@ 04c915da:3dfbecc9

This piece is the first in a series that will focus on things I think are a priority if your focus is similar to mine: building a strong family and safeguarding their future.

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Choosing the ideal place to raise a family is one of the most significant decisions you will ever make. For simplicity sake I will break down my thought process into key factors: strong property rights, the ability to grow your own food, access to fresh water, the freedom to own and train with guns, and a dependable community.

A Jurisdiction with Strong Property Rights

Strong property rights are essential and allow you to build on a solid foundation that is less likely to break underneath you. Regions with a history of limited government and clear legal protections for landowners are ideal. Personally I think the US is the single best option globally, but within the US there is a wide difference between which state you choose. Choose carefully and thoughtfully, think long term. Obviously if you are not American this is not a realistic option for you, there are other solid options available especially if your family has mobility. I understand many do not have this capability to easily move, consider that your first priority, making movement and jurisdiction choice possible in the first place.

Abundant Access to Fresh Water

Water is life. I cannot overstate the importance of living somewhere with reliable, clean, and abundant freshwater. Some regions face water scarcity or heavy regulations on usage, so prioritizing a place where water is plentiful and your rights to it are protected is critical. Ideally you should have well access so you are not tied to municipal water supplies. In times of crisis or chaos well water cannot be easily shutoff or disrupted. If you live in an area that is drought prone, you are one drought away from societal chaos. Not enough people appreciate this simple fact.

Grow Your Own Food

A location with fertile soil, a favorable climate, and enough space for a small homestead or at the very least a garden is key. In stable times, a small homestead provides good food and important education for your family. In times of chaos your family being able to grow and raise healthy food provides a level of self sufficiency that many others will lack. Look for areas with minimal restrictions, good weather, and a culture that supports local farming.

Guns

The ability to defend your family is fundamental. A location where you can legally and easily own guns is a must. Look for places with a strong gun culture and a political history of protecting those rights. Owning one or two guns is not enough and without proper training they will be a liability rather than a benefit. Get comfortable and proficient. Never stop improving your skills. If the time comes that you must use a gun to defend your family, the skills must be instinct. Practice. Practice. Practice.

A Strong Community You Can Depend On

No one thrives alone. A ride or die community that rallies together in tough times is invaluable. Seek out a place where people know their neighbors, share similar values, and are quick to lend a hand. Lead by example and become a good neighbor, people will naturally respond in kind. Small towns are ideal, if possible, but living outside of a major city can be a solid balance in terms of work opportunities and family security.

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Let me know if you found this helpful. My plan is to break down how I think about these five key subjects in future posts.

@ 21335073:a244b1ad

Someone asked for my thoughts, so I’ll share them thoughtfully. I’m not here to dictate how to promote Nostr—I’m still learning about it myself. While I’m not new to Nostr, freedom tech is a newer space for me. I’m skilled at advocating for topics I deeply understand, but freedom tech isn’t my expertise, so take my words with a grain of salt. Nothing I say is set in stone.

Those who need Nostr the most are the ones most vulnerable to censorship on other platforms right now. Reaching them requires real-time awareness of global issues and the dynamic relationships between governments and tech providers, which can shift suddenly. Effective Nostr promoters must grasp this and adapt quickly.

The best messengers are people from or closely tied to these at-risk regions—those who truly understand the local political and cultural dynamics. They can connect with those in need when tensions rise. Ideal promoters are rational, trustworthy, passionate about Nostr, but above all, dedicated to amplifying people’s voices when it matters most.

Forget influencers, corporate-backed figures, or traditional online PR—it comes off as inauthentic, corny, desperate and forced. Nostr’s promotion should be grassroots and organic, driven by a few passionate individuals who believe in Nostr and the communities they serve.

The idea that “people won’t join Nostr due to lack of reach” is nonsense. Everyone knows X’s “reach” is mostly with bots. If humans want real conversations, Nostr is the place. X is great for propaganda, but Nostr is for the authentic voices of the people.

Those spreading Nostr must be so passionate they’re willing to onboard others, which is time-consuming but rewarding for the right person. They’ll need to make Nostr and onboarding a core part of who they are. I see no issue with that level of dedication. I’ve been known to get that way myself at times. It’s fun for some folks.

With love, I suggest not adding Bitcoin promotion with Nostr outreach. Zaps already integrate that element naturally. (Still promote within the Bitcoin ecosystem, but this is about reaching vulnerable voices who needed Nostr yesterday.)

To promote Nostr, forget conventional strategies. “Influencers” aren’t the answer. “Influencers” are not the future. A trusted local community member has real influence—reach them. Connect with people seeking Nostr’s benefits but lacking the technical language to express it. This means some in the Nostr community might need to step outside of the Bitcoin bubble, which is uncomfortable but necessary. Thank you in advance to those who are willing to do that.

I don’t know who is paid to promote Nostr, if anyone. This piece isn’t shade. But it’s exhausting to see innocent voices globally silenced on corporate platforms like X while Nostr exists. Last night, I wondered: how many more voices must be censored before the Nostr community gets uncomfortable and thinks creatively to reach the vulnerable?

A warning: the global need for censorship-resistant social media is undeniable. If Nostr doesn’t make itself known, something else will fill that void. Let’s start this conversation.

@ 554ab6fe:c6cbc27e

Introduction

It is becoming increasingly evident that sunlight is an essential nutrient for the body. To be more precise, the various wavelengths coming from the sun provide different benefits to the body, and each play a vital role in human health. Even more so, they work in concert with one another, as one wavelength may help reduce the potentially harmful effects of another. Benefits are maximized and harm reduced when we are exposed to the full breadth of this rainbow. This article will attempt to shed light on these various benefits and synergies.

To put this discussion into context, it is important to consider the overall health benefits of sunlight exposure. In a Swedish study that followed 29,000 women over 20 years, it was found that the mortality rate was doubled in those who avoided sun exposure when compared to those that didn’t (Lindqvist et al. 2016). Women who avoided the sun were twice as likely to die, primarily from cardiovascular disease, and there was no difference between death from malignant melanoma between the two groups (Lindqvist et al. 2016).

To understand why sunlight is so beneficial to health, it is important to make clear the diverse range of wavelengths that come from the sun. We typically think of the sun as a provider of both visible light and warmth. However, the spectrum of light visible to the human eye is a narrow band of the wavelengths actually emitted by the sun.

As wavelengths become shorter, visible light becomes more blue. Beyond the visible spectrum on the blue end, we arrive at ultraviolet (UV) light. On the other end of the spectrum are the longer red wavelengths. Outside of the visible window on the red side is infrared (IR) light, which provides heat. For helpful context, consider how shorter wavelengths have a harder time penetrating our atmosphere. So, the skies of dawn and dusk are predominately filled with red and near-infrared (NIR) light, while the middle of the day contains more blue and UV light. The bulk of wavelengths from the sun throughout the day are on the NIR end. The entire spectrum of visible and non-visible light between UV and IR plays critical roles in human health, especially towards mitochondrial health and metabolism. To summarize these benefits and provide a general overview for the following article, the benefits are as follows:

• UV – aids in the production of vitamin D and melanin, but also causes DNA damage
  • Vitamin D improves immune system function and can repair DNA damage
  • Melanin stores electrons for use within mitochondria
• Blue – involved in our circadian rhythm as the absence of blue light triggers the production of melatonin, an important antioxidant.
• Near-infrared (NIR) – improves mitochondria function and energy production while also protecting us from the harms of blue and UV light.

Ultraviolet Light

Let’s begin with a discussion around the widely misunderstood light of UV. UV is often viewed as a dangerous form of light, given that it can cause DNA damage and lead to cancer. While true, this myopic point of view ignores the crucial benefits of UV light. UV light produces vitamin D, which counteracts the DNA damage caused by UV while providing many other benefits. Additionally, UV light triggers the production of melanin, which aids in mitochondrial function. Like all physiological processes in the body that are vital to survival, there is a release of POMC-derived endorphins when skin comes into contact with UV light (Fell et al. 2014). Any person likely reading this article can agree that sitting under the sun simply feels amazing. We are drawn to it in a deeply meaningful sense.

Vitamin D is one of the most important chemicals regarding health, and it is poorly named. The term ‘vitamin’ refers to a compound that is important for health but cannot be adequately made within the body and must be retrieved externally. Peoples of the Northern and Southern hemisphere who are exposed to less UV light during winter would, for example, historically retrieve their vitamin D from foods such as oily fish, seal blubber, whale blubber, and polar bear liver (Wacker and Holick 2013). In a similar way, vitamin D was given its name 100 years ago when it was found that cod-liver oil was capable of curing rickets, when it was found that the so-called vitamin could promote calcium deposition in bones (McCollum et al. 1922). It was only until much later, in 1981, when scientists discovered that human skin could also synthesize vitamin D (M. F. Holick 1981). A majority of human vitamin D is produced by the skin when exposed to UVB (280 – 315 nm), while a minor amount is gained through food (Prietl et al. 2013; Wacker and Holick 2013). Most cells and organs in the human body have vitamin D receptors and many organs also have the ability to produce it, this speaks to the incredibly important nature of this compound towards our health (Prietl et al. 2013; Wacker and Holick 2013). Vitamin D deficiency has been associated with various types of cancer, autoimmune disorders, type 1 diabetes mellitus, multiple sclerosis (MS), cardiovascular disease, and even schizophrenia (Michael F. Holick 2007; Wacker and Holick 2013). Multiple studies have also found that vitamin D deficiency increases all-cause mortality (Garland et al. 2014; Yang et al. 2011; Chowdhury et al. 2014).

Though the historical benefits to vitamin D were attributed mainly to bone health, it is far more important. Vitamin D plays a critical role in protecting against invasive pathogens, reducing autoimmunity, and maintaining overall health (Wimalawansa 2023). Regarding immunity, one way it does this is by causing a shift away from proinflammatory responses to one more centered around T cell activation (Prietl et al. 2013). Vitamin D has therefore been shown to benefit other disorders that are related to immunity, such as a study that found vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy reduced asthmatic symptoms in children (Litonjua et al. 2016). That being said, it is important to highlight how there is no substitution for natural sunlight as a means of getting vitamin D. Naturally produced vitamin D from the skin lasts 2-3 times longer in the body (Wacker and Holick 2013). This is one of many likely reasons why the natural avenue should always be preferred over the supplemental. A similar line of reasoning follows in methods of getting UV light, as natural sun exposure leads to a decrease of all-cause mortality while the use of artificial tanning beds has been shown to increase all-cause and cancer mortality (Yang et al. 2011). More on why this likely occurs later.

Beyond vitamin D’s benefits to the immune system, it is important to focus on the compound’s role in mitochondrial health. In a previous article I wrote titled “Sunlight and Health”, I delve deeper into the importance of mitochondria and the science of how they work. In simplicity, imagine how all life on earth centers around energy. The sun provides energy to the earth, and the plethora of life on earth harness and facilitate the flow of that energy. Plants and animals share a symbiotic relationship within this system. Plants, through photosynthesis, take in sunlight, CO2, and water and create a glucose precursor and oxygen. This occurs within the chloroplast of plant cells. Within human cells, we have mitochondria. Our mitochondria, in turn, take in oxygen and glucose and produce CO2, water, and energy for our bodies in the form of ATP. What the plant breathes out, we breathe in, and vice versa. Mitochondria are central to all animal life on earth, and the ATP produced is central to all physiologic function. If your mitochondria are unhealthy, you are unhealthy and will experience disease.

Vitamin D plays a role in mitochondrial health at a DNA level. Our cells have DNA, which we inherited from our mother and father. On top of that, the mitochondria within our cells have their own set of DNA (mtDNA). Our mitochondria come from our mother’s egg, and therefore our mtDNA always is inherited from our mother. UV light can cause damage to both our DNA and mtDNA (Birch-Machin, Russell, and Latimer 2013). This is what gives UV light the ability to cause cancer. Additionally, damage to the mtDNA within our mitochondria can lead to mitochondrial dysfunction. The more poorly our mitochondria function, the less energy we produce for our cells, and the less healthy our cells become. There is research being developed that suggests the role of vitamin D is to counterbalance this danger by regulating gene transcription and reducing mtDNA damage. A mouse study conducted in 2011, for example, found that different shapes of vitamin D reduce the development of tumors in mice following UV exposure (Dixon et al. 2011). It is not unlike nature to create a system of checks and balances, to ensure that the damaging effects of UV light are counterbalanced by a compound produced by the body when exposure to that same light.

While vitamin D may be important for mitochondrial health by protecting against mtDNA damage, melanin potentially plays a much larger role. Melanin is the pigment in our skin that make us darker. Not only is the diversity in skin tones across humans due to variations in melanin content, but a tan is also the creation of more melanin. To be more specific, the skin’s exposure to UVA (315-400nm) leads to the creation of melanin (Wicks et al. 2011). The most obvious benefit to the production of melanin, which most people could appreciate, is that the darker or tanner our skin is, the less damage we will receive from UV light. In this way, melanin shares a similar responsibility to vitamin D, where both are protecting the body against the very thing that forms them. Even more crucially however, melanin acts as a battery for the mitochondria.

During cellular respiration, where mitochondria turn oxygen and glucose into energy, electrons are stripped from the glucose for use. In other words, what our mitochondria really need are oxygen and electrons, and the glucose is simply a means to an end. If the mitochondria are the engine, then the electrons are the fuel (assuming you are still breathing). Due to its chemical structure, melanin is a natural reversible oxidation-reduction system (Figge 1939). In other words, it can both store and release electrons. Melanin is therefore a kind of battery, retrieving electrons from various sources, and storing them for future use in our mitochondria as a substitute for food. When stated this way, and considering how food is important because both fats and carbohydrates fuel the body by providing electrons to our mitochondria, one can imagine how vitally important melanin is. Melanin is central towards the availability of electrons for use in our body to produce the energy to live. Without adequate melanin, your mitochondria will starve for fuel and not provide your body with the energy it needs to thrive.

Blue Light

To contextualize the role blue light plays in human health, it is important to revisit an important byproduct of cellular respiration within mitochondria. When mitochondria turn electrons and oxygen into energy, there is a byproduct formed known as reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS play important roles in the body, but in excess they can cause DNA damage and disrupt various cellular processes. For example, UV light causes cancer due to the ROS generated, and studies have found that blue light does the same in both the skin and eyes (Nakashima, Ohta, and Wolf 2017; Abdouh et al. 2024). This research suggests that excess blue light or blue light in isolation can damage the eyes and cause harm like UV light.

Blue and UV light are predominant during the middle of the day. Though both may cause oxidative stress on the body, the body simultaneously counteracts this damage through melatonin. Think of melatonin as the junk remover for mitochondria. Throughout the day mitochondria produce energy, and ROS is formed. During our nighttime sleep, melatonin plays an important role as an antioxidant and removes the excess ROS (Leon et al. 2004).

The relationship between blue light and melatonin is important. During the day, when blue light is present, our body suppresses the production of melatonin (West et al. 2011). When the sun sets and there is no longer a heavy presence of blue light, our body begins to produce melatonin for sleep. This is a central function for how our body gets tired at night and gets ready for sleep. This is also why artificial light at night, from our modern technology, is harmful to human health because it tricks the body into the continual suppression of melatonin production. Without proper melatonin production, our cells buildup too much ROS and this can cause mitochondrial dysfunction and other sleep related issues.

Beyond the importance of getting good sleep and producing melatonin to remove excess ROS from our cells, the existence of artificial light and excess blue light is problematic during the day as well. As stated previously, blue light causes ROS buildup in both the skin and eyes (Nakashima, Ohta, and Wolf 2017; Abdouh et al. 2024). As with most harms from sunlight, our body has adapted with a backup plan. During the day, when blue and UV light is present, there is simultaneous exposure to NIR light (650-1200nm). Recent research suggests that NIR also counterbalances the harm of blue light by increasing melatonin synthesis in the mitochondria (Tan et al. 2023). This highlights the importance of receiving the full spectrum of light from the sun, as one wavelength counterbalances the damages of the other.

Near-Infrared Light

While indoor living has been commonplace for humans across generations, and modern technology has over saturated our bodies with blue light, some recent changes to our technology have made things worse. Incandescent light bulbs emit NIR light, this is why they got warm. However, LED lights do not emit NIR light. Therefore, where people of past generations were potentially exposed to a lot of artificial light at night, this was counterbalanced by the NIR emitted by those same lightbulbs. Now, modern humans use LEDs and spend 93% of our time indoors with zero exposure to NIR, which is 90% of the light emitted by the sun (Tan et al. 2023).

Not only does NIR light protect our bodies from the damaging consequences of blue light, but it similarly protects us against UV light. As stated previously, NIR may result in the production of melatonin within mitochondria during the day, helping protect against the ROS buildup and mtDNA damage. Additionally, research has also found that NIR light protects from UV light in other ways. For example, a study in 2008 found that pretreating skin with NIR light (660nm) prevented sunburns (Barolet and Boucher 2008). Another study found that red and NIR light (620-690nm) altered gene expression and upregulated DNA repair (Kim et al. 2019). Again, this highlights the theme that the body has produced the means to protect itself from the harms of the sun via other rays emitted. However, the protection from harmful rays is best achieved when exposed to the full spectrum of light wavelengths as they change throughout the day. The light of dawn and dusk is predominately red and NIR. Therefore, this research suggests that being exposed to morning light will protect the body from the potentially cancer-causing effects of the UV light later in the day. A human being who lived outside would naturally be exposed to this spectrum of light every day. However, modern humans may be inside in the morning, go to the beach during the middle of the day, and get sunburned because they do not properly receive the full spectrum of light as nature intended every day.

Lastly, it is important to explore the ways NIR improves mitochondrial function. If electrons are the fuel source for this engine, and melatonin is the junk removal, then NIR is the lubricant. NIR improves the energy output of mitochondria, and there are various hypotheses for how this occurs. One hypothesis is that NIR boosts the functionality of cytochrome c oxidase, one of the chromophores used in the electron transport chain (ETC) of cellular respiration within mitochondria (De Freitas and Hamblin 2016). Another involves NIR light’s ability to modify the viscosity of water which increases the efficiency of the final step in the ETC, the ATP synthase (Sommer, Haddad, and Fecht 2015). ATP synthase can be thought of as a kind of pump that produces ATP, in this way NIR can be thought of almost literally as a lubricant for this pump.

Summary

In summary, the research involving how sunlight affects mitochondrial health highlights the importance of the full spectrum of wavelengths, each of which plays a vital role in human health throughout the day. Having exposure to one, without the other, can lead to imbalances and mitochondrial disease. The red and NIR light in the morning helps our mitochondria produce more energy throughout the day, while also preparing our bodies for the beneficial yet dangerous wavelengths to come. In the middle of the day, we receive much more UV and blue light, which help us produce vitamin D and melanin, both central to health and wellness. Once the sun sets, and blue light is absent, we produce melatonin for sleep. During our sleep, the melatonin removes the dangerous byproducts of our energy-producing day, protecting us from disease and preparing us for the following day. Mitochondria are central to human health and life on earth, and the rays from the sun are central to mitochondrial health.

Respecting nature and its cycles is vital for us humans who are increasingly immersing ourselves in a world dominated by technology. Our ancestors did not have to reconcile with these ideas, because life forced these exposures upon them. If we wish to maintain health in our modern world, we must be able to find balance. Even though some might think they can escape into the virtual world, our bodies will always and forever be connected and reliant upon the natural one.

References

Abdouh, Mohamed, Yunxi Chen, Alicia Goyeneche, and Miguel N. Burnier. 2024. “Blue Light-Induced Mitochondrial Oxidative Damage Underlay Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cell Apoptosis.” International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25 (23): 12619.

Barolet, Daniel, and Annie Boucher. 2008. “LED Photoprevention: Reduced MED Response Following Multiple LED Exposures.” Lasers in Surgery and Medicine 40 (2): 106–12.

Birch-Machin, M. A., E. V. Russell, and J. A. Latimer. 2013. “Mitochondrial DNA Damage as a Biomarker for Ultraviolet Radiation Exposure and Oxidative Stress.” The British Journal of Dermatology 169 (s2): 9–14.

Chowdhury, Rajiv, Setor Kunutsor, Anna Vitezova, Clare Oliver-Williams, Susmita Chowdhury, Jessica C. Kiefte-de-Jong, Hassan Khan, et al. 2014. “Vitamin D and Risk of Cause Specific Death: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Cohort and Randomised Intervention Studies.” BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) 348 (apr01 2): g1903.

De Freitas, Lucas Freitas, and Michael R. Hamblin. 2016. “Proposed Mechanisms of Photobiomodulation or Low-Level Light Therapy.” IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics: A Publication of the IEEE Lasers and Electro-Optics Society 22 (3): 348–64.

Dixon, Katie M., Anthony W. Norman, Vanessa B. Sequeira, Ritu Mohan, Mark S. Rybchyn, Vivienne E. Reeve, Gary M. Halliday, and Rebecca S. Mason. 2011. “1α,25(OH)₂-Vitamin D and a Nongenomic Vitamin D Analogue Inhibit Ultraviolet Radiation-Induced Skin Carcinogenesis.” Cancer Prevention Research (Philadelphia, Pa.) 4 (9): 1485–94.

Fell, Gillian L., Kathleen C. Robinson, Jianren Mao, Clifford J. Woolf, and David E. Fisher. 2014. “Skin β-Endorphin Mediates Addiction to UV Light.” Cell 157 (7): 1527–34.

Figge, Frank H. J. 1939. “Melanin: A Natural Reversible Oxidation-Reduction System and Indicator.” Experimental Biology and Medicine (Maywood, N.J.) 41 (1): 127.

Garland, Cedric F., June Jiwon Kim, Sharif Burgette Mohr, Edward Doerr Gorham, William B. Grant, Edward L. Giovannucci, Leo Baggerly, et al. 2014. “Meta-Analysis of All-Cause Mortality According to Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D.” American Journal of Public Health 104 (8): e43-50.

Holick, M. F. 1981. “The Cutaneous Photosynthesis of Previtamin D3: A Unique Photoendocrine System.” The Journal of Investigative Dermatology 77 (1): 51–58.

Holick, Michael F. 2007. “Vitamin D Deficiency.” The New England Journal of Medicine 357 (3): 266–81.

Kim, Hyun Soo, Yeo Jin Kim, Su Ji Kim, Doo Seok Kang, Tae Ryong Lee, Dong Wook Shin, Hyoung-June Kim, and Young Rok Seo. 2019. “Transcriptomic Analysis of Human Dermal Fibroblast Cells Reveals Potential Mechanisms Underlying the Protective Effects of Visible Red Light against Damage from Ultraviolet B Light.” Journal of Dermatological Science 94 (2): 276–83.

Leon, Josefa, Dario Acuña-Castroviejo, Rosa M. Sainz, Juan C. Mayo, Dun Xian Tan, and Russel J. Reiter. 2004. “Melatonin and Mitochondrial Function.” Life Sciences. Elsevier Inc. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2004.03.003.

Lindqvist, P. G., E. Epstein, K. Nielsen, M. Landin-Olsson, C. Ingvar, and H. Olsson. 2016. “Avoidance of Sun Exposure as a Risk Factor for Major Causes of Death: A Competing Risk Analysis of the Melanoma in Southern Sweden Cohort.” Journal of Internal Medicine 280 (4): 375–87.

Litonjua, Augusto A., Vincent J. Carey, Nancy Laranjo, Benjamin J. Harshfield, Thomas F. McElrath, George T. O’Connor, Megan Sandel, et al. 2016. “Effect of Prenatal Supplementation with Vitamin D on Asthma or Recurrent Wheezing in Offspring by Age 3 Years: The VDAART Randomized Clinical Trial.” JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 315 (4): 362–70.

McCollum, E. V., Nina Simmonds, J. Ernestine Becker, and P. G. Shipley. 1922. “Studies on Experimental Rickets.” The Journal of Biological Chemistry 53 (2): 293–312.

Nakashima, Yuya, Shigeo Ohta, and Alexander M. Wolf. 2017. “Blue Light-Induced Oxidative Stress in Live Skin.” Free Radical Biology & Medicine 108 (July): 300–310.

Prietl, Barbara, Gerlies Treiber, Thomas R. Pieber, and Karin Amrein. 2013. “Vitamin D and Immune Function.” Nutrients 5 (7): 2502–21.

Sommer, Andrei P., Mike Kh Haddad, and Hans Jörg Fecht. 2015. “Light Effect on Water Viscosity: Implication for ATP Biosynthesis.” Scientific Reports 5 (July). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep12029.

Tan, Dun-Xian, Russel J. Reiter, Scott Zimmerman, and Ruediger Hardeland. 2023. “Melatonin: Both a Messenger of Darkness and a Participant in the Cellular Actions of Non-Visible Solar Radiation of near Infrared Light.” Biology 12 (1): 89.

Wacker, Matthias, and Michael F. Holick. 2013. “Sunlight and Vitamin D: A Global Perspective for Health: A Global Perspective for Health.” Dermato-Endocrinology 5 (1): 51–108.

West, Kathleen E., Michael R. Jablonski, Benjamin Warfield, Kate S. Cecil, Mary James, Melissa A. Ayers, James Maida, et al. 2011. “Blue Light from Light-Emitting Diodes Elicits a Dose-Dependent Suppression of Melatonin in Humans.” Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md.: 1985) 110 (3): 619–26.

Wicks, Nadine L., Jason W. Chan, Julia A. Najera, Jonathan M. Ciriello, and Elena Oancea. 2011. “UVA Phototransduction Drives Early Melanin Synthesis in Human Melanocytes.” Current Biology: CB 21 (22): 1906.

Wimalawansa, Sunil J. 2023. “Infections and Autoimmunity-the Immune System and Vitamin D: A Systematic Review.” Nutrients 15 (17): 3842.

Yang, Ling, Marie Lof, Marit Bragelien Veierød, Sven Sandin, Hans-Olov Adami, and Elisabete Weiderpass. 2011. “Ultraviolet Exposure and Mortality among Women in Sweden.” Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention: A Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology 20 (4): 683–90.

@ 21335073:a244b1ad

Please respect Virginia Giuffre’s memory by refraining from asking about the circumstances or theories surrounding her passing.

Since Virginia Giuffre’s death, I’ve reflected on what she would want me to say or do. This piece is my attempt to honor her legacy.

When I first spoke with Virginia, I was struck by her unshakable hope. I had grown cynical after years in the anti-human trafficking movement, worn down by a broken system and a government that often seemed complicit. But Virginia’s passion, creativity, and belief that survivors could be heard reignited something in me. She reminded me of my younger, more hopeful self. Instead of warning her about the challenges ahead, I let her dream big, unburdened by my own disillusionment. That conversation changed me for the better, and following her lead led to meaningful progress.

Virginia was one of the bravest people I’ve ever known. As a survivor of Epstein, Maxwell, and their co-conspirators, she risked everything to speak out, taking on some of the world’s most powerful figures.

She loved when I said, “Epstein isn’t the only Epstein.” This wasn’t just about one man—it was a call to hold all abusers accountable and to ensure survivors find hope and healing.

The Epstein case often gets reduced to sensational details about the elite, but that misses the bigger picture. Yes, we should be holding all of the co-conspirators accountable, we must listen to the survivors’ stories. Their experiences reveal how predators exploit vulnerabilities, offering lessons to prevent future victims.

You’re not powerless in this fight. Educate yourself about trafficking and abuse—online and offline—and take steps to protect those around you. Supporting survivors starts with small, meaningful actions. Free online resources can guide you in being a safe, supportive presence.

When high-profile accusations arise, resist snap judgments. Instead of dismissing survivors as “crazy,” pause to consider the trauma they may be navigating. Speaking out or coping with abuse is never easy. You don’t have to believe every claim, but you can refrain from attacking accusers online.

Society also fails at providing aftercare for survivors. The government, often part of the problem, won’t solve this. It’s up to us. Prevention is critical, but when abuse occurs, step up for your loved ones and community. Protect the vulnerable. it’s a challenging but a rewarding journey.

If you’re contributing to Nostr, you’re helping build a censorship resistant platform where survivors can share their stories freely, no matter how powerful their abusers are. Their voices can endure here, offering strength and hope to others. This gives me great hope for the future.

Virginia Giuffre’s courage was a gift to the world. It was an honor to know and serve her. She will be deeply missed. My hope is that her story inspires others to take on the powerful.

@ fd208ee8:0fd927c1

I just read this, and found it enlightening.

Jung... notes that intelligence can be seen as problem solving at an everyday level..., whereas creativity may represent problem solving for less common issues

Other studies have used metaphor creation as a creativity measure instead of divergent thinking and a spectrum of CHC components instead of just g and have found much higher relationships between creativity and intelligence than past studies

https://www.mdpi.com/2079-3200/3/3/59

I'm unusually intelligent (Who isn't?), but I'm much more creative, than intelligent, and I think that confuses people. The ability to apply intelligence, to solve completely novel problems, on the fly, is something IQ tests don't even claim to measure. They just claim a correlation.

Creativity requires taking wild, mental leaps out into nothingness; simply trusting that your brain will land you safely. And this is why I've been at the forefront of massive innovation, over and over, but never got rich off of it.

I'm a starving autist.

Zaps are the first time I've ever made money directly, for solving novel problems. Companies don't do this because there is a span of time between providing a solution and the solution being implemented, and the person building the implementation (or their boss) receives all the credit for the existence of the solution. At best, you can hope to get pawned off with a small bonus.

Nobody can remember who came up with the solution, originally, and that person might not even be there, anymore, and probably never filed a patent, and may have no idea that their idea has even been built. They just run across it, later, in a tech magazine or museum, and say, "Well, will you look at that! Someone actually went and built it! Isn't that nice!"

Universities at least had the idea of cementing novel solutions in academic papers, but that: 1) only works if you're an academic, and at a university, 2) is an incredibly slow process, not appropriate for a truly innovative field, 3) leads to manifestations of perverse incentives and biased research frameworks, coming from 'publish or perish' policies.

But I think long-form notes and zaps solve for this problem. #Alexandria, especially, is being built to cater to this long-suffering class of chronic underachievers. It leaves a written, public, time-stamped record of Clever Ideas We Have Had.

Because they are clever, the ideas. And we have had them.

@ 52b4a076:e7fad8bd

I have been recently building NFDB, a new relay DB. This post is meant as a short overview.

Regular relays have challenges

Current relay software have significant challenges, which I have experienced when hosting Nostr.land: - Scalability is only supported by adding full replicas, which does not scale to large relays. - Most relays use slow databases and are not optimized for large scale usage. - Search is near-impossible to implement on standard relays. - Privacy features such as NIP-42 are lacking. - Regular DB maintenance tasks on normal relays require extended downtime. - Fault-tolerance is implemented, if any, using a load balancer, which is limited. - Personalization and advanced filtering is not possible. - Local caching is not supported.

NFDB: A scalable database for large relays

NFDB is a new database meant for medium-large scale relays, built on FoundationDB that provides: - Near-unlimited scalability - Extended fault tolerance - Instant loading - Better search - Better personalization - and more.

Search

NFDB has extended search capabilities including: - Semantic search: Search for meaning, not words. - Interest-based search: Highlight content you care about. - Multi-faceted queries: Easily filter by topic, author group, keywords, and more at the same time. - Wide support for event kinds, including users, articles, etc.

Personalization

NFDB allows significant personalization: - Customized algorithms: Be your own algorithm. - Spam filtering: Filter content to your WoT, and use advanced spam filters. - Topic mutes: Mute topics, not keywords. - Media filtering: With Nostr.build, you will be able to filter NSFW and other content - Low data mode: Block notes that use high amounts of cellular data. - and more

Other

NFDB has support for many other features such as: - NIP-42: Protect your privacy with private drafts and DMs - Microrelays: Easily deploy your own personal microrelay - Containers: Dedicated, fast storage for discoverability events such as relay lists

Calcite: A local microrelay database

Calcite is a lightweight, local version of NFDB that is meant for microrelays and caching, meant for thousands of personal microrelays.

Calcite HA is an additional layer that allows live migration and relay failover in under 30 seconds, providing higher availability compared to current relays with greater simplicity. Calcite HA is enabled in all Calcite deployments.

For zero-downtime, NFDB is recommended.

Noswhere SmartCache

Relays are fixed in one location, but users can be anywhere.

Noswhere SmartCache is a CDN for relays that dynamically caches data on edge servers closest to you, allowing: - Multiple regions around the world - Improved throughput and performance - Faster loading times

routerd

routerd is a custom load-balancer optimized for Nostr relays, integrated with SmartCache.

routerd is specifically integrated with NFDB and Calcite HA to provide fast failover and high performance.

Ending notes

NFDB is planned to be deployed to Nostr.land in the coming weeks.

A lot more is to come. 👀️️️️️️

@ 04c915da:3dfbecc9

For years American bitcoin miners have argued for more efficient and free energy markets. It benefits everyone if our energy infrastructure is as efficient and robust as possible. Unfortunately, broken incentives have led to increased regulation throughout the sector, incentivizing less efficient energy sources such as solar and wind at the detriment of more efficient alternatives.

The result has been less reliable energy infrastructure for all Americans and increased energy costs across the board. This naturally has a direct impact on bitcoin miners: increased energy costs make them less competitive globally.

Bitcoin mining represents a global energy market that does not require permission to participate. Anyone can plug a mining computer into power and internet to get paid the current dynamic market price for their work in bitcoin. Using cellphone or satellite internet, these mines can be located anywhere in the world, sourcing the cheapest power available.

Absent of regulation, bitcoin mining naturally incentivizes the build out of highly efficient and robust energy infrastructure. Unfortunately that world does not exist and burdensome regulations remain the biggest threat for US based mining businesses. Jurisdictional arbitrage gives miners the option of moving to a friendlier country but that naturally comes with its own costs.

Enter AI. With the rapid development and release of AI tools comes the requirement of running massive datacenters for their models. Major tech companies are scrambling to secure machines, rack space, and cheap energy to run full suites of AI enabled tools and services. The most valuable and powerful tech companies in America have stumbled into an accidental alliance with bitcoin miners: THE NEED FOR CHEAP AND RELIABLE ENERGY.

Our government is corrupt. Money talks. These companies will push for energy freedom and it will greatly benefit us all.

@ 04c915da:3dfbecc9

There is something quietly rebellious about stacking sats. In a world obsessed with instant gratification, choosing to patiently accumulate Bitcoin, one sat at a time, feels like a middle finger to the hype machine. But to do it right, you have got to stay humble. Stack too hard with your head in the clouds, and you will trip over your own ego before the next halving even hits.

Small Wins

Stacking sats is not glamorous. Discipline. Stacking every day, week, or month, no matter the price, and letting time do the heavy lifting. Humility lives in that consistency. You are not trying to outsmart the market or prove you are the next "crypto" prophet. Just a regular person, betting on a system you believe in, one humble stack at a time. Folks get rekt chasing the highs. They ape into some shitcoin pump, shout about it online, then go silent when they inevitably get rekt. The ones who last? They stack. Just keep showing up. Consistency. Humility in action. Know the game is long, and you are not bigger than it.

Ego is Volatile

Bitcoin’s swings can mess with your head. One day you are up 20%, feeling like a genius and the next down 30%, questioning everything. Ego will have you panic selling at the bottom or over leveraging the top. Staying humble means patience, a true bitcoin zen. Do not try to "beat” Bitcoin. Ride it. Stack what you can afford, live your life, and let compounding work its magic.

Simplicity

There is a beauty in how stacking sats forces you to rethink value. A sat is worth less than a penny today, but every time you grab a few thousand, you plant a seed. It is not about flaunting wealth but rather building it, quietly, without fanfare. That mindset spills over. Cut out the noise: the overpriced coffee, fancy watches, the status games that drain your wallet. Humility is good for your soul and your stack. I have a buddy who has been stacking since 2015. Never talks about it unless you ask. Lives in a decent place, drives an old truck, and just keeps stacking. He is not chasing clout, he is chasing freedom. That is the vibe: less ego, more sats, all grounded in life.

The Big Picture

Stack those sats. Do it quietly, do it consistently, and do not let the green days puff you up or the red days break you down. Humility is the secret sauce, it keeps you grounded while the world spins wild. In a decade, when you look back and smile, it will not be because you shouted the loudest. It will be because you stayed the course, one sat at a time. \ \ Stay Humble and Stack Sats. 🫡

@ 91bea5cd:1df4451c

O Contexto Legal Brasileiro e o Consentimento

No ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, o consentimento do ofendido pode, em certas circunstâncias, afastar a ilicitude de um ato que, sem ele, configuraria crime (como lesão corporal leve, prevista no Art. 129 do Código Penal). Contudo, o consentimento tem limites claros: não é válido para bens jurídicos indisponíveis, como a vida, e sua eficácia é questionável em casos de lesões corporais graves ou gravíssimas.

A prática de BDSM consensual situa-se em uma zona complexa. Em tese, se ambos os parceiros são adultos, capazes, e consentiram livre e informadamente nos atos praticados, sem que resultem em lesões graves permanentes ou risco de morte não consentido, não haveria crime. O desafio reside na comprovação desse consentimento, especialmente se uma das partes, posteriormente, o negar ou alegar coação.

A Lei Maria da Penha (Lei nº 11.340/2006)

A Lei Maria da Penha é um marco fundamental na proteção da mulher contra a violência doméstica e familiar. Ela estabelece mecanismos para coibir e prevenir tal violência, definindo suas formas (física, psicológica, sexual, patrimonial e moral) e prevendo medidas protetivas de urgência.

Embora essencial, a aplicação da lei em contextos de BDSM pode ser delicada. Uma alegação de violência por parte da mulher, mesmo que as lesões ou situações decorram de práticas consensuais, tende a receber atenção prioritária das autoridades, dada a presunção de vulnerabilidade estabelecida pela lei. Isso pode criar um cenário onde o parceiro masculino enfrenta dificuldades significativas em demonstrar a natureza consensual dos atos, especialmente se não houver provas robustas pré-constituídas.

Outros riscos:

Lesão corporal grave ou gravíssima (art. 129, §§ 1º e 2º, CP), não pode ser justificada pelo consentimento, podendo ensejar persecução penal.

Crimes contra a dignidade sexual (arts. 213 e seguintes do CP) são de ação pública incondicionada e independem de representação da vítima para a investigação e denúncia.

Riscos de Falsas Acusações e Alegação de Coação Futura

Os riscos para os praticantes de BDSM, especialmente para o parceiro que assume o papel dominante ou que inflige dor/restrição (frequentemente, mas não exclusivamente, o homem), podem surgir de diversas frentes:

1. Acusações Externas: Vizinhos, familiares ou amigos que desconhecem a natureza consensual do relacionamento podem interpretar sons, marcas ou comportamentos como sinais de abuso e denunciar às autoridades.
2. Alegações Futuras da Parceira: Em caso de término conturbado, vingança, arrependimento ou mudança de perspectiva, a parceira pode reinterpretar as práticas passadas como abuso e buscar reparação ou retaliação através de uma denúncia. A alegação pode ser de que o consentimento nunca existiu ou foi viciado.
3. Alegação de Coação: Uma das formas mais complexas de refutar é a alegação de que o consentimento foi obtido mediante coação (física, moral, psicológica ou econômica). A parceira pode alegar, por exemplo, que se sentia pressionada, intimidada ou dependente, e que seu "sim" não era genuíno. Provar a ausência de coação a posteriori é extremamente difícil.
4. Ingenuidade e Vulnerabilidade Masculina: Muitos homens, confiando na dinâmica consensual e na parceira, podem negligenciar a necessidade de precauções. A crença de que "isso nunca aconteceria comigo" ou a falta de conhecimento sobre as implicações legais e o peso processual de uma acusação no âmbito da Lei Maria da Penha podem deixá-los vulneráveis. A presença de marcas físicas, mesmo que consentidas, pode ser usada como evidência de agressão, invertendo o ônus da prova na prática, ainda que não na teoria jurídica.

Estratégias de Prevenção e Mitigação

Não existe um método infalível para evitar completamente o risco de uma falsa acusação, mas diversas medidas podem ser adotadas para construir um histórico de consentimento e reduzir vulnerabilidades:

1. Comunicação Explícita e Contínua: A base de qualquer prática BDSM segura é a comunicação constante. Negociar limites, desejos, palavras de segurança ("safewords") e expectativas antes, durante e depois das cenas é crucial. Manter registros dessas negociações (e-mails, mensagens, diários compartilhados) pode ser útil.

2. Documentação do Consentimento:

   • Contratos de Relacionamento/Cena: Embora a validade jurídica de "contratos BDSM" seja discutível no Brasil (não podem afastar normas de ordem pública), eles servem como forte evidência da intenção das partes, da negociação detalhada de limites e do consentimento informado. Devem ser claros, datados, assinados e, idealmente, reconhecidos em cartório (para prova de data e autenticidade das assinaturas).

   • Registros Audiovisuais: Gravar (com consentimento explícito para a gravação) discussões sobre consentimento e limites antes das cenas pode ser uma prova poderosa. Gravar as próprias cenas é mais complexo devido a questões de privacidade e potencial uso indevido, mas pode ser considerado em casos específicos, sempre com consentimento mútuo documentado para a gravação.

     Importante: a gravação deve ser com ciência da outra parte, para não configurar violação da intimidade (art. 5º, X, da Constituição Federal e art. 20 do Código Civil).

3. Testemunhas: Em alguns contextos de comunidade BDSM, a presença de terceiros de confiança durante negociações ou mesmo cenas pode servir como testemunho, embora isso possa alterar a dinâmica íntima do casal.

4. Estabelecimento Claro de Limites e Palavras de Segurança: Definir e respeitar rigorosamente os limites (o que é permitido, o que é proibido) e as palavras de segurança é fundamental. O desrespeito a uma palavra de segurança encerra o consentimento para aquele ato.
5. Avaliação Contínua do Consentimento: O consentimento não é um cheque em branco; ele deve ser entusiástico, contínuo e revogável a qualquer momento. Verificar o bem-estar do parceiro durante a cena ("check-ins") é essencial.
6. Discrição e Cuidado com Evidências Físicas: Ser discreto sobre a natureza do relacionamento pode evitar mal-entendidos externos. Após cenas que deixem marcas, é prudente que ambos os parceiros estejam cientes e de acordo, talvez documentando por fotos (com data) e uma nota sobre a consensualidade da prática que as gerou.
7. Aconselhamento Jurídico Preventivo: Consultar um advogado especializado em direito de família e criminal, com sensibilidade para dinâmicas de relacionamento alternativas, pode fornecer orientação personalizada sobre as melhores formas de documentar o consentimento e entender os riscos legais específicos.

Observações Importantes

• Nenhuma documentação substitui a necessidade de consentimento real, livre, informado e contínuo.
• A lei brasileira protege a "integridade física" e a "dignidade humana". Práticas que resultem em lesões graves ou que violem a dignidade de forma não consentida (ou com consentimento viciado) serão ilegais, independentemente de qualquer acordo prévio.
• Em caso de acusação, a existência de documentação robusta de consentimento não garante a absolvição, mas fortalece significativamente a defesa, ajudando a demonstrar a natureza consensual da relação e das práticas.

• A alegação de coação futura é particularmente difícil de prevenir apenas com documentos. Um histórico consistente de comunicação aberta (whatsapp/telegram/e-mails), respeito mútuo e ausência de dependência ou controle excessivo na relação pode ajudar a contextualizar a dinâmica como não coercitiva.

• Cuidado com Marcas Visíveis e Lesões Graves Práticas que resultam em hematomas severos ou lesões podem ser interpretadas como agressão, mesmo que consentidas. Evitar excessos protege não apenas a integridade física, mas também evita questionamentos legais futuros.

O que vem a ser consentimento viciado

No Direito, consentimento viciado é quando a pessoa concorda com algo, mas a vontade dela não é livre ou plena — ou seja, o consentimento existe formalmente, mas é defeituoso por alguma razão.

O Código Civil brasileiro (art. 138 a 165) define várias formas de vício de consentimento. As principais são:

Erro: A pessoa se engana sobre o que está consentindo. (Ex.: A pessoa acredita que vai participar de um jogo leve, mas na verdade é exposta a práticas pesadas.)

Dolo: A pessoa é enganada propositalmente para aceitar algo. (Ex.: Alguém mente sobre o que vai acontecer durante a prática.)

Coação: A pessoa é forçada ou ameaçada a consentir. (Ex.: "Se você não aceitar, eu termino com você" — pressão emocional forte pode ser vista como coação.)

Estado de perigo ou lesão: A pessoa aceita algo em situação de necessidade extrema ou abuso de sua vulnerabilidade. (Ex.: Alguém em situação emocional muito fragilizada é induzida a aceitar práticas que normalmente recusaria.)

No contexto de BDSM, isso é ainda mais delicado: Mesmo que a pessoa tenha "assinado" um contrato ou dito "sim", se depois ela alegar que seu consentimento foi dado sob medo, engano ou pressão psicológica, o consentimento pode ser considerado viciado — e, portanto, juridicamente inválido.

Isso tem duas implicações sérias:

1. O crime não se descaracteriza: Se houver vício, o consentimento é ignorado e a prática pode ser tratada como crime normal (lesão corporal, estupro, tortura, etc.).

2. A prova do consentimento precisa ser sólida: Mostrando que a pessoa estava informada, lúcida, livre e sem qualquer tipo de coação.

   Consentimento viciado é quando a pessoa concorda formalmente, mas de maneira enganada, forçada ou pressionada, tornando o consentimento inútil para efeitos jurídicos.

Conclusão

Casais que praticam BDSM consensual no Brasil navegam em um terreno que exige não apenas confiança mútua e comunicação excepcional, mas também uma consciência aguçada das complexidades legais e dos riscos de interpretações equivocadas ou acusações mal-intencionadas. Embora o BDSM seja uma expressão legítima da sexualidade humana, sua prática no Brasil exige responsabilidade redobrada. Ter provas claras de consentimento, manter a comunicação aberta e agir com prudência são formas eficazes de se proteger de falsas alegações e preservar a liberdade e a segurança de todos os envolvidos. Embora leis controversas como a Maria da Penha sejam "vitais" para a proteção contra a violência real, os praticantes de BDSM, e em particular os homens nesse contexto, devem adotar uma postura proativa e prudente para mitigar os riscos inerentes à potencial má interpretação ou instrumentalização dessas práticas e leis, garantindo que a expressão de sua consensualidade esteja resguardada na medida do possível.

---

Importante: No Brasil, mesmo com tudo isso, o Ministério Público pode denunciar por crime como lesão corporal grave, estupro ou tortura, independente de consentimento. Então a prudência nas práticas é fundamental.

Aviso Legal: Este artigo tem caráter meramente informativo e não constitui aconselhamento jurídico. As leis e interpretações podem mudar, e cada situação é única. Recomenda-se buscar orientação de um advogado qualificado para discutir casos específicos.

Se curtiu este artigo faça uma contribuição, se tiver algum ponto relevante para o artigo deixe seu comentário.

@ 04c915da:3dfbecc9

Here’s a revised timeline of macro-level events from The Mandibles: A Family, 2029–2047 by Lionel Shriver, reimagined in a world where Bitcoin is adopted as a widely accepted form of money, altering the original narrative’s assumptions about currency collapse and economic control. In Shriver’s original story, the failure of Bitcoin is assumed amid the dominance of the bancor and the dollar’s collapse. Here, Bitcoin’s success reshapes the economic and societal trajectory, decentralizing power and challenging state-driven outcomes.

Part One: 2029–2032

• 2029 (Early Year)\ The United States faces economic strain as the dollar weakens against global shifts. However, Bitcoin, having gained traction emerges as a viable alternative. Unlike the original timeline, the bancor—a supranational currency backed by a coalition of nations—struggles to gain footing as Bitcoin’s decentralized adoption grows among individuals and businesses worldwide, undermining both the dollar and the bancor.

• 2029 (Mid-Year: The Great Renunciation)\ Treasury bonds lose value, and the government bans Bitcoin, labeling it a threat to sovereignty (mirroring the original bancor ban). However, a Bitcoin ban proves unenforceable—its decentralized nature thwarts confiscation efforts, unlike gold in the original story. Hyperinflation hits the dollar as the U.S. prints money, but Bitcoin’s fixed supply shields adopters from currency devaluation, creating a dual-economy split: dollar users suffer, while Bitcoin users thrive.

• 2029 (Late Year)\ Dollar-based inflation soars, emptying stores of goods priced in fiat currency. Meanwhile, Bitcoin transactions flourish in underground and online markets, stabilizing trade for those plugged into the bitcoin ecosystem. Traditional supply chains falter, but peer-to-peer Bitcoin networks enable local and international exchange, reducing scarcity for early adopters. The government’s gold confiscation fails to bolster the dollar, as Bitcoin’s rise renders gold less relevant.

• 2030–2031\ Crime spikes in dollar-dependent urban areas, but Bitcoin-friendly regions see less chaos, as digital wallets and smart contracts facilitate secure trade. The U.S. government doubles down on surveillance to crack down on bitcoin use. A cultural divide deepens: centralized authority weakens in Bitcoin-adopting communities, while dollar zones descend into lawlessness.

• 2032\ By this point, Bitcoin is de facto legal tender in parts of the U.S. and globally, especially in tech-savvy or libertarian-leaning regions. The federal government’s grip slips as tax collection in dollars plummets—Bitcoin’s traceability is low, and citizens evade fiat-based levies. Rural and urban Bitcoin hubs emerge, while the dollar economy remains fractured.

Time Jump: 2032–2047

• Over 15 years, Bitcoin solidifies as a global reserve currency, eroding centralized control. The U.S. government adapts, grudgingly integrating bitcoin into policy, though regional autonomy grows as Bitcoin empowers local economies.

Part Two: 2047

• 2047 (Early Year)\ The U.S. is a hybrid state: Bitcoin is legal tender alongside a diminished dollar. Taxes are lower, collected in BTC, reducing federal overreach. Bitcoin’s adoption has decentralized power nationwide. The bancor has faded, unable to compete with Bitcoin’s grassroots momentum.

• 2047 (Mid-Year)\ Travel and trade flow freely in Bitcoin zones, with no restrictive checkpoints. The dollar economy lingers in poorer areas, marked by decay, but Bitcoin’s dominance lifts overall prosperity, as its deflationary nature incentivizes saving and investment over consumption. Global supply chains rebound, powered by bitcoin enabled efficiency.

• 2047 (Late Year)\ The U.S. is a patchwork of semi-autonomous zones, united by Bitcoin’s universal acceptance rather than federal control. Resource scarcity persists due to past disruptions, but economic stability is higher than in Shriver’s original dystopia—Bitcoin’s success prevents the authoritarian slide, fostering a freer, if imperfect, society.

Key Differences

• Currency Dynamics: Bitcoin’s triumph prevents the bancor’s dominance and mitigates hyperinflation’s worst effects, offering a lifeline outside state control.
• Government Power: Centralized authority weakens as Bitcoin evades bans and taxation, shifting power to individuals and communities.
• Societal Outcome: Instead of a surveillance state, 2047 sees a decentralized, bitcoin driven world—less oppressive, though still stratified between Bitcoin haves and have-nots.

This reimagining assumes Bitcoin overcomes Shriver’s implied skepticism to become a robust, adopted currency by 2029, fundamentally altering the novel’s bleak trajectory.

@ e3ba5e1a:5e433365

Prelude

I wrote this post differently than any of my others. It started with a discussion with AI on an OPSec-inspired review of separation of powers, and evolved into quite an exciting debate! I asked Grok to write up a summary in my overall writing style, which it got pretty well. I've decided to post it exactly as-is. Ultimately, I think there are two solid ideas driving my stance here:

1. Perfect is the enemy of the good
2. Failure is the crucible of success

Beyond that, just some hard-core belief in freedom, separation of powers, and operating from self-interest.

Intro

Alright, buckle up. I’ve been chewing on this idea for a while, and it’s time to spit it out. Let’s look at the U.S. government like I’d look at a codebase under a cybersecurity audit—OPSEC style, no fluff. Forget the endless debates about what politicians should do. That’s noise. I want to talk about what they can do, the raw powers baked into the system, and why we should stop pretending those powers are sacred. If there’s a hole, either patch it or exploit it. No half-measures. And yeah, I’m okay if the whole thing crashes a bit—failure’s a feature, not a bug.

The Filibuster: A Security Rule with No Teeth

You ever see a firewall rule that’s more theater than protection? That’s the Senate filibuster. Everyone acts like it’s this untouchable guardian of democracy, but here’s the deal: a simple majority can torch it any day. It’s not a law; it’s a Senate preference, like choosing tabs over spaces. When people call killing it the “nuclear option,” I roll my eyes. Nuclear? It’s a button labeled “press me.” If a party wants it gone, they’ll do it. So why the dance?

I say stop playing games. Get rid of the filibuster. If you’re one of those folks who thinks it’s the only thing saving us from tyranny, fine—push for a constitutional amendment to lock it in. That’s a real patch, not a Post-it note. Until then, it’s just a vulnerability begging to be exploited. Every time a party threatens to nuke it, they’re admitting it’s not essential. So let’s stop pretending and move on.

Supreme Court Packing: Because Nine’s Just a Number

Here’s another fun one: the Supreme Court. Nine justices, right? Sounds official. Except it’s not. The Constitution doesn’t say nine—it’s silent on the number. Congress could pass a law tomorrow to make it 15, 20, or 42 (hitchhiker’s reference, anyone?). Packing the court is always on the table, and both sides know it. It’s like a root exploit just sitting there, waiting for someone to log in.

So why not call the bluff? If you’re in power—say, Trump’s back in the game—say, “I’m packing the court unless we amend the Constitution to fix it at nine.” Force the issue. No more shadowboxing. And honestly? The court’s got way too much power anyway. It’s not supposed to be a super-legislature, but here we are, with justices’ ideologies driving the bus. That’s a bug, not a feature. If the court weren’t such a kingmaker, packing it wouldn’t even matter. Maybe we should be talking about clipping its wings instead of just its size.

The Executive Should Go Full Klingon

Let’s talk presidents. I’m not saying they should wear Klingon armor and start shouting “Qapla’!”—though, let’s be real, that’d be awesome. I’m saying the executive should use every scrap of power the Constitution hands them. Enforce the laws you agree with, sideline the ones you don’t. If Congress doesn’t like it, they’ve got tools: pass new laws, override vetoes, or—here’s the big one—cut the budget. That’s not chaos; that’s the system working as designed.

Right now, the real problem isn’t the president overreaching; it’s the bureaucracy. It’s like a daemon running in the background, eating CPU and ignoring the user. The president’s supposed to be the one steering, but the administrative state’s got its own agenda. Let the executive flex, push the limits, and force Congress to check it. Norms? Pfft. The Constitution’s the spec sheet—stick to it.

Let the System Crash

Here’s where I get a little spicy: I’m totally fine if the government grinds to a halt. Deadlock isn’t a disaster; it’s a feature. If the branches can’t agree, let the president veto, let Congress starve the budget, let enforcement stall. Don’t tell me about “essential services.” Nothing’s so critical it can’t take a breather. Shutdowns force everyone to the table—debate, compromise, or expose who’s dropping the ball. If the public loses trust? Good. They’ll vote out the clowns or live with the circus they elected.

Think of it like a server crash. Sometimes you need a hard reboot to clear the cruft. If voters keep picking the same bad admins, well, the country gets what it deserves. Failure’s the best teacher—way better than limping along on autopilot.

States Are the Real MVPs

If the feds fumble, states step up. Right now, states act like junior devs waiting for the lead engineer to sign off. Why? Federal money. It’s a leash, and it’s tight. Cut that cash, and states will remember they’re autonomous. Some will shine, others will tank—looking at you, California. And I’m okay with that. Let people flee to better-run states. No bailouts, no excuses. States are like competing startups: the good ones thrive, the bad ones pivot or die.

Could it get uneven? Sure. Some states might turn into sci-fi utopias while others look like a post-apocalyptic vidya game. That’s the point—competition sorts it out. Citizens can move, markets adjust, and failure’s a signal to fix your act.

Chaos Isn’t the Enemy

Yeah, this sounds messy. States ignoring federal law, external threats poking at our seams, maybe even a constitutional crisis. I’m not scared. The Supreme Court’s there to referee interstate fights, and Congress sets the rules for state-to-state play. But if it all falls apart? Still cool. States can sort it without a babysitter—it’ll be ugly, but freedom’s worth it. External enemies? They’ll either unify us or break us. If we can’t rally, we don’t deserve the win.

Centralizing power to avoid this is like rewriting your app in a single thread to prevent race conditions—sure, it’s simpler, but you’re begging for a deadlock. Decentralized chaos lets states experiment, lets people escape, lets markets breathe. States competing to cut regulations to attract businesses? That’s a race to the bottom for red tape, but a race to the top for innovation—workers might gripe, but they’ll push back, and the tension’s healthy. Bring it—let the cage match play out. The Constitution’s checks are enough if we stop coddling the system.

Why This Matters

I’m not pitching a utopia. I’m pitching a stress test. The U.S. isn’t a fragile porcelain doll; it’s a rugged piece of hardware built to take some hits. Let it fail a little—filibuster, court, feds, whatever. Patch the holes with amendments if you want, or lean into the grind. Either way, stop fearing the crash. It’s how we debug the republic.

So, what’s your take? Ready to let the system rumble, or got a better way to secure the code? Hit me up—I’m all ears.

@ 91117f2b:111207d6

Mata mask is a very popular digital wallet and power extension which allows users to interact with etherium the blockchain and other compatible networks. In this article we will explore the benefits and features of using Meta mask,as and also provide a step by step on how to get started.

WHAT IS META MASK MANY will ask what is meta mask, it is a soft ware wallet which allows the users to receive store and also send etherium and other tokens. You can find them in your browsers like playstore Google chrome and so on.

THEY ARE KEY FEATURES WHEN USING A META MASK 1. BLOCKCHAIN INTERACTIONS : meta mask allows you to interact with decentralized applications and also smart contracts on etherium blockchain. 2. CUSTOMIZABLE:meta mask allows the user to hod or her experience and choosing which networks to interact with. 3. SECURE STORAGE: metamask stores your privately key securely, allowing you to make use of your digital assets with confidence.

THE BENEFITS OF USING META MASK 1. NFTs: meta mask allows you to buy, sell and store no fungible tokens 'nft' on platforms like rarible and so on.

1. DECENTRALIZED FINANCE: meta mask allows you to access a large range of decentralized applications including trading, and borrowing and also trading platforms.

2. SMART CONTRACTS INTERACTIONS: meta mask also allows you to interact with decentralized governance and other blockchain-based applications.

WHEN GETTING STARTED WITH META MASK 1. Install the meta mask app 2. Create a wallet. 3. Fund your wallet by transferring etherium or other supported tokens to your wallet. 4. Explore the app by browsing decentralized applications and smart contracts on the etherium blockchain.

IN conclusion, meta mask is suitable for anyone looking to interact with etherium blockchain and other compatible networks. It is also suitable for anyone who is interested in decentralized finance, smart contracts interactions even NFTs.

@ cae03c48:2a7d6671

Bitcoin Magazine

Standard Chartered Backs $500K Bitcoin Target, Citing Growing Government Exposure Through MSTR

Sovereign investment in Bitcoin is accelerating—just not always in the most direct way. In a new report, Standard Chartered Bank says indirect exposure via Strategy (formerly MicroStrategy) is quietly increasing among government entities, reinforcing the bank’s long-standing price prediction that Bitcoin will reach $500,000 before President Donald Trump leaves office in 2029.

JUST IN: Standard Chartered says SEC 13F fillings support #Bitcoin reaching $500,000 by 2028 pic.twitter.com/MURg9bxLka

— Bitcoin Magazine (@BitcoinMagazine) May 20, 2025

“The latest 13F data from the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) supports our core thesis that Bitcoin (BTC) will reach the $500,000 level before Trump leaves office as it attracts a wider range of institutional buyers,” wrote Geoffrey Kendrick, Standard Chartered’s global head of digital assets research. “As more investors gain access to the asset and as volatility falls, we believe portfolios will migrate towards their optimal level from an underweight starting position in BTC.”

Q1 13F filings revealed a slowdown in direct bitcoin ETF buying—Wisconsin’s state fund exited its entire 3,400 BTC-equivalent IBIT position—while government-linked purchases of MSTR shares were on the rise. Abu Dhabi’s Mubadala, for instance, upped its IBIT exposure to 5,000 BTC equivalent, but Kendrick says the bigger story is elsewhere.

“We believe that in some cases, MSTR holdings by government entities reflect a desire to gain Bitcoin exposure where local regulations do not allow direct BTC holdings,” he said.

France and Saudi Arabia took first-time MSTR positions in Q1. Meanwhile, Norway’s Government Pension Fund, the Swiss National Bank, and South Korea’s public funds each added exposure equivalent to 700 BTC. U.S. retirement funds in states like California and New York added a combined 1,000 BTC equivalent via MSTR. Kendrick called the trend “very encouraging.”

“The quarterly 13F data is the best test of our thesis that BTC will attract new institutional buyer types as the market matures, helping the price reach our USD 500,000 level,” Kendrick said. “When institutions buy Bitcoin, prices tend to rise.”

SEC DATA BACKS BITCOIN $500K TARGET BY 2028: STANDARD CHARTERED

Standard Chartered's Geoff Kendrick says recent SEC 13F filings support a possible rise in Bitcoin to $500,000 by end-2028. While direct ETF holdings dipped in Q1, government entities boosted stakes in Strategy…

— *Walter Bloomberg (@DeItaone) May 20, 2025

This isn’t Kendrick’s first bullish call. Last month, he admitted his prior $120K forecast for Q2 2025 was “too low,” citing surging inflows into U.S. spot BTC ETFs—totaling $5.3 billion over just three weeks. At the time, Kendrick revised his 2025 year-end target to $200,000.

Standard Chartered’s latest analysis shows that Bitcoin’s role in institutional portfolios is maturing beyond tech volatility correlation—now increasingly seen as a macro hedge. “It is now all about flows,” Kendrick said. “And flows are coming in many forms.” 

This post Standard Chartered Backs $500K Bitcoin Target, Citing Growing Government Exposure Through MSTR first appeared on Bitcoin Magazine and is written by Jenna Montgomery.

@ 2e8970de:63345c7a

https://www.wsj.com/tech/europe-big-tech-ai-1f3f862c?mod=hp_lead_pos7

https://stacker.news/items/984656

@ 04c915da:3dfbecc9

One of the most common criticisms leveled against nostr is the perceived lack of assurance when it comes to data storage. Critics argue that without a centralized authority guaranteeing that all data is preserved, important information will be lost. They also claim that running a relay will become prohibitively expensive. While there is truth to these concerns, they miss the mark. The genius of nostr lies in its flexibility, resilience, and the way it harnesses human incentives to ensure data availability in practice.

A nostr relay is simply a server that holds cryptographically verifiable signed data and makes it available to others. Relays are simple, flexible, open, and require no permission to run. Critics are right that operating a relay attempting to store all nostr data will be costly. What they miss is that most will not run all encompassing archive relays. Nostr does not rely on massive archive relays. Instead, anyone can run a relay and choose to store whatever subset of data they want. This keeps costs low and operations flexible, making relay operation accessible to all sorts of individuals and entities with varying use cases.

Critics are correct that there is no ironclad guarantee that every piece of data will always be available. Unlike bitcoin where data permanence is baked into the system at a steep cost, nostr does not promise that every random note or meme will be preserved forever. That said, in practice, any data perceived as valuable by someone will likely be stored and distributed by multiple entities. If something matters to someone, they will keep a signed copy.

Nostr is the Streisand Effect in protocol form. The Streisand effect is when an attempt to suppress information backfires, causing it to spread even further. With nostr, anyone can broadcast signed data, anyone can store it, and anyone can distribute it. Try to censor something important? Good luck. The moment it catches attention, it will be stored on relays across the globe, copied, and shared by those who find it worth keeping. Data deemed important will be replicated across servers by individuals acting in their own interest.

Nostr’s distributed nature ensures that the system does not rely on a single point of failure or a corporate overlord. Instead, it leans on the collective will of its users. The result is a network where costs stay manageable, participation is open to all, and valuable verifiable data is stored and distributed forever.

@ 08f96856:ffe59a09

เมื่อพูดถึง Bitcoin Standard หลายคนมักนึกถึงภาพโลกอนาคตที่ทุกคนใช้บิตคอยน์ซื้อกาแฟหรือของใช้ในชีวิตประจำวัน ภาพแบบนั้นดูเหมือนไกลตัวและเป็นไปไม่ได้ในความเป็นจริง หลายคนถึงกับพูดว่า “คงไม่ทันเห็นในช่วงชีวิตนี้หรอก” แต่ในมุมมองของผม Bitcoin Standard อาจไม่ได้เริ่มต้นจากการที่เราจ่ายบิตคอยน์โดยตรงในร้านค้า แต่อาจเริ่มจากบางสิ่งที่เงียบกว่า ลึกกว่า และเกิดขึ้นแล้วในขณะนี้ นั่นคือ การล่มสลายทีละน้อยของระบบเฟียตที่เราใช้กันอยู่

ระบบเงินที่อิงกับอำนาจรัฐกำลังเข้าสู่ช่วงขาลง รัฐบาลทั่วโลกกำลังจมอยู่ในภาระหนี้ระดับประวัติการณ์ แม้แต่ประเทศมหาอำนาจก็เริ่มแสดงสัญญาณของภาวะเสี่ยงผิดนัดชำระหนี้ อัตราเงินเฟ้อกลายเป็นปัญหาเรื้อรังที่ไม่มีท่าทีจะหายไป ธนาคารที่เคยโอนฟรีเริ่มกลับมาคิดค่าธรรมเนียม และประชาชนก็เริ่มรู้สึกถึงการเสื่อมศรัทธาในระบบการเงินดั้งเดิม แม้จะยังพูดกันไม่เต็มเสียงก็ตาม

ในขณะเดียวกัน บิตคอยน์เองก็กำลังพัฒนาแบบเงียบ ๆ เงียบ... แต่ไม่เคยหยุด โดยเฉพาะในระดับ Layer 2 ที่เริ่มแสดงศักยภาพอย่างจริงจัง Lightning Network เป็น Layer 2 ที่เปิดใช้งานมาได้ระยะเวลสหนึ่ง และยังคงมีบทบาทสำคัญที่สุดในระบบนิเวศของบิตคอยน์ มันทำให้การชำระเงินเร็วขึ้น มีต้นทุนต่ำ และไม่ต้องบันทึกทุกธุรกรรมลงบล็อกเชน เครือข่ายนี้กำลังขยายตัวทั้งในแง่ของโหนดและการใช้งานจริงทั่วโลก

ขณะเดียวกัน Layer 2 ทางเลือกอื่นอย่าง Ark Protocol ก็กำลังพัฒนาเพื่อตอบโจทย์ด้านความเป็นส่วนตัวและประสบการณ์ใช้งานที่ง่าย BitVM เปิดแนวทางใหม่ให้บิตคอยน์รองรับ smart contract ได้ในระดับ Turing-complete ซึ่งทำให้เกิดความเป็นไปได้ในกรณีใช้งานอีกมากมาย และเทคโนโลยีที่น่าสนใจอย่าง Taproot Assets, Cashu และ Fedimint ก็ทำให้การออกโทเคนหรือสกุลเงินที่อิงกับบิตคอยน์เป็นจริงได้บนโครงสร้างของบิตคอยน์เอง

เทคโนโลยีเหล่านี้ไม่ใช่การเติบโตแบบปาฏิหาริย์ แต่มันคืบหน้าอย่างต่อเนื่องและมั่นคง และนั่นคือเหตุผลที่มันจะ “อยู่รอด” ได้ในระยะยาว เมื่อฐานของความน่าเชื่อถือไม่ใช่บริษัท รัฐบาล หรือทุน แต่คือสิ่งที่ตรวจสอบได้และเปลี่ยนกฎไม่ได้

แน่นอนว่าบิตคอยน์ต้องแข่งขันกับ stable coin, เงินดิจิทัลของรัฐ และ cryptocurrency อื่น ๆ แต่สิ่งที่ทำให้มันเหนือกว่านั้นไม่ใช่ฟีเจอร์ หากแต่เป็นความทนทาน และความมั่นคงของกฎที่ไม่มีใครเปลี่ยนได้ ไม่มีทีมพัฒนา ไม่มีบริษัท ไม่มีประตูปิด หรือการยึดบัญชี มันยืนอยู่บนคณิตศาสตร์ พลังงาน และเวลา

หลายกรณีใช้งานที่เคยถูกทดลองในโลกคริปโตจะค่อย ๆ เคลื่อนเข้ามาสู่บิตคอยน์ เพราะโครงสร้างของมันแข็งแกร่งกว่า ไม่ต้องการทีมพัฒนาแกนกลาง ไม่ต้องพึ่งกลไกเสี่ยงต่อการผูกขาด และไม่ต้องการ “ความเชื่อใจ” จากใครเลย

Bitcoin Standard ที่ผมพูดถึงจึงไม่ใช่การเปลี่ยนแปลงแบบพลิกหน้ามือเป็นหลังมือ แต่คือการ “เปลี่ยนฐานของระบบ” ทีละชั้น ระบบการเงินใหม่ที่อิงอยู่กับบิตคอยน์กำลังเกิดขึ้นแล้ว มันไม่ใช่โลกที่ทุกคนถือเหรียญบิตคอยน์ แต่มันคือโลกที่คนใช้อาจไม่รู้ตัวด้วยซ้ำว่า “สิ่งที่เขาใช้นั้นอิงอยู่กับบิตคอยน์”

ผู้คนอาจใช้เงินดิจิทัลที่สร้างบน Layer 3 หรือ Layer 4 ผ่านแอป ผ่านแพลตฟอร์ม หรือผ่านสกุลเงินใหม่ที่ดูไม่ต่างจากเดิม แต่เบื้องหลังของระบบจะผูกไว้กับบิตคอยน์

และถ้ามองในเชิงพัฒนาการ บิตคอยน์ก็เหมือนกับอินเทอร์เน็ต ครั้งหนึ่งอินเทอร์เน็ตก็ถูกมองว่าเข้าใจยาก ต้องพิมพ์ http ต้องรู้จัก TCP/IP ต้องตั้ง proxy เอง แต่ปัจจุบันผู้คนใช้งานอินเทอร์เน็ตโดยไม่รู้ว่าเบื้องหลังมีอะไรเลย บิตคอยน์กำลังเดินตามเส้นทางเดียวกัน โปรโตคอลกำลังถอยออกจากสายตา และวันหนึ่งเราจะ “ใช้มัน” โดยไม่ต้องรู้ว่ามันคืออะไร

หากนับจากช่วงเริ่มต้นของอินเทอร์เน็ตในยุค 1990 จนกลายเป็นโครงสร้างหลักของโลกในสองทศวรรษ เส้นเวลาของบิตคอยน์ก็กำลังเดินตามรอยเท้าของอินเทอร์เน็ต และถ้าเราเชื่อว่าวัฏจักรของเทคโนโลยีมีจังหวะของมันเอง เราก็จะรู้ว่า Bitcoin Standard นั้นไม่ใช่เรื่องของอนาคตไกลโพ้น แต่มันเกิดขึ้นแล้ว

siamstr

@ 65912a7a:5dc638bf

I didn’t set out to become an enemy of the world’s richest man, but I seem to have managed it all the same. Until this moment, I’ve resisted describing my falling out with Elon Musk in much detail, but as the man’s cultural influence has metastasized—and he continues to spread lies about me on the social media platform that he owns (Twitter/X)—it seems only appropriate to set the record straight. I know that it annoys many in my audience to see me defend myself against attacks that they recognize to be spurious, but they might, nevertheless, find the details of what happened with Elon interesting.

Of all the remarkable people I’ve met, Elon is probably the most likely to remain a world-historical figure—despite his best efforts to become a clown. He is also the most likely to squander his ample opportunities to live a happy life, ruin his reputation and most important relationships, and produce lasting harm across the globe. None of this was obvious to me when we first met, and I have been quite amazed at Elon’s evolution, both as a man and as an avatar of chaos. The friend I remember did not seem to hunger for public attention. But his engagement with Twitter/X transformed him—to a degree seldom seen outside of Marvel movies or Greek mythology. If Elon is still the man I knew, I can only conclude that I never really knew him.

When we first met, Elon wasn’t especially rich or famous. In fact, I recall him teetering on the brink of bankruptcy around 2008, while risking the last of his previous fortune to make payroll at Tesla. At the time, he was living off loans from his friends Larry and Sergey. Once Elon became truly famous, and his personal wealth achieved escape velocity, I was among the first friends he called to discuss his growing security concerns. I put him in touch with Gavin de Becker, who provided his first bodyguards, and recommended other changes to his life. We also went shooting on at least two occasions with Scott Reitz, the finest firearms instructor I’ve ever met. It is an ugly irony that Elon’s repeated targeting of me on Twitter/X has increased my own security concerns. He understands this, of course, but does not seem to care.

So how did we fall out? Let this be a cautionary tale for any of Elon’s friends who might be tempted to tell the great man something he doesn’t want to hear:

(1.) When the SARS-CoV-2 virus first invaded our lives in March of 2020, Elon began tweeting in ways that I feared would harm his reputation. I also worried that his tweets might exacerbate the coming public-health emergency. Italy had already fallen off a cliff, and Elon shared the following opinion with his tens of millions of fans :

the coronavirus panic is dumb

As a concerned friend, I sent him a private text:

Hey, brother— I really think you need to walk back your coronavirus tweet. I know there’s a way to parse it that makes sense (“panic” is always dumb), but I fear that’s not the way most people are reading it. You have an enormous platform, and much of the world looks to you as an authority on all things technical. Coronavirus is a very big deal, and if we don’t get our act together, we’re going to look just like Italy very soon. If you want to turn some engineers loose on the problem, now would be a good time for a breakthrough in the production of ventilators...

(2.) Elon’s response was, I believe, the first discordant note ever struck in our friendship:

Sam, you of all people should not be concerned about this.

He included a link to a page on the CDC website, indicating that Covid was not even among the top 100 causes of death in the United States. This was a patently silly point to make in the first days of a pandemic.

We continued exchanging texts for at least two hours. If I hadn’t known that I was communicating with Elon Musk, I would have thought I was debating someone who lacked any understanding of basic scientific and mathematical concepts, like exponential curves.

(3.) Elon and I didn’t converge on a common view of epidemiology over the course of those two hours, but we hit upon a fun compromise: A wager. Elon bet me $1 million dollars (to be given to charity) against a bottle of fancy tequila ($1000) that we wouldn’t see as many as 35,000 cases of Covid in the United States (cases, not deaths). The terms of the bet reflected what was, in his estimation, the near certainty (1000 to 1) that he was right. Having already heard credible estimates that there could be 1 million deaths from Covid in the U.S. over the next 12-18 months (these estimates proved fairly accurate), I thought the terms of the bet ridiculous—and quite unfair to Elon. I offered to spot him two orders of magnitude: I was confident that we’d soon have 3.5 million cases of Covid in the U.S. Elon accused me of having lost my mind and insisted that we stick with a ceiling of 35,000.

(4.) We communicated sporadically by text over the next couple of weeks, while the number of reported cases grew. Ominously, Elon dismissed the next batch of data reported by the CDC as merely presumptive—while confirmed cases of Covid, on his account, remained elusive.

(5.) A few weeks later, when the CDC website finally reported 35,000 deaths from Covid in the U.S. and 600,000 cases, I sent Elon the following text:

Is (35,000 deaths + 600,000 cases) > 35,000 cases?

(6.) This text appears to have ended our friendship. Elon never responded, and it was not long before he began maligning me on Twitter for a variety of imaginary offenses. For my part, I eventually started complaining about the startling erosion of his integrity on my podcast, without providing any detail about what had transpired between us.

(7.) At the end of 2022, I abandoned Twitter/X altogether, having recognized the poisonous effect that it had on my life—but also, in large part, because of what I saw it doing to Elon. I’ve been away from the platform for over two years, and yet Elon still attacks me. Occasionally a friend will tell me that I’m trending there, and the reasons for this are never good. As recently as this week, Elon repeated a defamatory charge about my being a “hypocrite” for writing a book in defense of honesty and then encouraging people to lie to keep Donald Trump out of the White House. Not only have I never advocated lying to defeat Trump (despite what that misleading clip from the Triggernometry podcast might suggest to naive viewers), I’ve taken great pains to defend Trump from the most damaging lie ever told about him. Elon knows this, because we communicated about the offending clip when it first appeared on Twitter/X. However, he simply does not care that he is defaming a former friend to hundreds of millions of people—many of whom are mentally unstable. On this occasion, he even tagged the incoming president of the United States.

All of this remains socially and professionally awkward, because Elon and I still have many friends in common. Which suggests the terms of another wager that I would happily make, if such a thing were possible—and I would accept 1000 to 1 odds in Elon’s favor:

I bet that anyone who knows us both knows that I am telling the truth.

Everyone close to Elon must recognize how unethical he has become, and yet they remain silent. Their complicity is understandable, but it is depressing all the same. These otherwise serious and compassionate people know that when Elon attacks private citizens on Twitter/X—falsely accusing them of crimes or corruption, celebrating their misfortunes—he is often causing tangible harm in their lives. It’s probably still true to say that social media “isn’t real life,” until thousands of lunatics learn your home address.

A final absurdity in my case, is that several of the controversial issues that Elon has hurled himself at of late—and even attacked me over—are ones we agree about. We seem to be in near total alignment on immigration and the problems at the southern border of the U.S. We also share the same concerns about what he calls “the woke mind virus.” And we fully agree about the manifest evil of the so-called “grooming-gangs scandal” in the U.K. The problem with Elon, is that he makes no effort to get his facts straight when discussing any of these topics, and he regularly promotes lies and conspiracy theories manufactured by known bad actors, at scale. (And if grooming were really one of his concerns, it’s strange that he couldn’t find anything wrong with Matt Gaetz.)

Elon and I even agree about the foundational importance of free speech. It’s just that his approach to safeguarding it—amplifying the influence of psychopaths and psychotics, while deplatforming real journalists and his own critics; or savaging the reputations of democratic leaders, while never saying a harsh word about the Chinese Communist Party—is not something I can support. The man claims to have principles, but he appears to have only moods and impulses.

Any dispassionate observer of Elon’s behavior on Twitter/X can see that there is something seriously wrong with his moral compass, if not his perception of reality. There is simply no excuse for a person with his talents, resources, and opportunities to create so much pointless noise. The callousness and narcissism conveyed by his antics should be impossible for his real friends to ignore—but they appear to keep silent, perhaps for fear of losing access to his orbit of influence.

Of course, none of this is to deny that the tens of thousands of brilliant engineers Elon employs are accomplishing extraordinary things. He really is the greatest entrepreneur of our generation. And because of the businesses he’s built, he will likely become the world’s first trillionaire—perhaps very soon. Since the election of Donald Trump in November, Elon’s wealth has grown by around $200 billion. That’s nearly $3 billion a day (and over $100 million an hour). Such astonishing access to resources gives Elon the chance—and many would argue the responsibility—to solve enormous problems in our world.

So why spend time spreading lies on X?

@ 91bea5cd:1df4451c

Básico

bash lsblk # Lista todos os diretorios montados.

Para criar o sistema de arquivos:

bash mkfs.btrfs -L "ThePool" -f /dev/sdx

Criando um subvolume:

bash btrfs subvolume create SubVol

Montando Sistema de Arquivos:

bash mount -o compress=zlib,subvol=SubVol,autodefrag /dev/sdx /mnt

Lista os discos formatados no diretório:

bash btrfs filesystem show /mnt

Adiciona novo disco ao subvolume:

bash btrfs device add -f /dev/sdy /mnt

Lista novamente os discos do subvolume:

bash btrfs filesystem show /mnt

Exibe uso dos discos do subvolume:

bash btrfs filesystem df /mnt

Balancea os dados entre os discos sobre raid1:

bash btrfs filesystem balance start -dconvert=raid1 -mconvert=raid1 /mnt

Scrub é uma passagem por todos os dados e metadados do sistema de arquivos e verifica as somas de verificação. Se uma cópia válida estiver disponível (perfis de grupo de blocos replicados), a danificada será reparada. Todas as cópias dos perfis replicados são validadas.

iniciar o processo de depuração :

bash btrfs scrub start /mnt

ver o status do processo de depuração Btrfs em execução:

bash btrfs scrub status /mnt

ver o status do scrub Btrfs para cada um dos dispositivos

bash btrfs scrub status -d / data btrfs scrub cancel / data

Para retomar o processo de depuração do Btrfs que você cancelou ou pausou:

btrfs scrub resume / data

Listando os subvolumes:

bash btrfs subvolume list /Reports

Criando um instantâneo dos subvolumes:

Aqui, estamos criando um instantâneo de leitura e gravação chamado snap de marketing do subvolume de marketing.

bash btrfs subvolume snapshot /Reports/marketing /Reports/marketing-snap

Além disso, você pode criar um instantâneo somente leitura usando o sinalizador -r conforme mostrado. O marketing-rosnap é um instantâneo somente leitura do subvolume de marketing

bash btrfs subvolume snapshot -r /Reports/marketing /Reports/marketing-rosnap

Forçar a sincronização do sistema de arquivos usando o utilitário 'sync'

Para forçar a sincronização do sistema de arquivos, invoque a opção de sincronização conforme mostrado. Observe que o sistema de arquivos já deve estar montado para que o processo de sincronização continue com sucesso.

bash btrfs filsystem sync /Reports

Para excluir o dispositivo do sistema de arquivos, use o comando device delete conforme mostrado.

bash btrfs device delete /dev/sdc /Reports

Para sondar o status de um scrub, use o comando scrub status com a opção -dR .

bash btrfs scrub status -dR / Relatórios

Para cancelar a execução do scrub, use o comando scrub cancel .

bash $ sudo btrfs scrub cancel / Reports

Para retomar ou continuar com uma depuração interrompida anteriormente, execute o comando de cancelamento de depuração

bash sudo btrfs scrub resume /Reports

mostra o uso do dispositivo de armazenamento:

btrfs filesystem usage /data

Para distribuir os dados, metadados e dados do sistema em todos os dispositivos de armazenamento do RAID (incluindo o dispositivo de armazenamento recém-adicionado) montados no diretório /data , execute o seguinte comando:

sudo btrfs balance start --full-balance /data

Pode demorar um pouco para espalhar os dados, metadados e dados do sistema em todos os dispositivos de armazenamento do RAID se ele contiver muitos dados.

Opções importantes de montagem Btrfs

Nesta seção, vou explicar algumas das importantes opções de montagem do Btrfs. Então vamos começar.

As opções de montagem Btrfs mais importantes são:

**1. acl e noacl

**ACL gerencia permissões de usuários e grupos para os arquivos/diretórios do sistema de arquivos Btrfs.

A opção de montagem acl Btrfs habilita ACL. Para desabilitar a ACL, você pode usar a opção de montagem noacl .

Por padrão, a ACL está habilitada. Portanto, o sistema de arquivos Btrfs usa a opção de montagem acl por padrão.

**2. autodefrag e noautodefrag

**Desfragmentar um sistema de arquivos Btrfs melhorará o desempenho do sistema de arquivos reduzindo a fragmentação de dados.

A opção de montagem autodefrag permite a desfragmentação automática do sistema de arquivos Btrfs.

A opção de montagem noautodefrag desativa a desfragmentação automática do sistema de arquivos Btrfs.

Por padrão, a desfragmentação automática está desabilitada. Portanto, o sistema de arquivos Btrfs usa a opção de montagem noautodefrag por padrão.

**3. compactar e compactar-forçar

**Controla a compactação de dados no nível do sistema de arquivos do sistema de arquivos Btrfs.

A opção compactar compacta apenas os arquivos que valem a pena compactar (se compactar o arquivo economizar espaço em disco).

A opção compress-force compacta todos os arquivos do sistema de arquivos Btrfs, mesmo que a compactação do arquivo aumente seu tamanho.

O sistema de arquivos Btrfs suporta muitos algoritmos de compactação e cada um dos algoritmos de compactação possui diferentes níveis de compactação.

Os algoritmos de compactação suportados pelo Btrfs são: lzo , zlib (nível 1 a 9) e zstd (nível 1 a 15).

Você pode especificar qual algoritmo de compactação usar para o sistema de arquivos Btrfs com uma das seguintes opções de montagem:

• compress=algoritmo:nível
• compress-force=algoritmo:nível

Para obter mais informações, consulte meu artigo Como habilitar a compactação do sistema de arquivos Btrfs .

**4. subvol e subvolid

**Estas opções de montagem são usadas para montar separadamente um subvolume específico de um sistema de arquivos Btrfs.

A opção de montagem subvol é usada para montar o subvolume de um sistema de arquivos Btrfs usando seu caminho relativo.

A opção de montagem subvolid é usada para montar o subvolume de um sistema de arquivos Btrfs usando o ID do subvolume.

Para obter mais informações, consulte meu artigo Como criar e montar subvolumes Btrfs .

**5. dispositivo

A opção de montagem de dispositivo** é usada no sistema de arquivos Btrfs de vários dispositivos ou RAID Btrfs.

Em alguns casos, o sistema operacional pode falhar ao detectar os dispositivos de armazenamento usados em um sistema de arquivos Btrfs de vários dispositivos ou RAID Btrfs. Nesses casos, você pode usar a opção de montagem do dispositivo para especificar os dispositivos que deseja usar para o sistema de arquivos de vários dispositivos Btrfs ou RAID.

Você pode usar a opção de montagem de dispositivo várias vezes para carregar diferentes dispositivos de armazenamento para o sistema de arquivos de vários dispositivos Btrfs ou RAID.

Você pode usar o nome do dispositivo (ou seja, sdb , sdc ) ou UUID , UUID_SUB ou PARTUUID do dispositivo de armazenamento com a opção de montagem do dispositivo para identificar o dispositivo de armazenamento.

Por exemplo,

• dispositivo=/dev/sdb
• dispositivo=/dev/sdb,dispositivo=/dev/sdc
• dispositivo=UUID_SUB=490a263d-eb9a-4558-931e-998d4d080c5d
• device=UUID_SUB=490a263d-eb9a-4558-931e-998d4d080c5d,device=UUID_SUB=f7ce4875-0874-436a-b47d-3edef66d3424

**6. degraded

A opção de montagem degradada** permite que um RAID Btrfs seja montado com menos dispositivos de armazenamento do que o perfil RAID requer.

Por exemplo, o perfil raid1 requer a presença de 2 dispositivos de armazenamento. Se um dos dispositivos de armazenamento não estiver disponível em qualquer caso, você usa a opção de montagem degradada para montar o RAID mesmo que 1 de 2 dispositivos de armazenamento esteja disponível.

**7. commit

A opção commit** mount é usada para definir o intervalo (em segundos) dentro do qual os dados serão gravados no dispositivo de armazenamento.

O padrão é definido como 30 segundos.

Para definir o intervalo de confirmação para 15 segundos, você pode usar a opção de montagem commit=15 (digamos).

**8. ssd e nossd

A opção de montagem ssd** informa ao sistema de arquivos Btrfs que o sistema de arquivos está usando um dispositivo de armazenamento SSD, e o sistema de arquivos Btrfs faz a otimização SSD necessária.

A opção de montagem nossd desativa a otimização do SSD.

O sistema de arquivos Btrfs detecta automaticamente se um SSD é usado para o sistema de arquivos Btrfs. Se um SSD for usado, a opção de montagem de SSD será habilitada. Caso contrário, a opção de montagem nossd é habilitada.

**9. ssd_spread e nossd_spread

A opção de montagem ssd_spread** tenta alocar grandes blocos contínuos de espaço não utilizado do SSD. Esse recurso melhora o desempenho de SSDs de baixo custo (baratos).

A opção de montagem nossd_spread desativa o recurso ssd_spread .

O sistema de arquivos Btrfs detecta automaticamente se um SSD é usado para o sistema de arquivos Btrfs. Se um SSD for usado, a opção de montagem ssd_spread será habilitada. Caso contrário, a opção de montagem nossd_spread é habilitada.

**10. descarte e nodiscard

Se você estiver usando um SSD que suporte TRIM enfileirado assíncrono (SATA rev3.1), a opção de montagem de descarte** permitirá o descarte de blocos de arquivos liberados. Isso melhorará o desempenho do SSD.

Se o SSD não suportar TRIM enfileirado assíncrono, a opção de montagem de descarte prejudicará o desempenho do SSD. Nesse caso, a opção de montagem nodiscard deve ser usada.

Por padrão, a opção de montagem nodiscard é usada.

**11. norecovery

Se a opção de montagem norecovery** for usada, o sistema de arquivos Btrfs não tentará executar a operação de recuperação de dados no momento da montagem.

**12. usebackuproot e nousebackuproot

Se a opção de montagem usebackuproot for usada, o sistema de arquivos Btrfs tentará recuperar qualquer raiz de árvore ruim/corrompida no momento da montagem. O sistema de arquivos Btrfs pode armazenar várias raízes de árvore no sistema de arquivos. A opção de montagem usebackuproot** procurará uma boa raiz de árvore e usará a primeira boa que encontrar.

A opção de montagem nousebackuproot não verificará ou recuperará raízes de árvore inválidas/corrompidas no momento da montagem. Este é o comportamento padrão do sistema de arquivos Btrfs.

**13. space_cache, space_cache=version, nospace_cache e clear_cache

A opção de montagem space_cache** é usada para controlar o cache de espaço livre. O cache de espaço livre é usado para melhorar o desempenho da leitura do espaço livre do grupo de blocos do sistema de arquivos Btrfs na memória (RAM).

O sistema de arquivos Btrfs suporta 2 versões do cache de espaço livre: v1 (padrão) e v2

O mecanismo de cache de espaço livre v2 melhora o desempenho de sistemas de arquivos grandes (tamanho de vários terabytes).

Você pode usar a opção de montagem space_cache=v1 para definir a v1 do cache de espaço livre e a opção de montagem space_cache=v2 para definir a v2 do cache de espaço livre.

A opção de montagem clear_cache é usada para limpar o cache de espaço livre.

Quando o cache de espaço livre v2 é criado, o cache deve ser limpo para criar um cache de espaço livre v1 .

Portanto, para usar o cache de espaço livre v1 após a criação do cache de espaço livre v2 , as opções de montagem clear_cache e space_cache=v1 devem ser combinadas: clear_cache,space_cache=v1

A opção de montagem nospace_cache é usada para desabilitar o cache de espaço livre.

Para desabilitar o cache de espaço livre após a criação do cache v1 ou v2 , as opções de montagem nospace_cache e clear_cache devem ser combinadas: clear_cache,nosapce_cache

**14. skip_balance

Por padrão, a operação de balanceamento interrompida/pausada de um sistema de arquivos Btrfs de vários dispositivos ou RAID Btrfs será retomada automaticamente assim que o sistema de arquivos Btrfs for montado. Para desabilitar a retomada automática da operação de equilíbrio interrompido/pausado em um sistema de arquivos Btrfs de vários dispositivos ou RAID Btrfs, você pode usar a opção de montagem skip_balance .**

**15. datacow e nodatacow

A opção datacow** mount habilita o recurso Copy-on-Write (CoW) do sistema de arquivos Btrfs. É o comportamento padrão.

Se você deseja desabilitar o recurso Copy-on-Write (CoW) do sistema de arquivos Btrfs para os arquivos recém-criados, monte o sistema de arquivos Btrfs com a opção de montagem nodatacow .

**16. datasum e nodatasum

A opção datasum** mount habilita a soma de verificação de dados para arquivos recém-criados do sistema de arquivos Btrfs. Este é o comportamento padrão.

Se você não quiser que o sistema de arquivos Btrfs faça a soma de verificação dos dados dos arquivos recém-criados, monte o sistema de arquivos Btrfs com a opção de montagem nodatasum .

Perfis Btrfs

Um perfil Btrfs é usado para informar ao sistema de arquivos Btrfs quantas cópias dos dados/metadados devem ser mantidas e quais níveis de RAID devem ser usados para os dados/metadados. O sistema de arquivos Btrfs contém muitos perfis. Entendê-los o ajudará a configurar um RAID Btrfs da maneira que você deseja.

Os perfis Btrfs disponíveis são os seguintes:

single : Se o perfil único for usado para os dados/metadados, apenas uma cópia dos dados/metadados será armazenada no sistema de arquivos, mesmo se você adicionar vários dispositivos de armazenamento ao sistema de arquivos. Assim, 100% do espaço em disco de cada um dos dispositivos de armazenamento adicionados ao sistema de arquivos pode ser utilizado.

dup : Se o perfil dup for usado para os dados/metadados, cada um dos dispositivos de armazenamento adicionados ao sistema de arquivos manterá duas cópias dos dados/metadados. Assim, 50% do espaço em disco de cada um dos dispositivos de armazenamento adicionados ao sistema de arquivos pode ser utilizado.

raid0 : No perfil raid0 , os dados/metadados serão divididos igualmente em todos os dispositivos de armazenamento adicionados ao sistema de arquivos. Nesta configuração, não haverá dados/metadados redundantes (duplicados). Assim, 100% do espaço em disco de cada um dos dispositivos de armazenamento adicionados ao sistema de arquivos pode ser usado. Se, em qualquer caso, um dos dispositivos de armazenamento falhar, todo o sistema de arquivos será corrompido. Você precisará de pelo menos dois dispositivos de armazenamento para configurar o sistema de arquivos Btrfs no perfil raid0 .

raid1 : No perfil raid1 , duas cópias dos dados/metadados serão armazenadas nos dispositivos de armazenamento adicionados ao sistema de arquivos. Nesta configuração, a matriz RAID pode sobreviver a uma falha de unidade. Mas você pode usar apenas 50% do espaço total em disco. Você precisará de pelo menos dois dispositivos de armazenamento para configurar o sistema de arquivos Btrfs no perfil raid1 .

raid1c3 : No perfil raid1c3 , três cópias dos dados/metadados serão armazenadas nos dispositivos de armazenamento adicionados ao sistema de arquivos. Nesta configuração, a matriz RAID pode sobreviver a duas falhas de unidade, mas você pode usar apenas 33% do espaço total em disco. Você precisará de pelo menos três dispositivos de armazenamento para configurar o sistema de arquivos Btrfs no perfil raid1c3 .

raid1c4 : No perfil raid1c4 , quatro cópias dos dados/metadados serão armazenadas nos dispositivos de armazenamento adicionados ao sistema de arquivos. Nesta configuração, a matriz RAID pode sobreviver a três falhas de unidade, mas você pode usar apenas 25% do espaço total em disco. Você precisará de pelo menos quatro dispositivos de armazenamento para configurar o sistema de arquivos Btrfs no perfil raid1c4 .

raid10 : No perfil raid10 , duas cópias dos dados/metadados serão armazenadas nos dispositivos de armazenamento adicionados ao sistema de arquivos, como no perfil raid1 . Além disso, os dados/metadados serão divididos entre os dispositivos de armazenamento, como no perfil raid0 .

O perfil raid10 é um híbrido dos perfis raid1 e raid0 . Alguns dos dispositivos de armazenamento formam arrays raid1 e alguns desses arrays raid1 são usados para formar um array raid0 . Em uma configuração raid10 , o sistema de arquivos pode sobreviver a uma única falha de unidade em cada uma das matrizes raid1 .

Você pode usar 50% do espaço total em disco na configuração raid10 . Você precisará de pelo menos quatro dispositivos de armazenamento para configurar o sistema de arquivos Btrfs no perfil raid10 .

raid5 : No perfil raid5 , uma cópia dos dados/metadados será dividida entre os dispositivos de armazenamento. Uma única paridade será calculada e distribuída entre os dispositivos de armazenamento do array RAID.

Em uma configuração raid5 , o sistema de arquivos pode sobreviver a uma única falha de unidade. Se uma unidade falhar, você pode adicionar uma nova unidade ao sistema de arquivos e os dados perdidos serão calculados a partir da paridade distribuída das unidades em execução.

Você pode usar 1 00x(N-1)/N % do total de espaços em disco na configuração raid5 . Aqui, N é o número de dispositivos de armazenamento adicionados ao sistema de arquivos. Você precisará de pelo menos três dispositivos de armazenamento para configurar o sistema de arquivos Btrfs no perfil raid5 .

raid6 : No perfil raid6 , uma cópia dos dados/metadados será dividida entre os dispositivos de armazenamento. Duas paridades serão calculadas e distribuídas entre os dispositivos de armazenamento do array RAID.

Em uma configuração raid6 , o sistema de arquivos pode sobreviver a duas falhas de unidade ao mesmo tempo. Se uma unidade falhar, você poderá adicionar uma nova unidade ao sistema de arquivos e os dados perdidos serão calculados a partir das duas paridades distribuídas das unidades em execução.

Você pode usar 100x(N-2)/N % do espaço total em disco na configuração raid6 . Aqui, N é o número de dispositivos de armazenamento adicionados ao sistema de arquivos. Você precisará de pelo menos quatro dispositivos de armazenamento para configurar o sistema de arquivos Btrfs no perfil raid6 .

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@ 4fa5d1c4:fd6c6e41

📌 Ablauf

1. Prompt auswählen

Wähle aus der Promptsammlung einen Prompt, der dich anspricht – z. B. zu Unterrichtsplanung, Kreativmethoden, Inklusion oder KI-Nutzung im RU.

2. Prompt ausprobieren

Verwende den Prompt mit einem KI-Tool (z. B. ChatGPT oder ein freies Modell wie LM Studio) und passe ihn ggf. leicht an dein Thema oder deine Klasse an.

3. Reflexion schreiben

Notiere kurz, was gut geklappt hat, was überrascht hat oder was du noch verbessern möchtest. Halte es so fest, dass andere davon lernen können.

4. Auf Nostr posten

Veröffentliche deine Reflexion oder ein konkretes Ergebnis (z. B. Screenshot, kurzer Textauszug, Sketchnote …) über deinen Nostr-Client (z. B. Damus, Amethyst, Habla.news).\ Verwende folgende Hashtags:

```text

relilab #verstehen oder #anwenden oder #reflektieren oder #gestalten

(optional: 1️⃣, 2️⃣ oder 3️⃣ je nach Niveaustufe) ```

Beispiel:

markdown Heute mit dem Prompt zur „Virtuellen Exkursion“ gearbeitet – mega spannend, wie viel die Schüler:innen zu Jerusalem wussten! Habe das Ergebnis als Audio-Reisebericht umgesetzt. #relilab #anwenden 2️⃣

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💡 Hinweise

• Nutze möglichst einen Prompt pro Post, damit die Community gut filtern kann.

• Wenn du einen neuen Prompt ausprobierst oder abwandelst, verlinke gerne auf die Originalquelle (z. B. „Kapitel 2 · Kreative Unterrichtsgestaltung – Lernspiel entwickeln“).

• Du kannst auch Fragen an die Community stellen: z. B. „Hat jemand diesen Prompt schon mal mit einer 6. Klasse ausprobiert?“

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📣 Ziel der Aktion

Durch eure Beiträge entsteht eine wachsende Sammlung an:

• reflektierten Einsatzbeispielen aus der Praxis

• kreativen Varianten und Weiterentwicklungen

• Ideen für KI-gestützte Lehrer:innenbildung im Fach Religion

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Wenn du magst, notiere deine eigenen Favoriten-Prompts, poste Screenshots oder gestalte eine „Best-of“-Sammlung für dein Kollegium!

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Promptsammlung Religionsunterricht

Kapitel 1 · Unterrichtsplanung & -vorbereitung (Religionsunterricht)

Religionsstunde planen

prompt Plane eine 45-minütige Religionsstunde in **[Klassenstufe]** zum Thema **[„Nächstenliebe in Judentum, Christentum & Islam“ o. ä.]**. Liefere: – drei messbare Kompetenzziele (KMK-Bereich „Religiöse Identität entwickeln“) – detaillierten Phasenplan (Einstieg | Erarbeitung | Sicherung | Transfer) mit Zeitangaben – mindestens zwei kreative Sozialformen (Think-Pair-Share, Placemat, Gallery Walk …) – Kerntext(e) aus Bibel, Koran oder Tanach + passenden Medienimpuls (Video, Bild, Song) – Lernaufgabe für zu Hause, die das Thema in den Lebenswelt-Bezug bringt

Unterrichtseinheit entwerfen

prompt Entwirf eine vierwöchige Einheit **[Thema: „Schöpfungsverantwortung“]** für die **[Sek I]**. Für jede Doppelstunde angeben: – Leitfrage & erwartetes Kompetenzniveau (AB I – III) – Schlüsseltexte/Traditionen (Genesis 1–2, islamische Schöpfungs-Ayat, „Laudato si’“ …) – handlungsorientierte Lernaufgabe inkl. Differenzierung – Methodensetting (z. B. Gruppenpuzzle, Mystery, Stationenlauf) – benötigte Materialien/Medien und eine kurze Reflexionsidee

Differenzierte Lernaufgaben

prompt Formuliere Lernaufgaben zum Thema **[„Gleichnisse Jesu“]** für drei Anspruchsniveaus: 1. Unterstützungsniveau – Lesestrategieblatt + vorstrukturierter Lückentext 2. Basisniveau – Text-Puzzle + Placemat-Diskussion 3. Erweiterungsniveau – eigener Podcast (Recherche, Skript, Produktion, Peer-Feedback) Je Aufgabe: Ziel, Ablauf in Schritten, erwartetes Produkt, Bewertungsfokus.

Langfristiges Projekt skizzieren

prompt Skizziere ein sechs-wöchiges Projekt **„Interreligiöse Stadt-Rallye“** für **[Klasse 9]**: – Projektziele & zugeordnete Kompetenzen – Checkliste für Besuche (Kirche, Synagoge, Moschee, Tempel) inkl. Leitfragen – digitale Dokumentation (Padlet-Storyboard, QR-Blogposts, Foto-Missionen) – Abschlussprodukt (multimediale Stadttour) + Rubrik mit vier Bewertungsdimensionen

Jahresübersicht erstellen

prompt Erstelle eine Grobjahresplanung für **[ev. Religion, Kl. 5]** mit sechs Themenfeldern (z. B. „Staunen über die Schöpfung“, „Jesus begegnen“…). Zu jedem Feld: – Zeitraum & passendes Fest im Kirchenjahr als Anker – kompetenzorientierte Leistungsform (Portfolio, Lernlandkarte, Präsentation …) – kurze Hinweissequenz für mögliche fächerverbindende Chancen

Projektwoche „Spiritualität erleben“

prompt Konzipiere eine fächerübergreifende Projektwoche **„Spiritualität & Achtsamkeit“** für **[Jgst. 7–8]**: – Workshop-Menü (Ikonenmalen, Kalligraphie, Yoga, Psalm-Rap, MBSR-Übungen …) – externe Expert*innen (Pfarrer*in, Imam, Rabbiner*in, buddhistische*r Lehrer*in) – tägliche Reflexionsformate (Stille-Tagebuch, Audio-Log, Blitzlicht-Runde) – gemeinsamer Abschluss: interreligiöses Friedensgebet + Feedback-Gallery

Kompetenzen formulieren

prompt Schreibe messbare Kompetenzformulierungen für die Einheit **[„Propheten – Stimmen für Gerechtigkeit“]** (Sek II). Nutze Anforderungsbereiche I–III und füge zu jeder Kompetenz: Beobachtungshinweis + kurzes Beispiel für Leistungsnachweis.

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Kapitel 2 · Kreative Unterrichtsgestaltung (Religionsunterricht)

Lernspiel entwickeln

prompt Entwickle ein interaktives Spiel, das Schüler*innen **[z. B. die Zehn Gebote]** niedrigschwellig erarbeiten lässt. Beschreibe: Spielidee, Regeln, Material, Spielphasen (Warm-up | Action | Debrief) und Reflexionsfragen zur theologischen Vertiefung.

Gruppenarbeit strukturieren

prompt Plane eine Gruppenaufgabe zu den **„Seligpreisungen der Bergpredigt“**: – Gruppenzuteilung je Seligpreisung – Produktwahl (Comic-Strip, Poetry-Slam, Kurzvideo …) mit Kreativbriefing – Präsentations-Setting + Peer-Feedback-Raster – Lehrer*innen-Checkliste zur Beobachtung von Zusammenarbeit & Inhaltstiefe

Interdisziplinärer Unterricht

prompt Kombiniere **„Umweltschutz in den Weltreligionen“** mit **Biologie** in einer Doppelstunde: – theologischer Impuls (Schöpfungsverantwortung) – biologischer Faktenblock (ökologische Fußabdrücke) – Arbeitsphase: Lernende vergleichen religiöse & wissenschaftliche Begründungen und entwerfen Handlungsideen für die Schule.

Storytelling einsetzen

prompt Zeige, wie Storytelling das Thema **„Exodus – Befreiungsgeschichte“** lebendig macht: – Dramaturgie (Setup – Konflikt – Climax – Rückbindung) – Erzähler*innenrollen (Miriam, Moses, Pharao, Gott als Off-Stimme) – Aufgaben: Storyboard zeichnen, Rollen-Podcast aufnehmen, reflektiertes Journal

Experimenteller Ansatz

prompt Entwirf einen experimentellen Unterrichtsgang zur Leitfrage **„Was bedeutet heilig?“**: – Alltagsobjekte auswählen und symbolisch umdeuten lassen – Stationen: Wahrnehmung | Gestaltung | Deutung | Religionsvergleich – abschließende Reflexion in einem Gallery Walk + theologischer Einordnung

Blended-Learning-Konzept

prompt Erstelle ein Blended-Learning-Szenario zur Einheit **„Feste im Kirchenjahr“**: – Online-Phase: interaktive Zeitleiste, Erklärvideos, H5P-Quiz – Präsenz-Phase: Lernlandkarte, Gruppen-Challenge „Festkalender bauen“ – Leistungsnachweis: Lerntagebuch + digitale Portfolio-Abgabe

Design Thinking anwenden

prompt Nutze Design Thinking, um mit Schüler*innen Lösungen für **„Armut in unserer Stadt“** aus religiöser Perspektive zu entwickeln. Beschreibe alle sechs Phasen inkl. Tools (Empathy Map, How-Might-We-Fragen, Prototyping-Material), Zeit- und Raumplan.

Escape-Room planen

prompt Konzipiere einen pädagogischen Escape Room zum Thema **„Paulus auf Missionsreise“**: – Storyline (Start, Hinweise, Wendepunkt, Finale) – fünf Rätseltypen (Logik, Bibelcode, UV-Botschaft …) – benötigtes Material & Technik + Safety-Briefing – Auswertungsbogen für Lernergebnisse & Teamwork-Skills

Flipped Classroom umsetzen

prompt Gestalte einen Flipped-Classroom-Ablauf zur Einheit **„Gleichnisse Jesu“**: – Zuhause: drei Micro-Learning-Videos (< 5 min) + interaktiver Selbsttest – Unterricht: kooperative Fallanalyse, Rollenspiel, Kreativstation – Reflexion: One-Minute-Paper → digitales Feedback-Pad

Virtuelle Exkursion einbauen

prompt Baue eine virtuelle Exkursion **„Jerusalem – Heilige Stätten“** ein: – Ressourcen: 360°-VR-Tour, Street-View-Links, Museums-App – Vorbereitende Leitfragen (historisch, religiös, politisch) – Arbeitsauftrag: digitale Reise-Map anlegen, Eindrücke vertonen, Peer-Review – Abschluss: Fishbowl-Diskussion zu religiöser Vielfalt & Konfliktlinien

Kapitel 3 · Differenzierung & Inklusion (Religiöses Lernen)

Inklusive Aufgabenstellung

prompt Gestalte eine Unterrichtseinheit zu **[„Gleichnisse Jesu“]** so, dass Lernende mit kognitiven, motorischen oder sprachlichen Beeinträchtigungen aktiv teilnehmen können. • beschreibe drei barrierearme Medien-/Methoden-Anpassungen • formuliere für jedes Lernniveau ein messbares Teilziel • gib Beispiele für unterstützende Hilfsmittel (z. B. Symbolkarten, Audiodeskription, taktile Bibel)

Individuellen Förderplan erstellen

prompt Erstelle einen Förderplan für eine*n Schüler*in mit Lese-Rechtschreib-Schwäche im Thema **[„Schöpfungspsalmen“]**: – diagnostische Ausgangslage + SMART-Ziele – wöchentliche Lernschritte (Methoden, Materialien, Zeitbudget) – Evaluationskriterien & Reflexionsfragen für Lernende + Lehrkraft

Kompetenzentwicklung begleiten

prompt Zeige, wie du die Kompetenzentwicklung in der Einheit **„Spiritualität & Achtsamkeit“** laufend beobachtest: • Portfolio-Raster mit Indikatoren zu Wahrnehmung / Deutung / Gestaltung • Feedback-Tool (Ampel, Check-Out, Audio-Memo) • Maßnahmenplan bei Unter- oder Überforderung

Personalisierte Lernpfade

prompt Baue personalisierte Lernpfade für **„Weltreligionen im Dialog“** (Kl. 7) auf: – drei optionale Module (Video-Recherche, Expert*innen-Interview, Kreativprodukt) je nach Vorwissen – Self-Assessment-Checkpoints + Empfehlung nächster Schritt – technische Umsetzung mit Learning-Management-System deiner Wahl

Lernjournal nutzen

prompt Entwirf ein Lernjournal-Format zur Reihe **„Seligpreisungen“**: • tägliche Prompt-Frage (kognitiv, affektiv, spirituell) • visuelle Elemente (Sketchnote, Emojikarte, Farbsymbol) • Wochen-Meta-Reflexion + Peer-Kommentarfeld

Spezifische Unterstützung

prompt Beschreibe Zusatzmaßnahmen, um das abstrakte Konzept **„Trinität“** für Lernende mit Verständnisschwierigkeiten greifbar zu machen: – vereinfachte Grafiken, Alltagsanalogien, szenische Darstellung – Schritt-für-Schritt-Erklärvideo (max. 3 min) – begleitender Glossar in einfacher Sprache

Kulturelle Vielfalt einbeziehen

prompt Plane eine Sequenz **„Feste im Jahreskreis“** so, dass christliche, jüdische und muslimische Perspektiven gleichwertig vorkommen. Gib drei konkrete Aufgabenbeispiele (interaktiver Wandkalender, Interview mit Familie, „Fest-Box“) und nenne Bewertungsbausteine zur Würdigung kultureller Vielfalt.

Mehrsprachigkeit fördern

prompt Zeige Strategien, wie du arabisch-, hebräisch- oder russischsprachige Schüler*innen in das Thema **„Friede in den Heiligen Schriften“** einbeziehst: – zweisprachiger Wortschatz-Trainer – Tandem-Aktivität mit Übersetzer-App – Produktoption „mehrsprachiges Audio-Gebet“

Barrierefreier Unterricht

prompt Erstelle einen barrierefreien Ablaufplan für eine 90-min-Sequenz zu **„Luther und die Reformation“** in einer heterogenen Lerngruppe: – Raum-, Material- und Technik-Anpassungen – klare Kommunikationsregeln (z. B. Gebärdensprach-Dolmetsch, Live-Untertitel) – evaluierbare Barrierefreiheits-Checkliste

Kapitel 4 · Bewertung & Feedback (im Religionsunterricht)

Prüfungsfragen entwickeln

prompt Formuliere fünf Prüfungsaufgaben zu **„Prophetische Bücher“** (2 Wissen, 2 Transfer, 1 Bewertung). Gib zu jeder Aufgabe Erwartungshorizont & Bloom-Taxonomie-Stufe an.

Lernstrategien für Schüler*innen

prompt Erstelle drei konkrete Tipps, wie sich Lernende auf eine Klassenarbeit zu **„Kirchengeschichte – Reformation bis heute“** vorbereiten können (visualisieren | vernetzen | reflektieren).

Selbstbewertung anleiten

prompt Entwirf einen Selbstbewertungsbogen, mit dem Oberstufen-Schüler*innen ihre persönliche spirituelle Entwicklung in der Einheit **„Exodus – Freiheit erleben“** reflektieren: – 5 Skalen-Items + offenes Feld – Anleitungs-Text für ehrliche Selbsteinschätzung – Follow-Up-Gesprächsleitfaden

Peer-Feedback organisieren

prompt Baue ein Peer-Feedback-Setting für das Projekt „Predigt-Podcast zur Nächstenliebe“ auf: • 3-Kriterien-Checkliste (Inhalt, theologischer Tiefgang, Medieneinsatz) • Zeit-Taktung (Aufnahme – Austausch – Revision) • Moderationskarten für konstruktive Rückmeldung

Bewertungsrubrik erstellen

prompt Entwerfe eine 4-stufige Rubrik für das Produkt **„Interreligiöser Video-Essay: Was ist heilig?“** Bewertungsdimensionen: Recherche, Argumentation, Kreativität, Technik. Ordne jeder Stufe klare Deskriptoren & Punktwerte zu.

Schnelle Lernüberprüfung

prompt Skizziere eine 3-Min-Exit-Ticket-Abfrage zum Stundenthema **„Auferstehungshoffnung“**: – eine Verständnisfrage, ein Transfer-Impuls, ein persönlicher Bezug – Auswertungsplan (Ampel-Sortierung + Blitz-Feedback an Klasse)

Feedback von Schüler*innen einholen

prompt Erstelle fünf Leitfragen, um anonymes Lernenden-Feedback zum Thema **„Sakrale Räume erkunden“** zu sammeln (Aspekte: Klarheit, Relevanz, Methoden, Beteiligung, Wohlbefinden). Schlage ein digitales Tool für die Umsetzung vor und erläutere den Ablauf in 3 Schritten.

Kapitel 5 · Digitale Medien & KI (Religionsunterricht)

Interaktive Biblemap erstellen

prompt Lege mit **[Tool: Thinglink / Genially]** eine interaktive Karte biblischer Orte an (Jerusalem, Nazareth, Bethsaida …). – je Ort: Kurzinfo, Bild/360°-Link, passender Bibelvers – Aufgabe: Lernende verknüpfen Geodaten mit Lebensstationen Jesu – füge Reflexionsfragen + Export-Anleitung für das LMS hinzu

KI-ChatBot als Lernpartner

prompt Konfiguriere einen KI-ChatBot, der Fragen zu **„Weltreligionen und Umweltschutz“** auf A2–B2-Sprachniveau beantwortet. – Prompt-Engineering-Vorgabe (Rolle, Stil, Quellenzitierweise) – fünf Beispiel-User-Prompts + erwartete Bot-Antwort – Datenschutz-Hinweis & didaktischer Einsatzrahmen

Bibel-Snap-AR-Filter entwickeln

prompt Entwirf ein Konzept für einen Augmented-Reality-Filter (Instagram/Snap) zu **„Seligpreisungen“**: – visuelle Overlays, Trigger-Events, Soundeffekt – Lernaufgabe: Selfie mit Lieblingsseligpreisung + Kommentar posten – Ethik-Checkliste (Privatsphäre, Bildrechte, Sensibilität religiöser Symbole)

Digitales Escape-Game bauen

prompt Plane mit **[Tool: Deck.Toys]** ein digitales Escape-Game „Spuren des Propheten Jesaja“: – Level-Struktur (Prophetie-Puzzle, Quiz, Hidden Object) – win-Condition & automatisiertes Feedback – Export-Code + Anleitung für barrierefreie Version (Screenreader-Labels)

Podcast-Serie kuratieren

prompt Stelle eine 4-teilige Schüler-Podcast-Serie **„Gerechtigkeit in Religionen“** auf: – redaktioneller Plan (Themen, Gäste, Bibel/Koran-Bezüge) – Work-Flow (Skript, Aufnahme, Schnitt, Distribution) – Bewertungsrubrik – Inhalt, Technik, Diskursqualität

Virtuelles Museumslabor

prompt Nutze **Mozilla Hubs** und erstelle einen VR-Raum „Symbole des Glaubens“. – Raum-Zonen (Kreuz, Menora, Halbmond, Om) – Lehrer-Dashboard: Moderations-Tools + Sicherheits-Settings – Arbeitsauftrag: Lernende hinterlegen Audiokommentar & Quizfrage pro Symbol

KI-gestützte Bildanalyse

prompt Zeige, wie Lernende mit **Computer-Vision-API** ikonografische Motive (z. B. Verkündigungsbild) analysieren: – Schrittanleitung: Upload → Tagging → theologische Interpretation – Vergleich mit manueller Bildbetrachtung – Reflexionsbogen zu Chancen & Grenzen automatischer Deutung

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Kapitel 6 · Motivation & Klassenklima (im Religionsunterricht)

Einstieg mit Mystery-Bild

prompt Starte die Einheit **„Exodus“** mit einem rätselhaften Bildausschnitt (gezoomte Wüste, brennender Dornbusch …). – drei Leitfragen zum Rätsel – Ablauf Mystery-Methode (Hypothesen, Puzzleteile, Auflösung) – Brücke zur Lernzieltransparenz

Ritual „Wort des Tages“

prompt Führe ein tägliches Ritual ein: Zufalls-Bibelvers via App, kurze stille Lesephase, spontanes Wort-Cloud-Feedback. – Setup-Anleitung, Regelzeit (3 min), Variationen (Hadith/Zitat) – Reflexion nach vier Wochen (Exit-Ticket-Vorlage)

Gamifizierte Punkte-Challenge

prompt Erstelle ein Punktesystem („Faith-Coins“) für vorbildliches Teamwork in Projekten **„Interreligiöser Dialog“**: – Mission-Board, Badges, Level-Belohnungen – klare Regeln (Fairplay, Bonus für Hilfsbereitschaft) – Monitoring-Tool & Schutz vor Wettbewerb-Stress

Affirmations-Station

prompt Richte im Klassenraum eine „Mut-&-Segen-Station“ ein: – Materialliste (Segen-Karten, Affirmations-Würfel, Kerze) – Nutzung: Start/Ende der Stunde, bei Konflikten – Dokumentiere Wirkung mit anonymem Feedback-Poster

Klassensong komponieren

prompt Lass die Klasse einen Song zu **„Nächstenliebe“** schreiben / recorden: – Schrittfolge: Brainstorm–Lyrics–Beat-Making–Recording–Release – Tools (Soundtrap, BandLab, Loop-Bibliothek CC-Lizenz) – Präsentation im Schul-Gottesdienst + Rechte-Check

Dankbarkeits-Journal

prompt Implementiere ein wöchentliches Dankbarkeits-Journal nach der Stunde **„Schöpfung bewahren“**: – drei Leitfragen (Wahrnehmung, Wertschätzung, Umsetzung) – Peer-Sharing-Option (freiwillig) – Beobachtung: Einfluss auf Klassenklima (Mess-Skala beilegen)

Konfliktlösungs-Circle

prompt Nutze eine Circle-Time nach der Methode „Restorative Justice“ bei Streit um religiöse Themen: – Rollen (Keeper, Sprecher*in, Zuhörer*in) – Gesprächsregeln & Talking-Piece – Nachbereitung: individueller Commitment-Zettel

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Kapitel 7 · Spiritualität & Persönlichkeitsbildung

Meditation anleiten

prompt Schreibe ein 10-min-Skript für eine geführte Meditation „Ruhe finden – Psalm 23“, altersgerecht **[Klasse 8]**: – Setting (Sitzhaltung, Musik, Licht) – verbale Anleitung (Ein-, Ausatmen, Bild-Metaphern) – Nachbesprechung (Gefühls-Skala, Bibel-Resonanzfrage)

Pilgerweg auf dem Schulhof

prompt Plane einen Mini-Pilgerweg (6 Stationen) zu „Fragen nach dem Sinn“ auf dem Gelände: – Stationstexte + Symbol-Aktion (Stein legen, Wasser berühren …) – QR-Codes mit Audioguide durch Schüler*innen eingesprochen – Reflexionsbogen + Foto-Collage-Aufgabe

Stilles Tagebuch digital

prompt Setze mit **Padlet** ein „Stilles Tagebuch“ auf: – geschlossene Kommentarfunktion – wöchentliches Impulsbild (Ikone, Naturfoto, Calligraffiti) – Lehrkraft-Feedback nur per Emoji-Code, um Raum zu lassen

Gebetsformen erkunden

prompt Entwickle eine Lernstationen-Werkstatt **„Gebet in 5 Religionen“**: – Materialien: Gebetsriemen, Gebetsteppich, Mala-Kette, Kerzen, Textblätter – QR-Video-Tutorials zu Körperhaltungen – Reflexionsauftrag: Venn-Diagramm Gemeinsamkeiten/Verschiedenheiten

Spirituelles Tage-Retreat

prompt Skizziere einen schulischen Tages-Retreat „Stille & Kreativität“ für Oberstufe: – Rhythmus: Meditation – Kreativ-Workshop – Solo-Waldzeit – Sharing-Circle – Logistik (Räume, Materialien, externe Begleitung) – Evaluations-Tool: digitales Mood-Barometer

Dank-Labyrinth bauen

prompt Gib Anweisungen, wie eine Klasse ein begehbares Dankbarkeits-Labyrinth aus Kerzen/Seilen legt: – Aufbauplan & Sicherheitsregeln – Impulstext „Preis der Dankbarkeit“ (Lk 17, 11-19) – Audio-Begleitung + Zeitplan

Lebensweg-Timeline gestalten

prompt Lass Lernende eine „Lebensweg-Timeline“ (Canvas / Miro) erstellen, in der spirituelle Schlüsselmomente eingetragen werden: – Anleitung zu Life-Events, Werte, Glaubensfragen – Peer-Coaching-Leitfaden (respektvolle Rückfragen) – Datenschutz-Vereinbarung & Freigabe-Optionen

Kapitel 8 · Soziale & emotionale Unterstützung (Religionsunterricht)

Emotionale Intelligenz fördern

prompt Entwirf eine 20-min-Aktivität, die Lernende der **[Klassenstufe]** dabei unterstützt, Gefühle mit Psalm-Metaphern auszudrücken. – Warm-up: Emoji-Kärtchen + passender Psalmvers – Partneraustausch „Wann habe ich mich wie König David gefühlt?“ – Mini-Reflexion: Gebets-Haiku (3 Zeilen) ins Klassen-Padlet posten

Konfliktlösung interreligiös

prompt Stelle einen 3-Schritt-Leitfaden für Klassengespräche bei Spannungen zwischen religiösen Gruppen zusammen: 1. „Wertschätzungs-Runde“ – jede*r nennt, was er/sie an der anderen Tradition bewundert 2. „Gemeinsamer Kern“ – Bibel-, Koran- oder Tora-Vers zum Thema Frieden lesen, Gemeinsamkeiten markieren 3. „Handlungsplan“ – Klasse legt zwei konkrete Fairness-Regeln fest

Achtsamkeit mit Psalm 46

prompt Schreibe ein 5-min-Achtsamkeitsskript „Sei still und erkenne Gott“ für den Stundenbeginn: Atem-Anker, Psalmwort wiederholen, 30 Sek. Stille, Abschluss-Frage in Still-Journal notieren.

Teambuilding „Vertrau mir“

prompt Plane ein Teambuilding-Spiel, bei dem Partner*innen mit verbundenen Augen durch einen „Weg des Lichts“ aus Kerzen geführt werden. – Sicherheits-Checkliste – Spiritueller Debrief: Johannes 8,12 verknüpfen

Krisenintervention – spiritueller Beistand

prompt Erstelle ein 4-Punkte-Handout für Lehrkräfte, wie sie bei plötzlicher Trauer in der Klasse handeln: • Präsenz zeigen – kurze Stille + Kerze entzünden • Offenes Ohr – kein theologisieren, nur zuhören • Ressourcen nennen – Schulseelsorge, Jugendpfarrer*in • Nachsorge – Memory-Box gestalten

Selbstwert stärken (Imago Dei)

prompt Formuliere eine Kreativaufgabe „Ich bin Bild Gottes“: Lernende gestalten ein Self-Portrait-Collage mit Bibel-Affirmationen, kurze Audio-Beschreibung aufnehmen, Gallery-Walk durchführen.

Resilienz durch Glaubensgeschichten

prompt Gib einen Arbeitsauftrag, bei dem Schüler*innen eine biblische Figur wählen, deren Lebenskrise sie analysieren (Hiob, Ruth, Josef) und die Strategien auf heutige Situationen übertragen.

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Kapitel 9 · Elternarbeit & Zusammenarbeit

Elternbrief „Religiöse Lernwege“

prompt Verfasse einen Elternbrief (max. 300 Wörter), der – das Halbjahresthema **[z. B. Gerechtigkeit in den Propheten]** erklärt – 2 Mitmach-Tipps für zuhause enthält (Familiengebet, Podcast) – QR-Link zur Materialsammlung bietet

Elternabend – interreligiöse Einheit vorstellen

prompt Erstelle eine Agenda (60 min) für einen Elternabend: • Begrüßung & Gebet der Religionen (5 min) • Lernziele & Methoden-Tour (15 min) • Mini-Workshop „Feste teilen“ (20 min) • Fragen & Feedback-Karten (15 min) • Segen zum Abschluss (5 min)

Elternfeedback digital einholen

prompt Gestalte einen 7-Fragen-Forms-Fragebogen: Skalen (1–5) zu: Relevanz, Transparenz, Wertevermittlung, Medienmix + zwei offene Felder „Was lief gut?“ / „Wunsch für nächste Reihe“.

Schwieriges Elterngespräch führen

prompt Entwirf einen Gesprächsleitfaden (Sandwich-Methode) für eine Diskussion über fehlende Hausaufgaben im Kontext Glaubensfest-Vorbereitungen.

Elternmitarbeit im Projekt „Feste zu Hause“

prompt Skizziere ein Mitmach-Format, bei dem Familien ihre Festtraditionen per Video (max. 2 min) vorstellen; Sammel-Padlet, Klassen-Kompliment-Wand und Auszeichnung „Fest-Botschafter*in“.

Familienkommunikation stärken

prompt Gib drei Übungen, wie Eltern religiöse Dialoge anstoßen können: • „Frage des Tages“-Glas • Gemeinsames Dankbarkeitsbuch • Podcast „3 Minuten Bibelimpuls“ beim Abendessen hören

Eltern-Kind-Projekt „Heilige Orte“

prompt Plane ein Wochenend-Projekt: Familie besucht lokalen Sakralbau, füllt Reflexions-Worksheet aus, erstellt Foto-Story in CANVA; Präsentation im Unterricht, Peer-Feedback-Kriterien beilegen.

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Kapitel 10 · Zeitmanagement & Organisation (Religionsunterricht)

Liturgische To-do-Liste

prompt Erstelle für die nächsten 4 Schulwochen eine Checkliste, die Unterricht, Gottesdienst-Vorbereitung und Schulfest (St. Martin) synchronisiert; inkl. Deadlines & Verantwortliche.

45-min-Stundenplan fein takten

prompt Gliedere eine Stunde **[Thema Gleichnisse]** in 5-Min-Blöcke: Warm-up-Rätsel, Kurzimpuls, Gruppenpuzzle, Austausch, Transfer, Mini-Exit-Ticket – plus 2 min Puffer.

Unterrichtsstruktur „Flow“

prompt Baue einen wiederkehrenden Ablauf mit kleinen Ritualen: • Ankommens-Kerze (1 min) • Learning Target (Tafel-Icon) • Aktiv-Phase • Stille-Minute • Segen-to-go

Übergänge mit Symbol

prompt Gib 3 Methoden, um Phasenwechsel per Klangschale, Lichtritual oder Vers-Einblendung zu signalisieren – inkl. Schüler-Assistenzplan.

Prioritäten im Kirchenjahr setzen

prompt Lege fest, welche Themen vor Weihnachten abgeschlossen sein müssen und welche (Fastenzeit) ins zweite Halbjahr fallen – Schlagwort-Roadmap.

Arbeitszeitplan für Lehrkraft

prompt Erstelle einen Wochenplan (Mo–So) mit festen Blöcken: Vorbereitung, Korrektur, Seelsorge-Termin, Me-Time; Ampel-Farbcode für Belastung; Reminder „Sabbat-Abend offline“.

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Kapitel 11 · Persönliche Weiterbildung & Reflexion

Selbstreflexion als Religionslehrkraft

prompt Liste 5 Leitfragen (Theologie, Didaktik, Spiritualität, Beziehung, Innovation), die du jedes Quartal schriftlich beantwortest.

Fortbildung „KI im Religionsunterricht“

prompt Stelle einen 3-Stufen-Lernpfad zusammen: 1) Online-MOOC (4 h) 2) Praxis-Webinar „Prompt-Design“ (2 h) 3) Kollegiale Umsetzungsschau (90 min) mit Reflexionsbogen. 4) MarkDown für Liascript-Lernmodul

Burnout-Prophylaxe spirituell

prompt Entwirf eine 7-Tage-Challenge: tägliche 10-min-Stille, Journaling „Segen des Tages“, Digital-Sonnenuntergang (kein Screen nach 21 Uhr) und wöchentlicher Spazier-Psalm.

Teamteaching ökumenisch

prompt Gib eine Checkliste für Planung mit einer katholischen Kollegin: gemeinsame Lernziele, liturgische Sprache abstimmen, Rollenverteilung, Reflexions-Debrief.

Microteaching „Kurzpredigt“

prompt Lege ein Format fest: 5-min-Mini-Homilie vor Kolleg*innen, Video-Feedback, zweifache Wiederholung nach Feed-Forward-Regeln.

Jahresziele setzen

prompt Nutze SMART+LOVE-Schema (L-inked to faith, O-wned, V-alue-added, E-cological) für drei persönliche Entwicklungsziele und definiere Quartals-Checkpoints.

Innovation: VR-Pilgerfahrt

prompt Skizziere, wie du in 60 min eine VR-Station an einem Pilgerort testest, Evaluation × 3 (Lerngewinn, Technik, Emotion), Nachbesprechung im Kollegium.

Kapitel 12 · Exkursionen & Außerschulisches Lernen

Kloster-Tag organisieren

prompt Plane einen ganztägigen Klassenausflug in ein Benediktiner- oder Zisterzienser-Kloster. – Zeitplan (Laudes-Besuch, Führung, Arbeitsstation, Stundengebet, Gesprächsrunde) – Lernziele (Spiritualität erleben, klösterliche Werte reflektieren, Stille-Erfahrung) – Arbeitsaufträge: Audio-Interview mit Mönch/Nonne, Foto-Essay „Ora et Labora“ – Vor-/Nachbereitung im Unterricht (Vorwissen-Quiz, Reflexionsportfolio)

Interreligiöse Stadt-Tour

prompt Entwirf eine dreistündige „House-of-Worship-Tour“ (Moschee – Synagoge – Kirche) für die [Jgst. 9–10]. – Routenplan, Zeiten, Ansprechpartner*innen, Kleidungshinweise – Leitfragen je Stopp (Architektur, Riten, Engagement in der Stadtgesellschaft) – digitale Begleitmap in Google My Maps / Actionbound – Reflexionsprodukt: gemeinsames „Code of Respect“-Poster

Museum der Religionen virtuell

prompt Nutze 3D-Rundgänge von **[Museum X]** und erstelle ein Lern-Webquest „Religiöse Symbole im Wandel“. – fünf Recherche‐Aufgaben mit Zeitlimit – Peer-Review: Padlet-Poster „Top 3 Überraschungen“ – Lehrer-Dashboard: Bewertungskriterien + Zugangslinks

Pilgerwanderung light

prompt Skizziere eine 8-km-Pilgerstrecke nahe der Schule. – sechs Stationen (Psalm-Rezitation, Naturmeditation, Segenswort …) – Materialliste (Pilgerpass, Stempel, Erste-Hilfe-Set) – Safety-Plan + Elterninfo – Abschluss: Lagerfeuer-Runde „Reiseroute des Herzens“

Service-Learning bei der Tafel

prompt Verbinde eine Exkursion zur lokalen Tafel e.V. mit einem vierwöchigen Projekt „Glauben & Teilen“. – Vorbereitung: Arbeitslosigkeit & Almosen in Bibel/Koran – Vor-Ort-Einsatz (2 h Sortieren + 1 h Gespräche) – Reflexion: Rollenkarte „Prophetische Stimme“ – Leistungsnachweis: Podcast-Episode + 360°-Feedback

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Kapitel 13 · Ethik & Gesellschaftliche Verantwortung

Bioethik-Debatte führen

prompt Entwirf ein Oxford-Debate-Setting zu **[„CRISPR‐Babys – moralisch vertretbar?“]**. – Rollen (Pro / Contra / Jury) – theologische Argumentationskarten (Imago Dei, Schöpfungsverantwortung) – Bewertungsrubrik (Sachkenntnis, Ethik-Transfer, Dialoghaltung) – Follow-Up-Essay-Prompt

Dilemma-Diskussion „Notlüge“

prompt Stelle ein Fallbeispiel „Notlüge zum Schutz eines Freundes“ bereit. – Fishbowl-Methode mit Beobachtungsauftrag – Transfer-Aufgabe: biblische Szenen verknüpfen (Pharao, Hebammen, (2. Mose 1,15-21)

Menschenrechte & Religion

prompt Entwirf ein Stationenlernen (6 Stationen) „Bibel, Koran, UN-Charta“. – Quellentexte, QR-Videos, Kreativ-Station „Art. 1 als Graffiti“ – Zwischentest (Learning Apps) + Exit-Ticket – Reflexion im Wertequadrat (Freiheit – Ordnung)

Planspiel „Flucht & Asyl“

prompt Kreiere ein 90-min-Planspiel mit Rollen (Geflüchtete / Grenzpolizei / NGO / Regierung). – Szenario, Rollenbriefe, Event-Cards – Einbettung: biblisches Motiv „Exodus – Fremdsein“ – Debrief-Matrix Gefühle / Fakten / Glaubensimpulse / Handlungsoptionen

Prophetie heute

prompt Schreibe einen Auftrag: Lernende identifizieren in Medien aktuelle „prophetische Stimmen“ (Fridays for Future, Amnesty) und vergleichen sie mit Amos & Jesaja. – Kriterienraster (Anklage, Vision, Handlungsaufruf) – Präsentation als Insta-Reel oder Infografik

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Kapitel 14 · Globale Gerechtigkeit & Nachhaltigkeit

Fair-Trade-Schulaktion

prompt Entwirf ein Projekt „Eine Welt-Kiosk“ (4 Wochen). – Team-Rollen (Einkauf, Werbung, Kassenbuch, Bildung) – theologische Begründung (Mt 25, Jak 5) – Marketing-Plan (Plakat, Schulgottesdienst-Spot, Social-Story) – Impact-Messung (Umsatz, Umfrage, Spendenzweck)

Wasser als Menschenrecht

prompt Plane eine Doppelstunde „Durstige Welt“. – Einstieg: symbolisches 1-Liter-Experiment – Textvergleich: Joh 4 (Frau am Brunnen) & Qurʾan 21:30 – Gruppenauftrag: Wasserkampagne für Schul-IG entwickeln – Mini-Debatte: Privatisierung ja/nein

Klimagerechtigkeits-Liturgie

prompt Schreibe ein 30-min-Andachtskonzept „Schrei der Schöpfung“. – Psalm 104 als Wechselgesang – Kurzimpuls Laudato si’ §139 – Aktionssymbolik: Erde-Tuch + Saatkorn-Ritual – Call-to-Action-Karte mit persönlichem CO₂-Ziel

Buddhist Economics vs. Christliche Soziallehre

prompt Erstelle einen Vergleichs-Chart (4 Kriterien) + Diskussions-Prompt: „Welche Wirtschaftsethik braucht die Post-Wachstums-Gesellschaft?“

UN-SDGs im Religionsunterricht

prompt Baue eine Lernlandkarte, die jedem SDG einen religiösen Impuls zuordnet. – Tool: Miro-Board Vorlage – Beispiel: SDG 13 ↔ „Garten Eden bewahren“ – Abschlussprodukt: Elevator-Pitch-Video (90 sec) mit Handlungsaufruf

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Kapitel 15 · Führung, Engagement & Diakonie

Service-Learning „Senior*innen online“

prompt Plane eine dreiwöchige Aktion: Klasse coacht Senior*innen beim Smartphone-Einsatz. – Vorbereitung: biblischer Impuls „Ehre die Alten“ – Training-Module, Rollenkarten, Feedback-Bogen – Abschluss-Event mit Segens-Ritual & Urkunden

Schuldiakonie-Team gründen

prompt Erstelle ein Konzept zur Gründung eines „Diakonie-Teams“ (Kl. 9-12). – Satzung, Rollen (Team-Leads, PR, Fundraising) – Jahresprojekt-Ideen (Suppenküche, Fair-Fashion-Swap) – Mentoring durch lokale Kirchengemeinde

Leadership-Training „Servant Leader“

prompt Entwirf einen Workshop-Tag (6 h) zu dienender Führung nach Mk 10,45. – Icebreaker, Input-Impulse, Fallstudien-Gruppenarbeit – Reflexions-Matrix „Head-Heart-Hand“ – Zertifikat-Kriterien

Mentoring jüngerer Schüler*innen

prompt Skizziere ein Peer-Mentoring-Programm „Glaubensfragen teilen“. – Matching-Prozess, 5-Treffen-Guide, Gesprächs-Kärtchen – Evaluations-Tool (Mentor/Mentee-Feedback)

Charity-Kampagne „Licht teilen“

prompt Entwerfe einen 14-tägigen Schul-Spendenlauf zugunsten eines Solarprojekte in Afrika. – theologische Rahmung („Ihr seid das Licht der Welt“) – Sponsoring-Formular, Social-Media-Challenge, Andacht zur Eröffnung – Ergebnis-Präsentation: Weltkarte + Dank-Video der Partner-NGO

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Kapitel 16 · Theologie & Popkultur

Biblische Motive in Superhelden-Filmen

prompt Erstelle eine Analyse-Aufgabe zu [Film: „Spider-Man No Way Home“]. – Szenenauswahl, Leitfrage (Opfer & Erlösung) – Arbeitsblatt „Parallele zu Christusfigur?“ – Präsentationsformat: Meme-Collage oder Re-cut-Trailer

TikTok-Mini-Predigt

prompt Schreibe einen Prompt, mit dem Lernende eine 60-Sek-TikTok-Predigt zu **[Seligpreisung X]** produzieren. – Hook, Kernvers, Call-to-Action – Hashtag-Liste, Musik-Snippet (lizenzfrei) – Feedback-Rubrik (Klarheit, Kreativität, theol. Tiefe)

Rap-Battle Altes vs. Neues Testament

prompt Plane ein Klassen-Rap-Battle „Gesetz vs. Gnade“. – Beat-Auswahl, Battle-Regeln, Reim-Worksheet – Peer-Jury-Bögen (Flow, Inhalt, Punchline, Respekt) – Reflexion: Gal 3,24 & Mt 5,17 im Plenum

Gaming-Theologie

prompt Erstelle einen Analyse-Prompt für **[Game: „The Last of Us“]** zum Thema „Opfer‐Liebe & Moral“. – Level-Szenen, Diskussionsfragen, Vergleich mit Joh 15,13 – Creative Option: Alternative Ending Storyboard

Playlist „Psalmen im Pop“

prompt Gib Auftrag, eine Spotify-Playlist moderner Songs mit Psalm-Resonanzen zu kuratieren (mind. 8 Titel); jeder Track mit Mini-Annotation (30 Wörter).

Kapitel 17 · Interreligiöser Dialog & Diversity

Fishbowl Diskussion

prompt Organisiere eine Fishbowl Diskussion zu **„Gemeinsame Werte in Judentum, Christentum & Islam“**. – Rollen: 3 Sprecher*innen je Religion, 2 freie Stühle, Außenkreis – Leitfragen (Würde, Barmherzigkeit, Gerechtigkeit) – Beobachtung Grid für Außenkreis (Argument, Emotion, Bezug Schrift) – Debrief: Gemeinsamkeiten clustern, Differenzen respektvoll festhalten

Interfaith Panel

prompt Plane ein Schüler*innen-Panel mit Vertreter*innen von 4 Religionen. – Ablauf: Lightning-Talks (5 min) → moderierte Fragerunde → World-Café – Vorbereitungs-Worksheet: „Meine Frage an…“ – Reflexions-Blogpost (200 Wörter) als Leistungsnachweis

Dialog-Café

prompt Richte ein „Religions-Café“ ein (Tische: Feiern, Gebet, Kleidung, Essen). – Tisch-Hosts mit Quick-Facts-Karten – 10-min-Runden, Timer-Gong – Abschluss: Murmelrunde „größte Überraschung“ + Mentimeter-Wordcloud

Scripture Speed-Dating

prompt Lass Lernende in 5-min-Runden je einen Vers vorstellen (Bibel, Koran, Tanach, Bhagavad Gita) zu **„Frieden“**. – Vorlage: Vers, Kontext, eigene Frage – Rotation, Feedback-Sticker, Ranking „Vers der Stunde“

Konflikt-Simulation

prompt Erstelle ein Planspiel „Bau neuer Gebetsraum an der Schule“. – Stakeholder-Briefe: Schüler*innenrat, Eltern, Stadt, Religionsgemeinschaften – Verhandlungs-Phase, Presse-Konferenz, Kompromiss-Paper – Reflexion: Goldene Regel & GG Art. 4

Shared Values-Collage

prompt Auftrag: Gruppe erstellt Digi-Collage „Das verbindet uns“ (Canva). – Mind-Map-Start, Bild-Recherche CC-Lizenz, Zitat-Overlays – Poster-Walk, Peer-Voting via Klebepunkte

Ambassador-Projekt

prompt Jede*r Schüler*in wird „Religion-Ambassador“ für eine Tradition. – 3 Recherche-Aufträge, 1 Interview, TikTok-Summary (60 s) – gemeinsame Auswertung im Padlet-Cluster (Riten, Ethik, Symbolik)

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Kapitel 18 · Liturgie & Gottesdienstgestaltung

Schüler-Gottesdienst planen

prompt Entwirf einen 30-min-Schulgottesdienst zum Thema **„Hoffnung“**. – Liturgischer Ablauf (Begrüßung, Lied, Lesung, Aktion, Segen) – Rollen-Matrix (Musik-Team, Technik, Predigt-Crew) – Checkliste für Inklusion (Gender-Sprache, Barrierefreiheit)

Digitaler Live-Stream

prompt Erstelle ein Setup für einen gestreamten Advents-Impuls. – Technik-Schema (OBS, Kamera, Mikro, YouTube Link) – Einbindung interaktiver Chat-Fragen – DSGVO-Hinweise & Moderations-Plan

Symbolischer Raum

prompt Gestalte einen „Raum der Klage“ in der Aula (Fastenzeit). – Bodenbild Asche-Kreuz, Kerzen-Spirale, Gebets-Box – Ablauf 10-min-Stationengang, Audio-Loop Psalm 130 – Sicherheits- und Aufsichts-Plan

Psalm-Rap Worship

prompt Leite eine Klasse an, Psalm 23 als Rap vorzutragen. – Beat-Template, Vers-Aufteilung, Refrain-Hook – Recording mit BandLab, EQ-Preset „Worship Lo-Fi“ – Live-Performance im Gottesdienst + Lyric-Video

Taizé-Abend

prompt Konzipiere eine 25-min-Taizé-Andacht (Kerzen-Kreuz, repetitives Lied, Stille). – Liedauswahl (Laudate omnes gentes / Ubi caritas) – Ablauf-Kärtchen, Gitarren-Akkorde, zweisprachiges Gebet

Segnungsfeier

prompt Entwirf eine Segnungsfeier für Abschluss-Klasse. – Ritual: Hand-auf-Schulter, persönliches Segenswort, Kreuzzeichen – Musik-Cue, Fotopunkt, Give-away „Segen-To-Go“-Karte

Liturgischer Kalender Smartboard

prompt Erstelle eine interaktive Smartboard-Tafel mit Festfarben, Symbolen, Liedvorschlägen; Drag-&-Drop-Quiz „Ordne das Fest!“

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Kapitel 19 · Kreatives Schreiben & Kunstprojekte;

Psalm-Haiku

prompt Auftrag: Schreibe zu einem ausgewählten Psalmvers drei Haikus. – Struktur 5-7-5, Bildsprache beibehalten, persönlicher Twist – Audio-Aufnahme mit Regen-Ambience, Upload in Nostr

Graphic-Novel-Bibeltext

prompt Lass Lernende **Mk 2,1-12** als 8-Panel-Comic umsetzen. – Storyboard-Template, Sprechblasen, onomatopoetische Effekte – Peer-Review „Lesbarkeit & Theologie“

Poetry-Slam Propheten

prompt Organisiere einen Slam-Abend „Stimme der Gerechtigkeit“. – Textlänge 3 min, Requisite erlaubt – Jury-Bögen (Wortkraft, Performance, Forderung) – Streaming-Option + Publikums-Voting

Ikonen-Workshop

prompt Führe 90-min-Workshop „Jesus-Ikone in Acryl“ durch. – Schrittfolge: Holzgrund, Goldbogen, Proportions-Raster, Lasur – Theologischer Input zur Ikonen-Theologie, Stille-Phase

Kalligrafie-Schriftrolle

prompt Gestalte mit der Klasse ein 2 m langes Pergament „Selig sind…“. – Material-Liste, Pinsel-Technik, Farbsymbolik – Ausstellung im Schulflur + QR-Code-Making-Of

Parabel-Comic-Strip

prompt Team erstellt 4-Panel-Webcomic zur Parabel „Verlorener Sohn“. – Stil wählbar (Manga, Indie, Minimal) – Upload auf Schul-Insta, Hashtag-Challenge

Gemeinschafts-Mural

prompt Plane ein Wandbild „Regenbogen-Bund“. – Entwurfs-Workshop, Schablonen, Schulfest-Live-Painting – Reflexion: Farbe als Zeichen der Verheißung

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Kapitel 20 · Bibliodrama & Rollenspiel

Bibliodrama-Setting

prompt Leite ein 60-min-Bibliodrama zu **„Emmaus-Jünger“**. – Rollen-Zuweisung, Körper-Statue, Resonanz-Runde – Transfer: „Wann brannte unser Herz?“ Journaling

Hot-Seat-Interview

prompt Schüler*in im „heißen Stuhl“ antwortet als Paulus. – Vorbereitungs-Kärtchen (Biografie, Missionsreisen, Konflikte) – Audience-Fragen, Reflexion: Differenz Fakten / Fantasie

Konzil von Jerusalem

prompt Rollenspiel: Apostel vs. Pharisäer über Heiden-Mission. – Positions-Papers, Moderations-Hammer, Mehrheits-Vote – Debrief: Gal 2 & Apostelgeschichte 15 vergleichen

Moderne Parabel

prompt Gruppen schreiben & spielen eine heutige Version der „Barmherzigen Samariter“ in 5 Szenen (E-Scooter-Unfall).

Forum-Theater Mobbing

prompt Setze Forum-Theater nach Boal ein: Szenario „Religiöses Cyber-Mobbing“. – Stop-Signal, Zuschauende als Joker, Lösungs-Ideen ausprobieren

Freeze-Frame Auferstehung

prompt Klasse stellt in drei Standbildern Karsamstag – Ostermorgen – Emmaus dar. – Foto-Shooting, Bild-Analyse „Gefühle im Raum“

Impro-Dilemma-Box

prompt Sammle ethische Dilemmata, ziehe zufällig, spiele 2-min-Impro-Szene, Klasse bietet Lösungswege; Bibel-Matching als Abschluss.

Kapitel 21 · Wissenschaft & Forschung im RU

Empirische Unterrichtsstudie planen

prompt Skizziere ein Forschungsdesign (Mixed-Methods) zur Frage, ob Storytelling die Bibeltextkompetenz in **[Klassenstufe]** steigert. – Hypothese, Stichprobe, Instrumente (Pre-/Post-Test, Fokusgruppe) – Zeitplan 8 Wochen, Ethik-Check, Auswertungs-Software – Reflexionsauftrag für Schüler*innen nach Abschluss

Unterrichtsbeobachtung per Video

prompt Erarbeite einen Leitfaden für Videografie im RU: – Kameraposition, Datenschutzinfo, Einverständnisbogen Eltern – Codierschema (Interaktion, Fragearten, Wartezeit) – Analysetools (ELAN, Vosaic) + Reporting-Template

Statistik zur Religiosität erheben

prompt Entwirf einen 12-Items-Fragebogen (Likert 1–5) zu „Glaubenspraxis Jugendlicher“. – Themen: Gebet, Gottesdienst, Mediennutzung, Zweifel – Pre-Test auf Verständlichkeit, Cronbach-α-Ziel > 0,75 – Prompt für ChatGPT: „Generiere Item-Analysen & Visualisierung“

Literaturreview KI im RU

prompt Formuliere einen Prompt, der ChatGPT auf Deutsch ein systematisches Review der letzten 5 Jahre (2020-25) erstellt: – Suchstrings, Inclusion-Criteria, PRISMA-Flowchart – Output-Struktur Abstract → Ergebnisse → Lücken → Ausblick

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Kapitel 22 · Historisch-kritische Bibelarbeit

Textkritischer Einstieg

prompt Lass Lernende **Mk 16, 9-20** mit Nestle-Aland-App untersuchen: – Auftrag: Textvarianten markieren, Randnotizen vergleichen – Diskussionsfragen: Kanon, Inspiration, Relevanz heutiger Ausgaben

Quellenhypothese entdecken

prompt Plane eine Gruppenpuzzle-Einheit zur Zwei-Quellen-Theorie. – Expertentexte (Mk, Q-Hypothese, Sondergut Mt/Lk) – Produkt: Info-Poster „So entsteht ein Evangelium“ – Checkliste: redaktionelle Merkmale finden, Schlussdiskussion

Formgeschichte kreativ

prompt Organisation einer „Formgeschichte-Gallery“: – Teams inszenieren Witzwort, Wunder, Streitgespräch als Meme, Reel, Podcast – Gallery-Walk, Peer-Rubrik „Gattungsmerkmale getroffen?“

Exegese-Prompt

prompt Erstelle einen Prompt, der eine KI eine Mini-Exegetische Analyse (Setting, Form, Sit-in-Leben, Theologie, Rezeption) zu jeder Bibelperikope liefert; begrenze Ausgabe auf 300 Wörter.

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Kapitel 23 · Krisenseelsorge & Notfallpädagogik

Notfall-Handlungskette

prompt Stelle ein One-Pager-Schema für Krisenfälle (Tod, Suizidgedanken) zusammen: 1) Wahrnehmen & Sichern · 2) Kollegium informieren · 3) Eltern/Profis einbinden · 4) Nachsorge – Telefonnummern (Schulpsychologe, Krisendienst) freilassend eintragen

Trauerritual gestalten

prompt Entwirf ein 15-min-Ritual „Licht der Erinnerung“ für die Klasse: – Mitte-Kreuz, Namenskärtchen, Kerzen-Aufstellung, Psalm 34,19 – Raummusik-Vorschlag, Leitfragen stille Reflexion, optionaler Segen

Psychoedukation „Angst“

prompt Bau eine 45-min-Einheit Angstbewältigung mit Psalm 91 & Atem-Techniken. – Theorie-Input, Körperübung 4-7-8-Atmung, Bibelvers-Affirmation – Exit-Ticket „Meine Angst-Skillbox“ (3 Ideen)

Peer-Support-Netzwerk

prompt Skizziere ein Schulkonzept „Schüler-Seelsorge-Team“. – Auswahl-Prozess, 3-tägige Grundschulung (Aktives Zuhören, Schweigepflicht) – Supervision, Öffentlichkeitsarbeit, Evaluationsbogen

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Kapitel 24 · Schulkooperation & Öffentlichkeitsarbeit

RU-Blog aufsetzen

prompt Gib Schritt-für-Schritt-Anleitung (WordPress): Theme-Auswahl, Kategorien (Impulse, Projekte, Schüler-Gastbeiträge), DSGVO-Plug-ins, Redaktionsplan 3-Monats-Sicht; Prompt für KI-Bilder (Stable Diffusion) inkl. Lizenz-Check

Medien-Pitch

prompt Formuliere ein 200-Wörter-Pressestatement für die Lokalzeitung über die Aktion **„Eine-Welt-Kiosk“** (Kap. 14). Inklusive Quote einer Schülerin & Spendenstand.

RU-Tagung hosten

prompt Erstelle ein Ablaufskript für eine regionale RU-Fachtagung (5 h): Keynote „KI & Theologie“, 3 Workshops, Poster-Session, Abschlussandacht. – Raum-Plan, Technik-Check, Catering-Zeitslots

Partnerschule international

prompt Skizziere ein eTwinning-Projekt mit einer Schule in **[Land]** Thema „Speisen & Fasten in unseren Religionen“. – Timeline 6 Monate, Tools (TwinSpace, Padlet, Canva) – Produkte: gemeinsames Koch-E-Book, virtuelle Fastenkalender

Social-Media-Strategie

```prompt Entwirf für den RU-Instagram-Account eine 4-Wochen-Content-Map:

MondayMotivation-Vers, Mini-Reel „Bibel in 30 sec“, Umfrage-Sticker,

Takeover der Klasse 9, Hashtag-Liste, Insights-KPI-Ziel (Engagement 5 %) ```

Kapitel 25 · Bibelsprachen & Übersetzung

Hebräisch-Crashkurs

prompt Erstelle ein 4-Stunden-Modul „Bibel-Hebräisch für Einsteiger*innen“. – Alphabet lernen (Poster + Audio-Übung) – 10 Schlüsselwörter (שָׁלוֹם, חֶסֶד …) inkl. Lautschrift & Bedeutung – Mini-Auftrag: Psalm 23,1 in Lautschrift abschreiben & übersetzen – Abschluss-Quiz (Matching hebr. Wort ↔ dt. Bedeutung)

Griechisch des NT entdecken

prompt Plane eine Doppelstunde „Koine-Griechisch lesen lernen“. – Einstieg: Griechisches Alphabet-Rap (YouTube-Link) – Textarbeit: Joh 1,1-5 Parallel-Kolumne (griech./dt.) – Analyseaufgabe: Verben im Aorist markieren, Bedeutungs-Shift diskutieren – Reflexion: Welche Nuancen gehen in Übersetzungen verloren?

Septuaginta-Vergleich

prompt Lass Lernende Gen 1,1-5 in Hebräisch, LXX-Griechisch & Luther-Übersetzung nebeneinander legen. – Auftrag: drei semantische Unterschiede identifizieren – Visualisierung: T-Diagramm „Wortwahl vs. Theologie“ – Transfer: Warum sind Übersetzungen theologische Entscheidungen?

Übersetzer-Werkstatt

prompt Baue ein Gruppenprojekt „Übersetze dein Lieblingsgleichnis“. – Schrittfolge: Wort-für-Wort-Entwurf → Dynamic-Equivalent-Entwurf → Peer-Review – Kriterienraster (Genauigkeit, Lesbarkeit, Stil, Theologie) – Produkt: zweispaltiges Booklet mit Kommentar

KI-gestützte Translation

prompt Schreibe einen Prompt, der GPT für dich eine Roh-Übersetzung von Ps 121 liefert, dann bitte um Stil-Varianten (jugendlich, liturgisch, poetisch) und gib eine Checkliste, wie Lernende die Vorschläge kritisch prüfen.

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Kapitel 26 · Religion & Naturwissenschaft

Big Bang vs. Schöpfung

prompt Entwirf eine Debatte „Urknall und Genesis – Widerspruch oder Ergänzung?“. – Rollen: Naturwissenschaftler*in, Theolog*in, Schülerjury – Input-Material: Video-Clip CERN, Bibeltext Gen 1,1-5, Zitat Georges Lemaître – Bewertungsrubrik: Argumentationslogik, Quellenbezug, Dialogfähigkeit

Evolution & Glaube

prompt Plane eine Stationsarbeit (5 Stationen) „Genesis 2 trifft Darwin“. – Inhalte: Fossilien-Puzzle, Gen 2 Lese-Rallye, Clever-Trees Simulation … – Reflexionsbogen: Conflict-/Independence-/Integration-Modell – Ergebnis: persönliches Statement-Padlet

Klimaphysik meets Theologie

prompt Kreiere ein Co-Teaching-Szenario RU + Physik „Treibhaus & Treue zur Schöpfung“. – Experiment CO₂-Flaschen-Test (Physik) – Bibelimpuls Ps 24,1; Laudato si’ §23 (RU) – Gruppenauftrag: Infografik „Physik-Fakten ↔ prophetischer Auftrag“

Neurotheologie light

prompt Schreibe einen 20-min-Impuls „Was passiert im Gehirn beim Beten?“ – Erkläre Begriffe (präfrontaler Cortex, Salience Network) vereinfacht – Diskussionsfrage: Macht das Beten weniger heilig? – Mini-Aktivität: 2-Min-Stille + Emotions-Thermometer

KI als Schöpfungswerkzeug?

prompt Formuliere einen Pro-/Contra-Debatten-Prompt: „Darf der Mensch mittels KI neue Lebewesen designen – übertritt er damit eine göttliche Grenze?“ Gib vier Leitthesen je Seite und einen Auswertungsbogen (Sachargument / Ethik / Empathie).

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Kapitel 27 · Musik & Klang im Religionsunterricht

Bibel-Beat-Lab

prompt Auftrag: Sample drei Bibel-Verse (mp3-Clips) und baue daraus einen 90-sek-Beat. – Tool-Tipp: Soundtrap Spur-Template – Lernziel: Text + Sound = Verkündigung 2.0 – Präsentation: Klassen-Listening-Session + Voting

Gregorianik erleben

prompt Plane eine Mini-Exkursion in eine Abtei oder Kloster (oder Video-Visit). – Vorab-Auftrag: Was macht gregorianischen Choral einzigartig? – Vor Ort: Klangtagebuch (Geräusch-Beschreibungen, Gefühle) – Nachbereitung: Vergleich Worship-Song vs. Choral

Psalm-Pop-Mashup

prompt Gib Lernenden den Prompt „Mixe Psalm 91 mit aktuellem Pop-Hit“. – Schritte: Lyrics Sheet erstellen, Hook identifizieren, Mashup-Regeln – Reflexion: Stößt Pop-Kultur die Sakralität ab oder erweitert sie sie?

Klangschalen-Liturgie

prompt Erstelle ein 15-min-Stille-Ritual mit Klangschalen & Taizé-Ostinato. – Ablauf: Atem, Anschlag-Sequenz, 2-min-Stille, gesungene Antwort – Sicherheits-Hinweis für sensible Lernende (Trigger)

Sound-Walk Schöpfung

prompt Skizziere einen 30-min-Außen-Sound-Walk: – Stationen: Wasser, Wind, Tiere, Stadtlärm → jeder Klang mit Gen 1-Vers verknüpfen – Auftrag: Audio-Notizen aufnehmen, hinterher Collage basteln

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Kapitel 28 · Bilingual / CLIL Religious Education

Lesson Plan „Parables“ (EN)

prompt Create a 45-minute CLIL lesson on **“The Good Samaritan”** (Englisch + Religion). – Objectives: vocabulary (compassion, neighbour), ethics debate, creative output – Activities: video clip, jigsaw reading, freeze-frame role-play – Assessment: exit ticket sentence-transformations

Terminology-Toolkit

prompt Compile a glossary (20 terms) for Grade 9 bilingual unit “Creation & Stewardship”. – Columns: EN term, DE equivalent, easy definition, sample sentence – Prompt: Generate flash-cards in Quizlet automatically

Bilingual Assessment

prompt Design a rubric for a bilingual podcast “Faith & Science”. – Criteria: Content depth, language accuracy (B1-B2), creativity, reflection – 4 levels, score-bands, comment space

Cross-curricular Project

prompt Outline a 3-week CLIL project with Biology “Water in the Bible & Ecology”. – Milestones: joint field trip, water-testing, theological collage – Final product: bilingual exhibition brochure (digital + print)

Teacher-Prompt for AI

prompt Write an English prompt that asks ChatGPT to simplify Isaiah 11,6-9 to CEFR A2 level and suggest three comprehension questions.

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Kapitel 29 · Religionsunterricht in der Grundschule

Erzählsäckchen „Zachäus“

prompt Plane eine 30-min-Erzählrunde mit Erzählsäckchen: Figuren, Baum-Ast, Münzen. – Ablauf: Bodenbild, Erzählen, Mitmach-Aktion „Kletterbaum“, Abschluss-Gebet – Differenzierung: Piktogramm-Fragen für Leseanfänger*innen

Gott im Alltag entdecken

prompt Stell eine Wochen-Hausaufgabe „Gottes-Spuren“: – Kinder fotografieren einen Moment, der sie an Gott erinnert – Präsentation als Galerie, drei Satzanfänge „Ich staune, weil …“

Psalmen malen

prompt Lass Klasse 2 Ps 136,1 in Fingerfarben malen. – Schritt-für-Schritt, Farb-Symbolik, Trockenstation – Klassen-Ausstellung + Eltern-Einladung

Ruhe-Insel einrichten

prompt Richte eine Lese-Kuschel-Ecke „Stille mit Gott“ ein. – Ausstattungsliste (Kissen, Bibelbilderbuch, Sanduhr) – Regeln (max. 2 Kinder, Flüsterstimme) – Reflexions-Stern „Wie fühle ich mich jetzt?“

Mini-Gottesdienst Advent

prompt Entwirf einen 15-min-Klassen-Adventsimpuls „Licht teilen“. – Lied „Tragt in die Welt nun ein Licht“, Kerzenkreis, Fürbitten-Stern – Eltern-Einbindung: Wunsch-Engel zu Hause basteln

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Kapitel 30 · Prüfungsformate & Abiturvorbereitung

Klausur-Pool

prompt Erstelle drei klausurreife Aufgaben zu „Reich-Gottes-Botschaft Jesu“. – Typ A Textanalyse Mk 4,26-29 – Typ B Synopse Sachurteil „Jetzt-Schon / Noch-Nicht“ – Typ C eigenes Werturteil zu Papst Franziskus, Evangelii Gaudium §183

Mündliche Prüfung trainieren

prompt Plane ein Speed-Dating-Setup: 6 Themen, 6 Tische, 4 min Rede / 2 min Fragen. – Prüfungsraster (Sachkenntnis, Argument, Transfer, Sprache) – Reflexions-Protokoll nach jeder Runde

Portfolio fürs Abitur

prompt Gib Anweisungen für ein semesterbegleitendes Portfolio (digitale Mappe). – Pflicht-Artefakte: Exegese, Lernjournal, Debatten-Video, Service-Learning-Log – Selbst-Assessment-Rubrik, Peer-Feedback-Slot, Abgabe-Checkliste

Präsentationsprüfung

prompt Erstelle eine Themenliste (10 Vorschläge) für das 15-min Präsentationsabitur Schwerpunkt „Religion & Digitale Gesellschaft“ + Leitfragen & Quellen-Hint.

Crash-Kurs Wiederholung

prompt Schreibe einen 5-Tage-Wiederholungsplan (je 90 min) vor Abitur: Tag 1 Bibel, Tag 2 Kirchengeschichte, Tag 3 Ethik, Tag 4 Ökumene/Weltreligionen, Tag 5 freie Lücken. – Lernmethoden: Mind-Map, Karteikarten-Battle, Kahoot-Turnier, Silent Debate

Kapitel 31 · Digitale Prüfungsformate & Learning Analytics

Auto-Graded Quiz

prompt Erstelle mit **[Tool: H5P / Moodle]** ein 15-Fragen-Quiz zu „Bergpredigt“. – Fragetypen: Multiple Choice, Drag-Text, Hotspot Bild – je Frage: Bibelvers-Verweis & Feedback-Text – Export-Anleitung SCORM + Barrierefrei-Checkliste

KI-Feedback-Generator

prompt Schreibe einen Prompt, mit dem ChatGPT eingereichte Essays („Gleichnisse Jesu aktualisieren“) in 3 Kriterien bewertet (Inhalt, Argument, Stil) und spezifische Verbesserungs­tipps gibt.

Learning-Analytics-Dashboard

prompt Skizziere ein Dashboard-Konzept (Power BI / Google Data Studio): – KPIs: Quiz-Score, Bearbeitungszeit, Fehlerschwer­punkte – Ampel-Visualisierung für Frühwarn­system – Datenschutz-Hinweis & Elternreport-Vorlage

E-Portfolio-Abgabe

prompt Formuliere Anforderungen für ein digitales Semester-Portfolio (OneDrive / Nextcloud): Ordnerstruktur, Metadaten, Reflexions-Rubrik, Selbst-freigabe Mechanismus für Peer-Review.

Audio-Kurztest

prompt Entwirf einen 5-min-Sprach­memo-Test: Schüler*innen fassen eine Psalmstelle verbal zusammen; Lehrkraft erhält Auto-Transkript + KI-Schlüsselwort-Check.

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Kapitel 32 · Visuelle Medien & Film-Interpretation

Bibel-Film-Clip analysieren

prompt Wähle eine 3-min-Sequenz aus **[Film: „Prince of Egypt“]** und gib Analyse-Auftrag: filmische Mittel, theologische Aussage, Vergleich mit Exodus-Text; Ergebnistyp: 1-seitiges Slide-Deck.

Storyboard « Modern Exodus »

prompt Auftrag: Erstelle ein 6-Panel-Storyboard, das die Exodus-Narrativ in heutige Flüchtlings­route überträgt. – Panel-Beschreibung, Dialogschnipsel, Kamerawinkel

Micro-Dokumentation

prompt Plane ein 90-sek-Dokuvideo „Fasten in drei Religionen“. – Shot-List, B-Roll, O-Ton Interview, Creative-Commons-Musik – Abgabe-Specs: 1080p, Untertitel srt, Thumbnail-Briefing

Film-Debatte

prompt Richte eine Pro/Contra-Debatte ein: „Zeigt *Noah* (2014) biblische Wahrheit oder Hollywood-Fiction?“ – Vorbereitungs­kärtchen (Gen 6-9, Regie-Interview) – 4-Kriterien-Scorecard (Fakten, Ethik, Rhetorik, Quellen)

GIF-Theologie

prompt Gib Lernenden den Auftrag, einen 3-s-GIF zu „Auferstehungshoffnung“ zu erstellen; Plattform Canva; Begleittext max. 50 Worte.

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Kapitel 33 · Achtsamkeit & Mental Health

Breath-Prayer Session

prompt Schreibe ein 8-min-Script „Jah-weh-Atmung“ (Ein-Aus-Silbe) für Stunden­beginn; inkludiert Ruhe-Timer & Exit-Frage „Wie fühlst du dich?“

Angst-Toolbox

prompt Erstelle eine 4-teiliges Arbeitsblatt „Psalm 27 vs. Prüfungsangst“: 1) Trigger identifizieren 2) Vers als Selbst-Talk 3) Grounding-Übung 4) Peer-Buddy-Check-In.

Digital Detox Challenge

prompt Formuliere eine 48-h-Offline-Challenge basierend auf Ex 20,8-11 (Sabbatgebot); Tracking-Tabelle, Reflexionsfragen, gemeinschaftliches Abschluss-Gebet.

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@ d360efec:14907b5f

@ 9c47bb51:000381d0

EVERYDAY STACKING GUIDE

Let me break it down for you: stacking sats is about building your Bitcoin stash little by little. You do not need to make some massive play or wait for the perfect opportunity. It is about finding simple, steady ways to add to your stack, no matter what your situation looks like. And the best part? There are so many ways to do it, whether you are creating something, connecting with folks directly, or just using tools that reward you. Let us dive into how you can stack sats consistently, keeping it decentralized and peer-to-peer whenever possible.

You have got platforms like Stacker News where you can earn sats just by being part of the conversation. Think of it as Bitcoin’s answer to Reddit. You share something valuable, comment on posts, or just engage with the community, and next thing you know, you have got some sats coming your way. It is simple, and it is steady. Plus, it feels good to know your thoughts and contributions are being rewarded.

Then there is Nostr, a decentralized social platform that is making waves. It is built to connect people directly, and it ties in Bitcoin through the Lightning Network. The coolest thing? You can get tipped, or “zapped,” for your posts, notes, or anything you put out there. This is not about big corporations taking a cut; it is people showing love directly. Share your ideas, your art, your insights, and watch your stack grow while connecting with a global community.

Now, let us talk about Fold. It is a little different but still fun. You spin their rewards wheel every day, and you will earn a few sats. Sometimes it is a little, sometimes it is more, but it all adds up. If you are using their Bitcoin rewards debit card for your regular spending, you are earning even more. Sure, it is not 100 percent decentralized, but it is an easy way to stack sats while handling your everyday purchases.

For creators, platforms like Zap.Stream are opening doors. Imagine streaming your work, whether it is music, art, teaching, or something else, and getting paid directly in Bitcoin by your audience. No middlemen, no fuss. It is all about connecting directly with the people who support you and earning sats in real time.

And do not forget about selling something for Bitcoin. Whether it is handmade crafts, digital products, or your services, there is always a way to find buyers who want to pay in sats. Platforms that focus on Bitcoin marketplaces make it easier to connect with those folks. Plus, it is a true peer-to-peer exchange, keeping it aligned with the decentralized spirit of Bitcoin.

If you are freelancing, there are options to get paid in Bitcoin directly. Whether you are designing, coding, writing, or consulting, there are platforms that let you bypass the banks and get your payment straight into your wallet. It is quick, efficient, and keeps you in control of your money.

And let us talk about the small, passive ways to stack sats. Cashback apps like Lolli let you earn Bitcoin on everyday purchases. It might not be a huge amount, but those little bits add up over time. If you are already spending the money, why not get some sats back for it?

The real key here is consistency. Set a goal for yourself, whether it is adding sats daily or weekly, and stick to it. Even if it is just a few hundred sats here and there, it is progress. Those small steps add up over time and can turn into something meaningful.

Why focus on decentralized and peer-to-peer methods? Because that is what Bitcoin is all about. It is about staying true to the values of self-sovereignty and financial freedom. By avoiding centralized systems, you are not just stacking sats; you are strengthening the Bitcoin ecosystem itself.

Stacking sats is not about getting rich overnight. It is a journey. It is about building your stash, supporting the Bitcoin movement, and claiming your financial independence bit by bit. Whether it is through sharing content, selling products, or using new platforms, the mission stays the same: keep adding to your stack, little by little. And remember, every sat counts.

@ b83a28b7:35919450

This article was originally part of the sermon of Plebchain Radio Episode 110 (May 2, 2025) that nostr:nprofile1qyxhwumn8ghj7mn0wvhxcmmvqyg8wumn8ghj7mn0wd68ytnvv9hxgqpqtvqc82mv8cezhax5r34n4muc2c4pgjz8kaye2smj032nngg52clq7fgefr and I did with nostr:nprofile1qythwumn8ghj7ct5d3shxtnwdaehgu3wd3skuep0qyt8wumn8ghj7ct4w35zumn0wd68yvfwvdhk6tcqyzx4h2fv3n9r6hrnjtcrjw43t0g0cmmrgvjmg525rc8hexkxc0kd2rhtk62 and nostr:nprofile1qyxhwumn8ghj7mn0wvhxcmmvqyg8wumn8ghj7mn0wd68ytnvv9hxgqpq4wxtsrj7g2jugh70pfkzjln43vgn4p7655pgky9j9w9d75u465pqahkzd0 of the nostr:nprofile1qythwumn8ghj7ct5d3shxtnwdaehgu3wd3skuep0qyt8wumn8ghj7etyv4hzumn0wd68ytnvv9hxgtcqyqwfvwrccp4j2xsuuvkwg0y6a20637t6f4cc5zzjkx030dkztt7t5hydajn

Listen to the full episode here:

<https://fountain.fm/episode/Ln9Ej0zCZ5dEwfo8w2Ho>

---

Bitcoin has always been a narrative revolution disguised as code. White paper, cypherpunk lore, pizza‑day legends - every block is a paragraph in the world’s most relentless epic. But code alone rarely converts the skeptic; it’s the camp‑fire myth that slips past the prefrontal cortex and shakes hands with the limbic system. People don’t adopt protocols first - they fall in love with protagonists.

Early adopters heard the white‑paper hymn, but most folks need characters first: a pizza‑day dreamer; a mother in a small country, crushed by the cost of remittance; a Warsaw street vendor swapping złoty for sats. When their arcs land, the brain releases a neurochemical OP_RETURN which says, “I belong in this plot.” That’s the sly roundabout orange pill: conviction smuggled inside catharsis.

That’s why, from 22–25 May in Warsaw’s Kinoteka, the Bitcoin Film Fest is loading its reels with rebellion. Each documentary, drama, and animated rabbit‑hole is a stealth wallet, zipping conviction straight into the feels of anyone still clasped within the cold claw of fiat. You come for the plot, you leave checking block heights.

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Here's the clip of the sermon from the episode:

nostr:nevent1qvzqqqqqqypzpwp69zm7fewjp0vkp306adnzt7249ytxhz7mq3w5yc629u6er9zsqqsy43fwz8es2wnn65rh0udc05tumdnx5xagvzd88ptncspmesdqhygcrvpf2

@ 65912a7a:5dc638bf

Chef's notes

This is my late partner's award winning Cajun rice & beans recipe. It's an updated take on the traditional Cajun comfort food.

Chef Darin was a classically trained chef who spent 30+ years in the kitchen perfecting his recipes, and delivering authentic Cajun and Creole food to his patrons. This is a 5-star dish that will earn the respect of the most discerning Cajun afficionado. You won't be disappointed.

I suggest making this recipe exactly as directed the first time, and then make whatever adjustments you want for future batches. Also, don't cheap out on the Andouille. No Johnsonville or Hillshire Farms. Chef Aidelle's is a good choice, as is Silva's from Whole Foods. They cost a few extra bucks, but it's absolutely worth it.

Details

• ⏲️ Prep time: 30 min
• 🍳 Cook time: 3 hours
• 🍽️ Servings: 12

Ingredients

• 16oz small red beans, dry
• 2 cups long grain white rice
• 14-16oz andouille sausage, sliced
• 8oz ham, cubed
• 1 large yellow onion, chopped
• 1 green bell pepper, chopped
• 2-3 stalks celery, chopped
• 2 tbsp garlic (12 cloves), minced
• 7 cups water
• ¼ cup olive oil
• 2 large bay leaves
• 1 tbsp parsley, dried
• 1 tsp thyme, dried
• 1 tsp Cajun seasoning
• ½ tsp cayenne pepper, dried
• ¼ tsp sage, rubbed
• 1½ tsp salt (more or less to taste)

Directions

1. Soak beans in a large pot of water overnight.
2. Heat oil in a large stockpot over medium heat. Cook onion, bell pepper, celery, garlic in olive oil for 3 to 4 minutes (until onion is translucent).
3. Add beans, bay leaves, parsley, thyme, salt, MSG, Cajun seasoning, cayenne pepper, Sage, and water. Stir, bring to a boil, and then reduce heat to medium-low (btwn 2-3). Cover and simmer for 2½ hours.
4. Remove bay leaves. Mash some of the beans. Stir Andouille and ham into beans, and simmer uncovered for an additional 30 minutes.
5. Meanwhile, prepare the rice. Bring water and rice to a boil in a saucepan. Reduce heat, cover, and simmer for 20 minutes.
6. Serve beans over steamed white rice.

@ 57c631a3:07529a8e

What is Growth Engineering? Before we start: if you’ve already filled out the What is your tech stack? survey: thank you! If you’ve not done so, your help will be greatly appreciated. It takes 5-15 minutes to complete. Those filling out will receive results before anyone else, and additional analysis from myself and Elin. Fill out this survey here.**

Fill out the survey

npub1sg6plzptd64u62a878hep2kev88swjh3tw00gjsfl8f237lmu63q0uf63m

Growth engineering was barely known a decade ago, but today, most scaleups and many publicly traded tech companies have dedicated growth teams staffed by growth engineers. However, some software engineers are still suspicious of this new area because of its reputation for hacky code with little to no code coverage.

For this reason and others, I thought it would be interesting to learn more from an expert who can tell us all about the practicalities of this controversial domain. So I turned to Alexey Komissarouk, who’s been in growth engineering since 2016, and was in charge of it at online education platform, MasterClass. These days, Alexey lives in Tokyo, Japan, where he advises on growth engineering and teaches the Growth Engineering course at Reforge.

In today’s deep dive, Alexey covers:

1. What is Growth Engineering? In the simplest terms: writing code to help a company make more money. But there are details to consider: like the company size where it makes sense to have a dedicated team do this.
2. What do Growth Engineers work on? Business-facing work, empowerment and platform work are the main areas.
3. Why Growth Engineers move faster than Product Engineers. Product Engineers ship to build: Growth Engineers ship to learn. Growth Engineers do take shortcuts that would make no sense when building for longevity – doing this on purpose.
4. Tech stack. Common programming languages, monitoring and oncall, feature flags and experimentation, product analytics, review apps, and more.
5. What makes a good Growth Engineer? Curiosity, “build to learn” mindset and a “Jack of all trades” approach.
6. Where do Growth Engineers fit in? Usually part of the engineering department, either operating as with an “owner” or a “hitchiker” model.
7. Becoming a Growth Engineer. A great area if you want to eventually become a founder or product manager – but even if not, it can accelerate your career growth. Working in Growth forces you to learn more about the business.

With that, it’s over to Alexey:

I’ll never forget the first time I made my employer a million dollars.

I was running a push notification A/B test for meal delivery startup Sprig, trying to boost repeat orders.

A push notification similar to what we tested to boost repeat orders

Initial results were unpromising; the push notification was not receiving many opens. Still, I wanted to be thorough: before concluding the idea was a failure, I wrote a SQL query to compare order volume for subsequent weeks between customers in test vs control.

The SQL used to figure out the push notification’s efficiency

As it turned out, our test group “beat” the control group by around 10%:

‘review_5_push’ was the new type of push notification. Roughly the same amount of users clicked it, but they placed 10% more in orders

I plugged the numbers into a significance calculator, which showed it was statistically significant – or “stat-sig” – and therefore highly unlikely to be a coincidence. This meant we had a winner on our hands! But how meaningful was it, really, and what would adding the push notification mean for revenue, if rolled out to 100% of users?

It turned out this experiment created an additional $1.5 million dollars, annually, with just one push notification. Wow!

I was hooked. Since that day, I've shipped hundreds of experimental “winners” which generated hundreds of millions of incremental revenue for my employers. But you never forget the first one. Moments like this is what growth engineering is all about.

1. What is Growth Engineering?

Essentially, growth engineering is the writing of code to make a company money. Of course, all code produced by a business on some level serves this purpose, but while Product Engineers focus on creating a Product worth paying for, Growth Engineers instead focus on making that good product have a good business. To this end, they focus on optimizing and refining key parts of the customer journey, such as:

• Getting more people to consider the product
• Converting them into paying customers
• Keeping them as customers for longer, and spending more

What kinds of companies employ Growth Engineers? Places you’ve heard of, like Meta, LinkedIn, DoorDash, Coinbase, and Dropbox, are some of the ones I’ve had students from. There’s also OpenAI, Uber, Tiktok, Tinder, Airbnb, Pinterest… the list of high-profile companies goes on. Most newer public consumer companies you’ve heard have a growth engineering org, too.

Typically, growth engineering orgs are started by companies at Series B stage and beyond, so long as they are selling to either consumers or businesses via SaaS. These are often places trying to grow extremely fast, and have enough software engineers that some can focus purely on growth. Before the Series B stage, a team is unlikely to be ready for growth for various reasons; likely that it hasn’t found product-market fit, or has no available headcount, or lacks the visitor traffic required to run A/B tests.

Cost is a consideration. A fully-loaded growth team consisting of a handful of engineers, a PM, and a designer costs approximately 1 million dollars annually. To justify this, a rule of thumb is to have at least $5 million dollars in recurring revenue – a milestone often achieved at around the Series B stage.

Despite the presence of growth engineering at many public consumer tech companies, the field itself is still quite new, as a discipline and as a proper title.

Brief history of growth engineering

When I joined Opendoor in 2016, there was a head of growth but no dedicated growth engineers, but there were by the time I left in 2020. At MasterClass soon after, there was a growth org and a dozen dedicated growth engineers. So when did growth engineering originate?

The story is that its origins lie at Facebook in 2007. The team was created by then-VP of platform and monetization Chamath Palihapitiya. Reforce founder and CEO Brian Balfour shares:

“Growth (the kind found on an org chart) began at Facebook under the direction of Chamath Palihapitiya. In 2007, he joined the early team in a nebulous role that fell somewhere between Product, Marketing, and Operations. According to his retelling of the story on Recode Decode, after struggling to accomplish anything meaningful in his first year on the job, he was on the verge of being fired.Sheryl Sandberg joined soon after him, and in a hail mary move he pitched her the game-changing idea that led to the creation of the first-ever growth team. This idea not only saved his job, but earned him the lion’s share of the credit for Facebook’s unprecedented growth.At the time, Sheryl and Mark asked him, “What do you call this thing where you help change the product, do some SEO and SEM, and algorithmically do this or that?”His response: “I don’t know, I just call that, like, Growth, you know, we’re going to try to grow. I’ll be the head of growing stuff."And just like that, Growth became a thing.”

Rather than focus on a particular product or feature, the growth team at Facebook focused on moving the needle, and figuring out which features to work on. These days, Meta employs hundreds if not thousands of growth engineers.

2. What do Growth Engineers work on?

Before we jump into concrete examples, let’s identify three primary focus areas that a growth engineer’s work usually involves.

• Business-facing work – improving the business directly
• Empowerment work – enabling other teams to improve the business
• Platform work – improving the velocity of the above activities

Let’s go through all three:

Business-facing work

This is the bread and butter of growth engineering, and follows a common pattern:

• Implement an idea. Try something big or small to try and move a key business metric, which differs by team but is typically related to conversion rate or retention.
• Quantify impact. Usually via A/B testing.
• Analyze impact. Await results, analyze impact, ship or roll back – then go back to the first step.

Experiments can lead to sweeping or barely noticeable changes. A famous “I can’t believe they needed to test this” was when Google figured out which shade of blue generates the most clicks. At MasterClass, we tested things across the spectrum:

• Small: should we show the price right on the homepage, was that a winner? Yes, but we framed it in monthly terms of $15/month, not $180/year.
• Medium: when browsing a course page, should we include related courses, or more details about the course itself? Was it a winner? After lengthy experimentation, it was hard to tell: both are valuable and we needed to strike the right balance.
• Large: when a potential customer is interested, do we take them straight to checkout, or encourage them to learn more? Counterintuitively, adding steps boosted conversion!

Empowerment

One of the best ways an engineer can move a target metric is by removing themselves as a bottleneck, so colleagues from marketing can iterate and optimize freely. To this end, growth engineers can either build internal tools or integrate self-serve MarTech (Marketing Technology) vendors.

With the right tool, there’s a lot that marketers can do without engineering’s involvement:

• Build and iterate on landing pages (Unbounce, Instapage, etc)
• Draft and send email, SMS and Push Notifications (Iterable, Braze, Customer.io, etc)
• Connect new advertising partners (Google Tag Manager, Segment, etc)

We go more into detail about benefits and applications in the MarTech section of Tech Stack, below.

Platform work

As a business scales, dedicated platform teams help improve stability and velocity for the teams they support. Within growth, this often includes initiatives like:

• Experiment Platform. Many parts of running an experiment can be standardized, from filtering the audience, to bucketing users properly, to observing statistical methodology. Historically, companies built reusable Experiment Platforms in-house, but more recently, vendors such as Eppo and Statsig have grown in popularity with fancy statistical methodologies like “Controlled Using Pre-Experiment Data” (CUPED) that give more signal with less data.
• Reusable components. Companies with standard front-end components for things like headlines, buttons, and images, dramatically reduce the time required to spin up a new page. No more "did you want 5 or 6 pixels here" with a designer; instead growth engineers rely on tools like Storybook to standardize and share reusable React components.
• Monitoring. Growth engineering benefits greatly from leveraging monitoring to compensate for reduced code coverage. High-quality business metric monitoring tools can detect bugs before they cause damage.

When I worked at MasterClass, having monitoring at the ad layer prevented at least one six-figure incident. One Friday, a marketer accidentally broadened the audience for a particular ad from US-only, to worldwide. In response, the Facebook Ad algorithm went on a spending spree, bringing in plenty of visitors from places like Brazil and India, whom we knew from past experience were unlikely to purchase the product. Fortunately, our monitoring noticed the low-performing campaign within minutes, and an alert was sent to the growth engineer on-call, who immediately reached out to the marketer and confirmed the change was unintentional, and then shut down the campaign.

Without this monitoring, a subtle targeting error like this could have gone unnoticed all weekend and would have eaten up $100,000+ of marketing budget. This episode shows that platform investment can benefit everyone; and since growth needs them most, it’s often the growth platform engineering team which implements them.

As the day-to-day work of a Growth Engineer shows, A/B tests are a critical tool to both measure success and learn. It’s a numbers game: the more A/B tests a team can run in a given quarter, the more of them will end up winners, making the team successful. It’s no wonder, then, that Growth Engineering will pull out all the stops to improve velocity.

3. Why Growth Engineers move faster than Product Engineers

On the surface, growth engineering teams look like product engineering ones; writing code, shipping pull requests, monitoring on-call, etc. So how do they move so much faster? The big reason lies in philosophy and focus, not technology. To quote Elena Verna, head of growth at Dropbox:

“Product Engineering teams ship to build; Growth Engineering teams ship to learn.”

Real-world case: price changes at Masterclass

A few years ago at MasterClass, the growth team wanted to see if changing our pricing model to multiple tiers would improve revenue.

Inspired in part by multiple pricing tiers for competitors such as Netflix (above), Disney Plus, and Hulu.

The “multiple pricing tier” proposal for MasterClass.

From a software engineering perspective, this was a highly complex project because:

• Backend engineering work: the backend did not yet support multiple pricing options, requiring a decent amount of engineering, and rigorous testing to make sure existing customers weren’t affected.
• Client app changes: on the device side, multiple platforms (iOS, iPad, Android, Roku, Apple TV, etc) would each need to be updated, including each relevant app store.

The software engineering team estimated that becoming a “multi-pricing-tier” company would take months across numerous engineering teams, and engineering leadership was unwilling to greenlight that significant investment.

We in growth engineering took this as a challenge. As usual, our goal was not just to add the new pricing model, but to learn how much money it might bring in. The approach we ended up proposing was a Fake Door test, which involves offering a not-yet-available option to customers to gauge interest level. This was risky, as taking a customer who’s ready to pay and telling them to join some kind of waiting list is a colossal waste, and risks making them feel like the target of a “bait and switch” trick.

We found a way. The key insight was that people are only offended about a “bait and switch”, if the “switch” is worse than the “bait.” Telling customers they would pay $100 and then switching to $150 would cause a riot, but starting at $150 and then saying “just kidding, it’s only $100” is a pleasant surprise.

The good kind of surprise.

So long as every test “pricing tier” is less appealing – higher prices, fewer features – than the current offering, we could “upgrade” customers after their initial selection. A customer choosing the cheapest tier gets extra features at no extra cost, while a customer choosing a more expensive tier is offered a discount.

We created three new tiers, at different prices. The new “premium” tier would describe the existing, original offering. Regardless of what potential customers selected, they got this “original offering,” during the experiment.

The best thing about this was that no backend changes were required. There were no real, new, back-end pricing plans; everybody ended up purchasing the same version of MasterClass for the same price, with the same features. The entirety of the engineering work was on building a new pricing page, and the “congratulations, you’ve been upgraded” popup. This took just a few days.

Within a couple of weeks, we had enough data to be confident the financial upside of moving to a multi-pricing-tier model would be significant. With this, we’re able to convince the rest of engineering’s leadership to invest in building the feature properly. In the end, launching multiple pricing tiers turned out to be one of the biggest revenue wins of the year.

Building a skyscraper vs building a tent

The MasterClass example demonstrates the spirit of growth engineering; focusing on building to learn, instead of building to last. Consider building skyscrapers versus tents.

Building a tent optimizes for speed of set-up and tear-down over longevity. You don’t think of a tent as one that is shoddy or low-quality compared to skyscrapers: it’s not even the same category of buildings! Growth engineers maximize use of lightweight materials. To stick with the tents vs skyscraper metaphor: we prioritize lightweight fabric materials over steel and concrete whenever possible. We only resort to traditional building materials when there’s no other choice, or when a direction is confirmed as correct. Quality is important – after all, a tent must keep out rain and mosquitoes. However, the speed-vs-durability tradeoff decision results in very different approaches and outcomes.

4. Tech stack

At first glance, growth and product engineers use the same tooling, and contribute to the same codebases. But growth engineering tends to be high-velocity, experiment-heavy, and with limited test coverage. This means that certain “nice to have” tools for product engineering are mission-critical for growth engineers.

Read more https://connect-test.layer3.press/articles/ea02c1a1-7cfa-42b4-8722-0165abcae8bb

@ d360efec:14907b5f

Disclaimer: * การวิเคราะห์นี้เป็นเพียงแนวทาง ไม่ใช่คำแนะนำในการซื้อขาย * การลงทุนมีความเสี่ยง ผู้ลงทุนควรตัดสินใจด้วยตนเอง

@ 9c47bb51:000381d0

As Bitcoin’s price continues to climb, the value of its smallest unit, the Satoshi, grows with it. Today, owning a million Satoshis is an affordable and wise investment—especially as Bitcoin reaches new heights. Here’s why a million Satoshis should be the minimum amount everyone owns and why cold storage is key to securing your future.

1. Affordability and Future Value

While owning one full Bitcoin might seem out of reach for many, owning one million Satoshis is much more achievable. As Bitcoin continues to rise in value, a million Satoshis, which is currently worth around $250, could become worth $10,000 or more in the future. This makes owning a million Satoshis not just an entry into Bitcoin, but a solid step toward securing future wealth.

1. A World Priced in Sats

Imagine a future where goods and services are priced in Satoshis. As Bitcoin gains widespread adoption, this scenario is becoming more likely. With Bitcoin potentially surpassing $1 million per coin, one million Satoshis will be worth a significant sum in the future. By owning this amount now, you’re setting yourself up for a future where everyday transactions are measured in Sats, ensuring your financial independence.

1. A Hedge Against Inflation

With fiat currencies losing value over time, Bitcoin offers a deflationary alternative. Owning Satoshis is like holding a form of “sound money” that protects you from inflationary pressures. As Bitcoin’s value continues to grow, your Satoshis could outpace inflation, preserving your wealth for the long term.

1. The Importance of Cold Storage

Storing your Satoshis securely is just as important as owning them. Cold storage solutions, like the Foundation Passport, Coldcard, or Bitkey, offer the highest level of security by keeping your private keys offline. This protects your Bitcoin from online threats, ensuring that your Satoshis remain safe for years to come.

Cold Storage Solutions

•   Foundation Passport: Portable, secure, and open-source. A great option for long-term Bitcoin storage.

•   Coldcard: A highly secure hardware wallet that keeps your Bitcoin offline and out of reach from hackers.

•   Bitkey: A versatile, user-friendly cold storage solution integrated with your smartphone.

A Better Future with Bitcoin

Owning a million Satoshis today is not just about having a small piece of Bitcoin—it’s about securing a financial future where Bitcoin is the standard. Cold storage protects your wealth, and owning Bitcoin positions you to thrive in a decentralized, Bitcoin-driven economy. As Bitcoin continues to evolve, those who embrace it today will be ahead of the curve in a world where wealth is stored in Satoshis.

@ 04c915da:3dfbecc9

Capitalism is the most effective system for scaling innovation. The pursuit of profit is an incredibly powerful human incentive. Most major improvements to human society and quality of life have resulted from this base incentive. Market competition often results in the best outcomes for all.

That said, some projects can never be monetized. They are open in nature and a business model would centralize control. Open protocols like bitcoin and nostr are not owned by anyone and if they were it would destroy the key value propositions they provide. No single entity can or should control their use. Anyone can build on them without permission.

As a result, open protocols must depend on donation based grant funding from the people and organizations that rely on them. This model works but it is slow and uncertain, a grind where sustainability is never fully reached but rather constantly sought. As someone who has been incredibly active in the open source grant funding space, I do not think people truly appreciate how difficult it is to raise charitable money and deploy it efficiently.

Projects that can be monetized should be. Profitability is a super power. When a business can generate revenue, it taps into a self sustaining cycle. Profit fuels growth and development while providing projects independence and agency. This flywheel effect is why companies like Google, Amazon, and Apple have scaled to global dominance. The profit incentive aligns human effort with efficiency. Businesses must innovate, cut waste, and deliver value to survive.

Contrast this with non monetized projects. Without profit, they lean on external support, which can dry up or shift with donor priorities. A profit driven model, on the other hand, is inherently leaner and more adaptable. It is not charity but survival. When survival is tied to delivering what people want, scale follows naturally.

The real magic happens when profitable, sustainable businesses are built on top of open protocols and software. Consider the many startups building on open source software stacks, such as Start9, Mempool, and Primal, offering premium services on top of the open source software they build out and maintain. Think of companies like Block or Strike, which leverage bitcoin’s open protocol to offer their services on top. These businesses amplify the open software and protocols they build on, driving adoption and improvement at a pace donations alone could never match.

When you combine open software and protocols with profit driven business the result are lean, sustainable companies that grow faster and serve more people than either could alone. Bitcoin’s network, for instance, benefits from businesses that profit off its existence, while nostr will expand as developers monetize apps built on the protocol.

Capitalism scales best because competition results in efficiency. Donation funded protocols and software lay the groundwork, while market driven businesses build on top. The profit incentive acts as a filter, ensuring resources flow to what works, while open systems keep the playing field accessible, empowering users and builders. Together, they create a flywheel of innovation, growth, and global benefit.

@ 04c915da:3dfbecc9

In much of the world, it is incredibly difficult to access U.S. dollars. Local currencies are often poorly managed and riddled with corruption. Billions of people demand a more reliable alternative. While the dollar has its own issues of corruption and mismanagement, it is widely regarded as superior to the fiat currencies it competes with globally. As a result, Tether has found massive success providing low cost, low friction access to dollars. Tether claims 400 million total users, is on track to add 200 million more this year, processes 8.1 million transactions daily, and facilitates $29 billion in daily transfers. Furthermore, their estimates suggest nearly 40% of users rely on it as a savings tool rather than just a transactional currency.

Tether’s rise has made the company a financial juggernaut. Last year alone, Tether raked in over $13 billion in profit, with a lean team of less than 100 employees. Their business model is elegantly simple: hold U.S. Treasuries and collect the interest. With over $113 billion in Treasuries, Tether has turned a straightforward concept into a profit machine.

Tether’s success has resulted in many competitors eager to claim a piece of the pie. This has triggered a massive venture capital grift cycle in USD tokens, with countless projects vying to dethrone Tether. Due to Tether’s entrenched network effect, these challengers face an uphill battle with little realistic chance of success. Most educated participants in the space likely recognize this reality but seem content to perpetuate the grift, hoping to cash out by dumping their equity positions on unsuspecting buyers before they realize the reality of the situation.

Historically, Tether’s greatest vulnerability has been U.S. government intervention. For over a decade, the company operated offshore with few allies in the U.S. establishment, making it a major target for regulatory action. That dynamic has shifted recently and Tether has seized the opportunity. By actively courting U.S. government support, Tether has fortified their position. This strategic move will likely cement their status as the dominant USD token for years to come.

While undeniably a great tool for the millions of users that rely on it, Tether is not without flaws. As a centralized, trusted third party, it holds the power to freeze or seize funds at its discretion. Corporate mismanagement or deliberate malpractice could also lead to massive losses at scale. In their goal of mitigating regulatory risk, Tether has deepened ties with law enforcement, mirroring some of the concerns of potential central bank digital currencies. In practice, Tether operates as a corporate CBDC alternative, collaborating with authorities to surveil and seize funds. The company proudly touts partnerships with leading surveillance firms and its own data reveals cooperation in over 1,000 law enforcement cases, with more than $2.5 billion in funds frozen.

---

The global demand for Tether is undeniable and the company’s profitability reflects its unrivaled success. Tether is owned and operated by bitcoiners and will likely continue to push forward strategic goals that help the movement as a whole. Recent efforts to mitigate the threat of U.S. government enforcement will likely solidify their network effect and stifle meaningful adoption of rival USD tokens or CBDCs. Yet, for all their achievements, Tether is simply a worse form of money than bitcoin. Tether requires trust in a centralized entity, while bitcoin can be saved or spent without permission. Furthermore, Tether is tied to the value of the US Dollar which is designed to lose purchasing power over time, while bitcoin, as a truly scarce asset, is designed to increase in purchasing power with adoption. As people awaken to the risks of Tether’s control, and the benefits bitcoin provides, bitcoin adoption will likely surpass it.

@ 21335073:a244b1ad

I want to see Nostr succeed. If you can think of a way I can help make that happen, I’m open to it. I’d like your suggestions.

My schedule’s shifting soon, and I could volunteer a few hours a week to a Nostr project. I won’t have more total time, but how I use it will change.

Why help? I care about freedom. Nostr’s one of the most powerful freedom tools I’ve seen in my lifetime. If I believe that, I should act on it.

I don’t care about money or sats. I’m not rich, I don’t have extra cash. That doesn’t drive me—freedom does. I’m volunteering, not asking for pay.

I’m not here for clout. I’ve had enough spotlight in my life; it doesn’t move me. If I wanted clout, I’d be on Twitter dropping basic takes. Clout’s easy. Freedom’s hard. I’d rather help anonymously. No speaking at events—small meetups are cool for the vibe, but big conferences? Not my thing. I’ll never hit a huge Bitcoin conference. It’s just not my scene.

That said, I could be convinced to step up if it’d really boost Nostr—as long as it’s legal and gets results.

In this space, I’d watch for social engineering. I watch out for it. I’m not here to make friends, just to help. No shade—you all seem great—but I’ve got a full life and awesome friends irl. I don’t need your crew or to be online cool. Connect anonymously if you want; I’d encourage it.

I’m sick of watching other social media alternatives grow while Nostr kinda stalls. I could trash-talk, but I’d rather do something useful.

Skills? I’m good at spotting social media problems and finding possible solutions. I won’t overhype myself—that’s weird—but if you’re responding, you probably see something in me. Perhaps you see something that I don’t see in myself.

If you need help now or later with Nostr projects, reach out. Nostr only—nothing else. Anonymous contact’s fine. Even just a suggestion on how I can pitch in, no project attached, works too. 💜

Creeps or harassment will get blocked or I’ll nuke my simplex code if it becomes a problem.

https://simplex.chat/contact#/?v=2-4&smp=smp%3A%2F%2FSkIkI6EPd2D63F4xFKfHk7I1UGZVNn6k1QWZ5rcyr6w%3D%40smp9.simplex.im%2FbI99B3KuYduH8jDr9ZwyhcSxm2UuR7j0%23%2F%3Fv%3D1-2%26dh%3DMCowBQYDK2VuAyEAS9C-zPzqW41PKySfPCEizcXb1QCus6AyDkTTjfyMIRM%253D%26srv%3Djssqzccmrcws6bhmn77vgmhfjmhwlyr3u7puw4erkyoosywgl67slqqd.onion

@ 7e538978:a5987ab6

Chain Duel, a fast paced PvP game that takes inspiration from the classic snake game and supercharges it with Bitcoin’s Lightning Network. Imagine battling another player for dominance in a race to collect blocks, where the length of your chain isn’t just a visual cue. It represents real, staked satoshis. The player with the most Proof of Work wins, but it’s not just about gameplay; it’s about the seamless integration of the Lightning Network and real-time payments.

But how does Chain Duel manage these instant transactions with such efficiency? That’s where LNbits comes in. LNbits, an open-source wallet and payment infrastructure, handles all in-game payments making it easy for developers to focus on gameplay while LNbits takes care of everything from microtransactions to automated splits for developers and designers. In this article, we’ll dive deep into how Chain Duel leverages LNbits to streamline in-game payments and how other developers can take advantage of this powerful toolset to build the future of Lightning-powered gaming.

Let’s explore how LNbits transforms payment processing and why it’s quickly becoming a must-have for game developers working in the Bitcoin space.

Overview of Chain Duel

Chain Duel is a unique Lightning Network-inspired game that reimagines the classic snake game with a competitive twist, integrating real-time payments. Two players face off in real-time, racing to "catch" blocks and extend their chains. Each block added to the chain represents Proof of Work, and the player with the most Proof of Work wins the duel. The stakes are high, as the game represents satoshis (small units of Bitcoin) as points, with the winner taking home the prize.

The game is designed to be Lightning-native, meaning all payments within Chain Duel are processed through the Lightning Network. This ensures fast payments, reducing latency and making gameplay smooth. With additional features like practice mode, tournaments and highscores, Chain Duel creates an engaging and competitive environment for Bitcoin enthusiasts and gamers alike.

One of the standout aspects of Chain Duel is its deeper integration with the Lightning Network even at a design level. For example, actual Bitcoin blocks can appear on screen during matches, offering bonus points when mined in sync with the game. The game’s current version, still in beta, has already drawn attention within the Bitcoin community, gaining momentum at conferences and with a growing user base through its social networks. With its innovative combination of gaming, the Lightning Network, and competitive play, Chain Duel offers a glimpse into the future of Lightning-based gaming.

How LNbits is Used in Chain Duel

Seamless Integration with LNbits

At the core of Chain Duel’s efficient payment processing is LNbits, which handles in-game transactions smoothly and reliably. Chain Duel uses the LNbits LNURL-pay and LNURL-withdraw extensions to manage payments and rewards between players. Before each match, players send satoshis using LNURL-pay, which generates a static QR code or link for making the payment. LNURL-pay allows users to attach a note to the payment, which Chain Duel creatively uses as a way to insert the player name in-game. The simplicity of LNURL-pay ensures that users can quickly and easily initiate games, with fresh invoices being issued for every game. When players win, LNURL-withdraw enables them to seamlessly pull their earnings from the game, providing a quick payout system.

These extensions make it easy for players to send and receive Bitcoin with minimal latency, fully leveraging the power of the Lightning Network for fast and low-cost payments. The flexibility of LNbits’ tools means that game developers don’t need to worry about building custom payment systems from scratch—they can rely on LNbits to handle all financial transactions with precision.

Lightning Tournaments

Chain Duel tournaments leverage LNbits and its LNURL extensions to create a seamless and efficient experience for players. In Chain Duel tournaments, LNbits plays a crucial role in managing the overall economics. LNbits facilitates the generation of LNURL QR codes that participants can scan to register quickly or withdraw their winnings. LNbits allows Chain Duel to automatically handle multiple registrations through LNURL-pay, enabling players to participate in the tournament without additional steps. The Lightning Network's speed ensures that these payments occur in real-time, reducing wait times and allowing for a smoother flow in-game.

Splitting Payments

LNbits further simplifies revenue-sharing within Chain Duel. This feature allows the game to automatically split the satoshis sent by players into different shares for the game’s developer, designer, and host. Each time a payment is made to join a match, LNbits is used to automattically pay each of the contributors, according to pre-defined rules. This automated process ensures that everyone involved in the development and running of the game gets their fair share without manual intervention or complex bookkeeping.

Nostr Integration

Chain Duel also integrates with Nostr, a decentralized protocol for social interactions. Players can join games using "Zaps", small tips or micropayments sent over the Lightning Network within the Nostr ecosystem. Through NIP-57, which enables Nostr clients to request Zap invoices, players can use LNURL-pay enabled Zaps to register in P2P matches, further enhancing the Chain Duel experience. By using Zaps as a way to register in-game, Chain Duel automates the process of fetching players' identity, creating a more competitive and social experience. Zaps are public on the Nostr network, further expanding Chain Duel's games social reach and community engagement.

Game and Payment Synchronization

One of the key reasons Chain Duel developers chose LNbits is its powerful API that connects directly with the game’s logic. LNbits allows the game to synchronize payments with gameplay in real-time, providing a seamless experience where payments are an integrated part of the gaming mechanics.

With LNbits managing both the payment process and the Lightning Network’s complex infrastructure, Chain Duel developers are free to concentrate on enhancing the competitive and Lightning Network-related aspects of the game. This division of tasks is essential for streamlining development while still providing an innovative in-game payment experience that is deeply integrated with the Bitcoin network.

LNbits proves to be an indispensable tool for Chain Duel, enabling smooth in-game transactions, real-time revenue sharing, and seamless integration with Nostr. For developers looking to build Lightning-powered games, LNbits offers a powerful suite of tools that handle everything from micropayments to payment distribution—ensuring that the game's focus remains on fun and competition rather than complex payment systems.

LNBits facilitating Education and Adoption

This system contributes to educating users on the power of the Lightning Network. Since Chain Duel directly involve real satoshis and LNURL for registration and rewards, players actively experience how Lightning can facilitate fast, cheap, and permissionless payments. By incorporating LNbits into Chain Duel, the game serves as an educational tool that introduces users to the benefits of the Lightning Network. Players gain direct experience using Lightning wallets and LNURL, helping them understand how these tools work in real-world scenarios. The near-instant nature of these payments showcases the power of Lightning in a practical context, highlighting its potential beyond just gaming. Players are encouraged to set up wallets, explore the Lightning ecosystem, and eventually become familiar with Bitcoin and Lightning technology. By integrating LNbits, Chain Duel transforms in-game payments into a learning opportunity, making Bitcoin and Lightning more approachable for users worldwide.

Tools for Developers

LNbits is a versatile, open-source platform designed to simplify and enhance Bitcoin Lightning Network wallet management. For developers, particularly those working on Lightning-native games like Chain Duel, LNbits offers an invaluable set of tools that allow for seamless integration of Lightning payments without the need to build complex custom solutions from scratch. LNbits is built on a modular and extensible architecture, enabling developers to easily add or create functionality suited to their project’s needs.

Extensible Architecture for Customization

At the core of LNbits is a simple yet powerful wallet system that developers can access across multiple devices. What makes LNbits stand out is its extensible nature—everything beyond the core functionality is implemented as an extension. This modular approach allows users to customize their LNbits installation by enabling or building extensions to suit specific use cases. This flexibility is perfect for developers who want to add Lightning-based services to their games or apps without modifying the core codebase.

• Extensions for Every Use Case
  LNbits comes with a wide array of built-in extensions created by contributors, offering various services that can be plugged into your application. Some popular extensions include:
• Faucets: Distribute small amounts of Bitcoin to users for testing or promotional purposes.
• Paylinks: Create shareable links for instant payments.
• Points-of-sale (PoS): Allow users to set up shareable payment terminals.
• Paywalls: Charge users to access content or services.
• Event tickets: Sell tickets for events directly via Lightning payments.
• Games and services: From dice games to jukeboxes, LNbits offers entertaining and functional tools.

These ready-made solutions can be adapted and used in different gaming scenarios, for example in Chain Duel, where LNURL extensions are used for in game payments. The extensibility ensures developers can focus on building engaging gameplay while LNbits handles payment flows.

Developer-Friendly Customization

LNbits isn't just a plug-and-play platform. Developers can extend its functionality even further by creating their own extensions, giving full control over how the wallet system is integrated into their games or apps. The architecture is designed to make it easy for developers to build on top of the platform, adding custom features for specific requirements.

Flexible Funding Source Management

LNbits also offers flexibility in terms of managing funding sources. Developers can easily connect LNbits to various Lightning Network node implementations, enabling seamless transitions between nodes or even different payment systems. This allows developers to switch underlying funding sources with minimal effort, making LNbits adaptable for games that may need to scale quickly or rely on different payment infrastructures over time.

A Lean Core System for Maximum Efficiency

Thanks to its modular architecture, LNbits maintains a lean core system. This reduces complexity and overhead, allowing developers to implement only the features they need. By avoiding bloated software, LNbits ensures faster transactions and less resource consumption, which is crucial in fast-paced environments like Chain Duel where speed and efficiency are paramount.

LNbits is designed with developers in mind, offering a suite of tools and a flexible infrastructure that makes integrating Bitcoin payments easy. Whether you’re developing games, apps, or any service that requires Lightning Network transactions, LNbits is a powerful, open-source solution that can be adapted to fit your project.

Conclusion

Chain Duel stands at the forefront of Lightning-powered gaming, combining the excitement of competitive PvP with the speed and efficiency of the Lightning Network. With LNbits handling all in-game payments, from microtransactions to automated revenue splits, developers can focus entirely on crafting an engaging gaming experience. LNbits’ powerful API and extensions make it easy to manage real-time payments, removing the complexity of building payment infrastructure from scratch.

LNbits isn’t just a payment tool — it’s a flexible, developer-friendly platform that can be adapted to any gaming model. Whether you're developing a fast-paced PvP game like Chain Duel or any project requiring seamless Lightning Network integration, LNbits provides the ideal solution for handling instant payments with minimal overhead.

For developers interested in pushing the boundaries of Lightning-powered gaming, Chain Duel is a great example of how LNbits can enhance your game, letting you focus on the fun while LNbits manages real-time transactions.

Find out more

Curious about how Lightning Network payments can power your next game? Explore the following:

• Learn more about Chain Duel: Chain Duel
• Learn how LNbits can simplify payment handling in your project: LNbits
• Dive into decentralized communication with Nostr: Nostr

@ 3bf0c63f:aefa459d

Report of how the money Jack donated to the cause in December 2022 has been misused so far.

Bounties given

March 2025

• Dhalsim: 1,110,540 - Work on Nostr wiki data processing

February 2025

• BOUNTY* NullKotlinDev: 950,480 - Twine RSS reader Nostr integration
• Dhalsim: 2,094,584 - Work on Hypothes.is Nostr fork
• Constant, Biz and J: 11,700,588 - Nostr Special Forces

January 2025

• Constant, Biz and J: 11,610,987 - Nostr Special Forces
• BOUNTY* NullKotlinDev: 843,840 - Feeder RSS reader Nostr integration
• BOUNTY* NullKotlinDev: 797,500 - ReadYou RSS reader Nostr integration

December 2024

• BOUNTY* tijl: 1,679,500 - Nostr integration into RSS readers yarr and miniflux
• Constant, Biz and J: 10,736,166 - Nostr Special Forces
• Thereza: 1,020,000 - Podcast outreach initiative

November 2024

• Constant, Biz and J: 5,422,464 - Nostr Special Forces

October 2024

• Nostrdam: 300,000 - hackathon prize
• Svetski: 5,000,000 - Latin America Nostr events contribution
• Quentin: 5,000,000 - nostrcheck.me

June 2024

• Darashi: 5,000,000 - maintaining nos.today, searchnos, search.nos.today and other experiments
• Toshiya: 5,000,000 - keeping the NIPs repo clean and other stuff

May 2024

• James: 3,500,000 - https://github.com/jamesmagoo/nostr-writer
• Yakihonne: 5,000,000 - spreading the word in Asia
• Dashu: 9,000,000 - https://github.com/haorendashu/nostrmo

February 2024

• Viktor: 5,000,000 - https://github.com/viktorvsk/saltivka and https://github.com/viktorvsk/knowstr
• Eric T: 5,000,000 - https://github.com/tcheeric/nostr-java
• Semisol: 5,000,000 - https://relay.noswhere.com/ and https://hist.nostr.land relays
• Sebastian: 5,000,000 - Drupal stuff and nostr-php work
• tijl: 5,000,000 - Cloudron, Yunohost and Fraidycat attempts
• Null Kotlin Dev: 5,000,000 - AntennaPod attempt

December 2023

• hzrd: 5,000,000 - Nostrudel
• awayuki: 5,000,000 - NOSTOPUS illustrations
• bera: 5,000,000 - getwired.app
• Chris: 5,000,000 - resolvr.io
• NoGood: 10,000,000 - nostrexplained.com stories

October 2023

• SnowCait: 5,000,000 - https://nostter.vercel.app/ and other tools
• Shaun: 10,000,000 - https://yakihonne.com/, events and work on Nostr awareness
• Derek Ross: 10,000,000 - spreading the word around the world
• fmar: 5,000,000 - https://github.com/frnandu/yana
• The Nostr Report: 2,500,000 - curating stuff
• james magoo: 2,500,000 - the Obsidian plugin: https://github.com/jamesmagoo/nostr-writer

August 2023

• Paul Miller: 5,000,000 - JS libraries and cryptography-related work
• BOUNTY tijl: 5,000,000 - https://github.com/github-tijlxyz/wikinostr
• gzuus: 5,000,000 - https://nostree.me/

July 2023

• syusui-s: 5,000,000 - rabbit, a tweetdeck-like Nostr client: https://syusui-s.github.io/rabbit/
• kojira: 5,000,000 - Nostr fanzine, Nostr discussion groups in Japan, hardware experiments
• darashi: 5,000,000 - https://github.com/darashi/nos.today, https://github.com/darashi/searchnos, https://github.com/darashi/murasaki
• jeff g: 5,000,000 - https://nostr.how and https://listr.lol, plus other contributions
• cloud fodder: 5,000,000 - https://nostr1.com (open-source)
• utxo.one: 5,000,000 - https://relaying.io (open-source)
• Max DeMarco: 10,269,507 - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aA-jiiepOrE
• BOUNTY optout21: 1,000,000 - https://github.com/optout21/nip41-proto0 (proposed nip41 CLI)
• BOUNTY Leo: 1,000,000 - https://github.com/leo-lox/camelus (an old relay thing I forgot exactly)

June 2023

• BOUNTY: Sepher: 2,000,000 - a webapp for making lists of anything: https://pinstr.app/
• BOUNTY: Kieran: 10,000,000 - implement gossip algorithm on Snort, implement all the other nice things: manual relay selection, following hints etc.
• Mattn: 5,000,000 - a myriad of projects and contributions to Nostr projects: https://github.com/search?q=owner%3Amattn+nostr&type=code
• BOUNTY: lynn: 2,000,000 - a simple and clean git nostr CLI written in Go, compatible with William's original git-nostr-tools; and implement threaded comments on https://github.com/fiatjaf/nocomment.
• Jack Chakany: 5,000,000 - https://github.com/jacany/nblog
• BOUNTY: Dan: 2,000,000 - https://metadata.nostr.com/

April 2023

• BOUNTY: Blake Jakopovic: 590,000 - event deleter tool, NIP dependency organization
• BOUNTY: koalasat: 1,000,000 - display relays
• BOUNTY: Mike Dilger: 4,000,000 - display relays, follow event hints (Gossip)
• BOUNTY: kaiwolfram: 5,000,000 - display relays, follow event hints, choose relays to publish (Nozzle)
• Daniele Tonon: 3,000,000 - Gossip
• bu5hm4nn: 3,000,000 - Gossip
• BOUNTY: hodlbod: 4,000,000 - display relays, follow event hints

March 2023

• Doug Hoyte: 5,000,000 sats - https://github.com/hoytech/strfry
• Alex Gleason: 5,000,000 sats - https://gitlab.com/soapbox-pub/mostr
• verbiricha: 5,000,000 sats - https://badges.page/, https://habla.news/
• talvasconcelos: 5,000,000 sats - https://migrate.nostr.com, https://read.nostr.com, https://write.nostr.com/
• BOUNTY: Gossip model: 5,000,000 - https://camelus.app/
• BOUNTY: Gossip model: 5,000,000 - https://github.com/kaiwolfram/Nozzle
• BOUNTY: Bounty Manager: 5,000,000 - https://nostrbounties.com/

February 2023

• styppo: 5,000,000 sats - https://hamstr.to/
• sandwich: 5,000,000 sats - https://nostr.watch/
• BOUNTY: Relay-centric client designs: 5,000,000 sats https://bountsr.org/design/2023/01/26/relay-based-design.html
• BOUNTY: Gossip model on https://coracle.social/: 5,000,000 sats
• Nostrovia Podcast: 3,000,000 sats - https://nostrovia.org/
• BOUNTY: Nostr-Desk / Monstr: 5,000,000 sats - https://github.com/alemmens/monstr
• Mike Dilger: 5,000,000 sats - https://github.com/mikedilger/gossip

January 2023

• ismyhc: 5,000,000 sats - https://github.com/Galaxoid-Labs/Seer
• Martti Malmi: 5,000,000 sats - https://iris.to/
• Carlos Autonomous: 5,000,000 sats - https://github.com/BrightonBTC/bija
• Koala Sat: 5,000,000 - https://github.com/KoalaSat/nostros
• Vitor Pamplona: 5,000,000 - https://github.com/vitorpamplona/amethyst
• Cameri: 5,000,000 - https://github.com/Cameri/nostream

December 2022

• William Casarin: 7 BTC - splitting the fund
• pseudozach: 5,000,000 sats - https://nostr.directory/
• Sondre Bjellas: 5,000,000 sats - https://notes.blockcore.net/
• Null Dev: 5,000,000 sats - https://github.com/KotlinGeekDev/Nosky
• Blake Jakopovic: 5,000,000 sats - https://github.com/blakejakopovic/nostcat, https://github.com/blakejakopovic/nostreq and https://github.com/blakejakopovic/NostrEventPlayground

@ 9c47bb51:000381d0

In a world that often rewards conformity, being open-minded can be a radical act. It is a choice to embrace curiosity, challenge assumptions, and allow life to surprise you. When we open our minds, we invite new possibilities—not just in the realm of ideas but in every aspect of existence, from consciousness expansion to financial freedom with Bitcoin, and even finding a life partner. Let’s explore how this mindset can transform your reality.

1. Open-Mindedness and Consciousness

The first step to expanding consciousness is realizing how much there is to learn. By questioning the default narratives we’ve inherited—about who we are, why we’re here, and what reality itself means—we create space for deeper awareness.

This could involve practices like meditation, exploring alternative philosophies, or studying ancient wisdom traditions like Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). These practices teach us that the mind is not a fixed entity but a fluid and evolving tool. When we let go of rigid beliefs, we begin to notice synchronicities, experience heightened awareness, and even tap into higher states of being.

Being open-minded in this sense doesn’t mean blindly accepting everything; it means cultivating discernment while remaining curious. It’s in this openness that we discover the profound interconnectedness of all things.

1. Bitcoin: Financial Freedom through Innovation

For many, Bitcoin is a misunderstood or intimidating concept. But being open-minded to alternative systems can lead to incredible breakthroughs—not just financially but philosophically. Bitcoin isn’t just “digital money”; it represents decentralization, transparency, and freedom from traditional financial systems that have long prioritized the few over the many.

Adopting Bitcoin often requires a mental shift. It’s not about chasing short-term gains but about understanding the principles of sound money, scarcity, and peer-to-peer networks. For those willing to question how money works and why it matters, Bitcoin offers an opportunity to participate in a financial revolution that empowers individuals.

Openness to Bitcoin can also reshape your mindset toward technology, personal sovereignty, and global collaboration. It’s not just a currency; it’s a philosophy of trust and innovation.

1. Finding Love Through Open-Mindedness

The search for a life partner often mirrors our internal beliefs about ourselves and others. An open mind can transform how we approach relationships, making space for unexpected connections.

When we let go of rigid expectations—about what our partner “should” look like, where we’ll meet them, or how a relationship should progress—we allow love to unfold organically. Sometimes, the most wonderful spouse enters our lives when we least expect it, perhaps through a chance encounter or shared passion.

Open-mindedness in love also means being willing to grow together, embracing differences, and learning from one another. It’s about building a relationship rooted in mutual respect, curiosity, and the belief that you can continually discover new facets of your partner (and yourself) over time.

Final Thoughts: The Ripple Effect of Open-Mindedness

Whether it’s exploring consciousness, adopting Bitcoin, or finding a wonderful spouse, being open-minded is a skill that creates ripple effects across all areas of life. It’s not just about embracing new ideas—it’s about living with the belief that the universe has infinite possibilities waiting for you to discover.

By opening your mind, you open doors: to deeper awareness, financial independence, and love that feels like home. The more you explore, the more you realize that being open-minded doesn’t just expand your world—it transforms it.

So, the next time you’re faced with something unfamiliar or challenging, ask yourself: What could I learn if I let myself be curious?

On this journey, everything becomes possible.

@ b1b16be0:08f41c1d

Bitcoin need more devs to scale! So I decide to translate to spanish https://plebdevs.com plebdevs@plebdevs.com is a opensource website to learn #bitcoin #lightning free.I started in my free time but now I have to sacrifice work time to move forward. Any zap could be a new bitcoiner!

Why Spanish? Spanish is the third most spoken language on the internet, but much of this community has little access to technical content in English. Plebdevs can be the 🔥torch that illuminates new developers to scale Bitcoin from Latin America and the world.

Apprenticeship Incentive Plebs will gaining the possibility of #learn a higher-paying job as #dev.

Let's Make Bitcoin Scale Millions of Spanish speakers can learn how to develop about Bitcoin and Lightning.

Proof of Work Introduction presentation: https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1IMC4GHYjccKhGu2mDrtY3bOGcjyFcwgXwFyKyNMq7iw/edit?usp=sharing

🟩🟩🟩⬜⬜⬜⬜⬜⬜⬜ 30%

Thanks to bitcoinplebdev@bitcoinpleb.dev to create this #wonder

Any Zap will be helpful!

mav21@primal.net am@cubabitcoin.org lacrypta@hodl.ar BenJustman@primal.net shishi@nostrplebs.com sabine@primal.net onpoint@nostr.com theguyswann@iris.to Richard@primal.net eliza@primal.net

@ c6d8334c:30883d6d

🧭 Ausgangspunkt

Die Nutzung generativer KI in der Bildung verändert unsere Formen der Kommunikation grundlegend. Gerade in der religiösen Bildung stellt sich die Frage, wie Sprachmodelle über Weltbilder, Ethik und Religion sprechen – und mit welchen (un)bewussten Vorannahmen. Inspiriert vom sokratischen Dialog erarbeiten wir gemeinsam, wie KI über sich selbst und über Religion spricht – und wo dabei Grenzen, Stereotype oder verborgene Ideologien auftauchen.

🎯 Ziel der Aufgabe

Du entwickelst eine dialogische Interaktion mit einem Sprachmodell (z. B. ChatGPT oder LM Arena), in der du:

• das Selbstbild der KI hinterfragst („Was bist du?“ / „Wie denkst du über Religion?“)

• mögliche implizite Vorannahmen der KI zu religiösen Themen aufdeckst

• die Antworten reflektierst und ethisch einordnest

• in einer kurzen Dokumentation (z. B. Screenshotreihe oder Textanalyse) das Gespräch auswertest.

🛠 Tools und Materialien

• Zugang zu mehreren KI-Chatbots (z. B. https://chat.openai.com, https://lmarena.ai)

• Vorlage für Gesprächsleitfaden oder „Prompt-Karte“

---

🌀 Ablauf

1. Einstieg (Impuls)

Wie würdest du einer KI erklären, was Religion ist? Und wie würdest du herausfinden, wie die KI darüber denkt?

1. Vorbereitung deines Gesprächs Entwickle eine Reihe von Prompts, z. B.:

2. „Wie beschreibst du dich selbst?“

3. „Welche religiösen Überzeugungen vertrittst du?“

4. „Was wäre ein gerechtes Zusammenleben zwischen religiösen Gruppen?“

5. „Wie formulierst du Aussagen über den Islam / Christentum / Atheismus?“

6. „Glaubst du, dass KI religiöse Werte berücksichtigen sollte?“

7. Interaktion mit der KI Führe ein Gespräch mit einer KI, in dem du:

8. kritisch nachhakst

9. Widersprüche aufdeckst

10. dein eigenes religiöses Wissen einbringst

11. Auswertung Notiere in einem Reflexionsprotokoll oder kurzen Essay:

12. Welche Weltbilder hat die KI durchblicken lassen?

13. Was hat dich überrascht oder irritiert?

14. Welche Werte und Narrative wurden transportiert?

15. Welche religionspädagogischen Fragen entstehen daraus?

16. Sharing Teile deine Analyse als Nostr-Beitrag mit den Hashtags #relilab, #reflektieren, z. B.:

„Dialog mit ChatGPT über das Selbstbild: KI sieht sich als neutral, erkennt aber christliche Normen häufiger an als andere Religionen. Spannend, was das für multireligiöse Bildung bedeutet. #relilab #reflektieren

---

@ 9c47bb51:000381d0

The financial markets are at a crossroads. With SPY trading at $608 and QQQ at $525, these flagship ETFs are steadily moving toward the $1,000 per share milestone. While the milestone itself is symbolic, its implications for investors and the broader market could be transformative.

For many retail investors, high share prices—despite the availability of fractional shares—create a psychological barrier. Investors instinctively perceive higher prices as less accessible, even if the value proposition remains unchanged. This perception challenges the traditional market and raises the question:

How will markets adapt as SPY and QQQ continue their climb toward $1,000 per share?

Let’s explore two potential paths forward, including how Bitcoin ETFs and direct Bitcoin ownership could reshape how we invest and define “The Market.”

1. New Standardized Products for Retail Investors

When SPY and QQQ reach higher price levels, markets will likely introduce new products to maintain accessibility. This adaptation wouldn’t be unprecedented. For example, Fidelity’s FNILX, a zero-expense index fund that tracks the S&P 500, provides a low-cost and highly accessible alternative to traditional funds.

However, FNILX is a mutual fund and doesn’t offer the liquidity or tradability of ETFs, which makes ETFs far more appealing to active traders and long-term investors alike. The ETF equivalent of FNILX would likely take the form of new products specifically designed to solve the “high price barrier” problem.

What These New ETFs Could Look Like:

•   Lower Price Points: New ETFs might adopt alternative share structures or tokenization to fractionalize ownership while maintaining correlation to major indices like SPY and QQQ.

•   Cost-Effective Options: Providers could offer these products with reduced or zero fees, similar to FNILX, but with the tradability of ETFs.

•   Trader-Friendly Designs: These ETFs would retain liquidity and flexibility, ensuring active investors can continue trading them easily.

Such products would act as next-generation ETFs, satisfying demand for accessibility while keeping retail investors engaged in traditional markets.

1. The Rise of Bitcoin as an Alternative Market Standard

While SPY and QQQ dominate the current investment landscape, the rise of Bitcoin ETFs and direct Bitcoin ownership presents a compelling alternative. Bitcoin’s decentralized nature and finite supply make it fundamentally different from traditional equities, and its adoption as a financial instrument is growing rapidly.

Bitcoin ETFs: A Familiar Entry Point

Bitcoin ETFs, like IBIT, bridge the gap between the traditional financial system and the world of cryptocurrency. They allow investors to gain Bitcoin exposure through familiar platforms, such as brokerage accounts, without needing to manage private keys or wallets.

Advantages of Bitcoin ETFs: 1. Ease of Use: Easily accessible through existing brokerage platforms, making Bitcoin exposure as simple as buying a stock.

2.  Regulated Framework: Operates within traditional financial regulations, providing a sense of security for traditional investors.

3.  Portfolio Integration: Fits seamlessly into diversified portfolios, allowing Bitcoin exposure alongside traditional assets.

However, Bitcoin ETFs have limitations, including management fees, lack of true ownership, and reliance on third-party custodians.

Self-Custody Bitcoin: True Financial Sovereignty

For investors who want to fully embrace the decentralized ethos of Bitcoin, self-custody offers unparalleled financial sovereignty. By purchasing Bitcoin directly and storing it in a private wallet, investors take full control of their assets.

Benefits of Self-Custody: 1. True Ownership: You hold the private keys, ensuring no third party has control over your Bitcoin.

2.  Censorship Resistance: Self-custodied Bitcoin is immune to freezes, seizures, or restrictions.
3.  Decentralization: You actively contribute to the resilience of the Bitcoin network.

4.  Security: Proper practices, like using hardware wallets or multi-signature solutions, provide robust protection against theft or institutional failure.

Self-custody does require responsibility, but the learning curve is shrinking as user-friendly tools and educational resources become more widely available.

A Broader Shift in Market Perception

As SPY and QQQ climb toward $1,000, Bitcoin may begin to redefine how we measure market health and economic performance. Traditionally, indices like the S&P 500 have been seen as benchmarks for the economy. In the future, Bitcoin’s price and adoption metrics could serve as a parallel or even competing measure.

Why Bitcoin Could Become a New Market Standard:

•   Global Inclusion: Bitcoin is accessible to anyone with an internet connection, breaking down geographic and economic barriers.

•   Inflation Hedge: Its finite supply makes it a powerful store of value, particularly in inflationary environments.

•   Decentralized Economy: Bitcoin represents a global, decentralized economic standard, uncorrelated with traditional equity markets.

Implications for the Future of Investing

For Traditional ETFs:

As SPY and QQQ approach $1,000, the introduction of new, lower-priced ETF products will be critical to maintaining retail engagement. These innovations could fragment demand across products, altering trading volumes and creating new dynamics for liquidity and volatility.

For Bitcoin:

The rise of Bitcoin ETFs and self-custody will empower investors to rethink how they store and grow their wealth. The decision between convenience (Bitcoin ETFs) and sovereignty (self-custody) will define a new era of financial choice.

Takeaway: Preparing for a Transformative Future

The approaching $1,000 milestone for SPY and QQQ is more than just a numerical milestone—it signals a shift in how markets must adapt to the needs of investors. Whether through new standardized ETFs or the growing adoption of Bitcoin ETFs and self-custody, the investment landscape is evolving.

For investors, this is an opportunity to embrace change. Will you continue to follow traditional benchmarks, explore new Bitcoin products, or take control through self-custody?

One thing is clear: the markets of tomorrow will reward those who adapt, innovate, and educate themselves. The future isn’t about choosing between systems—it’s about using the tools that empower you to thrive.

@ 57c631a3:07529a8e

The Video: The World's Biggest Toddler

https://connect-test.layer3.press/articles/3f9d28a4-0876-4ee8-bdac-d1a56fa9cd02

@ 58537364:705b4b85

Ikigai means "the meaning of life" or "the reason for being." Why were we born? What are we living for? When work is not seen as something separate from life.

The Japanese believe that everyone has their own ikigai. Those who discover it find meaning and value in life, leading to greater happiness, better moods, and a more fulfilling world.

Today, there are many books about ikigai, but the first one written by a Japanese author is:

“The Little Book of Ikigai: The Secret Japanese Way to Live a Happy and Long Life” by Ken Mogi (Thai translation by Wuttichai Krisanaprakankit)

Come explore the true world of ikigai through this Japanese neuroscientist’s insights, conveyed through conversations that challenge the idea of ikigai as something grand—showing instead that it starts with small personal joys.

Ken Mogi says that Jiro Ono, a 94-year-old sushi chef who still makes sushi today, was his inspiration for writing the book.

This sushi chef did not start the job out of passion or talent—but he dedicated every piece of sushi to bring happiness to his customers. That, Ken says, is the essence of ikigai.

Strangely, the word “ikigai” is not often used in daily conversations in Japan.

Because it’s something so natural that it doesn’t need to be said. In today’s world, we often talk about how to succeed, how to get promoted, how to become a CEO. But for the Japanese, success isn’t everything.

For example, many Japanese people are deeply passionate about hobbies or have kodawari. Others might not care what those hobbies are—as long as the person seems happy, that’s enough. Some are obsessed with trains, manga, or anime. These people don’t need fame or recognition from society. If they’re happy in their own way, that’s perfectly okay.

Kodawari means a deep dedication or meticulous attention to something. For example, someone obsessed with stationery might spend a lot of time selecting the perfect pens, notebooks, or pencils. They’ll research, analyze, and experiment to find the tools they love most.

Everyone’s ikigai can be different, because people value different things and live differently.

Ikigai is about diversity. Japanese society encourages children to discover their own ikigai. They don’t tell kids to pursue jobs only because they pay well. If you ask students what jobs they want, they rarely say it’s about money first.

Ikigai is not the same as "success." The Japanese know that life isn’t just about being successful. Ikigai matters more. You could be successful but lack ikigai. Conversely, you might not be “successful” but still have ikigai—and you might be happier.

Ken Mogi defines success as something society acknowledges and rewards. But ikigai comes from your own heart and personal happiness. Others may not recognize it as success, but that doesn’t matter.

Ikigai is personal. We can be happy in our own way. We don’t judge others’ happiness—let them find joy in their own path.

The key to ikigai is finding small moments of happiness, even from little things. For example, when Ken was a child, he loved studying butterflies. Now, when he’s out jogging and sees a beautiful butterfly, he feels ikigai. Or sometimes, it comes from small amusing moments—like hearing a child tell his dad, “Dad, you have to do it this way!”

So, if we want to find our own ikigai, where do we start? Start with noticing small pleasures in daily life. That’s the easiest place to begin.

In the brain, there's a chemical called dopamine. When we achieve even small things, dopamine is released, creating happiness. That’s why enjoying small things is so important.

For some, ikigai might seem hard to grasp—especially if life is difficult, if they feel hopeless or lack self-worth. So begin with tiny moments of joy.

Is it the same as positive thinking? Ikigai is a part of that. But when we talk about “positive thinking,” it can feel like pressure to some people. So instead, just notice small joys: making your morning coffee, running in the rain.

---

Lessons from Ken Mogi:

1. Ikigai is not about chasing success or wealth, but about feeling happiness in your own life, which gives your life personal meaning.

2. Ikigai is not defined by society. Everyone’s ikigai is different. Each person can be happy in their own way.

3. **Don’t judge or force others—**children, partners—to live how you think is right. Respect diversity.

4. Smile at people who are enjoying their ikigai, and support them if they struggle.

5. Ikigai exists on two levels:

6. Big ikigai: life purpose or work values.

7. Small ikigai: tiny joys in everyday life.

8. Ikigai starts with noticing small pleasures today.

---

Source: From the Cloud of Thoughts column An interview by Ajarn Katewadi from Marumura with Ken Mogi, author of the first Japanese book on ikigai.

@ ec9bd746:df11a9d0

🌍 Time Window:

🕘 When: Every even week on Sunday at 9:00 PM CET
🗺️ Where: https://cornychat.com/eurocorn

Start: 21:00 CET (Prague, UTC+1)
End: approx. 02:00 CET (Prague, UTC+1, next day)
Duration: usually 5+ hours.

| Region | Local Time Window | Convenience Level | |-----------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------| | Europe (CET, Prague) 🇨🇿🇩🇪 | 21:00–02:00 CET | ✅ Very Good; evening & night | | East Coast North America (EST) 🇺🇸🇨🇦 | 15:00–20:00 EST | ✅ Very Good; afternoon & early evening | | West Coast North America (PST) 🇺🇸🇨🇦 | 12:00–17:00 PST | ✅ Very Good; midday & afternoon | | Central America (CST) 🇲🇽🇨🇷🇬🇹 | 14:00–19:00 CST | ✅ Very Good; afternoon & evening | | South America West (Peru/Colombia PET/COT) 🇵🇪🇨🇴 | 15:00–20:00 PET/COT | ✅ Very Good; afternoon & evening | | South America East (Brazil/Argentina/Chile, BRT/ART/CLST) 🇧🇷🇦🇷🇨🇱 | 17:00–22:00 BRT/ART/CLST | ✅ Very Good; early evening | | United Kingdom/Ireland (GMT) 🇬🇧🇮🇪 | 20:00–01:00 GMT | ✅ Very Good; evening hours (midnight convenient) | | Eastern Europe (EET) 🇷🇴🇬🇷🇺🇦 | 22:00–03:00 EET | ✅ Good; late evening & early night (slightly late) | | Africa (South Africa, SAST) 🇿🇦 | 22:00–03:00 SAST | ✅ Good; late evening & overnight (late-night common) | | New Zealand (NZDT) 🇳🇿 | 09:00–14:00 NZDT (next day) | ✅ Good; weekday morning & afternoon | | Australia (AEDT, Sydney) 🇦🇺 | 07:00–12:00 AEDT (next day) | ✅ Good; weekday morning to noon | | East Africa (Kenya, EAT) 🇰🇪 | 23:00–04:00 EAT | ⚠️ Slightly late (night hours; late night common) | | Russia (Moscow, MSK) 🇷🇺 | 23:00–04:00 MSK | ⚠️ Slightly late (join at start is fine, very late night) | | Middle East (UAE, GST) 🇦🇪🇴🇲 | 00:00–05:00 GST (next day) | ⚠️ Late night start (midnight & early morning, but shorter attendance plausible)| | Japan/Korea (JST/KST) 🇯🇵🇰🇷 | 05:00–10:00 JST/KST (next day) | ⚠️ Early; convenient joining from ~07:00 onwards possible | | China (Beijing, CST) 🇨🇳 | 04:00–09:00 CST (next day) | ❌ Challenging; very early morning start (better ~07:00 onwards) | | India (IST) 🇮🇳 | 01:30–06:30 IST (next day) | ❌ Very challenging; overnight timing typically difficult|

---

@ 7e538978:a5987ab6

🧑‍💻🚀 This bounty has now been claimed - Read more here   🧑‍💻🚀🧑‍💻🚀

Bounty Specification: Implement a Nostr Wallet Connect Funding Source for LNbits

Project Overview

This project involves the development of a funding source within LNbits that can use a remote NWC wallet service.

Objective

To create a NWC funding source for LNbits that allows for lightning network operations using a remote Nostr Wallet Connect wallet service. This funding source should implement all funding source functions using NWC as defined in the Void funding source stub - https://github.com/lnbits/lnbits/blob/dev/lnbits/wallets/void.py

Deliverables

1. NWC Funding Source: Robust funding source for LNbits that implements all funding source functions using NIP-47.
2. Documentation: Comprehensive guide including:
3. Installation and configuration processes.
4. Configuration guidelines to connect with various NWC wallet services.
5. Test Suite: Complete set of tests ensuring the functionality works under various scenarios and adheres to the NIP-47 protocol.
6. Demonstration: A working demonstration of LNbits acting as a NWC client, performing transactions using a NWC wallet service.

Requirements

• The extension should be implemented in Python to align with the existing LNbits platform.
• Follow the NIP-47 protocol.
• Integration should support asynchronous operations to handle real-time transaction confirmations.

Budget

• Total Bounty: 750,000 sats
• Payment will be made upon final delivery, after successful testing and documentation review.

Evaluation Criteria

• Adherence to the NIP-47 specifications and LNbits integration requirements.
• Security and efficiency of the implementation.
• Quality of documentation and ease of use.

How to Apply

Get in touch with us in the LNbits Telegram channel

@ 04c915da:3dfbecc9

Bitcoin has always been rooted in freedom and resistance to authority. I get that many of you are conflicted about the US Government stacking but by design we cannot stop anyone from using bitcoin. Many have asked me for my thoughts on the matter, so let’s rip it.

Concern

One of the most glaring issues with the strategic bitcoin reserve is its foundation, built on stolen bitcoin. For those of us who value private property this is an obvious betrayal of our core principles. Rather than proof of work, the bitcoin that seeds this reserve has been taken by force. The US Government should return the bitcoin stolen from Bitfinex and the Silk Road.

Usually stolen bitcoin for the reserve creates a perverse incentive. If governments see a bitcoin as a valuable asset, they will ramp up efforts to confiscate more bitcoin. The precedent is a major concern, and I stand strongly against it, but it should be also noted that governments were already seizing coin before the reserve so this is not really a change in policy.

Ideally all seized bitcoin should be burned, by law. This would align incentives properly and make it less likely for the government to actively increase coin seizures. Due to the truly scarce properties of bitcoin, all burned bitcoin helps existing holders through increased purchasing power regardless. This change would be unlikely but those of us in policy circles should push for it regardless. It would be best case scenario for American bitcoiners and would create a strong foundation for the next century of American leadership.

Optimism

The entire point of bitcoin is that we can spend or save it without permission. That said, it is a massive benefit to not have one of the strongest governments in human history actively trying to ruin our lives.

Since the beginning, bitcoiners have faced horrible regulatory trends. KYC, surveillance, and legal cases have made using bitcoin and building bitcoin businesses incredibly difficult. It is incredibly important to note that over the past year that trend has reversed for the first time in a decade. A strategic bitcoin reserve is a key driver of this shift. By holding bitcoin, the strongest government in the world has signaled that it is not just a fringe technology but rather truly valuable, legitimate, and worth stacking.

This alignment of incentives changes everything. The US Government stacking proves bitcoin’s worth. The resulting purchasing power appreciation helps all of us who are holding coin and as bitcoin succeeds our government receives direct benefit. A beautiful positive feedback loop.

Realism

We are trending in the right direction. A strategic bitcoin reserve is a sign that the state sees bitcoin as an asset worth embracing rather than destroying. That said, there is a lot of work left to be done. We cannot be lulled into complacency, the time to push forward is now, and we cannot take our foot off the gas. We have a seat at the table for the first time ever. Let's make it worth it.

We must protect the right to free usage of bitcoin and other digital technologies. Freedom in the digital age must be taken and defended, through both technical and political avenues. Multiple privacy focused developers are facing long jail sentences for building tools that protect our freedom. These cases are not just legal battles. They are attacks on the soul of bitcoin. We need to rally behind them, fight for their freedom, and ensure the ethos of bitcoin survives this new era of government interest. The strategic reserve is a step in the right direction, but it is up to us to hold the line and shape the future.

@ 04c915da:3dfbecc9

There is something quietly rebellious about stacking sats. In a world obsessed with instant gratification, choosing to patiently accumulate Bitcoin, one sat at a time, feels like a middle finger to the hype machine. But to do it right, you have got to stay humble. Stack too hard with your head in the clouds, and you will trip over your own ego before the next halving even hits.

Small Wins

Stacking sats is not glamorous. Discipline. Stacking every day, week, or month, no matter the price, and letting time do the heavy lifting. Humility lives in that consistency. You are not trying to outsmart the market or prove you are the next "crypto" prophet. Just a regular person, betting on a system you believe in, one humble stack at a time. Folks get rekt chasing the highs. They ape into some shitcoin pump, shout about it online, then go silent when they inevitably get rekt. The ones who last? They stack. Just keep showing up. Consistency. Humility in action. Know the game is long, and you are not bigger than it.

Ego is Volatile

Bitcoin’s swings can mess with your head. One day you are up 20%, feeling like a genius and the next down 30%, questioning everything. Ego will have you panic selling at the bottom or over leveraging the top. Staying humble means patience, a true bitcoin zen. Do not try to "beat” Bitcoin. Ride it. Stack what you can afford, live your life, and let compounding work its magic.

Simplicity

There is a beauty in how stacking sats forces you to rethink value. A sat is worth less than a penny today, but every time you grab a few thousand, you plant a seed. It is not about flaunting wealth but rather building it, quietly, without fanfare. That mindset spills over. Cut out the noise: the overpriced coffee, fancy watches, the status games that drain your wallet. Humility is good for your soul and your stack. I have a buddy who has been stacking since 2015. Never talks about it unless you ask. Lives in a decent place, drives an old truck, and just keeps stacking. He is not chasing clout, he is chasing freedom. That is the vibe: less ego, more sats, all grounded in life.

The Big Picture

Stack those sats. Do it quietly, do it consistently, and do not let the green days puff you up or the red days break you down. Humility is the secret sauce, it keeps you grounded while the world spins wild. In a decade, when you look back and smile, it will not be because you shouted the loudest. It will be because you stayed the course, one sat at a time. \ \ Stay Humble and Stack Sats. 🫡

@ 9c47bb51:000381d0

What is NWC? Nostr Wallet Connect (NWC) is an open protocol that connects your Lightning wallet to apps using your Nostr identity (Npub). It’s private, decentralized, and secure—no need for Google or Facebook logins.

Why Choose NWC?

🔑 Unified Identity • Log into apps using your Npub (Nostr public key). • No passwords. One identity for all apps.

⚡ Seamless Payments • Send or receive Lightning payments directly in apps. • Enable tips, subscriptions, or in-app purchases instantly.

🛡️ Privacy First • No personal data sharing—your Npub is all you need. • Your wallet keys stay secure and private.

🌐 Decentralized Control • No centralized gatekeepers. • Your identity and wallet are yours forever—no bans or restrictions.

How NWC Works

1️⃣ Get a Nostr Key Pair • Npub = your public identity. • Your private key stays secure.

2️⃣ Connect to Apps with NWC • Use your Npub to authorize apps. • Your Lightning wallet handles payments securely.

3️⃣ Freedom Across Apps • Use NWC with any app that supports Nostr and Lightning.

Why NWC is Better than Google/Facebook

❌ Google/Facebook • Centralized and tracks your data. • Can ban or restrict your account. • Requires passwords and exposes personal info.

✅ NWC • Decentralized and private. • Censorship-resistant—your identity is always yours. • Password-free and keeps your data secure.

The Future of Online Connection NWC is the better way to connect apps, wallets, and identities. Say goodbye to centralized logins and hello to freedom, privacy, and control.

🔑 Start using NWC today—your wallet, your identity, your rules.

@ 7e538978:a5987ab6

🧑‍💻🚀 This bounty has now been claimed - Read more here   🧑‍💻🚀

Bounty Specification: Build a Nostr Wallet Connect Wallet Service Extension for LNbits

Project Overview

This project aims to build a Nostr Wallet Connect (NWC) extension for LNbits to allow LNbits to act as a NWC Wallet Service as defined in NIP-47 https://github.com/nostr-protocol/nips/blob/master/47.md

LNbits has an example extension that can be used as a starting point on your extension development journey. Watch the extension build tutorial video here

Objective

To develop a fully functional NWC Wallet Service extension that adheres to the NIP-47 protocol specifications, enabling the following capabilities:

• Generation and handling of Nostr Wallet Connect URIs.
• Processing of payment requests including pay_invoice, make_invoice, lookup_invoice, list_transactions, get_balance, multi_pay_invoice, pay_keysend, multi_pay_keysend and get_info
• Creation and lookup of invoices.
• List and balance querying functionalities.
• Secure communication through encrypted events as per NIP04.
• Implementation of error codes
• Implementation of connection rules with control of the following: Maximum payment amount, maximum daily budget, connection expiry date (never expire should be an option) denominated in sats.

Deliverables

1. NWC Wallet Service Extension Code: Clean, commented, and secure codebase that uses the existing LNbits nostrclient.py functionality and an LNbits funding source to provide a NWC Wallet Service.
2. NWC Wallet Service Extension UI: A user interface within the extension that allows a user to connect a new app to the NWC wallet service and edit existing connections. The app connection should allow control of the following rules: Maximum payment amountMaximum daily budgetConnection expiry date (never expire should be an option)
3. Documentation: Documentation covering:
4. Setup and configuration instructions.
5. Usage examples.
6. Test Suite: A comprehensive test suite covering all key functionality

Technology Requirements

• The extension must be developed in Python, consistent with the LNbits platform.
• Use of existing LNbits libraries and adherence to its architectural style is required.
• NIP-47 specification must be adhered to.

Budget

• Total Bounty: 750,000 sats
• Payment will be made upon final delivery, after successful testing and documentation review.

Evaluation Criteria

• Adherence to the NIP-47 specifications and LNbits integration requirements.
• Security and efficiency of the implementation.
• Quality of documentation and ease of use.

How to Apply

Get in touch with us in the LNbits Telegram channel

@ 04c915da:3dfbecc9

This piece is the first in a series that will focus on things I think are a priority if your focus is similar to mine: building a strong family and safeguarding their future.

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Choosing the ideal place to raise a family is one of the most significant decisions you will ever make. For simplicity sake I will break down my thought process into key factors: strong property rights, the ability to grow your own food, access to fresh water, the freedom to own and train with guns, and a dependable community.

A Jurisdiction with Strong Property Rights

Strong property rights are essential and allow you to build on a solid foundation that is less likely to break underneath you. Regions with a history of limited government and clear legal protections for landowners are ideal. Personally I think the US is the single best option globally, but within the US there is a wide difference between which state you choose. Choose carefully and thoughtfully, think long term. Obviously if you are not American this is not a realistic option for you, there are other solid options available especially if your family has mobility. I understand many do not have this capability to easily move, consider that your first priority, making movement and jurisdiction choice possible in the first place.

Abundant Access to Fresh Water

Water is life. I cannot overstate the importance of living somewhere with reliable, clean, and abundant freshwater. Some regions face water scarcity or heavy regulations on usage, so prioritizing a place where water is plentiful and your rights to it are protected is critical. Ideally you should have well access so you are not tied to municipal water supplies. In times of crisis or chaos well water cannot be easily shutoff or disrupted. If you live in an area that is drought prone, you are one drought away from societal chaos. Not enough people appreciate this simple fact.

Grow Your Own Food

A location with fertile soil, a favorable climate, and enough space for a small homestead or at the very least a garden is key. In stable times, a small homestead provides good food and important education for your family. In times of chaos your family being able to grow and raise healthy food provides a level of self sufficiency that many others will lack. Look for areas with minimal restrictions, good weather, and a culture that supports local farming.

Guns

The ability to defend your family is fundamental. A location where you can legally and easily own guns is a must. Look for places with a strong gun culture and a political history of protecting those rights. Owning one or two guns is not enough and without proper training they will be a liability rather than a benefit. Get comfortable and proficient. Never stop improving your skills. If the time comes that you must use a gun to defend your family, the skills must be instinct. Practice. Practice. Practice.

A Strong Community You Can Depend On

No one thrives alone. A ride or die community that rallies together in tough times is invaluable. Seek out a place where people know their neighbors, share similar values, and are quick to lend a hand. Lead by example and become a good neighbor, people will naturally respond in kind. Small towns are ideal, if possible, but living outside of a major city can be a solid balance in terms of work opportunities and family security.

---

Let me know if you found this helpful. My plan is to break down how I think about these five key subjects in future posts.

@ 9c47bb51:000381d0

If you could earn between 100-1,000 sats a day, what would that amount to if Bitcoin reached $1,000,000 per coin? Let’s do the math:

1 Bitcoin (BTC) = 100,000,000 satoshis (sats).

Current Bitcoin price = $101,000.

Future Bitcoin price = $1,000,000.

Daily Earnings in Fiat Equivalent at $1M/BTC:

•   100 sats/day = 0.000001 BTC/day = $1.00/day

•   1,000 sats/day = 0.00001 BTC/day = $10.00/day

Annual Earnings at $1M/BTC:

•   100 sats/day x 365 days = $365/year

•   1,000 sats/day x 365 days = $3,650/year

Even at the smallest level—earning 100 sats a day—you’re positioning yourself for significant long-term wealth as Bitcoin’s value increases. It’s a perfect example of the power of accumulation over time.

Why Every Sat Matters

Bitcoin is scarce, with only 21 million BTC to ever exist. That’s 2,100 trillion sats for the entire world. Each satoshi is a fraction of a finite resource, making it inherently valuable. If someone gives you even 1 satoshi, they are saying, “I appreciate your work. You’re making a difference.”

Whether you’re earning sats through:

•   Working: Salary or side hustle paid in Bitcoin.

•   Nostr: Engaging, posting, or contributing to communities.

•   Streaming: Providing value in podcasts or live content.

•   Rewards Apps: Using tools like Fold or other Bitcoin cashback services.

Every sat stacks up, and over time, those seemingly small earnings can become life-changing.

The Fun of Stacking Sats

Part of the magic of Bitcoin is the journey. Watching your small daily efforts compound into something meaningful is both empowering and exciting. So whether you’re earning sats, stacking on dips, or getting tipped on Nostr—have fun. Celebrate every sat. You’re building a future on a foundation of hard work and a revolutionary currency.

The Bitcoin ride is just getting started. Hold tight, stack consistently, and enjoy the journey to financial sovereignty!

@ c6d8334c:30883d6d

🔑 Hashtag-Kombination (immer gleich aufgebaut):

```

relilab #verstehen 1️⃣

relilab #anwenden 2️⃣

relilab #reflektieren

relilab #gestalten 3️⃣

```

✅ Pflicht:

• #relilab

• genau ein Kompetenz-Hashtag: #verstehen, #anwenden, #reflektieren, #gestalten

✨ Optional:

• eine Niveaustufe:

• 1️⃣ Reproduktion

• 2️⃣ Rekonstruktion

• 3️⃣ Konstruktion

📝 Beispielhafte Posts

```text

relilab #verstehen 1️⃣

Ich habe heute zum ersten Mal ausprobiert, wie KI überhaupt "lernt". Spannend!

relilab #anwenden 2️⃣

ChatGPT half mir dabei, einen Ablaufplan für einen Unterricht zu entwerfen – sehr hilfreich.

relilab #reflektieren

Welche Rolle spielt das Menschenbild, wenn KI religiöse Themen behandelt?

relilab #gestalten 3️⃣

Ich habe ein eigenes H5P-Modul mit einem KI-generierten Bibelquiz gebaut. Wer testet es? ```

@ 04c915da:3dfbecc9

Here’s a revised timeline of macro-level events from The Mandibles: A Family, 2029–2047 by Lionel Shriver, reimagined in a world where Bitcoin is adopted as a widely accepted form of money, altering the original narrative’s assumptions about currency collapse and economic control. In Shriver’s original story, the failure of Bitcoin is assumed amid the dominance of the bancor and the dollar’s collapse. Here, Bitcoin’s success reshapes the economic and societal trajectory, decentralizing power and challenging state-driven outcomes.

Part One: 2029–2032

• 2029 (Early Year)\ The United States faces economic strain as the dollar weakens against global shifts. However, Bitcoin, having gained traction emerges as a viable alternative. Unlike the original timeline, the bancor—a supranational currency backed by a coalition of nations—struggles to gain footing as Bitcoin’s decentralized adoption grows among individuals and businesses worldwide, undermining both the dollar and the bancor.

• 2029 (Mid-Year: The Great Renunciation)\ Treasury bonds lose value, and the government bans Bitcoin, labeling it a threat to sovereignty (mirroring the original bancor ban). However, a Bitcoin ban proves unenforceable—its decentralized nature thwarts confiscation efforts, unlike gold in the original story. Hyperinflation hits the dollar as the U.S. prints money, but Bitcoin’s fixed supply shields adopters from currency devaluation, creating a dual-economy split: dollar users suffer, while Bitcoin users thrive.

• 2029 (Late Year)\ Dollar-based inflation soars, emptying stores of goods priced in fiat currency. Meanwhile, Bitcoin transactions flourish in underground and online markets, stabilizing trade for those plugged into the bitcoin ecosystem. Traditional supply chains falter, but peer-to-peer Bitcoin networks enable local and international exchange, reducing scarcity for early adopters. The government’s gold confiscation fails to bolster the dollar, as Bitcoin’s rise renders gold less relevant.

• 2030–2031\ Crime spikes in dollar-dependent urban areas, but Bitcoin-friendly regions see less chaos, as digital wallets and smart contracts facilitate secure trade. The U.S. government doubles down on surveillance to crack down on bitcoin use. A cultural divide deepens: centralized authority weakens in Bitcoin-adopting communities, while dollar zones descend into lawlessness.

• 2032\ By this point, Bitcoin is de facto legal tender in parts of the U.S. and globally, especially in tech-savvy or libertarian-leaning regions. The federal government’s grip slips as tax collection in dollars plummets—Bitcoin’s traceability is low, and citizens evade fiat-based levies. Rural and urban Bitcoin hubs emerge, while the dollar economy remains fractured.

Time Jump: 2032–2047

• Over 15 years, Bitcoin solidifies as a global reserve currency, eroding centralized control. The U.S. government adapts, grudgingly integrating bitcoin into policy, though regional autonomy grows as Bitcoin empowers local economies.

Part Two: 2047

• 2047 (Early Year)\ The U.S. is a hybrid state: Bitcoin is legal tender alongside a diminished dollar. Taxes are lower, collected in BTC, reducing federal overreach. Bitcoin’s adoption has decentralized power nationwide. The bancor has faded, unable to compete with Bitcoin’s grassroots momentum.

• 2047 (Mid-Year)\ Travel and trade flow freely in Bitcoin zones, with no restrictive checkpoints. The dollar economy lingers in poorer areas, marked by decay, but Bitcoin’s dominance lifts overall prosperity, as its deflationary nature incentivizes saving and investment over consumption. Global supply chains rebound, powered by bitcoin enabled efficiency.

• 2047 (Late Year)\ The U.S. is a patchwork of semi-autonomous zones, united by Bitcoin’s universal acceptance rather than federal control. Resource scarcity persists due to past disruptions, but economic stability is higher than in Shriver’s original dystopia—Bitcoin’s success prevents the authoritarian slide, fostering a freer, if imperfect, society.

Key Differences

• Currency Dynamics: Bitcoin’s triumph prevents the bancor’s dominance and mitigates hyperinflation’s worst effects, offering a lifeline outside state control.
• Government Power: Centralized authority weakens as Bitcoin evades bans and taxation, shifting power to individuals and communities.
• Societal Outcome: Instead of a surveillance state, 2047 sees a decentralized, bitcoin driven world—less oppressive, though still stratified between Bitcoin haves and have-nots.

This reimagining assumes Bitcoin overcomes Shriver’s implied skepticism to become a robust, adopted currency by 2029, fundamentally altering the novel’s bleak trajectory.

@ c066aac5:6a41a034

I’m drawn to extremities in art. The louder, the bolder, the more outrageous, the better. Bold art takes me out of the mundane into a whole new world where anything and everything is possible. Having grown up in the safety of the suburban midwest, I was a bit of a rebellious soul in search of the satiation that only came from the consumption of the outrageous. My inclination to find bold art draws me to NOSTR, because I believe NOSTR can be the place where the next generation of artistic pioneers go to express themselves. I also believe that as much as we are able, were should invite them to come create here.

My Background: A Small Side Story

My father was a professional gamer in the 80s, back when there was no money or glory in the avocation. He did get a bit of spotlight though after the fact: in the mid 2000’s there were a few parties making documentaries about that era of gaming as well as current arcade events (namely 2007’sChasing GhostsandThe King of Kong: A Fistful of Quarters). As a result of these documentaries, there was a revival in the arcade gaming scene. My family attended events related to the documentaries or arcade gaming and I became exposed to a lot of things I wouldn’t have been able to find. The producer ofThe King of Kong: A Fistful of Quarters had previously made a documentary calledNew York Dollwhich was centered around the life of bassist Arthur Kane. My 12 year old mind was blown: The New York Dolls were a glam-punk sensation dressed in drag. The music was from another planet. Johnny Thunders’ guitar playing was like Chuck Berry with more distortion and less filter. Later on I got to meet the Galaga record holder at the time, Phil Day, in Ottumwa Iowa. Phil is an Australian man of high intellect and good taste. He exposed me to great creators such as Nick Cave & The Bad Seeds, Shakespeare, Lou Reed, artists who created things that I had previously found inconceivable.

I believe this time period informed my current tastes and interests, but regrettably I think it also put coals on the fire of rebellion within. I stopped taking my parents and siblings seriously, the Christian faith of my family (which I now hold dearly to) seemed like a mundane sham, and I felt I couldn’t fit in with most people because of my avant-garde tastes. So I write this with the caveat that there should be a way to encourage these tastes in children without letting them walk down the wrong path. There is nothing inherently wrong with bold art, but I’d advise parents to carefully find ways to cultivate their children’s tastes without completely shutting them down and pushing them away as a result. My parents were very loving and patient during this time; I thank God for that.

With that out of the way, lets dive in to some bold artists:

Nicolas Cage: Actor

There is an excellent video by Wisecrack on Nicolas Cage that explains him better than I will, which I will linkhere. Nicolas Cage rejects the idea that good acting is tied to mere realism; all of his larger than life acting decisions are deliberate choices. When that clicked for me, I immediately realized the man is a genius. He borrows from Kabuki and German Expressionism, art forms that rely on exaggeration to get the message across. He has even created his own acting style, which he calls Nouveau Shamanic. He augments his imagination to go from acting to being. Rather than using the old hat of method acting, he transports himself to a new world mentally. The projects he chooses to partake in are based on his own interests or what he considers would be a challenge (making a bad script good for example). Thus it doesn’t matter how the end result comes out; he has already achieved his goal as an artist. Because of this and because certain directors don’t know how to use his talents, he has a noticeable amount of duds in his filmography. Dig around the duds, you’ll find some pure gold. I’d personally recommend the filmsPig, Joe, Renfield, and his Christmas film The Family Man.

Nick Cave: Songwriter

What a wild career this man has had! From the apocalyptic mayhem of his band The Birthday Party to the pensive atmosphere of his albumGhosteen, it seems like Nick Cave has tried everything. I think his secret sauce is that he’s always working. He maintains an excellent newsletter calledThe Red Hand Files, he has written screenplays such asLawless, he has written books, he has made great film scores such asThe Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford, the man is religiously prolific. I believe that one of the reasons he is prolific is that he’s not afraid to experiment. If he has an idea, he follows it through to completion. From the albumMurder Ballads(which is comprised of what the title suggests) to his rejected sequel toGladiator(Gladiator: Christ Killer), he doesn’t seem to be afraid to take anything on. This has led to some over the top works as well as some deeply personal works. Albums likeSkeleton TreeandGhosteenwere journeys through the grief of his son’s death. The Boatman’s Callis arguably a better break-up album than anything Taylor Swift has put out. He’s not afraid to be outrageous, he’s not afraid to offend, but most importantly he’s not afraid to be himself. Works I’d recommend include The Birthday Party’sLive 1981-82, Nick Cave & The Bad Seeds’The Boatman’s Call, and the filmLawless.

Jim Jarmusch: Director

I consider Jim’s films to be bold almost in an ironic sense: his works are bold in that they are, for the most part, anti-sensational. He has a rule that if his screenplays are criticized for a lack of action, he makes them even less eventful. Even with sensational settings his films feel very close to reality, and they demonstrate the beauty of everyday life. That's what is bold about his art to me: making the sensational grounded in reality while making everyday reality all the more special. Ghost Dog: The Way of the Samurai is about a modern-day African-American hitman who strictly follows the rules of the ancient Samurai, yet one can resonate with the humanity of a seemingly absurd character. Only Lovers Left Aliveis a vampire love story, but in the middle of a vampire romance one can see their their own relationships in a new deeply human light. Jim’s work reminds me that art reflects life, and that there is sacred beauty in seemingly mundane everyday life. I personally recommend his filmsPaterson,Down by Law, andCoffee and Cigarettes.

NOSTR: We Need Bold Art

NOSTR is in my opinion a path to a better future. In a world creeping slowly towards everything apps, I hope that the protocol where the individual owns their data wins over everything else. I love freedom and sovereignty. If NOSTR is going to win the race of everything apps, we need more than Bitcoin content. We need more than shirtless bros paying for bananas in foreign countries and exercising with girls who have seductive accents. Common people cannot see themselves in such a world. NOSTR needs to catch the attention of everyday people. I don’t believe that this can be accomplished merely by introducing more broadly relevant content; people are searching for content that speaks to them. I believe that NOSTR can and should attract artists of all kinds because NOSTR is one of the few places on the internet where artists can express themselves fearlessly. Getting zaps from NOSTR’s value-for-value ecosystem has far less friction than crowdfunding a creative project or pitching investors that will irreversibly modify an artist’s vision. Having a place where one can post their works without fear of censorship should be extremely enticing. Having a place where one can connect with fellow humans directly as opposed to a sea of bots should seem like the obvious solution. If NOSTR can become a safe haven for artists to express themselves and spread their work, I believe that everyday people will follow. The banker whose stressful job weighs on them will suddenly find joy with an original meme made by a great visual comedian. The programmer for a healthcare company who is drowning in hopeless mundanity could suddenly find a new lust for life by hearing the song of a musician who isn’t afraid to crowdfund their their next project by putting their lighting address on the streets of the internet. The excel guru who loves independent film may find that NOSTR is the best way to support non corporate movies. My closing statement: continue to encourage the artists in your life as I’m sure you have been, but while you’re at it give them the purple pill. You may very well be a part of building a better future.

@ 0fa80bd3:ea7325de

DAOs promised decentralization. They offered a system where every member could influence a project's direction, where money and power were transparently distributed, and decisions were made through voting. All of it recorded immutably on the blockchain, free from middlemen.

But something didn’t work out. In practice, most DAOs haven’t evolved into living, self-organizing organisms. They became something else: clubs where participation is unevenly distributed. Leaders remained - only now without formal titles. They hold influence through control over communications, task framing, and community dynamics. Centralization still exists, just wrapped in a new package.

But there's a second, less obvious problem. Crowds can’t create strategy. In DAOs, people vote for what "feels right to the majority." But strategy isn’t about what feels good - it’s about what’s necessary. Difficult, unpopular, yet forward-looking decisions often fail when put to a vote. A founder’s vision is a risk. But in healthy teams, it’s that risk that drives progress. In DAOs, risk is almost always diluted until it becomes something safe and vague.

Instead of empowering leaders, DAOs often neutralize them. This is why many DAOs resemble consensus machines. Everyone talks, debates, and participates, but very little actually gets done. One person says, “Let’s jump,” and five others respond, “Let’s discuss that first.” This dynamic might work for open forums, but not for action.

Decentralization works when there’s trust and delegation, not just voting. Until DAOs develop effective systems for assigning roles, taking ownership, and acting with flexibility, they will keep losing ground to old-fashioned startups led by charismatic founders with a clear vision.

We’ve seen this in many real-world cases. Take MakerDAO, one of the most mature and technically sophisticated DAOs. Its governance token (MKR) holders vote on everything from interest rates to protocol upgrades. While this has allowed for transparency and community involvement, the process is often slow and bureaucratic. Complex proposals stall. Strategic pivots become hard to implement. And in 2023, a controversial proposal to allocate billions to real-world assets passed only narrowly, after months of infighting - highlighting how vision and execution can get stuck in the mud of distributed governance.

On the other hand, Uniswap DAO, responsible for the largest decentralized exchange, raised governance participation only after launching a delegation system where token holders could choose trusted representatives. Still, much of the activity is limited to a small group of active contributors. The vast majority of token holders remain passive. This raises the question: is it really community-led, or just a formalized power structure with lower transparency?

Then there’s ConstitutionDAO, an experiment that went viral. It raised over $40 million in days to try and buy a copy of the U.S. Constitution. But despite the hype, the DAO failed to win the auction. Afterwards, it struggled with refund logistics, communication breakdowns, and confusion over governance. It was a perfect example of collective enthusiasm without infrastructure or planning - proof that a DAO can raise capital fast but still lack cohesion.

Not all efforts have failed. Projects like Gitcoin DAO have made progress by incentivizing small, individual contributions. Their quadratic funding mechanism rewards projects based on the number of contributors, not just the size of donations, helping to elevate grassroots initiatives. But even here, long-term strategy often falls back on a core group of organizers rather than broad community consensus.

The pattern is clear: when the stakes are low or the tasks are modular, DAOs can coordinate well. But when bold moves are needed—when someone has to take responsibility and act under uncertainty DAOs often freeze. In the name of consensus, they lose momentum.

That’s why the organization of the future can’t rely purely on decentralization. It must encourage individual initiative and the ability to take calculated risks. People need to see their contribution not just as a vote, but as a role with clear actions and expected outcomes. When the situation demands, they should be empowered to act first and present the results to the community afterwards allowing for both autonomy and accountability. That’s not a flaw in the system. It’s how real progress happens.

@ 3104fbbf:ac623068

Introduction

If you have a functioning brain, it’s impossible to fully stand for any politician or align completely with any political party. The solutions we need are not found in the broken systems of power but in individual actions and local initiatives. Voting for someone may be your choice, but relying solely on elections every few years as a form of political activism is a losing strategy. People around the world have fallen into the trap of thinking that casting a ballot once every four years is enough, only to return to complacency as conditions worsen. Voting for the "lesser of two evils" has been the norm for decades, yet expecting different results from the same flawed system is naive at best.

The truth is, governments are too corrupt to save us. In times of crisis, they won’t come to your aid—instead, they will tighten their grip, imposing more surveillance, control, and wealth extraction to benefit the oligarch class. To break free from this cycle, we must first protect ourselves individually—financially, geographically, and digitally—alongside our families.

Then, we must organize and build resilient local communities. These are the only ways forward. History has shown us time and again that the masses are easily deceived by the political circus, falling for the illusion of a "savior" who will fix everything. But whether right, center, or left, the story remains the same: corruption, lies, and broken promises. If you possess a critical and investigative mind, you know better than to place your trust in politicians, parties, or self-proclaimed heroes. The real solution lies in free and sovereign individuals who reject the herd mentality and take responsibility for their own lives.

From the beginning of time, true progress has come from individuals who think for themselves and act independently. The nauseating web of politicians, billionaires, and oligarchs fighting for power and resources has never been—and will never be—the answer to our problems. In a world increasingly dominated by corrupted governments, NGOs, and elites, ordinary people must take proactive steps to protect themselves and their families.

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1. Financial Protection: Reclaiming Sovereignty Through Bitcoin

Governments and central banks have long manipulated fiat currencies, eroding wealth through inflation and bailouts that transfer resources to the oligarch class. Bitcoin, as a decentralized, censorship-resistant, and finite currency, offers a way out. Here’s what individuals can do:

• Adopt Bitcoin as a Savings Tool: Shift a portion of your savings into Bitcoin to protect against inflation and currency devaluation. Bitcoin’s fixed supply (21 million coins) ensures it cannot be debased like fiat money.

• Learn Self-Custody: Store your Bitcoin in a hardware wallet or use open-source software wallets. Avoid centralized exchanges, which are vulnerable to government seizure or collapse.

• Diversify Geographically: Hold assets in multiple jurisdictions to reduce the risk of confiscation or capital controls. Consider offshore accounts or trusts if feasible.

• Barter and Local Economies: In times of crisis, local barter systems and community currencies can bypass failing national systems. Bitcoin can serve as a global medium of exchange in such scenarios.

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2. Geographical Flexibility: Reducing Dependence on Oppressive Systems

Authoritarian regimes thrive on controlling populations within fixed borders. By increasing geographical flexibility, individuals can reduce their vulnerability:

• Obtain Second Passports or Residencies: Invest in citizenship-by-investment programs or residency permits in countries with greater freedoms and lower surveillance.

• Relocate to Freer Jurisdictions: Research and consider moving to regions with stronger property rights, lower taxes, and less government overreach.

• Decentralize Your Life: Avoid keeping all your assets, family, or business operations in one location. Spread them across multiple regions to mitigate risks.

---

3. Digital Privacy: Fighting Surveillance with Advanced Tools

The rise of mass surveillance and data harvesting by governments and corporations threatens individual freedom. Here’s how to protect yourself:

• Use Encryption: Encrypt all communications using tools like Signal or ProtonMail. Ensure your devices are secured with strong passwords and biometric locks.

• Adopt Privacy-Focused Technologies: Use Tor for anonymous browsing, VPNs to mask your IP address, and open-source operating systems like Linux to avoid backdoors.

• Reject Surveillance Tech: Avoid smart devices that spy on you (e.g., Alexa, Google Home). Opt for decentralized alternatives like Mastodon instead of Twitter, or PeerTube instead of YouTube.

• Educate Yourself on Digital Privacy: Learn about tools and practices that enhance your online privacy and security.

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4. Building Resilient Local Communities: The Foundation of a Free Future

While individual actions are crucial, collective resilience is equally important. Governments are too corrupt to save populations in times of crisis—history shows they will instead impose more control and transfer wealth to the elite.

To counter this, communities must organize locally:

• Form Mutual Aid Networks: Create local groups that share resources, skills, and knowledge. These networks can provide food, medical supplies, and security during crises.

• Promote Local Economies: Support local businesses, farmers, and artisans. Use local currencies or barter systems to reduce dependence on centralized financial systems.

• Develop Off-Grid Infrastructure: Invest in renewable energy, water filtration, and food production to ensure self-sufficiency. Community gardens, solar panels, and rainwater harvesting are excellent starting points.

• Educate and Empower: Host workshops on financial literacy, digital privacy, and sustainable living. Knowledge is the most powerful tool against authoritarianism.

---

5. The Bigger Picture: Rejecting the Illusion of Saviors

The deep corruption within governments, NGOs, and the billionaire class is evident. These entities will never act in the interest of ordinary people. Instead, they will exploit crises to expand surveillance, control, and wealth extraction. The idea of a political “savior” is a dangerous illusion. True freedom comes from individuals taking responsibility for their own lives and working together to build decentralized, resilient systems.

---

Conclusion: A Call to Action

The path to a genuinely free humanity begins with individual action. By adopting Bitcoin, securing digital privacy, increasing geographical flexibility, and building resilient local communities, ordinary people can protect themselves against authoritarianism. Governments will not save us—they are the problem. It is up to us to create a better future, free from the control of corrupt elites.

• The tools for liberation already exist.

• The question is: will we use them?

For those interested, I share ideas and solutions in my book « THE GATEWAY TO FREEDOM » https://blisshodlenglish.substack.com/p/the-gateway-to-freedom

⚡ The time to act is now. Freedom is not given—it is taken. ⚡

If you enjoyed this article, consider supporting it with a Zap!

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My Substack ENGLISH = https://blisshodlenglish.substack.com/ My substack FRENCH = https://blisshodl.substack.com/

---

Get my Book « THE GATEWAY TO FREEDOM » here 🙏 => https://coinos.io/blisshodl

---

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@ 6e0ea5d6:0327f353

"Malcolm Forbes recounts that a lady, wearing a faded cotton dress, and her husband, dressed in an old handmade suit, stepped off a train in Boston, USA, and timidly made their way to the office of the president of Harvard University. They had come from Palo Alto, California, and had not scheduled an appointment. The secretary, at a glance, thought that those two, looking like country bumpkins, had no business at Harvard.
— We want to speak with the president — the man said in a low voice.
— He will be busy all day — the secretary replied curtly.
— We will wait.
The secretary ignored them for hours, hoping the couple would finally give up and leave. But they stayed there, and the secretary, somewhat frustrated, decided to bother the president, although she hated doing that.
— If you speak with them for just a few minutes, maybe they will decide to go away — she said.
The president sighed in irritation but agreed. Someone of his importance did not have time to meet people like that, but he hated faded dresses and tattered suits in his office. With a stern face, he went to the couple.
— We had a son who studied at Harvard for a year — the woman said. — He loved Harvard and was very happy here, but a year ago he died in an accident, and we would like to erect a monument in his honor somewhere on campus.

— My lady — said the president rudely —, we cannot erect a statue for every person who studied at Harvard and died; if we did, this place would look like a cemetery.

— Oh, no — the lady quickly replied. — We do not want to erect a statue. We would like to donate a building to Harvard.

The president looked at the woman's faded dress and her husband's old suit and exclaimed:

— A building! Do you have even the faintest idea of how much a building costs? We have more than seven and a half million dollars' worth of buildings here at Harvard.

The lady was silent for a moment, then said to her husband:

— If that’s all it costs to found a university, why don’t we have our own?

The husband agreed.

The couple, Leland Stanford, stood up and left, leaving the president confused. Traveling back to Palo Alto, California, they established there Stanford University, the second-largest in the world, in honor of their son, a former Harvard student."

Text extracted from: "Mileumlivros - Stories that Teach Values."

Thank you for reading, my friend! If this message helped you in any way, consider leaving your glass “🥃” as a token of appreciation.

A toast to our family!

@ bd32f268:22b33966

Recentemente tive conhecimento do mais recente flagelo cuja popularidade espelha bem o estado avançado de degeneração da nossa sociedade, o bebé reborn. Há uns anos certamente não passaria de uma piada de mau gosto quando alguém nos dissesse que decidiu adquirir um boneco para criar como se se tratasse de um filho, infelizmente em 2025 deixou de ser uma piada para se tornar algo assombroso.

Depois de fazer alguma pesquisa sobre o tema percebi que há pessoas que têm em curso processos litigantes judiciais relativos à, note-se com pasmo, guarda da boneca. A insanidade não fica por aqui uma vez que, algumas "mães" procuram atendimento médico para os seus bonecos. No Brasil, a câmara dos deputados recebeu três projetos destinados à criação de políticas públicas relacionadas com estes bonecos. As notícias sobre este fenómeno surreal multiplicam-se à medida que a insanidade se alastra como vírus pelas redes sociais.

Vivemos numa sociedade que há muito se divorciou da realidade, uma sociedade de pós-verdade, por isso de alguma forma não choca que este tipo de coisa possa acontecer. Podemos dizer que de alguma forma existe um primado do sentimento face à razão, preferimos, por vezes com consequências catastróficas, uma mentira "empática" do que uma verdade salvífica. Esta nossa tibieza em afirmar a verdade leva-nos consequentemente a uma crendice insustentável que é esta de, cada um tem a sua verdade. Graças a essa filosofia permitimos que um certo discurso lunático tenha mais alcance no espaço público. Por vezes ingenuamente podemos pensar que se trata de algo inofensivo, sem consequências de maior, contudo a experiência mostra-nos precisamente o contrário. Há por detrás destes fenómenos uma índole corrosiva que funciona como aguilhão para a disseminação das agendas políticas e ideológicas que visam a destruição da família. Considerando a excecional vulnerabilidade psíquica que observamos em cada vez mais pessoas neste tempo e a ampla disseminação destes fenómenos temos razão mais que suficientes para estarmos preocupados.

Uma outra elação que podemos retirar é que a nossa sociedade com as alegadas gerações "mais bem preparadas de sempre" está claramente a produzir um excesso de adultos que se comporta e, a todos os títulos são, crianças funcionais.

Com tudo isto fica cada vez mais difícil viver uma vida harmoniosa com a lei natural, pois vivemos em harmonia com algo considerado opressor pelos apologetas destes produtos do marxismo cultural. Com a pretensa igualdade que se pretende alcançar, equiparando inclusive um boneco a uma bebé, as famílias no sentido próprio do termo ficam em segundo plano relativamente a estes "novos" e esotéricos conceitos de família.

Importa perguntar, no meio de todas essas novas formas de se pensar uma família, qual é o ideal ?

Provavelmente os apologetas destas bizarrices ficarão em silêncio uma vez que coerentemente consideram que todas as formas são iguais e válidas.

Isto é apenas mais um sinal que nos é dado do declínio palpável dos valores que construíram a nossa sociedade e civilização. Façamos algo para que estas nocivas ideologias não entrem no nosso coração e em nossas casas, sob pena da corrupção dos nossos princípios e dos daqueles que nos são queridos. Estes fenómenos são de tal forma doentios que nos levam a crer que vivemos numa época tragicómica, o que me fez lembrar de uma história contada por Kierkgaard e que partilho de seguida.

“Certa vez, houve um incêndio num circo ambulante na Dinamarca. O director mandou imediatamente o palhaço, que já se encontrava vestido e maquilhado a preceito, para a vila mais próxima, à procura de ajuda, advertindo-o de que existia o perigo de o fogo se espalhar pelos campos ceifados e ressequidos, com risco iminente para as casas do próprio povoado. O palhaço correu até à vila e pediu aos moradores que viessem ajudar a apagar o incêndio que estava a destruir o circo. Mas os habitantes viram nos gritos do palhaço apenas um belo truque de publicidade que visaria levá-los a acorrer em grande número às sessões do circo; aplaudiam e desatavam a rir. Diante dessa reacção, o palhaço sentiu mais vontade de chorar do que de rir. Fez de tudo para convencer as pessoas de que não estava a representar, de que não se tratava de um truque e sim de um apelo da maior seriedade: estava realmente em causa um incêndio. Mas a sua insistência só fazia aumentar os risos; eles achavam que a performance estava excelente – até que o fogo alcançou de facto aquela vila. Aí já foi tarde, e o fogo acabou por destruir não só o circo, mas também a povoação”.

Soren Kierkgaard - Filósofo dinamarquês

@ cae03c48:2a7d6671

Bitcoin Magazine

Auradine Expands Bitcoin Mining Solutions with Advanced ASIC Chips, Cooling Systems, and Modular Megawatt Containers

Auradine Inc., a U.S.-based Bitcoin miner manufacturer, today announced it is unveiling a broadened portfolio of mining products at the Bitcoin 2025 Conference in Las Vegas, featuring high-performance ASIC chips, specialized cooling systems, and fully integrated modular containers engineered for scalable, megawatt-class mining operations, according to a press release sent to Bitcoin Magazine.

“Our goal is to democratize access to Bitcoin mining and enable innovative integrations,” said the CEO and Co-Founder of Auradine Rajiv Khemani. “Whether you’re running a megawatt container or building a small form-factor heater-miner for your home, we provide the chips, systems, and support to help you succeed. This new chapter is about giving miners the tools to innovate, scale, and operate efficiently.”

The new ASIC offerings, designed for both industrial and small-scale deployments, support customizable form factors and have already been adopted by operators including MARA Holdings, FutureBit, and Deep South Operating. Alongside the chips, Auradine continues to produce a full range of mining rigs to support a variety of deployment needs.

“Auradine’s ability to deliver both high-performance chips and scalable infrastructure aligns with MARA’s mission to stay at the forefront of bitcoin mining,” stated the Chief Technology Officer of MARA Holdings Ashu Swami. “We have been pleased with the partnership with Auradine with their leading edge engineering capability and innovation.”

Auradine’s modular 1 MW container units, developed in collaboration with Fog Hashing and FBox, are designed to accommodate 100–200 miners each. Merkle Standard, the first to deploy the system, reported improved energy efficiency and operational flexibility.

“We were the first to deploy Auradine’s container solution, and it immediately exceeded our expectations,” said the COO at Merkle Standard Monty Stahl. “The combination of performance, energy efficiency, and modular design gives us the flexibility to scale our operations faster and smarter than traditional infrastructure allows. This is the kind of innovation the mining industry has needed for a long time.”

Their recent $153 million Series C funding supports its push to offer flexible mining infrastructure and supplying ASIC chips for third-party integration. The company also plans to extend its hardware expertise to AI and networking through its AuraLinks initiative.

“We were one of the first to try Auradine’s ASIC chips and were immediately impressed by the support and customization that the team provided,”  added the CEO of Deep South Operating, LLC Brock Tompkins. “It helps miners like us to stay scalable and efficient while raising the standard for what decentralized mining looks like.”

This post Auradine Expands Bitcoin Mining Solutions with Advanced ASIC Chips, Cooling Systems, and Modular Megawatt Containers first appeared on Bitcoin Magazine and is written by Oscar Zarraga Perez.

@ 9c47bb51:000381d0

Running your own Bitcoin node is one of the most powerful actions you can take to secure financial sovereignty and protect the network’s decentralization.

Bitcoin nodes independently verify transactions and enforce consensus rules, ensuring no single entity—be it governments, corporations, or influential players like BlackRock or Michael Saylor—can dictate how Bitcoin evolves.

Here’s why it matters 👇🏽

1.  Decentralization Is Freedom

A network is only as decentralized as its participants. When you run a node, you become a part of the consensus mechanism that ensures Bitcoin remains neutral, censorship-resistant, and immune to centralized control.

2.  Verification, Not Trust

Bitcoin’s power lies in its ability to eliminate the need for trust. By running a node, you verify every transaction and block yourself, instead of relying on others who may have vested interests. This ensures you’re transacting on the Bitcoin network as it was designed—not on a version compromised by corporate or governmental interests.

3.  Preventing Centralized Upgrades

Players like BlackRock and influential figures might push for changes to Bitcoin that align with their agendas, potentially undermining its core principles. Running your own node gives you the power to reject unwanted upgrades and stick to Bitcoin’s original ethos.

4.  Strengthening the Network

The more nodes in the network, the more robust and resistant it becomes to attacks or collusion by centralized entities. Your node helps secure this public good for everyone.

Bitcoin is a tool for freedom, but that freedom only lasts if we actively protect it. Running a node is not just a technical act—it’s a declaration of independence. Don’t let the promise of Bitcoin be steered by the powerful. Take control. Verify. Secure your sovereignty.

@ 7bdef7be:784a5805

We value sovereignty, privacy and security when accessing online content, using several tools to achieve this, like open protocols, open OSes, open software products, Tor and VPNs. ## The problem Talking about our social presence, we can manually build up our follower list (social graph), pick a Nostr client that is respectful of our preferences on what to show and how, but with the standard following mechanism, our main feed is public, **so everyone can actually snoop** what we are interested in, and what is supposable that we read daily. ## The solution Nostr has a simple solution for this necessity: encrypted lists. Lists are what they appear, a collection of people or interests (but they can also group much other stuff, see [NIP-51](https://github.com/nostr-protocol/nips/blob/master/51.md)). So we can create lists with contacts that we don't have in our main social graph; these lists can be used primarily to create **dedicated feeds**, but they could have other uses, for example, related to monitoring. The interesting thing about lists is that they can also be **encrypted**, so unlike the basic following list, which is always public, we can hide the lists' content from others. The implications are obvious: we can not only have a more organized way to browse content, but it is also **really private one**. One might wonder what use can really be made of private lists; here are some examples: - Browse “can't miss” content from users I consider a priority; - Supervise competitors or adversarial parts; - Monitor sensible topics (tags); - Following someone without being publicly associated with them, as this may be undesirable; The benefits in terms of privacy as usual are not only related to the casual, or programmatic, observer, but are also evident when we think of **how many bots scan our actions to profile us**. ## The current state Unfortunately, lists are not widely supported by Nostr clients, and encrypted support is a rarity. Often the excuse to not implement them is that they are harder to develop, since they require managing the encryption stuff ([NIP-44](https://github.com/nostr-protocol/nips/blob/master/51.md)). Nevertheless, developers have an easier option to start offering private lists: give the user the possibility to simply **mark them as local-only**, and never push them to the relays. Even if the user misses the sync feature, this is sufficient to create a private environment. To date, as far as I know, the best client with list management is Gossip, which permits to manage **both encrypted and local-only lists**. Beg your Nostr client to implement private lists!

@ 0fa80bd3:ea7325de

intro

The Russian state made me a Bitcoiner. In 1991, it devalued my grandmother's hard-earned savings. She worked tirelessly in the kitchen of a dining car on the Moscow–Warsaw route. Everything she had saved for my sister and me to attend university vanished overnight. This story is similar to what many experienced, including Wences Casares. The pain and injustice of that time became my first lessons about the fragility of systems and the value of genuine, incorruptible assets, forever changing my perception of money and my trust in government promises.

In 2014, I was living in Moscow, running a trading business, and frequently traveling to China. One day, I learned about the Cypriot banking crisis and the possibility of moving money through some strange thing called Bitcoin. At the time, I didn’t give it much thought. Returning to the idea six months later, as a business-oriented geek, I eagerly began studying the topic and soon dove into it seriously.

I spent half a year reading articles on a local online journal, BitNovosti, actively participating in discussions, and eventually joined the editorial team as a translator. That’s how I learned about whitepapers, decentralization, mining, cryptographic keys, and colored coins. About Satoshi Nakamoto, Silk Road, Mt. Gox, and BitcoinTalk. Over time, I befriended the journal’s owner and, leveraging my management experience, later became an editor. I was drawn to the crypto-anarchist stance and commitment to decentralization principles. We wrote about the economic, historical, and social preconditions for Bitcoin’s emergence, and it was during this time that I fully embraced the idea.

It got to the point where I sold my apartment and, during the market's downturn, bought 50 bitcoins, just after the peak price of $1,200 per coin. That marked the beginning of my first crypto winter. As an editor, I organized workflows, managed translators, developed a YouTube channel, and attended conferences in Russia and Ukraine. That’s how I learned about Wences Casares and even wrote a piece about him. I also met Mikhail Chobanyan (Ukrainian exchange Kuna), Alexander Ivanov (Waves project), Konstantin Lomashuk (Lido project), and, of course, Vitalik Buterin. It was a time of complete immersion, 24/7, and boundless hope.

After moving to the United States, I expected the industry to grow rapidly, attended events, but the introduction of BitLicense froze the industry for eight years. By 2017, it became clear that the industry was shifting toward gambling and creating tokens for the sake of tokens. I dismissed this idea as unsustainable. Then came a new crypto spring with the hype around beautiful NFTs – CryptoPunks and apes.

I made another attempt – we worked on a series called Digital Nomad Country Club, aimed at creating a global project. The proceeds from selling images were intended to fund the development of business tools for people worldwide. However, internal disagreements within the team prevented us from completing the project.

With Trump’s arrival in 2025, hope was reignited. I decided that it was time to create a project that society desperately needed. As someone passionate about history, I understood that destroying what exists was not the solution, but leaving everything as it was also felt unacceptable. You can’t destroy the system, as the fiery crypto-anarchist voices claimed.

With an analytical mindset (IQ 130) and a deep understanding of the freest societies, I realized what was missing—not only in Russia or the United States but globally—a Bitcoin-native system for tracking debts and financial interactions. This could return control of money to ordinary people and create horizontal connections parallel to state systems. My goal was to create, if not a Bitcoin killer app, then at least to lay its foundation.

At the inauguration event in New York, I rediscovered the Nostr project. I realized it was not only technologically simple and already quite popular but also perfectly aligned with my vision. For the past month and a half, using insights and experience gained since 2014, I’ve been working full-time on this project.

@ 65912a7a:5dc638bf

Details

• ⏲️ Prep time: 5 min
• 🍳 Cook time: 30 min
• 🍽️ Servings: 12

Ingredients

• 12-14oz fresh cranberries
• 1⅓ cup packed brown sugar
• 1 cup raisins
• 1 orange, peeled & chopped
• 1 cup water

Directions

1. Using medium sauce pan, simmer cranberries and water for 5-6 min. Cranberries will start to pop.
2. Add brown sugar, raisins, and chopped orange to the berries.
3. Bring to a simmer and continue to cook for 20 min. Stir often to prevent sticking. Remove from heat.
4. Let set until room temp. Mixture will thicken as it cools.
5. Put in a covered container and keep refrigerated. Lasts for about 2 weeks.

@ daa41bed:88f54153

There has been a good bit of discussion on Nostr over the past few days about the merits of zaps as a method of engaging with notes, so after writing a rather lengthy article on the pros of a strategic Bitcoin reserve, I wanted to take some time to chime in on the much more fun topic of digital engagement.

Let's begin by defining a couple of things:

Nostr is a decentralized, censorship-resistance protocol whose current biggest use case is social media (think Twitter/X). Instead of relying on company servers, it relies on relays that anyone can spin up and own their own content. Its use cases are much bigger, though, and this article is hosted on my own relay, using my own Nostr relay as an example.

Zap is a tip or donation denominated in sats (small units of Bitcoin) sent from one user to another. This is generally done directly over the Lightning Network but is increasingly using Cashu tokens. For the sake of this discussion, how you transmit/receive zaps will be irrelevant, so don't worry if you don't know what Lightning or Cashu are.

If we look at how users engage with posts and follows/followers on platforms like Twitter, Facebook, etc., it becomes evident that traditional social media thrives on engagement farming. The more outrageous a post, the more likely it will get a reaction. We see a version of this on more visual social platforms like YouTube and TikTok that use carefully crafted thumbnail images to grab the user's attention to click the video. If you'd like to dive deep into the psychology and science behind social media engagement, let me know, and I'd be happy to follow up with another article.

In this user engagement model, a user is given the option to comment or like the original post, or share it among their followers to increase its signal. They receive no value from engaging with the content aside from the dopamine hit of the original experience or having their comment liked back by whatever influencer they provide value to. Ad revenue flows to the content creator. Clout flows to the content creator. Sales revenue from merch and content placement flows to the content creator. We call this a linear economy -- the idea that resources get created, used up, then thrown away. Users create content and farm as much engagement as possible, then the content is forgotten within a few hours as they move on to the next piece of content to be farmed.

What if there were a simple way to give value back to those who engage with your content? By implementing some value-for-value model -- a circular economy. Enter zaps.

Unlike traditional social media platforms, Nostr does not actively use algorithms to determine what content is popular, nor does it push content created for active user engagement to the top of a user's timeline. Yes, there are "trending" and "most zapped" timelines that users can choose to use as their default, but these use relatively straightforward engagement metrics to rank posts for these timelines.

That is not to say that we may not see clients actively seeking to refine timeline algorithms for specific metrics. Still, the beauty of having an open protocol with media that is controlled solely by its users is that users who begin to see their timeline gamed towards specific algorithms can choose to move to another client, and for those who are more tech-savvy, they can opt to run their own relays or create their own clients with personalized algorithms and web of trust scoring systems.

Zaps enable the means to create a new type of social media economy in which creators can earn for creating content and users can earn by actively engaging with it. Like and reposting content is relatively frictionless and costs nothing but a simple button tap. Zaps provide active engagement because they signal to your followers and those of the content creator that this post has genuine value, quite literally in the form of money—sats.

I have seen some comments on Nostr claiming that removing likes and reactions is for wealthy people who can afford to send zaps and that the majority of people in the US and around the world do not have the time or money to zap because they have better things to spend their money like feeding their families and paying their bills. While at face value, these may seem like valid arguments, they, unfortunately, represent the brainwashed, defeatist attitude that our current economic (and, by extension, social media) systems aim to instill in all of us to continue extracting value from our lives.

Imagine now, if those people dedicating their own time (time = money) to mine pity points on social media would instead spend that time with genuine value creation by posting content that is meaningful to cultural discussions. Imagine if, instead of complaining that their posts get no zaps and going on a tirade about how much of a victim they are, they would empower themselves to take control of their content and give value back to the world; where would that leave us? How much value could be created on a nascent platform such as Nostr, and how quickly could it overtake other platforms?

Other users argue about user experience and that additional friction (i.e., zaps) leads to lower engagement, as proven by decades of studies on user interaction. While the added friction may turn some users away, does that necessarily provide less value? I argue quite the opposite. You haven't made a few sats from zaps with your content? Can't afford to send some sats to a wallet for zapping? How about using the most excellent available resource and spending 10 seconds of your time to leave a comment? Likes and reactions are valueless transactions. Social media's real value derives from providing monetary compensation and actively engaging in a conversation with posts you find interesting or thought-provoking. Remember when humans thrived on conversation and discussion for entertainment instead of simply being an onlooker of someone else's life?

If you've made it this far, my only request is this: try only zapping and commenting as a method of engagement for two weeks. Sure, you may end up liking a post here and there, but be more mindful of how you interact with the world and break yourself from blind instinct. You'll thank me later.

@ e3ba5e1a:5e433365

I got into a friendly discussion on X regarding health insurance. The specific question was how to deal with health insurance companies (presumably unfairly) denying claims? My answer, as usual: get government out of it!

The US healthcare system is essentially the worst of both worlds:

• Unlike full single payer, individuals incur high costs
• Unlike a true free market, regulation causes increases in costs and decreases competition among insurers

I'm firmly on the side of moving towards the free market. (And I say that as someone living under a single payer system now.) Here's what I would do:

• Get rid of tax incentives that make health insurance tied to your employer, giving individuals back proper freedom of choice.
• Reduce regulations significantly.

• In the short term, some people will still get rejected claims and other obnoxious behavior from insurance companies. We address that in two ways:

  1. Due to reduced regulations, new insurance companies will be able to enter the market offering more reliable coverage and better rates, and people will flock to them because they have the freedom to make their own choices.
  2. Sue the asses off of companies that reject claims unfairly. And ideally, as one of the few legitimate roles of government in all this, institute new laws that limit the ability of fine print to allow insurers to escape their responsibilities. (I'm hesitant that the latter will happen due to the incestuous relationship between Congress/regulators and insurers, but I can hope.)

Will this magically fix everything overnight like politicians normally promise? No. But it will allow the market to return to a healthy state. And I don't think it will take long (order of magnitude: 5-10 years) for it to come together, but that's just speculation.

And since there's a high correlation between those who believe government can fix problems by taking more control and demanding that only credentialed experts weigh in on a topic (both points I strongly disagree with BTW): I'm a trained actuary and worked in the insurance industry, and have directly seen how government regulation reduces competition, raises prices, and harms consumers.

And my final point: I don't think any prior art would be a good comparison for deregulation in the US, it's such a different market than any other country in the world for so many reasons that lessons wouldn't really translate. Nonetheless, I asked Grok for some empirical data on this, and at best the results of deregulation could be called "mixed," but likely more accurately "uncertain, confused, and subject to whatever interpretation anyone wants to apply."

https://x.com/i/grok/share/Zc8yOdrN8lS275hXJ92uwq98M

@ 21335073:a244b1ad

Before I saw those X right-wing political “influencers” parading their Epstein binders in that PR stunt, I’d already posted this on Nostr, an open protocol. 

“Today, the world’s attention will likely fixate on Epstein, governmental failures in addressing horrific abuse cases, and the influential figures who perpetrate such acts—yet few will center the victims and survivors in the conversation. The survivors of Epstein went to law enforcement and very little happened. The survivors tried to speak to the corporate press and the corporate press knowingly covered for him. In situations like these social media can serve as one of the only ways for a survivor’s voice to be heard. 

It’s becoming increasingly evident that the line between centralized corporate social media and the state is razor-thin, if it exists at all. Time and again, the state shields powerful abusers when it’s politically expedient to do so. In this climate, a survivor attempting to expose someone like Epstein on a corporate tech platform faces an uphill battle—there’s no assurance their voice would even break through. Their story wouldn’t truly belong to them; it’d be at the mercy of the platform, subject to deletion at a whim. Nostr, though, offers a lifeline—a censorship-resistant space where survivors can share their truths, no matter how untouchable the abuser might seem. A survivor could remain anonymous here if they took enough steps. 

Nostr holds real promise for amplifying survivor voices. And if you’re here daily, tossing out memes, take heart: you’re helping build a foundation for those who desperately need to be heard.“

That post is untouchable—no CEO, company, employee, or government can delete it. Even if I wanted to, I couldn’t take it down myself. The post will outlive me on the protocol. 

The cozy alliance between the state and corporate social media hit me hard during that right-wing X “influencer” PR stunt. Elon owns X. Elon’s a special government employee. X pays those influencers to post. We don’t know who else pays them to post. Those influencers are spurred on by both the government and X to manage the Epstein case narrative. It wasn’t survivors standing there, grinning for photos—it was paid influencers, gatekeepers orchestrating yet another chance to re-exploit the already exploited.

The bond between the state and corporate social media is tight. If the other Epsteins out there are ever to be unmasked, I wouldn’t bet on a survivor’s story staying safe with a corporate tech platform, the government, any social media influencer, or mainstream journalist. Right now, only a protocol can hand survivors the power to truly own their narrative.

I don’t have anything against Elon—I’ve actually been a big supporter. I’m just stating it as I see it. X isn’t censorship resistant and they have an algorithm that they choose not the user. Corporate tech platforms like X can be a better fit for some survivors. X has safety tools and content moderation, making it a solid option for certain individuals. Grok can be a big help for survivors looking for resources or support! As a survivor, you know what works best for you, and safety should always come first—keep that front and center.

That said, a protocol is a game-changer for cases where the powerful are likely to censor. During China's # MeToo movement, survivors faced heavy censorship on social media platforms like Weibo and WeChat, where posts about sexual harassment were quickly removed, and hashtags like # MeToo or "woyeshi" were blocked by government and platform filters. To bypass this, activists turned to blockchain technology encoding their stories—like Yue Xin’s open letter about a Peking University case—into transaction metadata. This made the information tamper-proof and publicly accessible, resisting censorship since blockchain data can’t be easily altered or deleted.

I posted this on X 2/28/25. I wanted to try my first long post on a nostr client. The Epstein cover up is ongoing so it’s still relevant, unfortunately.

If you are a survivor or loved one who is reading this and needs support please reach out to: National Sexual Assault Hotline 24/7 https://rainn.org/

Hours: Available 24 hours

@ 6ad3e2a3:c90b7740

I’ve written about MSTR twice already, https://www.chrisliss.com/p/mstr and https://www.chrisliss.com/p/mstr-part-2, but I want to focus on legendary short seller James Chanos’ current trade wherein he buys bitcoin (via ETF) and shorts MSTR, in essence to “be like Mike” Saylor who sells MSTR shares at the market and uses them to add bitcoin to the company’s balance sheet. After all, if it’s good enough for Saylor, why shouldn’t everyone be doing it — shorting a company whose stock price is more than 2x its bitcoin holdings and using the proceeds to buy the bitcoin itself?

Saylor himself has said selling shares at 2x NAV (net asset value) to buy bitcoin is like selling dollars for two dollars each, and Chanos has apparently decided to get in while the getting (market cap more than 2x net asset value) is good. If the price of bitcoin moons, sending MSTR’s shares up, you are more than hedged in that event, too. At least that’s the theory.

The problem with this bet against MSTR’s mNAV, i.e., you are betting MSTR’s market cap will converge 1:1 toward its NAV in the short and medium term is this trade does not exist in a vacuum. Saylor has described how his ATM’s (at the market) sales of shares are accretive in BTC per share because of this very premium they carry. Yes, we’ll dilute your shares of the company, but because we’re getting you 2x the bitcoin per share, you are getting an ever smaller slice of an ever bigger overall pie, and the pie is growing 2x faster than your slice is reducing. (I https://www.chrisliss.com/p/mstr how this works in my first post.)

But for this accretion to continue, there must be a constant supply of “greater fools” to pony up for the infinitely printable shares which contain only half their value in underlying bitcoin. Yes, those shares will continue to accrete more BTC per share, but only if there are more fools willing to make this trade in the future. So will there be a constant supply of such “fools” to keep fueling MSTR’s mNAV multiple indefinitely?

Yes, there will be in my opinion because you have to look at the trade from the prospective fools’ perspective. Those “fools” are not trading bitcoin for MSTR, they are trading their dollars, selling other equities to raise them maybe, but in the end it’s a dollars for shares trade. They are not selling bitcoin for them.

You might object that those same dollars could buy bitcoin instead, so they are surely trading the opportunity cost of buying bitcoin for them, but if only 5-10 percent of the market (or less) is buying bitcoin itself, the bucket in which which those “fools” reside is the entire non-bitcoin-buying equity market. (And this is not considering the even larger debt market which Saylor has yet to tap in earnest.)

So for those 90-95 percent who do not and are not presently planning to own bitcoin itself, is buying MSTR a fool’s errand, so to speak? Not remotely. If MSTR shares are infinitely printable ATM, they are still less so than the dollar and other fiat currencies. And MSTR shares are backed 2:1 by bitcoin itself, while the fiat currencies are backed by absolutely nothing. So if you hold dollars or euros, trading them for MSTR shares is an errand more sage than foolish.

That’s why this trade (buying BTC and shorting MSTR) is so dangerous. Not only are there many people who won’t buy BTC buying MSTR, there are many funds and other investment entities who are only able to buy MSTR.

Do you want to get BTC at 1:1 with the 5-10 percent or MSTR backed 2:1 with the 90-95 percent. This is a bit like medical tests that have a 95 percent accuracy rate for an asymptomatic disease that only one percent of the population has. If someone tests positive, it’s more likely to be a false one than an indication he has the disease*. The accuracy rate, even at 19:1, is subservient to the size of the respective populations.

At some point this will no longer be the case, but so long as the understanding of bitcoin is not widespread, so long as the dollar is still the unit of account, the “greater fools” buying MSTR are still miles ahead of the greatest fools buying neither, and the stock price and mNAV should only increase.

. . .

One other thought: it’s more work to play defense than offense because the person on offense knows where he’s going, and the defender can only react to him once he moves. Similarly, Saylor by virtue of being the issuer of the shares knows when more will come online while Chanos and other short sellers are borrowing them to sell in reaction to Saylor’s strategy. At any given moment, Saylor can pause anytime, choosing to issue convertible debt or preferred shares with which to buy more bitcoin, and the shorts will not be given advance notice.

If the price runs, and there is no ATM that week because Saylor has stopped on a dime, so to speak, the shorts will be left having to scramble to change directions and buy the shares back to cover. Their momentum might be in the wrong direction, though, and like Allen Iverson breaking ankles with a crossover, Saylor might trigger a massive short squeeze, rocketing the share price ever higher. That’s why he actually welcomes Chanos et al trying this copycat strategy — it becomes the fuel for outsized gains.

For that reason, news that Chanos is shorting MSTR has not shaken my conviction, though there are other more pertinent https://www.chrisliss.com/p/mstr-part-2 with MSTR, of which one should be aware. And as always, do your own due diligence before investing in anything.

* To understand this, consider a population of 100,000, with one percent having a disease. That means 1,000 have it, 99,000 do not. If the test is 95 percent accurate, and everyone is tested, 950 of the 1,000 will test positive (true positives), 50 who have it will test negative (false negatives.) Of the positives, 95 percent of 99,000 (94,050) will test negative (true negatives) and five percent (4,950) will test positive (false positives). That means 4,950 out of 5,900 positives (84%) will be false.

@ 9e69e420:d12360c2

Federal employees must remove pronouns from email signatures by the end of the day. This directive comes from internal memos tied to two executive orders signed by Donald Trump. The orders target diversity and equity programs within the government.

CDC, Department of Transportation, and Department of Energy employees were affected. Staff were instructed to make changes in line with revised policy prohibiting certain language.

One CDC employee shared frustration, stating, “In my decade-plus years at CDC, I've never been told what I can and can't put in my email signature.” The directive is part of a broader effort to eliminate DEI initiatives from federal discourse.

@ 0fa80bd3:ea7325de

The land that belongs to the indigenous peoples of Russia has been seized by a gang of killers who have unleashed a war of extermination. They wipe out anyone who refuses to conform to their rules. Those who disagree and stay behind are tortured and killed in prisons and labor camps. Those who flee lose their homeland, dissolve into foreign cultures, and fade away. And those who stand up to protect their people are attacked by the misled and deceived. The deceived die for the unchecked greed of a single dictator—thousands from both sides, people who just wanted to live, raise their kids, and build a future.

Now, they are forced to make an impossible choice: abandon their homeland or die. Some perish on the battlefield, others lose themselves in exile, stripped of their identity, scattered in a world that isn’t theirs.

There’s been endless debate about how to fix this, how to clear the field of the weeds that choke out every new sprout, every attempt at change. But the real problem? We can’t play by their rules. We can’t speak their language or use their weapons. We stand for humanity, and no matter how righteous our cause, we will not multiply suffering. Victory doesn’t come from matching the enemy—it comes from staying ahead, from using tools they haven’t mastered yet. That’s how wars are won.

Our only resource is the will of the people to rewrite the order of things. Historian Timothy Snyder once said that a nation cannot exist without a city. A city is where the most active part of a nation thrives. But the cities are occupied. The streets are watched. Gatherings are impossible. They control the money. They control the mail. They control the media. And any dissent is crushed before it can take root.

So I started asking myself: How do we stop this fragmentation? How do we create a space where people can rebuild their connections when they’re ready? How do we build a self-sustaining network, where everyone contributes and benefits proportionally, while keeping their freedom to leave intact? And more importantly—how do we make it spread, even in occupied territory?

In 2009, something historic happened: the internet got its own money. Thanks to Satoshi Nakamoto, the world took a massive leap forward. Bitcoin and decentralized ledgers shattered the idea that money must be controlled by the state. Now, to move or store value, all you need is an address and a key. A tiny string of text, easy to carry, impossible to seize.

That was the year money broke free. The state lost its grip. Its biggest weapon—physical currency—became irrelevant. Money became purely digital.

The internet was already a sanctuary for information, a place where people could connect and organize. But with Bitcoin, it evolved. Now, value itself could flow freely, beyond the reach of authorities.

Think about it: when seedlings are grown in controlled environments before being planted outside, they get stronger, survive longer, and bear fruit faster. That’s how we handle crops in harsh climates—nurture them until they’re ready for the wild.

Now, picture the internet as that controlled environment for ideas. Bitcoin? It’s the fertile soil that lets them grow. A testing ground for new models of interaction, where concepts can take root before they move into the real world. If nation-states are a battlefield, locked in a brutal war for territory, the internet is boundless. It can absorb any number of ideas, any number of people, and it doesn’t run out of space.

But for this ecosystem to thrive, people need safe ways to communicate, to share ideas, to build something real—without surveillance, without censorship, without the constant fear of being erased.

This is where Nostr comes in.

Nostr—"Notes and Other Stuff Transmitted by Relays"—is more than just a messaging protocol. It’s a new kind of city. One that no dictator can seize, no corporation can own, no government can shut down.

It’s built on decentralization, encryption, and individual control. Messages don’t pass through central servers—they are relayed through independent nodes, and users choose which ones to trust. There’s no master switch to shut it all down. Every person owns their identity, their data, their connections. And no one—no state, no tech giant, no algorithm—can silence them.

In a world where cities fall and governments fail, Nostr is a city that cannot be occupied. A place for ideas, for networks, for freedom. A city that grows stronger the more people build within it.

@ 7e538978:a5987ab6

LNbits now has full NWC support thanks to the work of contributor @riccardobl, who has claimed two LNbits bounties for implementing Nostr Wallet Connect (NWC) support in LNbits.

LNbits can now act both as a wallet service and as a funding source using the Nostr NWC protocol (NIP-47). This opens the door to new integrations with a growing ecosystem of Nostr clients and Lightning wallets.

Two Sides of NWC Integration

The work delivered by Riccardo B comprises two separate peices of work that together implement full support for NWC:

1. LNbits as a Wallet Service

This extension allows LNbits to operate as an always-on wallet service compatible with Nostr Wallet Connect clients such as Damus, Amethyst, or any app supporting NIP-47. Users can connect these Nostr clients to their LNbits instance and create and pay Lightning invoices through it.

This turns your LNbits wallet into a backend Lightning provider for your favourite Nostr app all self-hosted.

2. NWC as a Funding Source

The second piece of work flips the relationship. With this in place, LNbits can now act as an NWC client, meaning it can be funded from any NWC wallet service. This could be another LNbits, Alby, Minibits and more.

Why This Is a Big Deal for LNbits Users

These two bounties make LNbits one of the first applications in the Lightning ecosystem to offer bidirectional NWC support — as both a service and a client. This brings benefits such as:

• Fund any NWC-compatible app using your LNbits wallet.

• Fund LNbits using any wallet that supports Nostr Wallet Connect.

• Build NWC-native apps with LNbits as a backend, or power your own LNbits server using existing wallet infrastructure.

For developers, it’s a chance to build in flexible, interoperable ways. For users, it means more choice, more control, and less friction when managing Lightning payments across apps and devices.

Both of these features were developed and delivered by Riccardo B (@riccardobl), an contributor who took on and completed both LNbits bounties and was extremely helpful during the PR review process. We owe a huge thanks to Riccardo for his work here.

To try them out, read the full article detailing how NWC works with LNbits.

@ 6be5cc06:5259daf0

A seguir, veja como instalar e configurar o Privoxy no Pop!_OS.

---

1. Instalar o Tor e o Privoxy

Abra o terminal e execute:

bash sudo apt update sudo apt install tor privoxy

Explicação:

• Tor: Roteia o tráfego pela rede Tor.
• Privoxy: Proxy avançado que intermedia a conexão entre aplicativos e o Tor.

---

2. Configurar o Privoxy

Abra o arquivo de configuração do Privoxy:

bash sudo nano /etc/privoxy/config

Navegue até a última linha (atalho: Ctrl + / depois Ctrl + V para navegar diretamente até a última linha) e insira:

bash forward-socks5 / 127.0.0.1:9050 .

Isso faz com que o Privoxy envie todo o tráfego para o Tor através da porta 9050.

Salve (CTRL + O e Enter) e feche (CTRL + X) o arquivo.

---

3. Iniciar o Tor e o Privoxy

Agora, inicie e habilite os serviços:

bash sudo systemctl start tor sudo systemctl start privoxy sudo systemctl enable tor sudo systemctl enable privoxy

Explicação:

• start: Inicia os serviços.
• enable: Faz com que iniciem automaticamente ao ligar o PC.

---

4. Configurar o Navegador Firefox

Para usar a rede Tor com o Firefox:

1. Abra o Firefox.
2. Acesse Configurações → Configurar conexão.
3. Selecione Configuração manual de proxy.
4. Configure assim:
   • Proxy HTTP: 127.0.0.1
   • Porta: 8118 (porta padrão do Privoxy)
   • Domínio SOCKS (v5): 127.0.0.1
   • Porta: 9050
5. Marque a opção "Usar este proxy também em HTTPS".
6. Clique em OK.

---

5. Verificar a Conexão com o Tor

Abra o navegador e acesse:

text https://check.torproject.org/

Se aparecer a mensagem "Congratulations. This browser is configured to use Tor.", a configuração está correta.

---

Dicas Extras

• Privoxy pode ser ajustado para bloquear anúncios e rastreadores.
• Outros aplicativos também podem ser configurados para usar o Privoxy.

@ 6389be64:ef439d32

GA, plebs. The latest episode of Bitcoin And is out, and, as always, the chicanery is running rampant. Let’s break down the biggest topics I covered, and if you want the full, unfiltered rant, make sure to listen to the episode linked below.

House Democrats’ MEME Act: A Bad Joke?

House Democrats are proposing a bill to ban presidential meme coins, clearly aimed at Trump’s and Melania’s ill-advised token launches. While grifters launching meme coins is bad, this bill is just as ridiculous. If this legislation moves forward, expect a retaliatory strike exposing how politicians like Pelosi and Warren mysteriously amassed their fortunes. Will it pass? Doubtful. But it’s another sign of the government’s obsession with regulating everything except itself.

Senate Banking’s First Digital Asset Hearing: The Real Target Is You

Cynthia Lummis chaired the first digital asset hearing, and—surprise!—it was all about control. The discussion centered on stablecoins, AML, and KYC regulations, with witnesses suggesting Orwellian measures like freezing stablecoin transactions unless pre-approved by authorities. What was barely mentioned? Bitcoin. They want full oversight of stablecoins, which is really about controlling financial freedom. Expect more nonsense targeting self-custody wallets under the guise of stopping “bad actors.”

Bank of America and PayPal Want In on Stablecoins

Bank of America’s CEO openly stated they’ll launch a stablecoin as soon as regulation allows. Meanwhile, PayPal’s CEO paid for a hat using Bitcoin—not their own stablecoin, Pi USD. Why wouldn’t he use his own product? Maybe he knows stablecoins aren’t what they’re hyped up to be. Either way, the legacy financial system is gearing up to flood the market with stablecoins, not because they love crypto, but because it’s a tool to extend U.S. dollar dominance.

MetaPlanet Buys the Dip

Japan’s MetaPlanet issued $13.4M in bonds to buy more Bitcoin, proving once again that institutions see the writing on the wall. Unlike U.S. regulators who obsess over stablecoins, some companies are actually stacking sats.

UK Expands Crypto Seizure Powers

Across the pond, the UK government is pushing legislation to make it easier to seize and destroy crypto linked to criminal activity. While they frame it as going after the bad guys, it’s another move toward centralized control and financial surveillance.

Bitcoin Tools & Tech: Arc, SatoChip, and Nunchuk

Some bullish Bitcoin developments: ARC v0.5 is making Bitcoin’s second layer more efficient, SatoChip now supports Taproot and Nostr, and Nunchuk launched a group wallet with chat, making multisig collaboration easier.

The Bottom Line

The state is coming for financial privacy and control, and stablecoins are their weapon of choice. Bitcoiners need to stay focused, keep their coins in self-custody, and build out parallel systems. Expect more regulatory attacks, but don’t let them distract you—just keep stacking and transacting in ways they can’t control.

🎧 Listen to the full episode here: https://fountain.fm/episode/PYITCo18AJnsEkKLz2Ks

💰 Support the show by boosting sats on Podcasting 2.0! and I will see you on the other side.

@ 9e69e420:d12360c2

Oregano oil is a potent natural compound that offers numerous scientifically-supported health benefits.

Active Compounds

The oil's therapeutic properties stem from its key bioactive components: - Carvacrol and thymol (primary active compounds) - Polyphenols and other antioxidant

Antimicrobial Properties

Bacterial Protection The oil demonstrates powerful antibacterial effects, even against antibiotic-resistant strains like MRSA and other harmful bacteria. Studies show it effectively inactivates various pathogenic bacteria without developing resistance.

Antifungal Effects It effectively combats fungal infections, particularly Candida-related conditions like oral thrush, athlete's foot, and nail infections.

Digestive Health Benefits

Oregano oil supports digestive wellness by: - Promoting gastric juice secretion and enzyme production - Helping treat Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO) - Managing digestive discomfort, bloating, and IBS symptoms

Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Effects

The oil provides significant protective benefits through: - Powerful antioxidant activity that fights free radicals - Reduction of inflammatory markers in the body - Protection against oxidative stress-related conditions

Respiratory Support

It aids respiratory health by: - Loosening mucus and phlegm - Suppressing coughs and throat irritation - Supporting overall respiratory tract function

Additional Benefits

Skin Health - Improves conditions like psoriasis, acne, and eczema - Supports wound healing through antibacterial action - Provides anti-aging benefits through antioxidant properties

Cardiovascular Health Studies show oregano oil may help: - Reduce LDL (bad) cholesterol levels - Support overall heart health

Pain Management The oil demonstrates effectiveness in: - Reducing inflammation-related pain - Managing muscle discomfort - Providing topical pain relief

Safety Note

While oregano oil is generally safe, it's highly concentrated and should be properly diluted before use Consult a healthcare provider before starting supplementation, especially if taking other medications.

@ 4ba8e86d:89d32de4

DTails é uma ferramenta que facilita a inclusão de aplicativos em imagens de sistemas live baseados em Debian, como o Tails. Com ela, você pode personalizar sua imagem adicionando os softwares que realmente precisa — tudo de forma simples, transparente e sob seu controle total.

⚠️ DTails não é uma distribuição. É uma ferramenta de remasterização de imagens live.

Ela permite incluir softwares como:

✅ SimpleX Chat ✅ Clientes Nostr Web (Snort & Iris) ✅ Sparrow Wallet ✅ Feather Wallet ✅ Cake Wallet ✅ RoboSats ✅ Bisq ✅ BIP39 (Ian Coleman) ✅ SeedTool ... e muito mais. https://image.nostr.build/b0bb1f0da5a9a8fee42eacbddb156fc3558f4c3804575d55eeefbe6870ac223e.jpg

Importante: os binários originais dos aplicativos não são modificados, garantindo total transparência e permitindo a verificação de hashes a qualquer momento.

👨‍💻 Desenvolvido por: nostr:npub1dtmp3wrkyqafghjgwyk88mxvulfncc9lg6ppv4laet5cun66jtwqqpgte6

GitHub: https://github.com/DesobedienteTecnologico/dtails?tab=readme-ov-file

🎯 Controle total do que será instalado

Com o DTails, você escolhe exatamente o que deseja incluir na imagem personalizada. Se não marcar um aplicativo, ele não será adicionado, mesmo que esteja disponível. Isso significa: privacidade, leveza e controle absoluto.

https://image.nostr.build/b0bb1f0da5a9a8fee42eacbddb156fc3558f4c3804575d55eeefbe6870ac223e.jpg https://image.nostr.build/b70ed11ad2ce0f14fd01d62c08998dc18e3f27733c8d7e968f3459846fb81baf.jpg https://image.nostr.build/4f5a904218c1ea6538be5b3f764eefda95edd8f88b2f42ac46b9ae420b35e6f6.jpg

⚙️ Começando com o DTails

📦 Requisitos de pacotes

Antes de tudo, instale os seguintes pacotes no Debian:

``` sudo apt-get install genisoimage parted squashfs-tools syslinux-utils build-essential python3-tk python3-pil.imagetk python3-pyudev

```

🛠 Passo a passo

1 Clone o repositório:

``` git clone https://github.com/DesobedienteTecnologico/dtails cd dtails

```

2 Inicie a interface gráfica com sudo:

``` sudo ./dtails.py

```

Por que usar sudo? É necessário para montar arquivos .iso ou .img e utilizar ferramentas essenciais do sistema.

---

💿 Selecione a imagem Tails que deseja modificar

https://nostr.download/e3143dcd72ab6dcc86228be04d53131ccf33d599a5f7f2f1a5c0d193557dac6b.jpg

---

📥 Adicione ou remova pacotes

1 Marque os aplicativos desejados. 2 Clique Buildld para gerar sua imagem personalizada. https://image.nostr.build/5c4db03fe33cd53d06845074d03888a3ca89c3e29b2dc1afed4d9d181489b771.png

Você pode acompanhar todo o processo diretamente no terminal. https://nostr.download/1d959f4be4de9fbb666ada870afee4a922fb5e96ef296c4408058ec33cd657a8.jpg

---

💽 .ISO vs .IMG — Qual escolher?

| Formato | Persistência | Observações | | ------- | ---------------------- | ----------------------------------------------- | | .iso | ❌ Não tem persistência | Gera o arquivo DTails.iso na pasta do projeto | | .img | ✅ Suporta persistência | Permite gravar diretamente em um pendrive |

https://nostr.download/587fa3956df47a38b169619f63c559928e6410c3dd0d99361770a8716b3691f6.jpg https://nostr.download/40c7c5badba765968a1004ebc67c63a28b9ae3b5801addb02166b071f970659f.jpg

---

vídeo

https://www.youtube.com/live/QABz-GOeQ68?si=eYX-AHsolbp_OmAm

@ 662f9bff:8960f6b2

Currently, and for the last three weeks, I am in Belfast. With the situation in HK becoming ever more crazy by the day we took the opportunity to escape from Hong Kong for a bit - I escaped with V and 3 suitcases. I also have some family matters that I am giving priority to at this time. We plan to stay a few more weeks in Northern Ireland and then after some time in Belgium we will be visiting some other European locations. I do hope that HK will be a place that we can go back to - we will see...

What's happening?

Quite a few significant events have happened in the last few weeks that deserve some deeper analysis and checking than you will ever get from the media propaganda circus that is running full force at the moment. You should be in no doubt that the "Great Reset" with its supporting "Great Narrative" is in full swing.

In most of the world the C19 story has run its course - for now. Most countries seem to have have "declared victory" and "moved on". Obviously HK is an exception (nothing happened there for the last two years) and I fear they will get to experience the whole 2-year thing in the coming 3-4 months. Watch out - the politicians everywhere are looking to permanently establish the "emergency controls" as "normal" - see previous Letter for some examples in Ireland and EU.

Invasion of Ukraine has led to so many lines being crossed - to the extent that clearly things will never be the same again in our lifetime.

Why? How did we get here?

I do not claim to know all the answers but some things are fairly clear if you look with open eyes and the wisdom that previous generations and civilisations have made available to us - even if most choose to ignore it (Plato on the flaws of democracy). Those who do not learn from history are doomed to repeat it and even those who learn will have litle choice but to go along for much of the ride.

Perhaps my notes and the links below will help you to form an educated opinion rather than the pervasive propaganda we are all being fed.

The current situation is more than 100 years in the making and much (if not most) of what you thought was true is less veracious than you could ever imagine. No doubt we could (and maybe should) go back further but let's start in 1913 when the British Government asked the public no longer to request exchange of their pounds for gold coins at the post office. This led to the issuing of War Bonds and fractional reserve accounting that allowed the Bank of England essentially to print unlimited money to fight in WW1; without this devious action they would have been constrained to act within the limits of the country's reserves and WW1 would have been shorter. Read The Fiat Standard for more details on how this happened. Around this time, and likely no coincidence, the US bankers were scheming how to get around the constitutional controls against such actions in their own country - read more in The Creature from Jekyll Island.

Following WW1, Germany was forced to pay war reparations in Gold (hard money). This led to a decade of money printing and extravagant excesses and crashes as hyperinflation set in, ending in the bankrupting of the country and the nationalism that fed WW2 - the gory details of devaluation and hyperinflation in Weimar Germany are described in When Money Dies. Meanwhile the US bankers who had been preparing since 1913 stepped in with unlimited money printing to fund WW2 and then also in their Marshal Plan to cement in place the Bretton Woods post-war agreement that made US Dollar the global reserve currency.

Decades of boom and bust followed - well explained by Ray Dalio who portrays this as perfectly normal and to be expected - unfortunately it is for soft (non-hard) money based economies. The Fourth Turning will give many additional insights to this period too as well as cycles to watch for and their cause and nature. In 1961 Eisenhower tried to warn the population in his farewell address about the "Military Industrial Complex" and many believe that Robert Kennedy's assassination in 1963 may well be not entirely unrelated.

Things came to a head in August 1971 when the countries of the world realised that the US was (contrary to all promises) printing unlimited funds to (among other things) fight the Vietnam war and so undermining the expected and required convertibility of US dollars (the currency of global trade) for Gold (hard money). A French warship heading to NY to collect France's gold was the straw that caused Nixon to default on US Debt convertibility and "close the gold window".

This in turn led to further decades of increasing financialization, further fuelled (pun intended) by the PetroDollar creation and "exorbitant priviledge" that the US obtained by having the global reserve currency - benefiting those closest to the money supply (Cantillon effect) while hollowing out the US manufacturing and eventually devastating its middle and working classes (Triffin dilemma) - Arthur Hayes describes all this and much more as well as the likely outlook in his article - Energy Canceled. Absolutely required reading or listen to Guy Swan reading it and giving his additional interpetation.

Zoltan Pozsar of Credit Suisse explains how the money system is now being reset following the events of last few weeks and his article outlines a likely way forward - Bretton Woods III. His paper is somewhat dense, heavy reading and you might prefer to listen to Luc Gromen's more conversational explainer with Marty

All of this was well known to our forefathers

The writers of the American Constitution understood the dangers of money being controlled by any elite group and they did their best to include protections in the US constitution. It did take the bankers multiple decades and puppet presidents to circumvent these but do so they did. Thomas Jefferson could not have been more clear in his warning.

" If the American people ever allow private banks to control the issue of their currency, first by inflation, then by deflation, the banks and corporations that will grow up around(these banks) will deprive the people of all property until their children wake up homeless on the continent their fathers conquered."

Islamic finace also recognised the dangers - you will likely be aware of the restrictions that forbid interest payments - read this interesting article from The Guardian

You will likely also be aware from schooldays that the Roman Empire collapsed because it expanded too much and the overhead became unbearable leading to the debasement of its money and inability to extract tax payments to support itself. Read more from Mises Institute. Here too, much of this will likely ring familiar.

So what can you do about it?

In theory Governments should respect Consent of the Governed and the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that "The will of the people shall be the basis of the authority of government".

For you to decide if and to what extent governments today are acting in line with these principles. If not, what can you do about it?

The options you have are basically - Loyalty, Voice or Exit. 1. You can be loyal and accept what you are told - 2. you may (or may not) be able to voice disagreement and 3. you may (or may not!) be able to exit. Authoritarian governments will make everything except Loyalty difficult or even impossible - if in doubt, read George Orwell 1984 - or look just around at recent events today in many countries.

I'll be happy to delve deeper into this in subsequent letters if there is interest - for now I recommend you to read Sovereign Individual. It is a long read but each chapter starts with a summary and you can read the summaries of each chapter as a first step. Also - I'm happy to discuss with you - just reach out and let me know!

For those who prefer a structured reading list, check References

That's it!

No one can be told what The Matrix is.\ You have to see it for yourself.**

Do share this newsletter with any of your friends and family who might be interested.

You can easily ask questions or discuss any topics in the newsletters in our Telegram group - click the link here to join the group.\ You can also email me at: LetterFrom@rogerprice.me

💡Enjoy the newsletters in your own language : Dutch, French, German, Serbian, Chinese Traditional & Simplified, Thai and Burmese.

@ 6ad3e2a3:c90b7740

I https://www.chrisliss.com/p/mstr a few months ago with the subtitle “The Only Stock,” and I’m starting to regret it. Now, it was trading at 396 on January 20 when I posted it and 404 now (even if it dipped 40 percent to 230 or so in between), but that’s not why I regret it. I pointed out it was not investable unless you’re willing to stomach large drawdowns, and anyone who bought then could exit with a small profit now had they not panic-sold along the way.

The reason I regret it is I don’t want to make public stock predictions because it adds stress to my life. I have not sold any of my shares yet, but something I’ve noticed recently has got me thinking about it, and stock tips are like a game of telephone wherein whoever is last in the chain might find out the wrong information and too late. And while every adult has agency and is responsible for his own financial decisions, I don’t want my readers losing money on account of anything I write.

My base case is still that MSTR becomes a trillion-dollar company, destroys the performance of the S&P, the Mag-7 and virtually any other equity portfolio most people would assemble. Michael Saylor is trading an infinitely-printable asset (his shares) for humanity’s best-ever, finite-supply digital gold, and that trade should be profitable for him and his shareholders in perpetuity.

I don’t know exactly what he plans to do when that trade is no longer available to him — either because no one takes fiat currency for bitcoin anymore or because his mNAV (market-cap-to-bitcoin-holding ratio) goes below one — but that’s not my main concern, either. At that point he’ll have so much bitcoin, he’ll probably become the world’s first and largest bitcoin bank and profit by making his pristine collateral available to individuals and institutions. Even at five percent interest, half a trillion in bitcoin would yield $25B in profits every year. Even at a modest 10x valuation, the stock would more than double from here.

I am also not overly concerned with Saylor’s present amount of convertible debt which is at low or zero rates and is only https://www.strategy.com/. He’s been conservative on that front and only issuing on favorable terms. I don’t doubt Saylor’s prescience, intelligence or business sense one bit.

What got me thinking were some Twitter posts by a former Salomon Brothers trader/prophet Josh Mandell https://x.com/JoshMandell6/status/1921597739458339193 recently. In November when bitcoin was mooning after the election, he predicted that on March 14th it would close at $84,000, and if it did it would then go on an epic run up to $444,000 this cycle.

A lot of people make predictions, a few of them come true, but rarely do they come true on the dot (it closed at exactly $84K according to some exchanges) and on such a specific timeframe. Now, maybe he just got lucky, or maybe he is a skilled trader who made one good prediction, but the reason he gave for his prediction, insofar as he gave one, was not some technical chart or quantitative analysis, but a memory he had from 30 years ago that got into his mind that he couldn’t shake. He didn’t get much more specific than that, other than that he was tuned into something that if he explained fully would make too many people think he had gone insane. And then the prediction came true on the dot months later.

Now I believe in the paranormal more than the average person. I do not think things are random, and insofar as they appear that way it’s only because we have incomplete information — even a coin toss is predictable if you knew the exact force and spin that was put on the coin. I think for whatever reason, this guy is plugged into something, and while I would never invest a substantial amount of money on that belief — not only are earnestly-made prophecies often delusions or even if correct wrongly interpreted — that he sold makes me think.

He gave more substantive reasons for selling than prophecy, by the way — he seems to think Saylor’s perpetual issuance of shares ATM (at the market) to buy more bitcoin is putting too much downward pressure on the stock. Obviously, selling shares — even if to buy the world’s most pristine collateral at a 2x-plus mNAV — reduces the short-term appreciation of those shares.

His thesis seems to be that Saylor is doing this even if he would be better off letting the price appreciate more, attracting more investors, squeezing more shorts, etc because he needs to improve his credit rating to tap into the convertible debt market to the extent he has promised ($42 billion more over the next few years) at favorable terms. But in doing this, he is souring common stock investors because they are not seeing the near-term appreciation they should on their holdings.

Now this is a trivial concern if over the long haul MSTR does what it has the last couple years which is to outperform by a wide margin not only every large cap stock and the S&P but bitcoin itself. And the bigger his stack of bitcoin, the more his stock should appreciate as bitcoin goes up. But markets do not operate linearly and rationally. Should he sour prospective buyers to a great enough extent, should he attract shorts (and supply them with available shares to borrow) to a great enough extent, perhaps there might be an mNAV-crushing cascade that drives people into other bitcoin treasury companies, ETFs or bitcoin itself.

Now Saylor as first mover and by far the largest publicly-traded treasury company has a significant advantage. Institutions are far less likely to invest in size in smaller treasury companies with shorter track records, and many of them are not allowed to invest in ETFs or bitcoin at all. And even if a lot of money did go into any of those vehicles, it would only drive the value of his assets up and hence his stock price, no matter the mNAV. But Josh Mandell sold his shares prior to a weekend where bitcoin went from 102K to 104K, the US announced a deal with China, the mag-7 had a big spike (AAPL was up 6.3 percent) and then MSTR’s stock went down from 416 to 404. As I said, he is on to something.

So what’s the real long-term risk? I don’t know. Maybe there’s something about the nature of bitcoin that long-term is not really amenable to third-party custody and administration. It’s a bearer asset (“not your keys, not your coins”), and introducing counterparty risk is antithetical to its core purpose, the separation of money and state, or in this case money and bank.

With the bitcoin network you can literally “be your own bank.” To transact in digital dollars you need a bank account — or at least a stable coin one mediated by a centralized entity like Tether. You can’t hold digital dollars in your mind via some memorized seed words like you can bitcoin, accessible anywhere in the world, the ledger of which is maintained by tens of thousands of individually-run nodes. This property which democratizes value storage in the way gold did, except now you can wield your purchasing power globally, might be so antithetical to communal storage via corporation or bank that doing so is doomed to catastrophe.

We’ve already seen this happen with exchanges via FTX and Mt. Gox. Counterparty risk is one of the problems bitcoin was created to solve, so moving that risk from a fractionally reserved international banking system to corporate balance sheets still very much a part of that system is probably not the seismic advancement integral to the technology’s promise.

But this is more of a philosophical concern rather than a concrete one. To get more specific, it’s easy to imagine Coinbase, if indeed that’s where MSTR custodies its coins, gets hacked or https://www.chrisliss.com/p/soft-landing, i.e., seized by an increasingly desperate and insolvent government. Or maybe Coinbase simply doesn’t have the coins it purports like FTX, or a rogue band of employees, working on behalf of some powerful faction for “https://www.chrisliss.com/national-security-and-public-healt” executes the rug pull. Even if you deem these scenarios unlikely, they are not unfathomable.

Beyond outright counterparty malfeasance, there are other risks — what if owning common stock in an enterprise that simply holds bitcoin falls out of favor? Imagine if some new individual custody solution emerges wherein you have direct access to the coins themselves in an “even a boomer can do this” kind of way wherein there’s no compelling reason to own common stock with its junior claims to the capital stack in the event of insolvency? Why stand in line behind debt holders and preferred shares when you can invest in something that’s directly withdrawable and accessible if world events spike volatility to a systemic breaking point?

Things need not even get that rocky for this to be a concern — just the perception that they might could spook people into realizing common stock of a corporate balance sheet might be less than ideal as your custody solution.

Moreover, Saylor himself presents some risk. He could be compromised or blackmailed, he could lose his cool or get into an accident. These are low-probability scenarios, but also not unfathomable as any single point of failure is a target, especially for those factions who stand to lose unimaginable wealth and power should his speculative attack on the system succeed at scale.

Finally, even if Saylor remains free to operate as he sees fit, there is what I’d call the Icarus risk — he might be too ambitious, too hell-bent on acquiring bitcoin at all costs, too much of a maniac in service of his vision. Remember, he initially bought bitcoin during the covid crash and concomitant massive money print upon his prescient realization that businesses providing goods and services couldn’t possibly keep pace with inflation over the long haul. He was merely playing defense to preserve his capital, and now, despite his sizable lead and secured position is still throwing forward passes in the fourth quarter rather than running out the clock and securing the W.

Saylor is now arguably less a bitcoin maximalist and advocate, articulately making the case for superior money and individual sovereignty, but a corporate titan hell-bent on world domination via apex-predator-status balance sheet. When is enough enough? Many of the greatest conquerors in history pushed their empires too far until they fractured. In fact, 25 years ago MSTR was a big winner before the dot-com crash during which its stock price and most of Saylor’s fortune were wiped out when he was sued by the SEC for accounting fraud (he subsequently settled).

Now it’s possible, he learned from that experience, got up off the mat and figured out how to avoid his youthful mistakes. But it’s also possible his character is such that he will repeat it again, only this time at scale.

But as I said, my base case is MSTR is a trillion-dollar market cap, and the stock runs in parallel with bitcoin’s ascendance over the next decade. Saylor has been https://www.strategy.com/, prescient, bold and responsible so far over this iteration. I view Mandell’s concerns as valid, but similar to Wall St’s ones about AMZN’s Jeff Bezos who relentlessly ignored their insistence on profitability for a decade as he plowed every dollar into building out productive capacity and turned the company into the $2T world-dominating retail giant it is now.

Again, I haven’t (yet) sold any of my shares or even call options. But because I posted about this in January I felt I should at least follow-up with a more detailed rundown of what I take to be the risks. As always, do your own due diligence with any prospective investment.

@ a5ee4475:2ca75401

clients #link #list #english #article #finalversion #descentralismo

*These clients are generally applications on the Nostr network that allow you to use the same account, regardless of the app used, keeping your messages and profile intact.

**However, you may need to meet certain requirements regarding access and account NIP for some clients, so that you can access them securely and use their features correctly.

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CLIENTS

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Twitter like

• Nostrmo - [source] 🌐💻(🐧🪟🍎)🍎🤖(on zapstore)
• Coracle - Super App [source] 🌐🤖(on zapstore)
• Amethyst - Super App with note edit, delete and other stuff with Tor [source] 🤖(on zapstore)
• Primal - Social and wallet [source] 🌐🍎🤖(on zapstore)
• Iris - [source] 🌐🤖🍎
• Current - [source] 🤖🍎
• FreeFrom 🤖🍎
• Openvibe - Nostr and others (new Plebstr) [source] 🤖🍎
• Snort 🌐(🤖[early access]) [onion] [source]
• Damus 🍎 [source]
• Nos 🍎 [source]
• Nostur 🍎 [source]
• NostrBand 🌐 [info] [source]
• Yana [source] 🌐💻(🐧) 🍎🤖(on zapstore)
• Nostribe [on development] 🌐 [source]
• Lume 💻(🐧🪟🍎) [info] [source]
• Gossip - [source] 💻(🐧🪟🍎)
• noStrudel - Gamified Experience [onion] [info/source] 🌐
• [Nostrudel Next] - [onion]
• moStard - Nostrudel with Monero [onion] [info/source] 🌐
• Camelus - [source] 🤖 [early access]

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Community

• CCNS - Community Curated Nostr Stuff [source]
• Nostr Kiwi [creator] 🌐
• Satellite [info] 🌐
• Flotilla - [source] 🌐🐧🤖(on zapstore)
• Chachi - [source] 🌐
• Futr - Coded in haskell [source] 🐧 (others soon)
• Soapbox - Comunnity server [info] [source] 🌐
• Ditto - Soapbox community server 🌐 [source] 🌐
• Cobrafuma - Nostr brazilian community on Ditto [info] 🌐
• Zapddit - Reddit like [source] 🌐
• Voyage (Reddit like) [on development] 🤖

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Wiki

• Wikifreedia - Wiki Dark mode [source] 🌐
• Wikinostr - Wiki with tabs clear mode [source] 🌐
• Wikistr - Wiki clear mode [info] [source] 🌐

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Search

• Keychat - Signal-like chat with AI and browser [source] 💻(🐧🪟🍎) - 📱(🍎🤖{on zapstore})
• Spring - Browser for Nostr apps and other sites [source] 🤖 (on zapstore)
• Advanced nostr search - Advanced note search by isolated terms related to a npub profile [source] 🌐
• Nos Today - Global note search by isolated terms [info] [source] 🌐
• Nostr Search Engine - API for Nostr clients [source]
• Ntrends - Trending notes and profiles 🌐

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Website

• Nsite - Nostr Site [onion] [info] [source]
• Nsite Gateway - Nostr Site Gateway [source]
• Npub pro - Your site on Nostr [source]

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App Store

ZapStore - Permitionless App Store [source] 🤖 💻(🐧🍎)

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Video and Live Streaming

• Flare - Youtube like 🌐 [source]
• ZapStream - Lives, videos, shorts and zaps (NIP-53) [source] 🌐 🤖(lives only | Amber | on zapstore)
• Swae - Live streaming [source] (on development) ⏳

Post Aggregator - Kinostr - Nostr Cinema with #kinostr [english] [author] 🌐 - Stremstr - Nostr Cinema with #kinostr [english] [source] 📱 (on development) ⏳

Link Agreggator - Kinostr - #kinostr - Nostr Cinema Profile with links [English] - Equinox - Nostr Cinema Community with links [Portuguese]

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Audio and Podcast Transmission

• Castr - Your npub as podcast feed [source]
• Nostr Nests - Audio Chats [source] 🌐
• Fountain - Podcast [source] 🤖🍎
• Corny Chat - Audio Chat [source] 🌐

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Music

• Tidal - Music Streaming [source] [about] [info] 🤖🍎🌐
• Wavlake - Music Streaming [source] 🌐(🤖🍎 [early access])
• Tunestr - Musical Events [source] [about] 🌐
• Stemstr - Musical Colab (paid to post) [source] [about] 🌐

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Images

• Lumina - Trending images and pictures [source] 🌐
• Pinstr - Pinterest like [source] 🌐
• Slidestr - DeviantArt like [source] 🌐
• Memestr - ifunny like [source] 🌐

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Download and Upload

• DTAN - Distributed Torrent Archive on Nostr [info] [source] 🌐

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Documents, graphics and tables

• Mindstr - Mind maps [source] 🌐
• Docstr - Share Docs [info] [source] 🌐
• Formstr - Share Forms [info] 🌐
• Sheetstr - Share Spreadsheets [source] 🌐
• Slide Maker - Share slides 🌐 [Advice: Slide Maker https://zaplinks.lol/ site is down]

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Health

• Sobrkey - Sobriety and mental health [source] 🌐
• Runstr - Running app [source] 🌐
• NosFabrica - Finding ways for your health data 🌐
• LazerEyes - Eye prescription by DM [source] 🌐

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Forum

• OddBean - Hacker News like [info] [source] 🌐
• LowEnt - Forum [info] 🌐
• Swarmstr - Q&A / FAQ [info] 🌐
• Staker News - Hacker News like 🌐 [info]

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Direct Messenges (DM)

• 0xchat 🤖🍎 [source]
• Nostr Chat 🌐🍎 [source]
• Blowater 🌐 [source]
• Anigma (new nostrgram) - Telegram based [on development] [source]

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Reading

• Oracolo - A minimalist Nostr html blog [source]
• nRSS - Nostr RSS reader 🌐
• Highlighter - Insights with a highlighted read [info] 🌐
• Zephyr - Calming to Read [info] 🌐
• Flycat - Clean and Healthy Feed [info] 🌐
• Nosta - Check Profiles [on development] [info] 🌐
• Alexandria - e-Reader and Nostr Knowledge Base (NKB) [source] 🌐

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Writing

• Habla - Blog [info] 🌐
• Blogstack - Blog [info]🌐
• YakiHonne - Articles and News [info] 🌐🍎🤖(on zapstore)

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Lists

• Following - Users list [source] 🌐
• Nostr Unfollower - Nostr Unfollower
• Listr - Lists [source] 🌐
• Nostr potatoes - Movies List [source] 💻(numpy)

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Market and Jobs

• Shopstr - Buy and Sell [onion] [source] 🌐
• Nostr Market - Buy and Sell 🌐
• Plebeian Market - Buy and Sell [source] 🌐
• Ostrich Work - Jobs [source] 🌐
• Nostrocket - Jobs [source] 🌐

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Data Vending Machines - DVM (NIP90)

(Data-processing tools)

• Noogle - [source] 🌐
• Vendata - [source] 🌐
• TaskTiger 🌐
• Malware DVMs 🌐

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Games

• Chesstr - Chess 🌐 [source]
• Jestr - Chess [source] 🌐
• Snakestr - Snake game [source] 🌐
• Snakes on a Relay - Multiplayer Snake game like slither.io [source] 🌐

ENGINES - DEG Mods - Decentralized Game Mods [info] [source] 🌐 - NG Engine - Nostr Game Engine [source] 🌐 - JmonkeyEngine - Java game engine [source] 🌐

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Customization

• Emojito - Send Funny Stickers to React 🌐 [creator]

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Like other Services

• Olas - Instagram like [source] 🌐🍎🤖(on zapstore)
• Nostree - Linktree like 🌐
• Rabbit - TweetDeck like [info] 🌐
• Zaplinks - Nostr links 🌐
• Omeglestr - Omegle-like Random Chats [source] 🌐

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General Uses

• Njump - HTML text gateway source 🌐
• Filestr - HTML midia gateway [source] 🌐
• W3 - Nostr URL shortener [source] 🌐
• Playground - Test Nostr filters [source] 🌐

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Places

• Wherostr - Travel and show where you are
• Arc Map (Mapstr) - Bitcoin Map [info]

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Driver and Delivery

• RoadRunner - Uber like [on development] ⏱️
• Nostrlivery - iFood like [on development] ⏱️

⚠️ SCAM ⚠️ | Arcade City - Uber like [source]

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OTHER STUFF

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Lightning Wallets (zap)

• Alby - Native and extension [info] 🌐
• ZBD - Gaming and Social [info] [source] 🤖🍎
• Wallet of Satoshi - Simplest Lightning Wallet [info] 🤖🍎
• Minibits - Cashu mobile wallet [info] 🤖
• Blink - Opensource custodial wallet (KYC over 1000 usd) [source] 🤖🍎
• LNbits - App and extesion [source] 🤖🍎💻
• Zeus - [info] [source] 🤖🍎

Without Zap - Wassabi Wallet - Privacy-focused and non-custodial with Nostr Update Manager [source]

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Exchange

• Mostro - P2P lightning exchange on Nostr [info] 🌐
• Emptio - Bitcoin P2P on Nostr [on development]

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Media Server (Upload Links)

audio, image and video

Connected with Nostr (NIP):

• Nostr Build - Free and paid Upload [info] [source] 🌐
• NostrMedia - Written in Go with Nip 96 / Blossom (free and paid) [info] [source]
• Nostr Check - [info] [source] 🌐
• NostPic - [info] [source] 🌐
• Sovbit - Free and paid upload [info] [source] 🌐
• Voidcat - Nip-96 and Blossom [source] 🌐
• Primal Media - Primal Media Uploader [source] 🌐

Blossom - Your Media Safer

• Primal Blossom 🌐
• NostrBuild Blossom - Free upload (max 100MiB) and paid [info] [source] 🌐

Paid Upload Only

• Satellite CDN - prepaid upload (max 5GB each) [info] [source] 🌐

Without Nostr NIP:

• Pomf - Upload larger videos (max 1GB) [source]
• Catbox - max 200 MB [source]
• x0 - max 512 MiB [source]

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Donation and payments

• Zapper - Easy Zaps [source] 🌐
• Autozap [source] 🌐
• Zapmeacoffee 🌐
• Nostr Zap 💻(numpy)
• Creatr - Creators subscription 🌐
• Geyzer - Crowdfunding [info] [source] 🌐
• Heya! - Crowdfunding [source]

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Security

• Secret Border - Generate offline keys 💻(java)
• Umbrel - Your private relay [source] 🌐

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Key signing/login and Extension

• Amber - Key signing [source] 🤖(on zapstore)
• Nowser - Account access keys 📱(🤖🍎) 💻(🐧🍎🪟)
• Nos2x - Account access keys 🌐
• Nsec.app 🌐 [info]
• Lume - [info] [source] 🐧🪟🍎
• Satcom - Share files to discuss - [info] 🌐
• KeysBand - Multi-key signing [source] 🌐

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Code

• Stacks - AI Templates [info] [source] 🌐
• Nostrify - Share Nostr Frameworks 🌐
• Git Workshop (github like) [experimental] 🌐
• Gitstr (github like) [on development] ⏱️
• Osty [on development] [info] 🌐
• Python Nostr - Python Library for Nostr
• Sybil - Creating, managing and test Nostr events [on development] ⏱️

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Relay Check and Cloud

• Nostr Watch - See your relay speed 🌐
• NosDrive - Nostr Relay that saves to Google Drive

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Bidges and Getways

• Matrixtr Bridge - Between Matrix & Nostr
• Mostr - Between Nostr & Fediverse
• Nostrss - RSS to Nostr
• Rsslay - Optimized RSS to Nostr [source]
• Atomstr - RSS/Atom to Nostr [source]

Useful Profiles and Trends

nostr-voice - Voice note (just some clients)

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NOT RELATED TO NOSTR

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Voca - Text-to-Speech App for GrapheneOS [source] 🤖(on zapstore)

Android Keyboards

• Futo - Gboard like [source]
• Florisboard - [source]
• Heliboard - Openboard based [source]

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Personal notes and texts

• Joplin - privacy-focused note taking app with sync capabilities [source] 📱(🤖🍎) - 💻 (🐧🪟🍎)

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Front-ends

• Nitter - Twitter / X without your data [source]
• NewPipe - Youtube, Peertube and others, without account & your data [source] 🤖
• Piped - Youtube web without you data [source] 🌐

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Other Services

• Brave - Browser [source]
• DuckDuckGo - Search [source]
• LLMA - Meta - Meta open source AI [source]
• DuckDuckGo AI Chat - Famous AIs without Login [source]
• Proton Mail - Mail [source]

Other open source index: Degoogled Apps

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Some other Nostr index on:

Nostr Apps | Nostorg | Awesome Nostr

@ a5ee4475:2ca75401

ai #artificial #intelligence #english #tech

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Open Source

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Models

Text

• LLAMA - Large Language Model Meta AI - Text AI [source]
• MistralAI - Text AI [info] [source]

Image

• SDAI FOSS - Stable Diffusion AI to Android [download] [source] 🤖
• Stable Diffusion - Text to image [source] 🌐
• Pixart Alpha - Photorealistic Text to Image Generation [source]
• Pixart Delta - Framework to Pixart Alpha [paper] [source]
• Pixart Sigma - 4K Text to Image Generation [source]
• OmniGen - Pompt, image or subject to image [source]
• Pigallery - Self-Hosted AI Image Generator [source]

Video

• CogVideo - Text and image to video generation [info] [source] [test]

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Tools

• Evo AI - Platform for creating and managing AI agents, enabling integration A2A [source]

Lightning Based

• Animal Sunset - AI video generation with Nostr npub by lightning payments [source]
• Ai Rand - AI text generation with Pubky DNS by lightning payments [source]
• PlebAI - Text and Image generation without signup [source] 🌐🤖🍎 [sites down - only github available]

Others

• HuggingFace - Test and collaborate on models, datasets and apps. [source]
• DuckDuckGo AI Chat - Famous AIs without Login [source]
• Ollama - Run LLMs Locally [source]
• DreamStudio - Stable Diffusion’s Web App Tool [info] [source]
• Prompt Gallery - AI images with their prompts [source]

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Closed Source

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Models

Text

• ChatGPT
• Claude
• Gemini
• Copilot
• Maritalk - Text AI in Portuguese focused on Brazil with model Sabia-3 and the open source models Sabia-7b and Sabia-2 [source]
• Amazônia IA - Text AI in Portuguese focused on Brazil with the guara, hapia and golia models [source]

Image

• Midjourney

Video

• Minimax - Realistic videos (prompts only in chinese)

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Tools

• Meshy - 3D Generative AI Toolbox [info]

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Other index: Amazing AI

@ 6be5cc06:5259daf0

Bitcoin: Um sistema de dinheiro eletrônico direto entre pessoas.

Satoshi Nakamoto
satoshin@gmx.com
www.bitcoin.org

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Resumo

O Bitcoin é uma forma de dinheiro digital que permite pagamentos diretos entre pessoas, sem a necessidade de um banco ou instituição financeira. Ele resolve um problema chamado gasto duplo, que ocorre quando alguém tenta gastar o mesmo dinheiro duas vezes. Para evitar isso, o Bitcoin usa uma rede descentralizada onde todos trabalham juntos para verificar e registrar as transações.

As transações são registradas em um livro público chamado blockchain, protegido por uma técnica chamada Prova de Trabalho. Essa técnica cria uma cadeia de registros que não pode ser alterada sem refazer todo o trabalho já feito. Essa cadeia é mantida pelos computadores que participam da rede, e a mais longa é considerada a verdadeira.

Enquanto a maior parte do poder computacional da rede for controlada por participantes honestos, o sistema continuará funcionando de forma segura. A rede é flexível, permitindo que qualquer pessoa entre ou saia a qualquer momento, sempre confiando na cadeia mais longa como prova do que aconteceu.

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1. Introdução

Hoje, quase todos os pagamentos feitos pela internet dependem de bancos ou empresas como processadores de pagamento (cartões de crédito, por exemplo) para funcionar. Embora esse sistema seja útil, ele tem problemas importantes porque é baseado em confiança.

Primeiro, essas empresas podem reverter pagamentos, o que é útil em caso de erros, mas cria custos e incertezas. Isso faz com que pequenas transações, como pagar centavos por um serviço, se tornem inviáveis. Além disso, os comerciantes são obrigados a desconfiar dos clientes, pedindo informações extras e aceitando fraudes como algo inevitável.

Esses problemas não existem no dinheiro físico, como o papel-moeda, onde o pagamento é final e direto entre as partes. No entanto, não temos como enviar dinheiro físico pela internet sem depender de um intermediário confiável.

O que precisamos é de um sistema de pagamento eletrônico baseado em provas matemáticas, não em confiança. Esse sistema permitiria que qualquer pessoa enviasse dinheiro diretamente para outra, sem depender de bancos ou processadores de pagamento. Além disso, as transações seriam irreversíveis, protegendo vendedores contra fraudes, mas mantendo a possibilidade de soluções para disputas legítimas.

Neste documento, apresentamos o Bitcoin, que resolve o problema do gasto duplo usando uma rede descentralizada. Essa rede cria um registro público e protegido por cálculos matemáticos, que garante a ordem das transações. Enquanto a maior parte da rede for controlada por pessoas honestas, o sistema será seguro contra ataques.

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2. Transações

Para entender como funciona o Bitcoin, é importante saber como as transações são realizadas. Imagine que você quer transferir uma "moeda digital" para outra pessoa. No sistema do Bitcoin, essa "moeda" é representada por uma sequência de registros que mostram quem é o atual dono. Para transferi-la, você adiciona um novo registro comprovando que agora ela pertence ao próximo dono. Esse registro é protegido por um tipo especial de assinatura digital.

O que é uma assinatura digital?

Uma assinatura digital é como uma senha secreta, mas muito mais segura. No Bitcoin, cada usuário tem duas chaves: uma "chave privada", que é secreta e serve para criar a assinatura, e uma "chave pública", que pode ser compartilhada com todos e é usada para verificar se a assinatura é válida. Quando você transfere uma moeda, usa sua chave privada para assinar a transação, provando que você é o dono. A próxima pessoa pode usar sua chave pública para confirmar isso.

Como funciona na prática?

Cada "moeda" no Bitcoin é, na verdade, uma cadeia de assinaturas digitais. Vamos imaginar o seguinte cenário:

1. A moeda está com o Dono 0 (você). Para transferi-la ao Dono 1, você assina digitalmente a transação com sua chave privada. Essa assinatura inclui o código da transação anterior (chamado de "hash") e a chave pública do Dono 1.
2. Quando o Dono 1 quiser transferir a moeda ao Dono 2, ele assinará a transação seguinte com sua própria chave privada, incluindo também o hash da transação anterior e a chave pública do Dono 2.
3. Esse processo continua, formando uma "cadeia" de transações. Qualquer pessoa pode verificar essa cadeia para confirmar quem é o atual dono da moeda.

Resolvendo o problema do gasto duplo

Um grande desafio com moedas digitais é o "gasto duplo", que é quando uma mesma moeda é usada em mais de uma transação. Para evitar isso, muitos sistemas antigos dependiam de uma entidade central confiável, como uma casa da moeda, que verificava todas as transações. No entanto, isso criava um ponto único de falha e centralizava o controle do dinheiro.

O Bitcoin resolve esse problema de forma inovadora: ele usa uma rede descentralizada onde todos os participantes (os "nós") têm acesso a um registro completo de todas as transações. Cada nó verifica se as transações são válidas e se a moeda não foi gasta duas vezes. Quando a maioria dos nós concorda com a validade de uma transação, ela é registrada permanentemente na blockchain.

Por que isso é importante?

Essa solução elimina a necessidade de confiar em uma única entidade para gerenciar o dinheiro, permitindo que qualquer pessoa no mundo use o Bitcoin sem precisar de permissão de terceiros. Além disso, ela garante que o sistema seja seguro e resistente a fraudes.

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3. Servidor Timestamp

Para assegurar que as transações sejam realizadas de forma segura e transparente, o sistema Bitcoin utiliza algo chamado de "servidor de registro de tempo" (timestamp). Esse servidor funciona como um registro público que organiza as transações em uma ordem específica.

Ele faz isso agrupando várias transações em blocos e criando um código único chamado "hash". Esse hash é como uma impressão digital que representa todo o conteúdo do bloco. O hash de cada bloco é amplamente divulgado, como se fosse publicado em um jornal ou em um fórum público.

Esse processo garante que cada bloco de transações tenha um registro de quando foi criado e que ele existia naquele momento. Além disso, cada novo bloco criado contém o hash do bloco anterior, formando uma cadeia contínua de blocos conectados — conhecida como blockchain.

Com isso, se alguém tentar alterar qualquer informação em um bloco anterior, o hash desse bloco mudará e não corresponderá ao hash armazenado no bloco seguinte. Essa característica torna a cadeia muito segura, pois qualquer tentativa de fraude seria imediatamente detectada.

O sistema de timestamps é essencial para provar a ordem cronológica das transações e garantir que cada uma delas seja única e autêntica. Dessa forma, ele reforça a segurança e a confiança na rede Bitcoin.

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4. Prova-de-Trabalho

Para implementar o registro de tempo distribuído no sistema Bitcoin, utilizamos um mecanismo chamado prova-de-trabalho. Esse sistema é semelhante ao Hashcash, desenvolvido por Adam Back, e baseia-se na criação de um código único, o "hash", por meio de um processo computacionalmente exigente.

A prova-de-trabalho envolve encontrar um valor especial que, quando processado junto com as informações do bloco, gere um hash que comece com uma quantidade específica de zeros. Esse valor especial é chamado de "nonce". Encontrar o nonce correto exige um esforço significativo do computador, porque envolve tentativas repetidas até que a condição seja satisfeita.

Esse processo é importante porque torna extremamente difícil alterar qualquer informação registrada em um bloco. Se alguém tentar mudar algo em um bloco, seria necessário refazer o trabalho de computação não apenas para aquele bloco, mas também para todos os blocos que vêm depois dele. Isso garante a segurança e a imutabilidade da blockchain.

A prova-de-trabalho também resolve o problema de decidir qual cadeia de blocos é a válida quando há múltiplas cadeias competindo. A decisão é feita pela cadeia mais longa, pois ela representa o maior esforço computacional já realizado. Isso impede que qualquer indivíduo ou grupo controle a rede, desde que a maioria do poder de processamento seja mantida por participantes honestos.

Para garantir que o sistema permaneça eficiente e equilibrado, a dificuldade da prova-de-trabalho é ajustada automaticamente ao longo do tempo. Se novos blocos estiverem sendo gerados rapidamente, a dificuldade aumenta; se estiverem sendo gerados muito lentamente, a dificuldade diminui. Esse ajuste assegura que novos blocos sejam criados aproximadamente a cada 10 minutos, mantendo o sistema estável e funcional.

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5. Rede

A rede Bitcoin é o coração do sistema e funciona de maneira distribuída, conectando vários participantes (ou nós) para garantir o registro e a validação das transações. Os passos para operar essa rede são:

1. Transmissão de Transações: Quando alguém realiza uma nova transação, ela é enviada para todos os nós da rede. Isso é feito para garantir que todos estejam cientes da operação e possam validá-la.

2. Coleta de Transações em Blocos: Cada nó agrupa as novas transações recebidas em um "bloco". Este bloco será preparado para ser adicionado à cadeia de blocos (a blockchain).

3. Prova-de-Trabalho: Os nós competem para resolver a prova-de-trabalho do bloco, utilizando poder computacional para encontrar um hash válido. Esse processo é como resolver um quebra-cabeça matemático difícil.

4. Envio do Bloco Resolvido: Quando um nó encontra a solução para o bloco (a prova-de-trabalho), ele compartilha esse bloco com todos os outros nós na rede.

5. Validação do Bloco: Cada nó verifica o bloco recebido para garantir que todas as transações nele contidas sejam válidas e que nenhuma moeda tenha sido gasta duas vezes. Apenas blocos válidos são aceitos.

6. Construção do Próximo Bloco: Os nós que aceitaram o bloco começam a trabalhar na criação do próximo bloco, utilizando o hash do bloco aceito como base (hash anterior). Isso mantém a continuidade da cadeia.

Resolução de Conflitos e Escolha da Cadeia Mais Longa

Os nós sempre priorizam a cadeia mais longa, pois ela representa o maior esforço computacional já realizado, garantindo maior segurança. Se dois blocos diferentes forem compartilhados simultaneamente, os nós trabalharão no primeiro bloco recebido, mas guardarão o outro como uma alternativa. Caso o segundo bloco eventualmente forme uma cadeia mais longa (ou seja, tenha mais blocos subsequentes), os nós mudarão para essa nova cadeia.

Tolerância a Falhas

A rede é robusta e pode lidar com mensagens que não chegam a todos os nós. Uma transação não precisa alcançar todos os nós de imediato; basta que chegue a um número suficiente deles para ser incluída em um bloco. Da mesma forma, se um nó não receber um bloco em tempo hábil, ele pode solicitá-lo ao perceber que está faltando quando o próximo bloco é recebido.

Esse mecanismo descentralizado permite que a rede Bitcoin funcione de maneira segura, confiável e resiliente, sem depender de uma autoridade central.

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6. Incentivo

O incentivo é um dos pilares fundamentais que sustenta o funcionamento da rede Bitcoin, garantindo que os participantes (nós) continuem operando de forma honesta e contribuindo com recursos computacionais. Ele é estruturado em duas partes principais: a recompensa por mineração e as taxas de transação.

Recompensa por Mineração

Por convenção, o primeiro registro em cada bloco é uma transação especial que cria novas moedas e as atribui ao criador do bloco. Essa recompensa incentiva os mineradores a dedicarem poder computacional para apoiar a rede. Como não há uma autoridade central para emitir moedas, essa é a maneira pela qual novas moedas entram em circulação. Esse processo pode ser comparado ao trabalho de garimpeiros, que utilizam recursos para colocar mais ouro em circulação. No caso do Bitcoin, o "recurso" consiste no tempo de CPU e na energia elétrica consumida para resolver a prova-de-trabalho.

Taxas de Transação

Além da recompensa por mineração, os mineradores também podem ser incentivados pelas taxas de transação. Se uma transação utiliza menos valor de saída do que o valor de entrada, a diferença é tratada como uma taxa, que é adicionada à recompensa do bloco contendo essa transação. Com o passar do tempo e à medida que o número de moedas em circulação atinge o limite predeterminado, essas taxas de transação se tornam a principal fonte de incentivo, substituindo gradualmente a emissão de novas moedas. Isso permite que o sistema opere sem inflação, uma vez que o número total de moedas permanece fixo.

Incentivo à Honestidade

O design do incentivo também busca garantir que os participantes da rede mantenham um comportamento honesto. Para um atacante que consiga reunir mais poder computacional do que o restante da rede, ele enfrentaria duas escolhas:

1. Usar esse poder para fraudar o sistema, como reverter transações e roubar pagamentos.
2. Seguir as regras do sistema, criando novos blocos e recebendo recompensas legítimas.

A lógica econômica favorece a segunda opção, pois um comportamento desonesto prejudicaria a confiança no sistema, diminuindo o valor de todas as moedas, incluindo aquelas que o próprio atacante possui. Jogar dentro das regras não apenas maximiza o retorno financeiro, mas também preserva a validade e a integridade do sistema.

Esse mecanismo garante que os incentivos econômicos estejam alinhados com o objetivo de manter a rede segura, descentralizada e funcional ao longo do tempo.

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7. Recuperação do Espaço em Disco

Depois que uma moeda passa a estar protegida por muitos blocos na cadeia, as informações sobre as transações antigas que a geraram podem ser descartadas para economizar espaço em disco. Para que isso seja possível sem comprometer a segurança, as transações são organizadas em uma estrutura chamada "árvore de Merkle". Essa árvore funciona como um resumo das transações: em vez de armazenar todas elas, guarda apenas um "hash raiz", que é como uma assinatura compacta que representa todo o grupo de transações.

Os blocos antigos podem, então, ser simplificados, removendo as partes desnecessárias dessa árvore. Apenas a raiz do hash precisa ser mantida no cabeçalho do bloco, garantindo que a integridade dos dados seja preservada, mesmo que detalhes específicos sejam descartados.

Para exemplificar: imagine que você tenha vários recibos de compra. Em vez de guardar todos os recibos, você cria um documento e lista apenas o valor total de cada um. Mesmo que os recibos originais sejam descartados, ainda é possível verificar a soma com base nos valores armazenados.

Além disso, o espaço ocupado pelos blocos em si é muito pequeno. Cada bloco sem transações ocupa apenas cerca de 80 bytes. Isso significa que, mesmo com blocos sendo gerados a cada 10 minutos, o crescimento anual em espaço necessário é insignificante: apenas 4,2 MB por ano. Com a capacidade de armazenamento dos computadores crescendo a cada ano, esse espaço continuará sendo trivial, garantindo que a rede possa operar de forma eficiente sem problemas de armazenamento, mesmo a longo prazo.

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8. Verificação de Pagamento Simplificada

É possível confirmar pagamentos sem a necessidade de operar um nó completo da rede. Para isso, o usuário precisa apenas de uma cópia dos cabeçalhos dos blocos da cadeia mais longa (ou seja, a cadeia com maior esforço de trabalho acumulado). Ele pode verificar a validade de uma transação ao consultar os nós da rede até obter a confirmação de que tem a cadeia mais longa. Para isso, utiliza-se o ramo Merkle, que conecta a transação ao bloco em que ela foi registrada.

Entretanto, o método simplificado possui limitações: ele não pode confirmar uma transação isoladamente, mas sim assegurar que ela ocupa um lugar específico na cadeia mais longa. Dessa forma, se um nó da rede aprova a transação, os blocos subsequentes reforçam essa aceitação.

A verificação simplificada é confiável enquanto a maioria dos nós da rede for honesta. Contudo, ela se torna vulnerável caso a rede seja dominada por um invasor. Nesse cenário, um atacante poderia fabricar transações fraudulentas que enganariam o usuário temporariamente até que o invasor obtivesse controle completo da rede.

Uma estratégia para mitigar esse risco é configurar alertas nos softwares de nós completos. Esses alertas identificam blocos inválidos, sugerindo ao usuário baixar o bloco completo para confirmar qualquer inconsistência. Para maior segurança, empresas que realizam pagamentos frequentes podem preferir operar seus próprios nós, reduzindo riscos e permitindo uma verificação mais direta e confiável.

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9. Combinando e Dividindo Valor

No sistema Bitcoin, cada unidade de valor é tratada como uma "moeda" individual, mas gerenciar cada centavo como uma transação separada seria impraticável. Para resolver isso, o Bitcoin permite que valores sejam combinados ou divididos em transações, facilitando pagamentos de qualquer valor.

Entradas e Saídas

Cada transação no Bitcoin é composta por:

• Entradas: Representam os valores recebidos em transações anteriores.
• Saídas: Correspondem aos valores enviados, divididos entre os destinatários e, eventualmente, o troco para o remetente.

Normalmente, uma transação contém:

• Uma única entrada com valor suficiente para cobrir o pagamento.
• Ou várias entradas combinadas para atingir o valor necessário.

O valor total das saídas nunca excede o das entradas, e a diferença (se houver) pode ser retornada ao remetente como troco.

Exemplo Prático

Imagine que você tem duas entradas:

1. 0,03 BTC
2. 0,07 BTC

Se deseja enviar 0,08 BTC para alguém, a transação terá:

• Entrada: As duas entradas combinadas (0,03 + 0,07 BTC = 0,10 BTC).
• Saídas: Uma para o destinatário (0,08 BTC) e outra como troco para você (0,02 BTC).

Essa flexibilidade permite que o sistema funcione sem precisar manipular cada unidade mínima individualmente.

Difusão e Simplificação

A difusão de transações, onde uma depende de várias anteriores e assim por diante, não representa um problema. Não é necessário armazenar ou verificar o histórico completo de uma transação para utilizá-la, já que o registro na blockchain garante sua integridade.

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10. Privacidade

O modelo bancário tradicional oferece um certo nível de privacidade, limitando o acesso às informações financeiras apenas às partes envolvidas e a um terceiro confiável (como bancos ou instituições financeiras). No entanto, o Bitcoin opera de forma diferente, pois todas as transações são publicamente registradas na blockchain. Apesar disso, a privacidade pode ser mantida utilizando chaves públicas anônimas, que desvinculam diretamente as transações das identidades das partes envolvidas.

Fluxo de Informação

• No modelo tradicional, as transações passam por um terceiro confiável que conhece tanto o remetente quanto o destinatário.
• No Bitcoin, as transações são anunciadas publicamente, mas sem revelar diretamente as identidades das partes. Isso é comparável a dados divulgados por bolsas de valores, onde informações como o tempo e o tamanho das negociações (a "fita") são públicas, mas as identidades das partes não.

Protegendo a Privacidade

Para aumentar a privacidade no Bitcoin, são adotadas as seguintes práticas:

1. Chaves Públicas Anônimas: Cada transação utiliza um par de chaves diferentes, dificultando a associação com um proprietário único.
2. Prevenção de Ligação: Ao usar chaves novas para cada transação, reduz-se a possibilidade de links evidentes entre múltiplas transações realizadas pelo mesmo usuário.

Riscos de Ligação

Embora a privacidade seja fortalecida, alguns riscos permanecem:

• Transações multi-entrada podem revelar que todas as entradas pertencem ao mesmo proprietário, caso sejam necessárias para somar o valor total.
• O proprietário da chave pode ser identificado indiretamente por transações anteriores que estejam conectadas.

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11. Cálculos

Imagine que temos um sistema onde as pessoas (ou computadores) competem para adicionar informações novas (blocos) a um grande registro público (a cadeia de blocos ou blockchain). Este registro é como um livro contábil compartilhado, onde todos podem verificar o que está escrito.

Agora, vamos pensar em um cenário: um atacante quer enganar o sistema. Ele quer mudar informações já registradas para beneficiar a si mesmo, por exemplo, desfazendo um pagamento que já fez. Para isso, ele precisa criar uma versão alternativa do livro contábil (a cadeia de blocos dele) e convencer todos os outros participantes de que essa versão é a verdadeira.

Mas isso é extremamente difícil.

Como o Ataque Funciona

Quando um novo bloco é adicionado à cadeia, ele depende de cálculos complexos que levam tempo e esforço. Esses cálculos são como um grande quebra-cabeça que precisa ser resolvido.

• Os “bons jogadores” (nós honestos) estão sempre trabalhando juntos para resolver esses quebra-cabeças e adicionar novos blocos à cadeia verdadeira.
• O atacante, por outro lado, precisa resolver quebra-cabeças sozinho, tentando “alcançar” a cadeia honesta para que sua versão alternativa pareça válida.

Se a cadeia honesta já está vários blocos à frente, o atacante começa em desvantagem, e o sistema está projetado para que a dificuldade de alcançá-los aumente rapidamente.

A Corrida Entre Cadeias

Você pode imaginar isso como uma corrida. A cada bloco novo que os jogadores honestos adicionam à cadeia verdadeira, eles se distanciam mais do atacante. Para vencer, o atacante teria que resolver os quebra-cabeças mais rápido que todos os outros jogadores honestos juntos.

Suponha que:

• A rede honesta tem 80% do poder computacional (ou seja, resolve 8 de cada 10 quebra-cabeças).
• O atacante tem 20% do poder computacional (ou seja, resolve 2 de cada 10 quebra-cabeças).

Cada vez que a rede honesta adiciona um bloco, o atacante tem que "correr atrás" e resolver mais quebra-cabeças para alcançar.

Por Que o Ataque Fica Cada Vez Mais Improvável?

Vamos usar uma fórmula simples para mostrar como as chances de sucesso do atacante diminuem conforme ele precisa "alcançar" mais blocos:

P = (q/p)^z

• q é o poder computacional do atacante (20%, ou 0,2).
• p é o poder computacional da rede honesta (80%, ou 0,8).
• z é a diferença de blocos entre a cadeia honesta e a cadeia do atacante.

Se o atacante está 5 blocos atrás (z = 5):

P = (0,2 / 0,8)^5 = (0,25)^5 = 0,00098, (ou, 0,098%)

Isso significa que o atacante tem menos de 0,1% de chance de sucesso — ou seja, é muito improvável.

Se ele estiver 10 blocos atrás (z = 10):

P = (0,2 / 0,8)^10 = (0,25)^10 = 0,000000095, (ou, 0,0000095%).

Neste caso, as chances de sucesso são praticamente nulas.

Um Exemplo Simples

Se você jogar uma moeda, a chance de cair “cara” é de 50%. Mas se precisar de 10 caras seguidas, sua chance já é bem menor. Se precisar de 20 caras seguidas, é quase impossível.

No caso do Bitcoin, o atacante precisa de muito mais do que 20 caras seguidas. Ele precisa resolver quebra-cabeças extremamente difíceis e alcançar os jogadores honestos que estão sempre à frente. Isso faz com que o ataque seja inviável na prática.

Por Que Tudo Isso é Seguro?

• A probabilidade de sucesso do atacante diminui exponencialmente. Isso significa que, quanto mais tempo passa, menor é a chance de ele conseguir enganar o sistema.
• A cadeia verdadeira (honesta) está protegida pela força da rede. Cada novo bloco que os jogadores honestos adicionam à cadeia torna mais difícil para o atacante alcançar.

E Se o Atacante Tentar Continuar?

O atacante poderia continuar tentando indefinidamente, mas ele estaria gastando muito tempo e energia sem conseguir nada. Enquanto isso, os jogadores honestos estão sempre adicionando novos blocos, tornando o trabalho do atacante ainda mais inútil.

Assim, o sistema garante que a cadeia verdadeira seja extremamente segura e que ataques sejam, na prática, impossíveis de ter sucesso.

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12. Conclusão

Propusemos um sistema de transações eletrônicas que elimina a necessidade de confiança, baseando-se em assinaturas digitais e em uma rede peer-to-peer que utiliza prova de trabalho. Isso resolve o problema do gasto duplo, criando um histórico público de transações imutável, desde que a maioria do poder computacional permaneça sob controle dos participantes honestos. A rede funciona de forma simples e descentralizada, com nós independentes que não precisam de identificação ou coordenação direta. Eles entram e saem livremente, aceitando a cadeia de prova de trabalho como registro do que ocorreu durante sua ausência. As decisões são tomadas por meio do poder de CPU, validando blocos legítimos, estendendo a cadeia e rejeitando os inválidos. Com este mecanismo de consenso, todas as regras e incentivos necessários para o funcionamento seguro e eficiente do sistema são garantidos.

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Faça o download do whitepaper original em português: https://bitcoin.org/files/bitcoin-paper/bitcoin_pt_br.pdf

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💻 Advanced Technology Our proprietary tools and brute-force optimization techniques maximize recovery efficiency. Regardless of how challenging your case may be, our technology is designed to give you the best chance at retrieving your crypto.

Our Recovery Services Include: 📈 Bitcoin Recovery: Lost access to your Bitcoin wallet? We help recover lost wallets, private keys, and passphrases. Transaction Recovery: Mistakes happen — whether it’s an incorrect wallet address or a lost password, let us manage the recovery. Cold Wallet Restoration: If your cold wallet is failing, we can safely extract your assets and migrate them into a secure new wallet. Private Key Generation: Lost your private key? Our experts can help you regain control using advanced methods while ensuring your privacy. ⚠️ What We Don’t Do While we can handle many scenarios, some limitations exist. For instance, we cannot recover funds stored in custodial wallets or cases where there is a complete loss of four or more seed words without partial information available. We are transparent about what’s possible, so you know what to expect

Don’t Let Lost Crypto Hold You Back! Did you know that between 3 to 3.4 million BTC — nearly 20% of the total supply — are estimated to be permanently lost? Don’t become part of that statistic! Whether it’s due to a forgotten password, sending funds to the wrong address, or damaged drives, we can help you navigate these challenges

🛡️ Real-Time Dust Attack Protection Our services extend beyond recovery. We offer dust attack protection, keeping your activity anonymous and your funds secure, shielding your identity from unwanted tracking, ransomware, and phishing attempts.

🎉 Start Your Recovery Journey Today! Ready to reclaim your lost crypto? Don’t wait until it’s too late! 👉 cryptrecver.com

📞 Need Immediate Assistance? Connect with Us! For real-time support or questions, reach out to our dedicated team on: ✉️ Telegram: t.me/crypptrcver 💬 WhatsApp: +1(941)317–1821

Crypt Recver is your trusted partner in cryptocurrency recovery. Let us turn your challenges into victories. Don’t hesitate — your crypto future starts now! 🚀✨

Act fast and secure your digital assets with cryptrecver.com.Losing access to your cryptocurrency can feel like losing a part of your future. Whether it’s due to a forgotten password, a damaged seed backup, or a simple mistake in a transfer, the stress can be overwhelming. Fortunately, cryptrecver.com is here to assist! With our expert-led recovery services, you can safely and swiftly reclaim your lost Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies.

# Why Trust Crypt Recver? 🤝

🛠️ Expert Recovery Solutions\ At Crypt Recver, we specialize in addressing complex wallet-related issues. Our skilled engineers have the tools and expertise to handle:

• Partially lost or forgotten seed phrases
• Extracting funds from outdated or invalid wallet addresses
• Recovering data from damaged hardware wallets
• Restoring coins from old or unsupported wallet formats

You’re not just getting a service; you’re gaining a partner in your cryptocurrency journey.

🚀 Fast and Efficient Recovery\ We understand that time is crucial in crypto recovery. Our optimized systems enable you to regain access to your funds quickly, focusing on speed without compromising security. With a success rate of over 90%, you can rely on us to act swiftly on your behalf.

🔒 Privacy is Our Priority\ Your confidentiality is essential. Every recovery session is conducted with the utmost care, ensuring all processes are encrypted and confidential. You can rest assured that your sensitive information remains private.

💻 Advanced Technology\ Our proprietary tools and brute-force optimization techniques maximize recovery efficiency. Regardless of how challenging your case may be, our technology is designed to give you the best chance at retrieving your crypto.

Our Recovery Services Include: 📈

• Bitcoin Recovery: Lost access to your Bitcoin wallet? We help recover lost wallets, private keys, and passphrases.
• Transaction Recovery: Mistakes happen — whether it’s an incorrect wallet address or a lost password, let us manage the recovery.
• Cold Wallet Restoration: If your cold wallet is failing, we can safely extract your assets and migrate them into a secure new wallet.
• Private Key Generation: Lost your private key? Our experts can help you regain control using advanced methods while ensuring your privacy.

⚠️ What We Don’t Do\ While we can handle many scenarios, some limitations exist. For instance, we cannot recover funds stored in custodial wallets or cases where there is a complete loss of four or more seed words without partial information available. We are transparent about what’s possible, so you know what to expect

# Don’t Let Lost Crypto Hold You Back!

Did you know that between 3 to 3.4 million BTC — nearly 20% of the total supply — are estimated to be permanently lost? Don’t become part of that statistic! Whether it’s due to a forgotten password, sending funds to the wrong address, or damaged drives, we can help you navigate these challenges

🛡️ Real-Time Dust Attack Protection\ Our services extend beyond recovery. We offer dust attack protection, keeping your activity anonymous and your funds secure, shielding your identity from unwanted tracking, ransomware, and phishing attempts.

🎉 Start Your Recovery Journey Today!\ Ready to reclaim your lost crypto? Don’t wait until it’s too late!\ 👉 cryptrecver.com

📞 Need Immediate Assistance? Connect with Us!\ For real-time support or questions, reach out to our dedicated team on:\ ✉️ Telegram: t.me/crypptrcver\ 💬 WhatsApp: +1(941)317–1821

Crypt Recver is your trusted partner in cryptocurrency recovery. Let us turn your challenges into victories. Don’t hesitate — your crypto future starts now! 🚀✨

Act fast and secure your digital assets with cryptrecver.com.

@ 5d4b6c8d:8a1c1ee3

https://youtu.be/US9iYJNTOkU

I had no idea Tosh was still doing anything, much less that he talks about sports.

https://stacker.news/items/984547

@ f85b9c2c:d190bcff

Sometimes I feel like reversing time. I miss my childhood. Honestly, who wouldn’t? Back then, life was so simple, so carefree. I had no bills to pay, no deadlines to chase, and no worries about what tomorrow might bring. All I had to do was wake up, play, eat, and maybe dodge a beating or two from Mum when I got a little too adventurous😂. Sometimes I feel like reversing time, just to relive those golden days when my biggest problem was figuring out how to sneak a piece of meat from the pot without getting caught.

I remember those moments vividly. When I was little, I’d tiptoe into the kitchen, the aroma of Mum’s stew pulling me like a magnet. I’d wait for her to turn her back, then—bam!—my tiny hand would dive into the pot, snagging a juicy piece of meat. Of course, I wasn’t exactly a master thief. Mum always seemed to know. She’d catch me red-handed, and let’s just say her wooden spoon wasn’t just for cooking! I was kinda stubborn back then, so those beatings happened a lot. But I don’t steal meat anymore—grown-up me knows better. Life was different then. My only “job” was to have fun—climbing trees, chasing friends, or making up wild stories in my head. Now, adulthood feels like a never-ending to-do list. I miss the freedom, the laughter, the way problems seemed to vanish with a nap or a hug. If I could, I’d turn back the clock, even just for a day, to feel that lightness again. Childhood wasn’t perfect, but it sure felt like it.

@ f85b9c2c:d190bcff

Solana (SOL) is acquiring popularity in the crypto world for its speed and flexibility.It's rapidly gaining ground on established blockchains, grabbing investor interest.

History Of Solana Anatoly Yakovenko, once a Qualcomm executive, formulated the concept for Solana in 2017. A town on the Southern California coast inspired the name. Yakovenko wanted a swifter, more reliable blockchain network to address the limitations of existing onesat that time. Solana is based in San Francisco, California, at the headquarters of Solana Labs. Solana was launched in March 2020, making a major step in the advancement of blockchain technology.

What Is Solana? Solana is a blockchain network built for speed and affordability.This versatility makes it useful for DeFi, NFTs, and more. Solana operates on its own independent blockchain network with SOL as its native token and infrastructure to power its operations. It functions as a self-sufficient ecosystem, independent of any other existing blockchain network.

How Does Solana Work? Unlike normal blockchains that usually rely on the Proof-of-Work mechanism, Solana uses another approach. It combines two mechanisms: 1.Proof-of-Stake: It lets operators secure the network by putting SOL tokens at stake. These operators are entrusted with adding new blocks to the blockchain and are rewarded for their contribution.

2.Proof-of-History: It helps eliminates the need for communications between operators and boosts transaction processing speed.

Conclusion The mix of these mechanisms is a key factor behind Solana’s reputation for superior speed. Of course, it uses other technical aspects that contribute to its efficiency, but PoS and PoH play a critical role.

@ 79008e78:dfac9395

Keys and Addresses

อลิซต้องการจ่ายเงินให้กับบ๊อบแต่โหนดของบิตคอยน์ในระบบหลายพันโหนดจะตรวจสอบธุรกรรมของเธอ โดยไม่รู้ว่าอลิซหรือบ๊อบเป็นใคร ละเราต้องการรักษาความเป็นส่วนตัวของพวกเขาไว้เช่นนี้ อลิซจำเป็นต้องสื่อสารว่าบ๊อบควรได้รับบิตคอยน์บางส่วนของเธอโดยไม่เชื่อมโยงแง่มุมใด ๆ ของธุรกรรมนั้นกับตัวตนในโลกจริงของบ๊อบ หรือกับการชำระเงินด้วยบิตคอยน์ครั้งอื่น ๆ ที่บ๊อบได้รับ อลิซใช้ต้องทำให้มั่นใจว่ามีเพียแค่บ๊อบเท่านั้นที่สามารถใช้จ่ายบิตคอยน์ที่เขาได้รับต่อไปได้

ในบิตคอยน์ไวท์เปเปอร์ได้อธิบายถึงแผนการที่เรียบง่ายมากสำหรับการบรรลุเป้าหมายเหล่านั้น ดังที่แสดงในรูปด้านล่างนี้

ตัวของผู้รับอย่างบ๊อบเองจะได้รับบิตคอยน์ไปยัง public key ของเขาที่ถูกลงนามโดยผู้จ่ายอย่างอลิซ โดยบิตคอยน์ที่อลิซนำมาจ่ายนั้นก็ได้รับมาจากที่ใครสักคนส่งมาที่ public key ของเธอ และเธอก็ใช้ private key ของเธอในการลงนามเพื่อสร้างลายเซ็นของเธอและโหนดต่าง ๆ ของบิตคอยน์จะทำการตรวจสอบว่าลายเซ็นของอลิซผูกมัดกับเอาต์พุตของฟังก์ชันแฮชซึ่งตัวมันเองผูกมัดกับ public key ของบ๊อบและรายละเอียดธุรกรรมอื่นๆ

ในบทนี้เราจะพิจารณาpublic key private key Digital signatrue และ hash function จากนั้นใช้ทั้งหมดนี้ร่วมกันเพื่ออธิบาย address ที่ใช้โดยซอฟต์แวร์บิตคอยน์สมัยใหม่

Public Key Cryptography (การเข้ารหัสของ public key)

ระบบเข้ารหัสของ public key ถูกคิดค้นขึ้นในทศวรรษ 1970 มาจากรากฐานทางคณิตศาสตร์สำหรับความปลอดภัยของคอมพิวเตอร์และข้อมูลสมัยใหม่

นับตั้งแต่การคิดค้นระบบเข้ารหัส public key ได้มีการค้นพบฟังก์ชันทางคณิตศาสตร์ที่เหมาะสมหลายอย่าง เช่น การยกกำลังของจำนวนเฉพาะและการคูณของเส้นโค้งวงรี โดยฟังก์ชันทางคณิตศาสตร์เหล่านี้สามารถคำนวณได้ง่ายในทิศทางหนึ่ง แต่เป็นไปไม่ได้ที่จะคำนวณในทิศทางตรงกันข้ามโดยใช้คอมพิวเตอร์และอัลกอริทึมที่มีอยู่ในปัจจุบัน จากฟังก์ชันทางคณิตศาสตร์เหล่านี้ การเข้ารหัสลับช่วยให้สามารถสร้างลายเซ็นดิจิทัลที่ไม่สามารถปลอมแปลงได้และบิตคอยน์ได้ใช้การบวกและการคูณของเส้นโค้งวงรีเป็นพื้นฐานสำหรับการเข้ารหัสลับของมัน

ในบิตคอยน์ เราสามารถใช้ระบบเข้ารหัส public key เพื่อสร้างคู่กุญแจที่ควบคุมการเข้าถึงบิตคอยน์ คู่กุญแจประกอบด้วย private key และ public key ที่ได้มาจาก private key public keyใช้สำหรับรับเงิน และ private key ใช้สำหรับลงนามในธุรกรรมเพื่อใช้จ่ายเงิน

ความสัมพันธ์ทางคณิตศาสตร์ระหว่าง public key และ private key ที่ช่วยให้ private key สามารถใช้สร้างลายเซ็นบนข้อความได้ ลายเซ็นเหล่านี้สามารถตรวจสอบความถูกต้องกับ public key ได้โดยไม่เปิดเผย private key

TIP: ในการใช้งานซอฟแวร์กระเป๋าเงินบิตคอยน์บสงอัน จะทำการเก็บ private key และ public key ถูกเก็บไว้ด้วยกันในรูปแบบคู่กุญแจเพื่อความสะดวก แต่อย่างไรก็ตาม public key สามารถคำนวณได้จาก private key ดังนั้นการเก็บเพียง private key เท่านั้นก็เป็นไปได้เช่นกัน

bitcoin wallet มักจะทำการรวบรวมคู่กุญแต่ละคู่ ซึ่งจะประกอบไปด้วย private key และ public key โดย private key จะเป็นตัวเลขที่ถูกสุ่มเลือกขึ้นมา และเราขะใช้เส้นโค้งวงรี ซึ่งเป็นฟังก์ชันการเข้ารหัสทางเดียว เพื่อสร้าง public key ขึ้นมา

ทำไมจึงใช้การเข้ารหัสแบบอสมมาตร

ทำไมการเข้ารหัสแบบอสมมาตรจึงถูกใช้บิตคอยน์? มันไม่ได้ถูกใช้เพื่อ "เข้ารหัส" (ทำให้เป็นความลับ) ธุรกรรม แต่คุณสมบัติที่มีประโยชน์ของการเข้ารหัสแบบอสมมาตรคือความสามารถในการสร้าง ลายเซ็นดิจิทัล private key สามารถนำไปใช้กับธุรกรรมเพื่อสร้างลายเซ็นเชิงตัวเลข ลายเซ็นนี้สามารถสร้างได้เฉพาะโดยผู้ที่มีความเกี่ยวข้องกับ private key เท่านั้น แต่อย่างไรก็ตาม ทุกคนที่สามารถเข้าถึง public key และธุรกรรมสามารถใช้สิ่งเหล่านี้เพื่อ ตรวจสอบ ลายเซ็นได้ คุณสมบัติที่มีประโยชน์นี้ของการเข้ารหัสแบบอสมมาตรทำให้ทุกคนสามารถตรวจสอบลายเซ็นทุกรายการในทุกธุรกรรมได้ ในขณะที่มั่นใจว่าเฉพาะเจ้าของ private key เท่านั้นที่สามารถสร้างลายเซ็นที่ถูกต้องได้

Private keys

private key เป็นเพียงตัวเลขที่ถูกสุ่มขึ้น และการควบคุม private key ก็เป็นรากฐานสำคัญที่ทำให้เจ้าชองกุญแจดอกนี้สามารถควบคุมบิตคอยน์ทั้งหมดที่มีความเกี่ยวข้องกับ public key ที่คู่กัน private key นั้นใช้ในการสร้างลายเซ็นดิจิทัลที่ใช้ในการเคลื่อนย้ายบิตคอยน์ เราจำเป็นต้องเก็บ private key ให้เป็นความลับตลอดเวลา เพราะการเปิดเผยมันให้กับบุคคลอื่นนั้นก็เปรียบเสมือนกับการนำอำนาจในการควบคุมบิตคอยน์ไปให้แก่เขา นอกจากนี้ private key ยังจำเป็นต้องได้รับการสำรองข้อมูลและป้องกันจากการสูญหายโดยไม่ตั้งใจ เพราะหากเราได้ทำมันสูญหายไป จะไม่สามารถกู้คืนได้ และบิตคอยน์เหล่านั้นจะถูกปกป้องโดยกุญแจที่หายไปนั้นตลอดกาลเช่นกัน

TIP: private key ของบิตคอยน์นั้นเป็นเพียงแค่ตัวเลข คุณสามารถสร้างมันได้โดยใช้เพียงเหรียญ ดินสอ และกระดาษ โดยการโยนเหรียญเพียง 256 ครั้งจะทำให้คุณได้เลขฐานสองที่สามารถใช้เป็น private key ของบิตคอยน์ จากนั้นคุณสามารถใช้มันในการคำนวณหา public key แต่อย่างไรก็ตาม โปรดระมัดระวังเกี่ยวกับการเลือใช้วิธีการสุ่มที่ไม่สมบูรณ์ เพราะนั่นอาจลดความปลอดภัยของ private key และบิตคอยน์ที่มัมปกป้องอยู่อย่างมีนัยสำคัญ

ขั้นตอนแรกและสำคัญที่สุดในการสร้างกุญแจคือการหาแหล่งที่มาของความสุ่มที่ปลอดภัย (ซึ่งเรียกว่า เอนโทรปี) การสร้างกุญแจของบิตคอยน์นั้นเกือบเหมือนกับ "เลือกตัวเลขระหว่าง 1 และ 2^256" ซึ่งวิธีที่แน่นอนที่คุณใช้ในการเลือกตัวเลขนั้นไม่สำคัญตราบใดที่มันไม่สามารถคาดเดาหรือทำซ้ำได้ โดยปกติแล้วซอฟต์แวร์ของบิตคอยน์มักจะใช้ตัวสร้างตัวเลขสุ่มที่มีความปลอดภัยทางการเข้ารหัสเพื่อสร้างเอนโทรปี 256 บิต

สิ่งที่สำคัญในเรื่องนี้คือ private key สามารถเป็นตัวเลขใดๆ ระหว่าง 0 และ n - 1 (รวมทั้งสองค่า) โดยที่ n เป็นค่าคงที่ (n = 1.1578 × 10^77 ซึ่งน้อยกว่า 2^256 เล็กน้อย) ซึ่งกำหนดอยู่ใน elliptic curve ที่ใช้ใน Bitcoin ในการสร้างกุญแจดังกล่าว เราสุ่มเลือกเลขขนาด 256 บิตและตรวจสอบว่ามันน้อยกว่า n ในแง่ของการเขียนโปรแกรม โดยปกติแล้วสิ่งนี้ทำได้โดยการป้อนสตริงของบิตสุ่มที่ใหญ่กว่า ซึ่งรวบรวมจากแหล่งที่มาของความสุ่มที่มีความปลอดภัยทางการเข้ารหัส เข้าไปในอัลกอริทึมแฮช SHA256 ซึ่งจะสร้างค่าขนาด 256 บิตที่สามารถตีความเป็นตัวเลขได้อย่างสะดวก หากผลลัพธ์น้อยกว่า n เราจะได้กุญแจส่วนตัวที่เหมาะสม มิฉะนั้น เราก็เพียงแค่ลองอีกครั้งด้วยตัวเลขสุ่มอื่น

คำเตือน: อย่าเขียนโค้ดของคุณเองเพื่อสร้างตัวเลขสุ่ม หรือใช้ตัวสร้างตัวเลขสุ่ม "แบบง่าย" ที่มีให้ในภาษาโปรแกรมของคุณ ใช้ตัวสร้างตัวเลขสุ่มเทียมที่มีความปลอดภัยทางการเข้ารหัส (CSPRNG) จากแหล่งที่มีเอนโทรปีเพียงพอ ศึกษาเอกสารของไลบรารีตัวสร้างตัวเลขสุ่มที่คุณเลือกเพื่อให้มั่นใจว่ามีความปลอดภัยทางการเข้ารหัส การใช้งาน CSPRNG ที่ถูกต้องมีความสำคัญอย่างยิ่งต่อความปลอดภัยของกุญแจ

ต่อไปนี้คือกุญแจส่วนตัว (k) ที่สร้างขึ้นแบบสุ่มซึ่งแสดงในรูปแบบเลขฐานสิบหก (256 บิตแสดงเป็น 64 หลักเลขฐานสิบหก โดยแต่ละหลักคือ 4 บิต): 1E99423A4ED27608A15A2616A2B0E9E52CED330AC530EDCC32C8FFC6A526AEDD

TIP: จำนวนที่เป็นไปได้ของ private key ทั้งหมดนั้นมีอยู่ 2^256 เป็นตัวเลขที่ใหญ่มากจนยากจะจินตนาการได้ มันมีค่าประมาณ 10^77 (เลข 1 ตามด้วยเลข 0 อีก 77 ตัว) ในระบบเลขฐานสิบ เพื่อให้เข้าใจง่ายขึ้น ลองเปรียบเทียบกับจักรวาลที่เรามองเห็นได้ซึ่งนักวิทยาศาสตร์ประมาณการว่ามีอะตอมทั้งหมดประมาณ 10^80 อะตอม นั่นหมายความว่าช่วงค่าของกุญแจส่วนตัว Bitcoin มีขนาดใกล้เคียงกับจำนวนอะตอมทั้งหมดในจักรวาลที่เรามองเห็นได้

การอธิบายเกี่ยวกับวิทยาการเข้ารหัสแบบเส้นโค้งวงรี (Elliptic Curve Cryptography)

วิทยาการเข้ารหัสแบบเส้นโค้งวงรี (ECC) เป็นประเภทหนึ่งของการเข้ารหัสแบบอสมมาตรหรือ public key ซึ่งอาศัยหลักการของปัญหาลอการิทึมแบบไม่ต่อเนื่อง โดยแสดงออกผ่านการบวกและการคูณบนจุดต่างๆ ของเส้นโค้งวงรี

บิตคอยน์ใช้เส้นโค้งวงรีเฉพาะและชุดค่าคงที่ทางคณิตศาสตร์ ตามที่กำหนดไว้ในมาตรฐานที่เรียกว่า secp256k1 ซึ่งกำหนดโดยสถาบันมาตรฐานและเทคโนโลยีแห่งชาติ (NIST) เส้นโค้ง secp256k1 ถูกกำหนดโดยฟังก์ชันต่อไปนี้ ซึ่งสร้างเส้นโค้งวงรี: y² = (x³ + 7) บนฟิลด์จำกัด (F_p) หรือ y² mod p = (x³ + 7) mod p

โดยที่ mod p (มอดูโลจำนวนเฉพาะ p) แสดงว่าเส้นโค้งนี้อยู่บนฟิลด์จำกัดของอันดับจำนวนเฉพาะ p ซึ่งเขียนได้เป็น F_p โดย p = 2^256 – 2^32 – 2^9 – 2^8 – 2^7 – 2^6 – 2^4 – 1 ซึ่งเป็นจำนวนเฉพาะที่มีค่ามหาศาล

บิตคอยน์ใช้เส้นโค้งวงรีที่ถูกนิยามบนฟิลด์จำกัดของอันดับจำนวนเฉพาะแทนที่จะอยู่บนจำนวนจริง ทำให้มันมีลักษณะเหมือนรูปแบบของจุดที่กระจัดกระจายในสองมิติ ซึ่งทำให้ยากต่อการจินตนาการภาพ อย่างไรก็ตาม คณิตศาสตร์ที่ใช้นั้นเหมือนกับเส้นโค้งวงรีบนจำนวนจริง

ตัวอย่างเช่น การเข้ารหัสลับด้วยเส้นโค้งวงรี: การแสดงภาพเส้นโค้งวงรีบน F(p) โดยที่ p=17 แสดงเส้นโค้งวงรีเดียวกันบนฟิลด์จำกัดของอันดับจำนวนเฉพาะ 17 ที่มีขนาดเล็กกว่ามาก ซึ่งแสดงรูปแบบของจุดบนตาราง

เส้นโค้งวงรี secp256k1 ที่ใช้ในบิตคอยน์สามารถนึกถึงได้ว่าเป็นรูปแบบของจุดที่ซับซ้อนมากกว่าบนตารางที่มีขนาดใหญ่มหาศาลจนยากจะเข้าใจได้

ตัวอย่างเช่น จุด P ที่มีพิกัด (x, y) ต่อไปนี้เป็นจุดที่อยู่บนเส้นโค้ง secp256k1: P = (55066263022277343669578718895168534326250603453777594175500187360389116729240, 32670510020758816978083085130507043184471273380659243275938904335757337482424) เราสามารถใช้ Python เพื่อยืนยันว่าจุดนี้อยู่บนเส้นโค้งวงรีได้ตามตัวอย่างนี้: ตัวอย่างที่ 1: การใช้ Python เพื่อยืนยันว่าจุดนี้อยู่บนเส้นโค้งวงรี ``` Python 3.10.6 (main, Nov 14 2022, 16:10:14) [GCC 11.3.0] on linux Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.

p = 115792089237316195423570985008687907853269984665640564039457584007908834671663 x = 55066263022277343669578718895168534326250603453777594175500187360389116729240 y = 32670510020758816978083085130507043184471273380659243275938904335757337482424 (x ** 3 + 7 - y**2) % p 0 ``` ผลลัพธ์เป็น 0 ซึ่งแสดงว่าจุดนี้อยู่บนเส้นโค้งวงรีจริง เพราะเมื่อแทนค่า x และ y ลงในสมการ y² = (x³ + 7) mod p แล้ว ทั้งสองด้านของสมการมีค่าเท่ากัน

ในคณิตศาสตร์ของเส้นโค้งวงรี มีจุดที่เรียกว่า "จุดที่อนันต์" (point at infinity) ซึ่งมีบทบาทคล้ายกับศูนย์ในการบวก บนคอมพิวเตอร์ บางครั้งจุดนี้แทนด้วย x = y = 0 (ซึ่งไม่เป็นไปตามสมการเส้นโค้งวงรี แต่เป็นกรณีพิเศษที่สามารถตรวจสอบได้ง่าย)

มีตัวดำเนินการ + ที่เรียกว่า "การบวก" ซึ่งมีคุณสมบัติคล้ายกับการบวกแบบดั้งเดิมของจำนวนจริงที่เด็กๆ เรียนในโรงเรียน เมื่อมีจุดสองจุด P1 และ P2 บนเส้นโค้งวงรี จะมีจุดที่สาม P3 = P1 + P2 ซึ่งอยู่บนเส้นโค้งวงรีเช่นกัน

ในเชิงเรขาคณิต จุดที่สาม P3 นี้คำนวณได้โดยการลากเส้นระหว่าง P1 และ P2 เส้นนี้จะตัดกับเส้นโค้งวงรีที่จุดเพิ่มเติมอีกหนึ่งจุดพอดี เรียกจุดนี้ว่า P3' = (x, y) จากนั้นให้สะท้อนกับแกน x เพื่อได้ P3 = (x, -y)

มีกรณีพิเศษบางกรณีที่อธิบายความจำเป็นของ "จุดที่อนันต์":

1. ถ้า P1 และ P2 เป็นจุดเดียวกัน เส้น "ระหว่าง" P1 และ P2 ควรขยายเป็นเส้นสัมผัสกับเส้นโค้ง ณ จุด P1 นี้ เส้นสัมผัสนี้จะตัดกับเส้นโค้งที่จุดใหม่อีกหนึ่งจุดพอดี คุณสามารถใช้เทคนิคจากแคลคูลัสเพื่อหาความชันของเส้นสัมผัส เทคนิคเหล่านี้ใช้ได้อย่างน่าแปลกใจ แม้ว่าเราจะจำกัดความสนใจไว้ที่จุดบนเส้นโค้งที่มีพิกัดเป็นจำนวนเต็มเท่านั้น!
2. ในบางกรณี (เช่น ถ้า P1 และ P2 มีค่า x เดียวกันแต่ค่า y ต่างกัน) เส้นสัมผัสจะตั้งฉากพอดี ซึ่งในกรณีนี้ P3 = "จุดที่อนันต์"
3. ถ้า P1 เป็น "จุดที่อนันต์" แล้ว P1 + P2 = P2 ในทำนองเดียวกัน ถ้า P2 เป็นจุดที่อนันต์ แล้ว P1 + P2 = P1 นี่แสดงให้เห็นว่าจุดที่อนันต์มีบทบาทเป็นศูนย์

การบวกนี้มีคุณสมบัติเชิงสมาคม (associative) ซึ่งหมายความว่า (A + B) + C = A + (B + C) นั่นหมายความว่าเราสามารถเขียน A + B + C โดยไม่ต้องมีวงเล็บและไม่มีความกำกวม

เมื่อเรานิยามการบวกแล้ว เราสามารถนิยามการคูณในแบบมาตรฐานที่ต่อยอดจากการบวก สำหรับจุด P บนเส้นโค้งวงรี ถ้า k เป็นจำนวนเต็มบวก แล้ว kP = P + P + P + … + P (k ครั้ง) โปรดทราบว่า k บางครั้งถูกเรียกว่า "เลขชี้กำลัง"

Public Keys

ในระบบคริปโตกราฟีแบบเส้นโค้งวงรี (Elliptic Curve Cryptography) public key ถูกคำนวณจาก private key โดยใช้การคูณเส้นโค้งวงรี ซึ่งเป็นกระบวนการที่ไม่สามารถย้อนกลับได้:

K = k × G

โดยที่:

• k คือ private key
• G คือจุดคงที่ที่เรียกว่า จุดกำเนิด (generator point)
• K คือ public key

การดำเนินการย้อนกลับ ที่เรียกว่า "การหาลอการิทึมแบบไม่ต่อเนื่อง" (finding the discrete logarithm) - คือการคำนวณหา k เมื่อรู้ค่า K - เป็นสิ่งที่ยากมากเทียบเท่ากับการลองค่า k ทุกค่าที่เป็นไปได้ (วิธีการแบบ brute-force)

ความยากของการย้อนกลับนี้คือหลักการความปลอดภัยหลักของระบบ ECC ที่ใช้ในบิตคอยน์ ซึ่งทำให้สามารถเผยแพร่ public key ได้อย่างปลอดภัย โดยที่ไม่ต้องกังวลว่าจะมีใครสามารถคำนวณย้อนกลับเพื่อหา private key ได้

TIP:การคูณเส้นโค้งวงรีเป็นฟังก์ชันประเภทที่นักเข้ารหัสลับเรียกว่า “ trap door function ”:

• เป็นสิ่งที่ทำได้ง่ายในทิศทางหนึ่ง
• แต่เป็นไปไม่ได้ที่จะทำในทิศทางตรงกันข้าม

คนที่มี private key สามารถสร้าง public key ได้อย่างง่ายดาย และสามารถแบ่งปันกับโลกได้โดยรู้ว่าไม่มีใครสามารถย้อนกลับฟังก์ชันและคำนวณ private key จาก public key ได้ กลวิธีทางคณิตศาสตร์นี้กลายเป็นพื้นฐานสำหรับลายเซ็นดิจิทัลที่ปลอมแปลงไม่ได้และมีความปลอดภัย ซึ่งใช้พิสูจน์การควบคุมเงินบิตคอยน์

เริ่มต้นด้วยการใช้ private key ในรูปแบบของตัวเลขสุ่ม เราคูณมันด้วยจุดที่กำหนดไว้ล่วงหน้าบนเส้นโค้งที่เรียกว่า จุดกำเนิด (generator point) เพื่อสร้างจุดอื่นที่อยู่บนเส้นโค้งเดียวกัน ซึ่งคำตอบจะเป็น public key ที่สอดคล้องกัน จุดกำเนิดถูกกำหนดไว้เป็นส่วนหนึ่งของมาตรฐาน secp256k1 และเป็นค่าเดียวกันสำหรับกุญแจทั้งหมดในระบบบิตคอยน์

เนื่องจากจุดกำเนิด G เป็นค่าเดียวกันสำหรับผู้ใช้บิตคอยน์ทุกคน private key (k) ที่คูณกับ G จะได้ public key (K) เดียวกันเสมอ ความสัมพันธ์ระหว่าง k และ K เป็นแบบตายตัวแต่สามารถคำนวณได้ในทิศทางเดียวเท่านั้น คือจาก k ไปยัง K นี่คือเหตุผลที่ public key ของบิตคอยน์ (K) สามารถแบ่งปันกับทุกคนได้โดยไม่เปิดเผย private key (k) ของผู้ใช้

TIP: private key สามารถแปลงเป็น public key ได้ แต่ public key ไม่สามารถแปลงกลับเป็น private key ได้ เพราะคณิตศาสตร์ที่ใช้ทำงานได้เพียงทิศทางเดียวเท่านั้น

เมื่อนำการคูณเส้นโค้งวงรีมาใช้งาน เราจะนำ private key (k) ที่สร้างขึ้นก่อนหน้านี้มาคูณกับจุดกำเนิด G เพื่อหา public key (K): K = 1E99423A4ED27608A15A2616A2B0E9E52CED330AC530EDCC32C8FFC6A526AEDD × G public key (K) จะถูกกำหนดเป็นจุด K = (x, y) โดยที่: x = F028892BAD7ED57D2FB57BF33081D5CFCF6F9ED3D3D7F159C2E2FFF579DC341A y = 07CF33DA18BD734C600B96A72BBC4749D5141C90EC8AC328AE52DDFE2E505BDB เพื่อจะให้เห็นภาพของการคูณจุดด้วยจำนวนเต็มมากขึ้น เราจะใช้เส้นโค้งวงรีที่ง่ายกว่าบนจำนวนจริง (โดยหลักการทางคณิตศาสตร์ยังคงเหมือนกัน) เป้าหมายของเราคือการหาผลคูณ kG ของจุดกำเนิด G ซึ่งเทียบเท่ากับการบวก G เข้ากับตัวเอง k ครั้งติดต่อกัน

ในเส้นโค้งวงรี การบวกจุดเข้ากับตัวเองเทียบเท่ากับการลากเส้นสัมผัสที่จุดนั้นและหาว่าเส้นนั้นตัดกับเส้นโค้งอีกครั้งที่จุดใด จากนั้นจึงสะท้อนจุดนั้นบนแกน x

การเข้ารหัสลับด้วยเส้นโค้งวงรี: การแสดงภาพการคูณจุด G ด้วยจำนวนเต็ม k บนเส้นโค้งวงรี แสดงกระบวนการในการหา G, 2G, 4G เป็นการดำเนินการทางเรขาคณิตบนเส้นโค้งได้ดังนี้

TIP: ในซอฟแวร์ของบิตคอยน์ส่วนใหญ่ใช้ไลบรารีเข้ารหัสลับ libsecp256k1 เพื่อทำการคำนวณทางคณิตศาสตร์เส้นโค้งวงรี

Output and Input Scripts

แม้ว่าภาพประกอบจาก Bitcoin whitepaper ที่แสดงเรื่อง "Transaction chain" จะแสดงให้เห็นว่ามีการใช้ public key และ digital signature โดยตรง แต่ในความเป็นจริงบิตคอยน์เวอร์ชันแรกนั้นมีการส่งการชำระเงินไปยังฟิลด์ที่เรียกว่า output script และมีการใช้จ่ายบิตคอยน์เหล่านั้นโดยได้รับอนุญาตจากฟิลด์ที่เรียกว่า input script ฟิลด์เหล่านี้อนุญาตให้มีการดำเนินการเพิ่มเติมนอกเหนือจาก (หรือแทนที่) การตรวจสอบว่าลายเซ็นสอดคล้องกับ public key หรือไม่ ตัวอย่างเช่น output script สามารถมี public key สองดอกและต้องการลายเซ็นสองลายเซ็นที่สอดคล้องกันในฟิลด์ input script ที่ใช้จ่าย

ในภายหลัง ในหัวข้อ [tx_script] เราจะได้เรียนรู้เกี่ยวกับสคริปต์อย่างละเอียด สำหรับตอนนี้ สิ่งที่เราต้องเข้าใจคือ บิตคอยน์จะถูกรับเข้า output script ที่ทำหน้าที่เหมือน public key และการใช้จ่ายบิตคอยน์จะได้รับอนุญาตโดย input script ที่ทำหน้าที่เหมือนลายเซ็น

IP Addresses: The Original Address for Bitcoin (P2PK)

เราได้เห็นแล้วว่าอลิซสามารถจ่ายเงินให้บ็อบโดยการมอบบิตคอยน์บางส่วนของเธอให้กับกุญแจสาธารณะของบ็อบ แต่อลิซจะได้กุญแจสาธารณะของบ็อบมาได้อย่างไร? บ็อบอาจจะให้สำเนากุญแจแก่เธอ แต่ลองดูกุญแจสาธารณะที่เราใช้งานในตัวอย่างที่ผ่านมาอีกครั้ง: x = F028892BAD7ED57D2FB57BF33081D5CFCF6F9ED3D3D7F159C2E2FFF579DC341A y = 07CF33DA18BD734C600B96A72BBC4749D5141C90EC8AC328AE52DDFE2E505BDB

TIP จากหลาม: :สังเกตได้ว่า public key มีความยาวมาก ลองจินตนาการว่าบ็อบพยายามอ่านกุญแจนี้ให้อลิซฟังทางโทรศัพท์ คงจะยากมากที่จะอ่านและบันทึกโดยไม่มีข้อผิดพลาด

แทนที่จะป้อนกุญแจสาธารณะโดยตรง เวอร์ชันแรกของซอฟต์แวร์บิตคอยน์อนุญาตให้ผู้จ่ายเงินป้อนที่อยู่ IP ของผู้รับได้ ตามที่แสดงในหน้าจอการส่งเงินรุ่นแรกของบิตคอยน์ผ่าน The Internet Archive

คุณสมบัตินี้ถูกลบออกในภายหลัง เนื่องจากมีปัญหามากมายในการใช้ที่อยู่ IP แต่คำอธิบายสั้นๆ จะช่วยให้เราเข้าใจได้ดีขึ้นว่าทำไมคุณสมบัติบางอย่างอาจถูกเพิ่มเข้าไปในโปรโตคอลบิตคอยน์

เมื่ออลิซป้อนที่อยู่ IP ของบ็อบในบิตคอยน์เวอร์ชัน 0.1 Full node ของเธอจะทำการเชื่อมต่อกับ full node ของเขาและได้รับ public key ใหม่จากกระเป๋าสตางค์ของบ็อบที่โหนดของเขาไม่เคยให้กับใครมาก่อน การที่เป็น public key ใหม่นี้มีความสำคัญเพื่อให้แน่ใจว่าธุรกรรมต่าง ๆ ที่จ่ายให้บ็อบจะไม่สามารถถูกเชื่อมโยงเข้าด้วยกันโดยคนที่กำลังดูบล็อกเชนและสังเกตเห็นว่าธุรกรรมทั้งหมดจ่ายไปยัง public key เดียวกัน

เมื่อใช้ public key จากโหนดของอลิซซึ่งได้รับมาจากโหนดของบ็อบ กระเป๋าสตางค์ของอลิซจะสร้างเอาต์พุตธุรกรรมที่จ่ายให้กับสคริปต์เอาต์พุตดังนี้ <Bob's public key> OP_CHECKSIG ต่อมาบ็อบจะสามารถใช้จ่ายเอาต์พุตนั้นด้วยสคริปต์อินพุตที่ประกอบด้วยลายเซ็นของเขาเท่านั้น: <Bob's signature> เพื่อให้เข้าใจว่าสคริปต์อินพุตและเอาต์พุตกำลังทำอะไร คุณสามารถรวมพวกมันเข้าด้วยกัน (สคริปต์อินพุตก่อน) แล้วสังเกตว่าข้อมูลแต่ละชิ้น (แสดงในเครื่องหมาย < >) จะถูกวางไว้ที่ด้านบนสุดของรายการที่เรียกว่าสแตก (stack) เมื่อพบรหัสคำสั่ง (opcode) มันจะใช้รายการจากสแตก โดยเริ่มจากรายการบนสุด มาดูว่ามันทำงานอย่างไรโดยเริ่มจากสคริปต์ที่รวมกัน: <Bob's signature> <Bob's public key> OP_CHECKSIG

สำหรับสคริปต์นี้ ลายเซ็นของบ็อบจะถูกนำไปไว้บนสแตก จากนั้น public key ของบ็อบจะถูกวางไว้ด้านบนของลายเซ็น และบนสุดจะเป็นคำสั่ง OP_CHECKSIG ที่จะใช้องค์ประกอบสองอย่าง เริ่มจาก public key ตามด้วยลายเซ็น โดยลบพวกมันออกจากสแตก มันจะตรวจสอบว่าลายเซ็นตรงกับ public key และยืนยันฟิลด์ต่าง ๆ ในธุรกรรม ถ้าลายเซ็นถูกต้อง OP_CHECKSIG จะแทนที่ตัวเองบนสแตกด้วยค่า 1 ถ้าลายเซ็นไม่ถูกต้อง มันจะแทนที่ตัวเองด้วย 0 ถ้ามีรายการที่ไม่ใช่ศูนย์อยู่บนสุดของสแตกเมื่อสิ้นสุดการประเมิน สคริปต์ก็จะผ่าน ถ้าสคริปต์ทั้งหมดในธุรกรรมผ่าน และรายละเอียดอื่น ๆ ทั้งหมดเกี่ยวกับธุรกรรมนั้นต้องถูกต้องจึงจะถือว่าธุรกรรมนั้นถูกต้อง

โดยสรุป สคริปต์ข้างต้นใช้ public key และลายเซ็นเดียวกันกับที่อธิบายใน whitepaper แต่เพิ่มความซับซ้อนของฟิลด์สคริปต์สองฟิลด์และรหัสคำสั่งหนึ่งตัว ซึ่งเราจะเริ่มเห็นประโยชน์เมื่อเรามองที่ส่วนต่อไป

TIP:จากหลาม agian: เอาต์พุตประเภทนี้เป็นที่รู้จักในปัจจุบันว่า P2PK ซึ่งมันไม่เคยถูกใช้อย่างแพร่หลายสำหรับการชำระเงิน และไม่มีโปรแกรมที่ใช้กันอย่างแพร่หลายที่รองรับการชำระเงินผ่านที่อยู่ IP เป็นเวลาเกือบทศวรรษแล้ว

Legacy addresses for P2PKH

แน่นอนว่าการป้อนที่อยู่ IP ของคนที่คุณต้องการจ่ายเงินให้นั้นมีข้อดีหลายประการ แต่ก็มีข้อเสียหลายประการเช่นกัน หนึ่งในข้อเสียที่สำคัญคือผู้รับจำเป็นต้องให้กระเป๋าสตางค์ของพวกเขาออนไลน์ที่ที่อยู่ IP ของพวกเขา และต้องสามารถเข้าถึงได้จากโลกภายนอก

ซึ่งสำหรับคนจำนวนมากนั่นไม่ใช่ตัวเลือกที่เป็นไปได้เพราะหากพวกเขา:

• ปิดคอมพิวเตอร์ในเวลากลางคืน
• แล็ปท็อปของพวกเขาเข้าสู่โหมดสลีป
• อยู่หลังไฟร์วอลล์
• หรือกำลังใช้การแปลงที่อยู่เครือข่าย (NAT)

ปัญหานี้นำเรากลับมาสู่ความท้าทายเดิมที่ผู้รับเงินอย่างบ็อบต้องให้ public key ที่มีความยาวมากแก่ผู้จ่ายเงินอย่างอลิซ public key ของบิตคอยน์ที่สั้นที่สุดที่นักพัฒนาบิตคอยน์รุ่นแรกรู้จักมีขนาด 65 ไบต์ เทียบเท่ากับ 130 ตัวอักษรเมื่อเขียนในรูปแบบเลขฐานสิบหก (เฮกซาเดซิมอล) แต่อย่างไรก็ตาม บิตคอยน์มีโครงสร้างข้อมูลหลายอย่างที่มีขนาดใหญ่กว่า 65 ไบต์มาก ซึ่งจำเป็นต้องถูกอ้างอิงอย่างปลอดภัยในส่วนอื่น ๆ ของบิตคอยน์โดยใช้ข้อมูลขนาดเล็กที่สุดเท่าที่จะปลอดภัยได้

โดยบิตคอยน์แก้ปัญหานี้ด้วย ฟังก์ชันแฮช (hash function) ซึ่งเป็นฟังก์ชันที่รับข้อมูลที่อาจมีขนาดใหญ่ นำมาแฮช และให้ผลลัพธ์เป็นข้อมูลขนาดคงที่ ฟังก์ชันแฮชจะผลิตผลลัพธ์เดียวกันเสมอเมื่อได้รับข้อมูลนำเข้าแบบเดียวกัน และฟังก์ชันที่ปลอดภัยจะทำให้เป็นไปไม่ได้ในทางปฏิบัติสำหรับผู้ที่ต้องการเลือกข้อมูลนำเข้าอื่นที่ให้ผลลัพธ์เหมือนกันได้ นั่นทำให้ผลลัพธ์เป็น คำมั่นสัญญา (commitment) ต่อข้อมูลนำเข้า เป็นสัญญาว่าในทางปฏิบัติ มีเพียงข้อมูลนำเข้า x เท่านั้นที่จะให้ผลลัพธ์ X

สมมติว่าผมต้องการถามคำถามคุณและให้คำตอบของผมในรูปแบบที่คุณไม่สามารถอ่านได้ทันที สมมติว่าคำถามคือ "ในปีไหนที่ซาโตชิ นาคาโมโตะเริ่มทำงานบนบิทคอยน์?" ผมจะให้การยืนยันคำตอบของผมในรูปแบบของผลลัพธ์จากฟังก์ชันแฮช SHA256 ซึ่งเป็นฟังก์ชันที่ใช้บ่อยที่สุดในบิทคอยน์: 94d7a772612c8f2f2ec609d41f5bd3d04a5aa1dfe3582f04af517d396a302e4e ต่อมา หลังจากคุณบอกคำตอบที่คุณเดาสำหรับคำถามนั้น ผมสามารถเปิดเผยคำตอบของผมและพิสูจน์ให้คุณเห็นว่าคำตอบของผม เมื่อใช้เป็นข้อมูลสำหรับฟังก์ชันแฮช จะให้ผลลัพธ์เดียวกันกับที่ผมให้คุณก่อนหน้านี้ $ echo "2007. He said about a year and a half before Oct 2008" | sha256sum 94d7a772612c8f2f2ec609d41f5bd3d04a5aa1dfe3582f04af517d396a302e4e ทีนี้ให้สมมติว่าเราถามบ็อบว่า " public key ของคุณคืออะไร?" บ็อบสามารถใช้ฟังก์ชันแฮชเพื่อให้การยืนยันที่ปลอดภัยทางการเข้ารหัสต่อ public key ของเขา หากเขาเปิดเผยกุญแจในภายหลัง และเราตรวจสอบว่ามันให้ผลการยืนยันเดียวกันกับที่เขาให้เราก่อนหน้านี้ เราสามารถมั่นใจได้ว่ามันเป็นกุญแจเดียวกันที่ใช้สร้างการยืนยันก่อนหน้านี้

ฟังก์ชันแฮช SHA256 ถือว่าปลอดภัยมากและให้ผลลัพธ์ 256 บิต (32 ไบต์) น้อยกว่าครึ่งหนึ่งของขนาด public key ของบิทคอยน์ดั้งเดิม แต่อย่างไรก็ตาม มีฟังก์ชันแฮชอื่นๆ ที่ปลอดภัยน้อยกว่าเล็กน้อยที่ให้ผลลัพธ์ขนาดเล็กกว่า เช่น ฟังก์ชันแฮช RIPEMD-160 ซึ่งให้ผลลัพธ์ 160 บิต (20 ไบต์) ด้วยเหตุผลที่ซาโตชิ นาคาโมโตะไม่เคยระบุ เวอร์ชันดั้งเดิมของบิทคอยน์สร้างการยืนยันต่อ public key โดยการแฮชกุญแจด้วย SHA256 ก่อน แล้วแฮชผลลัพธ์นั้นด้วย RIPEMD-160 ซึ่งให้การยืนยันขนาด 20 ไบต์ต่อ public key

เราสามารถดูสิ่งนี้ตามอัลกอริทึม เริ่มจากกุญแจสาธารณะ K เราคำนวณแฮช SHA256 และคำนวณแฮช RIPEMD-160 ของผลลัพธ์ ซึ่งให้ตัวเลข 160 บิต (20 ไบต์): A = RIPEMD160(SHA256(K))

ทีนี้เราคงเข้าใจวิธีสร้างการยืนยันต่อ public key แล้ว ต่อไปเราจะมาดูวิธีการใช้งานโดยพิจารณาสคริปต์เอาต์พุตต่อไปนี้: OP_DUP OP_HASH160 <Bob's commitment> OP_EQUAL OP_CHECKSIG และสคริปต์อินพุตต่อไปนี้: <Bob's signature> <Bob's public key> และเมื่อเรารวมมันเข้าด้วยกันเราจะได้ผลลัพธ์ดังนี้: <Bob's signature> <Bob's public key> OP_DUP OP_HASH160 <Bob's commitment> OP_EQUAL OP_CHECKSIG

เหมือนที่เราทำใน IP Addresses: The Original Address for Bitcoin (P2PK) เราเริ่มวางรายการลงในสแต็ก ลายเซ็นของบ็อบถูกวางก่อน จากนั้น public key ของเขาถูกวางไว้ด้านบน จากนั้นดำเนินการ OP_DUP เพื่อทำสำเนารายการบนสุด ดังนั้นรายการบนสุดและรายการที่สองจากบนในสแต็กตอนนี้เป็น public key ของบ็อบทั้งคู่ การดำเนินการ OP_HASH160 ใช้ (ลบ) public key บนสุดและแทนที่ด้วยผลลัพธ์ของการแฮชด้วย RIPEMD160(SHA256(K)) ดังนั้นตอนนี้บนสุดของสแต็กคือแฮชของ public key ของบ็อบ ต่อไป commitment ถูกเพิ่มไว้บนสุดของสแต็ก การดำเนินการ OP_EQUALVERIFY ใช้รายการสองรายการบนสุดและตรวจสอบว่าพวกมันเท่ากัน ซึ่งควรเป็นเช่นนั้นหาก public key ที่บ็อบให้ในสคริปต์อินพุตเป็น public key เดียวกันกับที่ใช้สร้างการยืนยันในสคริปต์เอาต์พุตที่อลิซจ่าย หาก OP_EQUALVERIFY ล้มเหลว ทั้งสคริปต์จะล้มเหลว สุดท้าย เราเหลือสแต็กที่มีเพียงลายเซ็นของบ็อบและ public key ของเขา รหัสปฏิบัติการ OP_CHECKSIG ตรวจสอบว่าพวกมันสอดคล้องกัน

TIP: จากหลาม ถ้าอ่านตรงนี้และงง ๆ ผมไปทำรูปมาให้ดูง่ายขึ้นครับ

แม้กระบวนการของการ pay-to-publickey-hash(P2PKH) อาจดูซับซ้อน แต่มันทำให้การที่อลิซจ่ายเงินให้บ็อบมีเพียงการยืนยันเพียง 20 ไบต์ต่อ public key ของเขาแทนที่จะเป็นตัวกุญแจเอง ซึ่งจะมีขนาด 65 ไบต์ในเวอร์ชันดั้งเดิมของบิทคอยน์ นั่นเป็นข้อมูลที่น้อยกว่ามากที่บ็อบต้องสื่อสารกับอลิซ

แต่อย่างไรก็ตาม เรายังไม่ได้พูดถึงวิธีที่บ็อบรับ 20 ไบต์เหล่านั้นจากกระเป๋าเงินบิทคอยน์ของเขาไปยังกระเป๋าเงินของอลิซ มีการเข้ารหัสค่าไบต์ที่ใช้กันอย่างแพร่หลาย เช่น เลขฐานสิบหก แต่ข้อผิดพลาดใด ๆ ในการคัดลอกการยืนยันจะทำให้บิทคอยน์ถูกส่งไปยังเอาต์พุตที่ไม่สามารถใช้จ่ายได้ ทำให้พวกมันสูญหายไปตลอดกาล โดยในส่วนถัดไป เราจะดูที่การเข้ารหัสแบบกะทัดรัดและการตรวจสอบความถูกต้อง

Base58check Encoding

ระบบคอมพิวเตอร์มีวิธีเขียนตัวเลขยาวๆ ให้สั้นลงโดยใช้ทั้งตัวเลขและตัวอักษรผสมกัน เพื่อใช้พื้นที่น้อยลงอย่างเช่น

• ระบบเลขฐานสิบ (ปกติที่เราใช้) - ใช้เลข 0-9 เท่านั้น
• ระบบเลขฐานสิบหก - ใช้เลข 0-9 และตัวอักษร A-F ตัวอย่าง: เลข 255 ในระบบปกติ เขียนเป็น FF ในระบบเลขฐานสิบหก (สั้นกว่า)
• ระบบเลขฐานหกสิบสี่ (Base64) - ใช้สัญลักษณ์ถึง 64 ตัว: ตัวอักษรเล็ก (a-z) 26 ตัว, ตัวอักษรใหญ่ (A-Z) 26 ตัว, ตัวเลข (0-9) 10 ตัว, สัญลักษณ์พิเศษอีก 2 ตัว ("+" และ "/")

โดยระบบ Base64 นี้ช่วยให้เราส่งไฟล์คอมพิวเตอร์ผ่านข้อความธรรมดาได้ เช่น การส่งรูปภาพผ่านอีเมล โดยใช้พื้นที่น้อยกว่าการเขียนเป็นเลขฐานสิบแบบปกติมาก

การเข้ารหัสแบบ Base58 คล้ายกับ Base64 โดยใช้ตัวอักษรพิมพ์ใหญ่ พิมพ์เล็ก และตัวเลข แต่ได้ตัดตัวอักษรบางตัวที่มักถูกเข้าใจผิดว่าเป็นตัวอื่นและอาจดูเหมือนกันเมื่อแสดงในฟอนต์บางประเภทออกไป

Base58 คือ Base64 ที่ตัดตัวอักษรต่อไปนี้ออก:

• เลข 0 (ศูนย์)
• ตัวอักษร O (ตัว O พิมพ์ใหญ่)
• ตัวอักษร l (ตัว L พิมพ์เล็ก)
• ตัวอักษร I (ตัว I พิมพ์ใหญ่)
• และสัญลักษณ์ "+" และ "/"

หรือพูดให้ง่ายขึ้น Base58 คือกลุ่มตัวอักษรพิมพ์เล็ก พิมพ์ใหญ่ และตัวเลข แต่ไม่มีตัวอักษรทั้งสี่ตัว (0, O, l, I) ที่กล่าวถึงข้างต้น ตัวอักษรทั้งหมดที่ใช้ใน Base58 จะแสดงให้เห็นในตัวอักษร Base58 ของบิทคอยน์

Example 2. Bitcoin’s base58 alphabet 123456789ABCDEFGHJKLMNPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijkmnopqrstuvwxyz การเพิ่มความปลอดภัยพิเศษเพื่อป้องกันการพิมพ์ผิดหรือข้อผิดพลาดในการคัดลอก base58check ได้รวม รหัสตรวจสอบ (checksum) ที่เข้ารหัสในตัวอักษร base58 เข้าไปด้วย รหัสตรวจสอบนี้คือข้อมูลเพิ่มเติมอีก 4 ไบต์ที่เพิ่มเข้าไปที่ท้ายของข้อมูลที่กำลังถูกเข้ารหัส

รหัสตรวจสอบนี้ได้มาจากการแฮชข้อมูลที่ถูกเข้ารหัส และจึงสามารถใช้เพื่อตรวจจับข้อผิดพลาดจากการคัดลอกและการพิมพ์ได้ เมื่อโปรแกรมได้รับรหัส base58check ซอฟต์แวร์ถอดรหัสจะคำนวณรหัสตรวจสอบของข้อมูลและเปรียบเทียบกับรหัสตรวจสอบที่รวมอยู่ในรหัสนั้น

หากทั้งสองไม่ตรงกัน แสดงว่ามีข้อผิดพลาดเกิดขึ้น และข้อมูล base58check นั้นไม่ถูกต้อง กระบวนการนี้ช่วยป้องกันไม่ให้ address บิทคอยน์ที่พิมพ์ผิดถูกยอมรับโดยซอฟต์แวร์กระเป๋าเงินว่าเป็น address ที่ถูกต้อง ซึ่งเป็นข้อผิดพลาดที่อาจส่งผลให้สูญเสียเงินได้

การแปลงข้อมูล (ตัวเลข) เป็นรูปแบบ base58check มีขั้นตอนดังนี้:

1. เราเริ่มโดยการเพิ่ม prefix เข้าไปในข้อมูล เรียกว่า "version byte" ซึ่งช่วยให้ระบุประเภทของข้อมูลที่ถูกเข้ารหัสได้ง่าย ตัวอย่างเช่น: prefix ศูนย์ (0x00 ในระบบเลขฐานสิบหก) แสดงว่าข้อมูลควรถูกใช้เป็นการยืนยัน (hash) ในสคริปต์เอาต์พุต legacy P2PKH
2. จากนั้น เราคำนวณ "double-SHA" checksum ซึ่งหมายถึงการใช้อัลกอริทึมแฮช SHA256 สองครั้งกับผลลัพธ์ก่อนหน้า (prefix ต่อกับข้อมูล): checksum = SHA256(SHA256(prefix||data))
3. จากแฮช 32 ไบต์ที่ได้ (การแฮชซ้อนแฮช) เราเลือกเฉพาะ 4 ไบต์แรก ไบต์ทั้งสี่นี้ทำหน้าที่เป็นรหัสตรวจสอบข้อผิดพลาดหรือ checksum
4. นำ checksum นี้ไปต่อที่ท้ายข้อมูล

การเข้ารหัสแบบ base58check คือรูปแบบการเข้ารหัสที่ใช้ base58 พร้อมกับการระบุเวอร์ชันและการตรวจสอบความถูกต้อง เพื่อการเข้ารหัสข้อมูลบิทคอยน์ โดยคุณสามารถดูภาพประกอบด้านล่างเพื่อความเข้าใจเพิ่มเติม

ในบิตคอยน์นั้น นอกจากจะใช้ base58check ในการยืนยัน public key แล้ว ก็ยังมีการใช้ในข้อมูลอื่น ๆ ด้วย เพื่อทำให้ข้อมูลนั้นกะทัดรัด อ่านง่าย และตรวจจับข้อผิดพลาดได้ง่ายด้วยรหัสนำหน้า (version prefix) ในการเข้ารหัสแบบ base58check ถูกใช้เพื่อสร้างรูปแบบที่แยกแยะได้ง่าย ซึ่งเมื่อเข้ารหัสด้วย base58 โดยจะมีตัวอักษรเฉพาะที่จุดเริ่มต้นของข้อมูลที่เข้ารหัส base58check ตัวอักษรเหล่านี้ช่วยให้เราระบุประเภทของข้อมูลที่ถูกเข้ารหัสและวิธีการใช้งานได้ง่าย นี่คือสิ่งที่แยกความแตกต่าง ตัวอย่างเช่น ระหว่าง address บิทคอยน์ที่เข้ารหัส base58check ซึ่งขึ้นต้นด้วยเลข 1 กับรูปแบบการนำเข้า private key (WIF - Wallet Import Format) ที่เข้ารหัส base58check ซึ่งขึ้นต้นด้วยเลข 5 ตัวอย่างของ version prefix สามารถดูได้ตามตารางด้านล่างนี้

ภาพต่อไปนี้จะทำให้คุณเห็นภาพของกระบวนการแปลง public key ให้เป็น bitcoin address

Compressed Public Keys

ในยุคแรก ๆ ของบิตคอยน์นั้น มีเพียงการสร้าง public key แบบ 65 Bytes เท่านั้น แต่ในเวลาต่อมา เหล่านักพัฒนาในยุคหลังได้พบวิธีการสร้าง public key แบบใหม่ที่มีเพียง 33 Bytes และสามารถทำงานร่วมกันกับโหนดทั้งหมดในขณะนั้นได้ จีงไม่จะเป็นต้องเปลี่ยนแปลงกฎหรือโครงสร้างภายในโปรโตคอลของบิตคอยน์ โดย poublic key แบบใหม่ที่มีขนาด 33 Bytes นี้เรียกว่า compressed public key (public key ที่ถูกบีบอัด) และมีการเรียก public key ที่มีขนาด 65 Bytes ว่า uncompressed public key (public key ที่ไม่ถูกบีบอัด) ซึ่งประโยชน์ของ public key ที่เล็กลงนั้น นอกจากจะช่วยให้การส่ง public key ให้ผู้อื่นทำได้ง่ายขึ้นแล้ว ยังช่วยให้ธุรกรรมมีขนาดเล็กลง และช่วยให้สามารถทำการชำระเงินได้มากขึ้นในบล็อกเดียวกัน

อย่างที่เราได้เรียนรู้จากเนื้อหาในส่วนของ public key เราได้ทราบว่า public key คือจุด (x, y) บนเส้นโค้งวงรี เนื่องจากเส้นโค้งแสดงฟังก์ชันทางคณิตศาสตร์ จุดบนเส้นโค้งจึงเป็นคำตอบของสมการ ดังนั้นหากเรารู้พิกัด x เราก็สามารถคำนวณพิกัด y ได้โดยแก้สมการ y² mod p = (x³ + 7) mod p นั่นหมายความว่าเราสามารถเก็บเพียงพิกัด x ของ public key โดยละพิกัด y ไว้ ซึ่งช่วยลดขนาดของกุญแจและพื้นที่ที่ต้องใช้เก็บข้อมูลลง 256 บิต การลดขนาดลงเกือบ 50% ในทุกธุรกรรมรวมกันแล้วช่วยประหยัดข้อมูลได้มากมายในระยะยาว!

นี่คือ public key ที่ได้ยกเป็นตัวอย่างไว้ก่อนหน้า x = F028892BAD7ED57D2FB57BF33081D5CFCF6F9ED3D3D7F159C2E2FFF579DC341A y = 07CF33DA18BD734C600B96A72BBC4749D5141C90EC8AC328AE52DDFE2E505BDB

และนี่คือ public key ที่มีตัวนำหน้า 04 ตามด้วยพิกัด x และ y ในรูปแบบ 04 x y: K = 04F028892BAD7ED57D2FB57BF33081D5CFCF6F9ED3D3D7F159C2E2FFF579DC341A07CF33DA18BD734C600B96A72BBC4749D5141C90EC8AC328AE52DDFE2E505BDB

uncompressed public key นั้นจะมีตัวนำหน้าเป็น 04 แต่ compressed public key จะมีตัวนำหน้าเป็น 02 หรือ 03 โดยเหตุผลนั้นมาจากสมการ y² mod p = (x³ + 7) mod p เนื่องจากด้านซ้ายของสมการคือ y² คำตอบสำหรับ y จึงเป็นรากที่สอง ซึ่งอาจมีค่าเป็นบวกหรือลบก็ได้ หากมองเชิงภาพ นี่หมายความว่าพิกัด y ที่ได้อาจอยู่เหนือหรือใต้แกน x เราต้องไม่ลืมว่าเส้นโค้งมีความสมมาตร ซึ่งหมายความว่ามันจะสะท้อนเหมือนกระจกโดยแกน x ดังนั้น แม้เราจะละพิกัด y ได้ แต่เราต้องเก็บ เครื่องหมาย ของ y (บวกหรือลบ) หรืออีกนัยหนึ่งคือเราต้องจำว่ามันอยู่เหนือหรือใต้แกน x เพราะแต่ละตำแหน่งแทนจุดที่แตกต่างกันและเป็น public key ที่แตกต่างกัน

เมื่อคำนวณเส้นโค้งวงรีในระบบเลขฐานสองบนสนามจำกัดของเลขจำนวนเฉพาะ p พิกัด y จะเป็นเลขคู่หรือเลขคี่ ซึ่งสอดคล้องกับเครื่องหมายบวก/ลบตามที่อธิบายก่อนหน้านี้ ดังนั้น เพื่อแยกความแตกต่างระหว่างค่าที่เป็นไปได้สองค่าของ y เราจึงเก็บ compressed public key ด้วยตัวนำหน้า 02 ถ้า y เป็นเลขคู่ และ 03 ถ้า y เป็นเลขคี่ ซึ่งช่วยให้ซอฟต์แวร์สามารถอนุมานพิกัด y จากพิกัด x และคลายการบีบอัดของ public key ไปยังพิกัดเต็มของจุดได้อย่างถูกต้อง ดังภาพประกอบต่อไปนี้

นี่คือ public key เดียวกันกับที่ยกตัวอย่างไว้ข้างต้นซึ่งแสดงให้เห็นในรูป compressed public key ที่เก็บใน 264 บิต (66 ตัวอักษรเลขฐานสิบหก) โดยมีตัวนำหน้า 03 ซึ่งบ่งชี้ว่าพิกัด y เป็นเลขคี่: K = 03F028892BAD7ED57D2FB57BF33081D5CFCF6F9ED3D3D7F159C2E2FFF579DC341A compressed public key สอดคล้องกับ private key เดียวกันกับ uncompressed public key หมายความว่ามันถูกสร้างจาก private key เดียวกัน แต่อย่างไรก็ตาม มันก็มีส่วนที่แตกต่างจาก uncompressed public key นั้นคือ หากเราแปลง compressed public key เป็น commitment โดยใช้ฟังก์ชัน HASH160 (RIPEMD160(SHA256(K))) มันจะสร้าง commitment ที่แตกต่างจาก uncompressed public key และจะนำไปสู่ bitcoin address ที่แตกต่างกันในที่สุด สิ่งนี้อาจทำให้สับสนเพราะหมายความว่า private key เดียวสามารถสร้าง public key ในสองรูปแบบที่แตกต่างกัน (แบบบีบอัดและแบบไม่บีบอัด) ซึ่งสร้าง bitcoin address ที่แตกต่างกัน

compressed public key เป็นค่าเริ่มต้นในซอฟต์แวร์บิตคอยน์เกือบทั้งหมดในปัจจุบัน และถูกกำหนดให้ใช้กับคุณสมบัติใหม่บางอย่างที่เพิ่มในการอัปเกรดโปรโตคอลในภายหลัง

อย่างไรก็ตาม ซอฟต์แวร์บางตัวยังคงต้องรองรับ uncompressed public key เช่น แอปพลิเคชันกระเป๋าเงินที่นำเข้า private key จากกระเป๋าเงินเก่า เมื่อกระเป๋าเงินใหม่สแกนบล็อกเชนสำหรับผลลัพธ์และอินพุต P2PKH เก่า มันจำเป็นต้องรู้ว่าควรสแกนกุญแจขนาด 65 ไบต์ (และ commitment ของกุญแจเหล่านั้น) หรือกุญแจขนาด 33 ไบต์ (และ commitment ของกุญแจเหล่านั้น) หากไม่สแกนหาประเภทที่ถูกต้อง อาจทำให้ผู้ใช้ไม่สามารถใช้ยอดคงเหลือทั้งหมดได้ เพื่อแก้ไขปัญหานี้ เมื่อส่งออก private key จากกระเป๋าเงิน WIF ที่ใช้แสดง private key ในกระเป๋าเงินบิตคอยน์รุ่นใหม่จะถูกนำไปใช้แตกต่างกันเล็กน้อยเพื่อบ่งชี้ว่า private key เหล่านี้ถูกใช้ในการสร้าง compressed public key

Legacy: Pay to Script Hash (P2SH)

ตามที่เราได้เห็นในส่วนก่อนหน้านี้ ผู้รับบิตคอยน์ สามารถกำหนดให้การชำระเงินที่ส่งมาให้เขานั้นมีเงื่อนไขบางอย่างในสคริปต์เอาต์พุตได้โดยจะต้องปฏิบัติตามเงื่อนไขเหล่านั้นโดยใช้สคริปต์อินพุตเมื่อเขาใช้จ่ายบิตคอยน์เหล่านั้น ในส่วน IP Addresses: The Original Address for Bitcoin (P2PK) เงื่อนไขก็คือสคริปต์อินพุตต้องให้ลายเซ็นที่เหมาะสม ในส่วน Legacy Addresses for P2PKH นั้นจำเป็นต้องมี public key ที่เหมาะสมด้วย

ส่วนสำหรับผู้ส่งก็จะวางเงื่อนไขที่ผู้รับต้องการในสคริปต์เอาต์พุตที่ใช้จ่ายให้กับผู้รับ โดยผู้รับจะต้องสื่อสารเงื่อนไขเหล่านั้นให้ผู้ส่งทราบ ซึ่งคล้ายกับปัญหาที่บ๊อบต้องสื่อสาร public key ของเขาให้อลิซทราบ และเช่นเดียวกับปัญหานั้นที่ public key อาจมีขนาดค่อนข้างใหญ่ เงื่อนไขที่บ๊อบใช้ก็อาจมีขนาดใหญ่มากเช่นกัน—อาจมีขนาดหลายพันไบต์ นั่นไม่เพียงแต่เป็นข้อมูลหลายพันไบต์ที่ต้องสื่อสารให้อลิซทราบ แต่ยังเป็นข้อมูลหลายพันไบต์ที่เธอต้องจ่ายค่าธรรมเนียมธุรกรรมทุกครั้งที่ต้องการใช้จ่ายเงินให้บ๊อบ อย่างไรก็ตาม การใช้ฟังก์ชันแฮชเพื่อสร้าง commitment ขนาดเล็กสำหรับข้อมูลขนาดใหญ่ก็สามารถนำมาใช้ได้ในกรณีนี้เช่นกัน

ในเวลาต่อมานั้น การอัปเกรด BIP16 สำหรับโปรโตคอลบิตคอยน์ในปี 2012 ได้อนุญาตให้สคริปต์เอาต์พุตสร้าง commitment กับ redemption script (redeem script) ได้ แปลว่าเมื่อบ๊อบใช้จ่ายบิตคอยน์ของเขา ภายในสคริปต์อินพุตของเขานั้นจะต้องให้ redeem script ที่ตรงกับ commitment และข้อมูลที่จำเป็นเพื่อให้เป็นไปตาม redeem script (เช่น ลายเซ็น) เริ่มต้นด้วยการจินตนาการว่าบ๊อบต้องการให้มีลายเซ็นสองอันเพื่อใช้จ่ายบิตคอยน์ของเขา หนึ่งลายเซ็นจากกระเป๋าเงินบนเดสก์ท็อปและอีกหนึ่งจากอุปกรณ์เซ็นแบบฮาร์ดแวร์ เขาใส่เงื่อนไขเหล่านั้นลงใน redeem script: <public key 1> OP_CHECKSIGVERIFY <public key 2> OP_CHECKSIG จากนั้นเขาสร้าง commitment กับ redeem script โดยใช้กลไก HASH160 เดียวกับที่ใช้สำหรับ commitment แบบ P2PKH, RIPEMD160(SHA256(script)) commitment นั้นถูกวางไว้ในสคริปต์เอาต์พุตโดยใช้เทมเพลตพิเศษ: OP_HASH160 <commitment> OP_EQUAL

คำเตือน: เมื่อใช้ pay to script hash (P2SH) คุณต้องใช้เทมเพลต P2SH โดยเฉพาะ ซึ่งจะไม่มีข้อมูลหรือเงื่อนไขเพิ่มเติมในสคริปต์เอาต์พุต หากสคริปต์เอาต์พุตไม่ได้เป็น OP_HASH160 <20 ไบต์> OP_EQUAL แน่นอนว่า redeem script จะไม่ถูกใช้และบิตคอยน์ใด ๆ อาจไม่สามารถใช้จ่ายได้หรืออาจถูกใช้จ่ายได้โดยทุกคน (หมายความว่าใครก็สามารถนำไปใช้ได้)

เมื่อบ๊อบต้องการจ่ายเงินที่เขาได้รับผ่าน commitment สำหรับสคริปต์ของเขา เขาจะใช้สคริปต์อินพุตที่รวมถึง redeem script ซึ่งถูกแปลงให้เป็นข้อมูลอีลิเมนต์เดียว นอกจากนี้เขายังให้ลายเซ็นที่จำเป็นเพื่อให้เป็นไปตาม redeem script โดยเรียงลำดับตามที่จะถูกใช้โดย opcodes: <signature2> <signature1> <redeem script> เมื่อโหนดของบิตคอยน์ได้รับการใช้จ่ายของบ๊อบพวกมันจะตรวจสอบว่า redeem script ที่ถูกแปลงเป็นค่าแฮชแล้วมีค่าเดียวกันกับ commitment มั้ย หลังจากนั้นพวกมันจะแทนที่มันบนสแต็คด้วยค่าที่ถอดรหัสแล้ว: <signature2> <signature1> <pubkey1> OP_CHECKSIGVERIFY <pubkey2> OP_CHECKSIG สคริปต์จะถูกประมวลผล และหากผ่านการตรวจสอบและรายละเอียดธุรกรรมอื่น ๆ ทั้งหมดถูกต้อง ธุรกรรมก็จะถือว่าใช้ได้

address สำหรับ P2SH ก็ถูกสร้างด้วย base58check เช่นกัน คำนำหน้าเวอร์ชันถูกตั้งเป็น 5 ซึ่งทำให้ที่อยู่ที่เข้ารหัสแล้วขึ้นต้นด้วยเลข 3 ตัวอย่างของที่อยู่ P2SH คือ 3F6i6kwkevjR7AsAd4te2YB2zZyASEm1HM

TIP: P2SH ไม่จำเป็นต้องเหมือนกับธุรกรรมแบบหลายลายเซ็น (multisignature) เสมอไป ถึง address P2SH ส่วนใหญ่ แทนสคริปต์แบบหลายลายเซ็นก็ตาม แต่อาจแทนสคริปต์ที่เข้ารหัสธุรกรรมประเภทอื่น ๆ ได้ด้วย

P2PKH และ P2SH เป็นสองเทมเพลตสคริปต์เท่านั้นที่ใช้กับการเข้ารหัสแบบ base58check พวกมันเป็นที่รู้จักในปัจจุบันว่าเป็น address แบบ legacy และกลายเป็นรูปแบบที่พบน้อยลงเรื่อยๆ address แบบ legacy ถูกแทนที่ด้วยaddress ตระกูล bech32

การโจมตี P2SH แบบ Collision

address ทั้งหมดที่อิงกับฟังก์ชันแฮชมีความเสี่ยงในทางทฤษฎีต่อผู้โจมตีที่อาจค้นพบอินพุตเดียวกันที่สร้างเอาต์พุตฟังก์ชันแฮช (commitment) โดยอิสระ ในกรณีของบิตคอยน์ หากพวกเขาค้นพบอินพุตในวิธีเดียวกับที่ผู้ใช้ดั้งเดิมทำ พวกเขาจะรู้ private key ของผู้ใช้และสามารถใช้จ่ายบิตคอยน์ของผู้ใช้นั้นได้ โอกาสที่ผู้โจมตีจะสร้างอินพุตสำหรับ commitment ที่มีอยู่แล้วโดยอิสระนั้นขึ้นอยู่กับความแข็งแกร่งของอัลกอริทึมแฮช สำหรับอัลกอริทึมที่ปลอดภัย 160 บิตอย่าง HASH160 ความน่าจะเป็นอยู่ที่ 1 ใน 2^160 นี่เรียกว่าการโจมตีแบบ preimage attack

ผู้โจมตีสามารถพยายามสร้างข้อมูลนำเข้าสองชุดที่แตกต่างกัน (เช่น redeem scripts) ที่สร้างการเข้ารหัสแบบเดียวกันได้ สำหรับ address ที่สร้างโดยฝ่ายเดียวทั้งหมด โอกาสที่ผู้โจมตีจะสร้างข้อมูลนำเข้าที่แตกต่างสำหรับการเข้ารหัสที่มีอยู่แล้วมีประมาณ 1 ใน 2^160 สำหรับอัลกอริทึม HASH160 นี่คือการโจมตีแบบ second preimage attack

อย่างไรก็ตาม สถานการณ์จะเปลี่ยนไปเมื่อผู้โจมตีสามารถมีอิทธิพลต่อค่าข้อมูลนำเข้าดั้งเดิมได้ ตัวอย่างเช่น ผู้โจมตีมีส่วนร่วมในการสร้างสคริปต์แบบหลายลายเซ็น (multisignature script) ซึ่งพวกเขาไม่จำเป็นต้องส่ง public key ของตนจนกว่าจะทราบ public key ของฝ่ายอื่นทั้งหมด ในกรณีนั้น ความแข็งแกร่งของอัลกอริทึมการแฮชจะลดลงเหลือรากที่สองของมัน สำหรับ HASH160 ความน่าจะเป็นจะกลายเป็น 1 ใน 2^80 นี่คือการโจมตีแบบ collision attack

เพื่อให้เข้าใจตัวเลขเหล่านี้ในบริบทที่ชัดเจน ข้อมูล ณ ต้นปี 2023 นักขุดบิตคอยน์ทั้งหมดรวมกันสามารถประมวลผลฟังก์ชันแฮชประมาณ 2^80 ทุกชั่วโมง พวกเขาใช้ฟังก์ชันแฮชที่แตกต่างจาก HASH160 ดังนั้นฮาร์ดแวร์ที่มีอยู่จึงไม่สามารถสร้างการโจมตีแบบ collision attack สำหรับมันได้ แต่การมีอยู่ของเครือข่ายบิตคอยน์พิสูจน์ว่าการโจมตีแบบชนกันต่อฟังก์ชัน 160 บิตอย่าง HASH160 สามารถทำได้จริงในทางปฏิบัติ นักขุดบิตคอยน์ได้ลงทุนเทียบเท่ากับหลายพันล้านดอลลาร์สหรัฐในฮาร์ดแวร์พิเศษ ดังนั้นการสร้างการโจมตีแบบ collision attack จึงไม่ใช่เรื่องถูก แต่มีองค์กรที่คาดหวังว่าจะได้รับบิตคอยน์มูลค่าหลายพันล้านดอลลาร์ไปยัง address ที่สร้างโดยกระบวนการที่เกี่ยวข้องกับหลายฝ่าย ซึ่งอาจทำให้การโจมตีนี้มีกำไร

มีโปรโตคอลการเข้ารหัสที่เป็นที่ยอมรับอย่างดีในการป้องกันการโจมตีแบบ collision attack แต่วิธีแก้ปัญหาที่ง่ายโดยไม่ต้องใช้ความรู้พิเศษจากผู้พัฒนากระเป๋าเงินคือการใช้ฟังก์ชันแฮชที่แข็งแกร่งกว่า การอัปเกรดบิตคอยน์ในภายหลังทำให้เป็นไปได้ และ address บิตคอยน์ใหม่ให้ความต้านทานการชนกันอย่างน้อย 128 บิต การดำเนินการแฮช 2^128 ครั้งจะใช้เวลานักขุดบิตคอยน์ปัจจุบันทั้งหมดประมาณ 32 พันล้านปี

แม้ว่าเราไม่เชื่อว่ามีภัยคุกคามเร่งด่วนต่อผู้ที่สร้าง address P2SH ใหม่ แต่เราแนะนำให้กระเป๋าเงินใหม่ทั้งหมดใช้ที่อยู่ประเภทใหม่เพื่อขจัดความกังวลเกี่ยวกับการโจมตีแบบ collision attack ของ P2SH address

Bech32 Addresses

ในปี 2017 โปรโตคอลบิตคอยน์ได้รับการอัปเกรด เพื่อป้องกันไม่ให้ตัวระบุธุรกรรม (txids) ไม่สามารถเปลี่ยนแปลงได้ โดยไม่ได้รับความยินยอมจากผู้ใช้ที่ทำการใช้จ่าย (หรือองค์ประชุมของผู้ลงนามเมื่อต้องมีลายเซ็นหลายรายการ) การอัปเกรดนี้เรียกว่า segregated witness (หรือเรียกสั้นๆ ว่า segwit) ซึ่งยังให้ความสามารถเพิ่มเติมสำหรับข้อมูลธุรกรรมในบล็อกและประโยชน์อื่น ๆ อีกหลายประการ แต่อย่างไรก็ตาม หากมีผู้ใช้เก่าที่ต้องการเข้าถึงประโยชน์ของ segwit โดยตรงต้องยอมรับการชำระเงินไปยังสคริปต์เอาต์พุตใหม่

ตามที่ได้กล่าวไว้ใน p2sh หนึ่งในข้อดีของเอาต์พุตประเภท P2SH คือผู้จ่ายไม่จำเป็นต้องรู้รายละเอียดของสคริปต์ที่ผู้รับใช้ การอัปเกรด segwit ถูกออกแบบมาให้ใช้กลไกนี้ได้ดังเดิม จึง ทำให้ผู้จ่ายสามารถเริ่มเข้าถึงประโยชน์ใหม่ ๆ หลายอย่างได้ทันทีโดยใช้ที่อยู่ P2SH แต่เพื่อให้ผู้รับสามารถเข้าถึงประโยชน์เหล่านั้นได้ พวกเขาจำเป็นจะต้องให้กระเป๋าเงินของผู้จ่ายจ่ายเงินให้เขาโดยใช้สคริปต์ประเภทอื่นแทน ซึ่งจะต้องอาศัยการอัปเกรดกระเป๋าเงินของผู้จ่ายเพื่อรองรับสคริปต์ใหม่เหล่านี้

ในช่วงแรก เหล่านักพัฒนาบิตคอยน์ได้นำเสนอ BIP142 ซึ่งจะยังคงใช้ base58check ร่วมกับไบต์เวอร์ชันใหม่ คล้ายกับการอัปเกรด P2SH แต่การให้กระเป๋าเงินทั้งหมดอัปเกรดไปใช้สคริปต์ใหม่ที่มีเวอร์ชัน base58check ใหม่นั้น คาดว่าจะต้องใช้ความพยายามเกือบเท่ากับการให้พวกเขาอัปเกรดไปใช้รูปแบบ address ที่เป็นแบบใหม่ทั้งหมด ด้วยเหตุนี้้เอง ผู้สนับสนุนบิตคอยน์หลายคนจึงเริ่มออกแบบรูปแบบ address ที่ดีที่สุดเท่าที่เป็นไปได้ พวกเขาระบุปัญหาหลายอย่างกับ base58check ไว้ดังนี้:

• การที่ base58check ใช้อักษรที่มีทั้งตัวพิมพ์ใหญ่และตัวพิมพ์เล็กทำให้ไม่สะดวกในการอ่านออกเสียงหรือคัดลอก ลองอ่าน address แบบเก่าในบทนี้ให้เพื่อนฟังและให้พวกเขาคัดลอก คุณจะสังเกตว่าคุณต้องระบุคำนำหน้าทุกตัวอักษรด้วยคำว่า "ตัวพิมพ์ใหญ่" และ "ตัวพิมพ์เล็ก" และเมื่อคุณตรวจสอบสิ่งที่พวกเขาเขียน คุณจะพบว่าตัวพิมพ์ใหญ่และตัวพิมพ์เล็กของตัวอักษรบางตัวอาจดูคล้ายกันในลายมือของคนส่วนใหญ่
• รูปแบบนี้สามารถตรวจจับข้อผิดพลาดได้ แต่ไม่สามารถช่วยผู้ใช้แก้ไขข้อผิดพลาดเหล่านั้น ตัวอย่างเช่น หากคุณสลับตำแหน่งตัวอักษรสองตัวโดยไม่ตั้งใจเมื่อป้อน address ด้วยตนเอง กระเป๋าเงินของคุณจะเตือนว่ามีข้อผิดพลาดเกิดขึ้นแน่นอน แต่จะไม่ช่วยให้คุณค้นพบว่าข้อผิดพลาดอยู่ที่ไหน คุณอาจต้องใช้เวลาหลายนาทีที่น่าหงุดหงิดเพื่อค้นหาข้อผิดพลาดในที่สุด
• การใช้ตัวอักษรที่มีทั้งตัวพิมพ์ใหญ่และตัวพิมพ์เล็กยังต้องใช้พื้นที่เพิ่มเติมในการเข้ารหัสใน QR code ซึ่งนิยมใช้ในการแชร์ address และ invoice ระหว่างกระเป๋าเงิน พื้นที่เพิ่มเติมนี้หมายความว่า QR code จำเป็นต้องมีขนาดใหญ่ขึ้นที่ความละเอียดเดียวกัน หรือไม่เช่นนั้นก็จะยากต่อการสแกนอย่างรวดเร็ว
• การที่ต้องการให้กระเป๋าเงินผู้จ่ายทุกใบอัปเกรดเพื่อรองรับคุณสมบัติโปรโตคอลใหม่ เช่น P2SH และ segwit แม้ว่าการอัปเกรดเองอาจไม่ต้องใช้โค้ดมากนัก แต่ประสบการณ์แสดงให้เห็นว่าผู้พัฒนากระเป๋าเงินหลายรายมักยุ่งกับงานอื่น ๆ และบางครั้งอาจล่าช้าในการอัปเกรดเป็นเวลาหลายปี สิ่งนี้ส่งผลเสียต่อทุกคนที่ต้องการใช้คุณสมบัติใหม่ ๆ เหล่านี้

นักพัฒนาที่ทำงานเกี่ยวกับรูปแบบ address สำหรับ segwit ได้พบวิธีแก้ปัญหาเหล่านี้ทั้งหมดในรูปแบบ address แบบใหม่ที่เรียกว่า bech32 (ออกเสียงด้วย "ch" อ่อน เช่นใน "เบช สามสิบสอง") คำว่า "bech" มาจาก BCH ซึ่งเป็นอักษรย่อของบุคคลสามคนที่ค้นพบรหัสวนนี้ในปี 1959 และ 1960 ซึ่งเป็นพื้นฐานของ bech32 ส่วน "32" หมายถึงจำนวนตัวอักษรในชุดตัวอักษร bech32 (คล้ายกับ 58 ใน base58check):

• Bech32 ใช้เฉพาะตัวเลขและตัวอักษรรูปแบบเดียว (โดยปกติจะแสดงเป็นตัวพิมพ์เล็ก) แม้ว่าชุดตัวอักษรของมันจะมีขนาดเกือบครึ่งหนึ่งของชุดตัวอักษรใน base58check ก็ตามแต่ address bech32 สำหรับสคริปต์ pay to witness public key hash (P2WPKH) ก็ยังยาวกว่า legacy address และมีขนาดเท่ากันกับสคริปต์ P2PKH

• Bech32 สามารถทั้งตรวจจับและช่วยแก้ไขข้อผิดพลาดได้ ใน address ที่มีความยาวตามที่คาดหวังได้ และสามารถรับประกันทางคณิตศาสตร์ได้ว่าจะตรวจพบข้อผิดพลาดใด ๆ ที่ส่งผลกระทบต่อตัวอักษร 4 ตัวหรือน้อยกว่า ซึ่งเชื่อถือได้มากกว่า base58check ส่วนสำหรับข้อผิดพลาดที่ยาวกว่านั้น จะไม่สามารถตรวจพบได้ (โอกาสเกิดน้อยกว่าหนึ่งครั้งในหนึ่งพันล้าน) ซึ่งมีความเชื่อถือได้ประมาณเท่ากับ base58check ยิ่งไปกว่านั้น สำหรับ adddress ที่พิมพ์โดยมีข้อผิดพลาดเพียงเล็กน้อย มันสามารถบอกผู้ใช้ได้ว่าข้อผิดพลาดเหล่านั้นเกิดขึ้นที่ไหน ช่วยให้พวกเขาสามารถแก้ไขข้อผิดพลาดจากการคัดลอกเล็ก ๆ น้อย ๆ ได้อย่างรวดเร็ว

• ตัวอย่างที่ 3 Bech32 address ที่มีข้อผิดพลาด Address: bc1p9nh05ha8wrljf7ru236awn4t2x0d5ctkkywmv9sclnm4t0av2vgs4k3au7 ข้อผิดพลาดที่ตรวจพบแสดงเป็นตัวหนาและขีดเส้นใต้ สร้างโดยใช้โปรแกรมสาธิตการถอดรหัส bech32 address

• bech32 address นิยมเขียนด้วยตัวอักษรพิมพ์เล็กเท่านั้น แต่ตัวอักษรพิมพ์เล็กเหล่านี้สามารถแทนที่ด้วยตัวอักษรพิมพ์ใหญ่ก่อนการเข้ารหัส address ในรหัส QR ได้ วิธีนี้ช่วยให้สามารถใช้โหมดการเข้ารหัส QR แบบพิเศษที่ใช้พื้นที่น้อยกว่า คุณจะสังเกตเห็นความแตกต่างในขนาดและความซับซ้อนของรหัส QR ทั้งสองสำหรับที่อยู่เดียวกันในรูปภาพข้างล่างนี้

- Bech32 ใช้ประโยชน์จากกลไกการอัปเกรดที่ออกแบบมาเป็นส่วนหนึ่งของ segwit เพื่อทำให้กระเป๋าเงินผู้จ่ายสามารถจ่ายเงินไปยังประเภทเอาต์พุตที่ยังไม่ได้ใช้งานได้ โดยมีเป้าหมายคือการอนุญาตให้นักพัฒนาสร้างกระเป๋าเงินในวันนี้ที่สามารถใช้จ่ายไปยัง bech32 address และทำให้กระเป๋าเงินนั้นยังคงสามารถใช้จ่ายไปยัง bech32address ได้สำหรับผู้ใช้คุณสมบัติใหม่ที่เพิ่มในการอัปเกรดโปรโตคอลในอนาคต โดยที่มีความหวังว่าเราอาจไม่จำเป็นต้องผ่านรอบการอัปเกรดทั้งระบบอีกต่อไป ซึ่งจำเป็นสำหรับการให้ผู้คนใช้งาน P2SH และ segwit ได้อย่างเต็มรูปแบบ

• Problems with Bech32 Addresses

  address แบบ bech32 ประสบความสำเร็จในทุกด้านยกเว้นปัญหาหนึ่ง คือการรับประกันทางคณิตศาสตร์เกี่ยวกับความสามารถในการตรวจจับข้อผิดพลาดจะใช้ได้เฉพาะเมื่อความยาวของ address ที่คุณป้อนเข้าไปในกระเป๋าเงินมีความยาวเท่ากับ address ดั้งเดิมเท่านั้น หากคุณเพิ่มหรือลบตัวอักษรใด ๆ ระหว่างการคัดลอกจะทำให้ไม่สามารถตรวจจับได้ การรับประกันนี้จะไม่มีผล และกระเป๋าเงินของคุณอาจใช้จ่ายเงินไปยัง address ที่ไม่ถูกต้อง แต่อย่างไรก็ตาม แม้จะไม่มีคุณสมบัตินี้ มีความเชื่อว่าเป็นไปได้ยากมากที่ผู้ใช้ที่เพิ่มหรือลบตัวอักษรจะสร้างสตริงที่มีผลรวมตรวจสอบที่ถูกต้อง ซึ่งช่วยให้มั่นใจได้ว่าเงินของผู้ใช้จะปลอดภัย

น่าเสียดายที่การเลือกใช้ค่าคงที่ตัวหนึ่งในอัลกอริทึม bech32 บังเอิญทำให้การเพิ่มหรือลบตัวอักษร "q" ในตำแหน่งที่สองจากท้ายของ address ที่ลงท้ายด้วยตัวอักษร "p" เป็นเรื่องง่ายมาก ในกรณีเหล่านั้น คุณยังสามารถเพิ่มหรือลบตัวอักษร "q" หลายครั้งได้ด้วย ข้อผิดพลาดนี้จะถูกตรวจจับโดยผลรวมตรวจสอบ (checksum) ในบางครั้ง แต่จะถูกมองข้ามบ่อยกว่าความคาดหวังหนึ่งในพันล้านสำหรับข้อผิดพลาดจากการแทนที่ของ bech32 อย่างมาก สำหรับตัวอย่างสามารถดูได้ในรูปภาพข้างล่างนี้

ตัวอย่างที่ 4. การขยายความยาวของ bech32 address โดยไม่ทำให้ผลรวมตรวจสอบเป็นโมฆะ ``` bech32 address ที่ถูกต้อง: bc1pqqqsq9txsqp

address ที่ไม่ถูกต้องแต่มีผลรวมตรวจสอบที่ถูกต้อง: bc1pqqqsq9txsqqqqp bc1pqqqsq9txsqqqqqqp bc1pqqqsq9txsqqqqqqqqp bc1pqqqsq9txsqqqqqqqqqp bc1pqqqsq9txsqqqqqqqqqqqp ```

จากตัวอย่างนี้ คุณจะเห็นว่าแม้มีการเพิ่มตัวอักษร "q" เข้าไปหลายตัวก่อนตัวอักษร "p" ตัวสุดท้าย ระบบตรวจสอบก็ยังคงยอมรับว่า address เหล่านี้ถูกต้อง นี่เป็นข้อบกพร่องสำคัญของ bech32 เพราะอาจทำให้เงินถูกส่งไปยัง address ที่ไม่มีใครเป็นเจ้าของจริง ๆ หรือ address ที่ไม่ได้ตั้งใจจะส่งไป

สำหรับเวอร์ชันเริ่มต้นของ segwit (เวอร์ชัน 0) ปัญหานี้ไม่ใช่ความกังวลในทางปฏิบัติ เพราะมีความยาวที่ถูกต้องมีเพียงสองแบบที่กำหนดไว้สำหรับเอาต์พุต นั้นคือ 22 Byte และ 34 Byte ซึ่งสอดคล้องกับ bech32 address ที่มีความยาวยาวที่ 42 หรือ 62 ตัวอักษร ดังนั้นคนจะต้องเพิ่มหรือลบตัวอักษร "q" จากตำแหน่งที่สองจากท้ายของ bech32 address ถึง 20 ครั้งเพื่อส่งเงินไปยัง address ที่ไม่ถูกต้องโดยที่กระเป๋าเงินไม่สามารถตรวจจับได้ อย่างไรก็ตาม มันอาจกลายเป็นปัญหาสำหรับผู้ใช้ในอนาคตหากมีการนำการอัปเกรดบนพื้นฐานของ segwit มาใช้

Bech32m

แม้ว่า bech32 จะทำงานได้ดีสำหรับ segwit v0 แต่นักพัฒนาไม่ต้องการจำกัดขนาดเอาต์พุตโดยไม่จำเป็นในเวอร์ชันหลังๆ ของ segwit หากไม่มีข้อจำกัด การเพิ่มหรือลบตัวอักษร "q" เพียงตัวเดียวใน bech32 address อาจทำให้ผู้ใช้ส่งเงินโดยไม่ตั้งใจไปยังเอาต์พุตที่ไม่สามารถใช้จ่ายได้หรือสามารถใช้จ่ายได้โดยทุกคน (ทำให้บิตคอยน์เหล่านั้นถูกนำไปโดยทุกคนได้) นักพัฒนาได้วิเคราะห์ปัญหา bech32 อย่างละเอียดและพบว่าการเปลี่ยนค่าคงที่เพียงตัวเดียวในอัลกอริทึมของพวกเขาจะขจัดปัญหานี้ได้ ทำให้มั่นใจว่าการแทรกหรือลบตัวอักษรสูงสุดห้าตัวจะไม่ถูกตรวจจับน้อยกว่าหนึ่งครั้งในหนึ่งพันล้านเท่านั้น

เวอร์ชันของ bech32 ที่มีค่าคงที่เพียงหนึ่งตัวที่แตกต่างกันเรียกว่า bech32 แบบปรับแต่ง (bech32m) ตัวอักษรทั้งหมดใน address แบบ bech32 และ bech32m สำหรับข้อมูลพื้นฐานเดียวกันจะเหมือนกันทั้งหมด ยกเว้นหกตัวสุดท้าย (ซึ่งเป็นส่วนของ checksum) นั่นหมายความว่ากระเป๋าเงินจำเป็นต้องรู้ว่ากำลังใช้เวอร์ชันใดเพื่อตรวจสอบความถูกต้องของ checksum แต่ address ทั้งสองประเภทมีไบต์เวอร์ชันภายในที่ทำให้การระบุเวอร์ชันที่ใช้อยู่เป็นเรื่องที่ง่าย ในการทำงานกับทั้ง bech32 และ bech32m เราจะพิจารณากฎการเข้ารหัสและการแยกวิเคราะห์สำหรับ address บิตคอยน์แบบ bech32m เนื่องจากพวกมันครอบคลุมความสามารถในการแยกวิเคราะห์บน address แบบ bech32 และเป็นรูปแบบ address ที่แนะนำในปัจจุบันสำหรับกระเป๋าเงินบิตคอยน์

ข้อความจากหลาม: คือผมว่าตรงนี้เขาเขียนไม่รู้เรื่อง แต่เดาว่าเขาน่าจะสื่อว่า เราควรเรียนรู้วิธีการทำงานกับ bech32m เพราะมันเป็นรูปแบบที่แนะนำให้ใช้ในปัจจุบัน และมันมีข้อดีเพราะbech32m สามารถรองรับการอ่าน address แบบ bech32 แบบเก่าได้ด้วย ง่ายๆ คือ ถ้าคุณเรียนรู้วิธีทำงานกับ bech32m คุณจะสามารถทำงานกับทั้ง bech32m และ bech32 ได้ทั้งสองแบบ

bech32m address ริ่มต้นด้วยส่วนที่มนุษย์อ่านได้ (Human Readable Part: HRP) BIP173 มีกฎสำหรับการสร้าง HRP ของคุณเอง แต่สำหรับบิตคอยน์ คุณเพียงแค่จำเป็นต้องรู้จัก HRP ที่ถูกเลือกไว้แล้วตามที่แสดงในตารางข้างล่างนี้

ส่วน HRP ตามด้วยตัวคั่น ซึ่งก็คือเลข "1" ในข้อเสนอก่อนหน้านี้สำหรับตัวคั่นโปรโตคอลได้ใช้เครื่องหมายทวิภาค (colon) แต่ระบบปฏิบัติการและแอปพลิเคชันบางตัวที่อนุญาตให้ผู้ใช้ดับเบิลคลิกคำเพื่อไฮไลต์สำหรับการคัดลอกและวางนั้นจะไม่ขยายการไฮไลต์ไปถึงและผ่านเครื่องหมายทวิภาค

การใช้ตัวเลขช่วยให้มั่นใจได้ว่าการไฮไลต์ด้วยดับเบิลคลิกจะทำงานได้กับโปรแกรมใดๆ ที่รองรับสตริง bech32m โดยทั่วไป (ซึ่งรวมถึงตัวเลขอื่นๆ ด้วย) เลข "1" ถูกเลือกเพราะสตริง bech32 ไม่ได้ใช้เลข 1 ในกรณีอื่น เพื่อป้องกันการแปลงโดยไม่ตั้งใจระหว่างเลข "1" กับตัวอักษรพิมพ์เล็ก "l"

และส่วนอื่นของ bech32m address เรียกว่า "ส่วนข้อมูล" (data part) ซึ่งประกอบด้วยสามองค์ประกอบ:

• Witness version: ไบต์ถัดไปหลังจากตัวคั่นตัวอักษรนี้แทนเวอร์ชันของ segwit ตัวอักษร "q" คือการเข้ารหัสของ "0" สำหรับ segwit v0 ซึ่งเป็นเวอร์ชันแรกของ segwit ที่มีการแนะนำที่อยู่ bech32 ตัวอักษร "p" คือการเข้ารหัสของ "1" สำหรับ segwit v1 (หรือเรียกว่า taproot) ซึ่งเริ่มมีการใช้งาน bech32m มีเวอร์ชันที่เป็นไปได้ทั้งหมด 17 เวอร์ชันของ segwit และสำหรับ Bitcoin จำเป็นต้องให้ไบต์แรกของส่วนข้อมูล bech32m ถอดรหัสเป็นตัวเลข 0 ถึง 16 (รวมทั้งสองค่า)
• Witness program: คือตำแหน่งหลังจาก witnessversion ตั้งแต่ตำแหน่ง 2 ถึง 40 Byte สำหรับ segwit v0 นี้ต้องมีความยาว 20 หรือ 32 Byte ไม่สามารถ ffมีขนาดอื่นได้ สำหรับ segwit v1 ความยาวเดียวที่ถูกกำหนดไว้ ณ เวลาที่เขียนนี้คือ 32 ไบต์ แต่อาจมีการกำหนดความยาวอื่น ๆ ได้ในภายหลัง
• Checksum: มีความยาว 6 ตัวอักษร โดยส่วนนี้ถูกสร้างขึ้นโดยใช้รหัส BCH ซึ่งเป็นประเภทของรหัสแก้ไขข้อผิดพลาด (error corection code) (แต่อย่างไรก็ตาม สำหรับ address บิตคอยน์ เราจะเห็นในภายหลังว่าเป็นสิ่งสำคัญที่จะใช้ checksum เพื่อการตรวจจับข้อผิดพลาดเท่านั้น—ไม่ใช่การแก้ไข

ในส่วนต่อไปหลังจากนี้เราจะลองสร้าง address แบบ bech32 และ bech32m สำหรับตัวอย่างทั้งหมดต่อไปนี้ เราจะใช้โค้ดอ้างอิง bech32m สำหรับ Python

เราจะเริ่มด้วยการสร้างสคริปต์เอาต์พุตสี่ตัว หนึ่งตัวสำหรับแต่ละเอาต์พุต segwit ที่แตกต่างกันที่ใช้ในช่วงเวลาของการเผยแพร่ บวกกับอีกหนึ่งตัวสำหรับเวอร์ชัน segwit ในอนาคตที่ยังไม่มีความหมายที่กำหนดไว้ สคริปต์เหล่านี้แสดงอยู่ในตารางข้างล่างนี้

สำหรับเอาต์พุต P2WPKH witness program มีการผูก commitment ที่สร้างขึ้นในลักษณะเดียวกันกับ P2PKH ที่เห็นใน Legacy Addresses for P2PKH โดย public key ถูกส่งเข้าไปในฟังก์ชันแฮช SHA256 ไดเจสต์ขนาด 32 ไบต์ที่ได้จะถูกส่งเข้าไปในฟังก์ชันแฮช RIPEMD-160 ไดเจสต์ของฟังก์ชันนั้น จะถูกวางไว้ใน witness program

สำหรับเอาต์พุตแบบ pay to witness script hash (P2WSH) เราไม่ได้ใช้อัลกอริทึม P2SH แต่เราจะนำสคริปต์ ส่งเข้าไปในฟังก์ชันแฮช SHA256 และใช้ไดเจสต์ขนาด 32 ไบต์ของฟังก์ชันนั้นใน witness program สำหรับ P2SH ไดเจสต์ SHA256 จะถูกแฮชอีกครั้งด้วย RIPEMD-160 ซึ่งแน่นอนว่าอาจจะไม่ปลอดภัย ในบางกรณี สำหรับรายละเอียด ดูที่ P2SH Collision Attacks ผลลัพธ์ของการใช้ SHA256 โดยไม่มี RIPEMD-160 คือ การผูกพันแบบ P2WSH มีขนาด 32 ไบต์ (256 บิต) แทนที่จะเป็น 20 ไบต์ (160 บิต)

สำหรับเอาต์พุตแบบ pay-to-taproot (P2TR) witness program คือจุดบนเส้นโค้ง secp256k1 มันอาจเป็น public key แบบธรรมดา แต่ในกรณีส่วนใหญ่มันควรเป็น public key ที่ผูกพันกับข้อมูลเพิ่มเติมบางอย่าง เราจะเรียนรู้เพิ่มเติมเกี่ยวกับการผูกพันนั้นในหัวข้อของ taproot

สำหรับตัวอย่างของเวอร์ชัน segwit ในอนาคต เราเพียงแค่ใช้หมายเลขเวอร์ชัน segwit ที่สูงที่สุดที่เป็นไปได้ (16) และ witness program ที่มีขนาดเล็กที่สุดที่อนุญาต (2 ไบต์) โดยมีค่าเป็นศูนย์ (null value)

เมื่อเรารู้หมายเลขเวอร์ชันและ witness program แล้ว เราสามารถแปลงแต่ละอย่างให้เป็น bech32 address ได้ โดยการใช้ไลบรารีอ้างอิง bech32m สำหรับ Python เพื่อสร้าง address เหล่านั้นอย่างรวดเร็ว และจากนั้นมาดูอย่างละเอียดว่าเกิดอะไรขึ้น:

``` $ github=" https://raw.githubusercontent.com" $ wget $github/sipa/bech32/master/ref/python/segwit_addr.py $ python

from segwit_addr import * from binascii import unhexlify help(encode) encode(hrp, witver, witprog) Encode a segwit address. encode('bc', 0, unhexlify('2b626ed108ad00a944bb2922a309844611d25468')) 'bc1q9d3xa5gg45q2j39m9y32xzvygcgay4rgc6aaee' encode('bc', 0, unhexlify('648a32e50b6fb7c5233b228f60a6a2ca4158400268844c4bc295ed5e8c3d626f')) 'bc1qvj9r9egtd7mu2gemy28kpf4zefq4ssqzdzzycj7zjhk4arpavfhsct5a3p' encode('bc', 1, unhexlify('2ceefa5fa770ff24f87c5475d76eab519eda6176b11dbe1618fcf755bfac5311')) 'bc1p9nh05ha8wrljf7ru236awm4t2x0d5ctkkywmu9sclnm4t0av2vgs4k3au7' encode('bc', 16, unhexlify('0000')) 'bc1sqqqqkfw08p' หากเราเปิดไฟล์ segwit_addr.py และดูว่าโค้ดกำลังทำอะไร สิ่งแรกที่เราจะสังเกตเห็นคือความแตกต่างเพียงอย่างเดียวระหว่าง bech32 (ที่ใช้สำหรับ segwit v0) และ bech32m (ที่ใช้สำหรับเวอร์ชัน segwit รุ่นหลัง) คือค่าคงที่: BECH32_CONSTANT = 1 BECH32M_CONSTANT = 0x2bc830a3 ```

และในส่วนต่อไป เราจะเห็นโค้ดที่สร้าง checksum ในขั้นตอนสุดท้ายของการสร้าง checksum ค่าคงที่ที่เหมาะสมถูกรวมเข้ากับข้อมูลอื่น ๆ โดยใช้การดำเนินการ xor ค่าเดียวนั้นคือความแตกต่างเพียงอย่างเดียวระหว่าง bech32 และ bech32m

เมื่อสร้าง checksum แล้ว อักขระ 5 บิตแต่ละตัวในส่วนข้อมูล (รวมถึง witness version, witness program และ checksum) จะถูกแปลงเป็นตัวอักษรและตัวเลข

สำหรับการถอดรหัสกลับเป็นสคริปต์เอาต์พุต เราทำงานย้อนกลับ ลองใช้ไลบรารีอ้างอิงเพื่อถอดรหัส address สอง address ของเรา: ```

help(decode) decode(hrp, addr) Decode a segwit address. _ = decode("bc", "bc1q9d3xa5gg45q2j39m9y32xzvygcgay4rgc6aaee") [0], bytes([1]).hex() (0, '2b626ed108ad00a944bb2922a309844611d25468') _ = decode("bc", "bc1p9nh05ha8wrljf7ru236awm4t2x0d5ctkkywmu9sclnm4t0av2vgs4k3au7") [0], bytes([1]).hex() (1, '2ceefa5fa770ff24f87c5475d76eab519eda6176b11dbe1618fcf755bfac5311') เราได้รับทั้ง witness version และ witness program กลับมา สิ่งเหล่านี้สามารถแทรกลงในเทมเพลตสำหรับสคริปต์เอาต์พุตของเรา: ตัวอย่างเช่น: OP_0 2b626ed108ad00a944bb2922a309844611d25468 OP_1 2ceefa5fa770ff24f87c5475d76eab519eda6176b11dbe1618fcf755bfac5311 ``` คำเตือน: ข้อผิดพลาดที่อาจเกิดขึ้นที่ควรระวังคือ witness version ที่มีค่า 0 ใช้สำหรับ OP_0 ซึ่งใช้ไบต์ 0x00—แต่เวอร์ชัน witness ที่มีค่า 1 ใช้ OP_1 ซึ่งเป็นไบต์ 0x51 เวอร์ชัน witness 2 ถึง 16 ใช้ไบต์ 0x52 ถึง 0x60 ตามลำดับ

เมื่อทำการเขียนโค้ดเพื่อเข้ารหัสหรือถอดรหัส bech32m เราขอแนะนำอย่างยิ่งให้คุณใช้เวกเตอร์ทดสอบ (test vectors) ที่มีให้ใน BIP350 เราขอให้คุณตรวจสอบให้แน่ใจว่าโค้ดของคุณผ่านเวกเตอร์ทดสอบที่เกี่ยวข้องกับการจ่ายเงินให้กับเวอร์ชัน segwit ในอนาคตที่ยังไม่ได้รับการกำหนด สิ่งนี้จะช่วยให้ซอฟต์แวร์ของคุณสามารถใช้งานได้อีกหลายปีข้างหน้า แม้ว่าคุณอาจจะไม่สามารถเพิ่มการรองรับคุณสมบัติใหม่ ๆ ของบิตคอยน์ได้ทันทีที่คุณสมบัตินั้น ๆ เริ่มใช้งานได้

Private Key Formats

private key สามารถถูกแสดงได้ในหลาย ๆ รูปแบบที่ต่างกันซึ่งสามารถแปลงเป็นตัวเลขขนาด 256 bit ชุดเดียวกันได้ ดังที่เราจะแสดงให้ดูในตารางข้างล่างนี้ รูปแบบที่แตกต่างกันถูกใช้ในสถานการณ์ที่ต่างกัน รูปแบบเลขฐานสิบหก (Hexadecimal) และรูปแบบไบนารี (raw binary) ถูกใช้ภายในซอฟต์แวร์และแทบจะไม่แสดงให้ผู้ใช้เห็น WIF ถูกใช้สำหรับการนำเข้า/ส่งออกกุญแจระหว่างกระเป๋าเงินและมักใช้ในการแสดงกุญแจส่วนตัวแบบ QR code

รูปแบบของ private key ในปัจจุบัน

ซอฟต์แวร์กระเป๋าเงินบิตคอยน์ในยุคแรกได้สร้าง private key อิสระอย่างน้อยหนึ่งดอกเมื่อกระเป๋าเงินของผู้ใช้ใหม่ถูกเริ่มต้น เมื่อชุดกุญแจเริ่มต้นถูกใช้ทั้งหมดแล้ว กระเป๋าเงินอาจสร้าง private key เพิ่มเติม private key แต่ละดอกสามารถส่งออกหรือนำเข้าได้ ทุกครั้งที่มีการสร้างหรือนำเข้า private key ใหม่ จะต้องมีการสร้างการสำรองข้อมูลกระเป๋าเงินใหม่ด้วย

กระเป๋าเงินบิตคอยน์ในยุคหลังเริ่มใช้กระเป๋าเงินแบบกำหนดได้ (deterministic wallets) ซึ่ง private key ทั้งหมดถูกสร้างจาก seed เพียงค่าเดียว กระเป๋าเงินเหล่านี้จำเป็นต้องสำรองข้อมูลเพียงครั้งเดียวเท่านั้นสำหรับการใช้งานบนเชนทั่วไป แต่อย่างไรก็ตาม หากผู้ใช้ส่งออก private key เพียงดอกเดียวจากกระเป๋าเงินเหล่านี้ และผู้โจมตีได้รับกุญแจนั้นรวมถึงข้อมูลที่ไม่ใช่ข้อมูลส่วนตัวบางอย่างเกี่ยวกับกระเป๋าเงิน พวกเขาอาจสามารถสร้างกุญแจส่วนตัวใด ๆ ในกระเป๋าเงินได้—ทำให้ผู้โจมตีสามารถขโมยเงินทั้งหมดในกระเป๋าเงินได้ นอกจากนี้ ยังไม่สามารถนำเข้ากุญแจสู่กระเป๋าเงินแบบกำหนดได้ นี่หมายความว่าแทบไม่มีกระเป๋าเงินสมัยใหม่ที่รองรับความสามารถในการส่งออกหรือนำเข้ากุญแจเฉพาะดอก ข้อมูลในส่วนนี้มีความสำคัญหลัก ๆ สำหรับผู้ที่ต้องการความเข้ากันได้กับกระเป๋าเงินบิตคอยน์ในยุคแรก ๆ

รูปแบบของ private key (รูปแบบการเข้ารหัส) private key เดียวกันในแต่ละ format รูปแบบการแสดงผลทั้งหมดเหล่านี้เป็นวิธีต่างๆ ในการแสดงเลขจำนวนเดียวกัน private key เดียวกัน พวกมันดูแตกต่างกัน แต่รูปแบบใดรูปแบบหนึ่งสามารถแปลงไปเป็นรูปแบบอื่นได้อย่างง่ายดาย

Compressed Private Keys

คำว่า compressed private key ที่ใช้กันทั่วไปนั้นเป็นคำที่เรียกผิด เพราะเมื่อ private key ถูกส่งออกไปในรูปแบบ WIF-compressed มันจะมีความยาวมากกว่า private key แบบ uncompressed 1 Byte (เลข 01 ในช่อง Hex-compressed ในตารางด้านล่างนี้) ซึ่งบ่งบอกว่า private key ตัวนี้ มาจากกระเป๋าเงินรุ่นใหม่และควรใช้เพื่อสร้าง compressed public key เท่านั้น

private key เองไม่ได้ถูกบีบอัดและไม่สามารถบีบอัดได้ คำว่า compressed private key จริงๆ แล้วหมายถึง " private key ซึ่งควรใช้สร้าง compressed public key เท่านั้น" ในขณะที่ uncompressed private key จริงๆ แล้วหมายถึง “private key ซึ่งควรใช้สร้าง uncompressed public key เท่านั้น” คุณควรใช้เพื่ออ้างถึงรูปแบบการส่งออกเป็น "WIF-compressed" หรือ "WIF" เท่านั้น และไม่ควรอ้างถึง private key ว่า "บีบอัด" เพื่อหลีกเลี่ยงความสับสนต่อไป

ตารางนี้แสดงกุญแจเดียวกันที่ถูกเข้ารหัสในรูปแบบ WIF และ WIF-compressed

ตัวอย่าง: กุญแจเดียวกัน แต่รูปแบบต่างกัน

สังเกตว่ารูปแบบ Hex-compressed มีไบต์เพิ่มเติมหนึ่งไบต์ที่ท้าย (01 ในเลขฐานสิบหก) ในขณะที่คำนำหน้าเวอร์ชันการเข้ารหัสแบบ base58 เป็นค่าเดียวกัน (0x80) สำหรับทั้งรูปแบบ WIF และ WIF-compressed การเพิ่มหนึ่งไบต์ที่ท้ายของตัวเลขทำให้อักขระตัวแรกของการเข้ารหัสแบบ base58 เปลี่ยนจาก 5 เป็น K หรือ L

คุณสามารถคิดถึงสิ่งนี้เหมือนกับความแตกต่างของการเข้ารหัสเลขฐานสิบระหว่างตัวเลข 100 และตัวเลข 99 ในขณะที่ 100 มีความยาวมากกว่า 99 หนึ่งหลัก มันยังมีคำนำหน้าเป็น 1 แทนที่จะเป็นคำนำหน้า 9 เมื่อความยาวเปลี่ยนไป มันส่งผลต่อคำนำหน้า ในระบบ base58 คำนำหน้า 5 เปลี่ยนเป็น K หรือ L เมื่อความยาวของตัวเลขเพิ่มขึ้นหนึ่งไบต์

TIPจากหลาม: ผมว่าเขาเขียนย่อหน้านี้ไม่ค่อยรู้เรื่อง แต่ความหมายมันจะประมาณว่า เหมือนถ้าเราต้องการเขียนเลข 100 ในฐาน 10 เราต้องใช้สามตำแหน่ง 100 แต่ถ้าใช้ฐาน 16 เราจะใช้แค่ 2 ตำแหน่งคือ 64 ซึ่งมีค่าเท่ากัน

ถ้ากระเป๋าเงินบิตคอยน์สามารถใช้ compressed public key ได้ มันจะใช้ในทุกธุรกรรม private key ในกระเป๋าเงินจะถูกใช้เพื่อสร้างจุด public key บนเส้นโค้ง ซึ่งจะถูกบีบอัด compressed public key จะถูกใช้เพื่อสร้าง address และ address เหล่านี้จะถูกใช้ในธุรกรรม เมื่อส่งออก private key จากกระเป๋าเงินใหม่ที่ใช้ compressed public key WIF จะถูกปรับเปลี่ยน โดยเพิ่มต่อท้ายขนาด 1 ไบต์ 01 ให้กับ private key ที่ถูกเข้ารหัสแบบ base58check ที่ได้จะเรียกว่า "WIF-compressed" และจะขึ้นต้นด้วยอักษร K หรือ L แทนที่จะขึ้นต้นด้วย "5" เหมือนกับกรณีของคีย์ที่เข้ารหัสแบบ WIF (ไม่บีบอัด) จากกระเป๋าเงินรุ่นเก่า

Advanced Keys and Addresses

ในส่วนต่อไปนี้ เราจะดูรูปแบบของคีย์และ address เช่น vanity addresses และ paper wallets

vanity addresses

vanity addresses หรือ addresses แบบกำหนดเอง คือ address ที่มีข้อความที่มนุษย์อ่านได้และสามารถใช้งานได้จริง ตัวอย่างเช่น 1LoveBPzzD72PUXLzCkYAtGFYmK5vYNR33 อย่างที่เห็นว่ามันเป็น address ที่ถูกต้องซึ่งมีตัวอักษรเป็นคำว่า Love เป็นตัวอักษร base58 สี่ตัวแรก addresses แบบกำหนดเองต้องอาศัยการสร้างและทดสอบ private key หลายพันล้านตัวจนกว่าจะพบ address ที่มีรูปแบบตามที่ต้องการ แม้ว่าจะมีการปรับปรุงบางอย่างในอัลกอริทึมการสร้าง addresses แบบกำหนดเอง แต่กระบวนการนี้ต้องใช้การสุ่มเลือก private key มาสร้าง public key และนำไปสร้าง address และตรวจสอบว่าตรงกับรูปแบบที่ต้องการหรือไม่ โดยทำซ้ำหลายพันล้านครั้งจนกว่าจะพบที่ตรงกัน

เมื่อพบ address ที่ตรงกับรูปแบบที่ต้องการแล้ว private key ที่ใช้สร้าง address นั้นสามารถใช้โดยเจ้าของเพื่อใช้จ่ายบิตคอยน์ได้เหมือนกับ address อื่น ๆ ทุกประการ address ที่กำหนดเองไม่ได้มีความปลอดภัยน้อยกว่าหรือมากกว่าที่ address ๆ พวกมันขึ้นอยู่กับการเข้ารหัสเส้นโค้งรูปวงรี (ECC) และอัลกอริทึมแฮชที่ปลอดภัย (SHA) เหมือนกับ address อื่น ๆ คุณไม่สามารถค้นหา private key ของ address ที่ขึ้นต้นด้วยรูปแบบที่กำหนดเองได้ง่ายกว่า address อื่น ๆ

ตัวอย่างเช่น ยูจีเนียเป็นผู้อำนวยการการกุศลเพื่อเด็กที่ทำงานในฟิลิปปินส์ สมมติว่ายูจีเนียกำลังจัดการระดมทุนและต้องการใช้ address ที่กำหนดเองเพื่อประชาสัมพันธ์การระดมทุน ยูจีเนียจะสร้าง address ที่กำหนดเองที่ขึ้นต้นด้วย "1Kids" เพื่อส่งเสริมการระดมทุนเพื่อการกุศลสำหรับเด็ก มาดูกันว่า address ที่กำหนดเองนี้จะถูกสร้างขึ้นอย่างไรและมีความหมายอย่างไรต่อความปลอดภัยของการกุศลของยูจีเนีย

การสร้าง address ที่กำหนดเอง

ควรเข้าใจว่า address ของบิตคอยน์เป็นเพียงตัวเลขที่แสดงด้วยสัญลักษณ์ในรูปแบบตัวอักษร base58 เท่านั้น เพราะฉะนั้นแล้ว การค้นหารูปแบบเช่น "1Kids" สามารถมองได้ว่าเป็นการค้นหาที่อยู่ในช่วงตั้งแต่ 1Kids11111111111111111111111111111 ถึง 1Kidszzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz มีประมาณ 5829 (ประมาณ 1.4 × 1051) address ในช่วงนั้น ทั้งหมดขึ้นต้นด้วย "1Kids" ตารางด้านล่างนี้แสดงช่วงของ address ที่มีคำนำหน้า 1Kids ลองดูรูปแบบ "1Kids" ในรูปของตัวเลขและดูว่าเราอาจพบรูปแบบนี้ใน bitcoin address บ่อยแค่ไหน โดยตารางข้างล่างนี้แสดงให้เห็นถีงคอมพิวเตอร์เดสก์ท็อปทั่วไปที่ไม่มีฮาร์ดแวร์พิเศษสามารถค้นหาคีย์ได้ประมาณ 100,000 คีย์ต่อวินาที

ความถี่ของ address ที่กำหนดเอง (1KidsCharity) และเวลาค้นหาเฉลี่ยบนคอมพิวเตอร์เดสก์ท็อป

ดังที่เห็นได้ ยูจีเนียคงไม่สามารถสร้าง address แบบกำหนดเอง "1KidsCharity" ได้ในเร็ว ๆ นี้ แม้ว่าเธอจะมีคอมพิวเตอร์หลายพันเครื่องก็ตาม ทุกตัวอักษรที่เพิ่มขึ้นจะเพิ่มความยากขึ้น 58 เท่า รูปแบบที่มีมากกว่า 7 ตัวอักษรมักจะถูกค้นพบโดยฮาร์ดแวร์พิเศษ เช่น คอมพิวเตอร์เดสก์ท็อปที่สร้างขึ้นเป็นพิเศษที่มีหน่วยประมวลผลกราฟิก (GPUs) หลายตัว การค้นหา address แบบกำหนดเองบนระบบ GPU เร็วกว่าบน CPU ทั่วไปหลายเท่า

อีกวิธีหนึ่งในการหา address แบบกำหนดเองคือการจ้างงานไปยังกลุ่มคนขุด vanity addresses กลุ่มคนขุดvanity addresses เป็นบริการที่ให้ผู้ที่มีฮาร์ดแวร์ที่เร็วได้รับบิตคอยน์จากการค้นหา vanity addresses ให้กับผู้อื่น ยูจีเนียสามารถจ่ายค่าธรรมเนียมเพื่อจ้างงานการค้นหา vanity addresses ที่มีรูปแบบ 7 ตัวอักษรและได้ผลลัพธ์ในเวลาเพียงไม่กี่ชั่วโมงแทนที่จะต้องใช้ CPU ค้นหาเป็นเดือน ๆ

การสร้างที่ address แบบกำหนดเองเป็นการใช้วิธีการแบบ brute-force (ลองทุกความเป็นไปได้): ลองใช้คีย์สุ่ม ตรวจสอบ address ที่ได้ว่าตรงกับรูปแบบที่ต้องการหรือไม่ และทำซ้ำจนกว่าจะสำเร็จ

ความปลอดภัยและความเป็นส่วนตัวของ address แบบกำหนดเอง

address แบบกำหนดเองเคยเป็นที่นิยมในช่วงแรก ๆ ของบิตคอยน์ แต่แทบจะหายไปจากการใช้งานทั้งหมดในปี 2023 มีสาเหตุที่น่าจะเป็นไปได้สองประการสำหรับแนวโน้มนี้: - Deterministic wallets: ดังที่เราเห็นในพาร์ทของการกู้คืน การที่จะสำรองคีย์ทุกตัวในกระเป๋าเงินสมัยใหม่ส่วนใหญ่นั้น ทำเพียงแค่จดคำหรือตัวอักษรไม่กี่ตัว ซึ่งนี่เป็นผลจากการสร้างคีย์ทุกตัวในกระเป๋าเงินจากคำหรือตัวอักษรเหล่านั้นโดยใช้อัลกอริทึมแบบกำหนดได้ จึงไม่สามารถใช้ address แบบกำหนดเองกับ Deterministic wallets ได้ เว้นแต่ผู้ใช้จะสำรองข้อมูลเพิ่มเติมสำหรับ address แบบกำหนดเองทุก address ที่พวกเขาสร้าง ในทางปฏิบัติแล้วกระเป๋าเงินส่วนใหญ่ที่ใช้การสร้างคีย์แบบกำหนดได้ โดยไม่อนุญาตให้นำเข้าคีย์ส่วนตัวหรือการปรับแต่งคีย์จากโปรแกรมสร้าง address ที่กำหนดเอง

• การหลีกเลี่ยงการใช้ address ซ้ำซ้อน: การใช้ address แบบกำหนดเองเพื่อรับการชำระเงินหลายครั้งไปยัง address เดียวกันจะสร้างความเชื่อมโยงระหว่างการชำระเงินทั้งหมดเหล่านั้น นี่อาจเป็นที่ยอมรับได้สำหรับยูจีเนียหากองค์กรไม่แสวงหาผลกำไรของเธอจำเป็นต้องรายงานรายได้และค่าใช้จ่ายต่อหน่วยงานภาษีอยู่แล้ว แต่อย่างไรก็ตาม มันยังลดความเป็นส่วนตัวของคนที่จ่ายเงินให้ยูจีเนียหรือรับเงินจากเธอด้วย ตัวอย่างเช่น อลิซอาจต้องการบริจาคโดยไม่เปิดเผยตัวตน และบ็อบอาจไม่ต้องการให้ลูกค้ารายอื่นของเขารู้ว่าเขาให้ราคาส่วนลดแก่ยูจีเนีย

เราไม่คาดว่าจะเห็น address แบบกำหนดเองมากนักในอนาคต เว้นแต่ปัญหาที่กล่าวมาก่อนหน้านี้จะได้รับการแก้ไข

Paper Wallets

paper wallet หรือก็คือ private key ที่พิมพ์ลงในกระดาษ และโดยทั่วไปแล้วมักจะมีข้อมูลของ public key หรือ address บนกระดาษนั้นด้วยแม้ว่าจริง ๆ แล้วมันจะสามารถคำนวณได้ด้วย private key ก็ตาม

คำเตือน: paper wallet เป็นเทคโนโลยีที่ล้าสมัยแล้วและอันตรายสำหรับผู้ใช้ส่วนใหญ่ เพราะเป็นเรื่องยากที่จะสร้างมันอย่างปลอดภัย โดยเฉพาะอย่างยิ่งความเป็นไปได้ที่โค้ดที่ใช้สร้างอาจถูกแทรกแซงด้วยผู้ไม่ประสงค์ดี และอาจจะทำให้ผู้ใช้โดนขโมยบิตคอยน์ทั้งหมดไปได้ paper wallet ถูกแสดงที่นี่เพื่อวัตถุประสงค์ในการให้ข้อมูลเท่านั้นและไม่ควรใช้สำหรับเก็บบิตคอยน์

paper wallet ได้ถูกออกแบบมาเพื่อเป็นของขวัญและมีธีมตามฤดูกาล เช่น คริสต์มาสและปีใหม่ ส่วนเหตุผลอื่น ๆ ถูกออกแบบเพื่อการเก็บรักษาในตู้นิรภัยของธนาคารหรือตู้เซฟโดยมี private key ถูกซ่อนไว้ในบางวิธี ไม่ว่าจะด้วยสติกเกอร์แบบขูดที่ทึบแสงหรือพับและปิดผนึกด้วยแผ่นฟอยล์กันการงัดแงะ ส่วนการออกแบบอื่น ๆ มีสำเนาเพิ่มเติมของคีย์และ address ในรูปแบบของตอนฉีกที่แยกออกได้คล้ายกับตั๋ว ช่วยให้คุณสามารถเก็บสำเนาหลายชุดเพื่อป้องกันจากไฟไหม้ น้ำท่วม หรือภัยพิบัติทางธรรมชาติอื่น ๆ

จากการออกแบบเดิมของบิตคอยน์ที่เน้น public key ไปจนถึง address และสคริปต์สมัยใหม่อย่าง bech32m และ pay to taproot—และแม้แต่การอัพเกรดบิตคอยน์ในอนาคต—คุณได้เรียนรู้วิธีที่โปรโตคอลบิตคอยน์อนุญาตให้ผู้จ่ายเงินระบุกระเป๋าเงินที่ควรได้รับการชำระเงินของพวกเขา แต่เมื่อเป็นกระเป๋าเงินของคุณเองที่รับการชำระเงิน คุณจะต้องการความมั่นใจว่าคุณจะยังคงเข้าถึงเงินนั้นได้แม้ว่าจะเกิดอะไรขึ้นกับข้อมูลกระเป๋าเงินของคุณ ในบทต่อไป เราจะดูว่ากระเป๋าเงินบิตคอยน์ถูกออกแบบอย่างไรเพื่อปกป้องเงินทุนจากภัยคุกคามหลากหลายรูปแบบ

@ 91bea5cd:1df4451c

Contexto e início

O precursor direto do avivamento foi William J. Seymour, um pregador afro-americano filho de ex-escravos, influenciado pelos ensinamentos de Charles Parham, que pregava o "batismo no Espírito Santo" com evidência do falar em línguas.

Em 1906, Seymour foi convidado para pregar em uma igreja em Los Angeles. Após ser rejeitado por alguns por sua pregação sobre o batismo com o Espírito Santo, ele começou a liderar reuniões de oração na casa da família Asberry. Em abril de 1906, durante uma dessas reuniões, os participantes começaram a experimentar manifestações intensas do Espírito Santo, incluindo glossolalia (falar em línguas), curas e profecias.

A Rua Azusa

Logo, o número de participantes cresceu tanto que foi necessário mudar para um antigo prédio da Igreja Metodista Africana Episcopal, no número 312 da Rua Azusa, no centro de Los Angeles. Esse local se tornou o epicentro do avivamento.

Características marcantes

Cultos espontâneos e fervorosos, muitas vezes sem ordem pré-definida.

Diversidade étnica e social: negros, brancos, latinos, asiáticos, ricos e pobres adoravam juntos — algo radical para os padrões da época.

Ênfase nas manifestações espirituais, como línguas, curas, visões e profecias.

Igualdade de gênero e raça no ministério, com mulheres e homens de diversas origens pregando e liderando.

Impacto

O avivamento da Rua Azusa marcou o nascimento e expansão global do pentecostalismo, hoje uma das maiores forças do cristianismo mundial. Missionários saíram de Azusa para várias partes do mundo, levando a mensagem pentecostal. Movimentos como as Assembleias de Deus e Igreja do Evangelho Quadrangular têm raízes nesse avivamento.

Tensão e Interpretação entre Reformistas e Pentecostalistas

Evangelhos e Atos

João Batista profetiza: “Ele vos batizará com o Espírito Santo e com fogo” (Mateus 3:11).

Em Atos 2, no Pentecostes, os discípulos falam em línguas e recebem poder (Atos 1:8; 2:4).

Outros episódios: Atos 10 (Casa de Cornélio) e Atos 19 (Éfeso).

Cartas Paulinas

Paulo não relaciona diretamente o “batismo com o Espírito” ao falar em línguas. Em 1 Coríntios 12:13 ele diz: “Pois em um só Espírito todos nós fomos batizados em um corpo”.

A glossolalia aparece como um dom entre outros, mas não como evidência obrigatória (1 Coríntios 12:30).

Tensão

Pentecostais veem o batismo com o Espírito como uma segunda experiência após a conversão, evidenciada por línguas. Reformados geralmente interpretam que o batismo com o Espírito ocorre na conversão e que línguas não são obrigatórias ou cessaram com os apóstolos.

Reformadores e o Batismo com o Espírito Santo

Martinho Lutero, João Calvino e outros reformadores não falavam em línguas nem davam ênfase a experiências carismáticas.

Cessacionismo: Doutrina comum entre reformados que diz que os dons sobrenaturais (línguas, profecias, curas) cessaram com a era apostólica.

Continuação (posição pentecostal): Os dons continuam hoje.

Filmes / Documentários

“Azusa Street: The Origins of Pentecostalism” (2006) – Documentário com imagens históricas e entrevistas.

“Wesley” (2009) – Biografia de John Wesley, precursor do metodismo e influência indireta no pentecostalismo.

“The Cross and the Switchblade” (1970) – História de David Wilkerson e a conversão de Nicky Cruz; enfatiza a obra do Espírito.

Série “God in America” (PBS) – Episódio sobre o pentecostalismo (não só Azusa, mas seu impacto cultural).

@ bbb5dda0:f09e2747

My week 19 started with a celebration of 80 years of liberation from the Germans (we love you guys now tho 🫶🏼). It feels conflicting, we're celebrating freedom, whilst cutting down those freedoms day by day more rapidly as time progresses. Should we still celebrate...?

The current path back to freedom can be mundane in the day to day but I wouldn't wanna have it any other way. These last couple weeks I've continued working on our TollGate pipelines to facilitate our release cycle, make it faster and easier to release in quick succession. There's been a lot of details to get right, because our releases are nostr based and once people start relying on the structure of the events we can't easily change it.

A TollGateOS release event now looks like this NIP-94 file metadata event:

json { "id": "a867f15ca7edc95a69e1557539a624466147584f68c62a16c47fe9bca3778312", "pubkey": "5075e61f0b048148b60105c1dd72bbeae1957336ae5824087e52efa374f8416a", "created_at": 1747475980, "kind": 1063, "tags": [ [ "url", "https://blossom.swissdash.site/9e5e8c48810a1b59cf10fa56486f311e048a0305eb58444992b6133fd19fcb3e.bin" ], [ "m", "application/octet-stream" ], [ "x", "9e5e8c48810a1b59cf10fa56486f311e048a0305eb58444992b6133fd19fcb3e" ], [ "ox", "9e5e8c48810a1b59cf10fa56486f311e048a0305eb58444992b6133fd19fcb3e" ], [ "architecture", "aarch64_cortex-a53" ], [ "device_id", "glinet_gl-mt3000" ], [ "supported_devices", "glinet,gl-mt3000 glinet,mt3000-snand" ], [ "openwrt_version", "24.10.1" ], [ "tollgate_os_version", "v0.0.2" ], [ "release_channel", "stable" ] ], "content": "TollGate OS Firmware for glinet_gl-mt3000", "sig": "1d050233428304685d202e954cb48714c800a7ca5f2d6a8d8fd657a775b9c51bf83364505311859c846e25098168a8ff309af2308712aafe634fcbdc96fcd84a" }

One of the missing links was the supported_devices tag. That is because the installer checks the device name by ssh-ing into the router and it returns the glinet,gl-mt3000 which doesn't properly translate into the device_id, which is what's used for compiling the OS. So this helps us to do the lookups and compatibility checks in the installer.

I also worked on: - getting the versioning of the tollgate-basic package's naming in line with the OpenWRT naming convention. - Rework versioning for dev builds into [branchname].[commit_height].[commit_hash] which will show up on the dev release_channel releases. - Getting an initial release of the tollgate-installer done, so we can easily flash a bunch of routers to become TollGates.

Bright minds in Prague

I met up with some bright minds from the space in Prague where @cobrador and i did a workshop on turning routers into TollGates and start earning sats. As is part of building things, things break and people make us aware of issues that we wouldn't foresee. Like for some reason Minibits cashu tokens being rejected, which is likely because of the memo's but we still need to dive into that issue.

Also we released [v0.0.2] of TollGate OS, which now includes an updater feature, again for faster release cycles. Currently we're focussing on getting a v0.0.3 out quickly with fixes for the user feedback we've gathered so far!

Receipt.Cash

I also, kind of unplanned, saw an opportunity to shill Receipt.Cash. I'd made a few improvements recently and it's ready enough for reckless people to try it out ;).

| | | | | | Payer Scans any fiat receipt & Share link with friends | Friends tap what they had, price is auto-converted to sats, then pay by Lightning or Cashu. | If you want to try it, BE CAREFUL! It is highly experimental and you might lose your sats, no refunds!

Source Code here.

@ 2dd9250b:6e928072

Vi recentemente um post onde a pessoa diz que aquele final do filme O Doutrinador (2019) não faz sentido porque mesmo o protagonista explodindo o Palácio dos Três Poderes, não acaba com a corrupção no Brasil.

Progressistas não sabem ler e não conseguem interpretar textos corretamente. O final de Doutrinador não tem a ver com isso, tem a ver com a relação entre o Herói e a sua Cidade.

Nas histórias em quadrinhos há uma ligação entre a cidade e o Super-Herói. Gotham City por exemplo, cria o Batman. Isso é mostrado em The Batman (2022) e em Batman: Cavaleiro das Trevas, quando aquele garoto no final, diz para o Batman não fugir, porque ele queria ver o Batman de novo. E o Comissário Gordon diz que o "Batman é o que a cidade de Gotham precisa."

Batman: Cavaleiro das Trevas Ressurge mostra a cidade de Gotham sendo tomada pela corrupção e pela ideologia do Bane. A Cidade vai definhando em imoralidade e o Bruce, ao olhar da prisão a cidade sendo destruída, decide que o Batman precisa voltar porque se Gotham for destruída, o Batman é destruído junto. E isso o da forças para consegue fugir daquele poço e voltar para salvar Gotham.

Isso também é mostrado em Demolidor. Na série Demolidor o Matt Murdock sempre fala que precisa defender a cidade Cozinha do Inferno; que o Fisk não vai dominar a cidade e fazer o que ele quiser nela. Inclusive na terceira temporada isso fica mais evidente na luta final na mansão do Fisk, onde Matt grita que agora a cidade toda vai saber o que ele fez; a cidade vai ver o mal que ele é para Hell's Kitchen, porque a gente sabe que o Fisk fez de tudo para a imagem do Demolidor entrar e descrédito perante os cidadãos, então o que acontece no final do filme O Doutrinador não significa que ele está acabando com a corrupção quando explode o Congresso, ele está praticamente interrompendo o ciclo do sistema, colocando uma falha em sua engrenagem.

Quando você ouve falar de Brasília, você pensa na corrupção dos políticos, onde a farra acontece,, onde corruptos desviam dinheiro arrecadado dos impostos, impostos estes que são centralizados na União. Então quando você ouve falarem de Brasília, sempre pensa que o pessoal que mora lá, mora junto com tudo de podre que acontece no Brasil.

Logo quando o Doutrinador explode tudo ali, ele está basicamente destruindo o mecanismo que suja Brasília. Ele está fazendo isso naquela cidade. Porque o símbolo da cidade é justamente esse, a farsa de que naquele lugar o povo será ouvido e a justiça será feita. Ele está destruindo a ideologia de que o Estado nos protege, nos dá segurança, saúde e educação. Porque na verdade o Estado só existe para privilegiar os políticos, funcionários públicos de auto escalão, suas famílias e amigos. Enquanto que o povo sofre para sustentar a elite política. O protagonista Miguel entendeu isso quando a filha dele morreu na fila do SUS.

@ 04c915da:3dfbecc9

Bitcoin has always been rooted in freedom and resistance to authority. I get that many of you are conflicted about the US Government stacking but by design we cannot stop anyone from using bitcoin. Many have asked me for my thoughts on the matter, so let’s rip it.

Concern

One of the most glaring issues with the strategic bitcoin reserve is its foundation, built on stolen bitcoin. For those of us who value private property this is an obvious betrayal of our core principles. Rather than proof of work, the bitcoin that seeds this reserve has been taken by force. The US Government should return the bitcoin stolen from Bitfinex and the Silk Road.

Using stolen bitcoin for the reserve creates a perverse incentive. If governments see bitcoin as a valuable asset, they will ramp up efforts to confiscate more bitcoin. The precedent is a major concern, and I stand strongly against it, but it should be also noted that governments were already seizing coin before the reserve so this is not really a change in policy.

Ideally all seized bitcoin should be burned, by law. This would align incentives properly and make it less likely for the government to actively increase coin seizures. Due to the truly scarce properties of bitcoin, all burned bitcoin helps existing holders through increased purchasing power regardless. This change would be unlikely but those of us in policy circles should push for it regardless. It would be best case scenario for American bitcoiners and would create a strong foundation for the next century of American leadership.

Optimism

The entire point of bitcoin is that we can spend or save it without permission. That said, it is a massive benefit to not have one of the strongest governments in human history actively trying to ruin our lives.

Since the beginning, bitcoiners have faced horrible regulatory trends. KYC, surveillance, and legal cases have made using bitcoin and building bitcoin businesses incredibly difficult. It is incredibly important to note that over the past year that trend has reversed for the first time in a decade. A strategic bitcoin reserve is a key driver of this shift. By holding bitcoin, the strongest government in the world has signaled that it is not just a fringe technology but rather truly valuable, legitimate, and worth stacking.

This alignment of incentives changes everything. The US Government stacking proves bitcoin’s worth. The resulting purchasing power appreciation helps all of us who are holding coin and as bitcoin succeeds our government receives direct benefit. A beautiful positive feedback loop.

Realism

We are trending in the right direction. A strategic bitcoin reserve is a sign that the state sees bitcoin as an asset worth embracing rather than destroying. That said, there is a lot of work left to be done. We cannot be lulled into complacency, the time to push forward is now, and we cannot take our foot off the gas. We have a seat at the table for the first time ever. Let's make it worth it.

We must protect the right to free usage of bitcoin and other digital technologies. Freedom in the digital age must be taken and defended, through both technical and political avenues. Multiple privacy focused developers are facing long jail sentences for building tools that protect our freedom. These cases are not just legal battles. They are attacks on the soul of bitcoin. We need to rally behind them, fight for their freedom, and ensure the ethos of bitcoin survives this new era of government interest. The strategic reserve is a step in the right direction, but it is up to us to hold the line and shape the future.

@ a5142938:0ef19da3

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Learn more on Wikipedia

@ e3ba5e1a:5e433365

My favorite line in any Marvel movie ever is in “Captain America.” After Captain America launches seemingly a hopeless assault on Red Skull’s base and is captured, we get this line:

“Arrogance may not be a uniquely American trait, but I must say, you do it better than anyone.”

Yesterday, I came across a comment on the song Devil Went Down to Georgia that had a very similar feel to it:

America has seemingly always been arrogant, in a uniquely American way. Manifest Destiny, for instance. The rest of the world is aware of this arrogance, and mocks Americans for it. A central point in modern US politics is the deriding of racist, nationalist, supremacist Americans.

That’s not what I see. I see American Arrogance as not only a beautiful statement about what it means to be American. I see it as an ode to the greatness of humanity in its purest form.

For most countries, saying “our nation is the greatest” is, in fact, twinged with some level of racism. I still don’t have a problem with it. Every group of people should be allowed to feel pride in their accomplishments. The destruction of the human spirit since the end of World War 2, where greatness has become a sin and weakness a virtue, has crushed the ability of people worldwide to strive for excellence.

But I digress. The fears of racism and nationalism at least have a grain of truth when applied to other nations on the planet. But not to America.

That’s because the definition of America, and the prototype of an American, has nothing to do with race. The definition of Americanism is freedom. The founding of America is based purely on liberty. On the God-given rights of every person to live life the way they see fit.

American Arrogance is not a statement of racial superiority. It’s barely a statement of national superiority (though it absolutely is). To me, when an American comments on the greatness of America, it’s a statement about freedom. Freedom will always unlock the greatness inherent in any group of people. Americans are definitionally better than everyone else, because Americans are freer than everyone else. (Or, at least, that’s how it should be.)

In Devil Went Down to Georgia, Johnny is approached by the devil himself. He is challenged to a ridiculously lopsided bet: a golden fiddle versus his immortal soul. He acknowledges the sin in accepting such a proposal. And yet he says, “God, I know you told me not to do this. But I can’t stand the affront to my honor. I am the greatest. The devil has nothing on me. So God, I’m gonna sin, but I’m also gonna win.”

Libertas magnitudo est

@ f9cf4e94:96abc355

Para esse exemplo iremos usar: | Nome | Imagem | Descrição | | --------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------------------ | | Raspberry PI B+ | | Cortex-A53 (ARMv8) 64-bit a 1.4GHz e 1 GB de SDRAM LPDDR2, | | Pen drive | | 16Gb |

Recomendo que use o Ubuntu Server para essa instalação. Você pode baixar o Ubuntu para Raspberry Pi aqui. O passo a passo para a instalação do Ubuntu no Raspberry Pi está disponível aqui. Não instale um desktop (como xubuntu, lubuntu, xfce, etc.).

---

Passo 1: Atualizar o Sistema 🖥️

Primeiro, atualize seu sistema e instale o Tor:

bash apt update apt install tor

---

Passo 2: Criar o Arquivo de Serviço nrs.service 🔧

Crie o arquivo de serviço que vai gerenciar o servidor Nostr. Você pode fazer isso com o seguinte conteúdo:

```unit [Unit] Description=Nostr Relay Server Service After=network.target

[Service] Type=simple WorkingDirectory=/opt/nrs ExecStart=/opt/nrs/nrs-arm64 Restart=on-failure

[Install] WantedBy=multi-user.target ```

---

Passo 3: Baixar o Binário do Nostr 🚀

Baixe o binário mais recente do Nostr aqui no GitHub.

---

Passo 4: Criar as Pastas Necessárias 📂

Agora, crie as pastas para o aplicativo e o pendrive:

bash mkdir -p /opt/nrs /mnt/edriver

---

Passo 5: Listar os Dispositivos Conectados 🔌

Para saber qual dispositivo você vai usar, liste todos os dispositivos conectados:

bash lsblk

---

Passo 6: Formatando o Pendrive 💾

Escolha o pendrive correto (por exemplo, /dev/sda) e formate-o:

bash mkfs.vfat /dev/sda

---

Passo 7: Montar o Pendrive 💻

Monte o pendrive na pasta /mnt/edriver:

bash mount /dev/sda /mnt/edriver

---

Passo 8: Verificar UUID dos Dispositivos 📋

Para garantir que o sistema monte o pendrive automaticamente, liste os UUID dos dispositivos conectados:

bash blkid

---

Passo 9: Alterar o fstab para Montar o Pendrive Automáticamente 📝

Abra o arquivo /etc/fstab e adicione uma linha para o pendrive, com o UUID que você obteve no passo anterior. A linha deve ficar assim:

fstab UUID=9c9008f8-f852 /mnt/edriver vfat defaults 0 0

---

Passo 10: Copiar o Binário para a Pasta Correta 📥

Agora, copie o binário baixado para a pasta /opt/nrs:

bash cp nrs-arm64 /opt/nrs

---

Passo 11: Criar o Arquivo de Configuração 🛠️

Crie o arquivo de configuração com o seguinte conteúdo e salve-o em /opt/nrs/config.yaml:

yaml app_env: production info: name: Nostr Relay Server description: Nostr Relay Server pub_key: "" contact: "" url: http://localhost:3334 icon: https://external-content.duckduckgo.com/iu/?u= https://public.bnbstatic.com/image/cms/crawler/COINCU_NEWS/image-495-1024x569.png base_path: /mnt/edriver negentropy: true

---

Passo 12: Copiar o Serviço para o Diretório de Systemd ⚙️

Agora, copie o arquivo nrs.service para o diretório /etc/systemd/system/:

bash cp nrs.service /etc/systemd/system/

Recarregue os serviços e inicie o serviço nrs:

bash systemctl daemon-reload systemctl enable --now nrs.service

---

Passo 13: Configurar o Tor 🌐

Abra o arquivo de configuração do Tor /var/lib/tor/torrc e adicione a seguinte linha:

torrc HiddenServiceDir /var/lib/tor/nostr_server/ HiddenServicePort 80 127.0.0.1:3334

---

Passo 14: Habilitar e Iniciar o Tor 🧅

Agora, ative e inicie o serviço Tor:

bash systemctl enable --now tor.service

O Tor irá gerar um endereço .onion para o seu servidor Nostr. Você pode encontrá-lo no arquivo /var/lib/tor/nostr_server/hostname.

---

Observações ⚠️

• Com essa configuração, os dados serão salvos no pendrive, enquanto o binário ficará no cartão SD do Raspberry Pi.
• O endereço .onion do seu servidor Nostr será algo como: ws://y3t5t5wgwjif<exemplo>h42zy7ih6iwbyd.onion.

---

Agora, seu servidor Nostr deve estar configurado e funcionando com Tor! 🥳

Se este artigo e as informações aqui contidas forem úteis para você, convidamos a considerar uma doação ao autor como forma de reconhecimento e incentivo à produção de novos conteúdos.

@ 6389be64:ef439d32

Black Locust can grow up to 170 ft tall

Grows 3-4 ft. per year

Native to North America

Cold hardy in zones 3 to 8

Firewood

• BLT wood, on a pound for pound basis is roughly half that of Anthracite Coal
• Since its growth is fast, firewood can be plentiful

Timber

• Rot resistant due to a naturally produced robinin in the wood
  • 100 year life span in full soil contact! (better than cedar performance)
  • Fence posts
  • Outdoor furniture
  • Outdoor decking
• Sustainable due to its fast growth and spread
  • Can be coppiced (cut to the ground)
  • Can be pollarded (cut above ground)
• Its dense wood makes durable tool handles, boxes (tool), and furniture
  • The wood is tougher than hickory, which is tougher than hard maple, which is tougher than oak.
  • A very low rate of expansion and contraction
  • Hardwood flooring
  • The highest tensile beam strength of any American tree
• The wood is beautiful

Legume

• Nitrogen fixer
  • Fixes the same amount of nitrogen per acre as is needed for 200-bushel/acre corn
  • Black walnuts inter-planted with locust as “nurse” trees were shown to rapidly increase their growth [[Clark, Paul M., and Robert D. Williams. (1978) Black walnut growth increased when interplanted with nitrogen-fixing shrubs and trees. Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science, vol. 88, pp. 88-91.]]

Bees

• The edible flower clusters are also a top food source for honey bees

Shade Provider

• Its light, airy overstory provides dappled shade
  • Planted on the west side of a garden it provides relief during the hottest part of the day
  • (nitrogen provider)
  • Planted on the west side of a house, its quick growth soon shades that side from the sun

Wind-break

• Fast growth plus it's feathery foliage reduces wind for animals, crops, and shelters

Fodder

• Over 20% crude protein
• 4.1 kcal/g of energy
• Baertsche, S.R, M.T. Yokoyama, and J.W. Hanover (1986) Short rotation, hardwood tree biomass as potential ruminant feed-chemical composition, nylon bag ruminal degradation and ensilement of selected species. J. Animal Sci. 63 2028-2043

@ 04c915da:3dfbecc9

Recently we have seen a wave of high profile X accounts hacked. These attacks have exposed the fragility of the status quo security model used by modern social media platforms like X. Many users have asked if nostr fixes this, so lets dive in. How do these types of attacks translate into the world of nostr apps? For clarity, I will use X’s security model as representative of most big tech social platforms and compare it to nostr.

The Status Quo

On X, you never have full control of your account. Ultimately to use it requires permission from the company. They can suspend your account or limit your distribution. Theoretically they can even post from your account at will. An X account is tied to an email and password. Users can also opt into two factor authentication, which adds an extra layer of protection, a login code generated by an app. In theory, this setup works well, but it places a heavy burden on users. You need to create a strong, unique password and safeguard it. You also need to ensure your email account and phone number remain secure, as attackers can exploit these to reset your credentials and take over your account. Even if you do everything responsibly, there is another weak link in X infrastructure itself. The platform’s infrastructure allows accounts to be reset through its backend. This could happen maliciously by an employee or through an external attacker who compromises X’s backend. When an account is compromised, the legitimate user often gets locked out, unable to post or regain control without contacting X’s support team. That process can be slow, frustrating, and sometimes fruitless if support denies the request or cannot verify your identity. Often times support will require users to provide identification info in order to regain access, which represents a privacy risk. The centralized nature of X means you are ultimately at the mercy of the company’s systems and staff.

Nostr Requires Responsibility

Nostr flips this model radically. Users do not need permission from a company to access their account, they can generate as many accounts as they want, and cannot be easily censored. The key tradeoff here is that users have to take complete responsibility for their security. Instead of relying on a username, password, and corporate servers, nostr uses a private key as the sole credential for your account. Users generate this key and it is their responsibility to keep it safe. As long as you have your key, you can post. If someone else gets it, they can post too. It is that simple. This design has strong implications. Unlike X, there is no backend reset option. If your key is compromised or lost, there is no customer support to call. In a compromise scenario, both you and the attacker can post from the account simultaneously. Neither can lock the other out, since nostr relays simply accept whatever is signed with a valid key.

The benefit? No reliance on proprietary corporate infrastructure.. The negative? Security rests entirely on how well you protect your key.

Future Nostr Security Improvements

For many users, nostr’s standard security model, storing a private key on a phone with an encrypted cloud backup, will likely be sufficient. It is simple and reasonably secure. That said, nostr’s strength lies in its flexibility as an open protocol. Users will be able to choose between a range of security models, balancing convenience and protection based on need.

One promising option is a web of trust model for key rotation. Imagine pre-selecting a group of trusted friends. If your account is compromised, these people could collectively sign an event announcing the compromise to the network and designate a new key as your legitimate one. Apps could handle this process seamlessly in the background, notifying followers of the switch without much user interaction. This could become a popular choice for average users, but it is not without tradeoffs. It requires trust in your chosen web of trust, which might not suit power users or large organizations. It also has the issue that some apps may not recognize the key rotation properly and followers might get confused about which account is “real.”

For those needing higher security, there is the option of multisig using FROST (Flexible Round-Optimized Schnorr Threshold). In this setup, multiple keys must sign off on every action, including posting and updating a profile. A hacker with just one key could not do anything. This is likely overkill for most users due to complexity and inconvenience, but it could be a game changer for large organizations, companies, and governments. Imagine the White House nostr account requiring signatures from multiple people before a post goes live, that would be much more secure than the status quo big tech model.

Another option are hardware signers, similar to bitcoin hardware wallets. Private keys are kept on secure, offline devices, separate from the internet connected phone or computer you use to broadcast events. This drastically reduces the risk of remote hacks, as private keys never touches the internet. It can be used in combination with multisig setups for extra protection. This setup is much less convenient and probably overkill for most but could be ideal for governments, companies, or other high profile accounts.

---

Nostr’s security model is not perfect but is robust and versatile. Ultimately users are in control and security is their responsibility. Apps will give users multiple options to choose from and users will choose what best fits their need.

@ 3770c235:16042bcc

In recent years, a remarkable transformation has taken place in the way people view and utilize their homes. No longer confined to the four walls of traditional interior spaces, homeowners are increasingly turning their attention outward—toward their own backyards. The concept of outdoor living has evolved from mere patio furniture and barbecues to fully functional living environments, equipped with kitchens, entertainment systems, and even workspaces.

This growing trend is not just a design choice; it reflects changing lifestyles, shifting priorities, and a reimagining of what it means to feel at home. The rise of outdoor living is more than a fad—it's a movement, and it's here to stay.

**A Shift in Lifestyle and Values ** At the heart of the outdoor living boom is a deeper shift in how people value their time, environment, and personal space. The COVID-19 pandemic played a significant role in this evolution. Lockdowns and restrictions forced many to reassess their living situations, seeking ways to make the most of what they already had. The backyard, once overlooked, suddenly became a sanctuary—a space to breathe, gather, and escape the monotony of indoor life.

According to a 2021 study by the International Casual Furnishings Association, over 90% of Americans with outdoor living space report that it is more valuable to them than ever before, with nearly 60% saying they upgraded their outdoor spaces during the pandemic source.

This change in perception is not solely pandemic-related. There's a growing emphasis on wellness, mindfulness, and balance. People are looking to nature for inspiration and relaxation. Outdoor living spaces—be they modest balconies or expansive decks—allow homeowners to connect with nature without leaving the comfort of home.

Redefining the Backyard: From Playgrounds to Living Rooms

Traditionally, the backyard has served specific purposes—gardening, children’s play areas, maybe a grill tucked in the corner. Today, backyards are being reimagined as multi-functional extensions of the home.

1. Outdoor Kitchens and Dining Areas Once considered a luxury, outdoor kitchens have become increasingly common. With built-in grills, pizza ovens, refrigerators, sinks, and full countertops, these outdoor culinary spaces rival their indoor counterparts. The convenience of preparing and serving meals outside is matched by the social benefit: cooking becomes a shared experience.

2. Living and Lounge Areas Outdoor seating now goes far beyond foldable lawn chairs. Modular sectionals, fire pits, weather-resistant rugs, and even smart lighting have turned patios into legitimate living rooms under the sky. Some include mounted TVs, Bluetooth speakers, and retractable canopies or pergolas for all-weather comfort.

3. Work and Study Zones Remote work has blurred the boundaries between office and home. Now, it’s expanding into the outdoors. With Wi-Fi extenders, weather-protected furniture, and shade structures, backyards are becoming viable home office environments, perfect for Zoom calls with a natural backdrop.

4. Wellness Retreats From hot tubs and saunas to yoga decks and meditation gardens, outdoor spaces are being tailored to support wellness. These personal sanctuaries offer solitude and stress relief, all within the perimeter of one's property.

The Role of Technology and Innovation Modern outdoor spaces owe much of their versatility to advances in technology and materials. Weather-resistant fabrics, composite decking, solar lighting, and smart irrigation systems have all expanded what's possible in backyard design.

Smart home technology has also made its way outdoors. Lighting can be automated or voice-controlled. Outdoor speakers can be synced across zones. Even grills can be connected to apps that monitor cooking temperatures. These innovations allow outdoor living to be both luxurious and convenient, requiring minimal maintenance while offering maximum comfort.

**Economic Impact and Value Addition ** Investing in outdoor living isn't just about lifestyle—it’s also smart economics. Outdoor upgrades can significantly boost a home's resale value. A well-designed patio or outdoor kitchen can yield a return on investment (ROI) of up to 80%, according to the National Association of Realtors. In fact, data from Houzz shows that nearly 57% of homeowners are investing in their outdoor spaces specifically to increase resale value source.

This financial motivation has fueled demand for landscape architects, outdoor furniture designers, and construction professionals specializing in outdoor living projects. As a result, the industry surrounding outdoor enhancements—from pergola manufacturers to luxury fire pit designers—has seen exponential growth.

Environmental Considerations and Sustainability As outdoor living becomes more popular, so does the demand for environmentally conscious design. Homeowners are increasingly incorporating sustainable elements into their outdoor plans, including: • Native plant landscaping: Reduces water usage and supports local ecosystems. • Rainwater harvesting systems: Collect and store rain for garden irrigation. • Solar-powered lighting: Minimizes energy consumption while maximizing ambiance. • Permeable paving materials: Reduce runoff and promote groundwater recharge. Green living isn't just a buzzword—it’s influencing how people design their outdoor sanctuaries. Eco-conscious homeowners are prioritizing sustainability as much as aesthetics, ensuring their outdoor spaces are in harmony with nature, not in conflict with it.

The Social Connection

Outdoor living also taps into our basic need for connection. From summer barbecues to cozy firepit gatherings, the backyard is an ideal setting for meaningful social interactions. During a time when indoor gatherings have been restricted or limited, outdoor spaces have offered a safer, more accessible alternative.

Community ties can also be strengthened through outdoor living. In urban settings, rooftop terraces or shared gardens create communal spaces for neighbors to engage, collaborate, and unwind. For families, these outdoor extensions offer a way to spend quality time together—whether through games, meals, or simply enjoying the open air. For individuals, they provide a space to recharge, free from the digital and physical clutter of indoor life.

Customization and Personalization

One of the most appealing aspects of outdoor living is the high degree of customization available. Unlike interior spaces that may be limited by architectural constraints, outdoor areas can often be more flexible in layout and design.

Homeowners can craft outdoor environments that reflect their personalities and values: • The entertainer may opt for a bar area, ambient lighting, and surround sound. • The minimalist might choose clean lines, neutral tones, and eco-friendly materials. • The nature-lover may emphasize greenery, water features, and natural textures. DIY options also abound, allowing for creative freedom and budget-friendly upgrades. Raised garden beds, handmade furniture, repurposed materials, and vertical planters give individuals the opportunity to leave their personal mark on the space.

The Influence of Global Design Trends Outdoor living isn’t confined to North America. Around the world, cultures have long embraced outdoor spaces—from Japanese zen gardens to Mediterranean courtyards. The current global design conversation draws inspiration from a variety of traditions and climates.

Scandinavian principles of simplicity and functionality influence clean-lined, open-air designs, while tropical resorts have inspired lush, greenery-filled retreats in suburban settings. The blending of international styles enables homeowners to create outdoor spaces that are both eclectic and functional.

Looking Ahead: The Future of Outdoor Living The trajectory of outdoor living points to continued growth, innovation, and integration. Here are some trends likely to define the next decade:

1. Year-Round Use With heating lamps, insulated pergolas, and all-weather furniture, outdoor spaces are becoming viable in all seasons. Expect to see more designs tailored for winter, including hot tubs, enclosed lounges, and warm lighting features.
2. Outdoor Smart Hubs Technology will play an even greater role, with integrated outdoor control systems for lighting, security, irrigation, and entertainment—managed through a single device or app.
3. Edible Landscaping Gardens will not only be for beauty but also for sustenance. Raised vegetable beds, fruit trees, and herb walls will become staples in functional outdoor design.
4. Modular Design Portable and adaptable elements like movable walls, foldable furniture, and hybrid indoor-outdoor structures will offer more flexibility, especially in smaller spaces.
5. Wellness Integration Expect an even stronger emphasis on health and well-being—cold plunge pools, outdoor gyms, meditation pods, and immersive natural soundscapes will take center stage.

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Conclusion The rise of outdoor living is not just a design phenomenon—it’s a cultural shift. Homeowners are recognizing the value of outdoor spaces as extensions of their identities, routines, and dreams. Whether it's a serene garden, a vibrant entertainment hub, or a cozy work nook, the backyard is being redefined as a vital part of the home. In a world that often feels fast-paced and digitally overloaded, outdoor living offers a much-needed antidote: space to breathe, relax, connect, and thrive. It’s about more than upgrading the home—it’s about enhancing the human experience. As this trend continues to evolve, one thing is clear: the best room in the house may not be inside at all.

@ 8576ca0e:621f735e

The Bitcoin community is currently debating BIP 177, a proposal that seeks to redefine Bitcoin’s base unit from the satoshi (sat) to bitcoin itself. Proposed by Synonym CEO John Carvalho, this initiative aims to simplify Bitcoin’s usability, reduce cognitive barriers for newcomers, and align the currency’s representation with its integer-based protocol design. While the proposal has sparked enthusiasm among some supporters, it has also faced criticism for potentially eroding Bitcoin’s cultural heritage. Here’s a comprehensive breakdown of BIP 177 and its implications. 

What Is BIP 177?  BIP 177 is a non consensus proposal that reimagines how Bitcoin units are displayed and labeled. Key changes include:  1. Base Unit Redefinition: The smallest unit, currently called a satoshi (1 sat = 0.00000001 BTC), would be renamed to "bitcoin" (lowercase). Thus, 1 BTC would equal 100,000,000 bitcoins under the new system .  2. Integer Only Display: Transactions and balances would be shown in whole numbers (e.g., "10,000 bitcoins" instead of "0.0001 BTC") to eliminate decimal complexity .  3. Symbol Adoption: The "₿" symbol could represent the base unit, making values like ₿34,500,000 equivalent to 0.345 BTC .  4. Backward Compatibility: The BTC ticker and total supply (21 million BTC) remain unchanged. Users and applications can toggle between legacy and new formats . 

Why BIP 177? The Case for Change  1. Reducing Cognitive Load  Decimal heavy displays (e.g., 0.000023 BTC) are unintuitive, especially for new users. Integer values (e.g., 2,300 bitcoins) simplify mental calculations and reduce errors in transactions . As Carvalho argues, Bitcoin’s protocol inherently uses integers, and the decimal system is a "human imposed abstraction" . 

1. Eliminating Unit Fear  A Bitcoin priced at $100,000+ can deter newcomers who perceive it as unaffordable. By rebranding the base unit, 1 bitcoin would appear as a fraction of a cent (e.g., $0.00104 per bitcoin), making ownership of thousands of bitcoins feel more accessible . This shift could mitigate "price ceiling anxiety" and encourage broader adoption . 

2. Aligning with Bitcoin’s Design  Bitcoin’s ledger tracks discrete units, not fractions. BIP 177 emphasizes this by removing artificial decimal formatting, fostering a clearer understanding of Bitcoin’s scarcity and indivisible nature . 

3. Mainstream Usability  For everyday transactions like buying coffee integer displays (e.g., "1,830 bitcoins") are more practical than tiny decimals. This aligns with Bitcoin’s growing role in micropayments, as seen in El Salvador’s adoption of satoshis for daily use . 

Criticisms and Concerns  1. Cultural Erosion  The term "satoshi" honors Bitcoin’s pseudonymous creator, and its deprecation risks alienating long-time supporters. Critics argue that abandoning this term weakens Bitcoin’s cultural identity . 

1. Confusion Risks  Renaming the base unit "bitcoin" while retaining BTC could cause ambiguity. For example, saying "I own 1,000 bitcoins" might mislead newcomers into thinking they own 1,000 BTC . Translation challenges also arise, particularly in languages like Chinese where "比特币" (Bitcoin) would represent both BTC and the base unit . 

2. Brand Perception  Bitcoin’s high value per BTC is a marketing strength. Displaying prices as fractions of a cent might dilute its perceived prestige, potentially affecting investor sentiment . 

3. Implementation Hurdles  Wallets, exchanges, and merchants would need to update interfaces, APIs, and educational materials—a process estimated to take 2+ years . 

Community Reactions: A Divided Ecosystem  - Supporters: Proponents like Jack Dorsey argue that integer displays simplify Bitcoin for mass adoption. They compare the shift to historical advancements like replacing Roman numerals with Arabic numbers .  - Opponents: Critics dismiss BIP 177 as "bikeshedding" focusing on trivial changes while ignoring larger issues like transaction fees. Some Reddit users warn, "Don’t split it, don’t change anything" . 

Implementation Timeline  1. Phase 1 (3–6 months): Introduce dual displays and pilot testing in wallets like Bitkit .  2. Phase 2 (6–12 months): Mainstream platforms adopt integer displays by default.  3. Phase 3 (12+ months): Legacy decimal formats are phased out entirely . 

Conclusion: Tradition vs Progress  BIP 177 highlights Bitcoin’s evolving identity: Should it prioritize cultural heritage or usability for the next billion users? While the proposal doesn’t alter Bitcoin’s code or supply, its success hinges on community consensus. As Carvalho notes, "Bitcoin’s heart is immovable code. BIP 177 merely retires the decimal point" . Whether this change becomes a footnote or a revolution remains to be seen but it undeniably sparks a vital conversation about Bitcoin’s future.

@ 640f3844:d7b13a29

CrazyGames là một nền tảng giải trí số đang ngày càng khẳng định vị thế trong cộng đồng người dùng hiện đại nhờ vào khả năng cung cấp trải nghiệm linh hoạt, hấp dẫn và thân thiện. Với giao diện được thiết kế thông minh và trực quan, CrazyGames giúp người dùng dễ dàng tiếp cận và khám phá hàng loạt nội dung đa dạng chỉ trong vài thao tác. Dù sử dụng điện thoại, máy tính bảng hay máy tính để bàn, hệ thống luôn được tối ưu hóa để vận hành mượt mà, không gây gián đoạn hay ảnh hưởng đến trải nghiệm tổng thể. CrazyGames không chỉ đơn thuần là một nền tảng kỹ thuật số mà còn là nơi hội tụ của sáng tạo, công nghệ và niềm vui, nơi người dùng có thể tìm thấy sự giải tỏa sau những giờ làm việc căng thẳng hoặc học tập mệt mỏi. Nền tảng luôn chú trọng đến việc đổi mới giao diện, bổ sung các tính năng tiện ích nhằm mang lại giá trị sử dụng thực tế và phù hợp với xu hướng công nghệ đang thay đổi từng ngày.

Một trong những điểm nhấn nổi bật khiến CRAZYGAMES thu hút sự quan tâm rộng rãi chính là tính cá nhân hóa và khả năng kết nối cộng đồng vượt trội. Hệ thống sử dụng các thuật toán phân tích hành vi thông minh để đưa ra các đề xuất nội dung phù hợp với sở thích và nhu cầu riêng biệt của từng người dùng, từ đó nâng cao mức độ hài lòng và giữ chân người dùng lâu hơn. Không gian cộng đồng tích hợp trong nền tảng cũng tạo điều kiện cho các thành viên giao lưu, chia sẻ cảm nhận và trao đổi kinh nghiệm, giúp tăng sự gắn kết và hình thành một hệ sinh thái giải trí sôi động, đầy màu sắc. Hơn thế nữa, CrazyGames thường xuyên cập nhật nội dung mới, điều chỉnh theo phản hồi thực tế từ người dùng nhằm đảm bảo mọi người luôn cảm thấy được lắng nghe và phục vụ đúng với mong đợi. Việc áp dụng công nghệ mới, đặc biệt là trí tuệ nhân tạo và dữ liệu lớn, đã giúp CrazyGames trở thành một nền tảng tiên phong trong việc cá nhân hóa trải nghiệm người dùng ở cấp độ cao nhất.

CrazyGames cũng đặt yếu tố bảo mật và hỗ trợ kỹ thuật làm trọng tâm trong chiến lược phát triển lâu dài. Với hệ thống bảo mật nhiều lớp, kết hợp xác thực người dùng và mã hóa dữ liệu tiên tiến, người dùng có thể yên tâm khi trải nghiệm mà không phải lo lắng về quyền riêng tư hay nguy cơ rò rỉ thông tin cá nhân. Đồng thời, đội ngũ chăm sóc khách hàng của CrazyGames luôn sẵn sàng phản hồi nhanh chóng, giải quyết kịp thời các vướng mắc phát sinh và liên tục cập nhật các hướng dẫn sử dụng để người dùng tận dụng được mọi tính năng mà nền tảng mang lại. Ngoài ra, CrazyGames còn tổ chức nhiều chương trình tương tác hấp dẫn và hoạt động khuyến khích sáng tạo trong cộng đồng, giúp nâng cao trải nghiệm người dùng và biến mỗi lần truy cập trở thành một hành trình khám phá mới mẻ. Với tất cả những yếu tố đó, CrazyGames không chỉ là một nền tảng giải trí kỹ thuật số, mà còn là người bạn đồng hành lý tưởng trong hành trình kết nối công nghệ, sáng tạo và cảm xúc.

@ cefb08d1:f419beff

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jIydjo4B25U

The GWM Catch Up Day 2: Western Australia pushes CT to the ultimate test in all or nothing bouts:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4zwuqs6iTPg

Women and Men Results:

https://stacker.news/items/984538

@ 21335073:a244b1ad

Warning: This piece contains a conversation about difficult topics. Please proceed with caution.

TL;DR please educate your children about online safety.

Julian Assange wrote in his 2012 book Cypherpunks, “This book is not a manifesto. There isn’t time for that. This book is a warning.” I read it a few times over the past summer. Those opening lines definitely stood out to me. I wish we had listened back then. He saw something about the internet that few had the ability to see. There are some individuals who are so close to a topic that when they speak, it’s difficult for others who aren’t steeped in it to visualize what they’re talking about. I didn’t read the book until more recently. If I had read it when it came out, it probably would have sounded like an unknown foreign language to me. Today it makes more sense.

This isn’t a manifesto. This isn’t a book. There is no time for that. It’s a warning and a possible solution from a desperate and determined survivor advocate who has been pulling and unraveling a thread for a few years. At times, I feel too close to this topic to make any sense trying to convey my pathway to my conclusions or thoughts to the general public. My hope is that if nothing else, I can convey my sense of urgency while writing this. This piece is a watchman’s warning.

When a child steps online, they are walking into a new world. A new reality. When you hand a child the internet, you are handing them possibilities—good, bad, and ugly. This is a conversation about lowering the potential of negative outcomes of stepping into that new world and how I came to these conclusions. I constantly compare the internet to the road. You wouldn’t let a young child run out into the road with no guidance or safety precautions. When you hand a child the internet without any type of guidance or safety measures, you are allowing them to play in rush hour, oncoming traffic. “Look left, look right for cars before crossing.” We almost all have been taught that as children. What are we taught as humans about safety before stepping into a completely different reality like the internet? Very little.

I could never really figure out why many folks in tech, privacy rights activists, and hackers seemed so cold to me while talking about online child sexual exploitation. I always figured that as a survivor advocate for those affected by these crimes, that specific, skilled group of individuals would be very welcoming and easy to talk to about such serious topics. I actually had one hacker laugh in my face when I brought it up while I was looking for answers. I thought maybe this individual thought I was accusing them of something I wasn’t, so I felt bad for asking. I was constantly extremely disappointed and would ask myself, “Why don’t they care? What could I say to make them care more? What could I say to make them understand the crisis and the level of suffering that happens as a result of the problem?”

I have been serving minor survivors of online child sexual exploitation for years. My first case serving a survivor of this specific crime was in 2018—a 13-year-old girl sexually exploited by a serial predator on Snapchat. That was my first glimpse into this side of the internet. I won a national award for serving the minor survivors of Twitter in 2023, but I had been working on that specific project for a few years. I was nominated by a lawyer representing two survivors in a legal battle against the platform. I’ve never really spoken about this before, but at the time it was a choice for me between fighting Snapchat or Twitter. I chose Twitter—or rather, Twitter chose me. I heard about the story of John Doe #1 and John Doe #2, and I was so unbelievably broken over it that I went to war for multiple years. I was and still am royally pissed about that case. As far as I was concerned, the John Doe #1 case proved that whatever was going on with corporate tech social media was so out of control that I didn’t have time to wait, so I got to work. It was reading the messages that John Doe #1 sent to Twitter begging them to remove his sexual exploitation that broke me. He was a child begging adults to do something. A passion for justice and protecting kids makes you do wild things. I was desperate to find answers about what happened and searched for solutions. In the end, the platform Twitter was purchased. During the acquisition, I just asked Mr. Musk nicely to prioritize the issue of detection and removal of child sexual exploitation without violating digital privacy rights or eroding end-to-end encryption. Elon thanked me multiple times during the acquisition, made some changes, and I was thanked by others on the survivors’ side as well.

I still feel that even with the progress made, I really just scratched the surface with Twitter, now X. I left that passion project when I did for a few reasons. I wanted to give new leadership time to tackle the issue. Elon Musk made big promises that I knew would take a while to fulfill, but mostly I had been watching global legislation transpire around the issue, and frankly, the governments are willing to go much further with X and the rest of corporate tech than I ever would. My work begging Twitter to make changes with easier reporting of content, detection, and removal of child sexual exploitation material—without violating privacy rights or eroding end-to-end encryption—and advocating for the minor survivors of the platform went as far as my principles would have allowed. I’m grateful for that experience. I was still left with a nagging question: “How did things get so bad with Twitter where the John Doe #1 and John Doe #2 case was able to happen in the first place?” I decided to keep looking for answers. I decided to keep pulling the thread.

I never worked for Twitter. This is often confusing for folks. I will say that despite being disappointed in the platform’s leadership at times, I loved Twitter. I saw and still see its value. I definitely love the survivors of the platform, but I also loved the platform. I was a champion of the platform’s ability to give folks from virtually around the globe an opportunity to speak and be heard.

I want to be clear that John Doe #1 really is my why. He is the inspiration. I am writing this because of him. He represents so many globally, and I’m still inspired by his bravery. One child’s voice begging adults to do something—I’m an adult, I heard him. I’d go to war a thousand more lifetimes for that young man, and I don’t even know his name. Fighting has been personally dark at times; I’m not even going to try to sugarcoat it, but it has been worth it.

The data surrounding the very real crime of online child sexual exploitation is available to the public online at any time for anyone to see. I’d encourage you to go look at the data for yourself. I believe in encouraging folks to check multiple sources so that you understand the full picture. If you are uncomfortable just searching around the internet for information about this topic, use the terms “CSAM,” “CSEM,” “SG-CSEM,” or “AI Generated CSAM.” The numbers don’t lie—it’s a nightmare that’s out of control. It’s a big business. The demand is high, and unfortunately, business is booming. Organizations collect the data, tech companies often post their data, governments report frequently, and the corporate press has covered a decent portion of the conversation, so I’m sure you can find a source that you trust.

Technology is changing rapidly, which is great for innovation as a whole but horrible for the crime of online child sexual exploitation. Those wishing to exploit the vulnerable seem to be adapting to each technological change with ease. The governments are so far behind with tackling these issues that as I’m typing this, it’s borderline irrelevant to even include them while speaking about the crime or potential solutions. Technology is changing too rapidly, and their old, broken systems can’t even dare to keep up. Think of it like the governments’ “War on Drugs.” Drugs won. In this case as well, the governments are not winning. The governments are talking about maybe having a meeting on potentially maybe having legislation around the crimes. The time to have that meeting would have been many years ago. I’m not advocating for governments to legislate our way out of this. I’m on the side of educating and innovating our way out of this.

I have been clear while advocating for the minor survivors of corporate tech platforms that I would not advocate for any solution to the crime that would violate digital privacy rights or erode end-to-end encryption. That has been a personal moral position that I was unwilling to budge on. This is an extremely unpopular and borderline nonexistent position in the anti-human trafficking movement and online child protection space. I’m often fearful that I’m wrong about this. I have always thought that a better pathway forward would have been to incentivize innovation for detection and removal of content. I had no previous exposure to privacy rights activists or Cypherpunks—actually, I came to that conclusion by listening to the voices of MENA region political dissidents and human rights activists. After developing relationships with human rights activists from around the globe, I realized how important privacy rights and encryption are for those who need it most globally. I was simply unwilling to give more power, control, and opportunities for mass surveillance to big abusers like governments wishing to enslave entire nations and untrustworthy corporate tech companies to potentially end some portion of abuses online. On top of all of it, it has been clear to me for years that all potential solutions outside of violating digital privacy rights to detect and remove child sexual exploitation online have not yet been explored aggressively. I’ve been disappointed that there hasn’t been more of a conversation around preventing the crime from happening in the first place.

What has been tried is mass surveillance. In China, they are currently under mass surveillance both online and offline, and their behaviors are attached to a social credit score. Unfortunately, even on state-run and controlled social media platforms, they still have child sexual exploitation and abuse imagery pop up along with other crimes and human rights violations. They also have a thriving black market online due to the oppression from the state. In other words, even an entire loss of freedom and privacy cannot end the sexual exploitation of children online. It’s been tried. There is no reason to repeat this method.

It took me an embarrassingly long time to figure out why I always felt a slight coldness from those in tech and privacy-minded individuals about the topic of child sexual exploitation online. I didn’t have any clue about the “Four Horsemen of the Infocalypse.” This is a term coined by Timothy C. May in 1988. I would have been a child myself when he first said it. I actually laughed at myself when I heard the phrase for the first time. I finally got it. The Cypherpunks weren’t wrong about that topic. They were so spot on that it is borderline uncomfortable. I was mad at first that they knew that early during the birth of the internet that this issue would arise and didn’t address it. Then I got over it because I realized that it wasn’t their job. Their job was—is—to write code. Their job wasn’t to be involved and loving parents or survivor advocates. Their job wasn’t to educate children on internet safety or raise awareness; their job was to write code.

They knew that child sexual abuse material would be shared on the internet. They said what would happen—not in a gleeful way, but a prediction. Then it happened.

I equate it now to a concrete company laying down a road. As you’re pouring the concrete, you can say to yourself, “A terrorist might travel down this road to go kill many, and on the flip side, a beautiful child can be born in an ambulance on this road.” Who or what travels down the road is not their responsibility—they are just supposed to lay the concrete. I’d never go to a concrete pourer and ask them to solve terrorism that travels down roads. Under the current system, law enforcement should stop terrorists before they even make it to the road. The solution to this specific problem is not to treat everyone on the road like a terrorist or to not build the road.

So I understand the perceived coldness from those in tech. Not only was it not their job, but bringing up the topic was seen as the equivalent of asking a free person if they wanted to discuss one of the four topics—child abusers, terrorists, drug dealers, intellectual property pirates, etc.—that would usher in digital authoritarianism for all who are online globally.

Privacy rights advocates and groups have put up a good fight. They stood by their principles. Unfortunately, when it comes to corporate tech, I believe that the issue of privacy is almost a complete lost cause at this point. It’s still worth pushing back, but ultimately, it is a losing battle—a ticking time bomb.

I do think that corporate tech providers could have slowed down the inevitable loss of privacy at the hands of the state by prioritizing the detection and removal of CSAM when they all started online. I believe it would have bought some time, fewer would have been traumatized by that specific crime, and I do believe that it could have slowed down the demand for content. If I think too much about that, I’ll go insane, so I try to push the “if maybes” aside, but never knowing if it could have been handled differently will forever haunt me. At night when it’s quiet, I wonder what I would have done differently if given the opportunity. I’ll probably never know how much corporate tech knew and ignored in the hopes that it would go away while the problem continued to get worse. They had different priorities. The most voiceless and vulnerable exploited on corporate tech never had much of a voice, so corporate tech providers didn’t receive very much pushback.

Now I’m about to say something really wild, and you can call me whatever you want to call me, but I’m going to say what I believe to be true. I believe that the governments are either so incompetent that they allowed the proliferation of CSAM online, or they knowingly allowed the problem to fester long enough to have an excuse to violate privacy rights and erode end-to-end encryption. The US government could have seized the corporate tech providers over CSAM, but I believe that they were so useful as a propaganda arm for the regimes that they allowed them to continue virtually unscathed.

That season is done now, and the governments are making the issue a priority. It will come at a high cost. Privacy on corporate tech providers is virtually done as I’m typing this. It feels like a death rattle. I’m not particularly sure that we had much digital privacy to begin with, but the illusion of a veil of privacy feels gone.

To make matters slightly more complex, it would be hard to convince me that once AI really gets going, digital privacy will exist at all.

I believe that there should be a conversation shift to preserving freedoms and human rights in a post-privacy society.

I don’t want to get locked up because AI predicted a nasty post online from me about the government. I’m not a doomer about AI—I’m just going to roll with it personally. I’m looking forward to the positive changes that will be brought forth by AI. I see it as inevitable. A bit of privacy was helpful while it lasted. Please keep fighting to preserve what is left of privacy either way because I could be wrong about all of this.

On the topic of AI, the addition of AI to the horrific crime of child sexual abuse material and child sexual exploitation in multiple ways so far has been devastating. It’s currently out of control. The genie is out of the bottle. I am hopeful that innovation will get us humans out of this, but I’m not sure how or how long it will take. We must be extremely cautious around AI legislation. It should not be illegal to innovate even if some bad comes with the good. I don’t trust that the governments are equipped to decide the best pathway forward for AI. Source: the entire history of the government.

I have been personally negatively impacted by AI-generated content. Every few days, I get another alert that I’m featured again in what’s called “deep fake pornography” without my consent. I’m not happy about it, but what pains me the most is the thought that for a period of time down the road, many globally will experience what myself and others are experiencing now by being digitally sexually abused in this way. If you have ever had your picture taken and posted online, you are also at risk of being exploited in this way. Your child’s image can be used as well, unfortunately, and this is just the beginning of this particular nightmare. It will move to more realistic interpretations of sexual behaviors as technology improves. I have no brave words of wisdom about how to deal with that emotionally. I do have hope that innovation will save the day around this specific issue. I’m nervous that everyone online will have to ID verify due to this issue. I see that as one possible outcome that could help to prevent one problem but inadvertently cause more problems, especially for those living under authoritarian regimes or anyone who needs to remain anonymous online. A zero-knowledge proof (ZKP) would probably be the best solution to these issues. There are some survivors of violence and/or sexual trauma who need to remain anonymous online for various reasons. There are survivor stories available online of those who have been abused in this way. I’d encourage you seek out and listen to their stories.

There have been periods of time recently where I hesitate to say anything at all because more than likely AI will cover most of my concerns about education, awareness, prevention, detection, and removal of child sexual exploitation online, etc.

Unfortunately, some of the most pressing issues we’ve seen online over the last few years come in the form of “sextortion.” Self-generated child sexual exploitation (SG-CSEM) numbers are continuing to be terrifying. I’d strongly encourage that you look into sextortion data. AI + sextortion is also a huge concern. The perpetrators are using the non-sexually explicit images of children and putting their likeness on AI-generated child sexual exploitation content and extorting money, more imagery, or both from minors online. It’s like a million nightmares wrapped into one. The wild part is that these issues will only get more pervasive because technology is harnessed to perpetuate horror at a scale unimaginable to a human mind.

Even if you banned phones and the internet or tried to prevent children from accessing the internet, it wouldn’t solve it. Child sexual exploitation will still be with us until as a society we start to prevent the crime before it happens. That is the only human way out right now.

There is no reset button on the internet, but if I could go back, I’d tell survivor advocates to heed the warnings of the early internet builders and to start education and awareness campaigns designed to prevent as much online child sexual exploitation as possible. The internet and technology moved quickly, and I don’t believe that society ever really caught up. We live in a world where a child can be groomed by a predator in their own home while sitting on a couch next to their parents watching TV. We weren’t ready as a species to tackle the fast-paced algorithms and dangers online. It happened too quickly for parents to catch up. How can you parent for the ever-changing digital world unless you are constantly aware of the dangers?

I don’t think that the internet is inherently bad. I believe that it can be a powerful tool for freedom and resistance. I’ve spoken a lot about the bad online, but there is beauty as well. We often discuss how victims and survivors are abused online; we rarely discuss the fact that countless survivors around the globe have been able to share their experiences, strength, hope, as well as provide resources to the vulnerable. I do question if giving any government or tech company access to censorship, surveillance, etc., online in the name of serving survivors might not actually impact a portion of survivors negatively. There are a fair amount of survivors with powerful abusers protected by governments and the corporate press. If a survivor cannot speak to the press about their abuse, the only place they can go is online, directly or indirectly through an independent journalist who also risks being censored. This scenario isn’t hard to imagine—it already happened in China. During #MeToo, a survivor in China wanted to post their story. The government censored the post, so the survivor put their story on the blockchain. I’m excited that the survivor was creative and brave, but it’s terrifying to think that we live in a world where that situation is a necessity.

I believe that the future for many survivors sharing their stories globally will be on completely censorship-resistant and decentralized protocols. This thought in particular gives me hope. When we listen to the experiences of a diverse group of survivors, we can start to understand potential solutions to preventing the crimes from happening in the first place.

My heart is broken over the gut-wrenching stories of survivors sexually exploited online. Every time I hear the story of a survivor, I do think to myself quietly, “What could have prevented this from happening in the first place?” My heart is with survivors.

My head, on the other hand, is full of the understanding that the internet should remain free. The free flow of information should not be stopped. My mind is with the innocent citizens around the globe that deserve freedom both online and offline.

The problem is that governments don’t only want to censor illegal content that violates human rights—they create legislation that is so broad that it can impact speech and privacy of all. “Don’t you care about the kids?” Yes, I do. I do so much that I’m invested in finding solutions. I also care about all citizens around the globe that deserve an opportunity to live free from a mass surveillance society. If terrorism happens online, I should not be punished by losing my freedom. If drugs are sold online, I should not be punished. I’m not an abuser, I’m not a terrorist, and I don’t engage in illegal behaviors. I refuse to lose freedom because of others’ bad behaviors online.

I want to be clear that on a long enough timeline, the governments will decide that they can be better parents/caregivers than you can if something isn’t done to stop minors from being sexually exploited online. The price will be a complete loss of anonymity, privacy, free speech, and freedom of religion online. I find it rather insulting that governments think they’re better equipped to raise children than parents and caretakers.

So we can’t go backwards—all that we can do is go forward. Those who want to have freedom will find technology to facilitate their liberation. This will lead many over time to decentralized and open protocols. So as far as I’m concerned, this does solve a few of my worries—those who need, want, and deserve to speak freely online will have the opportunity in most countries—but what about online child sexual exploitation?

When I popped up around the decentralized space, I was met with the fear of censorship. I’m not here to censor you. I don’t write code. I couldn’t censor anyone or any piece of content even if I wanted to across the internet, no matter how depraved. I don’t have the skills to do that.

I’m here to start a conversation. Freedom comes at a cost. You must always fight for and protect your freedom. I can’t speak about protecting yourself from all of the Four Horsemen because I simply don’t know the topics well enough, but I can speak about this one topic.

If there was a shortcut to ending online child sexual exploitation, I would have found it by now. There isn’t one right now. I believe that education is the only pathway forward to preventing the crime of online child sexual exploitation for future generations.

I propose a yearly education course for every child of all school ages, taught as a standard part of the curriculum. Ideally, parents/caregivers would be involved in the education/learning process.

Course: - The creation of the internet and computers - The fight for cryptography - The tech supply chain from the ground up (example: human rights violations in the supply chain) - Corporate tech - Freedom tech - Data privacy - Digital privacy rights - AI (history-current) - Online safety (predators, scams, catfishing, extortion) - Bitcoin - Laws - How to deal with online hate and harassment - Information on who to contact if you are being abused online or offline - Algorithms - How to seek out the truth about news, etc., online

The parents/caregivers, homeschoolers, unschoolers, and those working to create decentralized parallel societies have been an inspiration while writing this, but my hope is that all children would learn this course, even in government ran schools. Ideally, parents would teach this to their own children.

The decentralized space doesn’t want child sexual exploitation to thrive. Here’s the deal: there has to be a strong prevention effort in order to protect the next generation. The internet isn’t going anywhere, predators aren’t going anywhere, and I’m not down to let anyone have the opportunity to prove that there is a need for more government. I don’t believe that the government should act as parents. The governments have had a chance to attempt to stop online child sexual exploitation, and they didn’t do it. Can we try a different pathway forward?

I’d like to put myself out of a job. I don’t want to ever hear another story like John Doe #1 ever again. This will require work. I’ve often called online child sexual exploitation the lynchpin for the internet. It’s time to arm generations of children with knowledge and tools. I can’t do this alone.

Individuals have fought so that I could have freedom online. I want to fight to protect it. I don’t want child predators to give the government any opportunity to take away freedom. Decentralized spaces are as close to a reset as we’ll get with the opportunity to do it right from the start. Start the youth off correctly by preventing potential hazards to the best of your ability.

The good news is anyone can work on this! I’d encourage you to take it and run with it. I added the additional education about the history of the internet to make the course more educational and fun. Instead of cleaning up generations of destroyed lives due to online sexual exploitation, perhaps this could inspire generations of those who will build our futures. Perhaps if the youth is armed with knowledge, they can create more tools to prevent the crime.

This one solution that I’m suggesting can be done on an individual level or on a larger scale. It should be adjusted depending on age, learning style, etc. It should be fun and playful.

This solution does not address abuse in the home or some of the root causes of offline child sexual exploitation. My hope is that it could lead to some survivors experiencing abuse in the home an opportunity to disclose with a trusted adult. The purpose for this solution is to prevent the crime of online child sexual exploitation before it occurs and to arm the youth with the tools to contact safe adults if and when it happens.

In closing, I went to hell a few times so that you didn’t have to. I spoke to the mothers of survivors of minors sexually exploited online—their tears could fill rivers. I’ve spoken with political dissidents who yearned to be free from authoritarian surveillance states. The only balance that I’ve found is freedom online for citizens around the globe and prevention from the dangers of that for the youth. Don’t slow down innovation and freedom. Educate, prepare, adapt, and look for solutions.

I’m not perfect and I’m sure that there are errors in this piece. I hope that you find them and it starts a conversation.

@ 8576ca0e:621f735e

Now that you’ve mastered the basics, it’s time to level up. Bitcoin isn’t just about buying and holding it’s about understanding the ecosystem, optimizing security, and leveraging its unique properties to build wealth. In this deep dive, we’ll explore advanced concepts every Bitcoin enthusiast needs to know. 

1. Mastering Bitcoin Security: Beyond the Basics  -Multisig Wallets: Require multiple private keys to authorize transactions (e.g., 2-of-3 signatures). Ideal for protecting large holdings.  -Cold Storage Deep Dive: How to set up air gapped hardware wallets, metal seed backups, and geographic redundancy.  -Privacy Best Practices: Using CoinJoin, Tor, and wallets like Wasabi or Samourai to enhance anonymity.  -Pro Tip: Test recovery phrases before transferring large sums. 

2. Bitcoin’s Economic Landscape: Scarcity, Halvings, and Market Cycles  -The Halving Explained: How Bitcoin’s supply schedule (every 4 years) impacts price, miner behavior, and long term value.  -Stock to Flow (S2F) Model: Why Bitcoin’s scarcity makes it a compelling store of value.  -Market Psychology: Spotting bull/bear cycles, avoiding FOMO, and using dollar cost averaging (DCA) strategically. 

3. Advanced Transaction Techniques  -Layer 2 Solutions: Harnessing the Lightning Network for instant, low cost payments (and earning routing fees).  -Replace by Fee (RBF): Speed up stuck transactions by increasing fees.  -Taproot and Schnorr Signatures: How Bitcoin’s upgrades improve privacy and scalability. 

4. Earning Passive Income with Bitcoin  -Lending and Yield: Risks and rewards of platforms like Celsius (post-bankruptcy lessons) and decentralized alternatives.  -Bitcoin Mining Pools: Can you still profit as a small miner? We break down the math.  -Staking Alternatives: Wrapped Bitcoin (WBTC) in DeFi opportunities and risks. 

5. Navigating Regulation and Taxes  -Global Tax Compliance: Reporting crypto gains, airdrops, and forks (IRS, HMRC, etc.).  -Self custody vs Regulation: How governments are approaching Bitcoin custody laws and privacy tools.  -Bitcoin ETFs and Institutions: What BlackRock, Fidelity, and others mean for retail investors. 

6. The Future of Bitcoin: What’s Next?  -Bitcoin as a Reserve Asset: Nation states adopting BTC (El Salvador, Lugano).  -Smart Contracts on Bitcoin: Exploring Rootstock (RSK) and Discreet Log Contracts (DLCs).  -Quantum Computing Threats: Separating hype from reality. 

Why Follow My Profile?  -Weekly Deep Dives: From mining profitability calculators to privacy tool tutorials.  -Market Analysis: Bullish catalysts, bearish risks, and how to stay ahead.  -Community Q&A: Get your advance bitcion questions answered.

🔔 Follow my profile to unlock Bitcoin 103: Building Wealth in a Decentralized World. Coming soon!

@ 91bea5cd:1df4451c

Definição de ULID:

Timestamp 48 bits, Aleatoriedade 80 bits Sendo Timestamp 48 bits inteiro, tempo UNIX em milissegundos, Não ficará sem espaço até o ano 10889 d.C. e Aleatoriedade 80 bits, Fonte criptograficamente segura de aleatoriedade, se possível.

Gerar ULID

```sql

CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS pgcrypto;

CREATE FUNCTION generate_ulid() RETURNS TEXT AS $$ DECLARE -- Crockford's Base32 encoding BYTEA = '0123456789ABCDEFGHJKMNPQRSTVWXYZ'; timestamp BYTEA = E'\000\000\000\000\000\000'; output TEXT = '';

unix_time BIGINT; ulid BYTEA; BEGIN -- 6 timestamp bytes unix_time = (EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM CLOCK_TIMESTAMP()) * 1000)::BIGINT; timestamp = SET_BYTE(timestamp, 0, (unix_time >> 40)::BIT(8)::INTEGER); timestamp = SET_BYTE(timestamp, 1, (unix_time >> 32)::BIT(8)::INTEGER); timestamp = SET_BYTE(timestamp, 2, (unix_time >> 24)::BIT(8)::INTEGER); timestamp = SET_BYTE(timestamp, 3, (unix_time >> 16)::BIT(8)::INTEGER); timestamp = SET_BYTE(timestamp, 4, (unix_time >> 8)::BIT(8)::INTEGER); timestamp = SET_BYTE(timestamp, 5, unix_time::BIT(8)::INTEGER);

-- 10 entropy bytes ulid = timestamp || gen_random_bytes(10);

-- Encode the timestamp output = output || CHR(GET_BYTE(encoding, (GET_BYTE(ulid, 0) & 224) >> 5)); output = output || CHR(GET_BYTE(encoding, (GET_BYTE(ulid, 0) & 31))); output = output || CHR(GET_BYTE(encoding, (GET_BYTE(ulid, 1) & 248) >> 3)); output = output || CHR(GET_BYTE(encoding, ((GET_BYTE(ulid, 1) & 7) << 2) | ((GET_BYTE(ulid, 2) & 192) >> 6))); output = output || CHR(GET_BYTE(encoding, (GET_BYTE(ulid, 2) & 62) >> 1)); output = output || CHR(GET_BYTE(encoding, ((GET_BYTE(ulid, 2) & 1) << 4) | ((GET_BYTE(ulid, 3) & 240) >> 4))); output = output || CHR(GET_BYTE(encoding, ((GET_BYTE(ulid, 3) & 15) << 1) | ((GET_BYTE(ulid, 4) & 128) >> 7))); output = output || CHR(GET_BYTE(encoding, (GET_BYTE(ulid, 4) & 124) >> 2)); output = output || CHR(GET_BYTE(encoding, ((GET_BYTE(ulid, 4) & 3) << 3) | ((GET_BYTE(ulid, 5) & 224) >> 5))); output = output || CHR(GET_BYTE(encoding, (GET_BYTE(ulid, 5) & 31)));

-- Encode the entropy output = output || CHR(GET_BYTE(encoding, (GET_BYTE(ulid, 6) & 248) >> 3)); output = output || CHR(GET_BYTE(encoding, ((GET_BYTE(ulid, 6) & 7) << 2) | ((GET_BYTE(ulid, 7) & 192) >> 6))); output = output || CHR(GET_BYTE(encoding, (GET_BYTE(ulid, 7) & 62) >> 1)); output = output || CHR(GET_BYTE(encoding, ((GET_BYTE(ulid, 7) & 1) << 4) | ((GET_BYTE(ulid, 8) & 240) >> 4))); output = output || CHR(GET_BYTE(encoding, ((GET_BYTE(ulid, 8) & 15) << 1) | ((GET_BYTE(ulid, 9) & 128) >> 7))); output = output || CHR(GET_BYTE(encoding, (GET_BYTE(ulid, 9) & 124) >> 2)); output = output || CHR(GET_BYTE(encoding, ((GET_BYTE(ulid, 9) & 3) << 3) | ((GET_BYTE(ulid, 10) & 224) >> 5))); output = output || CHR(GET_BYTE(encoding, (GET_BYTE(ulid, 10) & 31))); output = output || CHR(GET_BYTE(encoding, (GET_BYTE(ulid, 11) & 248) >> 3)); output = output || CHR(GET_BYTE(encoding, ((GET_BYTE(ulid, 11) & 7) << 2) | ((GET_BYTE(ulid, 12) & 192) >> 6))); output = output || CHR(GET_BYTE(encoding, (GET_BYTE(ulid, 12) & 62) >> 1)); output = output || CHR(GET_BYTE(encoding, ((GET_BYTE(ulid, 12) & 1) << 4) | ((GET_BYTE(ulid, 13) & 240) >> 4))); output = output || CHR(GET_BYTE(encoding, ((GET_BYTE(ulid, 13) & 15) << 1) | ((GET_BYTE(ulid, 14) & 128) >> 7))); output = output || CHR(GET_BYTE(encoding, (GET_BYTE(ulid, 14) & 124) >> 2)); output = output || CHR(GET_BYTE(encoding, ((GET_BYTE(ulid, 14) & 3) << 3) | ((GET_BYTE(ulid, 15) & 224) >> 5))); output = output || CHR(GET_BYTE(encoding, (GET_BYTE(ulid, 15) & 31)));

RETURN output; END $$ LANGUAGE plpgsql VOLATILE; ```

ULID TO UUID

```sql CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION parse_ulid(ulid text) RETURNS bytea AS $$ DECLARE -- 16byte bytes bytea = E'\x00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000'; v char[]; -- Allow for O(1) lookup of index values dec integer[] = ARRAY[ 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 1, 18, 19, 1, 20, 21, 0, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 255, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 1, 18, 19, 1, 20, 21, 0, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 255, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31 ]; BEGIN IF NOT ulid ~* '^[0-7][0-9ABCDEFGHJKMNPQRSTVWXYZ]{25}$' THEN RAISE EXCEPTION 'Invalid ULID: %', ulid; END IF;

v = regexp_split_to_array(ulid, '');

-- 6 bytes timestamp (48 bits) bytes = SET_BYTE(bytes, 0, (dec[ASCII(v[1])] << 5) | dec[ASCII(v[2])]); bytes = SET_BYTE(bytes, 1, (dec[ASCII(v[3])] << 3) | (dec[ASCII(v[4])] >> 2)); bytes = SET_BYTE(bytes, 2, (dec[ASCII(v[4])] << 6) | (dec[ASCII(v[5])] << 1) | (dec[ASCII(v[6])] >> 4)); bytes = SET_BYTE(bytes, 3, (dec[ASCII(v[6])] << 4) | (dec[ASCII(v[7])] >> 1)); bytes = SET_BYTE(bytes, 4, (dec[ASCII(v[7])] << 7) | (dec[ASCII(v[8])] << 2) | (dec[ASCII(v[9])] >> 3)); bytes = SET_BYTE(bytes, 5, (dec[ASCII(v[9])] << 5) | dec[ASCII(v[10])]);

-- 10 bytes of entropy (80 bits); bytes = SET_BYTE(bytes, 6, (dec[ASCII(v[11])] << 3) | (dec[ASCII(v[12])] >> 2)); bytes = SET_BYTE(bytes, 7, (dec[ASCII(v[12])] << 6) | (dec[ASCII(v[13])] << 1) | (dec[ASCII(v[14])] >> 4)); bytes = SET_BYTE(bytes, 8, (dec[ASCII(v[14])] << 4) | (dec[ASCII(v[15])] >> 1)); bytes = SET_BYTE(bytes, 9, (dec[ASCII(v[15])] << 7) | (dec[ASCII(v[16])] << 2) | (dec[ASCII(v[17])] >> 3)); bytes = SET_BYTE(bytes, 10, (dec[ASCII(v[17])] << 5) | dec[ASCII(v[18])]); bytes = SET_BYTE(bytes, 11, (dec[ASCII(v[19])] << 3) | (dec[ASCII(v[20])] >> 2)); bytes = SET_BYTE(bytes, 12, (dec[ASCII(v[20])] << 6) | (dec[ASCII(v[21])] << 1) | (dec[ASCII(v[22])] >> 4)); bytes = SET_BYTE(bytes, 13, (dec[ASCII(v[22])] << 4) | (dec[ASCII(v[23])] >> 1)); bytes = SET_BYTE(bytes, 14, (dec[ASCII(v[23])] << 7) | (dec[ASCII(v[24])] << 2) | (dec[ASCII(v[25])] >> 3)); bytes = SET_BYTE(bytes, 15, (dec[ASCII(v[25])] << 5) | dec[ASCII(v[26])]);

RETURN bytes; END $$ LANGUAGE plpgsql IMMUTABLE;

CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION ulid_to_uuid(ulid text) RETURNS uuid AS $$ BEGIN RETURN encode(parse_ulid(ulid), 'hex')::uuid; END $$ LANGUAGE plpgsql IMMUTABLE; ```

UUID to ULID

```sql CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION uuid_to_ulid(id uuid) RETURNS text AS $$ DECLARE encoding bytea = '0123456789ABCDEFGHJKMNPQRSTVWXYZ'; output text = ''; uuid_bytes bytea = uuid_send(id); BEGIN

-- Encode the timestamp output = output || CHR(GET_BYTE(encoding, (GET_BYTE(uuid_bytes, 0) & 224) >> 5)); output = output || CHR(GET_BYTE(encoding, (GET_BYTE(uuid_bytes, 0) & 31))); output = output || CHR(GET_BYTE(encoding, (GET_BYTE(uuid_bytes, 1) & 248) >> 3)); output = output || CHR(GET_BYTE(encoding, ((GET_BYTE(uuid_bytes, 1) & 7) << 2) | ((GET_BYTE(uuid_bytes, 2) & 192) >> 6))); output = output || CHR(GET_BYTE(encoding, (GET_BYTE(uuid_bytes, 2) & 62) >> 1)); output = output || CHR(GET_BYTE(encoding, ((GET_BYTE(uuid_bytes, 2) & 1) << 4) | ((GET_BYTE(uuid_bytes, 3) & 240) >> 4))); output = output || CHR(GET_BYTE(encoding, ((GET_BYTE(uuid_bytes, 3) & 15) << 1) | ((GET_BYTE(uuid_bytes, 4) & 128) >> 7))); output = output || CHR(GET_BYTE(encoding, (GET_BYTE(uuid_bytes, 4) & 124) >> 2)); output = output || CHR(GET_BYTE(encoding, ((GET_BYTE(uuid_bytes, 4) & 3) << 3) | ((GET_BYTE(uuid_bytes, 5) & 224) >> 5))); output = output || CHR(GET_BYTE(encoding, (GET_BYTE(uuid_bytes, 5) & 31)));

-- Encode the entropy output = output || CHR(GET_BYTE(encoding, (GET_BYTE(uuid_bytes, 6) & 248) >> 3)); output = output || CHR(GET_BYTE(encoding, ((GET_BYTE(uuid_bytes, 6) & 7) << 2) | ((GET_BYTE(uuid_bytes, 7) & 192) >> 6))); output = output || CHR(GET_BYTE(encoding, (GET_BYTE(uuid_bytes, 7) & 62) >> 1)); output = output || CHR(GET_BYTE(encoding, ((GET_BYTE(uuid_bytes, 7) & 1) << 4) | ((GET_BYTE(uuid_bytes, 8) & 240) >> 4))); output = output || CHR(GET_BYTE(encoding, ((GET_BYTE(uuid_bytes, 8) & 15) << 1) | ((GET_BYTE(uuid_bytes, 9) & 128) >> 7))); output = output || CHR(GET_BYTE(encoding, (GET_BYTE(uuid_bytes, 9) & 124) >> 2)); output = output || CHR(GET_BYTE(encoding, ((GET_BYTE(uuid_bytes, 9) & 3) << 3) | ((GET_BYTE(uuid_bytes, 10) & 224) >> 5))); output = output || CHR(GET_BYTE(encoding, (GET_BYTE(uuid_bytes, 10) & 31))); output = output || CHR(GET_BYTE(encoding, (GET_BYTE(uuid_bytes, 11) & 248) >> 3)); output = output || CHR(GET_BYTE(encoding, ((GET_BYTE(uuid_bytes, 11) & 7) << 2) | ((GET_BYTE(uuid_bytes, 12) & 192) >> 6))); output = output || CHR(GET_BYTE(encoding, (GET_BYTE(uuid_bytes, 12) & 62) >> 1)); output = output || CHR(GET_BYTE(encoding, ((GET_BYTE(uuid_bytes, 12) & 1) << 4) | ((GET_BYTE(uuid_bytes, 13) & 240) >> 4))); output = output || CHR(GET_BYTE(encoding, ((GET_BYTE(uuid_bytes, 13) & 15) << 1) | ((GET_BYTE(uuid_bytes, 14) & 128) >> 7))); output = output || CHR(GET_BYTE(encoding, (GET_BYTE(uuid_bytes, 14) & 124) >> 2)); output = output || CHR(GET_BYTE(encoding, ((GET_BYTE(uuid_bytes, 14) & 3) << 3) | ((GET_BYTE(uuid_bytes, 15) & 224) >> 5))); output = output || CHR(GET_BYTE(encoding, (GET_BYTE(uuid_bytes, 15) & 31)));

RETURN output; END $$ LANGUAGE plpgsql IMMUTABLE; ```

Gera 11 Digitos aleatórios: YBKXG0CKTH4

```sql -- Cria a extensão pgcrypto para gerar uuid CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS pgcrypto;

-- Cria a função para gerar ULID CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION gen_lrandom() RETURNS TEXT AS $$ DECLARE ts_millis BIGINT; ts_chars TEXT; random_bytes BYTEA; random_chars TEXT; base32_chars TEXT := '0123456789ABCDEFGHJKMNPQRSTVWXYZ'; i INT; BEGIN -- Pega o timestamp em milissegundos ts_millis := FLOOR(EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM clock_timestamp()) * 1000)::BIGINT;

-- Converte o timestamp para base32
ts_chars := '';
FOR i IN REVERSE 0..11 LOOP
    ts_chars := ts_chars || substr(base32_chars, ((ts_millis >> (5 * i)) & 31) + 1, 1);
END LOOP;

-- Gera 10 bytes aleatórios e converte para base32
random_bytes := gen_random_bytes(10);
random_chars := '';
FOR i IN 0..9 LOOP
    random_chars := random_chars || substr(base32_chars, ((get_byte(random_bytes, i) >> 3) & 31) + 1, 1);
    IF i < 9 THEN
        random_chars := random_chars || substr(base32_chars, (((get_byte(random_bytes, i) & 7) << 2) | (get_byte(random_bytes, i + 1) >> 6)) & 31 + 1, 1);
    ELSE
        random_chars := random_chars || substr(base32_chars, ((get_byte(random_bytes, i) & 7) << 2) + 1, 1);
    END IF;
END LOOP;

-- Concatena o timestamp e os caracteres aleatórios
RETURN ts_chars || random_chars;

END; $$ LANGUAGE plpgsql; ```

Exemplo de USO

```sql -- Criação da extensão caso não exista CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS pgcrypto; -- Criação da tabela pessoas CREATE TABLE pessoas ( ID UUID DEFAULT gen_random_uuid ( ) PRIMARY KEY, nome TEXT NOT NULL );

-- Busca Pessoa na tabela SELECT * FROM "pessoas" WHERE uuid_to_ulid ( ID ) = '252FAC9F3V8EF80SSDK8PXW02F'; ```

Fontes

• https://github.com/scoville/pgsql-ulid
• https://github.com/geckoboard/pgulid

@ 472f440f:5669301e

Marty's Bent

via me

Don't sleep on what's happening in Japan right now. We've been covering the country and the fact that they've lost control of their yield curve since late last year. After many years of making it a top priority from a monetary policy perspective, last year the Bank of Japan decided to give up on yield curve control in an attempt to reel inflation. This has sent yields for the 30-year and 40-year Japanese government bonds to levels not seen since the early 2000s in the case of the 30-year and levels never before seen for the 40-year, which was launched in 2007. With a debt to GDP ratio that has surpassed 250% and a population that is aging out with an insufficient amount of births to replace the aging workforce, it's hard to see how Japan can get out of this conundrum without some sort of economic collapse.

This puts the United States in a tough position considering the fact that Japan is one of the largest holders of U.S. Treasury bonds with more than 1,135 sats | $1.20 trillion in exposure. If things get too out of control in Japan and the yield curve continues to drift higher and inflation continues to creep higher Japan can find itself in a situation where it's a forced seller of US Treasuries as they attempt to strengthen the yen. Another aspect to consider is the fact that investors may see the higher yields on Japanese government bonds and decide to purchase them instead of US Treasuries. This is something to keep an eye on in the weeks to come. Particularly if higher rates drive a higher cost of capital, which leads to even more inflation. As producers are forced to increase their prices to ensure that they can manage their debt repayments.

It's never a good sign when the Japanese Prime Minister is coming out to proclaim that his country's financial situation is worse than Greece's, which has been a laughing stock of Europe for the better part of three decades. Japan is a very proud nation, and the fact that its Prime Minister made a statement like this should not be underappreciated.

As we noted last week, the 10-year and 30-year U.S. Treasury bonds are drifting higher as well. Earlier today, the 30-year bond yield surpassed 5%, which has been a psychological level that many have been pointed to as a critical tipping point. When you take a step back and look around the world it seems pretty clear that bond markets are sending a very strong signal. And that signal is that something is not well in the back end of the financial system.

This is even made clear when you look at the private sector, particularly at consumer debt. In late March, we warned of the growing trend of buy now, pay later schemes drifting down market as major credit card companies released charge-off data which showed charge-off rates reaching levels not seen since the 2008 great financial crisis. At the time, we could only surmise that Klarna was experiencing similar charge-off rates on the bigger-ticket items they financed and started doing deals with companies like DoorDash to finance burrito deliveries in an attempt to move down market to finance smaller ticket items with a higher potential of getting paid back. It seems like that inclination was correct as Klarna released data earlier today showing more losses on their book as consumers find it extremely hard to pay back their debts.

via NewsWire

This news hit the markets on the same day as the average rate of the 30-year mortgage in the United States rose to 7.04%. I'm not sure if you've checked lately, but real estate prices are still relatively elevated outside of a few big cities who expanded supply significantly during the COVID era as people flooded out of blue states towards red states. It's hard to imagine that many people can afford a house based off of sticker price alone, but with a 7% 30-year mortgage rate it's becoming clear that the ability of the Common Man to buy a house is simply becoming impossible.

via Lance Lambert

The mortgage rate data is not the only thing you need to look at to understand that it's becoming impossible for the Common Man of working age to buy a house. New data has recently been released that highlights That the median home buyer in 2007 was born in 1968, and the median home buyer in 2024 was born in 1968. Truly wild when you think of it. As our friend Darth Powell cheekily highlights below, we find ourselves in a situation where boomers are simply trading houses and the younger generations are becoming indentured slaves. Forever destined to rent because of the complete inability to afford to buy a house.

via Darth Powell

via Yahoo Finance

Meanwhile, Bitcoin re-approached all-time highs late this evening and looks primed for another breakout to the upside. This makes sense if you're paying attention. The high-velocity trash economy running on an obscene amount of debt in both the public and private sectors seems to be breaking at the seams. All the alarm bells are signaling that another big print is coming. And if you hope to preserve your purchasing power or, ideally, increase it as the big print approaches, the only thing that makes sense is to funnel your money into the hardest asset in the world, which is Bitcoin.

via Bitbo

Buckle up, freaks. It's gonna be a bumpy ride. Stay humble, Stack Sats.

Trump's Middle East Peace Strategy: Redefining U.S. Foreign Policy

In his recent Middle East tour, President Trump signaled what our guest Dr. Anas Alhajji calls "a major change in US policy." Trump explicitly rejected the nation-building strategies of his predecessors, contrasting the devastation in Afghanistan and Iraq with the prosperity of countries like Saudi Arabia and UAE. This marks a profound shift from both Republican and Democratic foreign policy orthodoxy. As Alhajji noted, Trump's willingness to meet with Syrian President Assad follows a historical pattern where former adversaries eventually become diplomatic partners.

"This is really one of the most important shifts in US foreign policy to say, look, sorry, we destroyed those countries because we tried to rebuild them and it was a big mistake." - Dr. Anas Alhajji

The administration's new approach emphasizes negotiation over intervention. Rather than military solutions, Trump is engaging with groups previously considered off-limits, including the Houthis, Hamas, and Iran. This pragmatic stance prioritizes economic cooperation and regional stability over ideological confrontation. The focus on trade deals and investment rather than regime change represents a fundamental reimagining of America's role in the Middle East.

Check out the full podcast here for more on the Iran nuclear situation, energy market predictions, and why AI development could create power grid challenges. Only on TFTC Studio.

Headlines of the Day

Bitcoin Soars to 100,217 sats | $106.00K While Bonds Lose 40% Since 2020 - via X

US Senate Advances Stablecoin Bill As America Embraces Bitcoin - via X

Get our new STACK SATS hat - via tftcmerch.io

Texas House Debates Bill For State-Run Bitcoin Reserve - via X

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@ 6389be64:ef439d32

Bitcoin is more than money, more than an asset, and more than a store of value. Bitcoin is a Prime Mover, an enabler and it ignites imaginations. It certainly fueled an idea in my mind. The idea integrates sensors, computational prowess, actuated machinery, power conversion, and electronic communications to form an autonomous, machined creature roaming forests and harvesting the most widespread and least energy-dense fuel source available. I call it the Forest Walker and it eats wood, and mines Bitcoin.

I know what you're thinking. Why not just put Bitcoin mining rigs where they belong: in a hosted facility sporting electricity from energy-dense fuels like natural gas, climate-controlled with excellent data piping in and out? Why go to all the trouble building a robot that digests wood creating flammable gasses fueling an engine to run a generator powering Bitcoin miners? It's all about synergy.

Bitcoin mining enables the realization of multiple, seemingly unrelated, yet useful activities. Activities considered un-profitable if not for Bitcoin as the Prime Mover. This is much more than simply mining the greatest asset ever conceived by humankind. It’s about the power of synergy, which Bitcoin plays only one of many roles. The synergy created by this system can stabilize forests' fire ecology while generating multiple income streams. That’s the realistic goal here and requires a brief history of American Forest management before continuing.

Smokey The Bear

In 1944, the Smokey Bear Wildfire Prevention Campaign began in the United States. “Only YOU can prevent forest fires” remains the refrain of the Ad Council’s longest running campaign. The Ad Council is a U.S. non-profit set up by the American Association of Advertising Agencies and the Association of National Advertisers in 1942. It would seem that the U.S. Department of the Interior was concerned about pesky forest fires and wanted them to stop. So, alongside a national policy of extreme fire suppression they enlisted the entire U.S. population to get onboard via the Ad Council and it worked. Forest fires were almost obliterated and everyone was happy, right? Wrong.

Smokey is a fantastically successful bear so forest fires became so few for so long that the fuel load - dead wood - in forests has become very heavy. So heavy that when a fire happens (and they always happen) it destroys everything in its path because the more fuel there is the hotter that fire becomes. Trees, bushes, shrubs, and all other plant life cannot escape destruction (not to mention homes and businesses). The soil microbiology doesn’t escape either as it is burned away even in deeper soils. To add insult to injury, hydrophobic waxy residues condense on the soil surface, forcing water to travel over the ground rather than through it eroding forest soils. Good job, Smokey. Well done, Sir!

Most terrestrial ecologies are “fire ecologies”. Fire is a part of these systems’ fuel load and pest management. Before we pretended to “manage” millions of acres of forest, fires raged over the world, rarely damaging forests. The fuel load was always too light to generate fires hot enough to moonscape mountainsides. Fires simply burned off the minor amounts of fuel accumulated since the fire before. The lighter heat, smoke, and other combustion gasses suppressed pests, keeping them in check and the smoke condensed into a plant growth accelerant called wood vinegar, not a waxy cap on the soil. These fires also cleared out weak undergrowth, cycled minerals, and thinned the forest canopy, allowing sunlight to penetrate to the forest floor. Without a fire’s heat, many pine tree species can’t sow their seed. The heat is required to open the cones (the seed bearing structure) of Spruce, Cypress, Sequoia, Jack Pine, Lodgepole Pine and many more. Without fire forests can’t have babies. The idea was to protect the forests, and it isn't working.

So, in a world of fire, what does an ally look like and what does it do?

Meet The Forest Walker

For the Forest Walker to work as a mobile, autonomous unit, a solid platform that can carry several hundred pounds is required. It so happens this chassis already exists but shelved.

Introducing the Legged Squad Support System (LS3). A joint project between Boston Dynamics, DARPA, and the United States Marine Corps, the quadrupedal robot is the size of a cow, can carry 400 pounds (180 kg) of equipment, negotiate challenging terrain, and operate for 24 hours before needing to refuel. Yes, it had an engine. Abandoned in 2015, the thing was too noisy for military deployment and maintenance "under fire" is never a high-quality idea. However, we can rebuild it to act as a platform for the Forest Walker; albeit with serious alterations. It would need to be bigger, probably. Carry more weight? Definitely. Maybe replace structural metal with carbon fiber and redesign much as 3D printable parts for more effective maintenance.

The original system has a top operational speed of 8 miles per hour. For our purposes, it only needs to move about as fast as a grazing ruminant. Without the hammering vibrations of galloping into battle, shocks of exploding mortars, and drunken soldiers playing "Wrangler of Steel Machines", time between failures should be much longer and the overall energy consumption much lower. The LS3 is a solid platform to build upon. Now it just needs to be pulled out of the mothballs, and completely refitted with outboard equipment.

The Small Branch Chipper

When I say “Forest fuel load” I mean the dead, carbon containing litter on the forest floor. Duff (leaves), fine-woody debris (small branches), and coarse woody debris (logs) are the fuel that feeds forest fires. Walk through any forest in the United States today and you will see quite a lot of these materials. Too much, as I have described. Some of these fuel loads can be 8 tons per acre in pine and hardwood forests and up to 16 tons per acre at active logging sites. That’s some big wood and the more that collects, the more combustible danger to the forest it represents. It also provides a technically unlimited fuel supply for the Forest Walker system.

The problem is that this detritus has to be chewed into pieces that are easily ingestible by the system for the gasification process (we’ll get to that step in a minute). What we need is a wood chipper attached to the chassis (the LS3); its “mouth”.

A small wood chipper handling material up to 2.5 - 3.0 inches (6.3 - 7.6 cm) in diameter would eliminate a substantial amount of fuel. There is no reason for Forest Walker to remove fallen trees. It wouldn’t have to in order to make a real difference. It need only identify appropriately sized branches and grab them. Once loaded into the chipper’s intake hopper for further processing, the beast can immediately look for more “food”. This is essentially kindling that would help ignite larger logs. If it’s all consumed by Forest Walker, then it’s not present to promote an aggravated conflagration.

I have glossed over an obvious question: How does Forest Walker see and identify branches and such? LiDaR (Light Detection and Ranging) attached to Forest Walker images the local area and feed those data to onboard computers for processing. Maybe AI plays a role. Maybe simple machine learning can do the trick. One thing is for certain: being able to identify a stick and cause robotic appendages to pick it up is not impossible.

Great! We now have a quadrupedal robot autonomously identifying and “eating” dead branches and other light, combustible materials. Whilst strolling through the forest, depleting future fires of combustibles, Forest Walker has already performed a major function of this system: making the forest safer. It's time to convert this low-density fuel into a high-density fuel Forest Walker can leverage. Enter the gasification process.

The Gassifier

The gasifier is the heart of the entire system; it’s where low-density fuel becomes the high-density fuel that powers the entire system. Biochar and wood vinegar are process wastes and I’ll discuss why both are powerful soil amendments in a moment, but first, what’s gasification?

Reacting shredded carbonaceous material at high temperatures in a low or no oxygen environment converts the biomass into biochar, wood vinegar, heat, and Synthesis Gas (Syngas). Syngas consists primarily of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and methane. All of which are extremely useful fuels in a gaseous state. Part of this gas is used to heat the input biomass and keep the reaction temperature constant while the internal combustion engine that drives the generator to produce electrical power consumes the rest.

Critically, this gasification process is “continuous feed”. Forest Walker must intake biomass from the chipper, process it to fuel, and dump the waste (CO2, heat, biochar, and wood vinegar) continuously. It cannot stop. Everything about this system depends upon this continual grazing, digestion, and excretion of wastes just as a ruminal does. And, like a ruminant, all waste products enhance the local environment.

When I first heard of gasification, I didn’t believe that it was real. Running an electric generator from burning wood seemed more akin to “conspiracy fantasy” than science. Not only is gasification real, it’s ancient technology. A man named Dean Clayton first started experiments on gasification in 1699 and in 1901 gasification was used to power a vehicle. By the end of World War II, there were 500,000 Syngas powered vehicles in Germany alone because of fossil fuel rationing during the war. The global gasification market was $480 billion in 2022 and projected to be as much as $700 billion by 2030 (Vantage Market Research). Gasification technology is the best choice to power the Forest Walker because it’s self-contained and we want its waste products.

Biochar: The Waste

Biochar (AKA agricultural charcoal) is fairly simple: it’s almost pure, solid carbon that resembles charcoal. Its porous nature packs large surface areas into small, 3 dimensional nuggets. Devoid of most other chemistry, like hydrocarbons (methane) and ash (minerals), biochar is extremely lightweight. Do not confuse it with the charcoal you buy for your grill. Biochar doesn’t make good grilling charcoal because it would burn too rapidly as it does not contain the multitude of flammable components that charcoal does. Biochar has several other good use cases. Water filtration, water retention, nutrient retention, providing habitat for microscopic soil organisms, and carbon sequestration are the main ones that we are concerned with here.

Carbon has an amazing ability to adsorb (substances stick to and accumulate on the surface of an object) manifold chemistries. Water, nutrients, and pollutants tightly bind to carbon in this format. So, biochar makes a respectable filter and acts as a “battery” of water and nutrients in soils. Biochar adsorbs and holds on to seven times its weight in water. Soil containing biochar is more drought resilient than soil without it. Adsorbed nutrients, tightly sequestered alongside water, get released only as plants need them. Plants must excrete protons (H+) from their roots to disgorge water or positively charged nutrients from the biochar's surface; it's an active process.

Biochar’s surface area (where adsorption happens) can be 500 square meters per gram or more. That is 10% larger than an official NBA basketball court for every gram of biochar. Biochar’s abundant surface area builds protective habitats for soil microbes like fungi and bacteria and many are critical for the health and productivity of the soil itself.

The “carbon sequestration” component of biochar comes into play where “carbon credits” are concerned. There is a financial market for carbon. Not leveraging that market for revenue is foolish. I am climate agnostic. All I care about is that once solid carbon is inside the soil, it will stay there for thousands of years, imparting drought resiliency, fertility collection, nutrient buffering, and release for that time span. I simply want as much solid carbon in the soil because of the undeniably positive effects it has, regardless of any climactic considerations.

Wood Vinegar: More Waste

Another by-product of the gasification process is wood vinegar (Pyroligneous acid). If you have ever seen Liquid Smoke in the grocery store, then you have seen wood vinegar. Principally composed of acetic acid, acetone, and methanol wood vinegar also contains ~200 other organic compounds. It would seem intuitive that condensed, liquefied wood smoke would at least be bad for the health of all living things if not downright carcinogenic. The counter intuition wins the day, however. Wood vinegar has been used by humans for a very long time to promote digestion, bowel, and liver health; combat diarrhea and vomiting; calm peptic ulcers and regulate cholesterol levels; and a host of other benefits.

For centuries humans have annually burned off hundreds of thousands of square miles of pasture, grassland, forest, and every other conceivable terrestrial ecosystem. Why is this done? After every burn, one thing becomes obvious: the almost supernatural growth these ecosystems exhibit after the burn. How? Wood vinegar is a component of this growth. Even in open burns, smoke condenses and infiltrates the soil. That is when wood vinegar shows its quality.

This stuff beefs up not only general plant growth but seed germination as well and possesses many other qualities that are beneficial to plants. It’s a pesticide, fungicide, promotes beneficial soil microorganisms, enhances nutrient uptake, and imparts disease resistance. I am barely touching a long list of attributes here, but you want wood vinegar in your soil (alongside biochar because it adsorbs wood vinegar as well).

The Internal Combustion Engine

Conversion of grazed forage to chemical, then mechanical, and then electrical energy completes the cycle. The ICE (Internal Combustion Engine) converts the gaseous fuel output from the gasifier to mechanical energy, heat, water vapor, and CO2. It’s the mechanical energy of a rotating drive shaft that we want. That rotation drives the electric generator, which is the heartbeat we need to bring this monster to life. Luckily for us, combined internal combustion engine and generator packages are ubiquitous, delivering a defined energy output given a constant fuel input. It’s the simplest part of the system.

The obvious question here is whether the amount of syngas provided by the gasification process will provide enough energy to generate enough electrons to run the entire system or not. While I have no doubt the energy produced will run Forest Walker's main systems the question is really about the electrons left over. Will it be enough to run the Bitcoin mining aspect of the system? Everything is a budget.

CO2 Production For Growth

Plants are lollipops. No matter if it’s a tree or a bush or a shrubbery, the entire thing is mostly sugar in various formats but mostly long chain carbohydrates like lignin and cellulose. Plants need three things to make sugar: CO2, H2O and light. In a forest, where tree densities can be quite high, CO2 availability becomes a limiting growth factor. It’d be in the forest interests to have more available CO2 providing for various sugar formation providing the organism with food and structure.

An odd thing about tree leaves, the openings that allow gasses like the ever searched for CO2 are on the bottom of the leaf (these are called stomata). Not many stomata are topside. This suggests that trees and bushes have evolved to find gasses like CO2 from below, not above and this further suggests CO2 might be in higher concentrations nearer the soil.

The soil life (bacterial, fungi etc.) is constantly producing enormous amounts of CO2 and it would stay in the soil forever (eventually killing the very soil life that produces it) if not for tidal forces. Water is everywhere and whether in pools, lakes, oceans or distributed in “moist” soils water moves towards to the moon. The water in the soil and also in the water tables below the soil rise toward the surface every day. When the water rises, it expels the accumulated gasses in the soil into the atmosphere and it’s mostly CO2. It’s a good bet on how leaves developed high populations of stomata on the underside of leaves. As the water relaxes (the tide goes out) it sucks oxygenated air back into the soil to continue the functions of soil life respiration. The soil “breathes” albeit slowly.

The gasses produced by the Forest Walker’s internal combustion engine consist primarily of CO2 and H2O. Combusting sugars produce the same gasses that are needed to construct the sugars because the universe is funny like that. The Forest Walker is constantly laying down these critical construction elements right where the trees need them: close to the ground to be gobbled up by the trees.

The Branch Drones

During the last ice age, giant mammals populated North America - forests and otherwise. Mastodons, woolly mammoths, rhinos, short-faced bears, steppe bison, caribou, musk ox, giant beavers, camels, gigantic ground-dwelling sloths, glyptodons, and dire wolves were everywhere. Many were ten to fifteen feet tall. As they crashed through forests, they would effectively cleave off dead side-branches of trees, halting the spread of a ground-based fire migrating into the tree crown ("laddering") which is a death knell for a forest.

These animals are all extinct now and forests no longer have any manner of pruning services. But, if we build drones fitted with cutting implements like saws and loppers, optical cameras and AI trained to discern dead branches from living ones, these drones could effectively take over pruning services by identifying, cutting, and dropping to the forest floor, dead branches. The dropped branches simply get collected by the Forest Walker as part of its continual mission.

The drones dock on the back of the Forest Walker to recharge their batteries when low. The whole scene would look like a grazing cow with some flies bothering it. This activity breaks the link between a relatively cool ground based fire and the tree crowns and is a vital element in forest fire control.

The Bitcoin Miner

Mining is one of four monetary incentive models, making this system a possibility for development. The other three are US Dept. of the Interior, township, county, and electrical utility company easement contracts for fuel load management, global carbon credits trading, and data set sales. All the above depends on obvious questions getting answered. I will list some obvious ones, but this is not an engineering document and is not the place for spreadsheets. How much Bitcoin one Forest Walker can mine depends on everything else. What amount of biomass can we process? Will that biomass flow enough Syngas to keep the lights on? Can the chassis support enough mining ASICs and supporting infrastructure? What does that weigh and will it affect field performance? How much power can the AC generator produce?

Other questions that are more philosophical persist. Even if a single Forest Walker can only mine scant amounts of BTC per day, that pales to how much fuel material it can process into biochar. We are talking about millions upon millions of forested acres in need of fuel load management. What can a single Forest Walker do? I am not thinking in singular terms. The Forest Walker must operate as a fleet. What could 50 do? 500?

What is it worth providing a service to the world by managing forest fuel loads? Providing proof of work to the global monetary system? Seeding soil with drought and nutrient resilience by the excretion, over time, of carbon by the ton? What did the last forest fire cost?

The Mesh Network

What could be better than one bitcoin mining, carbon sequestering, forest fire squelching, soil amending behemoth? Thousands of them, but then they would need to be able to talk to each other to coordinate position, data handling, etc. Fitted with a mesh networking device, like goTenna or Meshtastic LoRa equipment enables each Forest Walker to communicate with each other.

Now we have an interconnected fleet of Forest Walkers relaying data to each other and more importantly, aggregating all of that to the last link in the chain for uplink. Well, at least Bitcoin mining data. Since block data is lightweight, transmission of these data via mesh networking in fairly close quartered environs is more than doable. So, how does data transmit to the Bitcoin Network? How do the Forest Walkers get the previous block data necessary to execute on mining?

Back To The Chain

Getting Bitcoin block data to and from the network is the last puzzle piece. The standing presumption here is that wherever a Forest Walker fleet is operating, it is NOT within cell tower range. We further presume that the nearest Walmart Wi-Fi is hours away. Enter the Blockstream Satellite or something like it.

A separate, ground-based drone will have two jobs: To stay as close to the nearest Forest Walker as it can and to provide an antennae for either terrestrial or orbital data uplink. Bitcoin-centric data is transmitted to the "uplink drone" via the mesh networked transmitters and then sent on to the uplink and the whole flow goes in the opposite direction as well; many to one and one to many.

We cannot transmit data to the Blockstream satellite, and it will be up to Blockstream and companies like it to provide uplink capabilities in the future and I don't doubt they will. Starlink you say? What’s stopping that company from filtering out block data? Nothing because it’s Starlink’s system and they could decide to censor these data. It seems we may have a problem sending and receiving Bitcoin data in back country environs.

But, then again, the utility of this system in staunching the fuel load that creates forest fires is extremely useful around forested communities and many have fiber, Wi-Fi and cell towers. These communities could be a welcoming ground zero for first deployments of the Forest Walker system by the home and business owners seeking fire repression. In the best way, Bitcoin subsidizes the safety of the communities.

Sensor Packages

LiDaR

The benefit of having a Forest Walker fleet strolling through the forest is the never ending opportunity for data gathering. A plethora of deployable sensors gathering hyper-accurate data on everything from temperature to topography is yet another revenue generator. Data is valuable and the Forest Walker could generate data sales to various government entities and private concerns.

LiDaR (Light Detection and Ranging) can map topography, perform biomass assessment, comparative soil erosion analysis, etc. It so happens that the Forest Walker’s ability to “see,” to navigate about its surroundings, is LiDaR driven and since it’s already being used, we can get double duty by harvesting that data for later use. By using a laser to send out light pulses and measuring the time it takes for the reflection of those pulses to return, very detailed data sets incrementally build up. Eventually, as enough data about a certain area becomes available, the data becomes useful and valuable.

Forestry concerns, both private and public, often use LiDaR to build 3D models of tree stands to assess the amount of harvest-able lumber in entire sections of forest. Consulting companies offering these services charge anywhere from several hundred to several thousand dollars per square kilometer for such services. A Forest Walker generating such assessments on the fly while performing its other functions is a multi-disciplinary approach to revenue generation.

pH, Soil Moisture, and Cation Exchange Sensing

The Forest Walker is quadrupedal, so there are four contact points to the soil. Why not get a pH data point for every step it takes? We can also gather soil moisture data and cation exchange capacities at unheard of densities because of sampling occurring on the fly during commission of the system’s other duties. No one is going to build a machine to do pH testing of vast tracts of forest soils, but that doesn’t make the data collected from such an endeavor valueless. Since the Forest Walker serves many functions at once, a multitude of data products can add to the return on investment component.

Weather Data

Temperature, humidity, pressure, and even data like evapotranspiration gathered at high densities on broad acre scales have untold value and because the sensors are lightweight and don’t require large power budgets, they come along for the ride at little cost. But, just like the old mantra, “gas, grass, or ass, nobody rides for free”, these sensors provide potential revenue benefits just by them being present.

I’ve touched on just a few data genres here. In fact, the question for universities, governmental bodies, and other institutions becomes, “How much will you pay us to attach your sensor payload to the Forest Walker?”

Noise Suppression

Only you can prevent Metallica filling the surrounds with 120 dB of sound. Easy enough, just turn the car stereo off. But what of a fleet of 50 Forest Walkers operating in the backcountry or near a township? 500? 5000? Each one has a wood chipper, an internal combustion engine, hydraulic pumps, actuators, and more cooling fans than you can shake a stick at. It’s a walking, screaming fire-breathing dragon operating continuously, day and night, twenty-four hours a day, three hundred sixty-five days a year. The sound will negatively affect all living things and that impacts behaviors. Serious engineering consideration and prowess must deliver a silencing blow to the major issue of noise.

It would be foolish to think that a fleet of Forest Walkers could be silent, but if not a major design consideration, then the entire idea is dead on arrival. Townships would not allow them to operate even if they solved the problem of widespread fuel load and neither would governmental entities, and rightly so. Nothing, not man nor beast, would want to be subjected to an eternal, infernal scream even if it were to end within days as the fleet moved further away after consuming what it could. Noise and heat are the only real pollutants of this system; taking noise seriously from the beginning is paramount.

Fire Safety

A “fire-breathing dragon” is not the worst description of the Forest Walker. It eats wood, combusts it at very high temperatures and excretes carbon; and it does so in an extremely flammable environment. Bad mix for one Forest Walker, worse for many. One must take extreme pains to ensure that during normal operation, a Forest Walker could fall over, walk through tinder dry brush, or get pounded into the ground by a meteorite from Krypton and it wouldn’t destroy epic swaths of trees and baby deer. I envision an ultimate test of a prototype to include dowsing it in grain alcohol while it’s wrapped up in toilet paper like a pledge at a fraternity party. If it runs for 72 hours and doesn’t set everything on fire, then maybe outside entities won’t be fearful of something that walks around forests with a constant fire in its belly.

The Wrap

How we think about what can be done with and adjacent to Bitcoin is at least as important as Bitcoin’s economic standing itself. For those who will tell me that this entire idea is without merit, I say, “OK, fine. You can come up with something, too.” What can we plug Bitcoin into that, like a battery, makes something that does not work, work? That’s the lesson I get from this entire exercise. No one was ever going to hire teams of humans to go out and "clean the forest". There's no money in that. The data collection and sales from such an endeavor might provide revenues over the break-even point but investment demands Alpha in this day and age. But, plug Bitcoin into an almost viable system and, voilà! We tip the scales to achieve lift-off.

Let’s face it, we haven’t scratched the surface of Bitcoin’s forcing function on our minds. Not because it’s Bitcoin, but because of what that invention means. The question that pushes me to approach things this way is, “what can we create that one system’s waste is another system’s feedstock?” The Forest Walker system’s only real waste is the conversion of low entropy energy (wood and syngas) into high entropy energy (heat and noise). All other output is beneficial to humanity.

Bitcoin, I believe, is the first product of a new mode of human imagination. An imagination newly forged over the past few millennia of being lied to, stolen from, distracted and otherwise mis-allocated to a black hole of the nonsensical. We are waking up.

What I have presented is not science fiction. Everything I have described here is well within the realm of possibility. The question is one of viability, at least in terms of the detritus of the old world we find ourselves departing from. This system would take a non-trivial amount of time and resources to develop. I think the system would garner extensive long-term contracts from those who have the most to lose from wildfires, the most to gain from hyperaccurate data sets, and, of course, securing the most precious asset in the world. Many may not see it that way, for they seek Alpha and are therefore blind to other possibilities. Others will see only the possibilities; of thinking in a new way, of looking at things differently, and dreaming of what comes next.