลจนยากจะเข้าใจได้

ตัวอย่างเช่น จุด P ที่มีพิกัด (x, y) ต่อไปนี้เป็นจุดที่อยู่บนเส้นโค้ง secp256k1: P = (55066263022277343669578718895168534326250603453777594175500187360389116729240, 32670510020758816978083085130507043184471273380659243275938904335757337482424) เราสามารถใช้ Python เพื่อยืนยันว่าจุดนี้อยู่บนเส้นโค้งวงรีได้ตามตัวอย่างนี้: ตัวอย่างที่ 1: การใช้ Python เพื่อยืนยันว่าจุดนี้อยู่บนเส้นโค้งวงรี ``` Python 3.10.6 (main, Nov 14 2022, 16:10:14) [GCC 11.3.0] on linux Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.

p = 115792089237316195423570985008687907853269984665640564039457584007908834671663 x = 55066263022277343669578718895168534326250603453777594175500187360389116729240 y = 32670510020758816978083085130507043184471273380659243275938904335757337482424 (x ** 3 + 7 - y**2) % p 0 ``` ผลลัพธ์เป็น 0 ซึ่งแสดงว่าจุดนี้อยู่บนเส้นโค้งวงรีจริง เพราะเมื่อแทนค่า x และ y ลงในสมการ y² = (x³ + 7) mod p แล้ว ทั้งสองด้านของสมการมีค่าเท่ากัน

ในคณิตศาสตร์ของเส้นโค้งวงรี มีจุดที่เรียกว่า "จุดที่อนันต์" (point at infinity) ซึ่งมีบทบาทคล้ายกับศูนย์ในการบวก บนคอมพิวเตอร์ บางครั้งจุดนี้แทนด้วย x = y = 0 (ซึ่งไม่เป็นไปตามสมการเส้นโค้งวงรี แต่เป็นกรณีพิเศษที่สามารถตรวจสอบได้ง่าย)

มีตัวดำเนินการ + ที่เรียกว่า "การบวก" ซึ่งมีคุณสมบัติคล้ายกับการบวกแบบดั้งเดิมของจำนวนจริงที่เด็กๆ เรียนในโรงเรียน เมื่อมีจุดสองจุด P1 และ P2 บนเส้นโค้งวงรี จะมีจุดที่สาม P3 = P1 + P2 ซึ่งอยู่บนเส้นโค้งวงรีเช่นกัน

ในเชิงเรขาคณิต จุดที่สาม P3 นี้คำนวณได้โดยการลากเส้นระหว่าง P1 และ P2 เส้นนี้จะตัดกับเส้นโค้งวงรีที่จุดเพิ่มเติมอีกหนึ่งจุดพอดี เรียกจุดนี้ว่า P3' = (x, y) จากนั้นให้สะท้อนกับแกน x เพื่อได้ P3 = (x, -y)

มีกรณีพิเศษบางกรณีที่อธิบายความจำเป็นของ "จุดที่อนันต์":

1. ถ้า P1 และ P2 เป็นจุดเดียวกัน เส้น "ระหว่าง" P1 และ P2 ควรขยายเป็นเส้นสัมผัสกับเส้นโค้ง ณ จุด P1 นี้ เส้นสัมผัสนี้จะตัดกับเส้นโค้งที่จุดใหม่อีกหนึ่งจุดพอดี คุณสามารถใช้เทคนิคจากแคลคูลัสเพื่อหาความชันของเส้นสัมผัส เทคนิคเหล่านี้ใช้ได้อย่างน่าแปลกใจ แม้ว่าเราจะจำกัดความสนใจไว้ที่จุดบนเส้นโค้งที่มีพิกัดเป็นจำนวนเต็มเท่านั้น!
2. ในบางกรณี (เช่น ถ้า P1 และ P2 มีค่า x เดียวกันแต่ค่า y ต่างกัน) เส้นสัมผัสจะตั้งฉากพอดี ซึ่งในกรณีนี้ P3 = "จุดที่อนันต์"
3. ถ้า P1 เป็น "จุดที่อนันต์" แล้ว P1 + P2 = P2 ในทำนองเดียวกัน ถ้า P2 เป็นจุดที่อนันต์ แล้ว P1 + P2 = P1 นี่แสดงให้เห็นว่าจุดที่อนันต์มีบทบาทเป็นศูนย์

การบวกนี้มีคุณสมบัติเชิงสมาคม (associative) ซึ่งหมายความว่า (A + B) + C = A + (B + C) นั่นหมายความว่าเราสามารถเขียน A + B + C โดยไม่ต้องมีวงเล็บและไม่มีความกำกวม

เมื่อเรานิยามการบวกแล้ว เราสามารถนิยามการคูณในแบบมาตรฐานที่ต่อยอดจากการบวก สำหรับจุด P บนเส้นโค้งวงรี ถ้า k เป็นจำนวนเต็มบวก แล้ว kP = P + P + P + … + P (k ครั้ง) โปรดทราบว่า k บางครั้งถูกเรียกว่า "เลขชี้กำลัง"

Public Keys

ในระบบคริปโตกราฟีแบบเส้นโค้งวงรี (Elliptic Curve Cryptography) public key ถูกคำนวณจาก private key โดยใช้การคูณเส้นโค้งวงรี ซึ่งเป็นกระบวนการที่ไม่สามารถย้อนกลับได้:

K = k × G

โดยที่:

• k คือ private key
• G คือจุดคงที่ที่เรียกว่า จุดกำเนิด (generator point)
• K คือ public key

การดำเนินการย้อนกลับ ที่เรียกว่า "การหาลอการิทึมแบบไม่ต่อเนื่อง" (finding the discrete logarithm) - คือการคำนวณหา k เมื่อรู้ค่า K - เป็นสิ่งที่ยากมากเทียบเท่ากับการลองค่า k ทุกค่าที่เป็นไปได้ (วิธีการแบบ brute-force)

ความยากของการย้อนกลับนี้คือหลักการความปลอดภัยหลักของระบบ ECC ที่ใช้ในบิตคอยน์ ซึ่งทำให้สามารถเผยแพร่ public key ได้อย่างปลอดภัย โดยที่ไม่ต้องกังวลว่าจะมีใครสามารถคำนวณย้อนกลับเพื่อหา private key ได้

TIP:การคูณเส้นโค้งวงรีเป็นฟังก์ชันประเภทที่นักเข้ารหัสลับเรียกว่า “ trap door function ”:

• เป็นสิ่งที่ทำได้ง่ายในทิศทางหนึ่ง
• แต่เป็นไปไม่ได้ที่จะทำในทิศทางตรงกันข้าม

คนที่มี private key สามารถสร้าง public key ได้อย่างง่ายดาย และสามารถแบ่งปันกับโลกได้โดยรู้ว่าไม่มีใครสามารถย้อนกลับฟังก์ชันและคำนวณ private key จาก public key ได้ กลวิธีทางคณิตศาสตร์นี้กลายเป็นพื้นฐานสำหรับลายเซ็นดิจิทัลที่ปลอมแปลงไม่ได้และมีความปลอดภัย ซึ่งใช้พิสูจน์การควบคุมเงินบิตคอยน์

เริ่มต้นด้วยการใช้ private key ในรูปแบบของตัวเลขสุ่ม เราคูณมันด้วยจุดที่กำหนดไว้ล่วงหน้าบนเส้นโค้งที่เรียกว่า จุดกำเนิด (generator point) เพื่อสร้างจุดอื่นที่อยู่บนเส้นโค้งเดียวกัน ซึ่งคำตอบจะเป็น public key ที่สอดคล้องกัน จุดกำเนิดถูกกำหนดไว้เป็นส่วนหนึ่งของมาตรฐาน secp256k1 และเป็นค่าเดียวกันสำหรับกุญแจทั้งหมดในระบบบิตคอยน์

เนื่องจากจุดกำเนิด G เป็นค่าเดียวกันสำหรับผู้ใช้บิตคอยน์ทุกคน private key (k) ที่คูณกับ G จะได้ public key (K) เดียวกันเสมอ ความสัมพันธ์ระหว่าง k และ K เป็นแบบตายตัวแต่สามารถคำนวณได้ในทิศทางเดียวเท่านั้น คือจาก k ไปยัง K นี่คือเหตุผลที่ public key ของบิตคอยน์ (K) สามารถแบ่งปันกับทุกคนได้โดยไม่เปิดเผย private key (k) ของผู้ใช้

TIP: private key สามารถแปลงเป็น public key ได้ แต่ public key ไม่สามารถแปลงกลับเป็น private key ได้ เพราะคณิตศาสตร์ที่ใช้ทำงานได้เพียงทิศทางเดียวเท่านั้น

เมื่อนำการคูณเส้นโค้งวงรีมาใช้งาน เราจะนำ private key (k) ที่สร้างขึ้นก่อนหน้านี้มาคูณกับจุดกำเนิด G เพื่อหา public key (K): K = 1E99423A4ED27608A15A2616A2B0E9E52CED330AC530EDCC32C8FFC6A526AEDD × G public key (K) จะถูกกำหนดเป็นจุด K = (x, y) โดยที่: x = F028892BAD7ED57D2FB57BF33081D5CFCF6F9ED3D3D7F159C2E2FFF579DC341A y = 07CF33DA18BD734C600B96A72BBC4749D5141C90EC8AC328AE52DDFE2E505BDB เพื่อจะให้เห็นภาพของการคูณจุดด้วยจำนวนเต็มมากขึ้น เราจะใช้เส้นโค้งวงรีที่ง่ายกว่าบนจำนวนจริง (โดยหลักการทางคณิตศาสตร์ยังคงเหมือนกัน) เป้าหมายของเราคือการหาผลคูณ kG ของจุดกำเนิด G ซึ่งเทียบเท่ากับการบวก G เข้ากับตัวเอง k ครั้งติดต่อกัน

ในเส้นโค้งวงรี การบวกจุดเข้ากับตัวเองเทียบเท่ากับการลากเส้นสัมผัสที่จุดนั้นและหาว่าเส้นนั้นตัดกับเส้นโค้งอีกครั้งที่จุดใด จากนั้นจึงสะท้อนจุดนั้นบนแกน x

การเข้ารหัสลับด้วยเส้นโค้งวงรี: การแสดงภาพการคูณจุด G ด้วยจำนวนเต็ม k บนเส้นโค้งวงรี แสดงกระบวนการในการหา G, 2G, 4G เป็นการดำเนินการทางเรขาคณิตบนเส้นโค้งได้ดังนี้

TIP: ในซอฟแวร์ของบิตคอยน์ส่วนใหญ่ใช้ไลบรารีเข้ารหัสลับ libsecp256k1 เพื่อทำการคำนวณทางคณิตศาสตร์เส้นโค้งวงรี

Output and Input Scripts

แม้ว่าภาพประกอบจาก Bitcoin whitepaper ที่แสดงเรื่อง "Transaction chain" จะแสดงให้เห็นว่ามีการใช้ public key และ digital signature โดยตรง แต่ในความเป็นจริงบิตคอยน์เวอร์ชันแรกนั้นมีการส่งการชำระเงินไปยังฟิลด์ที่เรียกว่า output script และมีการใช้จ่ายบิตคอยน์เหล่านั้นโดยได้รับอนุญาตจากฟิลด์ที่เรียกว่า input script ฟิลด์เหล่านี้อนุญาตให้มีการดำเนินการเพิ่มเติมนอกเหนือจาก (หรือแทนที่) การตรวจสอบว่าลายเซ็นสอดคล้องกับ public key หรือไม่ ตัวอย่างเช่น output script สามารถมี public key สองดอกและต้องการลายเซ็นสองลายเซ็นที่สอดคล้องกันในฟิลด์ input script ที่ใช้จ่าย

ในภายหลัง ในหัวข้อ [tx_script] เราจะได้เรียนรู้เกี่ยวกับสคริปต์อย่างละเอียด สำหรับตอนนี้ สิ่งที่เราต้องเข้าใจคือ บิตคอยน์จะถูกรับเข้า output script ที่ทำหน้าที่เหมือน public key และการใช้จ่ายบิตคอยน์จะได้รับอนุญาตโดย input script ที่ทำหน้าที่เหมือนลายเซ็น

IP Addresses: The Original Address for Bitcoin (P2PK)

เราได้เห็นแล้วว่าอลิซสามารถจ่ายเงินให้บ็อบโดยการมอบบิตคอยน์บางส่วนของเธอให้กับกุญแจสาธารณะของบ็อบ แต่อลิซจะได้กุญแจสาธารณะของบ็อบมาได้อย่างไร? บ็อบอาจจะให้สำเนากุญแจแก่เธอ แต่ลองดูกุญแจสาธารณะที่เราใช้งานในตัวอย่างที่ผ่านมาอีกครั้ง: x = F028892BAD7ED57D2FB57BF33081D5CFCF6F9ED3D3D7F159C2E2FFF579DC341A y = 07CF33DA18BD734C600B96A72BBC4749D5141C90EC8AC328AE52DDFE2E505BDB

TIP จากหลาม: :สังเกตได้ว่า public key มีความยาวมาก ลองจินตนาการว่าบ็อบพยายามอ่านกุญแจนี้ให้อลิซฟังทางโทรศัพท์ คงจะยากมากที่จะอ่านและบันทึกโดยไม่มีข้อผิดพลาด

แทนที่จะป้อนกุญแจสาธารณะโดยตรง เวอร์ชันแรกของซอฟต์แวร์บิตคอยน์อนุญาตให้ผู้จ่ายเงินป้อนที่อยู่ IP ของผู้รับได้ ตามที่แสดงในหน้าจอการส่งเงินรุ่นแรกของบิตคอยน์ผ่าน The Internet Archive

คุณสมบัตินี้ถูกลบออกในภายหลัง เนื่องจากมีปัญหามากมายในการใช้ที่อยู่ IP แต่คำอธิบายสั้นๆ จะช่วยให้เราเข้าใจได้ดีขึ้นว่าทำไมคุณสมบัติบางอย่างอาจถูกเพิ่มเข้าไปในโปรโตคอลบิตคอยน์

เมื่ออลิซป้อนที่อยู่ IP ของบ็อบในบิตคอยน์เวอร์ชัน 0.1 Full node ของเธอจะทำการเชื่อมต่อกับ full node ของเขาและได้รับ public key ใหม่จากกระเป๋าสตางค์ของบ็อบที่โหนดของเขาไม่เคยให้กับใครมาก่อน การที่เป็น public key ใหม่นี้มีความสำคัญเพื่อให้แน่ใจว่าธุรกรรมต่าง ๆ ที่จ่ายให้บ็อบจะไม่สามารถถูกเชื่อมโยงเข้าด้วยกันโดยคนที่กำลังดูบล็อกเชนและสังเกตเห็นว่าธุรกรรมทั้งหมดจ่ายไปยัง public key เดียวกัน

เมื่อใช้ public key จากโหนดของอลิซซึ่งได้รับมาจากโหนดของบ็อบ กระเป๋าสตางค์ของอลิซจะสร้างเอาต์พุตธุรกรรมที่จ่ายให้กับสคริปต์เอาต์พุตดังนี้ <Bob's public key> OP_CHECKSIG ต่อมาบ็อบจะสามารถใช้จ่ายเอาต์พุตนั้นด้วยสคริปต์อินพุตที่ประกอบด้วยลายเซ็นของเขาเท่านั้น: <Bob's signature> เพื่อให้เข้าใจว่าสคริปต์อินพุตและเอาต์พุตกำลังทำอะไร คุณสามารถรวมพวกมันเข้าด้วยกัน (สคริปต์อินพุตก่อน) แล้วสังเกตว่าข้อมูลแต่ละชิ้น (แสดงในเครื่องหมาย < >) จะถูกวางไว้ที่ด้านบนสุดของรายการที่เรียกว่าสแตก (stack) เมื่อพบรหัสคำสั่ง (opcode) มันจะใช้รายการจากสแตก โดยเริ่มจากรายการบนสุด มาดูว่ามันทำงานอย่างไรโดยเริ่มจากสคริปต์ที่รวมกัน: <Bob's signature> <Bob's public key> OP_CHECKSIG

สำหรับสคริปต์นี้ ลายเซ็นของบ็อบจะถูกนำไปไว้บนสแตก จากนั้น public key ของบ็อบจะถูกวางไว้ด้านบนของลายเซ็น และบนสุดจะเป็นคำสั่ง OP_CHECKSIG ที่จะใช้องค์ประกอบสองอย่าง เริ่มจาก public key ตามด้วยลายเซ็น โดยลบพวกมันออกจากสแตก มันจะตรวจสอบว่าลายเซ็นตรงกับ public key และยืนยันฟิลด์ต่าง ๆ ในธุรกรรม ถ้าลายเซ็นถูกต้อง OP_CHECKSIG จะแทนที่ตัวเองบนสแตกด้วยค่า 1 ถ้าลายเซ็นไม่ถูกต้อง มันจะแทนที่ตัวเองด้วย 0 ถ้ามีรายการที่ไม่ใช่ศูนย์อยู่บนสุดของสแตกเมื่อสิ้นสุดการประเมิน สคริปต์ก็จะผ่าน ถ้าสคริปต์ทั้งหมดในธุรกรรมผ่าน และรายละเอียดอื่น ๆ ทั้งหมดเกี่ยวกับธุรกรรมนั้นต้องถูกต้องจึงจะถือว่าธุรกรรมนั้นถูกต้อง

โดยสรุป สคริปต์ข้างต้นใช้ public key และลายเซ็นเดียวกันกับที่อธิบายใน whitepaper แต่เพิ่มความซับซ้อนของฟิลด์สคริปต์สองฟิลด์และรหัสคำสั่งหนึ่งตัว ซึ่งเราจะเริ่มเห็นประโยชน์เมื่อเรามองที่ส่วนต่อไป

TIP:จากหลาม agian: เอาต์พุตประเภทนี้เป็นที่รู้จักในปัจจุบันว่า P2PK ซึ่งมันไม่เคยถูกใช้อย่างแพร่หลายสำหรับการชำระเงิน และไม่มีโปรแกรมที่ใช้กันอย่างแพร่หลายที่รองรับการชำระเงินผ่านที่อยู่ IP เป็นเวลาเกือบทศวรรษแล้ว

Legacy addresses for P2PKH

แน่นอนว่าการป้อนที่อยู่ IP ของคนที่คุณต้องการจ่ายเงินให้นั้นมีข้อดีหลายประการ แต่ก็มีข้อเสียหลายประการเช่นกัน หนึ่งในข้อเสียที่สำคัญคือผู้รับจำเป็นต้องให้กระเป๋าสตางค์ของพวกเขาออนไลน์ที่ที่อยู่ IP ของพวกเขา และต้องสามารถเข้าถึงได้จากโลกภายนอก

ซึ่งสำหรับคนจำนวนมากนั่นไม่ใช่ตัวเลือกที่เป็นไปได้เพราะหากพวกเขา:

• ปิดคอมพิวเตอร์ในเวลากลางคืน
• แล็ปท็อปของพวกเขาเข้าสู่โหมดสลีป
• อยู่หลังไฟร์วอลล์
• หรือกำลังใช้การแปลงที่อยู่เครือข่าย (NAT)

ปัญหานี้นำเรากลับมาสู่ความท้าทายเดิมที่ผู้รับเงินอย่างบ็อบต้องให้ public key ที่มีความยาวมากแก่ผู้จ่ายเงินอย่างอลิซ public key ของบิตคอยน์ที่สั้นที่สุดที่นักพัฒนาบิตคอยน์รุ่นแรกรู้จักมีขนาด 65 ไบต์ เทียบเท่ากับ 130 ตัวอักษรเมื่อเขียนในรูปแบบเลขฐานสิบหก (เฮกซาเดซิมอล) แต่อย่างไรก็ตาม บิตคอยน์มีโครงสร้างข้อมูลหลายอย่างที่มีขนาดใหญ่กว่า 65 ไบต์มาก ซึ่งจำเป็นต้องถูกอ้างอิงอย่างปลอดภัยในส่วนอื่น ๆ ของบิตคอยน์โดยใช้ข้อมูลขนาดเล็กที่สุดเท่าที่จะปลอดภัยได้

โดยบิตคอยน์แก้ปัญหานี้ด้วย ฟังก์ชันแฮช (hash function) ซึ่งเป็นฟังก์ชันที่รับข้อมูลที่อาจมีขนาดใหญ่ นำมาแฮช และให้ผลลัพธ์เป็นข้อมูลขนาดคงที่ ฟังก์ชันแฮชจะผลิตผลลัพธ์เดียวกันเสมอเมื่อได้รับข้อมูลนำเข้าแบบเดียวกัน และฟังก์ชันที่ปลอดภัยจะทำให้เป็นไปไม่ได้ในทางปฏิบัติสำหรับผู้ที่ต้องการเลือกข้อมูลนำเข้าอื่นที่ให้ผลลัพธ์เหมือนกันได้ นั่นทำให้ผลลัพธ์เป็น คำมั่นสัญญา (commitment) ต่อข้อมูลนำเข้า เป็นสัญญาว่าในทางปฏิบัติ มีเพียงข้อมูลนำเข้า x เท่านั้นที่จะให้ผลลัพธ์ X

สมมติว่าผมต้องการถามคำถามคุณและให้คำตอบของผมในรูปแบบที่คุณไม่สามารถอ่านได้ทันที สมมติว่าคำถามคือ "ในปีไหนที่ซาโตชิ นาคาโมโตะเริ่มทำงานบนบิทคอยน์?" ผมจะให้การยืนยันคำตอบของผมในรูปแบบของผลลัพธ์จากฟังก์ชันแฮช SHA256 ซึ่งเป็นฟังก์ชันที่ใช้บ่อยที่สุดในบิทคอยน์: 94d7a772612c8f2f2ec609d41f5bd3d04a5aa1dfe3582f04af517d396a302e4e ต่อมา หลังจากคุณบอกคำตอบที่คุณเดาสำหรับคำถามนั้น ผมสามารถเปิดเผยคำตอบของผมและพิสูจน์ให้คุณเห็นว่าคำตอบของผม เมื่อใช้เป็นข้อมูลสำหรับฟังก์ชันแฮช จะให้ผลลัพธ์เดียวกันกับที่ผมให้คุณก่อนหน้านี้ $ echo "2007. He said about a year and a half before Oct 2008" | sha256sum 94d7a772612c8f2f2ec609d41f5bd3d04a5aa1dfe3582f04af517d396a302e4e ทีนี้ให้สมมติว่าเราถามบ็อบว่า " public key ของคุณคืออะไร?" บ็อบสามารถใช้ฟังก์ชันแฮชเพื่อให้การยืนยันที่ปลอดภัยทางการเข้ารหัสต่อ public key ของเขา หากเขาเปิดเผยกุญแจในภายหลัง และเราตรวจสอบว่ามันให้ผลการยืนยันเดียวกันกับที่เขาให้เราก่อนหน้านี้ เราสามารถมั่นใจได้ว่ามันเป็นกุญแจเดียวกันที่ใช้สร้างการยืนยันก่อนหน้านี้

ฟังก์ชันแฮช SHA256 ถือว่าปลอดภัยมากและให้ผลลัพธ์ 256 บิต (32 ไบต์) น้อยกว่าครึ่งหนึ่งของขนาด public key ของบิทคอยน์ดั้งเดิม แต่อย่างไรก็ตาม มีฟังก์ชันแฮชอื่นๆ ที่ปลอดภัยน้อยกว่าเล็กน้อยที่ให้ผลลัพธ์ขนาดเล็กกว่า เช่น ฟังก์ชันแฮช RIPEMD-160 ซึ่งให้ผลลัพธ์ 160 บิต (20 ไบต์) ด้วยเหตุผลที่ซาโตชิ นาคาโมโตะไม่เคยระบุ เวอร์ชันดั้งเดิมของบิทคอยน์สร้างการยืนยันต่อ public key โดยการแฮชกุญแจด้วย SHA256 ก่อน แล้วแฮชผลลัพธ์นั้นด้วย RIPEMD-160 ซึ่งให้การยืนยันขนาด 20 ไบต์ต่อ public key

เราสามารถดูสิ่งนี้ตามอัลกอริทึม เริ่มจากกุญแจสาธารณะ K เราคำนวณแฮช SHA256 และคำนวณแฮช RIPEMD-160 ของผลลัพธ์ ซึ่งให้ตัวเลข 160 บิต (20 ไบต์): A = RIPEMD160(SHA256(K))

ทีนี้เราคงเข้าใจวิธีสร้างการยืนยันต่อ public key แล้ว ต่อไปเราจะมาดูวิธีการใช้งานโดยพิจารณาสคริปต์เอาต์พุตต่อไปนี้: OP_DUP OP_HASH160 <Bob's commitment> OP_EQUAL OP_CHECKSIG และสคริปต์อินพุตต่อไปนี้: <Bob's signature> <Bob's public key> และเมื่อเรารวมมันเข้าด้วยกันเราจะได้ผลลัพธ์ดังนี้: <Bob's signature> <Bob's public key> OP_DUP OP_HASH160 <Bob's commitment> OP_EQUAL OP_CHECKSIG

เหมือนที่เราทำใน IP Addresses: The Original Address for Bitcoin (P2PK) เราเริ่มวางรายการลงในสแต็ก ลายเซ็นของบ็อบถูกวางก่อน จากนั้น public key ของเขาถูกวางไว้ด้านบน จากนั้นดำเนินการ OP_DUP เพื่อทำสำเนารายการบนสุด ดังนั้นรายการบนสุดและรายการที่สองจากบนในสแต็กตอนนี้เป็น public key ของบ็อบทั้งคู่ การดำเนินการ OP_HASH160 ใช้ (ลบ) public key บนสุดและแทนที่ด้วยผลลัพธ์ของการแฮชด้วย RIPEMD160(SHA256(K)) ดังนั้นตอนนี้บนสุดของสแต็กคือแฮชของ public key ของบ็อบ ต่อไป commitment ถูกเพิ่มไว้บนสุดของสแต็ก การดำเนินการ OP_EQUALVERIFY ใช้รายการสองรายการบนสุดและตรวจสอบว่าพวกมันเท่ากัน ซึ่งควรเป็นเช่นนั้นหาก public key ที่บ็อบให้ในสคริปต์อินพุตเป็น public key เดียวกันกับที่ใช้สร้างการยืนยันในสคริปต์เอาต์พุตที่อลิซจ่าย หาก OP_EQUALVERIFY ล้มเหลว ทั้งสคริปต์จะล้มเหลว สุดท้าย เราเหลือสแต็กที่มีเพียงลายเซ็นของบ็อบและ public key ของเขา รหัสปฏิบัติการ OP_CHECKSIG ตรวจสอบว่าพวกมันสอดคล้องกัน

TIP: จากหลาม ถ้าอ่านตรงนี้และงง ๆ ผมไปทำรูปมาให้ดูง่ายขึ้นครับ

แม้กระบวนการของการ pay-to-publickey-hash(P2PKH) อาจดูซับซ้อน แต่มันทำให้การที่อลิซจ่ายเงินให้บ็อบมีเพียงการยืนยันเพียง 20 ไบต์ต่อ public key ของเขาแทนที่จะเป็นตัวกุญแจเอง ซึ่งจะมีขนาด 65 ไบต์ในเวอร์ชันดั้งเดิมของบิทคอยน์ นั่นเป็นข้อมูลที่น้อยกว่ามากที่บ็อบต้องสื่อสารกับอลิซ

แต่อย่างไรก็ตาม เรายังไม่ได้พูดถึงวิธีที่บ็อบรับ 20 ไบต์เหล่านั้นจากกระเป๋าเงินบิทคอยน์ของเขาไปยังกระเป๋าเงินของอลิซ มีการเข้ารหัสค่าไบต์ที่ใช้กันอย่างแพร่หลาย เช่น เลขฐานสิบหก แต่ข้อผิดพลาดใด ๆ ในการคัดลอกการยืนยันจะทำให้บิทคอยน์ถูกส่งไปยังเอาต์พุตที่ไม่สามารถใช้จ่ายได้ ทำให้พวกมันสูญหายไปตลอดกาล โดยในส่วนถัดไป เราจะดูที่การเข้ารหัสแบบกะทัดรัดและการตรวจสอบความถูกต้อง

Base58check Encoding

ระบบคอมพิวเตอร์มีวิธีเขียนตัวเลขยาวๆ ให้สั้นลงโดยใช้ทั้งตัวเลขและตัวอักษรผสมกัน เพื่อใช้พื้นที่น้อยลงอย่างเช่น

• ระบบเลขฐานสิบ (ปกติที่เราใช้) - ใช้เลข 0-9 เท่านั้น
• ระบบเลขฐานสิบหก - ใช้เลข 0-9 และตัวอักษร A-F ตัวอย่าง: เลข 255 ในระบบปกติ เขียนเป็น FF ในระบบเลขฐานสิบหก (สั้นกว่า)
• ระบบเลขฐานหกสิบสี่ (Base64) - ใช้สัญลักษณ์ถึง 64 ตัว: ตัวอักษรเล็ก (a-z) 26 ตัว, ตัวอักษรใหญ่ (A-Z) 26 ตัว, ตัวเลข (0-9) 10 ตัว, สัญลักษณ์พิเศษอีก 2 ตัว ("+" และ "/")

โดยระบบ Base64 นี้ช่วยให้เราส่งไฟล์คอมพิวเตอร์ผ่านข้อความธรรมดาได้ เช่น การส่งรูปภาพผ่านอีเมล โดยใช้พื้นที่น้อยกว่าการเขียนเป็นเลขฐานสิบแบบปกติมาก

การเข้ารหัสแบบ Base58 คล้ายกับ Base64 โดยใช้ตัวอักษรพิมพ์ใหญ่ พิมพ์เล็ก และตัวเลข แต่ได้ตัดตัวอักษรบางตัวที่มักถูกเข้าใจผิดว่าเป็นตัวอื่นและอาจดูเหมือนกันเมื่อแสดงในฟอนต์บางประเภทออกไป

Base58 คือ Base64 ที่ตัดตัวอักษรต่อไปนี้ออก:

• เลข 0 (ศูนย์)
• ตัวอักษร O (ตัว O พิมพ์ใหญ่)
• ตัวอักษร l (ตัว L พิมพ์เล็ก)
• ตัวอักษร I (ตัว I พิมพ์ใหญ่)
• และสัญลักษณ์ "+" และ "/"

หรือพูดให้ง่ายขึ้น Base58 คือกลุ่มตัวอักษรพิมพ์เล็ก พิมพ์ใหญ่ และตัวเลข แต่ไม่มีตัวอักษรทั้งสี่ตัว (0, O, l, I) ที่กล่าวถึงข้างต้น ตัวอักษรทั้งหมดที่ใช้ใน Base58 จะแสดงให้เห็นในตัวอักษร Base58 ของบิทคอยน์

Example 2. Bitcoin’s base58 alphabet 123456789ABCDEFGHJKLMNPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijkmnopqrstuvwxyz การเพิ่มความปลอดภัยพิเศษเพื่อป้องกันการพิมพ์ผิดหรือข้อผิดพลาดในการคัดลอก base58check ได้รวม รหัสตรวจสอบ (checksum) ที่เข้ารหัสในตัวอักษร base58 เข้าไปด้วย รหัสตรวจสอบนี้คือข้อมูลเพิ่มเติมอีก 4 ไบต์ที่เพิ่มเข้าไปที่ท้ายของข้อมูลที่กำลังถูกเข้ารหัส

รหัสตรวจสอบนี้ได้มาจากการแฮชข้อมูลที่ถูกเข้ารหัส และจึงสามารถใช้เพื่อตรวจจับข้อผิดพลาดจากการคัดลอกและการพิมพ์ได้ เมื่อโปรแกรมได้รับรหัส base58check ซอฟต์แวร์ถอดรหัสจะคำนวณรหัสตรวจสอบของข้อมูลและเปรียบเทียบกับรหัสตรวจสอบที่รวมอยู่ในรหัสนั้น

หากทั้งสองไม่ตรงกัน แสดงว่ามีข้อผิดพลาดเกิดขึ้น และข้อมูล base58check นั้นไม่ถูกต้อง กระบวนการนี้ช่วยป้องกันไม่ให้ address บิทคอยน์ที่พิมพ์ผิดถูกยอมรับโดยซอฟต์แวร์กระเป๋าเงินว่าเป็น address ที่ถูกต้อง ซึ่งเป็นข้อผิดพลาดที่อาจส่งผลให้สูญเสียเงินได้

การแปลงข้อมูล (ตัวเลข) เป็นรูปแบบ base58check มีขั้นตอนดังนี้:

1. เราเริ่มโดยการเพิ่ม prefix เข้าไปในข้อมูล เรียกว่า "version byte" ซึ่งช่วยให้ระบุประเภทของข้อมูลที่ถูกเข้ารหัสได้ง่าย ตัวอย่างเช่น: prefix ศูนย์ (0x00 ในระบบเลขฐานสิบหก) แสดงว่าข้อมูลควรถูกใช้เป็นการยืนยัน (hash) ในสคริปต์เอาต์พุต legacy P2PKH
2. จากนั้น เราคำนวณ "double-SHA" checksum ซึ่งหมายถึงการใช้อัลกอริทึมแฮช SHA256 สองครั้งกับผลลัพธ์ก่อนหน้า (prefix ต่อกับข้อมูล): checksum = SHA256(SHA256(prefix||data))
3. จากแฮช 32 ไบต์ที่ได้ (การแฮชซ้อนแฮช) เราเลือกเฉพาะ 4 ไบต์แรก ไบต์ทั้งสี่นี้ทำหน้าที่เป็นรหัสตรวจสอบข้อผิดพลาดหรือ checksum
4. นำ checksum นี้ไปต่อที่ท้ายข้อมูล

การเข้ารหัสแบบ base58check คือรูปแบบการเข้ารหัสที่ใช้ base58 พร้อมกับการระบุเวอร์ชันและการตรวจสอบความถูกต้อง เพื่อการเข้ารหัสข้อมูลบิทคอยน์ โดยคุณสามารถดูภาพประกอบด้านล่างเพื่อความเข้าใจเพิ่มเติม

ในบิตคอยน์นั้น นอกจากจะใช้ base58check ในการยืนยัน public key แล้ว ก็ยังมีการใช้ในข้อมูลอื่น ๆ ด้วย เพื่อทำให้ข้อมูลนั้นกะทัดรัด อ่านง่าย และตรวจจับข้อผิดพลาดได้ง่ายด้วยรหัสนำหน้า (version prefix) ในการเข้ารหัสแบบ base58check ถูกใช้เพื่อสร้างรูปแบบที่แยกแยะได้ง่าย ซึ่งเมื่อเข้ารหัสด้วย base58 โดยจะมีตัวอักษรเฉพาะที่จุดเริ่มต้นของข้อมูลที่เข้ารหัส base58check ตัวอักษรเหล่านี้ช่วยให้เราระบุประเภทของข้อมูลที่ถูกเข้ารหัสและวิธีการใช้งานได้ง่าย นี่คือสิ่งที่แยกความแตกต่าง ตัวอย่างเช่น ระหว่าง address บิทคอยน์ที่เข้ารหัส base58check ซึ่งขึ้นต้นด้วยเลข 1 กับรูปแบบการนำเข้า private key (WIF - Wallet Import Format) ที่เข้ารหัส base58check ซึ่งขึ้นต้นด้วยเลข 5 ตัวอย่างของ version prefix สามารถดูได้ตามตารางด้านล่างนี้

ภาพต่อไปนี้จะทำให้คุณเห็นภาพของกระบวนการแปลง public key ให้เป็น bitcoin address

Compressed Public Keys

ในยุคแรก ๆ ของบิตคอยน์นั้น มีเพียงการสร้าง public key แบบ 65 Bytes เท่านั้น แต่ในเวลาต่อมา เหล่านักพัฒนาในยุคหลังได้พบวิธีการสร้าง public key แบบใหม่ที่มีเพียง 33 Bytes และสามารถทำงานร่วมกันกับโหนดทั้งหมดในขณะนั้นได้ จีงไม่จะเป็นต้องเปลี่ยนแปลงกฎหรือโครงสร้างภายในโปรโตคอลของบิตคอยน์ โดย poublic key แบบใหม่ที่มีขนาด 33 Bytes นี้เรียกว่า compressed public key (public key ที่ถูกบีบอัด) และมีการเรียก public key ที่มีขนาด 65 Bytes ว่า uncompressed public key (public key ที่ไม่ถูกบีบอัด) ซึ่งประโยชน์ของ public key ที่เล็กลงนั้น นอกจากจะช่วยให้การส่ง public key ให้ผู้อื่นทำได้ง่ายขึ้นแล้ว ยังช่วยให้ธุรกรรมมีขนาดเล็กลง และช่วยให้สามารถทำการชำระเงินได้มากขึ้นในบล็อกเดียวกัน

อย่างที่เราได้เรียนรู้จากเนื้อหาในส่วนของ public key เราได้ทราบว่า public key คือจุด (x, y) บนเส้นโค้งวงรี เนื่องจากเส้นโค้งแสดงฟังก์ชันทางคณิตศาสตร์ จุดบนเส้นโค้งจึงเป็นคำตอบของสมการ ดังนั้นหากเรารู้พิกัด x เราก็สามารถคำนวณพิกัด y ได้โดยแก้สมการ y² mod p = (x³ + 7) mod p นั่นหมายความว่าเราสามารถเก็บเพียงพิกัด x ของ public key โดยละพิกัด y ไว้ ซึ่งช่วยลดขนาดของกุญแจและพื้นที่ที่ต้องใช้เก็บข้อมูลลง 256 บิต การลดขนาดลงเกือบ 50% ในทุกธุรกรรมรวมกันแล้วช่วยประหยัดข้อมูลได้มากมายในระยะยาว!

นี่คือ public key ที่ได้ยกเป็นตัวอย่างไว้ก่อนหน้า x = F028892BAD7ED57D2FB57BF33081D5CFCF6F9ED3D3D7F159C2E2FFF579DC341A y = 07CF33DA18BD734C600B96A72BBC4749D5141C90EC8AC328AE52DDFE2E505BDB

และนี่คือ public key ที่มีตัวนำหน้า 04 ตามด้วยพิกัด x และ y ในรูปแบบ 04 x y: K = 04F028892BAD7ED57D2FB57BF33081D5CFCF6F9ED3D3D7F159C2E2FFF579DC341A07CF33DA18BD734C600B96A72BBC4749D5141C90EC8AC328AE52DDFE2E505BDB

uncompressed public key นั้นจะมีตัวนำหน้าเป็น 04 แต่ compressed public key จะมีตัวนำหน้าเป็น 02 หรือ 03 โดยเหตุผลนั้นมาจากสมการ y² mod p = (x³ + 7) mod p เนื่องจากด้านซ้ายของสมการคือ y² คำตอบสำหรับ y จึงเป็นรากที่สอง ซึ่งอาจมีค่าเป็นบวกหรือลบก็ได้ หากมองเชิงภาพ นี่หมายความว่าพิกัด y ที่ได้อาจอยู่เหนือหรือใต้แกน x เราต้องไม่ลืมว่าเส้นโค้งมีความสมมาตร ซึ่งหมายความว่ามันจะสะท้อนเหมือนกระจกโดยแกน x ดังนั้น แม้เราจะละพิกัด y ได้ แต่เราต้องเก็บ เครื่องหมาย ของ y (บวกหรือลบ) หรืออีกนัยหนึ่งคือเราต้องจำว่ามันอยู่เหนือหรือใต้แกน x เพราะแต่ละตำแหน่งแทนจุดที่แตกต่างกันและเป็น public key ที่แตกต่างกัน

เมื่อคำนวณเส้นโค้งวงรีในระบบเลขฐานสองบนสนามจำกัดของเลขจำนวนเฉพาะ p พิกัด y จะเป็นเลขคู่หรือเลขคี่ ซึ่งสอดคล้องกับเครื่องหมายบวก/ลบตามที่อธิบายก่อนหน้านี้ ดังนั้น เพื่อแยกความแตกต่างระหว่างค่าที่เป็นไปได้สองค่าของ y เราจึงเก็บ compressed public key ด้วยตัวนำหน้า 02 ถ้า y เป็นเลขคู่ และ 03 ถ้า y เป็นเลขคี่ ซึ่งช่วยให้ซอฟต์แวร์สามารถอนุมานพิกัด y จากพิกัด x และคลายการบีบอัดของ public key ไปยังพิกัดเต็มของจุดได้อย่างถูกต้อง ดังภาพประกอบต่อไปนี้

นี่คือ public key เดียวกันกับที่ยกตัวอย่างไว้ข้างต้นซึ่งแสดงให้เห็นในรูป compressed public key ที่เก็บใน 264 บิต (66 ตัวอักษรเลขฐานสิบหก) โดยมีตัวนำหน้า 03 ซึ่งบ่งชี้ว่าพิกัด y เป็นเลขคี่: K = 03F028892BAD7ED57D2FB57BF33081D5CFCF6F9ED3D3D7F159C2E2FFF579DC341A compressed public key สอดคล้องกับ private key เดียวกันกับ uncompressed public key หมายความว่ามันถูกสร้างจาก private key เดียวกัน แต่อย่างไรก็ตาม มันก็มีส่วนที่แตกต่างจาก uncompressed public key นั้นคือ หากเราแปลง compressed public key เป็น commitment โดยใช้ฟังก์ชัน HASH160 (RIPEMD160(SHA256(K))) มันจะสร้าง commitment ที่แตกต่างจาก uncompressed public key และจะนำไปสู่ bitcoin address ที่แตกต่างกันในที่สุด สิ่งนี้อาจทำให้สับสนเพราะหมายความว่า private key เดียวสามารถสร้าง public key ในสองรูปแบบที่แตกต่างกัน (แบบบีบอัดและแบบไม่บีบอัด) ซึ่งสร้าง bitcoin address ที่แตกต่างกัน

compressed public key เป็นค่าเริ่มต้นในซอฟต์แวร์บิตคอยน์เกือบทั้งหมดในปัจจุบัน และถูกกำหนดให้ใช้กับคุณสมบัติใหม่บางอย่างที่เพิ่มในการอัปเกรดโปรโตคอลในภายหลัง

อย่างไรก็ตาม ซอฟต์แวร์บางตัวยังคงต้องรองรับ uncompressed public key เช่น แอปพลิเคชันกระเป๋าเงินที่นำเข้า private key จากกระเป๋าเงินเก่า เมื่อกระเป๋าเงินใหม่สแกนบล็อกเชนสำหรับผลลัพธ์และอินพุต P2PKH เก่า มันจำเป็นต้องรู้ว่าควรสแกนกุญแจขนาด 65 ไบต์ (และ commitment ของกุญแจเหล่านั้น) หรือกุญแจขนาด 33 ไบต์ (และ commitment ของกุญแจเหล่านั้น) หากไม่สแกนหาประเภทที่ถูกต้อง อาจทำให้ผู้ใช้ไม่สามารถใช้ยอดคงเหลือทั้งหมดได้ เพื่อแก้ไขปัญหานี้ เมื่อส่งออก private key จากกระเป๋าเงิน WIF ที่ใช้แสดง private key ในกระเป๋าเงินบิตคอยน์รุ่นใหม่จะถูกนำไปใช้แตกต่างกันเล็กน้อยเพื่อบ่งชี้ว่า private key เหล่านี้ถูกใช้ในการสร้าง compressed public key

Legacy: Pay to Script Hash (P2SH)

ตามที่เราได้เห็นในส่วนก่อนหน้านี้ ผู้รับบิตคอยน์ สามารถกำหนดให้การชำระเงินที่ส่งมาให้เขานั้นมีเงื่อนไขบางอย่างในสคริปต์เอาต์พุตได้โดยจะต้องปฏิบัติตามเงื่อนไขเหล่านั้นโดยใช้สคริปต์อินพุตเมื่อเขาใช้จ่ายบิตคอยน์เหล่านั้น ในส่วน IP Addresses: The Original Address for Bitcoin (P2PK) เงื่อนไขก็คือสคริปต์อินพุตต้องให้ลายเซ็นที่เหมาะสม ในส่วน Legacy Addresses for P2PKH นั้นจำเป็นต้องมี public key ที่เหมาะสมด้วย

ส่วนสำหรับผู้ส่งก็จะวางเงื่อนไขที่ผู้รับต้องการในสคริปต์เอาต์พุตที่ใช้จ่ายให้กับผู้รับ โดยผู้รับจะต้องสื่อสารเงื่อนไขเหล่านั้นให้ผู้ส่งทราบ ซึ่งคล้ายกับปัญหาที่บ๊อบต้องสื่อสาร public key ของเขาให้อลิซทราบ และเช่นเดียวกับปัญหานั้นที่ public key อาจมีขนาดค่อนข้างใหญ่ เงื่อนไขที่บ๊อบใช้ก็อาจมีขนาดใหญ่มากเช่นกัน—อาจมีขนาดหลายพันไบต์ นั่นไม่เพียงแต่เป็นข้อมูลหลายพันไบต์ที่ต้องสื่อสารให้อลิซทราบ แต่ยังเป็นข้อมูลหลายพันไบต์ที่เธอต้องจ่ายค่าธรรมเนียมธุรกรรมทุกครั้งที่ต้องการใช้จ่ายเงินให้บ๊อบ อย่างไรก็ตาม การใช้ฟังก์ชันแฮชเพื่อสร้าง commitment ขนาดเล็กสำหรับข้อมูลขนาดใหญ่ก็สามารถนำมาใช้ได้ในกรณีนี้เช่นกัน

ในเวลาต่อมานั้น การอัปเกรด BIP16 สำหรับโปรโตคอลบิตคอยน์ในปี 2012 ได้อนุญาตให้สคริปต์เอาต์พุตสร้าง commitment กับ redemption script (redeem script) ได้ แปลว่าเมื่อบ๊อบใช้จ่ายบิตคอยน์ของเขา ภายในสคริปต์อินพุตของเขานั้นจะต้องให้ redeem script ที่ตรงกับ commitment และข้อมูลที่จำเป็นเพื่อให้เป็นไปตาม redeem script (เช่น ลายเซ็น) เริ่มต้นด้วยการจินตนาการว่าบ๊อบต้องการให้มีลายเซ็นสองอันเพื่อใช้จ่ายบิตคอยน์ของเขา หนึ่งลายเซ็นจากกระเป๋าเงินบนเดสก์ท็อปและอีกหนึ่งจากอุปกรณ์เซ็นแบบฮาร์ดแวร์ เขาใส่เงื่อนไขเหล่านั้นลงใน redeem script: <public key 1> OP_CHECKSIGVERIFY <public key 2> OP_CHECKSIG จากนั้นเขาสร้าง commitment กับ redeem script โดยใช้กลไก HASH160 เดียวกับที่ใช้สำหรับ commitment แบบ P2PKH, RIPEMD160(SHA256(script)) commitment นั้นถูกวางไว้ในสคริปต์เอาต์พุตโดยใช้เทมเพลตพิเศษ: OP_HASH160 <commitment> OP_EQUAL

คำเตือน: เมื่อใช้ pay to script hash (P2SH) คุณต้องใช้เทมเพลต P2SH โดยเฉพาะ ซึ่งจะไม่มีข้อมูลหรือเงื่อนไขเพิ่มเติมในสคริปต์เอาต์พุต หากสคริปต์เอาต์พุตไม่ได้เป็น OP_HASH160 <20 ไบต์> OP_EQUAL แน่นอนว่า redeem script จะไม่ถูกใช้และบิตคอยน์ใด ๆ อาจไม่สามารถใช้จ่ายได้หรืออาจถูกใช้จ่ายได้โดยทุกคน (หมายความว่าใครก็สามารถนำไปใช้ได้)

เมื่อบ๊อบต้องการจ่ายเงินที่เขาได้รับผ่าน commitment สำหรับสคริปต์ของเขา เขาจะใช้สคริปต์อินพุตที่รวมถึง redeem script ซึ่งถูกแปลงให้เป็นข้อมูลอีลิเมนต์เดียว นอกจากนี้เขายังให้ลายเซ็นที่จำเป็นเพื่อให้เป็นไปตาม redeem script โดยเรียงลำดับตามที่จะถูกใช้โดย opcodes: <signature2> <signature1> <redeem script> เมื่อโหนดของบิตคอยน์ได้รับการใช้จ่ายของบ๊อบพวกมันจะตรวจสอบว่า redeem script ที่ถูกแปลงเป็นค่าแฮชแล้วมีค่าเดียวกันกับ commitment มั้ย หลังจากนั้นพวกมันจะแทนที่มันบนสแต็คด้วยค่าที่ถอดรหัสแล้ว: <signature2> <signature1> <pubkey1> OP_CHECKSIGVERIFY <pubkey2> OP_CHECKSIG สคริปต์จะถูกประมวลผล และหากผ่านการตรวจสอบและรายละเอียดธุรกรรมอื่น ๆ ทั้งหมดถูกต้อง ธุรกรรมก็จะถือว่าใช้ได้

address สำหรับ P2SH ก็ถูกสร้างด้วย base58check เช่นกัน คำนำหน้าเวอร์ชันถูกตั้งเป็น 5 ซึ่งทำให้ที่อยู่ที่เข้ารหัสแล้วขึ้นต้นด้วยเลข 3 ตัวอย่างของที่อยู่ P2SH คือ 3F6i6kwkevjR7AsAd4te2YB2zZyASEm1HM

TIP: P2SH ไม่จำเป็นต้องเหมือนกับธุรกรรมแบบหลายลายเซ็น (multisignature) เสมอไป ถึง address P2SH ส่วนใหญ่ แทนสคริปต์แบบหลายลายเซ็นก็ตาม แต่อาจแทนสคริปต์ที่เข้ารหัสธุรกรรมประเภทอื่น ๆ ได้ด้วย

P2PKH และ P2SH เป็นสองเทมเพลตสคริปต์เท่านั้นที่ใช้กับการเข้ารหัสแบบ base58check พวกมันเป็นที่รู้จักในปัจจุบันว่าเป็น address แบบ legacy และกลายเป็นรูปแบบที่พบน้อยลงเรื่อยๆ address แบบ legacy ถูกแทนที่ด้วยaddress ตระกูล bech32

การโจมตี P2SH แบบ Collision

address ทั้งหมดที่อิงกับฟังก์ชันแฮชมีความเสี่ยงในทางทฤษฎีต่อผู้โจมตีที่อาจค้นพบอินพุตเดียวกันที่สร้างเอาต์พุตฟังก์ชันแฮช (commitment) โดยอิสระ ในกรณีของบิตคอยน์ หากพวกเขาค้นพบอินพุตในวิธีเดียวกับที่ผู้ใช้ดั้งเดิมทำ พวกเขาจะรู้ private key ของผู้ใช้และสามารถใช้จ่ายบิตคอยน์ของผู้ใช้นั้นได้ โอกาสที่ผู้โจมตีจะสร้างอินพุตสำหรับ commitment ที่มีอยู่แล้วโดยอิสระนั้นขึ้นอยู่กับความแข็งแกร่งของอัลกอริทึมแฮช สำหรับอัลกอริทึมที่ปลอดภัย 160 บิตอย่าง HASH160 ความน่าจะเป็นอยู่ที่ 1 ใน 2^160 นี่เรียกว่าการโจมตีแบบ preimage attack

ผู้โจมตีสามารถพยายามสร้างข้อมูลนำเข้าสองชุดที่แตกต่างกัน (เช่น redeem scripts) ที่สร้างการเข้ารหัสแบบเดียวกันได้ สำหรับ address ที่สร้างโดยฝ่ายเดียวทั้งหมด โอกาสที่ผู้โจมตีจะสร้างข้อมูลนำเข้าที่แตกต่างสำหรับการเข้ารหัสที่มีอยู่แล้วมีประมาณ 1 ใน 2^160 สำหรับอัลกอริทึม HASH160 นี่คือการโจมตีแบบ second preimage attack

อย่างไรก็ตาม สถานการณ์จะเปลี่ยนไปเมื่อผู้โจมตีสามารถมีอิทธิพลต่อค่าข้อมูลนำเข้าดั้งเดิมได้ ตัวอย่างเช่น ผู้โจมตีมีส่วนร่วมในการสร้างสคริปต์แบบหลายลายเซ็น (multisignature script) ซึ่งพวกเขาไม่จำเป็นต้องส่ง public key ของตนจนกว่าจะทราบ public key ของฝ่ายอื่นทั้งหมด ในกรณีนั้น ความแข็งแกร่งของอัลกอริทึมการแฮชจะลดลงเหลือรากที่สองของมัน สำหรับ HASH160 ความน่าจะเป็นจะกลายเป็น 1 ใน 2^80 นี่คือการโจมตีแบบ collision attack

เพื่อให้เข้าใจตัวเลขเหล่านี้ในบริบทที่ชัดเจน ข้อมูล ณ ต้นปี 2023 นักขุดบิตคอยน์ทั้งหมดรวมกันสามารถประมวลผลฟังก์ชันแฮชประมาณ 2^80 ทุกชั่วโมง พวกเขาใช้ฟังก์ชันแฮชที่แตกต่างจาก HASH160 ดังนั้นฮาร์ดแวร์ที่มีอยู่จึงไม่สามารถสร้างการโจมตีแบบ collision attack สำหรับมันได้ แต่การมีอยู่ของเครือข่ายบิตคอยน์พิสูจน์ว่าการโจมตีแบบชนกันต่อฟังก์ชัน 160 บิตอย่าง HASH160 สามารถทำได้จริงในทางปฏิบัติ นักขุดบิตคอยน์ได้ลงทุนเทียบเท่ากับหลายพันล้านดอลลาร์สหรัฐในฮาร์ดแวร์พิเศษ ดังนั้นการสร้างการโจมตีแบบ collision attack จึงไม่ใช่เรื่องถูก แต่มีองค์กรที่คาดหวังว่าจะได้รับบิตคอยน์มูลค่าหลายพันล้านดอลลาร์ไปยัง address ที่สร้างโดยกระบวนการที่เกี่ยวข้องกับหลายฝ่าย ซึ่งอาจทำให้การโจมตีนี้มีกำไร

มีโปรโตคอลการเข้ารหัสที่เป็นที่ยอมรับอย่างดีในการป้องกันการโจมตีแบบ collision attack แต่วิธีแก้ปัญหาที่ง่ายโดยไม่ต้องใช้ความรู้พิเศษจากผู้พัฒนากระเป๋าเงินคือการใช้ฟังก์ชันแฮชที่แข็งแกร่งกว่า การอัปเกรดบิตคอยน์ในภายหลังทำให้เป็นไปได้ และ address บิตคอยน์ใหม่ให้ความต้านทานการชนกันอย่างน้อย 128 บิต การดำเนินการแฮช 2^128 ครั้งจะใช้เวลานักขุดบิตคอยน์ปัจจุบันทั้งหมดประมาณ 32 พันล้านปี

แม้ว่าเราไม่เชื่อว่ามีภัยคุกคามเร่งด่วนต่อผู้ที่สร้าง address P2SH ใหม่ แต่เราแนะนำให้กระเป๋าเงินใหม่ทั้งหมดใช้ที่อยู่ประเภทใหม่เพื่อขจัดความกังวลเกี่ยวกับการโจมตีแบบ collision attack ของ P2SH address

Bech32 Addresses

ในปี 2017 โปรโตคอลบิตคอยน์ได้รับการอัปเกรด เพื่อป้องกันไม่ให้ตัวระบุธุรกรรม (txids) ไม่สามารถเปลี่ยนแปลงได้ โดยไม่ได้รับความยินยอมจากผู้ใช้ที่ทำการใช้จ่าย (หรือองค์ประชุมของผู้ลงนามเมื่อต้องมีลายเซ็นหลายรายการ) การอัปเกรดนี้เรียกว่า segregated witness (หรือเรียกสั้นๆ ว่า segwit) ซึ่งยังให้ความสามารถเพิ่มเติมสำหรับข้อมูลธุรกรรมในบล็อกและประโยชน์อื่น ๆ อีกหลายประการ แต่อย่างไรก็ตาม หากมีผู้ใช้เก่าที่ต้องการเข้าถึงประโยชน์ของ segwit โดยตรงต้องยอมรับการชำระเงินไปยังสคริปต์เอาต์พุตใหม่

ตามที่ได้กล่าวไว้ใน p2sh หนึ่งในข้อดีของเอาต์พุตประเภท P2SH คือผู้จ่ายไม่จำเป็นต้องรู้รายละเอียดของสคริปต์ที่ผู้รับใช้ การอัปเกรด segwit ถูกออกแบบมาให้ใช้กลไกนี้ได้ดังเดิม จึง ทำให้ผู้จ่ายสามารถเริ่มเข้าถึงประโยชน์ใหม่ ๆ หลายอย่างได้ทันทีโดยใช้ที่อยู่ P2SH แต่เพื่อให้ผู้รับสามารถเข้าถึงประโยชน์เหล่านั้นได้ พวกเขาจำเป็นจะต้องให้กระเป๋าเงินของผู้จ่ายจ่ายเงินให้เขาโดยใช้สคริปต์ประเภทอื่นแทน ซึ่งจะต้องอาศัยการอัปเกรดกระเป๋าเงินของผู้จ่ายเพื่อรองรับสคริปต์ใหม่เหล่านี้

ในช่วงแรก เหล่านักพัฒนาบิตคอยน์ได้นำเสนอ BIP142 ซึ่งจะยังคงใช้ base58check ร่วมกับไบต์เวอร์ชันใหม่ คล้ายกับการอัปเกรด P2SH แต่การให้กระเป๋าเงินทั้งหมดอัปเกรดไปใช้สคริปต์ใหม่ที่มีเวอร์ชัน base58check ใหม่นั้น คาดว่าจะต้องใช้ความพยายามเกือบเท่ากับการให้พวกเขาอัปเกรดไปใช้รูปแบบ address ที่เป็นแบบใหม่ทั้งหมด ด้วยเหตุนี้้เอง ผู้สนับสนุนบิตคอยน์หลายคนจึงเริ่มออกแบบรูปแบบ address ที่ดีที่สุดเท่าที่เป็นไปได้ พวกเขาระบุปัญหาหลายอย่างกับ base58check ไว้ดังนี้:

• การที่ base58check ใช้อักษรที่มีทั้งตัวพิมพ์ใหญ่และตัวพิมพ์เล็กทำให้ไม่สะดวกในการอ่านออกเสียงหรือคัดลอก ลองอ่าน address แบบเก่าในบทนี้ให้เพื่อนฟังและให้พวกเขาคัดลอก คุณจะสังเกตว่าคุณต้องระบุคำนำหน้าทุกตัวอักษรด้วยคำว่า "ตัวพิมพ์ใหญ่" และ "ตัวพิมพ์เล็ก" และเมื่อคุณตรวจสอบสิ่งที่พวกเขาเขียน คุณจะพบว่าตัวพิมพ์ใหญ่และตัวพิมพ์เล็กของตัวอักษรบางตัวอาจดูคล้ายกันในลายมือของคนส่วนใหญ่
• รูปแบบนี้สามารถตรวจจับข้อผิดพลาดได้ แต่ไม่สามารถช่วยผู้ใช้แก้ไขข้อผิดพลาดเหล่านั้น ตัวอย่างเช่น หากคุณสลับตำแหน่งตัวอักษรสองตัวโดยไม่ตั้งใจเมื่อป้อน address ด้วยตนเอง กระเป๋าเงินของคุณจะเตือนว่ามีข้อผิดพลาดเกิดขึ้นแน่นอน แต่จะไม่ช่วยให้คุณค้นพบว่าข้อผิดพลาดอยู่ที่ไหน คุณอาจต้องใช้เวลาหลายนาทีที่น่าหงุดหงิดเพื่อค้นหาข้อผิดพลาดในที่สุด
• การใช้ตัวอักษรที่มีทั้งตัวพิมพ์ใหญ่และตัวพิมพ์เล็กยังต้องใช้พื้นที่เพิ่มเติมในการเข้ารหัสใน QR code ซึ่งนิยมใช้ในการแชร์ address และ invoice ระหว่างกระเป๋าเงิน พื้นที่เพิ่มเติมนี้หมายความว่า QR code จำเป็นต้องมีขนาดใหญ่ขึ้นที่ความละเอียดเดียวกัน หรือไม่เช่นนั้นก็จะยากต่อการสแกนอย่างรวดเร็ว
• การที่ต้องการให้กระเป๋าเงินผู้จ่ายทุกใบอัปเกรดเพื่อรองรับคุณสมบัติโปรโตคอลใหม่ เช่น P2SH และ segwit แม้ว่าการอัปเกรดเองอาจไม่ต้องใช้โค้ดมากนัก แต่ประสบการณ์แสดงให้เห็นว่าผู้พัฒนากระเป๋าเงินหลายรายมักยุ่งกับงานอื่น ๆ และบางครั้งอาจล่าช้าในการอัปเกรดเป็นเวลาหลายปี สิ่งนี้ส่งผลเสียต่อทุกคนที่ต้องการใช้คุณสมบัติใหม่ ๆ เหล่านี้

นักพัฒนาที่ทำงานเกี่ยวกับรูปแบบ address สำหรับ segwit ได้พบวิธีแก้ปัญหาเหล่านี้ทั้งหมดในรูปแบบ address แบบใหม่ที่เรียกว่า bech32 (ออกเสียงด้วย "ch" อ่อน เช่นใน "เบช สามสิบสอง") คำว่า "bech" มาจาก BCH ซึ่งเป็นอักษรย่อของบุคคลสามคนที่ค้นพบรหัสวนนี้ในปี 1959 และ 1960 ซึ่งเป็นพื้นฐานของ bech32 ส่วน "32" หมายถึงจำนวนตัวอักษรในชุดตัวอักษร bech32 (คล้ายกับ 58 ใน base58check):

• Bech32 ใช้เฉพาะตัวเลขและตัวอักษรรูปแบบเดียว (โดยปกติจะแสดงเป็นตัวพิมพ์เล็ก) แม้ว่าชุดตัวอักษรของมันจะมีขนาดเกือบครึ่งหนึ่งของชุดตัวอักษรใน base58check ก็ตามแต่ address bech32 สำหรับสคริปต์ pay to witness public key hash (P2WPKH) ก็ยังยาวกว่า legacy address และมีขนาดเท่ากันกับสคริปต์ P2PKH

• Bech32 สามารถทั้งตรวจจับและช่วยแก้ไขข้อผิดพลาดได้ ใน address ที่มีความยาวตามที่คาดหวังได้ และสามารถรับประกันทางคณิตศาสตร์ได้ว่าจะตรวจพบข้อผิดพลาดใด ๆ ที่ส่งผลกระทบต่อตัวอักษร 4 ตัวหรือน้อยกว่า ซึ่งเชื่อถือได้มากกว่า base58check ส่วนสำหรับข้อผิดพลาดที่ยาวกว่านั้น จะไม่สามารถตรวจพบได้ (โอกาสเกิดน้อยกว่าหนึ่งครั้งในหนึ่งพันล้าน) ซึ่งมีความเชื่อถือได้ประมาณเท่ากับ base58check ยิ่งไปกว่านั้น สำหรับ adddress ที่พิมพ์โดยมีข้อผิดพลาดเพียงเล็กน้อย มันสามารถบอกผู้ใช้ได้ว่าข้อผิดพลาดเหล่านั้นเกิดขึ้นที่ไหน ช่วยให้พวกเขาสามารถแก้ไขข้อผิดพลาดจากการคัดลอกเล็ก ๆ น้อย ๆ ได้อย่างรวดเร็ว

• ตัวอย่างที่ 3 Bech32 address ที่มีข้อผิดพลาด Address: bc1p9nh05ha8wrljf7ru236awn4t2x0d5ctkkywmv9sclnm4t0av2vgs4k3au7 ข้อผิดพลาดที่ตรวจพบแสดงเป็นตัวหนาและขีดเส้นใต้ สร้างโดยใช้โปรแกรมสาธิตการถอดรหัส bech32 address

• bech32 address นิยมเขียนด้วยตัวอักษรพิมพ์เล็กเท่านั้น แต่ตัวอักษรพิมพ์เล็กเหล่านี้สามารถแทนที่ด้วยตัวอักษรพิมพ์ใหญ่ก่อนการเข้ารหัส address ในรหัส QR ได้ วิธีนี้ช่วยให้สามารถใช้โหมดการเข้ารหัส QR แบบพิเศษที่ใช้พื้นที่น้อยกว่า คุณจะสังเกตเห็นความแตกต่างในขนาดและความซับซ้อนของรหัส QR ทั้งสองสำหรับที่อยู่เดียวกันในรูปภาพข้างล่างนี้

- Bech32 ใช้ประโยชน์จากกลไกการอัปเกรดที่ออกแบบมาเป็นส่วนหนึ่งของ segwit เพื่อทำให้กระเป๋าเงินผู้จ่ายสามารถจ่ายเงินไปยังประเภทเอาต์พุตที่ยังไม่ได้ใช้งานได้ โดยมีเป้าหมายคือการอนุญาตให้นักพัฒนาสร้างกระเป๋าเงินในวันนี้ที่สามารถใช้จ่ายไปยัง bech32 address และทำให้กระเป๋าเงินนั้นยังคงสามารถใช้จ่ายไปยัง bech32address ได้สำหรับผู้ใช้คุณสมบัติใหม่ที่เพิ่มในการอัปเกรดโปรโตคอลในอนาคต โดยที่มีความหวังว่าเราอาจไม่จำเป็นต้องผ่านรอบการอัปเกรดทั้งระบบอีกต่อไป ซึ่งจำเป็นสำหรับการให้ผู้คนใช้งาน P2SH และ segwit ได้อย่างเต็มรูปแบบ

• Problems with Bech32 Addresses

  address แบบ bech32 ประสบความสำเร็จในทุกด้านยกเว้นปัญหาหนึ่ง คือการรับประกันทางคณิตศาสตร์เกี่ยวกับความสามารถในการตรวจจับข้อผิดพลาดจะใช้ได้เฉพาะเมื่อความยาวของ address ที่คุณป้อนเข้าไปในกระเป๋าเงินมีความยาวเท่ากับ address ดั้งเดิมเท่านั้น หากคุณเพิ่มหรือลบตัวอักษรใด ๆ ระหว่างการคัดลอกจะทำให้ไม่สามารถตรวจจับได้ การรับประกันนี้จะไม่มีผล และกระเป๋าเงินของคุณอาจใช้จ่ายเงินไปยัง address ที่ไม่ถูกต้อง แต่อย่างไรก็ตาม แม้จะไม่มีคุณสมบัตินี้ มีความเชื่อว่าเป็นไปได้ยากมากที่ผู้ใช้ที่เพิ่มหรือลบตัวอักษรจะสร้างสตริงที่มีผลรวมตรวจสอบที่ถูกต้อง ซึ่งช่วยให้มั่นใจได้ว่าเงินของผู้ใช้จะปลอดภัย

น่าเสียดายที่การเลือกใช้ค่าคงที่ตัวหนึ่งในอัลกอริทึม bech32 บังเอิญทำให้การเพิ่มหรือลบตัวอักษร "q" ในตำแหน่งที่สองจากท้ายของ address ที่ลงท้ายด้วยตัวอักษร "p" เป็นเรื่องง่ายมาก ในกรณีเหล่านั้น คุณยังสามารถเพิ่มหรือลบตัวอักษร "q" หลายครั้งได้ด้วย ข้อผิดพลาดนี้จะถูกตรวจจับโดยผลรวมตรวจสอบ (checksum) ในบางครั้ง แต่จะถูกมองข้ามบ่อยกว่าความคาดหวังหนึ่งในพันล้านสำหรับข้อผิดพลาดจากการแทนที่ของ bech32 อย่างมาก สำหรับตัวอย่างสามารถดูได้ในรูปภาพข้างล่างนี้

ตัวอย่างที่ 4. การขยายความยาวของ bech32 address โดยไม่ทำให้ผลรวมตรวจสอบเป็นโมฆะ ``` bech32 address ที่ถูกต้อง: bc1pqqqsq9txsqp

address ที่ไม่ถูกต้องแต่มีผลรวมตรวจสอบที่ถูกต้อง: bc1pqqqsq9txsqqqqp bc1pqqqsq9txsqqqqqqp bc1pqqqsq9txsqqqqqqqqp bc1pqqqsq9txsqqqqqqqqqp bc1pqqqsq9txsqqqqqqqqqqqp ```

จากตัวอย่างนี้ คุณจะเห็นว่าแม้มีการเพิ่มตัวอักษร "q" เข้าไปหลายตัวก่อนตัวอักษร "p" ตัวสุดท้าย ระบบตรวจสอบก็ยังคงยอมรับว่า address เหล่านี้ถูกต้อง นี่เป็นข้อบกพร่องสำคัญของ bech32 เพราะอาจทำให้เงินถูกส่งไปยัง address ที่ไม่มีใครเป็นเจ้าของจริง ๆ หรือ address ที่ไม่ได้ตั้งใจจะส่งไป

สำหรับเวอร์ชันเริ่มต้นของ segwit (เวอร์ชัน 0) ปัญหานี้ไม่ใช่ความกังวลในทางปฏิบัติ เพราะมีความยาวที่ถูกต้องมีเพียงสองแบบที่กำหนดไว้สำหรับเอาต์พุต นั้นคือ 22 Byte และ 34 Byte ซึ่งสอดคล้องกับ bech32 address ที่มีความยาวยาวที่ 42 หรือ 62 ตัวอักษร ดังนั้นคนจะต้องเพิ่มหรือลบตัวอักษร "q" จากตำแหน่งที่สองจากท้ายของ bech32 address ถึง 20 ครั้งเพื่อส่งเงินไปยัง address ที่ไม่ถูกต้องโดยที่กระเป๋าเงินไม่สามารถตรวจจับได้ อย่างไรก็ตาม มันอาจกลายเป็นปัญหาสำหรับผู้ใช้ในอนาคตหากมีการนำการอัปเกรดบนพื้นฐานของ segwit มาใช้

Bech32m

แม้ว่า bech32 จะทำงานได้ดีสำหรับ segwit v0 แต่นักพัฒนาไม่ต้องการจำกัดขนาดเอาต์พุตโดยไม่จำเป็นในเวอร์ชันหลังๆ ของ segwit หากไม่มีข้อจำกัด การเพิ่มหรือลบตัวอักษร "q" เพียงตัวเดียวใน bech32 address อาจทำให้ผู้ใช้ส่งเงินโดยไม่ตั้งใจไปยังเอาต์พุตที่ไม่สามารถใช้จ่ายได้หรือสามารถใช้จ่ายได้โดยทุกคน (ทำให้บิตคอยน์เหล่านั้นถูกนำไปโดยทุกคนได้) นักพัฒนาได้วิเคราะห์ปัญหา bech32 อย่างละเอียดและพบว่าการเปลี่ยนค่าคงที่เพียงตัวเดียวในอัลกอริทึมของพวกเขาจะขจัดปัญหานี้ได้ ทำให้มั่นใจว่าการแทรกหรือลบตัวอักษรสูงสุดห้าตัวจะไม่ถูกตรวจจับน้อยกว่าหนึ่งครั้งในหนึ่งพันล้านเท่านั้น

เวอร์ชันของ bech32 ที่มีค่าคงที่เพียงหนึ่งตัวที่แตกต่างกันเรียกว่า bech32 แบบปรับแต่ง (bech32m) ตัวอักษรทั้งหมดใน address แบบ bech32 และ bech32m สำหรับข้อมูลพื้นฐานเดียวกันจะเหมือนกันทั้งหมด ยกเว้นหกตัวสุดท้าย (ซึ่งเป็นส่วนของ checksum) นั่นหมายความว่ากระเป๋าเงินจำเป็นต้องรู้ว่ากำลังใช้เวอร์ชันใดเพื่อตรวจสอบความถูกต้องของ checksum แต่ address ทั้งสองประเภทมีไบต์เวอร์ชันภายในที่ทำให้การระบุเวอร์ชันที่ใช้อยู่เป็นเรื่องที่ง่าย ในการทำงานกับทั้ง bech32 และ bech32m เราจะพิจารณากฎการเข้ารหัสและการแยกวิเคราะห์สำหรับ address บิตคอยน์แบบ bech32m เนื่องจากพวกมันครอบคลุมความสามารถในการแยกวิเคราะห์บน address แบบ bech32 และเป็นรูปแบบ address ที่แนะนำในปัจจุบันสำหรับกระเป๋าเงินบิตคอยน์

ข้อความจากหลาม: คือผมว่าตรงนี้เขาเขียนไม่รู้เรื่อง แต่เดาว่าเขาน่าจะสื่อว่า เราควรเรียนรู้วิธีการทำงานกับ bech32m เพราะมันเป็นรูปแบบที่แนะนำให้ใช้ในปัจจุบัน และมันมีข้อดีเพราะbech32m สามารถรองรับการอ่าน address แบบ bech32 แบบเก่าได้ด้วย ง่ายๆ คือ ถ้าคุณเรียนรู้วิธีทำงานกับ bech32m คุณจะสามารถทำงานกับทั้ง bech32m และ bech32 ได้ทั้งสองแบบ

bech32m address ริ่มต้นด้วยส่วนที่มนุษย์อ่านได้ (Human Readable Part: HRP) BIP173 มีกฎสำหรับการสร้าง HRP ของคุณเอง แต่สำหรับบิตคอยน์ คุณเพียงแค่จำเป็นต้องรู้จัก HRP ที่ถูกเลือกไว้แล้วตามที่แสดงในตารางข้างล่างนี้

ส่วน HRP ตามด้วยตัวคั่น ซึ่งก็คือเลข "1" ในข้อเสนอก่อนหน้านี้สำหรับตัวคั่นโปรโตคอลได้ใช้เครื่องหมายทวิภาค (colon) แต่ระบบปฏิบัติการและแอปพลิเคชันบางตัวที่อนุญาตให้ผู้ใช้ดับเบิลคลิกคำเพื่อไฮไลต์สำหรับการคัดลอกและวางนั้นจะไม่ขยายการไฮไลต์ไปถึงและผ่านเครื่องหมายทวิภาค

การใช้ตัวเลขช่วยให้มั่นใจได้ว่าการไฮไลต์ด้วยดับเบิลคลิกจะทำงานได้กับโปรแกรมใดๆ ที่รองรับสตริง bech32m โดยทั่วไป (ซึ่งรวมถึงตัวเลขอื่นๆ ด้วย) เลข "1" ถูกเลือกเพราะสตริง bech32 ไม่ได้ใช้เลข 1 ในกรณีอื่น เพื่อป้องกันการแปลงโดยไม่ตั้งใจระหว่างเลข "1" กับตัวอักษรพิมพ์เล็ก "l"

และส่วนอื่นของ bech32m address เรียกว่า "ส่วนข้อมูล" (data part) ซึ่งประกอบด้วยสามองค์ประกอบ:

• Witness version: ไบต์ถัดไปหลังจากตัวคั่นตัวอักษรนี้แทนเวอร์ชันของ segwit ตัวอักษร "q" คือการเข้ารหัสของ "0" สำหรับ segwit v0 ซึ่งเป็นเวอร์ชันแรกของ segwit ที่มีการแนะนำที่อยู่ bech32 ตัวอักษร "p" คือการเข้ารหัสของ "1" สำหรับ segwit v1 (หรือเรียกว่า taproot) ซึ่งเริ่มมีการใช้งาน bech32m มีเวอร์ชันที่เป็นไปได้ทั้งหมด 17 เวอร์ชันของ segwit และสำหรับ Bitcoin จำเป็นต้องให้ไบต์แรกของส่วนข้อมูล bech32m ถอดรหัสเป็นตัวเลข 0 ถึง 16 (รวมทั้งสองค่า)
• Witness program: คือตำแหน่งหลังจาก witnessversion ตั้งแต่ตำแหน่ง 2 ถึง 40 Byte สำหรับ segwit v0 นี้ต้องมีความยาว 20 หรือ 32 Byte ไม่สามารถ ffมีขนาดอื่นได้ สำหรับ segwit v1 ความยาวเดียวที่ถูกกำหนดไว้ ณ เวลาที่เขียนนี้คือ 32 ไบต์ แต่อาจมีการกำหนดความยาวอื่น ๆ ได้ในภายหลัง
• Checksum: มีความยาว 6 ตัวอักษร โดยส่วนนี้ถูกสร้างขึ้นโดยใช้รหัส BCH ซึ่งเป็นประเภทของรหัสแก้ไขข้อผิดพลาด (error corection code) (แต่อย่างไรก็ตาม สำหรับ address บิตคอยน์ เราจะเห็นในภายหลังว่าเป็นสิ่งสำคัญที่จะใช้ checksum เพื่อการตรวจจับข้อผิดพลาดเท่านั้น—ไม่ใช่การแก้ไข

ในส่วนต่อไปหลังจากนี้เราจะลองสร้าง address แบบ bech32 และ bech32m สำหรับตัวอย่างทั้งหมดต่อไปนี้ เราจะใช้โค้ดอ้างอิง bech32m สำหรับ Python

เราจะเริ่มด้วยการสร้างสคริปต์เอาต์พุตสี่ตัว หนึ่งตัวสำหรับแต่ละเอาต์พุต segwit ที่แตกต่างกันที่ใช้ในช่วงเวลาของการเผยแพร่ บวกกับอีกหนึ่งตัวสำหรับเวอร์ชัน segwit ในอนาคตที่ยังไม่มีความหมายที่กำหนดไว้ สคริปต์เหล่านี้แสดงอยู่ในตารางข้างล่างนี้

สำหรับเอาต์พุต P2WPKH witness program มีการผูก commitment ที่สร้างขึ้นในลักษณะเดียวกันกับ P2PKH ที่เห็นใน Legacy Addresses for P2PKH โดย public key ถูกส่งเข้าไปในฟังก์ชันแฮช SHA256 ไดเจสต์ขนาด 32 ไบต์ที่ได้จะถูกส่งเข้าไปในฟังก์ชันแฮช RIPEMD-160 ไดเจสต์ของฟังก์ชันนั้น จะถูกวางไว้ใน witness program

สำหรับเอาต์พุตแบบ pay to witness script hash (P2WSH) เราไม่ได้ใช้อัลกอริทึม P2SH แต่เราจะนำสคริปต์ ส่งเข้าไปในฟังก์ชันแฮช SHA256 และใช้ไดเจสต์ขนาด 32 ไบต์ของฟังก์ชันนั้นใน witness program สำหรับ P2SH ไดเจสต์ SHA256 จะถูกแฮชอีกครั้งด้วย RIPEMD-160 ซึ่งแน่นอนว่าอาจจะไม่ปลอดภัย ในบางกรณี สำหรับรายละเอียด ดูที่ P2SH Collision Attacks ผลลัพธ์ของการใช้ SHA256 โดยไม่มี RIPEMD-160 คือ การผูกพันแบบ P2WSH มีขนาด 32 ไบต์ (256 บิต) แทนที่จะเป็น 20 ไบต์ (160 บิต)

สำหรับเอาต์พุตแบบ pay-to-taproot (P2TR) witness program คือจุดบนเส้นโค้ง secp256k1 มันอาจเป็น public key แบบธรรมดา แต่ในกรณีส่วนใหญ่มันควรเป็น public key ที่ผูกพันกับข้อมูลเพิ่มเติมบางอย่าง เราจะเรียนรู้เพิ่มเติมเกี่ยวกับการผูกพันนั้นในหัวข้อของ taproot

สำหรับตัวอย่างของเวอร์ชัน segwit ในอนาคต เราเพียงแค่ใช้หมายเลขเวอร์ชัน segwit ที่สูงที่สุดที่เป็นไปได้ (16) และ witness program ที่มีขนาดเล็กที่สุดที่อนุญาต (2 ไบต์) โดยมีค่าเป็นศูนย์ (null value)

เมื่อเรารู้หมายเลขเวอร์ชันและ witness program แล้ว เราสามารถแปลงแต่ละอย่างให้เป็น bech32 address ได้ โดยการใช้ไลบรารีอ้างอิง bech32m สำหรับ Python เพื่อสร้าง address เหล่านั้นอย่างรวดเร็ว และจากนั้นมาดูอย่างละเอียดว่าเกิดอะไรขึ้น:

``` $ github=" https://raw.githubusercontent.com" $ wget $github/sipa/bech32/master/ref/python/segwit_addr.py $ python

from segwit_addr import * from binascii import unhexlify help(encode) encode(hrp, witver, witprog) Encode a segwit address. encode('bc', 0, unhexlify('2b626ed108ad00a944bb2922a309844611d25468')) 'bc1q9d3xa5gg45q2j39m9y32xzvygcgay4rgc6aaee' encode('bc', 0, unhexlify('648a32e50b6fb7c5233b228f60a6a2ca4158400268844c4bc295ed5e8c3d626f')) 'bc1qvj9r9egtd7mu2gemy28kpf4zefq4ssqzdzzycj7zjhk4arpavfhsct5a3p' encode('bc', 1, unhexlify('2ceefa5fa770ff24f87c5475d76eab519eda6176b11dbe1618fcf755bfac5311')) 'bc1p9nh05ha8wrljf7ru236awm4t2x0d5ctkkywmu9sclnm4t0av2vgs4k3au7' encode('bc', 16, unhexlify('0000')) 'bc1sqqqqkfw08p' หากเราเปิดไฟล์ segwit_addr.py และดูว่าโค้ดกำลังทำอะไร สิ่งแรกที่เราจะสังเกตเห็นคือความแตกต่างเพียงอย่างเดียวระหว่าง bech32 (ที่ใช้สำหรับ segwit v0) และ bech32m (ที่ใช้สำหรับเวอร์ชัน segwit รุ่นหลัง) คือค่าคงที่: BECH32_CONSTANT = 1 BECH32M_CONSTANT = 0x2bc830a3 ```

และในส่วนต่อไป เราจะเห็นโค้ดที่สร้าง checksum ในขั้นตอนสุดท้ายของการสร้าง checksum ค่าคงที่ที่เหมาะสมถูกรวมเข้ากับข้อมูลอื่น ๆ โดยใช้การดำเนินการ xor ค่าเดียวนั้นคือความแตกต่างเพียงอย่างเดียวระหว่าง bech32 และ bech32m

เมื่อสร้าง checksum แล้ว อักขระ 5 บิตแต่ละตัวในส่วนข้อมูล (รวมถึง witness version, witness program และ checksum) จะถูกแปลงเป็นตัวอักษรและตัวเลข

สำหรับการถอดรหัสกลับเป็นสคริปต์เอาต์พุต เราทำงานย้อนกลับ ลองใช้ไลบรารีอ้างอิงเพื่อถอดรหัส address สอง address ของเรา: ```

help(decode) decode(hrp, addr) Decode a segwit address. _ = decode("bc", "bc1q9d3xa5gg45q2j39m9y32xzvygcgay4rgc6aaee") [0], bytes([1]).hex() (0, '2b626ed108ad00a944bb2922a309844611d25468') _ = decode("bc", "bc1p9nh05ha8wrljf7ru236awm4t2x0d5ctkkywmu9sclnm4t0av2vgs4k3au7") [0], bytes([1]).hex() (1, '2ceefa5fa770ff24f87c5475d76eab519eda6176b11dbe1618fcf755bfac5311') เราได้รับทั้ง witness version และ witness program กลับมา สิ่งเหล่านี้สามารถแทรกลงในเทมเพลตสำหรับสคริปต์เอาต์พุตของเรา: ตัวอย่างเช่น: OP_0 2b626ed108ad00a944bb2922a309844611d25468 OP_1 2ceefa5fa770ff24f87c5475d76eab519eda6176b11dbe1618fcf755bfac5311 ``` คำเตือน: ข้อผิดพลาดที่อาจเกิดขึ้นที่ควรระวังคือ witness version ที่มีค่า 0 ใช้สำหรับ OP_0 ซึ่งใช้ไบต์ 0x00—แต่เวอร์ชัน witness ที่มีค่า 1 ใช้ OP_1 ซึ่งเป็นไบต์ 0x51 เวอร์ชัน witness 2 ถึง 16 ใช้ไบต์ 0x52 ถึง 0x60 ตามลำดับ

เมื่อทำการเขียนโค้ดเพื่อเข้ารหัสหรือถอดรหัส bech32m เราขอแนะนำอย่างยิ่งให้คุณใช้เวกเตอร์ทดสอบ (test vectors) ที่มีให้ใน BIP350 เราขอให้คุณตรวจสอบให้แน่ใจว่าโค้ดของคุณผ่านเวกเตอร์ทดสอบที่เกี่ยวข้องกับการจ่ายเงินให้กับเวอร์ชัน segwit ในอนาคตที่ยังไม่ได้รับการกำหนด สิ่งนี้จะช่วยให้ซอฟต์แวร์ของคุณสามารถใช้งานได้อีกหลายปีข้างหน้า แม้ว่าคุณอาจจะไม่สามารถเพิ่มการรองรับคุณสมบัติใหม่ ๆ ของบิตคอยน์ได้ทันทีที่คุณสมบัตินั้น ๆ เริ่มใช้งานได้

Private Key Formats

private key สามารถถูกแสดงได้ในหลาย ๆ รูปแบบที่ต่างกันซึ่งสามารถแปลงเป็นตัวเลขขนาด 256 bit ชุดเดียวกันได้ ดังที่เราจะแสดงให้ดูในตารางข้างล่างนี้ รูปแบบที่แตกต่างกันถูกใช้ในสถานการณ์ที่ต่างกัน รูปแบบเลขฐานสิบหก (Hexadecimal) และรูปแบบไบนารี (raw binary) ถูกใช้ภายในซอฟต์แวร์และแทบจะไม่แสดงให้ผู้ใช้เห็น WIF ถูกใช้สำหรับการนำเข้า/ส่งออกกุญแจระหว่างกระเป๋าเงินและมักใช้ในการแสดงกุญแจส่วนตัวแบบ QR code

รูปแบบของ private key ในปัจจุบัน

ซอฟต์แวร์กระเป๋าเงินบิตคอยน์ในยุคแรกได้สร้าง private key อิสระอย่างน้อยหนึ่งดอกเมื่อกระเป๋าเงินของผู้ใช้ใหม่ถูกเริ่มต้น เมื่อชุดกุญแจเริ่มต้นถูกใช้ทั้งหมดแล้ว กระเป๋าเงินอาจสร้าง private key เพิ่มเติม private key แต่ละดอกสามารถส่งออกหรือนำเข้าได้ ทุกครั้งที่มีการสร้างหรือนำเข้า private key ใหม่ จะต้องมีการสร้างการสำรองข้อมูลกระเป๋าเงินใหม่ด้วย

กระเป๋าเงินบิตคอยน์ในยุคหลังเริ่มใช้กระเป๋าเงินแบบกำหนดได้ (deterministic wallets) ซึ่ง private key ทั้งหมดถูกสร้างจาก seed เพียงค่าเดียว กระเป๋าเงินเหล่านี้จำเป็นต้องสำรองข้อมูลเพียงครั้งเดียวเท่านั้นสำหรับการใช้งานบนเชนทั่วไป แต่อย่างไรก็ตาม หากผู้ใช้ส่งออก private key เพียงดอกเดียวจากกระเป๋าเงินเหล่านี้ และผู้โจมตีได้รับกุญแจนั้นรวมถึงข้อมูลที่ไม่ใช่ข้อมูลส่วนตัวบางอย่างเกี่ยวกับกระเป๋าเงิน พวกเขาอาจสามารถสร้างกุญแจส่วนตัวใด ๆ ในกระเป๋าเงินได้—ทำให้ผู้โจมตีสามารถขโมยเงินทั้งหมดในกระเป๋าเงินได้ นอกจากนี้ ยังไม่สามารถนำเข้ากุญแจสู่กระเป๋าเงินแบบกำหนดได้ นี่หมายความว่าแทบไม่มีกระเป๋าเงินสมัยใหม่ที่รองรับความสามารถในการส่งออกหรือนำเข้ากุญแจเฉพาะดอก ข้อมูลในส่วนนี้มีความสำคัญหลัก ๆ สำหรับผู้ที่ต้องการความเข้ากันได้กับกระเป๋าเงินบิตคอยน์ในยุคแรก ๆ

รูปแบบของ private key (รูปแบบการเข้ารหัส) private key เดียวกันในแต่ละ format รูปแบบการแสดงผลทั้งหมดเหล่านี้เป็นวิธีต่างๆ ในการแสดงเลขจำนวนเดียวกัน private key เดียวกัน พวกมันดูแตกต่างกัน แต่รูปแบบใดรูปแบบหนึ่งสามารถแปลงไปเป็นรูปแบบอื่นได้อย่างง่ายดาย

Compressed Private Keys

คำว่า compressed private key ที่ใช้กันทั่วไปนั้นเป็นคำที่เรียกผิด เพราะเมื่อ private key ถูกส่งออกไปในรูปแบบ WIF-compressed มันจะมีความยาวมากกว่า private key แบบ uncompressed 1 Byte (เลข 01 ในช่อง Hex-compressed ในตารางด้านล่างนี้) ซึ่งบ่งบอกว่า private key ตัวนี้ มาจากกระเป๋าเงินรุ่นใหม่และควรใช้เพื่อสร้าง compressed public key เท่านั้น

private key เองไม่ได้ถูกบีบอัดและไม่สามารถบีบอัดได้ คำว่า compressed private key จริงๆ แล้วหมายถึง " private key ซึ่งควรใช้สร้าง compressed public key เท่านั้น" ในขณะที่ uncompressed private key จริงๆ แล้วหมายถึง “private key ซึ่งควรใช้สร้าง uncompressed public key เท่านั้น” คุณควรใช้เพื่ออ้างถึงรูปแบบการส่งออกเป็น "WIF-compressed" หรือ "WIF" เท่านั้น และไม่ควรอ้างถึง private key ว่า "บีบอัด" เพื่อหลีกเลี่ยงความสับสนต่อไป

ตารางนี้แสดงกุญแจเดียวกันที่ถูกเข้ารหัสในรูปแบบ WIF และ WIF-compressed

ตัวอย่าง: กุญแจเดียวกัน แต่รูปแบบต่างกัน

สังเกตว่ารูปแบบ Hex-compressed มีไบต์เพิ่มเติมหนึ่งไบต์ที่ท้าย (01 ในเลขฐานสิบหก) ในขณะที่คำนำหน้าเวอร์ชันการเข้ารหัสแบบ base58 เป็นค่าเดียวกัน (0x80) สำหรับทั้งรูปแบบ WIF และ WIF-compressed การเพิ่มหนึ่งไบต์ที่ท้ายของตัวเลขทำให้อักขระตัวแรกของการเข้ารหัสแบบ base58 เปลี่ยนจาก 5 เป็น K หรือ L

คุณสามารถคิดถึงสิ่งนี้เหมือนกับความแตกต่างของการเข้ารหัสเลขฐานสิบระหว่างตัวเลข 100 และตัวเลข 99 ในขณะที่ 100 มีความยาวมากกว่า 99 หนึ่งหลัก มันยังมีคำนำหน้าเป็น 1 แทนที่จะเป็นคำนำหน้า 9 เมื่อความยาวเปลี่ยนไป มันส่งผลต่อคำนำหน้า ในระบบ base58 คำนำหน้า 5 เปลี่ยนเป็น K หรือ L เมื่อความยาวของตัวเลขเพิ่มขึ้นหนึ่งไบต์

TIPจากหลาม: ผมว่าเขาเขียนย่อหน้านี้ไม่ค่อยรู้เรื่อง แต่ความหมายมันจะประมาณว่า เหมือนถ้าเราต้องการเขียนเลข 100 ในฐาน 10 เราต้องใช้สามตำแหน่ง 100 แต่ถ้าใช้ฐาน 16 เราจะใช้แค่ 2 ตำแหน่งคือ 64 ซึ่งมีค่าเท่ากัน

ถ้ากระเป๋าเงินบิตคอยน์สามารถใช้ compressed public key ได้ มันจะใช้ในทุกธุรกรรม private key ในกระเป๋าเงินจะถูกใช้เพื่อสร้างจุด public key บนเส้นโค้ง ซึ่งจะถูกบีบอัด compressed public key จะถูกใช้เพื่อสร้าง address และ address เหล่านี้จะถูกใช้ในธุรกรรม เมื่อส่งออก private key จากกระเป๋าเงินใหม่ที่ใช้ compressed public key WIF จะถูกปรับเปลี่ยน โดยเพิ่มต่อท้ายขนาด 1 ไบต์ 01 ให้กับ private key ที่ถูกเข้ารหัสแบบ base58check ที่ได้จะเรียกว่า "WIF-compressed" และจะขึ้นต้นด้วยอักษร K หรือ L แทนที่จะขึ้นต้นด้วย "5" เหมือนกับกรณีของคีย์ที่เข้ารหัสแบบ WIF (ไม่บีบอัด) จากกระเป๋าเงินรุ่นเก่า

Advanced Keys and Addresses

ในส่วนต่อไปนี้ เราจะดูรูปแบบของคีย์และ address เช่น vanity addresses และ paper wallets

vanity addresses

vanity addresses หรือ addresses แบบกำหนดเอง คือ address ที่มีข้อความที่มนุษย์อ่านได้และสามารถใช้งานได้จริง ตัวอย่างเช่น 1LoveBPzzD72PUXLzCkYAtGFYmK5vYNR33 อย่างที่เห็นว่ามันเป็น address ที่ถูกต้องซึ่งมีตัวอักษรเป็นคำว่า Love เป็นตัวอักษร base58 สี่ตัวแรก addresses แบบกำหนดเองต้องอาศัยการสร้างและทดสอบ private key หลายพันล้านตัวจนกว่าจะพบ address ที่มีรูปแบบตามที่ต้องการ แม้ว่าจะมีการปรับปรุงบางอย่างในอัลกอริทึมการสร้าง addresses แบบกำหนดเอง แต่กระบวนการนี้ต้องใช้การสุ่มเลือก private key มาสร้าง public key และนำไปสร้าง address และตรวจสอบว่าตรงกับรูปแบบที่ต้องการหรือไม่ โดยทำซ้ำหลายพันล้านครั้งจนกว่าจะพบที่ตรงกัน

เมื่อพบ address ที่ตรงกับรูปแบบที่ต้องการแล้ว private key ที่ใช้สร้าง address นั้นสามารถใช้โดยเจ้าของเพื่อใช้จ่ายบิตคอยน์ได้เหมือนกับ address อื่น ๆ ทุกประการ address ที่กำหนดเองไม่ได้มีความปลอดภัยน้อยกว่าหรือมากกว่าที่ address ๆ พวกมันขึ้นอยู่กับการเข้ารหัสเส้นโค้งรูปวงรี (ECC) และอัลกอริทึมแฮชที่ปลอดภัย (SHA) เหมือนกับ address อื่น ๆ คุณไม่สามารถค้นหา private key ของ address ที่ขึ้นต้นด้วยรูปแบบที่กำหนดเองได้ง่ายกว่า address อื่น ๆ

ตัวอย่างเช่น ยูจีเนียเป็นผู้อำนวยการการกุศลเพื่อเด็กที่ทำงานในฟิลิปปินส์ สมมติว่ายูจีเนียกำลังจัดการระดมทุนและต้องการใช้ address ที่กำหนดเองเพื่อประชาสัมพันธ์การระดมทุน ยูจีเนียจะสร้าง address ที่กำหนดเองที่ขึ้นต้นด้วย "1Kids" เพื่อส่งเสริมการระดมทุนเพื่อการกุศลสำหรับเด็ก มาดูกันว่า address ที่กำหนดเองนี้จะถูกสร้างขึ้นอย่างไรและมีความหมายอย่างไรต่อความปลอดภัยของการกุศลของยูจีเนีย

การสร้าง address ที่กำหนดเอง

ควรเข้าใจว่า address ของบิตคอยน์เป็นเพียงตัวเลขที่แสดงด้วยสัญลักษณ์ในรูปแบบตัวอักษร base58 เท่านั้น เพราะฉะนั้นแล้ว การค้นหารูปแบบเช่น "1Kids" สามารถมองได้ว่าเป็นการค้นหาที่อยู่ในช่วงตั้งแต่ 1Kids11111111111111111111111111111 ถึง 1Kidszzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz มีประมาณ 5829 (ประมาณ 1.4 × 1051) address ในช่วงนั้น ทั้งหมดขึ้นต้นด้วย "1Kids" ตารางด้านล่างนี้แสดงช่วงของ address ที่มีคำนำหน้า 1Kids ลองดูรูปแบบ "1Kids" ในรูปของตัวเลขและดูว่าเราอาจพบรูปแบบนี้ใน bitcoin address บ่อยแค่ไหน โดยตารางข้างล่างนี้แสดงให้เห็นถีงคอมพิวเตอร์เดสก์ท็อปทั่วไปที่ไม่มีฮาร์ดแวร์พิเศษสามารถค้นหาคีย์ได้ประมาณ 100,000 คีย์ต่อวินาที

ความถี่ของ address ที่กำหนดเอง (1KidsCharity) และเวลาค้นหาเฉลี่ยบนคอมพิวเตอร์เดสก์ท็อป

ดังที่เห็นได้ ยูจีเนียคงไม่สามารถสร้าง address แบบกำหนดเอง "1KidsCharity" ได้ในเร็ว ๆ นี้ แม้ว่าเธอจะมีคอมพิวเตอร์หลายพันเครื่องก็ตาม ทุกตัวอักษรที่เพิ่มขึ้นจะเพิ่มความยากขึ้น 58 เท่า รูปแบบที่มีมากกว่า 7 ตัวอักษรมักจะถูกค้นพบโดยฮาร์ดแวร์พิเศษ เช่น คอมพิวเตอร์เดสก์ท็อปที่สร้างขึ้นเป็นพิเศษที่มีหน่วยประมวลผลกราฟิก (GPUs) หลายตัว การค้นหา address แบบกำหนดเองบนระบบ GPU เร็วกว่าบน CPU ทั่วไปหลายเท่า

อีกวิธีหนึ่งในการหา address แบบกำหนดเองคือการจ้างงานไปยังกลุ่มคนขุด vanity addresses กลุ่มคนขุดvanity addresses เป็นบริการที่ให้ผู้ที่มีฮาร์ดแวร์ที่เร็วได้รับบิตคอยน์จากการค้นหา vanity addresses ให้กับผู้อื่น ยูจีเนียสามารถจ่ายค่าธรรมเนียมเพื่อจ้างงานการค้นหา vanity addresses ที่มีรูปแบบ 7 ตัวอักษรและได้ผลลัพธ์ในเวลาเพียงไม่กี่ชั่วโมงแทนที่จะต้องใช้ CPU ค้นหาเป็นเดือน ๆ

การสร้างที่ address แบบกำหนดเองเป็นการใช้วิธีการแบบ brute-force (ลองทุกความเป็นไปได้): ลองใช้คีย์สุ่ม ตรวจสอบ address ที่ได้ว่าตรงกับรูปแบบที่ต้องการหรือไม่ และทำซ้ำจนกว่าจะสำเร็จ

ความปลอดภัยและความเป็นส่วนตัวของ address แบบกำหนดเอง

address แบบกำหนดเองเคยเป็นที่นิยมในช่วงแรก ๆ ของบิตคอยน์ แต่แทบจะหายไปจากการใช้งานทั้งหมดในปี 2023 มีสาเหตุที่น่าจะเป็นไปได้สองประการสำหรับแนวโน้มนี้: - Deterministic wallets: ดังที่เราเห็นในพาร์ทของการกู้คืน การที่จะสำรองคีย์ทุกตัวในกระเป๋าเงินสมัยใหม่ส่วนใหญ่นั้น ทำเพียงแค่จดคำหรือตัวอักษรไม่กี่ตัว ซึ่งนี่เป็นผลจากการสร้างคีย์ทุกตัวในกระเป๋าเงินจากคำหรือตัวอักษรเหล่านั้นโดยใช้อัลกอริทึมแบบกำหนดได้ จึงไม่สามารถใช้ address แบบกำหนดเองกับ Deterministic wallets ได้ เว้นแต่ผู้ใช้จะสำรองข้อมูลเพิ่มเติมสำหรับ address แบบกำหนดเองทุก address ที่พวกเขาสร้าง ในทางปฏิบัติแล้วกระเป๋าเงินส่วนใหญ่ที่ใช้การสร้างคีย์แบบกำหนดได้ โดยไม่อนุญาตให้นำเข้าคีย์ส่วนตัวหรือการปรับแต่งคีย์จากโปรแกรมสร้าง address ที่กำหนดเอง

• การหลีกเลี่ยงการใช้ address ซ้ำซ้อน: การใช้ address แบบกำหนดเองเพื่อรับการชำระเงินหลายครั้งไปยัง address เดียวกันจะสร้างความเชื่อมโยงระหว่างการชำระเงินทั้งหมดเหล่านั้น นี่อาจเป็นที่ยอมรับได้สำหรับยูจีเนียหากองค์กรไม่แสวงหาผลกำไรของเธอจำเป็นต้องรายงานรายได้และค่าใช้จ่ายต่อหน่วยงานภาษีอยู่แล้ว แต่อย่างไรก็ตาม มันยังลดความเป็นส่วนตัวของคนที่จ่ายเงินให้ยูจีเนียหรือรับเงินจากเธอด้วย ตัวอย่างเช่น อลิซอาจต้องการบริจาคโดยไม่เปิดเผยตัวตน และบ็อบอาจไม่ต้องการให้ลูกค้ารายอื่นของเขารู้ว่าเขาให้ราคาส่วนลดแก่ยูจีเนีย

เราไม่คาดว่าจะเห็น address แบบกำหนดเองมากนักในอนาคต เว้นแต่ปัญหาที่กล่าวมาก่อนหน้านี้จะได้รับการแก้ไข

Paper Wallets

paper wallet หรือก็คือ private key ที่พิมพ์ลงในกระดาษ และโดยทั่วไปแล้วมักจะมีข้อมูลของ public key หรือ address บนกระดาษนั้นด้วยแม้ว่าจริง ๆ แล้วมันจะสามารถคำนวณได้ด้วย private key ก็ตาม

คำเตือน: paper wallet เป็นเทคโนโลยีที่ล้าสมัยแล้วและอันตรายสำหรับผู้ใช้ส่วนใหญ่ เพราะเป็นเรื่องยากที่จะสร้างมันอย่างปลอดภัย โดยเฉพาะอย่างยิ่งความเป็นไปได้ที่โค้ดที่ใช้สร้างอาจถูกแทรกแซงด้วยผู้ไม่ประสงค์ดี และอาจจะทำให้ผู้ใช้โดนขโมยบิตคอยน์ทั้งหมดไปได้ paper wallet ถูกแสดงที่นี่เพื่อวัตถุประสงค์ในการให้ข้อมูลเท่านั้นและไม่ควรใช้สำหรับเก็บบิตคอยน์

paper wallet ได้ถูกออกแบบมาเพื่อเป็นของขวัญและมีธีมตามฤดูกาล เช่น คริสต์มาสและปีใหม่ ส่วนเหตุผลอื่น ๆ ถูกออกแบบเพื่อการเก็บรักษาในตู้นิรภัยของธนาคารหรือตู้เซฟโดยมี private key ถูกซ่อนไว้ในบางวิธี ไม่ว่าจะด้วยสติกเกอร์แบบขูดที่ทึบแสงหรือพับและปิดผนึกด้วยแผ่นฟอยล์กันการงัดแงะ ส่วนการออกแบบอื่น ๆ มีสำเนาเพิ่มเติมของคีย์และ address ในรูปแบบของตอนฉีกที่แยกออกได้คล้ายกับตั๋ว ช่วยให้คุณสามารถเก็บสำเนาหลายชุดเพื่อป้องกันจากไฟไหม้ น้ำท่วม หรือภัยพิบัติทางธรรมชาติอื่น ๆ

จากการออกแบบเดิมของบิตคอยน์ที่เน้น public key ไปจนถึง address และสคริปต์สมัยใหม่อย่าง bech32m และ pay to taproot—และแม้แต่การอัพเกรดบิตคอยน์ในอนาคต—คุณได้เรียนรู้วิธีที่โปรโตคอลบิตคอยน์อนุญาตให้ผู้จ่ายเงินระบุกระเป๋าเงินที่ควรได้รับการชำระเงินของพวกเขา แต่เมื่อเป็นกระเป๋าเงินของคุณเองที่รับการชำระเงิน คุณจะต้องการความมั่นใจว่าคุณจะยังคงเข้าถึงเงินนั้นได้แม้ว่าจะเกิดอะไรขึ้นกับข้อมูลกระเป๋าเงินของคุณ ในบทต่อไป เราจะดูว่ากระเป๋าเงินบิตคอยน์ถูกออกแบบอย่างไรเพื่อปกป้องเงินทุนจากภัยคุกคามหลากหลายรูปแบบ

@ dc4cd086:cee77c06

Have you ever wanted to learn from lengthy educational videos but found it challenging to navigate through hours of content? Our new tool addresses this problem by transforming long-form video lectures into easily digestible, searchable content.

Key Features:

Video Processing:

• Automatically downloads YouTube videos, transcripts, and chapter information
• Splits transcripts into sections based on video chapters

Content Summarization:

• Utilizes language models to transform spoken content into clear, readable text
• Formats output in AsciiDoc for improved readability and navigation
• Highlights key terms and concepts with [[term]] notation for potential cross-referencing

Diagram Extraction:

• Analyzes video entropy to identify static diagram/slide sections
• Provides a user-friendly GUI for manual selection of relevant time ranges
• Allows users to pick representative frames from selected ranges

Going Forward:

Currently undergoing a rewrite to improve organization and functionality, but you are welcome to try the current version, though it might not work on every machine. Will support multiple open and closed language models for user choice Free and open-source, allowing for personal customization and integration with various knowledge bases. Just because we might not have it on our official Alexandria knowledge base, you are still welcome to use it on you own personal or community knowledge bases! We want to help find connections between ideas that exist across relays, allowing individuals and groups to mix and match knowledge bases between each other, allowing for any degree of openness you care.

While designed with #Alexandria users in mind, it's available for anyone to use and adapt to their own learning needs.

Screenshots

Frame Selection

This is a screenshot of the frame selection interface. You'll see a signal that represents frame entropy over time. The vertical lines indicate the start and end of a chapter. Within these chapters you can select the frames by clicking and dragging the mouse over the desired range where you think diagram is in that chapter. At the bottom is an option that tells the program to select a specific number of frames from that selection.

Diagram Extraction

This is a screenshot of the diagram extraction interface. For every selection you've made, there will be a set of frames that you can choose from. You can select and deselect as many frames as you'd like to save.

Links

• repo: https://github.com/limina1/video_article_converter
• Nostr Apps 101: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Flxa_jkErqE

Output

And now, we have a demonstration of the final result of this tool, with some quick cleaning up. The video we will be using this tool on is titled Nostr Apps 101 by nostr:npub1nxy4qpqnld6kmpphjykvx2lqwvxmuxluddwjamm4nc29ds3elyzsm5avr7 during Nostrasia. The following thread is an analog to the modular articles we are constructing for Alexandria, and I hope it conveys the functionality we want to create in the knowledge space. Note, this tool is the first step! You could use a different prompt that is most appropriate for the specific context of the transcript you are working with, but you can also manually clean up any discrepancies that don't portray the video accurately.

nostr:nevent1qvzqqqqqqypzp5r5hd579v2sszvvzfel677c8dxgxm3skl773sujlsuft64c44ncqy2hwumn8ghj7un9d3shjtnyv9kh2uewd9hj7qgwwaehxw309ahx7uewd3hkctcpzemhxue69uhhyetvv9ujumt0wd68ytnsw43z7qghwaehxw309aex2mrp0yhxummnw3ezucnpdejz7qgewaehxw309aex2mrp0yh8xmn0wf6zuum0vd5kzmp0qqsxunmjy20mvlq37vnrcshkf6sdrtkfjtjz3anuetmcuv8jswhezgc7hglpn

Or view on Coracle nostr:nevent1qqsxunmjy20mvlq37vnrcshkf6sdrtkfjtjz3anuetmcuv8jswhezgcppemhxue69uhkummn9ekx7mp0qgsdqa9md83tz5yqnrqjw07hhkpmfjpkuv9hlh5v8yhu8z274w9dv7qnnq0s3

@ f85b9c2c:d190bcff

Fake KYC Emails

Phishing scammers are again targeting users of the popular cryptocurrency wallet MetaMask. In a recent email campaign, cybercriminals are attempting to trick people into revealing their secret MetaMask passphrase. The emails falsely claim that you must urgently verify your wallet due to new Know Your Customer (KYC) regulations. If you fall for the scope and click the “Verify” button, you will be taken to a fake MetaMask website that asks you to enter your passphrase. If you do provide your passphrase, criminals can access your wallet and steal any cryptocurrency you have stored there. You are unlikely to get your stolen crypto back. Such email scam campaigns are ongoing and target users of many different cryptocurrency wallets. Be wary of any unsolicited email or text message that claims that you must provide your crypto wallet passphrase or other sensitive personal information. image

@ 05a0f81e:fc032124

There are stages in life that man must encounter in the life living process. And in thus stage are what I called the most scary moment in life.

The stages of life are typically recognized as Infancy (birth to 2 years), Early Childhood (3-8 years), Adolescence (9-18 years), and Adulthood (19 years and older). Adulthood can be further divided into early, middle, and late stages.

The adulthood, is the youthful stage, the stage where the youths are enrolled into the career part of there life, either academic pursuit or entrepreneurial pursuit. The adult hood are raged from the beginning of career pursuit to the ending of career pursuit, and at the stage is where the youths choose to either proper in life or become a failure.

With a well detailed analysis, some see the youthful stage as the most enjoyable stage in life, and there are no doubt about that but one thing is certain about, the mistake you made at the youthful stage of your life but in your career pursuit and daily living stay with you forever unless your ability to deal with your emotions and regret is 90%.

The adulthood is a scary moment because that's the stage where youths choose there career focus, either further education, skilled labor or entrepreneurs and at the beginning of the career path, they are scared of making the wrong choice. But the most fearful path of the adulthood is facing the laboratory market, that is after school or after acquiring skills, how to start making a good living. This path of life affects mostly the youths that choose academic pursuit at the early adulthood without making necessary research on there field of study, and this is the reason while there are many graduates that are bike man, brick layers, driver and so on.

The inability to face the labor market as a graduates can be linked to your field of study, the decisions you made while in school, and the channels you choose when you graduated.

The ending of career pursuit to face the labor market is the most scary moment in life and youths that escape that fear easily are either born with golden spoon allowing their parents to pave their way for them or they chose the right part at the earliest adulthood.

Proper orientation are need in career pursuit to enable youths to have the self confident and boldness to choose a enroll into the best to face the labor market when it is time ⏲️.

@ 2dd9250b:6e928072

Vi recentemente um post onde a pessoa diz que aquele final do filme O Doutrinador (2019) não faz sentido porque mesmo o protagonista explodindo o Palácio dos Três Poderes, não acaba com a corrupção no Brasil.

Progressistas não sabem ler e não conseguem interpretar textos corretamente. O final de Doutrinador não tem a ver com isso, tem a ver com a relação entre o Herói e a sua Cidade.

Nas histórias em quadrinhos há uma ligação entre a cidade e o Super-Herói. Gotham City por exemplo, cria o Batman. Isso é mostrado em The Batman (2022) e em Batman: Cavaleiro das Trevas, quando aquele garoto no final, diz para o Batman não fugir, porque ele queria ver o Batman de novo. E o Comissário Gordon diz que o "Batman é o que a cidade de Gotham precisa."

Batman: Cavaleiro das Trevas Ressurge mostra a cidade de Gotham sendo tomada pela corrupção e pela ideologia do Bane. A Cidade vai definhando em imoralidade e o Bruce, ao olhar da prisão a cidade sendo destruída, decide que o Batman precisa voltar porque se Gotham for destruída, o Batman é destruído junto. E isso o da forças para consegue fugir daquele poço e voltar para salvar Gotham.

Isso também é mostrado em Demolidor. Na série Demolidor o Matt Murdock sempre fala que precisa defender a cidade Cozinha do Inferno; que o Fisk não vai dominar a cidade e fazer o que ele quiser nela. Inclusive na terceira temporada isso fica mais evidente na luta final na mansão do Fisk, onde Matt grita que agora a cidade toda vai saber o que ele fez; a cidade vai ver o mal que ele é para Hell's Kitchen, porque a gente sabe que o Fisk fez de tudo para a imagem do Demolidor entrar e descrédito perante os cidadãos, então o que acontece no final do filme O Doutrinador não significa que ele está acabando com a corrupção quando explode o Congresso, ele está praticamente interrompendo o ciclo do sistema, colocando uma falha em sua engrenagem.

Quando você ouve falar de Brasília, você pensa na corrupção dos políticos, onde a farra acontece,, onde corruptos desviam dinheiro arrecadado dos impostos, impostos estes que são centralizados na União. Então quando você ouve falarem de Brasília, sempre pensa que o pessoal que mora lá, mora junto com tudo de podre que acontece no Brasil.

Logo quando o Doutrinador explode tudo ali, ele está basicamente destruindo o mecanismo que suja Brasília. Ele está fazendo isso naquela cidade. Porque o símbolo da cidade é justamente esse, a farsa de que naquele lugar o povo será ouvido e a justiça será feita. Ele está destruindo a ideologia de que o Estado nos protege, nos dá segurança, saúde e educação. Porque na verdade o Estado só existe para privilegiar os políticos, funcionários públicos de auto escalão, suas famílias e amigos. Enquanto que o povo sofre para sustentar a elite política. O protagonista Miguel entendeu isso quando a filha dele morreu na fila do SUS.

@ 39cc53c9:27168656

Read the original blog post

Bitcoin enthusiasts frequently and correctly remark how much value it adds to Bitcoin not to have a face, a leader, or a central authority behind it. This particularity means there isn't a single person to exert control over, or a single human point of failure who could become corrupt or harmful to the project.

Because of this, it is said that no other coin can be equally valuable as Bitcoin in terms of decentralization and trustworthiness. Bitcoin is unique not just for being first, but also because of how the events behind its inception developed. This implies that, from Bitcoin onwards, any coin created would have been created by someone, consequently having an authority behind it. For this and some other reasons, some people refer to Bitcoin as "The Immaculate Conception".

While other coins may have their own unique features and advantages, they may not be able to replicate Bitcoin's community-driven nature. However, one other cryptocurrency shares a similar story of mystery behind its creation: Monero.

History of Monero

Bytecoin and CryptoNote

In March 2014, a Bitcointalk thread titled "Bytecoin. Secure, private, untraceable since 2012" was initiated by a user under the nickname "DStrange"^1^. DStrange presented Bytecoin (BCN) as a unique cryptocurrency, in operation since July 2012. Unlike Bitcoin, it employed a new algorithm known as CryptoNote.

DStrange apparently stumbled upon the Bytecoin website by chance while mining a dying bitcoin fork, and decided to create a thread on Bitcointalk^1^. This sparked curiosity among some users, who wondered how could Bytecoin remain unnoticed since its alleged launch in 2012 until then^2^.

Some time after, a user brought up the "CryptoNote v2.0" whitepaper for the first time, underlining its innovative features^4^. Authored by the pseudonymous Nicolas van Saberhagen in October 2013, the CryptoNote v2 whitepaper^5^ highlighted the traceability and privacy problems in Bitcoin. Saberhagen argued that these flaws could not be quickly fixed, suggesting it would be more efficient to start a new project rather than trying to patch the original^5^, an statement simmilar to the one from Satoshi Nakamoto^6^.

Checking with Saberhagen's digital signature, the release date of the whitepaper seemed correct, which would mean that Cryptonote (v1) was created in 2012^7^, although there's an important detail: "Signing time is from the clock on the signer's computer" ^9^.

Moreover, the whitepaper v1 contains a footnote link to a Bitcointalk post dated May 5, 2013^10^, making it impossible for the whitepaper to have been signed and released on December 12, 2012.

As the narrative developed, users discovered that a significant 80% portion of Bytecoin had been pre-mined^11^ and blockchain dates seemed to be faked to make it look like it had been operating since 2012, leading to controversy surrounding the project.

The origins of CryptoNote and Bytecoin remain mysterious, leaving suspicions of a possible scam attempt, although the whitepaper had a good amount of work and thought on it.

The fork

In April 2014, the Bitcointalk user thankful_for_today, who had also participated in the Bytecoin thread^12^, announced plans to launch a Bytecoin fork named Bitmonero^13^.

The primary motivation behind this fork was "Because there is a number of technical and marketing issues I wanted to do differently. And also because I like ideas and technology and I want it to succeed"^14^. This time Bitmonero did things different from Bytecoin: there was no premine or instamine, and no portion of the block reward went to development.

However, thankful_for_today proposed controversial changes that the community disagreed with. Johnny Mnemonic relates the events surrounding Bitmonero and thankful_for_today in a Bitcointalk comment^15^:

When thankful_for_today launched BitMonero [...] he ignored everything that was discussed and just did what he wanted. The block reward was considerably steeper than what everyone was expecting. He also moved forward with 1-minute block times despite everyone's concerns about the increase of orphan blocks. He also didn't address the tail emission concern that should've (in my opinion) been in the code at launch time. Basically, he messed everything up. Then, he disappeared.

After disappearing for a while, thankful_for_today returned to find that the community had taken over the project. Johnny Mnemonic continues:

I, and others, started working on new forks that were closer to what everyone else was hoping for. [...] it was decided that the BitMonero project should just be taken over. There were like 9 or 10 interested parties at the time if my memory is correct. We voted on IRC to drop the "bit" from BitMonero and move forward with the project. Thankful_for_today suddenly resurfaced, and wasn't happy to learn the community had assumed control of the coin. He attempted to maintain his own fork (still calling it "BitMonero") for a while, but that quickly fell into obscurity.

The unfolding of these events show us the roots of Monero. Much like Satoshi Nakamoto, the creators behind CryptoNote/Bytecoin and thankful_for_today remain a mystery^17^, having disappeared without a trace. This enigma only adds to Monero's value.

Since community took over development, believing in the project's potential and its ability to be guided in a better direction, Monero was given one of Bitcoin's most important qualities: a leaderless nature. With no single face or entity directing its path, Monero is safe from potential corruption or harm from a "central authority".

The community continued developing Monero until today. Since then, Monero has undergone a lot of technological improvements, migrations and achievements such as RingCT and RandomX. It also has developed its own Community Crowdfundinc System, conferences such as MoneroKon and Monerotopia are taking place every year, and has a very active community around it.

Monero continues to develop with goals of privacy and security first, ease of use and efficiency second. ^16^

This stands as a testament to the power of a dedicated community operating without a central figure of authority. This decentralized approach aligns with the original ethos of cryptocurrency, making Monero a prime example of community-driven innovation. For this, I thank all the people involved in Monero, that lead it to where it is today.

If you find any information that seems incorrect, unclear or any missing important events, please contact me and I will make the necessary changes.

Sources of interest

• https://forum.getmonero.org/20/general-discussion/211/history-of-monero
• https://monero.stackexchange.com/questions/852/what-is-the-origin-of-monero-and-its-relationship-to-bytecoin
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monero
• https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=583449.0
• https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=563821.0
• https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?action=profile;u=233561
• https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=512747.0
• https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=740112.0
• https://monero.stackexchange.com/a/1024
• https://inspec2t-project.eu/cryptocurrency-with-a-focus-on-anonymity-these-facts-are-known-about-monero/
• https://medium.com/coin-story/coin-perspective-13-riccardo-spagni-69ef82907bd1
• https://www.getmonero.org/resources/about/
• https://www.wired.com/2017/01/monero-drug-dealers-cryptocurrency-choice-fire/
• https://www.monero.how/why-monero-vs-bitcoin
• https://old.reddit.com/r/Monero/comments/u8e5yr/satoshi_nakamoto_talked_about_privacy_features/

@ 5391098c:74403a0e

(Textículo em prosa erudita sobre a Ideologia Anarco-Capitalista-Cristã)

https://davipinheiro.com/01-escravos-da-cara-inchada/

A cultura #Woke apropriou-se da imagem sobre a #escravidão. Quando uma pessoa aculturada imagina um #escravo, vem em sua mente a imagem de um ser humano negro, magro e flagelado. Para quem enxerga além das cortinas da mentira, vem em sua mente a imagem de um ser humano de qualquer etnia, gordo e doente.

Democracia, péssimo regime de governo assim classificado pelo seu próprio idealizador: Platão em A República, é o grito da hienas de dentes arreganhados para ampliação do regime escravocrata fomentado pelos #GlobalistasSatanistas.

Um escravo da cara inchada é todo aquele ser humano ignorante inconsciente que alimenta esse sistema em troca de intoxicantes como flúor¹, cloro, glutamato monosódico, gordura trans, corantes, conservantes, refrigerantes, bebidas alcoólicas, psicotrópicos e remédios sintomáticos, tudo embrulhado com mentiras reiteradas.

Como consequência, após os 18 anos de idade o corpo do #EscravoDaCaraInchada sucumbe à tamanha intoxicação e passa a inchar, sendo fisicamente perceptível sua condição de escravo da cara inchada tanto à olho nú quando por reconhecimento facial de qualquer pseudo inteligência artificial.

O círculo vicioso da #EscravidaoDemocratica é tão simples e tosco como o “pão e circo romano”, Mesmo assim é muito difícil para o escravo da cara inchada perceber a própria condição tamanha é sua intoxicação física e mental.

Se um Anarco-Capitalista-Cristão (#Ancapcristão) chega para um escravo da cara inchada e explica sobre esses intoxicantes como instrumento de escravização, dificilmente o escravo da cara inchada irá acreditar pois diferentemente do antigo e aposentado chicote, o novo instrumento da escravidão não dói de imediato e os próprios efeitos da intoxicação impedem-no de raciocinar com clareza.

Portanto, para que os #GlobalistasSatanistas obtivessem sucesso na democratização da escravidão, tiveram que criar um chicote químico e uma ideologia favorável. Quanto às etapas utilizadas para formação dessa ideologia no inconsciente coletivo passo a elencar as 6 grandes mentiras em ordem cronológica:

(1ª etapa) Iluminismo: distanciamento de #Deus e seus ensinamentos, criação de sociedades secretas, exacerbação do ser humano perante o criador na tentativa de projetar o ser humano como seu próprio deus, tornando-o responsável sobre os rumos naturais do planeta. Assim formou-se a base ideológica para o materialismo, ambientalismo, feminismo, controle populacional e ideologia de gêneros;

(2ª etapa) Materialismo: perda do propósito espiritual e do sentido da vida², o que passa a importar são apenas as coisas materiais, acima inclusive do próprio ser humano. A perpetuação da espécie também fica em segundo plano. Assim formou-se a base ideológica para o ambientalismo, feminismo, controle populacional e ideologia de gêneros;

(3ª etapa) Ambientalismo: redução do ser humano à mero câncer do planeta superlotado, atribuído-lhe a responsabilidade por qualquer desastre natural. Assim formou-se a base ideológica para o controle populacional e ideologia de gêneros;

(4ª etapa) Feminismo: enfraquecimento do ser humano por meio da sua divisão em duas categorias: macho e fêmea, os quais são inimigos e não cooperadores. A ideia de igualdade de gêneros é tão antagônica que beira ao conflito cognitivo³: Eles querem separar para dizer que são iguais... Ora, como não pode haver diferenças entre os gêneros se eles são fisicamente e mentalmente diferentes? Nesse diapasão, mesmo não sendo os estados nacionais os arquitetos da escravidão democrática e sim meros fantoches dos globalistas satanistas, o voto feminino foi fundamental para aprovação de leis misândricas com o fito de acelerar a destruição da base familiar do escravo da cara inchada. Importante mencionar que a base familiar dos globalistas satanistas continua sendo patriarcal. Assim formou-se a base ideológica para o controle populacional e ideologia de gêneros;

(5ª etapa) Controle Populacional: “Crescei e multiplicai-vos” é o caralho, Deus não sabe de nada (Iluminismo), o que importa é o dinheiro e filho é caro (Materialismo), para que colocar mais um ser humano nesse planeta doente e superlotado (Ambientalismo), além disso o sexo oposto é meu inimigo (Feminismo). Essa é base ideológica que antecede a ideologia de Controle Populacional, ainda reforçada pela apologia à castração, já que em todas as mídias produzidas com patrocínio oculto de capital globalista satanista tentam normalizar a castração do homem (perda da capacidade de reprodução) desde em desenhos infantis até grandes produções cinematográficas, ora em tom de humor ora em tom de tortura. Assim os escravos da cara inchada do sexo masculino perderam sua identidade, essência e desejo de ser o que são, formando-se a base ideológica para o homossexualismo, ou seja, para a ideologia de gêneros.

(6ª etapa) Ideologia de Gêneros: É a cereja do bolo para os planos do Diabo (Anjo invejoso de Deus que quer destruir a maior criação: nós). Enquanto os globalistas satanistas, dentro de sua sábia ignorância, acreditam estarem chefiando a democratização da escravidão, na verdade também não passam de meros fantoches do Anjo Caído. Com a sexta e última etapa de mentiras para extinção da humanidade (#apocalipse) posta em prática através da Ideologia de Gêneros, fecha-se o ciclo vicioso de mentiras que se auto justificam: Se #Deus não presta, o que vale são os bens materiais, o ser humano é um câncer no planeta, o sexo oposto é inimigo e ter filhos é uma péssima ideia e ser homem másculo é crime, então ser #homossexual é a melhor opção, inclusive vamos castrar os meninos antes da puberdade sem o consentimento dos pais ou mães solo. Aqui também há uma grande bifurcação do círculo vicioso de mentiras, qual seja o gritante conflito cognitivo³: Se todos os homens deixarem de ser másculos, quem vai comer os #gays afeminados? Ou se todas as mulheres deixarem de ser femininas, quem as #sapatonas irão comer? E o pior, se todos passem a ser homossexuais quem vai perpetuar a espécie? Seremos extintos no lapso temporal de apenas uma geração, pois a fraudulenta medicina moderna jamais terá a capacidade de gerar bebês de chocadeira à tempo.

É interessante enxergar que mesmo os Globalistas Satanistas, dentro de sua sábia ignorância, acreditando estarem democratizando a escravidão em benefício próprio, na verdade apenas estão fomentando o apocalipse, ou seja sua própria extinção. Também não terão qualquer lugar especial no inferno, sinônimo de mal é mentira. Portanto os #GlobalistaSatanistas são meros fantoches do #Diabo enganador, tão submissos quanto o Escravo da Cara Inchada…

Interessante também enxergar que o livre arbítrio é uma condição obrigatória para independência da criação (anjo e ser humano). Todos somos livres para escolher entre o bem e o mal, se iremos ser escravos de #Deus ou escravos do Diabo. Se assim não fosse, inexistiria criação pois seríamos mera extensão da consciência do #Criador, em outras palavras: para que exista uma criação, essa deve ter a capacidade de decisão de forma independente, o chamado livre arbítrio.

Com base nisso, temos que não cabe à nos fazer qualquer revolução, tudo está normal, a luta entre o bem e o mal sempre irá existir pois um não existe sem o outro. Nos cabe apenas escolher o lado. Nesse contexto, tenho a seguinte mensagem destinada à você para encerrar o presente Textículo Anarco-Capitalista-Cristão:

------ > Se você for um ANARCO-CAPITALISTA-CRISTÃO passe esta palavra à diante para que a verdade atinja o maior número de ignorantes inconscientes possível;

------ > Se você for um GLOBALISTA SATANISTA, vai viver sua vida, desfrutar da própria fortuna e pare de ser fantoche o Diabo, mentiram para você: não terá qualquer lugar especial quando morrer;

------ > Se você for um ESCRAVO DA CARA INCHADA e não entendeu o que eu disse, por favor me pergunte ou debata comigo, terei o prazer em lhe ajudar a enxergar a verdade. Pare de trabalhar por dinheiro fiduciário, passe a aceitar #Monero e #Bitcoin em troca do seu trabalho, pois isso é o único jeito de sermos financeiramente livres, se tiver alguma dúvida sobre #criptomoedas me pergunte e terei o prazer e ensinar. Se ainda assim você se recusa a enxergar a verdade exposta aqui, por favor aceite #Monero e #Bitcoin quando for dar o seu cú. Ou melhor, cometa suicídio, já que você é um câncer no planeta, salve a natureza.

(Davi Pinheiro)

¹ - https://davipinheiro.com/teoria-da-conspiracao-o-fluor-na-agua-e-usado-para-controlar-mentes-revista-super-interessante-editora-abril/

² - https://davipinheiro.com/qual-o-sentido-da-vida/

³ - https://davipinheiro.com/entendendo-as-referencias-cruzadas-do-pensamento/

PREZADOS AMIGOS, DIVULGUEM ESTE ARTIGO. ABAIXO SEGUE A LISTA DOS 500 BRASILEIROS MAIS ATIVOS NO NOSTR NOS ÚLTIMOS MESES PARA TODOS SEGUIREM-SE ENTRE SI E FORTALECER NOSSA COMUNIDADE DE LÍNGUA BRASILEIRA (se você não estiver na lista interaja para ser adicionado):

npub1u2e0qzjsjw9suxcdkeqrydr07xzsyx8mzp469augc0a29aeasfdq8fx67q npub1xt25e4pakq6x4w44p9kw2vlfwv4zpc9hg7xsnrq53hl0za4ag2qs09cwcs npub17hgdpn9xnt5zyxlx8pz0uuus8d23pxwr9a5vq96nw5nawx20zxnsj6fym6 npub1arnth7tuxw060c74adaf08jam6kttn24wfdse9wyg2c7waycwezqszr2mz npub1qg8j6gdwpxlntlxlkew7eu283wzx7hmj32esch42hntdpqdgrslqv024kw npub10q0axre6n3ew64pen99x0qkrh70yxfx6w3grwvkhk4kz9dp8m3ssltvs6f npub1sf2se74xlzf7f7clm3dg28npaxghdy6pguzpsut30fjpwuaxrxcsrnhr57 npub19ychr8yknmje69r645sgd8j0epx2rdgdyl7feagcnmrwkaedzffqtrcznl npub1k86zp0778x7cjng50et5z76xdwxy0tgfn5amnrwrd6mda8uln4lq78ua23 npub13src792wxm8nrhqzu555uxuktfffzcqx78s3pc9zefcdjgwvm3pqsddz4j npub1uw04lzuqx42gk0xc4m8advfmuqlz8nv7dqpuyq4gcv8r304lwvnq2m5ew2 npub1fw5wsmfdj7ykmjfn0sl9qp533y7hx96h9lvplz6pmhd9mzwn9hjqvq2rfr npub1nkenffr9eslkzplds3lwcz7xeq67w6a9qcjlfsvspj7tnhuq3kgsram48g npub1w66drr2qta67gyt7la6fgglsdvk3xx3nndsz4k5wfcal8jq0ze7sqcxdpd npub12xq6exra99hg6tuefx3yysszqudaljvy6eyxqz8tpt7038gpaqus7lfuyy npub17tvf04z759dsyecdtmk70tevla7vua9e3sr88lgnl7put97764zq708q0m npub1rzajeq88urk58nh0n7gqknr2agrx34xu4en0k8hm43fl8h2khp6sk0v3y4 npub1yspe4ly5p9dlfv4vevm0evpag8ljkaay3x3clj8gtvxlsvpwrrrs6h47mx npub107a0nwr3lsj9kdy3jdq570jzcv95y0qzuuhrvcgrpsnq2h4xsclqzy7v4g npub14reqsqss7wp06k390a547pkqrlc0w6uzelm9gpwxze7p8z8x3awsuthvzz npub18fh6flnjt9aa3jlnp5k3kd9zr6v5mlpeczhdx4qheytfyyqfpe7s2y0lzm npub1lafcm7zm35l9q06mnaqk5ykt2530ylnwm5j8xaykflppfstv6vysxg4ryf npub1s00wyzkfrjcclawx225k7wrxd74369vxdcdhy88j89yhrxssfclqulxf93 npub1rmq4kl4dfvp4kt937f9mz60ywkwv467585vnesm3ctqz9krkksrqg4ran0 npub1d7r5su48a8m5k389fd6rwy9cvhlyycmg3pl2g60q5zmgvmr3xreq098mu2 npub1r8lsve0d5yezxq52fjj90kwz76xcweyxlx9uwhsrpd6gt7uk4edscl4fdr npub19ljjj23d7fgy0gujlnh26a293p6uwawrrnpg7jlqfnhnard322gssd2rnj npub1u484zct2rxyknscgnnxrwpuk3f2j679x8tdysvxh659whv99g35saq9xjt npub1gpd868cejawju35epkayavfkqfuykt3820xe678m2vqfqj8v7ges2t4umk npub172fwxt8nnauv2c6leevl0rq4mk87c5vu4mm4fqef58xt390jqxfs6ua7vz npub1gmdrkx4lgwzyqr6krqyykg9r2kpasftuu2x98ncvs9xz9cjhfgcsxns0xz npub1sfzc94dhlkrj6m9tdkle4glyazhtajjsj9qhjv279an06nr74uvqzka6js npub18rdvxdw773852gyl4kjkr5xmg44p9l0jywdk6cq8axl3k9yh59fsu3g8aj npub167h7xtt7tkfvr9mn9d09s4u6r4l0y7rr355jpjg55lg4mpdghsasa9c47v npub1q4qjda5zm33743dd4mewnx6j049hgry7ls4nvh54clcnax3wsnzqv7c5lw npub1mjckw2qsqemdnhz7ul63vpcd79fmar49r8y7fh0tffva767yx07qq68xkn npub1ry2uv7qwu840qx4fg38zzfrl6dfgaudn6d8s7trpf3sj8nx0vaaquj5qrj npub1zqw2ymcy9txda2wzuka7yx6vlyvuwe7k2pldxpxxx660nhf65tusxzdcp6 npub1fjr0qa7rdhll7cfpgdcsz5nry2gy92u7a8gr0ku390n69865ec0qxwcral npub1wc4rc9wxl2gfzxl384g0cw3f79nrms0sfdpe02y7aasy7c3we4sqd0qywr npub19x5l76266vfen827fudaampuuupkejg9vls88hld8nv4w4sq59lsqlal37 npub1gc24vefdu60d3e3yxg8mhu52hxxpcykesk85y8mez8llj23kpehszdmu3j npub1u9ja9ymqmaw7mn9tnmrsnpx0f9j6hs59kxd9de363jvadjamzd9qg3ek4k npub1lzt7pmhvg7hl23emv22g4d7cs9jyglkqpr7lf3n8rcz0evkacg2s6n4jjf npub1p22hyejtr60rdrmjvql5k8fyv8lkq8exzw5mkkx3qcwqcu6979aqvhpqlq npub15p6p9l5upa0y0aj5nwf7lnud2regh00az9u4a4fmgyh8ukyue8kq7xuzp7 npub187dlu8g04kk8adc309vwn3lxsj63fmaty5vmdyrsvzx2fcxg70pqfszj4z npub1adfs8z9rlk6dzwm44522ge0gf367t6s6x30nrulp0xq6wsglyxssxqwyva npub1wqh4j2lvkd0fz342he0jr2d8eqrjwlqsv42azw6utqnpkrjv72xqylx32z npub1n9e2cy50jk900hdzvxt4cjhn80qwzxuer93aylhfdc76gwksr2lsqt36ww npub1styn4qvw4h4s92pcntrffm5dhe889h3hanwjpv66r4ue7gd3xutqk9hpc6 npub157v53ahyyxh4mp38v363chz9lrrw8um9m0tyhqzjujz8m4pmr42s9sk9u8 npub1alq86fku99p0rgq6s0cwwe9lsa8vdvu4d6r7d6j6cyuysf2r76hsh9tt37 npub18cvuxxvd2a6gt76etnte5vtws7a5a4xeqgt03qcs0u46nfws0vzskrnwu9 npub1mlu4qvm8j7gqamukz98l832ghgktyj0whqrxfx89625m3p30haqq5racjk npub1l8tlpvn3kka3nm2qpk96amsuy2kr5kl9eusd54fpn3yjnefrnpaq2j5t9v npub1jtnuszgjayga0pzvm3t7z9pantcnyxzacu30mhvw4dk0lkkvhxrsgvfgw5 npub1z73hklrdpa0n5z663mvnu0afxhlegpt5exmkg9u0nmd32ktqs7fq3prv27 npub1tshn5e5h0ud3l6vegwrce2er2tuhxangx4yvx4q04uheznxxgp6qg9dx2n npub136aeqeuum2t8cjgfnpxwfkgf5e8fd95h39uqkenrr6u0yl3upg9skvkfq8 npub1pkjyqg0am9qyjwg772ue4hhshaf6gwgz4psnptlg9v8lk6st2naqct3ll5 npub1kvzyrn6zvvdh9jnvfzc6e86s0zpntvg0e9f0v340e59u2rut99zsuq9fl9 npub168dqt5c8ue3uj8ynlk0lhwalnp7uy39lvzf9tm09wy3htxwmw7qq5nerj4 npub1cajs9cz6r43rmn0y8v8cgeuuj2lfhftvxcq05f8efc22hr5fnwmshx0pvw npub1uu0qk8f7xv7egc6tf9kk3mkx99u2leldgzz0trl77uymvv8n8ahqtd6309 npub1t8a7uumfmam38kal4xaakzyjccht4y5jxfs4cmlj0p768pxtwu8skh56yu npub10wlfumja930vzz4jhh9vc6t3wy8ay7thg8mt9qcptlp5leqfmazqn79ee9 npub1tx8wamjvhaqme29rujkd4v978ck8d3ud7gxa9zzqtjftpfn9p5vs27a2lg npub1e5pneqe2je07e5sk00g8urqa66eljg74t4llv4htp6vq5f8kv2zsqrtway npub1nk7gygwkcfpf9hdjhkgyqszcgwyzmcrqhd9tr7zzczkm5ga79xusmm5qjt npub1p3pna34zku4fqe9mzyvhhffladjjxcug7jn20wm5rnccpjezn4ks0zaw4u npub1j4vyl5kadajpgxh2wrnfk2wvg25jhnv78s0mrs6ckuhft9uzqe7s9wpcgc npub1hfg3tsmmp7g3u5cw6mzg0n9andehmgel6jug486eppsr0rqx4a3qlp7yfm npub1zks89kfxmxv0s4sa7rj8yyd6ld8ncsqusm993678vq9ut73hn7uqhmecsf npub1hzt3p8ap8s4nnqjhha37z5q3jdc9lfg90js0crmg8u5lncnaqpzsdn75p5 npub12em9q547gfga2tkhuzc65ufrn5h9ndu270d7xnh0nkcz2gtvq4sqwutpy3 npub12fh76ppgs5g2srtvgewe9fprdsk2y6g42wf0sg2y0ucjxqq9l0dsy5n8wl npub1arjgv76ld978cya3k6xz24nuxkuezuqrsmy73x0gaxdlu7pxv4lq8npp2g npub1zpmtwh0esa4esnc4p6rn5vhx7wcfw8z0ky8nzczj6k46drsmm47s0zzlyh npub156zse25dzgt65kq472nfkfpwgqvf6vuw8ur0s0ny7zmzw4xqd68q3p4sem npub1pwyy6rwh9smlurdmfg7yy2lce43jlv9ac7l9zay723dyfx4m649ql85u04 npub13j4jtgrm0dtsfzecx4khzz5a8ykgdd374qewewj0ksfmenps67lqz2yr8a npub1dmdlkhqnzmde0ultsq72hnn8h6gjfrkfeud4hecjg8fg8pugzctsjwqas0 npub1yqq7mwccr6wv7vmhehgh4n9kwn55r9gneydhdu6249pntguacegsjgwevp npub1u79u7zxlz2flmwpdt59xsvv5syreavzdyu9llkg07swtf24a4ayq5g0uud npub1eezyd5p7n9vse3yv5k8vh068dutpjf7d9zuk6azegeh5ypvp270qqr8fam npub1s0p3y6rvmt5m6jf6zt96kl0c80x0fy396d8h3cvtsxpqq7lf7wwsgw780n npub1kcf4p6e8k0rkjtaaghu765647z58qu0wfpgxnqptlwg2pm30skzsm2mct0 npub10uqpae32d6t4xhcgmzkc5gkna3hf9xclpzf3q6kfusz5q8j5ruqs5tdemg npub1jldq9dk8kgtlr3akv8re00znkfyzq59t0yceuu6q0tdfxzmusarsfxfunp npub1ksp960nd2vhxxp4lw7unnhujy6mknd0mpw2sh7xuj4m963a2u03qw776l8 npub188qkhpvqhne68rwu878jta5a8uh3vl4mcmfp44nppydfz0td9tqqa5h3cm npub1e008u7wmf0gppsnzupclhzh4mexp90addmdu0wu9glyk0y6msvxskyd3yq npub1crtd3zn3ek0cwne036s0xfqgs6ywuutqdcwxl5k4csv57jsmlgfsjq9039 npub1u4r4hx3y820p8g00u65tpggk2rd5qkd0d3ukt2yvgwyhcd0qvymqweyx75 npub18e7t2damcrfe60empcnye5z896wf9fk478rgrdcawvv23hqtd8es3yg772 npub1s5uqfqur0jlnp9z32ag90e9p5y60z0e8ruryun6u8gy9c38s7caqqqjxvt npub1q9fawsk02d7ffc47l92peuasy9q23ganvs00aqfagxz9rgk5g3usy92n3g npub18qhe55gump3d8ff2xzugpeaxkq6gfc498hr6at2jlsert0h9qkvqquqmve npub1cj9w34dn6nyazvhtq9srms5rf9rj4tapmqlwc5d5k3cwk34vy8dqewkvj6 npub1wvkx5ckpcxmxvc9wd0q576qssle3ed40c4z5rpetwy8fqssq8k3qdhh3yl npub1wnpc03cvexrv7tqnz4amk5zpyxw30nat3xav8nna89j92h25q53sls0g5w npub1938qus3z7jxs4u5x6gpyf7pwavnvnvrhmlfv2jqryy43qf0mdgpqlrtyfq npub1gnvha9zemx47e3paehu59ssqjkkpkc0n6ugdufmkl9ahgd3qhajs6mfs4m npub1cha5p8ytujflljhet2k34sctnqyl3n5w74wnuy7c6dvyv870twas9xnugj npub1h4d7986rjexvgaqsv8zm4s88dekkacs9uadtad6zp8n38nkdszysj45nmc npub1wcuv2wqn3uypzx7f98vavt2gqz4f4qkzm28fgj4qpwgj3yfjghks0patgl npub14hq5lgadtyy9dhvtszq46dnl0s0xwdddqr7e32rdqqhma8a4xhsspxjjzu npub17rzgm20v9hf4m2hemlau5fzepyanwd5h3zxc0wkwq7y38s3g8uqs49lrut npub1l5sgjcjruwec2y2lxd23vj34qe2kkxyqnact76tsq5kzdtcmke0s4cz0uu npub1ylw08gevzgvwasypcs2lvmssfqyt46xzgul7lwvkssm76ehgq47qrn4xxk npub13t2th7tr0uxwc8mfkkr5dqmfrg5hmmdfnfjfhs4z2xal9z6hpe9q6xn9ph npub1239p46pv99lt94yfzu4xkh4u3vqr2k7rnmcc8zz64p6m8g0mva8qcxr0hj npub1r2eehghv6syvdhezrlln25fnz90clgdkcagqw87c9r735zlnhuaq8dpvwp npub1sd5wp8ufsttwk3c575gnakufgaeg3x4f4r5d84pun9n09yr7zq8s735ezh npub18txjwp7dj9hjwk972c32sj5xmngnutguvtg2r66a3g5rgw2s88xq3799uq npub1247x2zmsp8e766cy39gkuzywfq6ea89wd6sgvuh8lywrrvzvdqtsv9573z npub1mu2tx4ue4yt7n7pymcql3agslnx0zeyt34zmmfex2g07k6ymtksq7hansc npub152wtu2y9a5wlz74v88ahls2xq0g493gz5jx0wat9vfgxqzjfzl6qdazlty npub18yyc9l68tk6zsq63wmnzf3862l3xfckds38tq44egwl5l4g0nqeszhj50p npub15rdytrwdsc62qmvsc28xhzdxs5u35utlexg3tc3mtzm23ka4hzmsthe64f npub13je2r5t0s4uszds4lc5e87n77xngluwkjt0hesduvch0vk206gcsa0d03t npub10jjcalyj6a67qfxrax2mwpmsnrlles6qhk23j0dyc76h27gag05syya4qn npub155kdyaltpxaek29wkeza9prkr0t398ayn24wlp6pg68z57s8l67qka6ly8 npub1uk5ne4u0ey8s8tg8czceg70yw9jlzvk74y804wd3vaa3ncm5l9tsl2cjqc npub1q09ysz8xhfe0x0n2y77u6xem9whtsk5hgswz7s0lrj9znn8eksqqzzpsyy npub1rm8uwmhs7s9n3jqzzd92mwwgr8gca4p9x0u8vu8m5n5eppqj88fstspqh6 npub1e8antmtxy0vs2pjd6kah99lpy44ztads4m0udpf07vauvr7larzsf76w9j npub1e0ngk7s4nygt46cpmdrc63f3mfgjcp8edxh0f8vpp6zd5hwax4qq0mykcp npub1rksqdj6tpjx4ddcyc9v3jw458u9y83hk789jqy2j8h58jusv0mgscx389d npub1q2f2nlq5kxthrcsww2zmytyzal325gsvrv0aeg8fqj54z4kyrxgsylesz9 npub100t4hmfxs467q3cwqd5f3sej9zhm2edd3kcn57hj0kag3n49geusm5zt87 npub13et8ay8ny99mygd8ymznczusrhfrhhzzs8jdlep9q98r8uway9asl62v4r npub1qeydnlt70d29q3axc3h5v3spfntl74jukw9r6zy9s8ms6a82mupqgnr2y5 npub1n9hr9s73atxmjm0muz45ghwutvf2kc00lq2fa58rm9y80mpdqxmq73mdc0 npub145cgkka2733cmxn86khjshwyxz6ahgjp0ek9gp3fc2k7y3penkqq45ccpu npub1z24p8ghllrl4jxyw8juggm3cfrpn8vvfxxsjzjj4tuaz0qfkeqkstnk760 npub1h6mtmjw2au827vs99zlykn0tdhm3hpyffjgnaq8fsvjzem430hesd3zw5p npub13u9wq6td5qvj2dajmkjplz0ytvt4j7zvuyjg6kl9xqt5wznqghvqrptnlq npub1x7j0x34k2cguw8qk07hlgtpcdd22k0p4nfmuy3sk53mw7n5p4dws97mh3q npub1rlgz4nrqjvy7skd640reu9f9ckv5gzg4dmheeuq4u9dux42t7lys88svf3 npub1j5peadcc3as7ht6tszt47z2z3rec5py39y23cemrs47czyfxddnsskqnav npub1ymjhm0kxwldyx3f599d0cjvpcwdyfw7rmruyn8m2qnfhlu8mn4mspdwhqk npub1gaqn62wk22gesxfczv4q30kg3e2f6cqzdml645rwdyas6uaz3wdqexzlgl npub1z9vh6x3h5d99wvrjxw036ehg27cc37837f7dz4lr933euzu4pt3qn5874u npub1axy5sgkdz50hqrt266cl95qp7e5n9q6qmxguj0ry6mhpmu23t80s9nvqug npub1yvjmvxh2jx07m945mf2lu4j5kswr0d63n0w6cjddj3vpkw4unp4qjarngj npub1993fqzsar7lydy6lc8sztj5pxzeckttsf7m7dzjpcfvuu44uavksdks9p7 npub16s7exzaa4le983mjvnw7jfatum0jfxqtpfk2uqdel3c4q97uqznst6hyar npub15mptsgelg8rn5tjw5ltmdy8vmglws4fulr0kaghpv7t2jj8qzjks2mecva npub1yjvs58t4tgnmn98m4y2s64jferzv77p037zmwed8wzdful29a6esyajtwa npub1ctmkhtvw7rwk425sm4mqx6ak86aama7c6z8yxczfhgkwfv2fq7xq4mcr38 npub1f9jys8kppch9sceykam7p7uecpyam7ajm87wrgnndhjtj6jlp5vqe7y207 npub1k67tmzt34d6klra3ykrhkpvu0y8g8rlzv0egpgrry0xxcauxqzestwyz59 npub1x49ytzhkslwq6680jqsng7dy79vh8alsqpapr73m3akn0qerhj3ql7s2w3 npub1m2us7cgdufhg30yw6kawugwt5slp8kh9ed88dn7q5gtq5y20f95s9s25vt npub13sdds5pcp344k5mhfch7ltc4a8737uxqw9c47wfe08kkrnm3rhssm60637 npub1qfamw8qmsekxxu8pj5kfa960sgwsc86wys84gqxkzkzld8e6hk3qtvv7kq npub1tsxemx456uadxs4nsqenmquvws53290eg2gejrhvx7w965c779mslf7pds npub1ymxlmrd2yd59g7x4uejzsgmn4xlglu0schl39m2mjx5nzfzl2hcs73hn6g npub1qd05jn0jxlzplx33xjtzstvgeus9dk9405kwqf79vu00czwyvghqf08md5 npub1n5sl69j0w6c79tut2anqf69tkfevr065kzjt4n2rv2gres3q45ysmnj5nc npub10qjw7zw8m6yq4sr53watq4u8y47eef28jsyd0tmyhyfy4pjhntgqva7d9t npub1k6n2ghwu0afld0tnl2p43q7wtu2u9hln6e89ruv9a2y5deej06dskek6xy npub1ax4szvq26em2klfqj6hr38009x6k6m7nhe2z7mq0xs4xszetxe2s6964q4 npub1645w5cevetsz2364mss575panjuaa5ffh89ax4tp6u7x0tr2xlhsc29g25 npub1ys9j7sws8vccfwjctlqu7kx2hlfmkcxmjxmdttfl29edxv6xgelqkaffe4 npub1h4fnky04vkfkyac8shhmy0fwkrhuha65c5ec2ggvv03zv7pm64ls9x5vag npub1ueenpne5qhkvr4l9rw3c2ls2f6lgm7gh7f7ssl73l5yqt7um6uwsyatgml npub1krcpj4r4gp28vswfc4gztr5gku58c2eyhll47tyz5y2hhl6jyjwqduv9mr npub125nh0nkr0czuzkpjkqvjwc7mxuuvusr4n7a3kthjyfeer70eac0qpy5lsx npub1qcr5atkc2u04wx80pdyfnnwrttrw0taaz8hst3qt573j44yzxcvqkl339x npub1x96qzppsymujfyzn4dmkl08qgcr3aw7f2tt0xlmgyudfaggeq7zsh0yghv npub1l56z85xvaplh3033l8h2x9thypamu0d2hyqnxkw0ujuntqm8asaqh99sza npub1wh30wunfpkezx5s7edqu9g0s0raeetf5dgthzm0zw7sk8wqygmjqqfljgh npub1kqd90mglkp0ltmc5eacd0claqvnayaklkvzkdhx7x84w9uavplxszvrlwd npub1ly9cmpxs5kyrhnc946rlxmyj397pvcp3606zgvh3kvukmqveaxmqgwdwct npub1papvv8nyg68m73wae3u25lvxw5wfz2htpzk7j85z8yng3xqqvntqc5n9vf npub180cvv07tjdrrgpa0j7j7tmnyl2yr6yr7l8j4s3evf6u64th6gkwsyjh6w6 npub16y2de3wvy2xgj3238r8h8g96hwtqsfm72sxcfw2t4c5xfjwnm4ms5y8uyd npub1ln4q6lzdwzxnvuv0a2gnfcxrfhwyfpcrp8tj5a403mwptq8r8clsq2znta npub1e0jya9z5wu68dzgxqeg7gal9ytgwvr63evtchv4a4wr8u5dcvs6s6vfwgm npub158dcjddhtq29ezyd3j5qyc70xyzyzujg02kcrla706fs52zcahaszql9ha npub1gayzxecnek73hm695d8tu94n2q3xnlucu9gwr2zqnql090rkautqq7ne7s npub1hvtyspm7n7nea59lhe2fdvwd0rqw7de20fl365wklsg4jsmrpwrqe6yaeh npub1hsr44v6satu5qkjcua36u8a8ng7fhh9ljv8mmnhvkf0a6407nhtq2k4ths npub18s8ym4ajt3rfwa0yn39m70k603j8a7wkhylhewzcjhtfheu8dnrqzwv677 npub1zdwjkqtwkst8y3mjj848hjh7tuqwqp7uvcfxzrl43gyx2k7pkz2s4p88cz npub1xq0pc34qq99yawjxl7rsqx7wgs4x3088tkwwle5kz3jqwf0ggyuqxx5et7 npub1dgx9jmq5sn4w96qnrgps7f5egjfpu5npnswazsaq98ryafkdjucshaaej8 npub1s6ms8dqxc4s2e6yawg20lkrpk9dxazz9qsaernpxndc2axua26rsva6lha npub19rxp2h2c96h9y79nhsu8p9yn4f79k8q76z40v8x6g0j8mcmex7jsu4whlq npub1fnvuz4rad0sc6ueflq33kj242hqe65da40zug7u5nryvjdeg0xqsl4y86t npub1e2d8f64kaxepfqncve7gy72vam3h66vmfwaqnalekv8zmh3qar4sz34p0k npub1krahyq9me8aglq54cfffylgnj0sy0q02emv9zr4csc94kz3qajxsmwu7lj npub1qn8rpsky3t8v5dn30rycfwpktwclm544nlef98tg23drgk022a4qtzekjd npub14p529xk3dmtyqp25slasulxx5p6yu2js6lz0072qu77c54cz6pesq2qsuv npub1mxlypddvhxdatdjdh2twejz7d8lkf90350f2zhzcunhmu7pgw9yq9033ss npub18lav8fkgt8424rxamvk8qq4xuy9n8mltjtgztv2w44hc5tt9vets0hcfsz npub160mrpl505fmse22eue6v23k4u4z0yyw37hpf3j73z97jtq50rapqx9q0ac npub1ve32zawsazgn9ukyr0trw4u5zk5z9ravgq9g06ml4gfzuvuzrvyq2mfzr3 npub1c0dysexhhd09e65rvmeecx0dpn6c7lq4yp99f3h4ktnr4vvrez5ql3h0y0 npub1758748kzgkp5vrt2u8vdgx462kt9f5p2x84xwljm4svadq9xc84sl9yk27 npub1rg7x6lh3zurejwnhxljdh8td2uhnhucx3jhle565eh7x94aqn03qrwrm9s npub14nefrmsdvn72qq5f3zqpdsh068ufk02e3t79ukga457p0v796chq7xrakx npub1l04nl239dn9wps24a753xq38h3wtlaa7vxmqatf9y0g6vzae6u0s27vwl8 npub1mezldzxnv6lszd7vlh60k0cqgxca7s08x5akyvln9fhz58jyfzsscyepuv npub1a76u90rr5tfdn9vf3sg574g0vftz4p5vu5r9t57c9atpwt64jkps0h4qya npub18g9zwmrdjcf6mkz7zpavmcx46r3h9ydxv2urwc9kqvha7vzght6swffxry npub12y8v5es4g8ynms5495l448977l25puf39wj9has66f7yg8xkhakqn89g0n npub1gustav0kvwh9zlz22ns7y6utwt3s2747mh5s6ja7v622tl09megq9heczp npub1t62k7smt3nad7s3rzhkrcvzlmheerk8p3qrpjwj32c9lzfmz5ksqaegpck npub1cuvc5stpvpeljeveqlk9u6tp3z3qams2w9r3s72hy0ufxudlz4fqu3x5jv npub1g8henaumhfjngrkpp7g7urz420hdzcx2hnh9grf2r7g3sxtur6es8uucpq npub187c8yedmqmss7fxtzqya4vphfkazl04lvrz7cp5xghhwzjduc4rqkcwd0t npub1vg9lk42rxugcdd4n667uy8gmvgfjp530n2307q9s93xuce3r7vzsel8885 npub1nkl720g0fuvzt4dqm5xxjet2lnm95z5fv4k3jvgz5jhnvhe2lehs98d9kr npub1l74p0yq6uzce4v4ntvvj9zcx03rc75g8gn0ajsccxzwyunv9m6tqwjlh45 npub1tl2pwveluev0jcmm973x87qt0uy20hxnyrcwefxv3nkv9kpxmzgs5pl9th npub18zhn7vrv94vy26vsf677uyxxvs29t2da492xs3xnxl45sszvh5psw9vpuv npub18z4uprsemsf4tcxdnfc8q2esk36g5rleqp6mw9ealtn2kmv8pxjswswrvz npub1wl8u4wfqsdz5m9ey0vvzh4y05mcpk2lm2xhhpw3uzs3878c2mw9sr2ksxk npub1ejp9v82302mth0k3nlanyh4zm4tskvg9yk2hp5fjun0g7uc47n0s0q07vf npub103wzz5eeegcwzrchje02m4rcxqxqtz2rauefhdshmtzd9xjxxdnqm5kd9u npub1k9mx4t56d6jsm658mmnwv7uvxl9edflkelpu4llgwrlc220d9qlqcyhueq npub10x8de2sz6apxnju8wwtqx00sjkeqj22kcjjfajsa9hj77492hkhs4g287f npub1q24ugzmm8ptkyq3gwukkl680kyftmlk3cmqu49x7yy4zuv94a3cqlhw8ld npub13xd3wejhu3xy5hmzgd0ymc9apee7ett6my4xsug5ya0z2f650n4qaf9f8z npub1vxd0dfst8ljvwva2egrpc53ve8ru78v8aaxfpravchkexmfmmu3sqnrs50 npub1nnyqvvr992hn3umzgehppzt49vhm9u4vet9zhzks4wq2a34ehv6qm6wkx8 npub1467z25r4x9xj6xgrgsk6a9gytdy0qp8xuupplxyunzfp5esk2uys4gm0a7 npub1w48530djsgja5d63k27mr8krx3xg63qvrjhczfwqgtmml4kgxw3qpcfwvj npub1ymldfnyvl2u5efjkdlqhpjruhv345qtesj9jf22paxmgj50nfxes3k4wqd npub1mqn5acr09lls33wapadkdf27t9v87h22jf53c473wzpkgld6z7hs72mwzd npub1y7yvamgvwdt6h8skh5yf5phn25yt7c6qcpclgpd0nglsy3f5uu2qu47fad npub1q5jxvccuds9wmpqhr7p770y4ewqcfr2dehqarm5alhm4hpgvrj6qtm2qhm npub17nd4yu9anyd3004pumgrtazaacujjxwzj36thtqsxskjy0r5urgqf6950x npub1k2teldhmj7d53732ekcs5ta0qpjsj9fhwc2e5ve5wljqpxht5mfstxx3qw npub1cn4t4cd78nm900qc2hhqte5aa8c9njm6qkfzw95tszufwcwtcnsq7g3vle npub12xm5ax6rqp3n9n0lwlja22lpfuwc6g63a76p5kdxuszqnn4ut2ssj2k7jn npub170d8w0jjdcjuh70lq5ppr0pcy7cfuxj6hpr00tm4et3v53j8pvrqj0chu7 npub1fs3n5u75kmtfgzzuy5ms5qexchv7kz3altj7e2uzl79ygf2nn0nsv2sdjg npub1y8hsmp2pxadwf09g22zsjla6xu8hu4qttgcwte6kwrqkv70e69zqvtfqyr npub1rtjk5n3cgdepj95wylpy4h6etg2jel3erpn8px9wxys8tuueeeushu5jyg npub1m0lr5fdjrhhwxl7dev4h7c5yvruz2vp949tun5zmulxuktcm0fusy0gg5r npub1ur6emzgy0wrg5xyvtm7khy7a3sttv4jrhpcc3px6mp2z8pkxphwsyy6kg3 npub1efyfeevwrtxnmncs8767p66wxwulm0wd85cszksw6n6uw2qtca6qzfvgyx npub154efugcrxmttmnp5cfxpnhgwglvxswsxh6d84jcj0a865a7s4jgsrrun7f npub16erzcypvccc08a6z6l6gw830zj7m743ah3gtc85rcjhfqmqjccksce7jej npub1jpxn8d3x0p8cdxvxzafpcpqwsfnvgntywhgne9w085fzu2mjjw7qldgdg0 npub165llzjv9ux2s3ezx5k6l4mzhvly9n8gyzhx5p7v4499heee4w4fsvhnu5w npub1mcgm982av268z989lv9h23f0w733wxecqhjjw5l4dvzdjgl0gu8sdss2v5 npub1z3adf0m2c2mul0vtpru4f5uzghn746xyf2udxv63de2ckcmg697qqmjnvn npub1520n32u3r68qtlw5nykxegtxkdt09rpk7h52laectc4qvdcde34s2u9qsw npub122fgydglyvhzr753e0l6k092x8h5k4ev0g9v90lpgje597srk6gs420cc3 npub1xngvle6vzkusezsxs35kgulf6s0usjxej3qvs4kczezy6q0war5sxmumdn npub16umw99z8jm5r55neprqmvlrsqzwklernxnczam2xu5q5fwjaj2kqttgcvd npub12aa8fnjcp84epqtmhtnc4w2fah9tfyrews76nd8hqltpedf4l75s5x6lg8 npub12mllp29adf2fw0eeahmseczcu3y4625qyn3v4uwfvkpzlshnmj3qs903ju npub1l8qw5av3039qhefprytlm7fg8kyyc0luy8yk2prk2l8wc38gf86qzw7nnm npub1nwrrty92erpe8th9wv4u9l9f20pqqh872kwjmejc6mu9hfnzumfqk5fua4 npub13qhkp54f8w0vgql3lqukvk9pduhef099hx0azmzupuhxevjayy9qsfg266 npub12jyfh0sy02ku5p3zg6hhfvph4zphl3y5jqfk9skaqa59z7pmfh0qqyn9mn npub1t8pha5vxkct4mlhskzz4pshvwznsma5646nmzz5gcth06mth0hfsuleyrc npub17ptx9z8mnyw2vd8as0nyh40gtvyydufme8peweh72ax9kpxrqzxqmnsxpq npub1lzh4pgufkx4xq675fujac9mmxs5zmf8ffucetgp02vep5eae3acqwez9kx npub1gnrfjvjmu3jucpmkvj6ptmdxcj766hwcrekjeuzlwtcqrqmyszvs3pr7lj npub1gazxqfx8ldqkgaldz3hlwed2h3nwzfmwavkxp3s9j36qhfzeladsmfe0a3 npub1xc5c7srsajcem7s8x0sndqsu6yqe36xzu2kdnu0cky353x6tkreqx4lsgg npub17kytlyvd28tvpz9u8z2mrr3pq503pmvtv46qskjccfch9vwqhadsregenj npub1vcq8nv3lctr8ctk2dp7h3e0su4f7gklgx4dlm2375l6u69hvuh6syj3d9l npub1v6xa5avwqkyqwzmfhu0ul4cm892txq4jnxmxsvgt5pnralqj9upsnmsnu4 npub1m986jhedeq7xxe8ukxc3dqwqzcz0ue9fra6m0t2zpvp8yezkeexscz7ena npub1yftkt6shs2fls0djxzww2nc7t96x6uxq490qw860ssfda755pc0q6emnz3 npub1rl5s8caaq8vsjfhxnmmmguxryug2f2has0kg5gzedepzle8quncqn9patu npub1ucsl4dgwslalsgje4es7jefqexlsf678wrhvu8q59e3djzgl7krqf2hnad npub1hvzkl03x7z8fews3cc5h99mxtze83rwxunre2687hcdy0zqn0cssnszrkx npub1q884swxynxp5dt467g0v3gk6t89tgd3r90pgdwcvxtlnjf2l3jtswgwvcc npub169jj88ry88e7f6cmcngcz8mu67ak6q6u2pgtcae6wa4ju00z8gts8hac60 npub1ahfkmjuzqcngqule5c4eq3cucxd65dpkp0sguzzsr2duxwlx9guq86x8en npub14xcy30kssvtpj29f40rk2kk5d2heumaxnz77ahkuejwepqngy9nsewgz0e npub13jpmntdr2k04x76f0c76syf3za42esn2nnd6kumc2cwyltmtje0se6mvqj npub1us9tzl0zc0ggfqw6348wyctck7mmh34w0hpn2rs236akusx7ltjq5s8gtq npub1eykpylvevzagq8jm8jutf2pmjnnelmyuc56a66v9g7ttcth5kfsq6vllrz npub14r294afl5jqgvj4hlfpj3dvyxenxh4vuhepn68zdurcas5r5xy2q5ydufe npub14n46ruge3mmv72xeyjw5zl4cec6dykrme78plmm0zmpnclcptqzq7kct5u npub1yvw87p6d2rmd3lqdp3c6npjhunpra9huxnl8c30rxjw8tnwd292s3jusa9 npub10agmu2vwed988jdxs8cewppw5jvk0xtvh9vdyguttuhugu930fdsdcsdp4 npub1gyu3h0kmqmecf6044q5r88vu5vtf5u6rekh9yazxrtejfexct0lq5zpudc npub1kstv7m2flm703dmufltz4l4lkm3pptl0zdqjvkx8ap3aagttkd4s8d5pa8 npub1rc56x0ek0dd303eph523g3chm0wmrs5wdk6vs0ehd0m5fn8t7y4sqra3tk npub1mlf37lk424pxrstpdhxqp04v637kjyashaj4ea73gfz86yr4gdzq3mjtav npub177xlld4katf3aardam7qpu88l0ttvyde739qcvjdjynweqnncuqqvxmfdc npub1ykfmyfwtanmhvp06wn3ggwm0gl0v5v2ftmnkmhz6swl2x4ur9udq7ld2fy npub1a5pl548ps6qdkpzpmlgkhnmh2hpntpk2gk3nee08e5spp5wzr3qqk7glwn npub19gskj4eqgjgjrwjw5zhu9rddnrqfq59slm5fa5a9crun9wm2qlyqccyh6h npub1ujxurwzpfrxsprf0urqfxpp0qpm2yrpneat4udg7e0v560nzw3asml0d9z npub1ep6wcd256kvsdxey2ylycrpvmf9wnsqvg46kzqrhuw2akxj020kqvkq9hc npub1pumdyz7qfu0suamv4nrl0vcg574dtl5mwazva6nyjxhpwc4ccxxqca3ane npub147d47sem878zwqln7k9y8y3273v29ase4r7lk5yeta62xk3t739qu5n8zd npub18jzu9qrrmhhwk57zqhfffymy7hq8vrncxnvl0sutu5y2lhr456sssgsesp npub1wmnvcv3ycqmtfsysmrnkyckja8dc9nt5sgf60rrel339v8chtgnq4p5w26 npub1tc07sk67d2rs8x90fpg9x727ulzknw7xjyk4lds7pkzauw2tqntqpzs9dq npub15h8pr8t0l6ya275k42cwwhrfu6z6vk6qydkdn55p6wn4f424s2qsasdczc npub1l0j7srkgmdwy8839st2hn8f9utlgh9vtrm04jksh8tsu32h5vpms9k7zqa npub1p9auvqfn3dtrjnwkhxdvvk6xn3tt8aa2uv4dh2af42nv9z8nh0msrjvmhp npub1lnjp9d8xz5zguufe257vtx59kgjuxxufv0fjnplwcfncvpc7vahscraxv3 npub1mhp87q9axdlwh9ac3p7drg9z764mxwe27xvxm7x704l9dykfy9xqrgmxdq npub1253ehcqxctt4ps8kjfmhqje965v8gtzn7c6gtq02c3kqvtxmsx4qv9my05 npub1gk0yyk54t6ptq5m7hygy8rvc98pq9zz5uhusz9ht6yxcpmvsr59qg5ptts npub1828ey4s37t3dlwjmgsa05zafvdlsfsa3lu5vlk5cdx0a3zppv7nq987tnk npub1h6h3jwx3fvz9sanmg5yx6rutmggsnz5t09t795yf4jk4dqsfyq3q47kcxr npub1cw2epa68jpmy384t7vn0suvd3mxnk5s02ap6fcwg0x6jqy4lhdpsfg84uq npub172g2zwq6vkerg02urweyt2daa0huavn6ghcr4gxt93lmhvnzan0snuwkc7 npub1awwrv77yu0x9rvuaq55ppntc52rhxt0w9t32zkyw2jszvmgsqnkq2f3lpm npub12p25mnqkunnhup0sk6ky0vvtq5pnkapezx8kh689dv2vl2wnp2vquyfw5s npub106yj5wlntf5els6w5cw3gwmsgh4yu7vs0lrpw4c0uzkq3rqmkkgqg7rgpe npub1a4u7yc39v6fvr48a3skz9gwdzl76hf499mk96x703nzc23mdqq2qe84e0k npub1fc72tcwhr5fhcmcczzld6femwd7d7uhqwjw8rp5w9enxj52xjqxsmpgv04 npub14h5r077z3edgts6wl2me5vk52x5se6nnhry0ldfzua872ggcxw9slkd3fd npub1xlngepdt5qz752x9423gnvj2gk92j55qsdhm7mrtmju7x36pwnxqg4sypx npub1rl9wszqmsqduzjagewq302qfadjy4mt5vw5zvm8xdamvp3d0nm3sr88s7e npub1ayvrrlpygam2ruyx2lhtkvgjc53wjd3vvvs0ysjqh3pwhryaju7qd60eq3 npub143mkh6lvtrha7w7pjw32ujkljc9ell9wpyvd707nahqy0rt62kws4wlyhl npub157rwfe8a4gffdcx5ca56q2qsvpp3z757674lkwca5ud9j9pdcnaqct6p2h npub12z3w5jynqn3pjt73kqz6wkueygrvt57qfwgxy5u5pmn0uqutdwdq5jpd8w npub1zfrc4u0dnph8flpqar5r5lv3gpn7qafhlh35zpcm8e6ex4k24snqhx69js npub1rvww8nakj7rgz59jdqlswdmvjn0cd46q2h4y00wuaquwyn383fysxlpyxt npub12knmfzy88xpc4dhuly50tlhcnar07c4pd3w9pfpd4lnssmwhvtrsgq2ez4 npub1705am22u3tep8vvdwkqex0jm9pazhmqqyxvaqzcnv76m53xed0xqeetuva npub1q0k8epddegnec4kj0j3rew9yel0jsrp82sd2new0zy3m9pcfgqas4r5yp7 npub1fcj3en06ajdm09y3twytsrnd9n7yqayt9e9xuutqdrwnqu85t6nqt7rz5p npub1jvej78jr00s94gdyct9md9x2ljtjr0jhej5c4mm7cejp39dwgu6slkmju6 npub1mp0jgd4gaj5hhw99lfwxufl0k50m398jcneqsp940sjzz32skmzqw5uuat npub13u8pyc0azav54a9gg0py5khrmd8er6ac55kvag72h43r4q8s7nnqsqsy4t npub1ajan43fcllaxc589juls8pef90cgdya0p0en38h55fal42nlgkrsvltfdv npub1pvn0tyrrrv86xpydzq6ppeyyuh3zut263m82emdfmydn37qa6x5qmh8khc npub1pfx4fj43y5j27ywgj02axnyup0eujtk3g6r4ug2n4nvfsa2kpl0qwvtah5 npub1rpx2y7u00jmsvwt8zlkztajmk3e5se89vhnswsz4suuyg4a3fx2ses6lkk npub10jhpwcdsc6mrfs8audcdds2x5txdagru9835f3drthzaumxurduq6esrnm npub1narc0ect9jf0ffnvcwg8kdqlte69yxfcxgxwaq35eygw42t3jqvq4hxv0r npub1yrffsyxk5hujkpz6mcpwhwkujqmdwswvdp4sqs2ug26zxmly45hsfpn8p0 npub10ua5vjul7d3rvvzg2psvhk36w7gpx8zn8xncqw773l4hnf0pkp4qccymjg npub14fzrwpygf69t0e9snrk2ms7ltn8u4dnvunl6d98zkrgdzf256exqa3j6rj npub1x8vkne5rx99wzup65m7gpmhmgsa80d3dscp8hafrwj70zxzkyexqttjd5x npub1643y7m94wwu30awq5djh7lkqj48evpz944yetgzhssmykkh93zlsz22hhs npub15pkupvdv7hmcjumlrx5yjmcwy2f9fl9fmsa9mx7qjlau8k59rxusq2v0ny npub15wnjy9pfx5xm9w2mjqezyhdgthw3ty4ydmnnamtmhvfmzl9x8css6kt8fs npub1saygqd4rdf8edlm3r45cexr97zndj3254lxyz9dejjlztscvndcqhcky0f npub14neap59th00w9keu9uffpal72dxyex5u7vc8pwsuqrdxes2mkrascnlukg npub1nyzep3atafwfrnq7346dmx7kjhqsrza936rnvnlkv25fzd09gxpqw3gg6v npub1chgzxyqjnvv7ryuf095cswtym37jummaqme42dfez8q25h4l734s9xdl08 npub1gp0cpreej8amtmmd4zn72hvgr4d4tgdhg3vpe0m4yxzqz7skg5eq47jmuc npub10gp3mv09aet40plum7f4pllyc8g8u4thq8mkkwymdcct3schagvq6fuh49 npub143jqpdq583jd7t4ucfkr9wzug9h3904vcng0vymyley0dx43vv8ssk2gc7 npub1z8y57drslgthaefkvya7kmqcdm9c20uutz336j9hp4frkrg32nwq9g4ju8 npub12er2cnsfzc3d5ceggpjazwx9a5cwna4atxslkwe8975lp3fuy6gs6s36tk npub1cpxjrlnhfmcclcsly5c0dvrgvl5nsctzxpp4s9f2nh4qeq50mwsq4089fc npub17dhclpvjmlkhlgkh04sc2296wj0veae79fq8dkwr5efvlz6vt79qgyqztn npub1gm7vxd6yjqsjx49ddqgyflllpjuhduqch79jlp07upsh3uf6q47qsm4xlv npub1d8h26etwdx6ws4afflra7reqwtvjsm7u8zn7jz0w5q0ah4tgx3rsga3axt npub18trgdajss33u25jvk0g2yv6lxr7s7k2dlkkku6eqq7m4hrc6aazshusdhj npub17s290m08ukaz9j3nhyuj5w2zyxtdzdqvrvsgv65c7ckcxshjrxrs6wnfhy npub1jlu3zyj7f2hacdrrmy7jpny9f7nnvuxt2flrasjtmgut90502xqqtsx4rf npub1vwcy6na4rcx6r43fqyxkhzzdvqufctnx06ywvrnajmq9p3mu27yqxy04ch npub1ea35pc7pqg2uvstspd0ljlu09t580qc942n5eevvmkrv6huchffspl8087 npub1jxl2tnvnv9gycsy64aze295c3a529lx5sfmzlktf5lxuw805g5wqew0z0n npub1l885a986vy3sj3watelhdwea74jxhy8688ju4h2c8wz2e94tcd2sl7qjy9 npub1uy7tnhwxsr0tc8eexksandgcct5wtua2xazvl2gfyy5n86p9sdvq7nwdzc npub12wm6zfgan2v2jc5tknkjsj9d64qfk6y4ggu32f9tgnu0mpuz26uqctkvly npub19hvj2zeg7ck8cj2p2az5y0gplllhgzzdu0khu5fhnpfmum5jspeqqcdjej npub1cqykgt4enf0ce9v36kjzugx94l6tp8dd5k8ktfgga9ahgs2mzess82r6sm npub1th77tvx7c3l9qgxql4grcllh9qahyfvz65ruplrf6kh0sfzuya0stmendl npub1w98zr2sevkqle6lmt7u503ewclhzs2cdq94ke4mw7kmpxy2u9y5s6fe9yy npub1c999aq8sl4fmw8an6hfj5lfhuneqc35seffqs6938hxajr2jq6rquyvp6l npub13tnrml3s46xswsk8l2p4tv8cdmnpkvrk4p32828jwce7puefc0kq8jlf2d npub126v86pztd6emjtkwxe8jj8sa8f0m9wcavsd4j0raemdxksegfg3qfaan6r npub1uz9f979gqjj0ymul0kqq79g8gtelwe6rs276jm7qnaffmn545h7suw6nhl npub165h57grx6hjw0grfcw805srfxl53ggcsl3mmhagmp7rg8x80ehasytgw9y npub1re764kr23sa6d2ld6fhukthcwgnwvsrahe92zq42kpdu3lm05sjqwjchtt npub1m0l0harjth9sses5h0r2slf7l4wws4clgt88s6n23ct2kd2xdkusf8nqjj npub1a8w23gjnfv0f0qzjpfeqg7yc5ddf4c8m8jks50l84lrv7h52jhgqq734am npub178p8fw0spjry5824n5wv96rfre8lq4r30ysyctfspzy97n3tl0nqcg5hzj npub1yhyc5znlka36gx496q2lmqhyttlef7lpkx790vjmsh2xfacdeu6q9zu2sd npub1h7mp8nd39hzxywqdl28rm2du9j2jhcarmsmakmulm6z7fc4lx6eqqaxh7q npub1dvqg5278etemtvxl59ahcey8cywrcl0krhpu8dt9s70mgwjar3jsqh5ywp npub1dpm87jq8zpgrvq2thr80chmjjrj0tww7q3hx9kq7wpzq2aayqxdq9a76um npub1l506tlst4adydg0tkshynjw6dsk5ukjvpzr67y9vas8v3nzxylssq6p0j5 npub1pe493zu4ax53pthcsfff7uehwppc9w6peashtyu972ey2szdeheqxcfk5k npub1kuxfh7e9fds89qzzzfjrh6c80d46jstqnm2q29wekyykr4mk0zvss3yn27 npub1gwx22vu2yzm8eq95nvvmgvpax04u96gq4r8rgqqf9pgsheu2lz4q429cus npub1n8ahhlw8trcpwkqdcetl5pgqvrxcfvgrtj037zlflrnqymq5f40qhnwpd9 npub1ujr9zwz8h7xtkvp4pn6aslguqvks43h8ej2z2g86snff0h4xxmuqjzcwy7 npub1vm4s0uqkydaqzt44dyt38p5spltl6637sxrfxswmr6k883f5a0ds8taxyl npub1zqvtnvxrdpg5vwh5alpx0m567092m2ltynqxlk004976tgc6syqsg9rcv4 npub1ld5xqfflwy6txghaaef2d4rnyzkvwvz2crncmtvhq93xxsqvzqtqzdx4yp npub1er2xa679095y03xlcmycgg4r93nluqpluye44h0ndxdy6k5uxcdsqwtqkf npub16jde9ylpry7pyau6svgqktdes242ynfk9snfafh8gq3r3fj5xfus44xm32 npub1zqgjtt2ayahsuxzp3cg7h8qwt6ev7phz9x02ktc0gdlwz70n23nsla0sph npub1h9c96qqmcupyvtq30d0xvp97h2cx966gz8n55cqgd24hgzvz047s6hxyd4 npub1h955atshn3faxg5r40p4achtxg3q832h0agjn24sf63tnkg5ezfq0fnr0n npub1ker60jkxmxjmft468v5wzth5757v2end6wzd4xn67jyej8taj4zsyp7tqy npub1ddjzjva20mwp9xals7v0nh3devvjewevkkrqrsglyhnwa59ctswq6kzdys npub1wtvrnst9hus9pvz3m95pusfjzq4z5zly3w4lehulh6xc8dajl60qsrjg5a npub1hl07ukzg0xk7gj6ejr5k5e6gmakt9tnu5r07f543ce6e7sa7dc0qv0kcun npub16dana9qsfpf48ccyqwvl8jlw6k5u8adly9ph76z0ftrs88lf7vtsrzlu5s npub1fyd0awkakq4aap70ual7mtlszjle9krffgwnsrkyua2frzmysd8qjj8gvg npub1saessfmtu5xwnwh60e0rwnj0e067npv6yxgc7d96algqqart056s5gkuqh npub1lylzl87mst3swjtj97j8aajyfmaqctaylgw9et5agyp3rl42y5as87k86d npub1z324cpkjv9ay5fanw7rex5847dy7h3ndvaej2hy2vmc7r8c35res3x2kje npub13zlwh0n00pja6dkw6htamu6sl8668hpgr45y5lnmnmvt92g3laysqqsatw npub1u2ukfds6k42qwufd9xd5l535lxt3g2zet9rmmlhagtjxg6t8e6asmx0w6c npub1ezeah83hkpsguazn70rmkmfwh864wdejv7h7q7tsuq46wquelelqu8fr7h npub1pvuu3ms6vlu7lmysggjuuz6ctsuyjdmy3uhlywg7jxdewvtr7rgqakhnsl npub1vny9x6jl2cmvhva8m9gq05z0vf2tar3vy72503hvuru0pxtnz2vq9v0fyg npub1s9s55cwl2m6cd5czukune4y02gecrn7m2tukj8zt4epheaqlk7wqsd753t npub1qvwpwvdvq4hckarg9ekldnvzza0shka85fk24uuh606vhg4l2grsuw808l npub15ksrns0fw4l8heral0hst3szmvpka67a94xxjcm3ddlpx7hcn7eqhwfkrd npub1zkrdvkmnx0sv7d8hyd0ma22lfvvphhd33d0qs3sg7lrtrv0xdv9sa7gy52 npub1nknxhegrddacazt8sax6cr2h0r9sht6ajmq3s82vjhg54ey2rfhsumhe3c npub107swly8y0ert2upsevqk8fqw9tvacfvuygw55qcv4s2eav6f0axslhmymt npub1a9a2l7jqqxa9mwrw034lcnuhcsncg905sl03ava49md55t4awewsvvzz87 npub1yudjcmkasasju6znprl3rpyp39xa3uk4g6sfrv3wxestqsehs3eq7z5f8r npub1cy3a6gug0t4jrl8plq393cjjxwtg6cewcuek0n0hkww4h567dnts0ft0dy npub19jxz6jynvhlwzmfyhmn5tzymdff0zuq8jkg2mq268a5045f6favswaxu2q npub1uvx00x8svjwma2zhddwpthyke6zc3rrxqg5gj8mxdjv77zvwmz2qgw603z npub1ewe3r7x8qemdh7v30gndpamgrmu0k6nu4twyt62r6ukvkvmpgkls24272j npub1deexjnst5g52wh9kmqr4hy3wzhh0gspujs2nc6m0l892rzj788uq5gcpq2 npub16qsq63pgxyw5vz6847y9w4cau0fmvhykw7uy04p50u5muulc6kwqn706mz npub12cfje6nl2nuxplcqfvhg7ljt89fmpj0n0fd24zxsukja5qm9wmtqd7y76c npub1nu0yladm9rr6wsz8w3v995gcxl88vqcdnp8uv3zp3xk978d3658s8kvmhm npub1dn5cj3n85c085yqry7wle93uhrqtkf9m2zwqgt8c233js0lt9ugsdr7zzt npub1vudm0xsx4cv3zkvvq7k5836tnkv64q0h7uudnwujr4a4l9zc2p9s0x8url npub12c68tkshmelhtrd7ye5fqg3gwttd33ly7gzxkwh2u4qt008nu7gstf7x0p npub1dc9p7jzjhj86g2uqgltq4qvnpkyfqn9r72kdlddcgyat3j05gnjsgjc8rz npub1dmqa9kg8nke7fc88p760zd8crrqupl4w5lflhgs0jgh4n3slmdjsql67zc npub13q2vzsfemle9cpxj875tz0vcwqe6r8sy05fd62jcd3xuxjeqj6ksze4xl8 npub16merj2xt59t43djfx8vf4fzhc6nd4v9hlsv8ej8xfl3327yr3vzqu8zjt4 npub15dqlghlewk84wz3pkqqvzl2w2w36f97g89ljds8x6c094nlu02vqjllm5m npub1kqnfgpzt3jxh69ma394r0azyurd6h3dehpw7lzvl0vv3n7kv4a0s3305z2 npub1g6jjgu06nctv74e96u84jux6vxm3ezncjh7tyquvm66jug02xvzqmqu08l npub1efk5xdyrs6e4lqfm7crut2ssdnhu54d9egswq6smt62v0llj37vsprp0r9 npub1j2gc7kt42rwf5q37dmm2k29rqxscdqt2vyfn0xgju32v329jfpdqmkq0xk npub15lymwv6mdpdc3j8zxf3qzq33j2lyntst9v83ukqpa0tzkdtae28sgef05j npub189ts86gs5xw5w2mcz0na5vkz4cseam7jnkjwwqswrj56v9x776lshjqa8m npub1cgf0yeja9tlkfq248l09hkf4kfjfyaup50laen46ucv8gf0puy0qlpxlh5 npub15r0z9mrt0nxzq5fzxysqusm32r9krljq8gh55xnavdyllk6gdxjsj36uc5 npub1qa0lj0jktem67zaazrvpgrf23qdcj3cw9u6j5ct55mg447tqnftshv420v npub1yxfjljjd3apsrvzlkww525jfvdsvuwcs3n23wpmy2txtsppzvmtsgxur33 npub1gv8juwhat4xkl734q684n6vvv8sn5k2dvm8a0wnckyw50zajdvhse8rd3j npub14tj8zkwatnjq4rlnruj53676thre3uss9tg8e23a6w4ewuzus60qe4qg6r npub1ylf8w68g5dkfqwjpdvsy42d2cwqnajswrhz323chsc7gnz400chqfmzdm5 npub1rhgqj4urjf5uw9y3npnvvst2hhmcdqghd26fzwgc4s5ptkq24d4s2525ja npub1lzmdnlsaysc5m040q5q8nlgmquldtxzgllegsg6z2n0engaxwp8szsswed npub1vr3860267yxktugg5q034j9xh3xjaxnlawvas6wqa5kw6zxhgcdq6u2yzr npub1q6ygq585gcs2m6egv67yv3a036jhry8zu93wk2uk68e3smdafl5q4sl54r npub1vy0g338hw6w6rn2fsv5s92nx47u6gle8v50ypxwj6k2hsj9p344s95e8r5 npub14k0ws2m8f5jfrae4a7smtmwgx0quhhl58z4rpd8hs9ar8mlx78ys0seswh npub1qahmtyz5pr385kqmvxqf0a4004cx6ncvnj2829rvjf0rs5ujanhs2ssgvv npub18wamvs6p7dslshavd24kv2gy72e5jck9lgm3f3e3f8udja3ramcqvrzg6q npub1njtezc8lznuj5ws6yvz6x324lzn2ct907s8vlwnxqph30m0gqd0qvpvr07 npub1vgppgksgzs7je6xueqqvkpn4gqmcn3nl96famz34zfhqzq286mdqqmecmx npub1w6nj3y6wsv9kfjev4jjdghsg9ajcjq2gtec4qfpmgcmkzljl4yps8r0gwq npub10l6udyczpjzg4wcer9mje4zkcf2hhus8cswhycwaxfanepc7fz6s0q7u4a npub1cwevvvcurkfg5wjtnftret2j7ldv4lg3x35sty0pm546p6jx0g8q9fa055 npub1v5t0xmnrcap5rah8cm8mrqkp0rmuv4mslrlm3ldwkr39fzy56mas7wvr3f npub1w2vm583yvalnc02ngh6rxhn4ekp8m0xysmrzr6s7ufdwmu9r9qxsqdg0ng npub14va2v0yaprmt0nn0qk7ga6jujfk6pdrfwv0kxj76a5ymp8dfdy2s5ehfdd npub1ztdt0nvu8324tg40g4ts8d6englps8w6574zyq2gkdvcrx364y0qd9x9za npub15qskvuagmaznzc3pea7vxh0890ycfzxxdx537gef5wl6cunan3tsdkld4r npub10vmwytmy0pypy2c0f5zen8auvl7ku5dnk53vaw3ddplw2fl9r9wq4hmr5r npub1crqgm8qg9kplm9rlwfj7uxdzdtanq6rfu9unkt4ckd8r7fn7q36s0az8tt npub1x7fj44hzhjdcw2jwpylllpdgeh9yqqt7fg35ucfaywnw68tctv7qntw8qu npub1rj46xc5tssyk67ma9sslqqt90d597uuqx6v7tprv8alt9enk6v0qyvgn65 npub1y9a3x4e4zf6fu2w0cyyx9r2pmm6qtzrv4sallyznflamhplz3jyq0gq7gp npub1ukm78z9nzr0vnq7nqn8tvx95htttj2f48n99n9nqlky547rwzyrqk08am8 npub1p93m0semtesnsm2fjjd0p5kwl8gpwdqsnfq920zqyhfcc3j4nddsygyk5p npub1rgtl4ay7dcnud25enknv9230r3u5dmu3h3c7mj38jamrz4g3vf8qj5cszy npub19ajcupesc6zcpt0tlg6jv2l4w6wnpx985x735445fvla4w9zqqkss69s06 npub1kpyx8lxklwtd6n496rqgu8kq2k3yh2svlzr5sz3jlxlnphc6tcwq8kllrw npub1sg3qz6633ajzfg7w9ptmk0hf8ckl9jvv4zh6ttxt39jne36wnpnqyzk3vn npub1h5e0y6r2tagu4cygnfggzcfrt4afarvcvvcgqmpzyv605g4n89nqhlf2e2 npub1n6rffa4wqh3hcuurlf298dx8j59wxkmjth87adc7ektxnmpgxwgszk7scj npub17ml9y86nfg65h68pumfkclr3ay24pcfduu06j2jfp4pz2yjcpcjqv04fu3 npub1rkz86wjvey3vgdy2pau5ulpzdmxyzq4g8xp9cd3tu6kqmzpqcppseazx4s npub1c664gerrwlc3rlm6nnm73uc2kjyd0f7zaellshxyfdrludtmcf4q3adztu npub1zp0ys9ysfyrjvuxpwhvyevgphkmluynreun7fg2jeuu9xtsjwa4shlqhhn npub1fp0w2jd6e9l6pd3akr630d8gkcn39t2vep7u3ac5265fezu2fnvqjxpa2s npub1jz8k5nl4978lnhghlzeenp3nmfyvykqw5pjp620jj5qft8vqh44qp6pjk8 npub18vay956v7zs5qtgc65mvn54v96cuvqv6j9fmu4cgfjqkt5vjuvjsc47nzf npub1kgpnq8ycudaq8d7fym033hgdarz3ktvcws8nxt7p9rnfv98j7cdqftrga8 npub10wdzfpdpgyzxj8a4xtf5dux5z8065pan7xrcjh6gd6plj39qzycssepffr npub1ew3rlwvtmxw903gnqx92zar5dcyd47pjjure7ut2wngyz003ff8q0x0frx npub18urkgk8wrf0esedp8gy57670q5qxry22yce7rwrnvvrur736p3pspy6upf npub1pp8mxtdgamg65wfvrtp56v5lnyvv2kmx45cxd5m9dgcdjqqy5ysq5qasy3 npub1y5vlh9z98stts0rc5mlufellseuwjtyaa5jhewjqugnzdwt7yvgs0ydryw npub1gcxzte5zlkncx26j68ez60fzkvtkm9e0vrwdcvsjakxf9mu9qewqlfnj5z npub1x0r5gflnk2mn6h3c70nvnywpy2j46gzqwg6k7uw6fxswyz0md9qqnhshtn npub1lc6c4ukssmuf678py7k6thmlk8c4a52l9zx4thec48ve2qmcdqys22jt95 npub1h28yvj0mj692wpwruqdhyjngcfh4la7gaygrent6a3wwqjxcah7qnt92e7 npub16g85fanyh8sq48yjfq0smqm297yw76yxlcdvjq7hkuvm7xjjhn5saads2f npub1xc2plng44tlj2smv65e53sf3uaqf56c5gajktyu8zxn2p70jrxcq230nt9 npub15l8sfm30uwns8qrcajs99narc4ex65ujt5sky4zx3dpjhnnk2szsqu40n5 npub126u9v4tqg79hxx569wyq207q68j4vn4yme8he007kqfg36va8r8s4qvqs4 npub1stv2q4hwrk6ggvw3hxju8hjakly4ev9wt5tn8gnl9cpaqt8799yqj58ygn npub18yffjalmcfn4x0x0jpj3xm8g6vdx8rp2jd4dhnpr7e3xpemxlmas9w0q8u npub1wmmlxqv8l6aks90jvnetvwkk2hqd7pmqzk8hq6v0tkjrpqdvm8tq0exs5c npub1z8v0x60ukxsk00zz5s2uqgvlg6p8dhunnz3fn6wtnw48xg7p3wvsgmnduu npub1vukz6scwfq55vqjpv3z52theg0lwkrz6kncwc3rfkczl3ukafsfqfnw368 npub1kujyqe2m5w9895kfx7agwjag0xperd0efnxzfellux0xuj5es28q09lucn npub1j3tn5wdn82tmlgvcmhtm0fwzqpwx86pdgr3538rh7asdvkas2ktsqlnxpf npub1g7tavhda0yc8857nj22feuytgxskg4dlpfyql6r2d99egajrss7ssq730z npub1fsyfqrleejgdmck8rxd64wkhdefjthu6lgm8eg99r9xxsl9hespsnmfhvv npub1mevkncsv484u9nue4apgl6ue2644x4m57y9cmztnvwpvs0tnduysg3vdsw npub1a2mj00469ng4xy87nucds99e7m5djh4pe3rpluvhcnaat48gpeysj0gy8v npub1ggfzdxa8xrrzhaut6venkrmjtw8wl25y6l0wramkc7d4dlyaflzsxxrfcq npub1f945c6sqw2d2aqktvjrjtu9uca9wdd6ua5e0a560jak90rr5ha0q3tj4cx npub1x3j34yuj6d9ln5ryuw0ncy97aa6ttc5wwyxqwvjrz7mg039t6l5qd4ewrm npub1d0jucp5jqt799kjuqxzs4cj377tew43dpcr60fzyvcltc5jemtcqryyvcy npub1m6keqpkqfp0uzxdzm2q0rdw6pzxuln98rzla0zzywwdzgcyw2rpq56p4d8 npub1p8ymvhgtsyhyqk4y35xlup20trde4pa69pxf45hdxc74zdkyhfvq3narwh npub17n7fe8p607xgzj2hzft5dsqvsus7mm3y0ceq0ta9a30s9akatq5sqh9y58 npub1he7j4yt7ad6kd07ynqk9qmhfqflw642qkjagqvn2eektqrl90fcs6dlraq npub1mryqu5cffjqpyykvmfjx3js8j0m0850v56dx24lhyqgf2uhl5npsk9xj7y npub17natddjkmse4z8frh7ysynwtzanzmvs9d76c5r53546wsnzs25gqfdeqey npub1ywcw97xsl93l0mqmdpshqx4yu507xqa8zy8p3l8vrkgkek90wm7qjhp74e npub1d9f66fpawpeyrdh9jkyccfdgut6u9ghufwly5gyttfy790mp88sqgx5v98 npub1cx5js2ma5gf7fqn7yv8sjtezvg3agfth7yyxhwywtqypkat493ksjm7yr8 npub1ykrmhyqc0mjhdf5mzuz37g3jkt5ma7v0uesmuyvhueaqs5ysfres02hqjd npub13k3ynlhc2ret9nvzamj4cgrnq9fx3uzyx8ral84tjtk5pmxqpcysdzrzgt npub1jdaa64eyuql4hd0244mp7z7n82egpmt2d79ny9avjufkpm5gz46shcdfng npub1ne99yarta29qxnsp0ssp6cpnnqmtwl8cvklenfcsg2fantuvf0zqmpxjxk npub1klwact0ar00r9uer7tzh2zq0ytx3f552tt8qavszdhvu6vpv3uzqwpkjqz npub124rja8qp7dartasr9wdh3kk78phxunzhmq8ar5ryd2anj2qwtcnsz3tuhs npub1c7kdmhhae7x40q8zq9eudgqm9wgz0q3av4nrgaqe2qqphqmqvczqhee447

@ a31f394c:7ad8f439

No mundo dos jogos online, onde inúmeras plataformas buscam a atenção dos jogadores, KK999 se destaca como uma opção inovadora e empolgante. Focada no público brasileiro, a plataforma oferece uma ampla gama de jogos, uma interface intuitiva e um excelente suporte ao cliente. Se você está em busca de um destino online para jogos que combine entretenimento, qualidade e segurança, KK999 é a escolha certa para você.

Visão Geral da Plataforma KK999 é mais do que uma simples plataforma de jogos. É uma experiência imersiva e moderna, desenvolvida para atender às necessidades específicas dos jogadores brasileiros. A plataforma possui uma interface limpa e fácil de navegar, o que torna a experiência de jogar agradável e sem complicações. O site é responsivo, o que significa que você pode acessar e jogar de qualquer dispositivo, seja no desktop ou no celular, tornando a plataforma perfeita para quem deseja jogar em qualquer lugar.

O diferencial do kk999 é a experiência personalizada que oferece aos jogadores brasileiros. Além de estar completamente traduzido para o português, o site também oferece promoções e suporte técnico localizados, o que cria uma sensação de familiaridade e confiança entre os usuários.

Variedade de Jogos para Todos os Gostos Uma das características mais atraentes da KK999 é sua vasta seleção de jogos. A plataforma oferece desde jogos tradicionais de mesa, como poker e baccarat, até os modernos jogos de slots, que são incrivelmente populares entre os jogadores. Se você gosta de desafios estratégicos ou prefere a emoção de uma boa rotação de roletas, KK999 tem algo para todos.

Os jogos de mesa, como poker e blackjack, permitem que os jogadores testem suas habilidades e se envolvam em desafios emocionantes. Cada jogo é projetado com gráficos de alta qualidade e animações fluidas, criando uma experiência realista e envolvente. Além disso, a plataforma oferece uma coleção diversificada de slots, com temas variados e recursos extras que aumentam a emoção a cada giro.

Para aqueles que preferem uma experiência mais interativa, KK999 também oferece jogos com dealers ao vivo. Esses jogos permitem que os jogadores interajam com dealers profissionais em tempo real, criando uma atmosfera de jogo ao vivo, que remete à experiência de um cassino físico.

Experiência do Jogador: Segurança e Suporte de Qualidade O KK999 entende que uma experiência de jogo de alta qualidade vai além de apenas jogar. A plataforma se destaca pelo seu compromisso com a segurança dos jogadores. Utilizando as mais recentes tecnologias de criptografia, KK999 garante que todas as informações pessoais e financeiras dos jogadores estejam seguras, proporcionando tranquilidade para que os jogadores possam se concentrar apenas no jogo.

Além disso, o suporte ao cliente do KK999 é impecável. A plataforma oferece suporte 24 horas por dia, 7 dias por semana, por meio de chat ao vivo e e-mail. Caso o jogador tenha dúvidas sobre um jogo, questões relacionadas à conta ou precise de assistência técnica, a equipe de atendimento está sempre disponível e pronta para ajudar.

Bônus e Promoções para Todos os Jogadores KK999 também se destaca pelas suas ofertas generosas de bônus e promoções. Para os novos jogadores, a plataforma oferece bônus de boas-vindas, enquanto os jogadores regulares podem aproveitar programas de fidelidade que recompensam a lealdade dos usuários com ofertas exclusivas e prêmios.

Essas promoções tornam a experiência de jogar ainda mais divertida e empolgante, dando aos jogadores mais chances de se divertir e ganhar enquanto jogam seus jogos favoritos.

Conclusão KK999 se estabeleceu como uma plataforma de jogos online de referência no Brasil, oferecendo uma experiência única que combina uma enorme variedade de jogos, uma interface amigável, suporte excepcional e medidas de segurança robustas. Se você está à procura de uma plataforma para se divertir e explorar, KK999 é o lugar perfeito para começar sua jornada de jogos online.

@ 8947a945:9bfcf626

สวัสดีทุกคนบน Nostr ครับ รวมไปถึง watchersและ ผู้ติดตามของผมจาก Deviantart และ platform งานศิลปะอื่นๆนะครับ

ตั้งแต่ต้นปี 2024 ผมใช้ AI เจนรูปงานตัวละครสาวๆจากอนิเมะ และเปิด exclusive content ให้สำหรับผู้ที่ชื่นชอบผลงานของผมเป็นพิเศษ

ผมโพสผลงานผมทั้งหมดไว้ที่เวบ Deviantart และค่อยๆสร้างฐานผู้ติดตามมาเรื่อยๆอย่างค่อยเป็นค่อยไปมาตลอดครับ ทุกอย่างเติบโตไปเรื่อยๆของมัน ส่วนตัวผมมองว่ามันเป็นพิร์ตธุรกิจออนไลน์ ของผมพอร์ตนึงได้เลย

เมื่อวันที่ 16 กย.2024 มีผู้ติดตามคนหนึ่งส่งข้อความส่วนตัวมาหาผม บอกว่าชื่นชอบผลงานของผมมาก ต้องการจะขอซื้อผลงาน แต่ขอซื้อเป็น NFT นะ เสนอราคาซื้อขายต่อชิ้นที่สูงมาก หลังจากนั้นผมกับผู้ซื้อคนนี้พูดคุยกันในเมล์ครับ

นี่คือข้อสรุปสั่นๆจากการต่อรองซื้อขายครับ

(หลังจากนี้ผมขอเรียกผู้ซื้อว่า scammer นะครับ เพราะไพ่มันหงายมาแล้ว ว่าเขาคือมิจฉาชีพ)

• Scammer รายแรก เลือกผลงานที่จะซื้อ เสนอราคาซื้อที่สูงมาก แต่ต้องเป็นเวบไซต์ NFTmarket place ที่เขากำหนดเท่านั้น มันทำงานอยู่บน ERC20 ผมเข้าไปดูเวบไซต์ที่ว่านี้แล้วรู้สึกว่ามันดูแปลกๆครับ คนที่จะลงขายผลงานจะต้องใช้ email ในการสมัครบัญชีซะก่อน ถึงจะผูก wallet อย่างเช่น metamask ได้ เมื่อผูก wallet แล้วไม่สามารถเปลี่ยนได้ด้วย ตอนนั้นผมใช้ wallet ที่ไม่ได้ link กับ HW wallet ไว้ ทดลองสลับ wallet ไปๆมาๆ มันทำไม่ได้ แถมลอง log out แล้ว เลข wallet ก็ยังคาอยู่อันเดิม อันนี้มันดูแปลกๆแล้วหนึ่งอย่าง เวบนี้ค่า ETH ในการ mint 0.15 - 0.2 ETH … ตีเป็นเงินบาทนี่แพงบรรลัยอยู่นะครับ

• Scammer รายแรกพยายามชักจูงผม หว่านล้อมผมว่า แหม เดี๋ยวเขาก็มารับซื้องานผมน่า mint งานเสร็จ รีบบอกเขานะ เดี๋ยวเขารีบกดซื้อเลย พอขายได้กำไร ผมก็ได้ค่า gas คืนได้ แถมยังได้กำไรอีก ไม่มีอะไรต้องเสีนจริงมั้ย แต่มันเป้นความโชคดีครับ เพราะตอนนั้นผมไม่เหลือทุนสำรองที่จะมาซื้อ ETH ได้ ผมเลยต่อรองกับเขาตามนี้ครับ :

• ผมเสนอว่า เอางี้มั้ย ผมส่งผลงานของผมแบบ low resolution ให้ก่อน แลกกับให้เขาช่วยโอน ETH ที่เป็นค่า mint งานมาให้หน่อย พอผมได้ ETH แล้ว ผมจะ upscale งานของผม แล้วเมล์ไปให้ ใจแลกใจกันไปเลย ... เขาไม่เอา

• ผมเสนอให้ไปซื้อที่ร้านค้าออนไลน์ buymeacoffee ของผมมั้ย จ่ายเป็น USD ... เขาไม่เอา
• ผมเสนอให้ซื้อขายผ่าน PPV lightning invoice ที่ผมมีสิทธิ์เข้าถึง เพราะเป็น creator ของ Creatr ... เขาไม่เอา
• ผมยอกเขาว่างั้นก็รอนะ รอเงินเดือนออก เขาบอก ok

สัปดาห์ถัดมา มี scammer คนที่สองติดต่อผมเข้ามา ใช้วิธีการใกล้เคียงกัน แต่ใช้คนละเวบ แถมเสนอราคาซื้อที่สูงกว่าคนแรกมาก เวบที่สองนี้เลวร้ายค่าเวบแรกอีกครับ คือต้องใช้เมล์สมัครบัญชี ไม่สามารถผูก metamask ได้ พอสมัครเสร็จจะได้ wallet เปล่าๆมาหนึ่งอัน ผมต้องโอน ETH เข้าไปใน wallet นั้นก่อน เพื่อเอาไปเป็นค่า mint NFT 0.2 ETH

ผมบอก scammer รายที่สองว่า ต้องรอนะ เพราะตอนนี้กำลังติดต่อซื้อขายอยู่กับผู้ซื้อรายแรกอยู่ ผมกำลังรอเงินเพื่อมาซื้อ ETH เป็นต้นทุนดำเนินงานอยู่ คนคนนี้ขอให้ผมส่งเวบแรกไปให้เขาดูหน่อย หลังจากนั้นไม่นานเขาเตือนผมมาว่าเวบแรกมันคือ scam นะ ไม่สามารถถอนเงินออกมาได้ เขายังส่งรูป cap หน้าจอที่คุยกับผู้เสียหายจากเวบแรกมาให้ดูว่าเจอปัญหาถอนเงินไม่ได้ ไม่พอ เขายังบลัฟ opensea ด้วยว่าลูกค้าขายงานได้ แต่ถอนเงินไม่ได้

Opensea ถอนเงินไม่ได้ ตรงนี้แหละครับคือตัวกระตุกต่อมเอ๊ะของผมดังมาก เพราะ opensea อ่ะ ผู้ใช้ connect wallet เข้ากับ marketplace โดยตรง ซื้อขายกันเกิดขึ้น เงินวิ่งเข้าวิ่งออก wallet ของแต่ละคนโดยตรงเลย opensea เก็บแค่ค่า fee ในการใช้ platform ไม่เก็บเงินลูกค้าไว้ แถมปีนี้ค่า gas fee ก็ถูกกว่า bull run cycle 2020 มาก ตอนนี้ค่า gas fee ประมาณ 0.0001 ETH (แต่มันก็แพงกว่า BTC อยู่ดีอ่ะครับ)

ผมเลยเอาเรื่องนี้ไปปรึกษาพี่บิท แต่แอดมินมาคุยกับผมแทน ทางแอดมินแจ้งว่ายังไม่เคยมีเพื่อนๆมาปรึกษาเรื่องนี้ กรณีที่ผมทักมาถามนี่เป็นรายแรกเลย แต่แอดมินให้ความเห็นไปในทางเดียวกับสมมุติฐานของผมว่าน่าจะ scam ในเวลาเดียวกับผมเอาเรื่องนี้ไปถามในเพจ NFT community คนไทนด้วย ได้รับการ confirm ชัดเจนว่า scam และมีคนไม่น้อยโดนหลอก หลังจากที่ผมรู้ที่มาแล้ว ผมเลยเล่นสงครามปั่นประสาท scammer ทั้งสองคนนี้ครับ เพื่อดูว่าหลอกหลวงมิจฉาชีพจริงมั้ย

โดยวันที่ 30 กย. ผมเลยปั่นประสาน scammer ทั้งสองรายนี้ โดยการ mint ผลงานที่เขาเสนอซื้อนั่นแหละ ขึ้น opensea แล้วส่งข้อความไปบอกว่า

mint ให้แล้วนะ แต่เงินไม่พอจริงๆว่ะโทษที เลย mint ขึ้น opensea แทน พอดีบ้านจน ทำได้แค่นี้ไปถึงแค่ opensea รีบไปซื้อล่ะ มีคนจ้องจะคว้างานผมเยอะอยู่ ผมไม่คิด royalty fee ด้วยนะเฮ้ย เอาไปขายต่อไม่ต้องแบ่งกำไรกับผม

เท่านั้นแหละครับ สงครามจิตวิทยาก็เริ่มขึ้น แต่เขาจนมุม กลืนน้ำลายตัวเอง ช็อตเด็ดคือ

เขา : เนี่ยอุส่ารอ บอกเพื่อนในทีมว่าวันจันทร์ที่ 30 กย. ได้ของแน่ๆ เพื่อนๆในทีมเห็นงานผมแล้วมันสวยจริง เลยใส่เงินเต็มที่ 9.3ETH (+ capture screen ส่งตัวเลขยอดเงินมาให้ดู)ไว้รอโดยเฉพาะเลยนะ ผม : เหรอ ... งั้น ขอดู wallet address ที่มี transaction มาให้ดูหน่อยสิ เขา : 2ETH นี่มัน 5000$ เลยนะ ผม : แล้วไง ขอดู wallet address ที่มีการเอายอดเงิน 9.3ETH มาให้ดูหน่อย ไหนบอกว่าเตรียมเงินไว้มากแล้วนี่ ขอดูหน่อย ว่าใส่ไว้เมื่อไหร่ ... เอามาแค่ adrress นะเว้ย ไม่ต้องทะลึ่งส่ง seed มาให้ เขา : ส่งรูปเดิม 9.3 ETH มาให้ดู ผม : รูป screenshot อ่ะ มันไม่มีความหมายหรอกเว้ย ตัดต่อเอาก็ได้ง่ายจะตาย เอา transaction hash มาดู ไหนว่าเตรียมเงินไว้รอ 9.3ETH แล้วอยากซื้องานผมจนตัวสั่นเลยไม่ใช่เหรอ ถ้าจะส่ง wallet address มาให้ดู หรือจะช่วยส่ง 0.15ETH มาให้ยืม mint งานก่อน แล้วมากดซื้อ 2ETH ไป แล้วผมใช้ 0.15ETH คืนให้ก็ได้ จะซื้อหรือไม่ซื้อเนี่ย เขา : จะเอา address เขาไปทำไม ผม : ตัดจบ รำคาญ ไม่ขายให้ละ เขา : 2ETH = 5000 USD เลยนะ ผม : แล้วไง

ผมเลยเขียนบทความนี้มาเตือนเพื่อนๆพี่ๆทุกคนครับ เผื่อใครกำลังเปิดพอร์ตทำธุรกิจขาย digital art online แล้วจะโชคดี เจอของดีแบบผม

---

ทำไมผมถึงมั่นใจว่ามันคือการหลอกหลวง แล้วคนโกงจะได้อะไร

อันดับแรกไปพิจารณาดู opensea ครับ เป็นเวบ NFTmarketplace ที่ volume การซื้อขายสูงที่สุด เขาไม่เก็บเงินของคนจะซื้อจะขายกันไว้กับตัวเอง เงินวิ่งเข้าวิ่งออก wallet ผู้ซื้อผู้ขายเลย ส่วนทางเวบเก็บค่าธรรมเนียมเท่านั้น แถมค่าธรรมเนียมก็ถูกกว่าเมื่อปี 2020 เยอะ ดังนั้นการที่จะไปลงขายงานบนเวบ NFT อื่นที่ค่า fee สูงกว่ากันเป็นร้อยเท่า ... จะทำไปทำไม

ผมเชื่อว่า scammer โกงเงินเจ้าของผลงานโดยการเล่นกับความโลภและความอ่อนประสบการณ์ของเจ้าของผลงานครับ เมื่อไหร่ก็ตามที่เจ้าของผลงานโอน ETH เข้าไปใน wallet เวบนั้นเมื่อไหร่ หรือเมื่อไหร่ก็ตามที่จ่ายค่า fee ในการ mint งาน เงินเหล่านั้นสิ่งเข้ากระเป๋า scammer ทันที แล้วก็จะมีการเล่นตุกติกต่อแน่นอนครับ เช่นถอนไม่ได้ หรือซื้อไม่ได้ ต้องโอนเงินมาเพิ่มเพื่อปลดล็อค smart contract อะไรก็ว่าไป แล้วคนนิสัยไม่ดีพวกเนี้ย ก็จะเล่นกับความโลภของคน เอาราคาเสนอซื้อที่สูงโคตรๆมาล่อ ... อันนี้ไม่ว่ากัน เพราะบนโลก NFT รูปภาพบางรูปที่ไม่ได้มีความเป็นศิลปะอะไรเลย มันดันขายกันได้ 100 - 150 ETH ศิลปินที่พยายามสร้างตัวก็อาจจะมองว่า ผลงานเรามีคนรับซื้อ 2 - 4 ETH ต่องานมันก็มากพอแล้ว (จริงๆมากเกินจนน่าตกใจด้วยซ้ำครับ)

บนโลกของ BTC ไม่ต้องเชื่อใจกัน โอนเงินไปหากันได้ ปิดสมุดบัญชีได้โดยไม่ต้องเชื่อใจกัน

บบโลกของ ETH "code is law" smart contract มีเขียนอยู่แล้ว ไปอ่าน มันไม่ได้ยากมากในการทำความเข้าใจ ดังนั้น การจะมาเชื่อคำสัญญาจากคนด้วยกัน เป็นอะไรที่ไม่มีเหตุผล

ผมไปเล่าเรื่องเหล่านี้ให้กับ community งานศิลปะ ก็มีทั้งเสียงตอบรับที่ดี และไม่ดีปนกันไป มีบางคนยืนยันเสียงแข็งไปในทำนองว่า ไอ้เรื่องแบบเนี้ยไม่ได้กินเขาหรอก เพราะเขาตั้งใจแน่วแน่ว่างานศิลป์ของเขา เขาไม่เอาเข้ามายุ่งในโลก digital currency เด็ดขาด ซึ่งผมก็เคารพมุมมองเขาครับ แต่มันจะดีกว่ามั้ย ถ้าเราเปิดหูเปิดตาให้ทันเทคโนโลยี โดยเฉพาะเรื่อง digital currency , blockchain โดนโกงทีนึงนี่คือหมดตัวกันง่ายกว่าเงิน fiat อีก

อยากจะมาเล่าให้ฟังครับ และอยากให้ช่วยแชร์ไปให้คนรู้จักด้วย จะได้ระวังตัวกัน

Note

• ภาพประกอบ cyber security ทั้งสองนี่ของผมเองครับ ทำเอง วางขายบน AdobeStock
• อีกบัญชีนึงของผม "HikariHarmony" npub1exdtszhpw3ep643p9z8pahkw8zw00xa9pesf0u4txyyfqvthwapqwh48sw กำลังค่อยๆเอาผลงานจากโลกข้างนอกเข้ามา nostr ครับ ตั้งใจจะมาสร้างงานศิลปะในนี้ เพื่อนๆที่ชอบงาน จะได้ไม่ต้องออกไปหาที่ไหน

ผลงานของผมครับ - Anime girl fanarts : HikariHarmony - HikariHarmony on Nostr - General art : KeshikiRakuen - KeshikiRakuen อาจจะเป็นบัญชี nostr ที่สามของผม ถ้าไหวครับ

@ 39cc53c9:27168656

Read the original blog post

I've been thinking about how to improve my seed backup in a cheap and cool way, mostly for fun. Until now, I had the seed written on a piece of paper in a desk drawer, and I wanted something more durable and fire-proof.

Show me the final result!

After searching online, I found two options I liked the most: the Cryptosteel Capsule and the Trezor Keep. These products are nice but quite expensive, and I didn't want to spend that much on my seed backup. Privacy is also important, and sharing details like a shipping address makes me uncomfortable. This concern has grown since the Ledger incident^1. A $5 wrench attack^2 seems too cheap, even if you only hold a few sats.

Upon seeing the design of Cryptosteel, I considered creating something similar at home. Although it may not be as cool as their device, it could offer almost the same in terms of robustness and durability.

Step 1: Get the materials and tools

When choosing the materials, you will want to go with stainless steel. It is durable, resistant to fire, water, and corrosion, very robust, and does not rust. Also, its price point is just right; it's not the cheapest, but it's cheap for the value you get.

I went to a material store and bought:

• Two bolts
• Two hex nuts and head nuts for the bolts
• A bag of 30 washers

All items were made of stainless steel. The total price was around €6. This is enough for making two seed backups.

You will also need:

• A set of metal letter stamps (I bought a 2mm-size letter kit since my washers were small, 6mm in diameter)
  • You can find these in local stores or online marketplaces. The set I bought cost me €13.
• A good hammer
• A solid surface to stamp on

Total spent: 19€ for two backups

Step 2: Stamp and store

Once you have all the materials, you can start stamping your words. There are many videos on the internet that use fancy 3D-printed tools to get the letters nicely aligned, but I went with the free-hand option. The results were pretty decent.

I only stamped the first 4 letters for each word since the BIP-39 wordlist allows for this. Because my stamping kit did not include numbers, I used alphabet letters to define the order. This way, if all the washers were to fall off, I could still reassemble the seed correctly.

The final result

So this is the final result. I added two smaller washers as protection and also put the top washer reversed so the letters are not visible:

Compared to the Cryptosteel or the Trezor Keep, its size is much more compact. This makes for an easier-to-hide backup, in case you ever need to hide it inside your human body.

Some ideas

Tamper-evident seal

To enhance the security this backup, you can consider using a tamper-evident seal. This can be easily achieved by printing a unique image or using a specific day's newspaper page (just note somewhere what day it was).

Apply a thin layer of glue to the washer's surface and place the seal over it. If someone attempts to access the seed, they will be forced to destroy the seal, which will serve as an evident sign of tampering.

This simple measure will provide an additional layer of protection and allow you to quickly identify any unauthorized access attempts.

Note that this method is not resistant to outright theft. The tamper-evident seal won't stop a determined thief but it will prevent them from accessing your seed without leaving any trace.

Redundancy

Make sure to add redundancy. Make several copies of this cheap backup, and store them in separate locations.

Unique wordset

Another layer of security could be to implement your own custom mnemonic dictionary. However, this approach has the risk of permanently losing access to your funds if not implemented correctly.

If done properly, you could potentially end up with a highly secure backup, as no one else would be able to derive the seed phrase from it. To create your custom dictionary, assign a unique number from 1 to 2048 to a word of your choice. Maybe you could use a book, and index the first 2048 unique words that appear. Make sure to store this book and even get a couple copies of it (digitally and phisically).

This self-curated set of words will serve as your personal BIP-39 dictionary. When you need to translate between your custom dictionary and the official BIP-39 wordlist, simply use the index number to find the corresponding word in either list.

Never write the idex or words on your computer (Do not use Ctr+F)

@ 39cc53c9:27168656

Read the original blog post

kycnot.me features a somewhat hidden tool that some users may not be aware of. Every month, an automated job crawls every listed service's Terms of Service (ToS) and FAQ pages and conducts an AI-driven analysis, generating a comprehensive overview that highlights key points related to KYC and user privacy.

Here's an example: Changenow's Tos Review

Why?

ToS pages typically contain a lot of complicated text. Since the first versions of kycnot.me, I have tried to provide users a comprehensive overview of what can be found in such documents. This automated method keeps the information up-to-date every month, which was one of the main challenges with manual updates.

A significant part of the time I invest in investigating a service for kycnot.me involves reading the ToS and looking for any clauses that might indicate aggressive KYC practices or privacy concerns. For the past four years, I performed this task manually. However, with advancements in language models, this process can now be somewhat automated. I still manually review the ToS for a quick check and regularly verify the AI’s findings. However, over the past three months, this automated method has proven to be quite reliable.

Having a quick ToS overview section allows users to avoid reading the entire ToS page. Instead, you can quickly read the important points that are grouped, summarized, and referenced, making it easier and faster to understand the key information.

Limitations

This method has a key limitation: JS-generated pages. For this reason, I was using Playwright in my crawler implementation. I plan to make a release addressing this issue in the future. There are also sites that don't have ToS/FAQ pages, but these sites already include a warning in that section.

Another issue is false positives. Although not very common, sometimes the AI might incorrectly interpret something harmless as harmful. Such errors become apparent upon reading; it's clear when something marked as bad should not be categorized as such. I manually review these cases regularly, checking for anything that seems off and then removing any inaccuracies.

Overall, the automation provides great results.

How?

There have been several iterations of this tool. Initially, I started with GPT-3.5, but the results were not good in any way. It made up many things, and important thigs were lost on large ToS pages. I then switched to GPT-4 Turbo, but it was expensive. Eventually, I settled on Claude 3 Sonnet, which provides a quality compromise between GPT-3.5 and GPT-4 Turbo at a more reasonable price, while allowing a generous 200K token context window.

I designed a prompt, which is open source^1, that has been tweaked many times and will surely be adjusted further in the future.

For the ToS scraping part, I initially wrote a scraper API using Playwright^2, but I replaced it with Jina AI Reader^3, which works quite well and is designed for this task.

Non-conflictive ToS

All services have a dropdown in the ToS section called "Non-conflictive ToS Reviews." These are the reviews that the AI flagged as not needing a user warning. I still provide these because I think they may be interesting to read.

Feedback and contributing

You can give me feedback on this tool, or share any inaccuraties by either opening an issue on Codeberg^4 or by contacting me ^5.

You can contribute with pull requests, which are always welcome, or you can support this project with any of the listed ways.

@ 8576ca0e:621f735e

In the ever evolving landscape of social media, a new contender has emerged, seeking to redefine how we connect and interact online. YakiHonne, a mobile application built upon the innovative Nostr protocol, isn't just another platform vying for your attention. It represents a bold step towards decentralized social networking, seamlessly integrating the power of Bitcoin's Lightning Network into its very core.

Imagine a social space free from the control of centralized entities, where your data belongs to you, and where value can flow as freely as information. This is the vision YakiHonne is striving to realize. By leveraging the open and censorship resistant nature of Nostr, it offers a refreshing alternative to the traditional social media giants.

The Power of Decentralization: A Foundation Built on Nostr

At its heart, YakiHonne is powered by Nostr (Notes and Other Stuff Transmitted by Relays). Unlike conventional platforms that rely on a central server, Nostr operates on a network of independent relays. This decentralized architecture offers several key advantages:

• Censorship Resistance: No single entity can easily censor or shut down the network. Your posts and interactions are distributed across multiple relays.

• Data Ownership: Your data isn't locked away in a corporate database. You control your private keys, granting you greater autonomy over your information.

• Open and Extensible: The open nature of the protocol allows for innovation and the development of diverse clients and applications, fostering a vibrant ecosystem.

YakiHonne acts as a user friendly gateway to this decentralized world, providing an intuitive mobile interface to interact with the Nostr network.

Zaps: Where Social Interaction Meets Bitcoin

What truly sets YakiHonne apart is its deep integration of Bitcoin payments through the Lightning Network, often referred to as "zaps." This isn't just a tacked on feature; it's woven into the fabric of social interaction.

• Show Appreciation: Found a post insightful, funny, or valuable? You can instantly send a small amount of Bitcoin as a "zap" to show your appreciation directly to the creator.

• Monetize Content: Creators can earn Bitcoin for their contributions, fostering a more sustainable model for online content generation.

• Seamless Transactions: Lightning Network enables near instant and low fee Bitcoin transactions, making zapping a practical and frictionless experience.

This innovative integration transforms social interactions into potential value exchanges, creating new dynamics between creators and their audience.

Beyond the Basics: Features for Content and Connection

YakiHonne isn't solely focused on Bitcoin. It provides a robust set of features for creating, sharing, and discovering content:

• Long Form Articles (NIP-23): For those who want to delve deeper, YakiHonne supports the creation of wel formatted articles using a rich markdown editor. This allows for more nuanced discussions and the sharing of substantial ideas.

• Topic Based Collections (NIP-51): Users can curate content into organized collections, making it easier to discover information on specific topics and follow thought leaders in various domains.

• Following and Discovery (NIP-02): Stay connected with the people and ideas that matter to you by following other users. The platform also offers ways to discover top creators, curators, and trending discussions through hashtags (NIP-12).

• Rich User Profiles: Your profile showcases your followers, who you're following, your zapping activity, and the articles you've published, providing a comprehensive overview of your presence on the platform.

• Direct Messaging (DMs): For more private conversations, YakiHonne includes a direct messaging feature, allowing for one on one communication.

A Growing Ecosystem and Continuous Improvement

YakiHonne is actively being developed and refined by JustHonne Technologies. Recent updates highlight a commitment to improving the user experience and addressing bugs. Enhancements to the zap functionality, fixes for various technical issues, and improved stability demonstrate the ongoing dedication to making the app a reliable and enjoyable platform.

The open source nature of the mobile application, with its code available on GitHub, encourages community involvement and transparency. This collaborative approach can contribute to the platform's growth and evolution.

Looking Ahead: The Potential of Decentralized Social with Bitcoin

YakiHonne represents an exciting intersection of decentralized social networking and Bitcoin's utility. By seamlessly integrating Lightning Network payments, it introduces a novel way to interact and exchange value online. While still in its relatively early stages, YakiHonne holds significant potential to:

• Empower Creators: Provide new avenues for content monetization and direct interaction with their audience.

• Foster Meaningful Interactions: Encourage more thoughtful engagement through the ability to easily show appreciation.

• Offer a More Resilient Social Space: Provide an alternative to centralized platforms with greater resistance to censorship and single points of failure.

As the Nostr ecosystem continues to grow and evolve, and as more users seek decentralized alternatives, YakiHonne is well positioned to be a leading application in this burgeoning space. It's more than just another social media app; it's a glimpse into a future where online connections are more open, and truly belong to the users themselves.

@ 8947a945:9bfcf626

Hello everyone on Nostr and all my watchersand followersfrom DeviantArt, as well as those from other art platforms

I have been creating and sharing AI-generated anime girl fanart since the beginning of 2024 and have been running member-exclusive content on Patreon.

I also publish showcases of my artworks to Deviantart. I organically build up my audience from time to time. I consider it as one of my online businesses of art. Everything is slowly growing

On September 16, I received a DM from someone expressing interest in purchasing my art in NFT format and offering a very high price for each piece. We later continued the conversation via email.

Here’s a brief overview of what happened

• The first scammer selected the art they wanted to buy and offered a high price for each piece. They provided a URL to an NFT marketplace site running on the Ethereum (ETH) mainnet or ERC20. The site appeared suspicious, requiring email sign-up and linking a MetaMask wallet. However, I couldn't change the wallet address later. The minting gas fees were quite expensive, ranging from 0.15 to 0.2 ETH

• The scammers tried to convince me that the high profits would easily cover the minting gas fees, so I had nothing to lose. Luckily, I didn’t have spare funds to purchase ETH for the gas fees at the time, so I tried negotiating with them as follows:

• I offered to send them a lower-quality version of my art via email in exchange for the minting gas fees, but they refused.

• I offered them the option to pay in USD through Buy Me a Coffee shop here, but they refused.
• I offered them the option to pay via Bitcoin using the Lightning Network invoice , but they refused.
• I asked them to wait until I could secure the funds, and they agreed to wait.

The following week, a second scammer approached me with a similar offer, this time at an even higher price and through a different NFT marketplace website.

This second site also required email registration, and after navigating to the dashboard, it asked for a minting fee of 0.2 ETH. However, the site provided a wallet address for me instead of connecting a MetaMask wallet.

I told the second scammer that I was waiting to make a profit from the first sale, and they asked me to show them the first marketplace. They then warned me that the first site was a scam and even sent screenshots of victims, including one from OpenSea saying that Opensea is not paying.

This raised a red flag, and I began suspecting I might be getting scammed. On OpenSea, funds go directly to users' wallets after transactions, and OpenSea charges a much lower platform fee compared to the previous crypto bull run in 2020. Minting fees on OpenSea are also significantly cheaper, around 0.0001 ETH per transaction.

I also consulted with Thai NFT artist communities and the ex-chairman of the Thai Digital Asset Association. According to them, no one had reported similar issues, but they agreed it seemed like a scam.

After confirming my suspicions with my own research and consulting with the Thai crypto community, I decided to test the scammers’ intentions by doing the following

I minted the artwork they were interested in, set the price they offered, and listed it for sale on OpenSea. I then messaged them, letting them know the art was available and ready to purchase, with no royalty fees if they wanted to resell it.

They became upset and angry, insisting I mint the art on their chosen platform, claiming they had already funded their wallet to support me. When I asked for proof of their wallet address and transactions, they couldn't provide any evidence that they had enough funds.

Here’s what I want to warn all artists in the DeviantArt community or other platforms If you find yourself in a similar situation, be aware that scammers may be targeting you.

---

My Perspective why I Believe This is a Scam and What the Scammers Gain

From my experience with BTC and crypto since 2017, here's why I believe this situation is a scam, and what the scammers aim to achieve

First, looking at OpenSea, the largest NFT marketplace on the ERC20 network, they do not hold users' funds. Instead, funds from transactions go directly to users’ wallets. OpenSea’s platform fees are also much lower now compared to the crypto bull run in 2020. This alone raises suspicion about the legitimacy of other marketplaces requiring significantly higher fees.

I believe the scammers' tactic is to lure artists into paying these exorbitant minting fees, which go directly into the scammers' wallets. They convince the artists by promising to purchase the art at a higher price, making it seem like there's no risk involved. In reality, the artist has already lost by paying the minting fee, and no purchase is ever made.

In the world of Bitcoin (BTC), the principle is "Trust no one" and “Trustless finality of transactions” In other words, transactions are secure and final without needing trust in a third party.

In the world of Ethereum (ETH), the philosophy is "Code is law" where everything is governed by smart contracts deployed on the blockchain. These contracts are transparent, and even basic code can be read and understood. Promises made by people don’t override what the code says.

I also discuss this issue with art communities. Some people have strongly expressed to me that they want nothing to do with crypto as part of their art process. I completely respect that stance.

However, I believe it's wise to keep your eyes open, have some skin in the game, and not fall into scammers’ traps. Understanding the basics of crypto and NFTs can help protect you from these kinds of schemes.

If you found this article helpful, please share it with your fellow artists.

Until next time Take care

Note

• Both cyber security images are mine , I created and approved by AdobeStock to put on sale
• I'm working very hard to bring all my digital arts into Nostr to build my Sats business here to my another npub "HikariHarmony" npub1exdtszhpw3ep643p9z8pahkw8zw00xa9pesf0u4txyyfqvthwapqwh48sw

Link to my full gallery - Anime girl fanarts : HikariHarmony - HikariHarmony on Nostr - General art : KeshikiRakuen

@ 57d1a264:69f1fee1

You don’t have to be a type designer to appreciate what goes into the design of a letterform. In fact, even if you’re just a humble graphic designer, you should have a basic knowledge of what constructs the type you employ.

Typography, for all its concepts, expectations, implications, connotations and artistry, is, ultimately, a system. Just like a body has bones and muscles, every letterform has parts that give it shape, rhythm, and character.

If you're a creative working with type, learning the names of these parts helps you communicate clearly, better analyze your work and others, and design with precision. Everything comes down to a foundational understanding of the anatomy of the letterform and its essential component. So let’s help you with that.

Pangram Pangram Foundry is where the art of typography meets unparalleled craftsmanship. Established in 2018 by designer Mat Desjardins, Pangram Pangram has swiftly risen to become a globally recognized independent type foundry, admired and trusted by industry peers and the design community alike.

Read more about the anatomy of fonts at https://pangrampangram.com/blogs/journal/anatomy-of-the-letterform

originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/978828

@ 57d1a264:69f1fee1

Steve Jobs sent me an email saying “Great idea, thank you."

Wait, what? What was the great idea?

new guy at NeXT In October of 1991, I was a new Systems Engineer at NeXT. NeXT, of course, was the company Steve Jobs had founded after leaving Apple in 1985, and which eventually merged back into Apple in 1996. I was one of three employees in Canada, and I think NeXT had about 400 people total.

NeXTMail Mail on the NeXT Computer was pretty amazing in 1991. Multimedia! Fonts! Attachments! Sounds! It’s hard to overstate how cool that was compared to the command line email everybody was used to. Every NeXT user got this email from Steve when they started up their computer.

That message included an attachment of what NeXT called Lip Service, the crazy idea that you could embed an audio file inside an email message. Crazy.

i have an idea

NeXT automatically set everybody up with a first-initial last-name address in the usual way, so I was shayman@next.com, and the big guy was sjobs@next.com.

A few colleagues had somehow acquired cooler email aliases - single letter things, or their first name, or a nickname or an easier to spell version, or whatever. Turns out NeXT had set up some sort of form where you could request an email alias that would redirect to whatever your real email address was.

I also noticed that even though there were seven or eight people at NeXT named Steve, nobody was using the email alias steve@next.com.

So late one Friday night, two weeks into the job, I figured, naively, what the heck, nobody else seems to want it, so I filled in the form asking for steve@next.com to be forwarded to me, shayman@next.com.

In the back of my mind was a vague idea that maybe somebody would have to approve this. But no, it all got set up automatically, and …

Continue reading at https://blog.hayman.net/2025/05/06/from-steve-jobs-great-idea.html

originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/978825

@ 39cc53c9:27168656

Read the original blog post

These reviews are sponsored, yet the sponsorship does not influence the outcome of the evaluations. Sponsored reviews are independent from the kycnot.me list, being only part of the blog. The reviews have no impact on the scores of the listings or their continued presence on the list. Should any issues arise, I will not hesitate to remove any listing. Reviews are in collaboration with Orangefren.

The review

Swapter.io is an all-purpose instant exchange. They entered the scene in the depths of the bear market about 2 years ago in June of 2022.

| Pros | Cons | | --------------- | ---------------------------------- | | Low fees | Shotgun KYC with opaque triggers | | Large liquidity | Relies on 3rd party liquidity | | Works over Tor | Front-end not synced with back-end | | Pretty UI | |

Rating: ★★★☆☆ Service Website: swapter.io

⚠️ There is an ongoing issue with this service: read more on Reddit.

Test Trades

During our testing we performed a trade from XMR to LTC, and then back to XMR.

Our first trade had the ID of: mpUitpGemhN8jjNAjQuo6EvQ. We were promised 0.8 LTC for sending 0.5 XMR, before we sent the Monero. When the Monero arrived we were sent 0.799 LTC.

On the return journey we performed trade with ID: yaCRb5pYcRKAZcBqg0AzEGYg. This time we were promised 0.4815 XMR for sending 0.799 LTC. After Litecoin arrived we were sent 0.4765 XMR.

As such we saw a discrepancy of ~0.1% in the first trade and ~1% in the second trade. Considering those trades were floating we determine the estimates presented in the UI to be highly accurate and honest.

Of course Swapter could've been imposing a large fee on their estimates, but we checked their estimates against CoinGecko and found the difference to be equivalent to a fee of just over 0.5%. Perfectly in line with other swapping services.

Trading

Swapter supports BTC, LTC, XMR and well over a thousand other coins. Sadly they don't support the Lightning Network. For the myriad of currencies they deal with they provide massive upper limits. You could exchange tens, or even hundreds, of thousands of dollars worth of cryptocurrency in a single trade (although we wouldn't recommend it).

The flip side to this is that Swapter relies on 3rd party liquidity. Aside from the large liqudity this also benefits the user insofar as it allows for very low fees. However, it also comes with a negative - the 3rd party gets to see all your trades. Unfortunately Swapter opted not to share where they source their liquidity in their Privacy Policy or Terms of Service.

KYC & AML policies

Swapter reserves the right to require its users to provide their full name, their date of birth, their address and government-issued ID. A practice known as "shotgun KYC". This should not happen often - in our testing it never did - however it's not clear when exactly it could happen. The AML & KYC policy provided on Swapter's website simply states they will put your trade on hold if their "risk scoring system [deems it] as suspicious".

Worse yet, if they determine that "any of the information [the] customer provided is incorrect, false, outdated, or incomplete" then Swapter may decide to terminate all of the services they provide to the user. What exactly would happen to their funds in such a case remains unclear.

The only clarity we get is that the Swapter policy outlines a designated 3rd party that will verify the information provided by the user. The third party's name is Sum & Substance Ltd, also simply known as samsub and available at sumsub.com

It's understandable that some exchanges will decide on a policy of this sort, especially when they rely on external liquidity, but we would prefer more clarity be given. When exactly is a trade suspicious?

Tor

We were pleased to discover Swapter works over Tor. However, they do not provide a Tor mirror, nor do they work without JavaScript. Additionally, we found that some small features, such as the live chat, did not work over Tor. Fortunately, other means of contacting their support are still available.

UI

We have found the Swapter UI to be very modern, straightforward and simple to use. It's available in 4 languages (English, French, Dutch and Russian), although we're unable to vouch for the quality of some of those, the ones that we used seemed perfectly serviceable.

Our only issue with the UI was that it claims the funds have been sent following the trade, when in reality it seems to take the backend a minute or so to actually broadcast the transaction.

Getting in touch

Swapter's team has a chat on their website, a support email address and a support Telegram. Their social media presence in most active on Telegram and X (formerly Twitter).

Disclaimer

None of the above should be understood as investment or financial advice. The views are our own only and constitute a faithful representation of our experience in using and investigating this exchange. This review is not a guarantee of any kind on the services rendered by the exchange. Do your own research before using any service.

@ dc0bbb4c:b5479e81

Trong bối cảnh thị trường giải trí trực tuyến ngày càng phát triển mạnh mẽ, 1BWM đã và đang khẳng định vị thế là một trong những nền tảng kỹ thuật số được cộng đồng người dùng tin tưởng và lựa chọn nhiều nhất. Nhờ sở hữu giao diện thiết kế hiện đại, tinh tế và cực kỳ dễ sử dụng, 1BWM giúp người dùng dễ dàng tiếp cận và trải nghiệm mọi tiện ích mà nền tảng này mang lại chỉ với vài thao tác đơn giản. Không chỉ vậy, 1BWM còn ghi điểm bởi khả năng tối ưu hóa trải nghiệm trên đa dạng thiết bị như điện thoại di động, máy tính bảng và máy tính để bàn, giúp người dùng có thể giải trí bất cứ lúc nào, ở bất kỳ đâu một cách thuận tiện và mượt mà. Từ các chuyên mục nội dung hấp dẫn, phong phú cho đến hệ thống tính năng linh hoạt, 1BWM luôn biết cách làm mới mình để phù hợp với xu hướng công nghệ và nhu cầu giải trí ngày càng đa dạng của người dùng hiện đại.

Điểm mạnh nổi bật tiếp theo khiến 1BWM được nhiều người lựa chọn chính là hệ thống bảo mật dữ liệu và quyền riêng tư vô cùng nghiêm ngặt. Nền tảng này ứng dụng công nghệ mã hóa tiên tiến, đảm bảo mọi thông tin cá nhân, tài khoản và dữ liệu giao dịch của người dùng luôn được bảo vệ an toàn tuyệt đối. Bên cạnh đó, 1BWM còn sở hữu đội ngũ chăm sóc khách hàng chuyên nghiệp, tận tâm và giàu kinh nghiệm, luôn sẵn sàng hỗ trợ giải đáp mọi thắc mắc cũng như xử lý các tình huống phát sinh một cách nhanh chóng, hiệu quả nhất. Người dùng có thể yên tâm khi trải nghiệm các dịch vụ tại đây mà không phải lo lắng về bất cứ rủi ro nào liên quan đến bảo mật thông tin. Ngoài ra, nền tảng này còn thường xuyên triển khai các chương trình ưu đãi hấp dẫn, quà tặng đặc biệt dành cho người dùng mới lẫn hội viên lâu năm, tạo thêm nhiều giá trị và động lực cho cộng đồng người tham gia.

Không dừng lại ở đó, 1BWM luôn nỗ lực không ngừng trong việc nâng cao chất lượng dịch vụ và mở rộng thêm nhiều tiện ích giải trí mới, nhằm mang đến cho người dùng những trải nghiệm trọn vẹn và thú vị nhất. Nền tảng này liên tục cập nhật các chuyên mục nội dung mới mẻ, phong phú và bắt kịp xu hướng giải trí hiện đại, giúp người dùng luôn có thêm nhiều lựa chọn phù hợp với sở thích cá nhân. Đồng thời, 1BWM cũng chú trọng vào việc cải tiến công nghệ, tối ưu tốc độ kết nối và giao diện sử dụng để nâng cao trải nghiệm mỗi lần truy cập. Với định hướng phát triển rõ ràng cùng sự đầu tư bài bản, 1BWM không chỉ là một nền tảng giải trí đơn thuần mà còn là cộng đồng trực tuyến năng động, nơi người dùng có thể kết nối, tương tác và chia sẻ những khoảnh khắc giải trí vui vẻ, ý nghĩa cùng nhau. Nhờ những ưu điểm vượt trội này, 1BWM ngày càng khẳng định được vị thế và trở thành sự lựa chọn hàng đầu của người dùng Việt khi tìm kiếm một không gian giải trí số chất lượng, an toàn và uy tín.

@ e6817453:b0ac3c39

Hey folks, today we're diving into an exciting and emerging topic: personal artificial intelligence (PAI) and its connection to sovereignty, privacy, and ethics. With the rapid advancements in AI, there's a growing interest in the development of personal AI agents that can work on behalf of the user, acting autonomously and providing tailored services. However, as with any new technology, there are several critical factors that shape the future of PAI. Today, we'll explore three key pillars: privacy and ownership, explainability, and bias.

1. Privacy and Ownership: Foundations of Personal AI

At the heart of personal AI, much like self-sovereign identity (SSI), is the concept of ownership. For personal AI to be truly effective and valuable, users must own not only their data but also the computational power that drives these systems. This autonomy is essential for creating systems that respect the user's privacy and operate independently of large corporations.

In this context, privacy is more than just a feature—it's a fundamental right. Users should feel safe discussing sensitive topics with their AI, knowing that their data won’t be repurposed or misused by big tech companies. This level of control and data ownership ensures that users remain the sole beneficiaries of their information and computational resources, making privacy one of the core pillars of PAI.

2. Bias and Fairness: The Ethical Dilemma of LLMs

Most of today’s AI systems, including personal AI, rely heavily on large language models (LLMs). These models are trained on vast datasets that represent snapshots of the internet, but this introduces a critical ethical challenge: bias. The datasets used for training LLMs can be full of biases, misinformation, and viewpoints that may not align with a user’s personal values.

This leads to one of the major issues in AI ethics for personal AI—how do we ensure fairness and minimize bias in these systems? The training data that LLMs use can introduce perspectives that are not only unrepresentative but potentially harmful or unfair. As users of personal AI, we need systems that are free from such biases and can be tailored to our individual needs and ethical frameworks.

Unfortunately, training models that are truly unbiased and fair requires vast computational resources and significant investment. While large tech companies have the financial means to develop and train these models, individual users or smaller organizations typically do not. This limitation means that users often have to rely on pre-trained models, which may not fully align with their personal ethics or preferences. While fine-tuning models with personalized datasets can help, it's not a perfect solution, and bias remains a significant challenge.

3. Explainability: The Need for Transparency

One of the most frustrating aspects of modern AI is the lack of explainability. Many LLMs operate as "black boxes," meaning that while they provide answers or make decisions, it's often unclear how they arrived at those conclusions. For personal AI to be effective and trustworthy, it must be transparent. Users need to understand how the AI processes information, what data it relies on, and the reasoning behind its conclusions.

Explainability becomes even more critical when AI is used for complex decision-making, especially in areas that impact other people. If an AI is making recommendations, judgments, or decisions, it’s crucial for users to be able to trace the reasoning process behind those actions. Without this transparency, users may end up relying on AI systems that provide flawed or biased outcomes, potentially causing harm.

This lack of transparency is a major hurdle for personal AI development. Current LLMs, as mentioned earlier, are often opaque, making it difficult for users to trust their outputs fully. The explainability of AI systems will need to be improved significantly to ensure that personal AI can be trusted for important tasks.

Addressing the Ethical Landscape of Personal AI

As personal AI systems evolve, they will increasingly shape the ethical landscape of AI. We’ve already touched on the three core pillars—privacy and ownership, bias and fairness, and explainability. But there's more to consider, especially when looking at the broader implications of personal AI development.

Most current AI models, particularly those from big tech companies like Facebook, Google, or OpenAI, are closed systems. This means they are aligned with the goals and ethical frameworks of those companies, which may not always serve the best interests of individual users. Open models, such as Meta's LLaMA, offer more flexibility and control, allowing users to customize and refine the AI to better meet their personal needs. However, the challenge remains in training these models without significant financial and technical resources.

There’s also the temptation to use uncensored models that aren’t aligned with the values of large corporations, as they provide more freedom and flexibility. But in reality, models that are entirely unfiltered may introduce harmful or unethical content. It’s often better to work with aligned models that have had some of the more problematic biases removed, even if this limits some aspects of the system’s freedom.

The future of personal AI will undoubtedly involve a deeper exploration of these ethical questions. As AI becomes more integrated into our daily lives, the need for privacy, fairness, and transparency will only grow. And while we may not yet be able to train personal AI models from scratch, we can continue to shape and refine these systems through curated datasets and ongoing development.

Conclusion

In conclusion, personal AI represents an exciting new frontier, but one that must be navigated with care. Privacy, ownership, bias, and explainability are all essential pillars that will define the future of these systems. As we continue to develop personal AI, we must remain vigilant about the ethical challenges they pose, ensuring that they serve the best interests of users while remaining transparent, fair, and aligned with individual values.

If you have any thoughts or questions on this topic, feel free to reach out—I’d love to continue the conversation!

@ 39cc53c9:27168656

Read the original blog post

“The future is there... staring back at us. Trying to make sense of the fiction we will have become.” — William Gibson.

This month is the 4th anniversary of kycnot.me. Thank you for being here.

Fifteen years ago, Satoshi Nakamoto introduced Bitcoin, a peer-to-peer electronic cash system: a decentralized currency free from government and institutional control. Nakamoto's whitepaper showed a vision for a financial system based on trustless transactions, secured by cryptography. Some time forward and KYC (Know Your Customer), AML (Anti-Money Laundering), and CTF (Counter-Terrorism Financing) regulations started to come into play.

What a paradox: to engage with a system designed for decentralization, privacy, and independence, we are forced to give away our personal details. Using Bitcoin in the economy requires revealing your identity, not just to the party you interact with, but also to third parties who must track and report the interaction. You are forced to give sensitive data to entities you don't, can't, and shouldn't trust. Information can never be kept 100% safe; there's always a risk. Information is power, who knows about you has control over you.

Information asymmetry creates imbalances of power. When entities have detailed knowledge about individuals, they can manipulate, influence, or exploit this information to their advantage. The accumulation of personal data by corporations and governments enables extensive surveillances.

Such practices, moreover, exclude individuals from traditional economic systems if their documentation doesn't meet arbitrary standards, reinforcing a dystopian divide. Small businesses are similarly burdened by the costs of implementing these regulations, hindering free market competition^1:

How will they keep this information safe? Why do they need my identity? Why do they force businesses to enforce such regulations? It's always for your safety, to protect you from the "bad". Your life is perpetually in danger: terrorists, money launderers, villains... so the government steps in to save us.

‟Hush now, baby, baby, don't you cry Mamma's gonna make all of your nightmares come true Mamma's gonna put all of her fears into you Mamma's gonna keep you right here, under her wing She won't let you fly, but she might let you sing Mamma's gonna keep baby cosy and warm” — Mother, Pink Floyd

We must resist any attack on our privacy and freedom. To do this, we must collaborate.

If you have a service, refuse to ask for KYC; find a way. Accept cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Monero. Commit to circular economies. Remove the need to go through the FIAT system. People need fiat money to use most services, but we can change that.

If you're a user, donate to and prefer using services that accept such currencies. Encourage your friends to accept cryptocurrencies as well. Boycott FIAT system to the greatest extent you possibly can.

This may sound utopian, but it can be achieved. This movement can't be stopped. Go kick the hornet's nest.

“We must defend our own privacy if we expect to have any. We must come together and create systems which allow anonymous transactions to take place. People have been defending their own privacy for centuries with whispers, darkness, envelopes, closed doors, secret handshakes, and couriers. The technologies of the past did not allow for strong privacy, but electronic technologies do.” — Eric Hughes, A Cypherpunk's Manifesto

The anniversary

Four years ago, I began exploring ways to use crypto without KYC. I bookmarked a few favorite services and thought sharing them to the world might be useful. That was the first version of kycnot.me — a simple list of about 15 services. Since then, I've added services, rewritten it three times, and improved it to what it is now.

kycnot.me has remained 100% independent and 100% open source^2 all these years. I've received offers to buy the site, all of which I have declined and will continue to decline. It has been DDoS attacked many times, but we made it through. I have also rewritten the whole site almost once per year (three times in four years).

The code and scoring algorithm are open source (contributions are welcome) and I can't arbitrarly change a service's score without adding or removing attributes, making any arbitrary alterations obvious if they were fake. You can even see the score summary for any service's score.

I'm a one-person team, dedicating my free time to this project. I hope to keep doing so for many more years. Again, thank you for being part of this.

@ 39cc53c9:27168656

Read the original blog post

Silent.link is an anonymous eSIM provider. They offer pay-as-you-go roaming in 160+ countries.

Pros

• Anonymous
• Private payment options
• High performance
• Global availability

Cons

• Need to select the right networks sometimes
• Latency
• Data and incoming SMS & call only

Rating

★★★★★

Service website

Silent.link

---

eSIMs replace traditional, physical SIM cards, if you have a fairly new phone, odds are it supports them. Since most people change their mobile carrier very rarely, the most common use case for these new eSIMs is their use in travel. Although their use as a piece of a larger OPSEC puzzle to improve privacy when using the internet from your phone is increasingly popular too.

Silent.link is not the only eSIM provider out there. Yet, they’re so unique that even Twitter’s (now X) founder Jack Dorsey recommends them.

Let’s start off with a quick explanation of how Silent.link works and what pay-as-you-go means. Most other eSIM providers will sell you packages of GBs with an expiration date. For instance imagine you’re visiting France then going to the UK after a few months. With other providers you might buy a 10GB in France package valid for 7 days, then after some months a 10GB in the UK package also valid for 7 days. You likely won’t use up the full package in either country and the remaining capacity will be voided as the package expires.

Silent.link’s pay-as-you-go is different. There are no geographic packages. There are no expiration dates. You simply have a balance denominated in USD and are charged as you use up the data according to the pricing of whichever local carrier you’re connecting via.

Preparing for the same trips from the example above you’d simply top-up your Silent.link balance with $10. Then you’d use Silent.link in France paying $1.33/GB, you’d only be charged for the exact amount used, then you’d go to the UK and pay $1.54/GB from the balance you had left over from France. It doesn’t matter how much time passes between the trips, because Silent.link balances don’t expire. If you have a balance left over you can use it on a future trip, or simply use it up in your home country.

---

Pros

Anonymity

Silent.link is anonymous. Most other eSIM providers require some form of identification. This can be a traditional, full KYC, procedure involving your ID or passport numbers or, as seemingly innocent, as verifying your phone number with your main carrier. Regardless, a link between the eSIM you bought online and your identity is established.

In some countries you’ll be able to pick up a traditional SIM (or the new eSIM) from a local carrier without undergoing this verification. This can still be a hassle though. You’ll need to look up the laws before travelling, you’ll need to find a local store selling them, you’ll need to decide how you’ll pay privately, etc. And that’s the best case, that’s assuming the country you want to get the SIM in allows you to buy one anonymously.

Private payment methods

Silent.link only accepts cryptocurrency and according to their stats, most payments are made with Bitcoin (either onchain or using the Lightning Network) or with Monero. As such paying anonymously is not a problem. The use a self-hosted instance of BTCPay Server to process payments and operate their own LN node. The entire checkout process can be completed over Tor.

---

Cons

Network selection

Although you can skip the hassle of buying a new eSIM every time you travel it’s a good idea to look up the pricing of different mobile networks in the country you’re going to. The differences can be trivial, but can also be 100x. If a specific mobile network offers a much better deal, you’ll probably want to dive into your phone’s settings to make sure it only connects to that network.

High prices for some regions

Second issue can be that, especially for poorer countries, Silent.link might not have the best prices. For instance if you travel to Angola you’ll end up paying $155.44/GB. But if you search around for other providers you’ll find eSIM that offer much lower prices for that same country.

Data & incoming SMS & calls only

These eSIMs are either data-only or only offer data and inbound sms and calls. You can’t use Silent.link eSIMs to send texts or make phone calls.

Latency

For most use-cases this shouldn’t matter, but the way roaming works is that when you’re abroad your data is first sent to your home country then sent out into the internet from there. For instance if you’re a Brit on holiday in Spain wherever you open up a website your phone communicates with the Spanish network who forwards the request to your home network in the UK and only there does the request start going towards the website you’re trying to load. The response takes the same path in reverse.

The home network for the Silent.link eSIMs is Poland. To take an extreme (antipodal) example, if you’re in Chile loading a Chilean website your request will go to Poland then back from Poland to the website’s server in Chile, then the response will go from Chile to Poland to you (in Chile). All those trips add latency. In our testing, done during the recent OrangeFren.com meetup in Istanbul, the difference was an additional 73ms. The bandwidth, however, was exceptional, easily surpassing 100 Mbps.

This latency issue isn’t unique to Silent.link, other eSIM providers usually suffer from it too, though their home network may be better suited for your latency needs. If you need the best latency we recommend a SIM from a local provider (or WiFi).

This proxy behaviour isn’t all negative however. It may potentially allow you to circumvent censorship or geoblocking if you’re trying to access resources available from Poland, but unavailable elsewhere.

Besides Istanbul one of the countries we also tested Silent.link in was Northern Cyprus. This territory is mostly unrecognized. It’s a country that, depending on who you ask, is or isn’t real. Despite this unresolved geopolitical status Silent.link performed without any issues.

---

Installation

If you decide to give Silent.link a try, you'll need to select if you want a data-only plan or a plan with inbound SMS & calling, once you complete the payment simply scan the QR code on the order confirmation page with your phone. Make sure to save the url of that order confirmation page somewhere! You will need it to top up your eSIM and check your remaining balance.

Getting in touch

The preferred way of contacting Silent.link's support is using the website's built-in chat function. Alternative methods include X (formerly Twitter), Matrix and email.

Their support is online from 09:00 - 21:00 UTC although even when testing outside of those hours we got a reply within a minute.

NOTE: These reviews are sponsored, yet the sponsorship does not influence the outcome of the evaluations. Sponsored reviews are independent from the kycnot.me list, being only part of the blog. The reviews have no impact on the scores of the listings or their continued presence on the list. Should any issues arise, I will not hesitate to remove any listing.