@ 58537364:705b4b85

คนเรามักจะเห็นคุณค่าของสิ่งใด ส่วนใหญ่ก็ใน ๒ สถานการณ์คือ หนึ่ง ตอนที่ยังไม่ได้มา หรือ สอง ตอนที่เสียไปแล้ว

อันนี้มันเป็นโศกนาฏกรรม ที่เกิดขึ้นกับผู้คนจำนวนมาก การที่คนเรามีสิ่งดีๆ แต่ว่าเราไม่เห็นคุณค่า เพราะว่าเรามองออกไปนอกตัว ไปเห็นแต่สิ่งที่ตัวเองไม่มี อยากจะได้มา

คล้ายๆ กับเรื่อง หมาคาบเนื้อในนิทานอีสป ตอนเด็กๆ เราคงจำได้ มีหมาตัวหนึ่งคาบเนื้อมา เนื้อชิ้นใหญ่เลย มันดีใจมากแล้วมันก็วิ่งไปยังที่ที่ มันจะได้กินเนื้ออย่างมีความสุข มีช่วงหนึ่งก็ต้องเดินข้ามสะพาน มันก็ชะโงกหน้าไปมองที่ลำธารหรือลำคลอง

ก็เห็นเงาตัวเอง เงานั่นมันก็ใหญ่ แล้วมันก็พบว่าในเงานั้น เนื้อในเงามันใหญ่กว่าเนื้อที่ตัวเองคาบ มันอยากได้เนื้อก้อนนั้นมากเลย เพราะว่ามันเป็นก้อนที่ใหญ่กว่า

มันก็เลยอ้าปาก เพื่อที่จะไปงับเนื้อในเงานั้น พอมันอ้าปาก ก็ปรากฏว่าเนื้อในปาก ก็หลุดตกลงแม่น้ำ แล้วเนื้อในเงานั้นก็หายไป เป็นอันว่าหมดเลย อดทั้ง 2 อย่าง .

ฉะนั้น คนเราถ้าหากเรา กลับมาเห็นคุณค่าของสิ่งที่เรามีอยู่ เราจะมีความสุขได้ง่าย อาจจะไม่ใช่สิ่งของ อาจจะไม่ใช่ผู้คน แต่อาจจะเป็นสุขภาพของเรา

อาจจะได้แก่ ลมหายใจของเรา ที่ยังหายใจได้ปกติ รวมถึงการที่ เรายังเดินเหินไปไหนมาไหนได้ การที่เรายังมองเห็น การที่เรายังได้ยิน

หลายคนมีสิ่งนี้อยู่ในตัว แต่กลับไม่เห็นค่า และไม่รู้สึกว่าตัวเองโชคดี กลับไปมองว่า ฉันยังไม่มีโน่นยังไม่มีนี่ ไม่มีบ้าน ไม่มีรถ ไม่มีเงิน

รู้สึกว่าทุกข์ระทมเหลือเกิน

ทำไมฉันจึงลำบากแบบนี้ ทั้งที่ตัวเองก็มีสิ่งดีๆ ในตัว สุขภาพ ความปกติสุข อิสรภาพที่เดินไปไหนมาไหนได้

แต่กลับไม่เห็นค่า เพราะว่ามัวแต่ไปสนใจสิ่งที่ตัวเองยังไม่มี

ซึ่งเป็นอนาคต

ถ้าเราหันกลับมาเห็นคุณค่าของสิ่งที่เรามีอยู่ แล้วก็ไม่ไปพะวงหรือให้ความสนใจกับสิ่งที่ยังไม่มี เราจะมีความสุขได้ง่าย อันนี้คือ ความหมายหนึ่งของการทำปัจจุบันให้ดีที่สุด

…

การทำปัจจุบันให้ดีที่สุด พระอาจารย์ไพศาล วิสาโล

@ fd208ee8:0fd927c1

I just read this, and found it enlightening.

Jung... notes that intelligence can be seen as problem solving at an everyday level..., whereas creativity may represent problem solving for less common issues

Other studies have used metaphor creation as a creativity measure instead of divergent thinking and a spectrum of CHC components instead of just g and have found much higher relationships between creativity and intelligence than past studies

https://www.mdpi.com/2079-3200/3/3/59

I'm unusually intelligent (Who isn't?), but I'm much more creative, than intelligent, and I think that confuses people. The ability to apply intelligence, to solve completely novel problems, on the fly, is something IQ tests don't even claim to measure. They just claim a correlation.

Creativity requires taking wild, mental leaps out into nothingness; simply trusting that your brain will land you safely. And this is why I've been at the forefront of massive innovation, over and over, but never got rich off of it.

I'm a starving autist.

Zaps are the first time I've ever made money directly, for solving novel problems. Companies don't do this because there is a span of time between providing a solution and the solution being implemented, and the person building the implementation (or their boss) receives all the credit for the existence of the solution. At best, you can hope to get pawned off with a small bonus.

Nobody can remember who came up with the solution, originally, and that person might not even be there, anymore, and probably never filed a patent, and may have no idea that their idea has even been built. They just run across it, later, in a tech magazine or museum, and say, "Well, will you look at that! Someone actually went and built it! Isn't that nice!"

Universities at least had the idea of cementing novel solutions in academic papers, but that: 1) only works if you're an academic, and at a university, 2) is an incredibly slow process, not appropriate for a truly innovative field, 3) leads to manifestations of perverse incentives and biased research frameworks, coming from 'publish or perish' policies.

But I think long-form notes and zaps solve for this problem. #Alexandria, especially, is being built to cater to this long-suffering class of chronic underachievers. It leaves a written, public, time-stamped record of Clever Ideas We Have Had.

Because they are clever, the ideas. And we have had them.

@ 21335073:a244b1ad

Someone asked for my thoughts, so I’ll share them thoughtfully. I’m not here to dictate how to promote Nostr—I’m still learning about it myself. While I’m not new to Nostr, freedom tech is a newer space for me. I’m skilled at advocating for topics I deeply understand, but freedom tech isn’t my expertise, so take my words with a grain of salt. Nothing I say is set in stone.

Those who need Nostr the most are the ones most vulnerable to censorship on other platforms right now. Reaching them requires real-time awareness of global issues and the dynamic relationships between governments and tech providers, which can shift suddenly. Effective Nostr promoters must grasp this and adapt quickly.

The best messengers are people from or closely tied to these at-risk regions—those who truly understand the local political and cultural dynamics. They can connect with those in need when tensions rise. Ideal promoters are rational, trustworthy, passionate about Nostr, but above all, dedicated to amplifying people’s voices when it matters most.

Forget influencers, corporate-backed figures, or traditional online PR—it comes off as inauthentic, corny, desperate and forced. Nostr’s promotion should be grassroots and organic, driven by a few passionate individuals who believe in Nostr and the communities they serve.

The idea that “people won’t join Nostr due to lack of reach” is nonsense. Everyone knows X’s “reach” is mostly with bots. If humans want real conversations, Nostr is the place. X is great for propaganda, but Nostr is for the authentic voices of the people.

Those spreading Nostr must be so passionate they’re willing to onboard others, which is time-consuming but rewarding for the right person. They’ll need to make Nostr and onboarding a core part of who they are. I see no issue with that level of dedication. I’ve been known to get that way myself at times. It’s fun for some folks.

With love, I suggest not adding Bitcoin promotion with Nostr outreach. Zaps already integrate that element naturally. (Still promote within the Bitcoin ecosystem, but this is about reaching vulnerable voices who needed Nostr yesterday.)

To promote Nostr, forget conventional strategies. “Influencers” aren’t the answer. “Influencers” are not the future. A trusted local community member has real influence—reach them. Connect with people seeking Nostr’s benefits but lacking the technical language to express it. This means some in the Nostr community might need to step outside of the Bitcoin bubble, which is uncomfortable but necessary. Thank you in advance to those who are willing to do that.

I don’t know who is paid to promote Nostr, if anyone. This piece isn’t shade. But it’s exhausting to see innocent voices globally silenced on corporate platforms like X while Nostr exists. Last night, I wondered: how many more voices must be censored before the Nostr community gets uncomfortable and thinks creatively to reach the vulnerable?

A warning: the global need for censorship-resistant social media is undeniable. If Nostr doesn’t make itself known, something else will fill that void. Let’s start this conversation.

@ 9c9d2765:16f8c2c2

CHAPTER TWENTY FIVE

“It’s over… isn’t it?” Sandra asked gently, her eyes scanning James’s expression as they stood on the balcony overlooking the city skyline. The cold breeze tousled her hair, but James remained still, his hands tucked into the pockets of his tailored suit.

“No,” James replied calmly, his gaze fixated on the horizon. “This is just the eye of the storm. The calm before the reckoning.”

Sandra stepped closer, concern etched into her features. “Mark and Helen are finished in the eyes of the public and everyone round us. The evidence is damning. The authorities have issued warrants. What more could you possibly be planning?”

James turned to face her, a half-smile playing at the edge of his lips one not born of triumph, but of determination.

“Reputation is one thing,” he said, his voice measured and resolute, “but accountability is another. I won’t stop until every lie they told, every trap they laid, and every person they corrupted is exposed. I won’t just silence them, I'll dismantle everything they built with deceit.”

Inside the boardroom, Charles, Rita, and several executives were reviewing the latest media analytics. The company’s reputation had not only recovered but skyrocketed. Investors who once hesitated were now eager, flooding JP Enterprises with new partnerships and proposals.

Rita looked up from the screen. “We’ve just surpassed our projected valuation for the quarter. The crisis gave us more publicity than a million-dollar campaign would.”

Charles chuckled under his breath. “They handed us a scandal, and we turned it into a spotlight.”

Meanwhile, in a dark corner of the city, Mark and Helen sat huddled in a private lawyer’s office. Their appearance had changed drastically; both looked worn, disheveled, stripped of the pride and arrogance they once were like a crown.

“I told you,” Mark muttered bitterly, “we shouldn’t have gone after him like that. We were greedy. And now look ruined.”

Helen clenched her fists. Her pride was still fighting, even though her kingdom had collapsed. “It’s not over. We still have connections. The law can be manipulated. If we go down, we don’t go alone.”

“And say what?” Mark snapped. “That we were outsmarted? That the man we called a street dog now owns eighty-five percent of our legacy? That he single handedly turned the world against us?”

Helen’s jaw tightened. “If there’s one thing I know about James, it’s that he never lets go of the past. And that might just be his weakness.”

But even as they plotted, they didn’t know James had already anticipated their final desperation. Back at JP Enterprises, in a high-security conference room, investigators were filing reports, financial audits, bribery trails, hacked communications all linked directly to the duo. James had ensured that every illegal move they made was documented, cross-referenced, and legally binding.

Later that evening, James stood alone in his office, the city bathed in golden twilight. He took a slow breath and whispered to himself:

“They mistook my silence for surrender. My fall for failure. But every exile sharpens a man’s edge. And now they’ll witness the blade.”

Just then, a knock came at the door.

“Come in,” he said.

It was Mrs. JP, her expression soft but proud.

“You handled yourself like a true heir,” she said, walking toward him.

James turned, emotion flickering in his eyes.

“Thank you,” he said quietly.

She reached out, holding his hand. “Your father and I… we made mistakes. We let our fear and our pride cloud your judgment. But seeing you today, the man you’ve become, I see now that everything we hoped for in a successor lives in you.”

He smiled faintly. “I didn’t do it for recognition. I did it for dignity. For every time I was humiliated, overlooked, and discarded. I wanted to prove that worth isn’t given, it's earned.”

As they stood in silence, the city lights below gleamed like stars scattered on the earth.

The evening had settled quietly over the city, and the soft hum of the wind outside was the only sound that broke the stillness of the room. James stood at the window of his office, watching the neon lights flicker to life across the skyline, each glow a reminder of his success. His gaze, however, wasn’t on the bright lights of victory, but on the darker shadows of those who had tried to ruin him.

He turned around as the door clicked open, revealing Rita, who walked in with a folder in her hands. There was something different in her posturean air of finality in the way she carried herself.

"I’ve been reviewing the report from the legal team," she began, laying the folder on his desk. "The evidence against Mark and Helen is irrefutable. Their assets are frozen, and their personal accounts are being audited. They’re on the brink of losing everything."

James nodded, his face unreadable, but inside, the weight of the moment settled over him. This was the culmination of years of effort, the battle for his honor, his family's name, and the very future of JP Enterprises. But the victory, as sweet as it was, felt hollow.

"Is that all?" he asked, his voice low.

Rita hesitated for a moment. "There’s something else. Something you need to see."

She opened the folder, revealing a series of photographs and documents of Mark and Helen in compromising positions, shaking hands with notorious figures, and receiving bribes from external business associates. The weight of their corruption was staggering. The photos captured the desperation in their eyes, the deceit in their every smile.

James glanced at the images, but there was no anger in his expression. Only an eerie calm.

"I don’t need to see this," he said quietly. "I already know everything."

Rita frowned, confused. "Then why keep going? Why dig into their past when you already have what you need?"

James leaned back in his chair, crossing his arms. "Because it's not about them anymore." He paused, allowing the gravity of his words to settle. "It’s about ensuring that no one else dares to make the same mistakes they did. No one else will ever underestimate me again."

Rita studied him carefully. There was a resolute determination in his eyes a fierce will that had carried him from the streets to the heights of power. She couldn’t help but admire his unwavering focus.

"You’ve become something entirely different," she murmured. "The man we see now... is nothing like the one who started this journey."

James met her gaze, a faint smile tugging at the corners of his lips.

@ 90152b7f:04e57401

Wikileaks - S E C R E T SECTION 01 OF 02 TEL AVIV 001733 SIPDIS SIPDIS E.O. 12958: DECL: 06/13/2017 TAGS: PREL, PTER, MOPS, KWBG, LE, SY, IS SUBJECT: MILITARY INTELLIGENCE DIRECTOR YADLIN COMMENTS ON GAZA, SYRIA AND LEBANON Classified By: Ambassador Richard H. Jones, Reason 1.4 (b) (d)

2007 June 13

1. (S) Summary. During a June 12 meeting with the Ambassador, IDI Director MG Amos Yadlin said that Gaza was "number four" on his list of threats, preceded by Iran, Syria, and Hizballah in that order. Yadlin said the IDI has been predicting armed confrontation in Gaza between Hamas and Fatah since Hamas won the January 2006 legislative council elections. Yadlin felt that the Hamas military wing had initiated the current escalation with the tacit consent of external Hamas leader Khalid Mishal, adding that he did not believe there had been a premeditated political-level decision by Hamas to wipe out Fatah in Gaza. Yadlin dismissed Fatah's capabilities in Gaza, saying Hamas could have taken over there any time it wanted for the past year, but he agreed that Fatah remained strong in the West Bank. Although not necessarily reflecting a GOI consensus view, Yadlin said Israel would be "happy" if Hamas took over Gaza because the IDF could then deal with Gaza as a hostile state. He dismissed the significance of an Iranian role in a Hamas-controlled Gaza "as long as they don't have a port." Regarding predictions of war with Syria this summer, Yadlin recalled the lead-up to the 1967 war, which he said was provoked by the Soviet Ambassador in Israel. Both Israel and Syria are in a state of high alert, so war could happen easily even though neither side is seeking it. Yadlin suggested that the Asad regime would probably not survive a war, but added that Israel was no longer concerned with maintaining that "evil" regime. On Lebanon, Yadlin felt that the fighting in the Nahr Al-Barid camp was a positive development for Israel since it had "embarrassed" Hizballah, adding that IDI had information that the Fatah Al-Islam terrorist group was planning to attack UNIFIL before it blundered into its confrontation with the LAF. End Summary.

Gaza Fighting Not Israel's Main Problem

---------------------------------------

2. (S) The Ambassador, accompanied by Pol Couns and DATT, called on IDI Director Major General Amos Yadlin June 12. Noting reports of fierce fighting between Hamas and Fatah in Gaza that day, the Ambassador asked for Yadlin's assessment. Yadlin described Gaza as "not Israel's main problem," noting that it ranked fourth in his hierarchy of threats, behind Iran, Syria, and Hizballah. Yadlin described Gaza as "hopeless for now," commenting that the Palestinians had to realize that Hamas offered no solution. IDI analysts, he said, had predicted a confrontation in Gaza since Hamas won the Palestinian Legislative Council elections in January 2006. Yadlin commented that Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas and Hamas Prime Minister Ismail Haniyeh had become personally close despite their ideological differences, but neither leader had control over those forces under them.

3. (S) Yadlin explained that both Fatah and Hamas contained many factions. The Hamas military wing had been frustrated since the signing of the Mecca Agreement in January, but there were also many armed groups in Gaza that were not under the control of either party. Yadlin cited the example of the Dughmush clan, which had shifted from Fatah to the Popular Resistance Committees to Hamas before becoming an armed entity opposed to all of them. After May 15, the Hamas military wing had sought to export the fighting to Sderot by launching waves of Qassam rockets. One week later, as a result of IDF retaliation, they realized the price was too high and reduced the Qassam attacks.

4. (S) In response to the Ambassador's question, Yadlin said he did not think that day's Hamas attacks on Fatah security forces were part of a premeditated effort to wipe out Fatah in Gaza. Instead, they probably represented an initiative of the military wing with the tacit consent of Khalid Mishal in Damascus. Mishal was still considering the costs and benefits of the fighting, but the situation had become so tense that any incident could lead to street fighting without any political decision.

Gaza and West Bank Separating

-----------------------------

5. (S) The Ambassador asked Yadlin for his assessment of reports that Fatah forces had been ordered not to fight back. Yadlin said Mohammed Dahlan had 500 men and the Presidential Guard had 1,500 more. They understand that the balance of power favors Hamas, which "can take over Gaza any time it wants to." Yadlin said he would be surprised if Fatah fights, and even more surprised if they win. As far as he was concerned, this had been the case for the past year. The situation was different in the West Bank, however, where Fatah remained relatively strong and had even started to

TEL AVIV 00001733 002 OF 002

kidnap Hamas activists. Yadlin agreed that Tawfiq Tirawi had a power base in the West Bank, but he added that Fatah was not cohesive.

6. (S) The Ambassador commented that if Fatah decided it has lost Gaza, there would be calls for Abbas to set up a separate regime in the West Bank. While not necessarily reflecting a consensus GOI view, Yadlin commented that such a development would please Israel since it would enable the IDF to treat Gaza as a hostile country rather than having to deal with Hamas as a non-state actor. He added that Israel could work with a Fatah regime in the West Bank. The Ambassador asked Yadlin if he worried about a Hamas-controlled Gaza giving Iran a new opening. Yadlin replied that Iran was already present in Gaza, but Israel could handle the situation "as long as Gaza does not have a port (sea or air)."

War with Syria "Could Happen Easily"

------------------------------------

7. (S) Noting Israeli press speculation, the Ambassador asked Yadlin if he expected war with Syria this summer. Recalling the 1967 war, Yadlin commented that it had started as a result of the Soviet Ambassador in Israel reporting on non-existing Israeli preparations to attack Syria. Something similar was happening again, he said, with the Russians telling the Syrians that Israel planned to attack them, possibly in concert with a U.S. attack on Iran. Yadlin stated that since last summer's war in Lebanon, Syria had engaged in a "frenzy of preparations" for a confrontation with Israel. The Syrian regime was also showing greater self-confidence. Some Syrian leaders appeared to believe that Syria could take on Israel military, but others were more cautious. The fact that both sides were on high alert meant that a war could happen easily, even though neither side is seeking one. In response to a question, Yadlin said he did not think the Asad regime would survive a war, but he added that preserving that "evil" regime should not be a matter of concern.

Fighting in Nahr al-Barid Positive for Israel

---------------------------------------------

8. (S) The Ambassador asked Yadlin for his views on the fighting in the Nahr al-Barid refugee camp in northern Lebanon. Although Yadlin was called to another meeting and did not have time to elaborate, he answered that the fighting was positive for Israel because it had embarrassed Hizballah, which had been unable to adopt a clear-cut position on the Lebanese Army's action, and because the Fatah al-Islam terrorist organization had been planning to attack UNIFIL and then Israel before it blundered into its current confrontation with the LAF. He also agreed that the confrontation was strengthening the LAF, in fact and in the eyes of the Lebanese people, which was also good.

9. (S) Comment: Yadlin's relatively relaxed attitude toward the deteriorating security situation in Gaza represents a shift in IDF thinking from last fall, when the Southern Command supported a major ground operation into Gaza to remove the growing threat from Hamas. While many media commentators continue to make that argument, Yadlin's view appears to be more in synch with that of Chief of General Staff Ashkenazi, who also believes that the more serious threat to Israel currently comes from the north.

********************************************* ******************** Visit Embassy Tel Aviv's Classified Website: http://www.state.sgov.gov/p/nea/telaviv

You can also access this site through the State Department's Classified SIPRNET website. ********************************************* ******************** JONES

@ 21335073:a244b1ad

Please respect Virginia Giuffre’s memory by refraining from asking about the circumstances or theories surrounding her passing.

Since Virginia Giuffre’s death, I’ve reflected on what she would want me to say or do. This piece is my attempt to honor her legacy.

When I first spoke with Virginia, I was struck by her unshakable hope. I had grown cynical after years in the anti-human trafficking movement, worn down by a broken system and a government that often seemed complicit. But Virginia’s passion, creativity, and belief that survivors could be heard reignited something in me. She reminded me of my younger, more hopeful self. Instead of warning her about the challenges ahead, I let her dream big, unburdened by my own disillusionment. That conversation changed me for the better, and following her lead led to meaningful progress.

Virginia was one of the bravest people I’ve ever known. As a survivor of Epstein, Maxwell, and their co-conspirators, she risked everything to speak out, taking on some of the world’s most powerful figures.

She loved when I said, “Epstein isn’t the only Epstein.” This wasn’t just about one man—it was a call to hold all abusers accountable and to ensure survivors find hope and healing.

The Epstein case often gets reduced to sensational details about the elite, but that misses the bigger picture. Yes, we should be holding all of the co-conspirators accountable, we must listen to the survivors’ stories. Their experiences reveal how predators exploit vulnerabilities, offering lessons to prevent future victims.

You’re not powerless in this fight. Educate yourself about trafficking and abuse—online and offline—and take steps to protect those around you. Supporting survivors starts with small, meaningful actions. Free online resources can guide you in being a safe, supportive presence.

When high-profile accusations arise, resist snap judgments. Instead of dismissing survivors as “crazy,” pause to consider the trauma they may be navigating. Speaking out or coping with abuse is never easy. You don’t have to believe every claim, but you can refrain from attacking accusers online.

Society also fails at providing aftercare for survivors. The government, often part of the problem, won’t solve this. It’s up to us. Prevention is critical, but when abuse occurs, step up for your loved ones and community. Protect the vulnerable. it’s a challenging but a rewarding journey.

If you’re contributing to Nostr, you’re helping build a censorship resistant platform where survivors can share their stories freely, no matter how powerful their abusers are. Their voices can endure here, offering strength and hope to others. This gives me great hope for the future.

Virginia Giuffre’s courage was a gift to the world. It was an honor to know and serve her. She will be deeply missed. My hope is that her story inspires others to take on the powerful.

@ c1e6505c:02b3157e

This is day two of testing the Leica Summaron 35mm f2.8 on the Fujifilm X-Pro2.

The first part of this story you can find here on StackerNews**

TL;DR: I think I’m really enjoying this lens.

I went into it thinking I’d probably just sell it since it was gifted to me - assumed I wouldn’t like it. But after just a couple of days with it mounted on the X-Pro2, I’ve been surprisingly drawn to it.

Shooting wide open at f2.8 (which is how I’m testing it - to best reveal the lens’s character), the soft roll-off is really pleasing. It feels organic. The lens is over 50 years old, so I expected some quirks-but the quality feels natural, not overly “vintage". Takes the digital edge off.

The short focus throw is also really nice. Compared to the Summicron 35mm f2 v3 I usually shoot on my M262 (which has a longer throw), the Summaron feels tighter and more responsive when zone focusing.

One gripe: the infinity lock. It’s kind of annoying. I find myself accidentally locking it too often, but I’m getting used to holding the button down as I rotate the ring. I’ve read others complain about it, so I know I’m not alone there.

Most of these shots were from a bike ride to the river - about 6 miles out to swim and enjoy the sun. Perfect day for making a few photos.

This kind of work is honestly just fun. I enjoy the process, and even more so once I’m happy with the results and can share them.

Still building confidence in my work over time. I think I’m slowly refining my style - even if the subject matter is simple. Easier said than done, as any editor/curator knows (and I say this as one through NOICE Magazine).

Let me know what you think. I’ll try to upload higher resolution versions this time around (but not too high).

*Also, I use a program called Dehancer for creating the grain in these photographs. I highly recommend the program actually, I've been using it for a long time. If you would like to try it out, I have a promo code. Use "Pictureroom" for 10% off I believe.

You can further support me and my work by sending sats to colincz\@getalby.com. Thank you.

(note* this is being publised from the updated Primal reads client)

@ 52b4a076:e7fad8bd

I have been recently building NFDB, a new relay DB. This post is meant as a short overview.

Regular relays have challenges

Current relay software have significant challenges, which I have experienced when hosting Nostr.land: - Scalability is only supported by adding full replicas, which does not scale to large relays. - Most relays use slow databases and are not optimized for large scale usage. - Search is near-impossible to implement on standard relays. - Privacy features such as NIP-42 are lacking. - Regular DB maintenance tasks on normal relays require extended downtime. - Fault-tolerance is implemented, if any, using a load balancer, which is limited. - Personalization and advanced filtering is not possible. - Local caching is not supported.

NFDB: A scalable database for large relays

NFDB is a new database meant for medium-large scale relays, built on FoundationDB that provides: - Near-unlimited scalability - Extended fault tolerance - Instant loading - Better search - Better personalization - and more.

Search

NFDB has extended search capabilities including: - Semantic search: Search for meaning, not words. - Interest-based search: Highlight content you care about. - Multi-faceted queries: Easily filter by topic, author group, keywords, and more at the same time. - Wide support for event kinds, including users, articles, etc.

Personalization

NFDB allows significant personalization: - Customized algorithms: Be your own algorithm. - Spam filtering: Filter content to your WoT, and use advanced spam filters. - Topic mutes: Mute topics, not keywords. - Media filtering: With Nostr.build, you will be able to filter NSFW and other content - Low data mode: Block notes that use high amounts of cellular data. - and more

Other

NFDB has support for many other features such as: - NIP-42: Protect your privacy with private drafts and DMs - Microrelays: Easily deploy your own personal microrelay - Containers: Dedicated, fast storage for discoverability events such as relay lists

Calcite: A local microrelay database

Calcite is a lightweight, local version of NFDB that is meant for microrelays and caching, meant for thousands of personal microrelays.

Calcite HA is an additional layer that allows live migration and relay failover in under 30 seconds, providing higher availability compared to current relays with greater simplicity. Calcite HA is enabled in all Calcite deployments.

For zero-downtime, NFDB is recommended.

Noswhere SmartCache

Relays are fixed in one location, but users can be anywhere.

Noswhere SmartCache is a CDN for relays that dynamically caches data on edge servers closest to you, allowing: - Multiple regions around the world - Improved throughput and performance - Faster loading times

routerd

routerd is a custom load-balancer optimized for Nostr relays, integrated with SmartCache.

routerd is specifically integrated with NFDB and Calcite HA to provide fast failover and high performance.

Ending notes

NFDB is planned to be deployed to Nostr.land in the coming weeks.

A lot more is to come. 👀️️️️️️

@ 04c915da:3dfbecc9

There is something quietly rebellious about stacking sats. In a world obsessed with instant gratification, choosing to patiently accumulate Bitcoin, one sat at a time, feels like a middle finger to the hype machine. But to do it right, you have got to stay humble. Stack too hard with your head in the clouds, and you will trip over your own ego before the next halving even hits.

Small Wins

Stacking sats is not glamorous. Discipline. Stacking every day, week, or month, no matter the price, and letting time do the heavy lifting. Humility lives in that consistency. You are not trying to outsmart the market or prove you are the next "crypto" prophet. Just a regular person, betting on a system you believe in, one humble stack at a time. Folks get rekt chasing the highs. They ape into some shitcoin pump, shout about it online, then go silent when they inevitably get rekt. The ones who last? They stack. Just keep showing up. Consistency. Humility in action. Know the game is long, and you are not bigger than it.

Ego is Volatile

Bitcoin’s swings can mess with your head. One day you are up 20%, feeling like a genius and the next down 30%, questioning everything. Ego will have you panic selling at the bottom or over leveraging the top. Staying humble means patience, a true bitcoin zen. Do not try to "beat” Bitcoin. Ride it. Stack what you can afford, live your life, and let compounding work its magic.

Simplicity

There is a beauty in how stacking sats forces you to rethink value. A sat is worth less than a penny today, but every time you grab a few thousand, you plant a seed. It is not about flaunting wealth but rather building it, quietly, without fanfare. That mindset spills over. Cut out the noise: the overpriced coffee, fancy watches, the status games that drain your wallet. Humility is good for your soul and your stack. I have a buddy who has been stacking since 2015. Never talks about it unless you ask. Lives in a decent place, drives an old truck, and just keeps stacking. He is not chasing clout, he is chasing freedom. That is the vibe: less ego, more sats, all grounded in life.

The Big Picture

Stack those sats. Do it quietly, do it consistently, and do not let the green days puff you up or the red days break you down. Humility is the secret sauce, it keeps you grounded while the world spins wild. In a decade, when you look back and smile, it will not be because you shouted the loudest. It will be because you stayed the course, one sat at a time. \ \ Stay Humble and Stack Sats. 🫡

@ 2b998b04:86727e47

I recently released my first open-source tool:\ 👉 nostr-signal-filter

It fetches and formats your latest top-level Nostr note or long-form article, cleans up any embedded links using TinyURL, and outputs a clean version ready for reposting to:

• LinkedIn

• Facebook

• X / Twitter

---

⚙️ Built for Simplicity

The stack is intentionally minimal:

• Python + WebSockets + Bech32

• TinyURL API for link shortening

• Dockerized CLI usage:

bash

CopyEdit

docker run --rm -e PUBKEY=npub1yourpubkeyhere nostr-fetcher > latest.md

From idea to working repo took under 3 hours — including debugging, Docker tweaks, README cleanup, and tagging a clean release.\ \ This most certainly would have taken much longer if I had done this all without ChatGPTs' help.\ \ 🖼️ Example Output (latest.md)

text

CopyEdit

🕒 2025-05-20 22:24:17 📄 Note (originally posted on Nostr/primal.net) --- 🚨 New long-form drop: AI Isn’t Magic. It’s Engineering. How I use ChatGPT like any other tool in the stack — with iteration, discernment, and real output. Read it here: https://tinyurl.com/ynv7jq6g ⚡ Zaps appreciated if it resonates. --- 🔗 View on Nostr: https://tinyurl.com/yobvaxkx

---

🧪 Where I Used It

• ✅ My LinkedIn post ->

https://www.linkedin.com/posts/andrew-g-stanton_primal-activity-7330808691933282304-QjmF?utm_source=share&utm_medium=member_desktop&rcm=ACoAAABQv18BeAPYRkxkYSr1mQStB9TczIhoXvQ

• ✅ Facebook: clean rendering with preview ->

https://www.facebook.com/andrewgstanton/posts/pfbid027EHZ1brPRBkHQKNsqUijPdPZGvK9id9asErdTxwjSDEf336o9TsuDPeKugToVDx7l

• ✅ X/Twitter: teaser + link (had to truncate for character limit) ->

https://x.com/AndyGStanton/status/1925045477172773136

---

🙌 Try It Yourself

If you're publishing on Nostr but still sharing on legacy platforms:

👉 github.com/andrewgstanton/nostr-signal-filter

• Clean output

• Easy to run

• Portable via Docker

All it needs is your npub.

---

⚡ Zap Me If You Found This Useful

If this tool saved you time — or if it sparked ideas for your own Nostr publishing stack —\ send a zap my way. I’m always looking to connect with other creators who value signal > noise.

🔗 Zap on Primal -> https://primal.net/andrewgstanton

---

🔭 Next Features (I’d Love Help With)

• Archive all notes + articles (not just the latest 50) to archive.md

• Function to shorten links in any text block

• Output post.md for any given Nostr event ID (not just latest)

• Optional API integration to post directly to LinkedIn or X

---

Built with ChatGPT’s help.\ Iterated. Published. Cross-posted.\ That’s proof of work.

@ 04c915da:3dfbecc9

One of the most common criticisms leveled against nostr is the perceived lack of assurance when it comes to data storage. Critics argue that without a centralized authority guaranteeing that all data is preserved, important information will be lost. They also claim that running a relay will become prohibitively expensive. While there is truth to these concerns, they miss the mark. The genius of nostr lies in its flexibility, resilience, and the way it harnesses human incentives to ensure data availability in practice.

A nostr relay is simply a server that holds cryptographically verifiable signed data and makes it available to others. Relays are simple, flexible, open, and require no permission to run. Critics are right that operating a relay attempting to store all nostr data will be costly. What they miss is that most will not run all encompassing archive relays. Nostr does not rely on massive archive relays. Instead, anyone can run a relay and choose to store whatever subset of data they want. This keeps costs low and operations flexible, making relay operation accessible to all sorts of individuals and entities with varying use cases.

Critics are correct that there is no ironclad guarantee that every piece of data will always be available. Unlike bitcoin where data permanence is baked into the system at a steep cost, nostr does not promise that every random note or meme will be preserved forever. That said, in practice, any data perceived as valuable by someone will likely be stored and distributed by multiple entities. If something matters to someone, they will keep a signed copy.

Nostr is the Streisand Effect in protocol form. The Streisand effect is when an attempt to suppress information backfires, causing it to spread even further. With nostr, anyone can broadcast signed data, anyone can store it, and anyone can distribute it. Try to censor something important? Good luck. The moment it catches attention, it will be stored on relays across the globe, copied, and shared by those who find it worth keeping. Data deemed important will be replicated across servers by individuals acting in their own interest.

Nostr’s distributed nature ensures that the system does not rely on a single point of failure or a corporate overlord. Instead, it leans on the collective will of its users. The result is a network where costs stay manageable, participation is open to all, and valuable verifiable data is stored and distributed forever.

@ 90152b7f:04e57401

WikiLeaks The Global Intelligence Files

Released on 2013-03-11 00:00 GMT

| Email-ID | 364528 | | -------- | --------------------------- | | Date | 2007-09-20 03:02:09 | | From | os@stratfor.com | | To | intelligence@stratfor.com |

Rice, Israeli FM discuss Israeli decision of defining Gaza as "hostile\ entity"\ 2007-09-20 00:41:16\ http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2007-09/20/content_6756959.htm\ \ JERUSALEM, Sept. 19 (Xinhua) -- Visiting U.S. Secretary of State\ Condoleezza Rice met with Israeli Foreign Minister Tzipi Livni on\ Wednesday, the two discussed Israel's decision that defined the Hamas-\ controlled Gaza Strip as a "hostile entity."\ \ At a joint press conference held after their meeting, Rice told the\ reporters that the Palestinian Hamas is a "hostile entity" to U.S. as well.\ \ Israel's Security Cabinet declared the Gaza Strip a "hostile entity" on\ Wednesday ahead of Rice's visit and said it would cutoff power and fuel\ supplies to the strip.\ \ Gaza's population, largely impoverished, is almost entirely\ dependent on Israel for the supply of electricity, water and fuel, and a\ cutoff would deepen their hardship.\ \ Since the Hamas takeover in June, Israel has closed crossings with\ Gaza almost entirely, allowing in only humanitarian aid. However, Rice\ reiterated that the United States will not abandon the innocent\ Palestinians in Gaza.\ \ For her part, Livni said that Israel withdrew from the Gaza Strip\ two years ago, hoping that could lead to the establishment of a\ Palestinian state, but only get almost daily rocket attacks in return.\ \ "We expect the Palestinians to understand that Israeli security is\ in their own interests," Livni said, adding that Palestinians must\ understand "supporting Hamas won't help them."\ \ The Israeli Security Cabinet's declaration of Gaza as an "hostile\ entity" could lead to the most severe retaliatory measure taken by\ Israel against Palestinian rocket fire from the strip.\ \ The crude rocket attacks have killed 12 people in southern Israel in\ the past seven years, injured dozens more and badly disrupted daily life\ in the region.\ \ Last week, a Qassam rocket hit an Israeli military base near the\ Gaza Strip, wounding over 60 soldiers in the attack. The attack then\ sparked calls for the government to take harsh response against the Gaza\ Strip, which has been under the control of Hamas since it violently took\ over the enclave in mid June.\ \ The Jewish states has been holding Hamas responsible for the attack,\ although the movement has not been directly involved in the attacks.\ Israel still accused the Islamic movement of doing little to halt them.\ \ Apart from the Palestinian issue, Rice also discussed with Livni\ issues about Iran, Lebanon and the Middle East peace progress.\ \ She said Israel and the Palestinians are showing good faith in their\ negotiations towards a "two state solution."\ \ Regarding Iranian issues, Rice told reporters that diplomatic mean\ is a part of efforts to halt the Iranian nuclear program, but stressed\ it "has to have teeth."\ \ Rice, who had visited this region in August, is also expected to\ hold separate meetings on Wednesday with Israeli Defense Minister Ehud\ Barak and the Likud party head Binyamin Netanyahu.\ \ She will then hold a dinner meeting with Israeli Prime Minister Ehud\ Olmert.\ \ Rice is scheduled to leave here Thursday afternoon and visit the\ West Bank city of Ramallah for meetings with the Palestinian leadership\ on Thursday.

@ 91bea5cd:1df4451c

O Contexto Legal Brasileiro e o Consentimento

No ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, o consentimento do ofendido pode, em certas circunstâncias, afastar a ilicitude de um ato que, sem ele, configuraria crime (como lesão corporal leve, prevista no Art. 129 do Código Penal). Contudo, o consentimento tem limites claros: não é válido para bens jurídicos indisponíveis, como a vida, e sua eficácia é questionável em casos de lesões corporais graves ou gravíssimas.

A prática de BDSM consensual situa-se em uma zona complexa. Em tese, se ambos os parceiros são adultos, capazes, e consentiram livre e informadamente nos atos praticados, sem que resultem em lesões graves permanentes ou risco de morte não consentido, não haveria crime. O desafio reside na comprovação desse consentimento, especialmente se uma das partes, posteriormente, o negar ou alegar coação.

A Lei Maria da Penha (Lei nº 11.340/2006)

A Lei Maria da Penha é um marco fundamental na proteção da mulher contra a violência doméstica e familiar. Ela estabelece mecanismos para coibir e prevenir tal violência, definindo suas formas (física, psicológica, sexual, patrimonial e moral) e prevendo medidas protetivas de urgência.

Embora essencial, a aplicação da lei em contextos de BDSM pode ser delicada. Uma alegação de violência por parte da mulher, mesmo que as lesões ou situações decorram de práticas consensuais, tende a receber atenção prioritária das autoridades, dada a presunção de vulnerabilidade estabelecida pela lei. Isso pode criar um cenário onde o parceiro masculino enfrenta dificuldades significativas em demonstrar a natureza consensual dos atos, especialmente se não houver provas robustas pré-constituídas.

Outros riscos:

Lesão corporal grave ou gravíssima (art. 129, §§ 1º e 2º, CP), não pode ser justificada pelo consentimento, podendo ensejar persecução penal.

Crimes contra a dignidade sexual (arts. 213 e seguintes do CP) são de ação pública incondicionada e independem de representação da vítima para a investigação e denúncia.

Riscos de Falsas Acusações e Alegação de Coação Futura

Os riscos para os praticantes de BDSM, especialmente para o parceiro que assume o papel dominante ou que inflige dor/restrição (frequentemente, mas não exclusivamente, o homem), podem surgir de diversas frentes:

1. Acusações Externas: Vizinhos, familiares ou amigos que desconhecem a natureza consensual do relacionamento podem interpretar sons, marcas ou comportamentos como sinais de abuso e denunciar às autoridades.
2. Alegações Futuras da Parceira: Em caso de término conturbado, vingança, arrependimento ou mudança de perspectiva, a parceira pode reinterpretar as práticas passadas como abuso e buscar reparação ou retaliação através de uma denúncia. A alegação pode ser de que o consentimento nunca existiu ou foi viciado.
3. Alegação de Coação: Uma das formas mais complexas de refutar é a alegação de que o consentimento foi obtido mediante coação (física, moral, psicológica ou econômica). A parceira pode alegar, por exemplo, que se sentia pressionada, intimidada ou dependente, e que seu "sim" não era genuíno. Provar a ausência de coação a posteriori é extremamente difícil.
4. Ingenuidade e Vulnerabilidade Masculina: Muitos homens, confiando na dinâmica consensual e na parceira, podem negligenciar a necessidade de precauções. A crença de que "isso nunca aconteceria comigo" ou a falta de conhecimento sobre as implicações legais e o peso processual de uma acusação no âmbito da Lei Maria da Penha podem deixá-los vulneráveis. A presença de marcas físicas, mesmo que consentidas, pode ser usada como evidência de agressão, invertendo o ônus da prova na prática, ainda que não na teoria jurídica.

Estratégias de Prevenção e Mitigação

Não existe um método infalível para evitar completamente o risco de uma falsa acusação, mas diversas medidas podem ser adotadas para construir um histórico de consentimento e reduzir vulnerabilidades:

1. Comunicação Explícita e Contínua: A base de qualquer prática BDSM segura é a comunicação constante. Negociar limites, desejos, palavras de segurança ("safewords") e expectativas antes, durante e depois das cenas é crucial. Manter registros dessas negociações (e-mails, mensagens, diários compartilhados) pode ser útil.

2. Documentação do Consentimento:

   • Contratos de Relacionamento/Cena: Embora a validade jurídica de "contratos BDSM" seja discutível no Brasil (não podem afastar normas de ordem pública), eles servem como forte evidência da intenção das partes, da negociação detalhada de limites e do consentimento informado. Devem ser claros, datados, assinados e, idealmente, reconhecidos em cartório (para prova de data e autenticidade das assinaturas).

   • Registros Audiovisuais: Gravar (com consentimento explícito para a gravação) discussões sobre consentimento e limites antes das cenas pode ser uma prova poderosa. Gravar as próprias cenas é mais complexo devido a questões de privacidade e potencial uso indevido, mas pode ser considerado em casos específicos, sempre com consentimento mútuo documentado para a gravação.

     Importante: a gravação deve ser com ciência da outra parte, para não configurar violação da intimidade (art. 5º, X, da Constituição Federal e art. 20 do Código Civil).

3. Testemunhas: Em alguns contextos de comunidade BDSM, a presença de terceiros de confiança durante negociações ou mesmo cenas pode servir como testemunho, embora isso possa alterar a dinâmica íntima do casal.

4. Estabelecimento Claro de Limites e Palavras de Segurança: Definir e respeitar rigorosamente os limites (o que é permitido, o que é proibido) e as palavras de segurança é fundamental. O desrespeito a uma palavra de segurança encerra o consentimento para aquele ato.
5. Avaliação Contínua do Consentimento: O consentimento não é um cheque em branco; ele deve ser entusiástico, contínuo e revogável a qualquer momento. Verificar o bem-estar do parceiro durante a cena ("check-ins") é essencial.
6. Discrição e Cuidado com Evidências Físicas: Ser discreto sobre a natureza do relacionamento pode evitar mal-entendidos externos. Após cenas que deixem marcas, é prudente que ambos os parceiros estejam cientes e de acordo, talvez documentando por fotos (com data) e uma nota sobre a consensualidade da prática que as gerou.
7. Aconselhamento Jurídico Preventivo: Consultar um advogado especializado em direito de família e criminal, com sensibilidade para dinâmicas de relacionamento alternativas, pode fornecer orientação personalizada sobre as melhores formas de documentar o consentimento e entender os riscos legais específicos.

Observações Importantes

• Nenhuma documentação substitui a necessidade de consentimento real, livre, informado e contínuo.
• A lei brasileira protege a "integridade física" e a "dignidade humana". Práticas que resultem em lesões graves ou que violem a dignidade de forma não consentida (ou com consentimento viciado) serão ilegais, independentemente de qualquer acordo prévio.
• Em caso de acusação, a existência de documentação robusta de consentimento não garante a absolvição, mas fortalece significativamente a defesa, ajudando a demonstrar a natureza consensual da relação e das práticas.

• A alegação de coação futura é particularmente difícil de prevenir apenas com documentos. Um histórico consistente de comunicação aberta (whatsapp/telegram/e-mails), respeito mútuo e ausência de dependência ou controle excessivo na relação pode ajudar a contextualizar a dinâmica como não coercitiva.

• Cuidado com Marcas Visíveis e Lesões Graves Práticas que resultam em hematomas severos ou lesões podem ser interpretadas como agressão, mesmo que consentidas. Evitar excessos protege não apenas a integridade física, mas também evita questionamentos legais futuros.

O que vem a ser consentimento viciado

No Direito, consentimento viciado é quando a pessoa concorda com algo, mas a vontade dela não é livre ou plena — ou seja, o consentimento existe formalmente, mas é defeituoso por alguma razão.

O Código Civil brasileiro (art. 138 a 165) define várias formas de vício de consentimento. As principais são:

Erro: A pessoa se engana sobre o que está consentindo. (Ex.: A pessoa acredita que vai participar de um jogo leve, mas na verdade é exposta a práticas pesadas.)

Dolo: A pessoa é enganada propositalmente para aceitar algo. (Ex.: Alguém mente sobre o que vai acontecer durante a prática.)

Coação: A pessoa é forçada ou ameaçada a consentir. (Ex.: "Se você não aceitar, eu termino com você" — pressão emocional forte pode ser vista como coação.)

Estado de perigo ou lesão: A pessoa aceita algo em situação de necessidade extrema ou abuso de sua vulnerabilidade. (Ex.: Alguém em situação emocional muito fragilizada é induzida a aceitar práticas que normalmente recusaria.)

No contexto de BDSM, isso é ainda mais delicado: Mesmo que a pessoa tenha "assinado" um contrato ou dito "sim", se depois ela alegar que seu consentimento foi dado sob medo, engano ou pressão psicológica, o consentimento pode ser considerado viciado — e, portanto, juridicamente inválido.

Isso tem duas implicações sérias:

1. O crime não se descaracteriza: Se houver vício, o consentimento é ignorado e a prática pode ser tratada como crime normal (lesão corporal, estupro, tortura, etc.).

2. A prova do consentimento precisa ser sólida: Mostrando que a pessoa estava informada, lúcida, livre e sem qualquer tipo de coação.

   Consentimento viciado é quando a pessoa concorda formalmente, mas de maneira enganada, forçada ou pressionada, tornando o consentimento inútil para efeitos jurídicos.

Conclusão

Casais que praticam BDSM consensual no Brasil navegam em um terreno que exige não apenas confiança mútua e comunicação excepcional, mas também uma consciência aguçada das complexidades legais e dos riscos de interpretações equivocadas ou acusações mal-intencionadas. Embora o BDSM seja uma expressão legítima da sexualidade humana, sua prática no Brasil exige responsabilidade redobrada. Ter provas claras de consentimento, manter a comunicação aberta e agir com prudência são formas eficazes de se proteger de falsas alegações e preservar a liberdade e a segurança de todos os envolvidos. Embora leis controversas como a Maria da Penha sejam "vitais" para a proteção contra a violência real, os praticantes de BDSM, e em particular os homens nesse contexto, devem adotar uma postura proativa e prudente para mitigar os riscos inerentes à potencial má interpretação ou instrumentalização dessas práticas e leis, garantindo que a expressão de sua consensualidade esteja resguardada na medida do possível.

---

Importante: No Brasil, mesmo com tudo isso, o Ministério Público pode denunciar por crime como lesão corporal grave, estupro ou tortura, independente de consentimento. Então a prudência nas práticas é fundamental.

Aviso Legal: Este artigo tem caráter meramente informativo e não constitui aconselhamento jurídico. As leis e interpretações podem mudar, e cada situação é única. Recomenda-se buscar orientação de um advogado qualificado para discutir casos específicos.

Se curtiu este artigo faça uma contribuição, se tiver algum ponto relevante para o artigo deixe seu comentário.

@ 21335073:a244b1ad

The other day, I had the privilege of sitting down with one of my favorite living artists. Our conversation was so captivating that I felt compelled to share it. I’m leaving his name out for privacy.

Since our last meeting, I’d watched a documentary about his life, one he’d helped create. I told him how much I admired his openness in it. There’s something strange about knowing intimate details of someone’s life when they know so little about yours—it’s almost like I knew him too well for the kind of relationship we have.

He paused, then said quietly, with a shy grin, that watching the documentary made him realize how “odd and eccentric” he is. I laughed and told him he’s probably the sanest person I know. Because he’s lived fully, chasing love, passion, and purpose with hardly any regrets. He’s truly lived.

Today, I turn 44, and I’ll admit I’m a bit eccentric myself. I think I came into the world this way. I’ve made mistakes along the way, but I carry few regrets. Every misstep taught me something. And as I age, I’m not interested in blending in with the world—I’ll probably just lean further into my own brand of “weird.” I want to live life to the brim. The older I get, the more I see that the “normal” folks often seem less grounded than the eccentric artists who dare to live boldly. Life’s too short to just exist, actually live.

I’m not saying to be strange just for the sake of it. But I’ve seen what the crowd celebrates, and I’m not impressed. Forge your own path, even if it feels lonely or unpopular at times.

It’s easy to scroll through the news and feel discouraged. But actually, this is one of the most incredible times to be alive! I wake up every day grateful to be here, now. The future is bursting with possibility—I can feel it.

So, to my fellow weirdos on nostr: stay bold. Keep dreaming, keep pushing, no matter what’s trending. Stay wild enough to believe in a free internet for all. Freedom is radical—hold it tight. Live with the soul of an artist and the grit of a fighter. Thanks for inspiring me and so many others to keep hoping. Thank you all for making the last year of my life so special.

@ 502ab02a:a2860397

ถ้าพูดถึง "เกาหลีใต้" หลายคนอาจนึกถึงซีรีส์ น้ำจิ้มเผ็ด หรือไอดอลหน้าผ่อง ๆ แต่เบื้องหลังวัฒนธรรมที่ลื่นไหลไปทั่วโลกนี้ ยังมีอาณาจักรธุรกิจขนาดมหึมาที่เป็นเหมือนเครื่องยนต์หลักผลักดันทั้งอาหาร เพลง หนัง และนวัตกรรมระดับโลก หนึ่งในนั้นคือ CJ Group ที่เริ่มต้นจากบริษัทน้ำตาลเล็ก ๆ ในปี 1953 แต่เติบโตจนกลายเป็นหนึ่งใน conglomerate หรือ "กลุ่มธุรกิจผูกเครือ" ที่ทรงอิทธิพลที่สุดของแดนโสม

คำว่า CJ ย่อมาจาก CheilJedang (แปลว่า “หมายเลขหนึ่งแห่งโลก” ในภาษาจีน-เกาหลี) ก่อตั้งโดย อี บยองชอล ผู้ก่อตั้ง Samsung Group ในช่วงเวลานั้น เกาหลีใต้กำลังฟื้นตัวจากสงครามเกาหลี และรัฐบาลส่งเสริมการพัฒนาอุตสาหกรรมภายในประเทศ เดิมเป็นหน่วยธุรกิจอาหารของกลุ่ม Samsung ในปี 1993 Cheil Jedang แยกตัวออกจาก Samsung Group และกลายเป็นบริษัทอิสระภายใต้การบริหารของ อี แจฮยอน หลานชายของอี บยองชอล แล้วขยายขอบเขตธุรกิจอย่างไม่หยุดยั้ง จากความเชี่ยวชาญใน "การหมัก" แบบดั้งเดิม พวกเขากลับกลายเป็นผู้เล่นรายใหญ่ระดับโลกในวงการ เทคโนโลยีชีวภาพ การผลิตอาหารไปจนถึงธุรกิจ บันเทิงระดับฮอลลีวูด และ โลจิสติกส์ข้ามทวีป

พูดง่าย ๆ ว่า CJ ไม่ได้แค่ส่งออกกิมจิหรือบิบิมบับ แต่พวกเขากำลังวางรากฐานของ "อนาคตแห่งอาหาร" และ "ความบันเทิงแบบไร้พรมแดน" ในเวลาเดียวกัน จนใครหลายคนถึงกับบอกว่า ถ้าอยากเข้าใจเกาหลีใต้ ก็ต้องเริ่มจากเข้าใจ CJ Group เสียก่อน

แล้วในเครือข่ายของ CJ Group มีธุรกิจอะไรบ้างที่น่าสนใจ และแบรนด์ไหนที่เราคุ้นเคยแบบไม่รู้ตัว ไปดูกันเลย

1. ธุรกิจอาหารและบริการอาหาร (Food & Food Services)
2. CJ CheilJedang บริษัทอาหารชั้นนำของเกาหลีใต้ มีผลิตภัณฑ์เด่น ได้แก่ Bibigo แบรนด์อาหารเกาหลีพร้อมรับประทาน เช่น เกี๊ยว ซอส และกิมจิ Hetbahn ข้าวสวยพร้อมรับประทานที่ได้รับความนิยมในเกาหลี

3. CJ Foodville ดำเนินธุรกิจร้านอาหารและเบเกอรี่ เช่น: Tous Les Jours ร้านเบเกอรี่สไตล์ฝรั่งเศส VIPS ร้านสเต็กและสลัดบุฟเฟ่ต์

4. ธุรกิจเทคโนโลยีชีวภาพ (Bio) ความเชี่ยวชาญนี้เป็นรากฐานสำคัญในการขยายธุรกิจด้านเทคโนโลยีชีวภาพของ CJ เลยครับ

5. CJ BIO ผู้นำด้านการผลิตกรดอะมิโนและผลิตภัณฑ์ชีวภาพผ่านเทคโนโลยีการหมักจุลินทรีย์ เช่น Lysine, Tryptophan, Valine กรดอะมิโนที่ใช้ในอุตสาหกรรมอาหารสัตว์และอาหารเสริม

6. CJ Bioscience มุ่งเน้นการวิจัยและพัฒนาไมโครไบโอมเพื่อสุขภาพ

7. ธุรกิจโลจิสติกส์และค้าปลีก (Logistics & Retail)

8. CJ Logistics ให้บริการโลจิสติกส์ครบวงจร ทั้งการขนส่งทางบก ทางทะเล และทางอากาศ รวมถึงบริการคลังสินค้าและการจัดการซัพพลายเชน

9. CJ Olive Young: ร้านค้าปลีกด้านสุขภาพและความงามอันดับหนึ่งของเกาหลี มีผลิตภัณฑ์ยอดนิยม เช่น Anua PDRN Set ชุดบำรุงผิวที่ได้รับความนิยม MILKTOUCH ผลิตภัณฑ์เมคอัพที่ได้รับความนิยม

10. ธุรกิจบันเทิงและสื่อ (Entertainment & Media) อันนี้ยิ่งใหญ่ระดับโลกมากๆ หลายคนคงจำได้กับ ภาพยนตร์เอเชียแรกกับรางวัลออสการ์ Parasite

11. CJ ENM บริษัทผลิตและจัดจำหน่ายเนื้อหาบันเทิงที่มีชื่อเสียงระดับโลก มีผลงานเด่น ได้แก่ Crash Landing on You ซีรีส์ที่ได้รับความนิยมอย่างสูง Parasite ภาพยนตร์ที่ได้รับรางวัลออสการ์
12. CJ CGV เครือโรงภาพยนตร์มัลติเพล็กซ์ที่มีสาขาทั่วโลก

CJ Group ขยายธุรกิจไปยังต่างประเทศ เช่น การเข้าซื้อกิจการ Schwan's Company ในสหรัฐอเมริกา และการเปิดสาขา CGV ในหลายประเทศ นอกจากนี้ CJ ยังมีบทบาทสำคัญในการเผยแพร่วัฒนธรรมเกาหลีสู่ระดับโลกผ่าน KCON และการผลิตเนื้อหาบันเทิงที่ได้รับความนิยมในต่างประเทศด้วยครับ

จะเห็นได้ว่า เครือข่ายของ CJ นั้นยิ่งใหญ่มากๆเลย ทีนี้มีเรื่องน่าสนใจตรงนี้ครับ

ในช่วงปี 2013–2016 CJ Group โดยเฉพาะฝ่ายสื่อบันเทิงอย่าง CJ ENM ต้องเผชิญกับแรงกดดันจากรัฐบาลของประธานาธิบดี พัค กึนฮเย เหตุการณ์สำคัญคือการที่ อี มีคยอง (Miky Lee) รองประธาน CJ และผู้มีบทบาทสำคัญในการขับเคลื่อนธุรกิจบันเทิงระดับโลก ถูกกดดันให้ลาออกจากตำแหน่ง รายงานระบุว่า ทำเนียบประธานาธิบดีไม่พอใจเนื้อหาสื่อบางรายการของ CJ ที่มีลักษณะเสียดสีหรือวิพากษ์วิจารณ์รัฐบาล เช่น รายการ SNL Korea ที่ล้อเลียนพัค กึนฮเย ผ่านตัวละคร Teletubbies

ภายใต้แรงกดดันนี้ CJ มีการปรับเปลี่ยนเนื้อหาสื่อ โดยลดการนำเสนอเนื้อหาที่อาจขัดแย้งกับรัฐบาล และหันไปผลิตภาพยนตร์ที่สอดคล้องกับนโยบายของรัฐ เช่น ภาพยนตร์เรื่อง Ode to My Father (2014) ที่สะท้อนความรักชาติและการพัฒนาเศรษฐกิจในยุคของพัค ชุงฮี บิดาของพัค กึนฮเย ภาพยนตร์เรื่องนี้ได้รับการสนับสนุนจากรัฐบาลและถูกมองว่าเป็น "ภาพยนตร์เพื่อสุขภาพ" ที่ส่งเสริมความภาคภูมิใจในชาติ แน่นอนว่าแค้นฝังหุ่นมันยังไม่หายไปไหนครับ

เมื่อเกิดการเปิดโปง "บัญชีดำ" (Blacklist) ของรัฐบาลพัค กึนฮเย ที่มีการจำกัดสิทธิเสรีภาพของศิลปินและผู้ผลิตสื่อที่วิพากษ์วิจารณ์รัฐบาล ทำให้เกิดกระแสต่อต้านอย่างรุนแรงในสังคมเกาหลี. ในปี 2016 ซน กยองชิก ประธาน CJ ได้ให้การต่อศาลว่า มีแรงกดดันจากรัฐบาลให้ อี มีคยอง หลีกเลี่ยงการมีบทบาทในบริษัท เหตุการณ์นี้เป็นส่วนหนึ่งของการเปิดโปงคดีทุจริตของพัค กึนฮเย ซึ่งนำไปสู่การประท้วงครั้งใหญ่และการถอดถอนประธานาธิบดีในปี 2017

หลังจากการเปลี่ยนแปลงทางการเมือง CJ Group ได้กลับมามีบทบาทอย่างเต็มที่ในวงการบันเทิงอีกครั้ง อี มีคยอง กลับมาดำรงตำแหน่งและมีบทบาทสำคัญในการผลักดันภาพยนตร์เรื่อง Parasite (2019) ซึ่งได้รับรางวัลออสการ์และยกระดับภาพลักษณ์ของ CJ ในระดับโลก ซึ่งถ้าใครได้ดูหนังเรื่องนั้นแล้วรู้เรื่องราวเบื้องหลังนี้จะเข้าใจเนื้อหาได้อย่างลึกซึ้งขึ้นไปอีกเลยครับ การนำเสนอเรื่องราวนี้ถือเป็นการวิพากษ์วิจารณ์สังคมและระบบทุนนิยมอย่างชัดเจน ซึ่งแตกต่างจากแนวทางที่ CJ เคยถูกกดดันให้ปฏิบัติตามในยุคของพัค กึนฮเย อย่างสิ้นเชิง

อย่าเพิ่งไปสะใจกับเนื้อหา ให้มองว่า "เขาทำอะไรได้บ้าง" นี่คือประเด็นสำคัญครับ #pirateketo #กูต้องรู้มั๊ย #ม้วนหางสิลูก #siamstr

@ 0d1df3b1:7aa4699c

YO

@ e3ba5e1a:5e433365

Prelude

I wrote this post differently than any of my others. It started with a discussion with AI on an OPSec-inspired review of separation of powers, and evolved into quite an exciting debate! I asked Grok to write up a summary in my overall writing style, which it got pretty well. I've decided to post it exactly as-is. Ultimately, I think there are two solid ideas driving my stance here:

1. Perfect is the enemy of the good
2. Failure is the crucible of success

Beyond that, just some hard-core belief in freedom, separation of powers, and operating from self-interest.

Intro

Alright, buckle up. I’ve been chewing on this idea for a while, and it’s time to spit it out. Let’s look at the U.S. government like I’d look at a codebase under a cybersecurity audit—OPSEC style, no fluff. Forget the endless debates about what politicians should do. That’s noise. I want to talk about what they can do, the raw powers baked into the system, and why we should stop pretending those powers are sacred. If there’s a hole, either patch it or exploit it. No half-measures. And yeah, I’m okay if the whole thing crashes a bit—failure’s a feature, not a bug.

The Filibuster: A Security Rule with No Teeth

You ever see a firewall rule that’s more theater than protection? That’s the Senate filibuster. Everyone acts like it’s this untouchable guardian of democracy, but here’s the deal: a simple majority can torch it any day. It’s not a law; it’s a Senate preference, like choosing tabs over spaces. When people call killing it the “nuclear option,” I roll my eyes. Nuclear? It’s a button labeled “press me.” If a party wants it gone, they’ll do it. So why the dance?

I say stop playing games. Get rid of the filibuster. If you’re one of those folks who thinks it’s the only thing saving us from tyranny, fine—push for a constitutional amendment to lock it in. That’s a real patch, not a Post-it note. Until then, it’s just a vulnerability begging to be exploited. Every time a party threatens to nuke it, they’re admitting it’s not essential. So let’s stop pretending and move on.

Supreme Court Packing: Because Nine’s Just a Number

Here’s another fun one: the Supreme Court. Nine justices, right? Sounds official. Except it’s not. The Constitution doesn’t say nine—it’s silent on the number. Congress could pass a law tomorrow to make it 15, 20, or 42 (hitchhiker’s reference, anyone?). Packing the court is always on the table, and both sides know it. It’s like a root exploit just sitting there, waiting for someone to log in.

So why not call the bluff? If you’re in power—say, Trump’s back in the game—say, “I’m packing the court unless we amend the Constitution to fix it at nine.” Force the issue. No more shadowboxing. And honestly? The court’s got way too much power anyway. It’s not supposed to be a super-legislature, but here we are, with justices’ ideologies driving the bus. That’s a bug, not a feature. If the court weren’t such a kingmaker, packing it wouldn’t even matter. Maybe we should be talking about clipping its wings instead of just its size.

The Executive Should Go Full Klingon

Let’s talk presidents. I’m not saying they should wear Klingon armor and start shouting “Qapla’!”—though, let’s be real, that’d be awesome. I’m saying the executive should use every scrap of power the Constitution hands them. Enforce the laws you agree with, sideline the ones you don’t. If Congress doesn’t like it, they’ve got tools: pass new laws, override vetoes, or—here’s the big one—cut the budget. That’s not chaos; that’s the system working as designed.

Right now, the real problem isn’t the president overreaching; it’s the bureaucracy. It’s like a daemon running in the background, eating CPU and ignoring the user. The president’s supposed to be the one steering, but the administrative state’s got its own agenda. Let the executive flex, push the limits, and force Congress to check it. Norms? Pfft. The Constitution’s the spec sheet—stick to it.

Let the System Crash

Here’s where I get a little spicy: I’m totally fine if the government grinds to a halt. Deadlock isn’t a disaster; it’s a feature. If the branches can’t agree, let the president veto, let Congress starve the budget, let enforcement stall. Don’t tell me about “essential services.” Nothing’s so critical it can’t take a breather. Shutdowns force everyone to the table—debate, compromise, or expose who’s dropping the ball. If the public loses trust? Good. They’ll vote out the clowns or live with the circus they elected.

Think of it like a server crash. Sometimes you need a hard reboot to clear the cruft. If voters keep picking the same bad admins, well, the country gets what it deserves. Failure’s the best teacher—way better than limping along on autopilot.

States Are the Real MVPs

If the feds fumble, states step up. Right now, states act like junior devs waiting for the lead engineer to sign off. Why? Federal money. It’s a leash, and it’s tight. Cut that cash, and states will remember they’re autonomous. Some will shine, others will tank—looking at you, California. And I’m okay with that. Let people flee to better-run states. No bailouts, no excuses. States are like competing startups: the good ones thrive, the bad ones pivot or die.

Could it get uneven? Sure. Some states might turn into sci-fi utopias while others look like a post-apocalyptic vidya game. That’s the point—competition sorts it out. Citizens can move, markets adjust, and failure’s a signal to fix your act.

Chaos Isn’t the Enemy

Yeah, this sounds messy. States ignoring federal law, external threats poking at our seams, maybe even a constitutional crisis. I’m not scared. The Supreme Court’s there to referee interstate fights, and Congress sets the rules for state-to-state play. But if it all falls apart? Still cool. States can sort it without a babysitter—it’ll be ugly, but freedom’s worth it. External enemies? They’ll either unify us or break us. If we can’t rally, we don’t deserve the win.

Centralizing power to avoid this is like rewriting your app in a single thread to prevent race conditions—sure, it’s simpler, but you’re begging for a deadlock. Decentralized chaos lets states experiment, lets people escape, lets markets breathe. States competing to cut regulations to attract businesses? That’s a race to the bottom for red tape, but a race to the top for innovation—workers might gripe, but they’ll push back, and the tension’s healthy. Bring it—let the cage match play out. The Constitution’s checks are enough if we stop coddling the system.

Why This Matters

I’m not pitching a utopia. I’m pitching a stress test. The U.S. isn’t a fragile porcelain doll; it’s a rugged piece of hardware built to take some hits. Let it fail a little—filibuster, court, feds, whatever. Patch the holes with amendments if you want, or lean into the grind. Either way, stop fearing the crash. It’s how we debug the republic.

So, what’s your take? Ready to let the system rumble, or got a better way to secure the code? Hit me up—I’m all ears.

@ 08f96856:ffe59a09

เมื่อพูดถึง Bitcoin Standard หลายคนมักนึกถึงภาพโลกอนาคตที่ทุกคนใช้บิตคอยน์ซื้อกาแฟหรือของใช้ในชีวิตประจำวัน ภาพแบบนั้นดูเหมือนไกลตัวและเป็นไปไม่ได้ในความเป็นจริง หลายคนถึงกับพูดว่า “คงไม่ทันเห็นในช่วงชีวิตนี้หรอก” แต่ในมุมมองของผม Bitcoin Standard อาจไม่ได้เริ่มต้นจากการที่เราจ่ายบิตคอยน์โดยตรงในร้านค้า แต่อาจเริ่มจากบางสิ่งที่เงียบกว่า ลึกกว่า และเกิดขึ้นแล้วในขณะนี้ นั่นคือ การล่มสลายทีละน้อยของระบบเฟียตที่เราใช้กันอยู่

ระบบเงินที่อิงกับอำนาจรัฐกำลังเข้าสู่ช่วงขาลง รัฐบาลทั่วโลกกำลังจมอยู่ในภาระหนี้ระดับประวัติการณ์ แม้แต่ประเทศมหาอำนาจก็เริ่มแสดงสัญญาณของภาวะเสี่ยงผิดนัดชำระหนี้ อัตราเงินเฟ้อกลายเป็นปัญหาเรื้อรังที่ไม่มีท่าทีจะหายไป ธนาคารที่เคยโอนฟรีเริ่มกลับมาคิดค่าธรรมเนียม และประชาชนก็เริ่มรู้สึกถึงการเสื่อมศรัทธาในระบบการเงินดั้งเดิม แม้จะยังพูดกันไม่เต็มเสียงก็ตาม

ในขณะเดียวกัน บิตคอยน์เองก็กำลังพัฒนาแบบเงียบ ๆ เงียบ... แต่ไม่เคยหยุด โดยเฉพาะในระดับ Layer 2 ที่เริ่มแสดงศักยภาพอย่างจริงจัง Lightning Network เป็น Layer 2 ที่เปิดใช้งานมาได้ระยะเวลสหนึ่ง และยังคงมีบทบาทสำคัญที่สุดในระบบนิเวศของบิตคอยน์ มันทำให้การชำระเงินเร็วขึ้น มีต้นทุนต่ำ และไม่ต้องบันทึกทุกธุรกรรมลงบล็อกเชน เครือข่ายนี้กำลังขยายตัวทั้งในแง่ของโหนดและการใช้งานจริงทั่วโลก

ขณะเดียวกัน Layer 2 ทางเลือกอื่นอย่าง Ark Protocol ก็กำลังพัฒนาเพื่อตอบโจทย์ด้านความเป็นส่วนตัวและประสบการณ์ใช้งานที่ง่าย BitVM เปิดแนวทางใหม่ให้บิตคอยน์รองรับ smart contract ได้ในระดับ Turing-complete ซึ่งทำให้เกิดความเป็นไปได้ในกรณีใช้งานอีกมากมาย และเทคโนโลยีที่น่าสนใจอย่าง Taproot Assets, Cashu และ Fedimint ก็ทำให้การออกโทเคนหรือสกุลเงินที่อิงกับบิตคอยน์เป็นจริงได้บนโครงสร้างของบิตคอยน์เอง

เทคโนโลยีเหล่านี้ไม่ใช่การเติบโตแบบปาฏิหาริย์ แต่มันคืบหน้าอย่างต่อเนื่องและมั่นคง และนั่นคือเหตุผลที่มันจะ “อยู่รอด” ได้ในระยะยาว เมื่อฐานของความน่าเชื่อถือไม่ใช่บริษัท รัฐบาล หรือทุน แต่คือสิ่งที่ตรวจสอบได้และเปลี่ยนกฎไม่ได้

แน่นอนว่าบิตคอยน์ต้องแข่งขันกับ stable coin, เงินดิจิทัลของรัฐ และ cryptocurrency อื่น ๆ แต่สิ่งที่ทำให้มันเหนือกว่านั้นไม่ใช่ฟีเจอร์ หากแต่เป็นความทนทาน และความมั่นคงของกฎที่ไม่มีใครเปลี่ยนได้ ไม่มีทีมพัฒนา ไม่มีบริษัท ไม่มีประตูปิด หรือการยึดบัญชี มันยืนอยู่บนคณิตศาสตร์ พลังงาน และเวลา

หลายกรณีใช้งานที่เคยถูกทดลองในโลกคริปโตจะค่อย ๆ เคลื่อนเข้ามาสู่บิตคอยน์ เพราะโครงสร้างของมันแข็งแกร่งกว่า ไม่ต้องการทีมพัฒนาแกนกลาง ไม่ต้องพึ่งกลไกเสี่ยงต่อการผูกขาด และไม่ต้องการ “ความเชื่อใจ” จากใครเลย

Bitcoin Standard ที่ผมพูดถึงจึงไม่ใช่การเปลี่ยนแปลงแบบพลิกหน้ามือเป็นหลังมือ แต่คือการ “เปลี่ยนฐานของระบบ” ทีละชั้น ระบบการเงินใหม่ที่อิงอยู่กับบิตคอยน์กำลังเกิดขึ้นแล้ว มันไม่ใช่โลกที่ทุกคนถือเหรียญบิตคอยน์ แต่มันคือโลกที่คนใช้อาจไม่รู้ตัวด้วยซ้ำว่า “สิ่งที่เขาใช้นั้นอิงอยู่กับบิตคอยน์”

ผู้คนอาจใช้เงินดิจิทัลที่สร้างบน Layer 3 หรือ Layer 4 ผ่านแอป ผ่านแพลตฟอร์ม หรือผ่านสกุลเงินใหม่ที่ดูไม่ต่างจากเดิม แต่เบื้องหลังของระบบจะผูกไว้กับบิตคอยน์

และถ้ามองในเชิงพัฒนาการ บิตคอยน์ก็เหมือนกับอินเทอร์เน็ต ครั้งหนึ่งอินเทอร์เน็ตก็ถูกมองว่าเข้าใจยาก ต้องพิมพ์ http ต้องรู้จัก TCP/IP ต้องตั้ง proxy เอง แต่ปัจจุบันผู้คนใช้งานอินเทอร์เน็ตโดยไม่รู้ว่าเบื้องหลังมีอะไรเลย บิตคอยน์กำลังเดินตามเส้นทางเดียวกัน โปรโตคอลกำลังถอยออกจากสายตา และวันหนึ่งเราจะ “ใช้มัน” โดยไม่ต้องรู้ว่ามันคืออะไร

หากนับจากช่วงเริ่มต้นของอินเทอร์เน็ตในยุค 1990 จนกลายเป็นโครงสร้างหลักของโลกในสองทศวรรษ เส้นเวลาของบิตคอยน์ก็กำลังเดินตามรอยเท้าของอินเทอร์เน็ต และถ้าเราเชื่อว่าวัฏจักรของเทคโนโลยีมีจังหวะของมันเอง เราก็จะรู้ว่า Bitcoin Standard นั้นไม่ใช่เรื่องของอนาคตไกลโพ้น แต่มันเกิดขึ้นแล้ว

siamstr

@ cd17b2d6:8cc53332

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---

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Flash USDT is a synthetic transaction that mimics a real Tether transfer. It shows up instantly in a wallet balance, and it’s confirmed on-chain — and expires after a set duration.

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• Visible on wallet interfaces
• Time-limited (auto-disappears cleanly)
• Undetectable on block explorers after expiry

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---

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---

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---

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---

Legal Notice

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• Demo environments
• Wallet and UI testing

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---

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@ 51bbb15e:b77a2290

Yeah, I’m sure everything in the file is legit. 👍 Let’s review the guard witness testimony…Oh wait, they weren’t at their posts despite 24/7 survellience instructions after another Epstein “suicide” attempt two weeks earlier. Well, at least the video of the suicide is in the file? Oh wait, a techical glitch. Damn those coincidences!

At this point, the Trump administration has zero credibility with me on anything related to the Epstein case and his clients. I still suspect the administration is using the Epstein files as leverage to keep a lot of RINOs in line, whereas they’d be sabotaging his agenda at every turn otherwise. However, I just don’t believe in ends-justify-the-means thinking. It’s led almost all of DC to toss out every bit of the values they might once have had.

@ d360efec:14907b5f

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ตอนนี้ ระดับที่น่าจับตาอย่างยิ่งคือโซน H4 FVG (Fair Value Gap ในกราฟ 4 ชั่วโมง) ที่ 100,500 ดอลลาร์ ค่ะ 🎯 (FVG คือโซนที่ราคาวิ่งผ่านไปเร็วๆ และมักเป็นบริเวณที่ราคามีโอกาสกลับมาทดสอบ/เติมเต็ม)

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@ 91bea5cd:1df4451c

Básico

bash lsblk # Lista todos os diretorios montados.

Para criar o sistema de arquivos:

bash mkfs.btrfs -L "ThePool" -f /dev/sdx

Criando um subvolume:

bash btrfs subvolume create SubVol

Montando Sistema de Arquivos:

bash mount -o compress=zlib,subvol=SubVol,autodefrag /dev/sdx /mnt

Lista os discos formatados no diretório:

bash btrfs filesystem show /mnt

Adiciona novo disco ao subvolume:

bash btrfs device add -f /dev/sdy /mnt

Lista novamente os discos do subvolume:

bash btrfs filesystem show /mnt

Exibe uso dos discos do subvolume:

bash btrfs filesystem df /mnt

Balancea os dados entre os discos sobre raid1:

bash btrfs filesystem balance start -dconvert=raid1 -mconvert=raid1 /mnt

Scrub é uma passagem por todos os dados e metadados do sistema de arquivos e verifica as somas de verificação. Se uma cópia válida estiver disponível (perfis de grupo de blocos replicados), a danificada será reparada. Todas as cópias dos perfis replicados são validadas.

iniciar o processo de depuração :

bash btrfs scrub start /mnt

ver o status do processo de depuração Btrfs em execução:

bash btrfs scrub status /mnt

ver o status do scrub Btrfs para cada um dos dispositivos

bash btrfs scrub status -d / data btrfs scrub cancel / data

Para retomar o processo de depuração do Btrfs que você cancelou ou pausou:

btrfs scrub resume / data

Listando os subvolumes:

bash btrfs subvolume list /Reports

Criando um instantâneo dos subvolumes:

Aqui, estamos criando um instantâneo de leitura e gravação chamado snap de marketing do subvolume de marketing.

bash btrfs subvolume snapshot /Reports/marketing /Reports/marketing-snap

Além disso, você pode criar um instantâneo somente leitura usando o sinalizador -r conforme mostrado. O marketing-rosnap é um instantâneo somente leitura do subvolume de marketing

bash btrfs subvolume snapshot -r /Reports/marketing /Reports/marketing-rosnap

Forçar a sincronização do sistema de arquivos usando o utilitário 'sync'

Para forçar a sincronização do sistema de arquivos, invoque a opção de sincronização conforme mostrado. Observe que o sistema de arquivos já deve estar montado para que o processo de sincronização continue com sucesso.

bash btrfs filsystem sync /Reports

Para excluir o dispositivo do sistema de arquivos, use o comando device delete conforme mostrado.

bash btrfs device delete /dev/sdc /Reports

Para sondar o status de um scrub, use o comando scrub status com a opção -dR .

bash btrfs scrub status -dR / Relatórios

Para cancelar a execução do scrub, use o comando scrub cancel .

bash $ sudo btrfs scrub cancel / Reports

Para retomar ou continuar com uma depuração interrompida anteriormente, execute o comando de cancelamento de depuração

bash sudo btrfs scrub resume /Reports

mostra o uso do dispositivo de armazenamento:

btrfs filesystem usage /data

Para distribuir os dados, metadados e dados do sistema em todos os dispositivos de armazenamento do RAID (incluindo o dispositivo de armazenamento recém-adicionado) montados no diretório /data , execute o seguinte comando:

sudo btrfs balance start --full-balance /data

Pode demorar um pouco para espalhar os dados, metadados e dados do sistema em todos os dispositivos de armazenamento do RAID se ele contiver muitos dados.

Opções importantes de montagem Btrfs

Nesta seção, vou explicar algumas das importantes opções de montagem do Btrfs. Então vamos começar.

As opções de montagem Btrfs mais importantes são:

**1. acl e noacl

**ACL gerencia permissões de usuários e grupos para os arquivos/diretórios do sistema de arquivos Btrfs.

A opção de montagem acl Btrfs habilita ACL. Para desabilitar a ACL, você pode usar a opção de montagem noacl .

Por padrão, a ACL está habilitada. Portanto, o sistema de arquivos Btrfs usa a opção de montagem acl por padrão.

**2. autodefrag e noautodefrag

**Desfragmentar um sistema de arquivos Btrfs melhorará o desempenho do sistema de arquivos reduzindo a fragmentação de dados.

A opção de montagem autodefrag permite a desfragmentação automática do sistema de arquivos Btrfs.

A opção de montagem noautodefrag desativa a desfragmentação automática do sistema de arquivos Btrfs.

Por padrão, a desfragmentação automática está desabilitada. Portanto, o sistema de arquivos Btrfs usa a opção de montagem noautodefrag por padrão.

**3. compactar e compactar-forçar

**Controla a compactação de dados no nível do sistema de arquivos do sistema de arquivos Btrfs.

A opção compactar compacta apenas os arquivos que valem a pena compactar (se compactar o arquivo economizar espaço em disco).

A opção compress-force compacta todos os arquivos do sistema de arquivos Btrfs, mesmo que a compactação do arquivo aumente seu tamanho.

O sistema de arquivos Btrfs suporta muitos algoritmos de compactação e cada um dos algoritmos de compactação possui diferentes níveis de compactação.

Os algoritmos de compactação suportados pelo Btrfs são: lzo , zlib (nível 1 a 9) e zstd (nível 1 a 15).

Você pode especificar qual algoritmo de compactação usar para o sistema de arquivos Btrfs com uma das seguintes opções de montagem:

• compress=algoritmo:nível
• compress-force=algoritmo:nível

Para obter mais informações, consulte meu artigo Como habilitar a compactação do sistema de arquivos Btrfs .

**4. subvol e subvolid

**Estas opções de montagem são usadas para montar separadamente um subvolume específico de um sistema de arquivos Btrfs.

A opção de montagem subvol é usada para montar o subvolume de um sistema de arquivos Btrfs usando seu caminho relativo.

A opção de montagem subvolid é usada para montar o subvolume de um sistema de arquivos Btrfs usando o ID do subvolume.

Para obter mais informações, consulte meu artigo Como criar e montar subvolumes Btrfs .

**5. dispositivo

A opção de montagem de dispositivo** é usada no sistema de arquivos Btrfs de vários dispositivos ou RAID Btrfs.

Em alguns casos, o sistema operacional pode falhar ao detectar os dispositivos de armazenamento usados em um sistema de arquivos Btrfs de vários dispositivos ou RAID Btrfs. Nesses casos, você pode usar a opção de montagem do dispositivo para especificar os dispositivos que deseja usar para o sistema de arquivos de vários dispositivos Btrfs ou RAID.

Você pode usar a opção de montagem de dispositivo várias vezes para carregar diferentes dispositivos de armazenamento para o sistema de arquivos de vários dispositivos Btrfs ou RAID.

Você pode usar o nome do dispositivo (ou seja, sdb , sdc ) ou UUID , UUID_SUB ou PARTUUID do dispositivo de armazenamento com a opção de montagem do dispositivo para identificar o dispositivo de armazenamento.

Por exemplo,

• dispositivo=/dev/sdb
• dispositivo=/dev/sdb,dispositivo=/dev/sdc
• dispositivo=UUID_SUB=490a263d-eb9a-4558-931e-998d4d080c5d
• device=UUID_SUB=490a263d-eb9a-4558-931e-998d4d080c5d,device=UUID_SUB=f7ce4875-0874-436a-b47d-3edef66d3424

**6. degraded

A opção de montagem degradada** permite que um RAID Btrfs seja montado com menos dispositivos de armazenamento do que o perfil RAID requer.

Por exemplo, o perfil raid1 requer a presença de 2 dispositivos de armazenamento. Se um dos dispositivos de armazenamento não estiver disponível em qualquer caso, você usa a opção de montagem degradada para montar o RAID mesmo que 1 de 2 dispositivos de armazenamento esteja disponível.

**7. commit

A opção commit** mount é usada para definir o intervalo (em segundos) dentro do qual os dados serão gravados no dispositivo de armazenamento.

O padrão é definido como 30 segundos.

Para definir o intervalo de confirmação para 15 segundos, você pode usar a opção de montagem commit=15 (digamos).

**8. ssd e nossd

A opção de montagem ssd** informa ao sistema de arquivos Btrfs que o sistema de arquivos está usando um dispositivo de armazenamento SSD, e o sistema de arquivos Btrfs faz a otimização SSD necessária.

A opção de montagem nossd desativa a otimização do SSD.

O sistema de arquivos Btrfs detecta automaticamente se um SSD é usado para o sistema de arquivos Btrfs. Se um SSD for usado, a opção de montagem de SSD será habilitada. Caso contrário, a opção de montagem nossd é habilitada.

**9. ssd_spread e nossd_spread

A opção de montagem ssd_spread** tenta alocar grandes blocos contínuos de espaço não utilizado do SSD. Esse recurso melhora o desempenho de SSDs de baixo custo (baratos).

A opção de montagem nossd_spread desativa o recurso ssd_spread .

O sistema de arquivos Btrfs detecta automaticamente se um SSD é usado para o sistema de arquivos Btrfs. Se um SSD for usado, a opção de montagem ssd_spread será habilitada. Caso contrário, a opção de montagem nossd_spread é habilitada.

**10. descarte e nodiscard

Se você estiver usando um SSD que suporte TRIM enfileirado assíncrono (SATA rev3.1), a opção de montagem de descarte** permitirá o descarte de blocos de arquivos liberados. Isso melhorará o desempenho do SSD.

Se o SSD não suportar TRIM enfileirado assíncrono, a opção de montagem de descarte prejudicará o desempenho do SSD. Nesse caso, a opção de montagem nodiscard deve ser usada.

Por padrão, a opção de montagem nodiscard é usada.

**11. norecovery

Se a opção de montagem norecovery** for usada, o sistema de arquivos Btrfs não tentará executar a operação de recuperação de dados no momento da montagem.

**12. usebackuproot e nousebackuproot

Se a opção de montagem usebackuproot for usada, o sistema de arquivos Btrfs tentará recuperar qualquer raiz de árvore ruim/corrompida no momento da montagem. O sistema de arquivos Btrfs pode armazenar várias raízes de árvore no sistema de arquivos. A opção de montagem usebackuproot** procurará uma boa raiz de árvore e usará a primeira boa que encontrar.

A opção de montagem nousebackuproot não verificará ou recuperará raízes de árvore inválidas/corrompidas no momento da montagem. Este é o comportamento padrão do sistema de arquivos Btrfs.

**13. space_cache, space_cache=version, nospace_cache e clear_cache

A opção de montagem space_cache** é usada para controlar o cache de espaço livre. O cache de espaço livre é usado para melhorar o desempenho da leitura do espaço livre do grupo de blocos do sistema de arquivos Btrfs na memória (RAM).

O sistema de arquivos Btrfs suporta 2 versões do cache de espaço livre: v1 (padrão) e v2

O mecanismo de cache de espaço livre v2 melhora o desempenho de sistemas de arquivos grandes (tamanho de vários terabytes).

Você pode usar a opção de montagem space_cache=v1 para definir a v1 do cache de espaço livre e a opção de montagem space_cache=v2 para definir a v2 do cache de espaço livre.

A opção de montagem clear_cache é usada para limpar o cache de espaço livre.

Quando o cache de espaço livre v2 é criado, o cache deve ser limpo para criar um cache de espaço livre v1 .

Portanto, para usar o cache de espaço livre v1 após a criação do cache de espaço livre v2 , as opções de montagem clear_cache e space_cache=v1 devem ser combinadas: clear_cache,space_cache=v1

A opção de montagem nospace_cache é usada para desabilitar o cache de espaço livre.

Para desabilitar o cache de espaço livre após a criação do cache v1 ou v2 , as opções de montagem nospace_cache e clear_cache devem ser combinadas: clear_cache,nosapce_cache

**14. skip_balance

Por padrão, a operação de balanceamento interrompida/pausada de um sistema de arquivos Btrfs de vários dispositivos ou RAID Btrfs será retomada automaticamente assim que o sistema de arquivos Btrfs for montado. Para desabilitar a retomada automática da operação de equilíbrio interrompido/pausado em um sistema de arquivos Btrfs de vários dispositivos ou RAID Btrfs, você pode usar a opção de montagem skip_balance .**

**15. datacow e nodatacow

A opção datacow** mount habilita o recurso Copy-on-Write (CoW) do sistema de arquivos Btrfs. É o comportamento padrão.

Se você deseja desabilitar o recurso Copy-on-Write (CoW) do sistema de arquivos Btrfs para os arquivos recém-criados, monte o sistema de arquivos Btrfs com a opção de montagem nodatacow .

**16. datasum e nodatasum

A opção datasum** mount habilita a soma de verificação de dados para arquivos recém-criados do sistema de arquivos Btrfs. Este é o comportamento padrão.

Se você não quiser que o sistema de arquivos Btrfs faça a soma de verificação dos dados dos arquivos recém-criados, monte o sistema de arquivos Btrfs com a opção de montagem nodatasum .

Perfis Btrfs

Um perfil Btrfs é usado para informar ao sistema de arquivos Btrfs quantas cópias dos dados/metadados devem ser mantidas e quais níveis de RAID devem ser usados para os dados/metadados. O sistema de arquivos Btrfs contém muitos perfis. Entendê-los o ajudará a configurar um RAID Btrfs da maneira que você deseja.

Os perfis Btrfs disponíveis são os seguintes:

single : Se o perfil único for usado para os dados/metadados, apenas uma cópia dos dados/metadados será armazenada no sistema de arquivos, mesmo se você adicionar vários dispositivos de armazenamento ao sistema de arquivos. Assim, 100% do espaço em disco de cada um dos dispositivos de armazenamento adicionados ao sistema de arquivos pode ser utilizado.

dup : Se o perfil dup for usado para os dados/metadados, cada um dos dispositivos de armazenamento adicionados ao sistema de arquivos manterá duas cópias dos dados/metadados. Assim, 50% do espaço em disco de cada um dos dispositivos de armazenamento adicionados ao sistema de arquivos pode ser utilizado.

raid0 : No perfil raid0 , os dados/metadados serão divididos igualmente em todos os dispositivos de armazenamento adicionados ao sistema de arquivos. Nesta configuração, não haverá dados/metadados redundantes (duplicados). Assim, 100% do espaço em disco de cada um dos dispositivos de armazenamento adicionados ao sistema de arquivos pode ser usado. Se, em qualquer caso, um dos dispositivos de armazenamento falhar, todo o sistema de arquivos será corrompido. Você precisará de pelo menos dois dispositivos de armazenamento para configurar o sistema de arquivos Btrfs no perfil raid0 .

raid1 : No perfil raid1 , duas cópias dos dados/metadados serão armazenadas nos dispositivos de armazenamento adicionados ao sistema de arquivos. Nesta configuração, a matriz RAID pode sobreviver a uma falha de unidade. Mas você pode usar apenas 50% do espaço total em disco. Você precisará de pelo menos dois dispositivos de armazenamento para configurar o sistema de arquivos Btrfs no perfil raid1 .

raid1c3 : No perfil raid1c3 , três cópias dos dados/metadados serão armazenadas nos dispositivos de armazenamento adicionados ao sistema de arquivos. Nesta configuração, a matriz RAID pode sobreviver a duas falhas de unidade, mas você pode usar apenas 33% do espaço total em disco. Você precisará de pelo menos três dispositivos de armazenamento para configurar o sistema de arquivos Btrfs no perfil raid1c3 .

raid1c4 : No perfil raid1c4 , quatro cópias dos dados/metadados serão armazenadas nos dispositivos de armazenamento adicionados ao sistema de arquivos. Nesta configuração, a matriz RAID pode sobreviver a três falhas de unidade, mas você pode usar apenas 25% do espaço total em disco. Você precisará de pelo menos quatro dispositivos de armazenamento para configurar o sistema de arquivos Btrfs no perfil raid1c4 .

raid10 : No perfil raid10 , duas cópias dos dados/metadados serão armazenadas nos dispositivos de armazenamento adicionados ao sistema de arquivos, como no perfil raid1 . Além disso, os dados/metadados serão divididos entre os dispositivos de armazenamento, como no perfil raid0 .

O perfil raid10 é um híbrido dos perfis raid1 e raid0 . Alguns dos dispositivos de armazenamento formam arrays raid1 e alguns desses arrays raid1 são usados para formar um array raid0 . Em uma configuração raid10 , o sistema de arquivos pode sobreviver a uma única falha de unidade em cada uma das matrizes raid1 .

Você pode usar 50% do espaço total em disco na configuração raid10 . Você precisará de pelo menos quatro dispositivos de armazenamento para configurar o sistema de arquivos Btrfs no perfil raid10 .

raid5 : No perfil raid5 , uma cópia dos dados/metadados será dividida entre os dispositivos de armazenamento. Uma única paridade será calculada e distribuída entre os dispositivos de armazenamento do array RAID.

Em uma configuração raid5 , o sistema de arquivos pode sobreviver a uma única falha de unidade. Se uma unidade falhar, você pode adicionar uma nova unidade ao sistema de arquivos e os dados perdidos serão calculados a partir da paridade distribuída das unidades em execução.

Você pode usar 1 00x(N-1)/N % do total de espaços em disco na configuração raid5 . Aqui, N é o número de dispositivos de armazenamento adicionados ao sistema de arquivos. Você precisará de pelo menos três dispositivos de armazenamento para configurar o sistema de arquivos Btrfs no perfil raid5 .

raid6 : No perfil raid6 , uma cópia dos dados/metadados será dividida entre os dispositivos de armazenamento. Duas paridades serão calculadas e distribuídas entre os dispositivos de armazenamento do array RAID.

Em uma configuração raid6 , o sistema de arquivos pode sobreviver a duas falhas de unidade ao mesmo tempo. Se uma unidade falhar, você poderá adicionar uma nova unidade ao sistema de arquivos e os dados perdidos serão calculados a partir das duas paridades distribuídas das unidades em execução.

Você pode usar 100x(N-2)/N % do espaço total em disco na configuração raid6 . Aqui, N é o número de dispositivos de armazenamento adicionados ao sistema de arquivos. Você precisará de pelo menos quatro dispositivos de armazenamento para configurar o sistema de arquivos Btrfs no perfil raid6 .

@ 65912a7a:5dc638bf

I didn’t set out to become an enemy of the world’s richest man, but I seem to have managed it all the same. Until this moment, I’ve resisted describing my falling out with Elon Musk in much detail, but as the man’s cultural influence has metastasized—and he continues to spread lies about me on the social media platform that he owns (Twitter/X)—it seems only appropriate to set the record straight. I know that it annoys many in my audience to see me defend myself against attacks that they recognize to be spurious, but they might, nevertheless, find the details of what happened with Elon interesting.

Of all the remarkable people I’ve met, Elon is probably the most likely to remain a world-historical figure—despite his best efforts to become a clown. He is also the most likely to squander his ample opportunities to live a happy life, ruin his reputation and most important relationships, and produce lasting harm across the globe. None of this was obvious to me when we first met, and I have been quite amazed at Elon’s evolution, both as a man and as an avatar of chaos. The friend I remember did not seem to hunger for public attention. But his engagement with Twitter/X transformed him—to a degree seldom seen outside of Marvel movies or Greek mythology. If Elon is still the man I knew, I can only conclude that I never really knew him.

When we first met, Elon wasn’t especially rich or famous. In fact, I recall him teetering on the brink of bankruptcy around 2008, while risking the last of his previous fortune to make payroll at Tesla. At the time, he was living off loans from his friends Larry and Sergey. Once Elon became truly famous, and his personal wealth achieved escape velocity, I was among the first friends he called to discuss his growing security concerns. I put him in touch with Gavin de Becker, who provided his first bodyguards, and recommended other changes to his life. We also went shooting on at least two occasions with Scott Reitz, the finest firearms instructor I’ve ever met. It is an ugly irony that Elon’s repeated targeting of me on Twitter/X has increased my own security concerns. He understands this, of course, but does not seem to care.

So how did we fall out? Let this be a cautionary tale for any of Elon’s friends who might be tempted to tell the great man something he doesn’t want to hear:

(1.) When the SARS-CoV-2 virus first invaded our lives in March of 2020, Elon began tweeting in ways that I feared would harm his reputation. I also worried that his tweets might exacerbate the coming public-health emergency. Italy had already fallen off a cliff, and Elon shared the following opinion with his tens of millions of fans :

the coronavirus panic is dumb

As a concerned friend, I sent him a private text:

Hey, brother— I really think you need to walk back your coronavirus tweet. I know there’s a way to parse it that makes sense (“panic” is always dumb), but I fear that’s not the way most people are reading it. You have an enormous platform, and much of the world looks to you as an authority on all things technical. Coronavirus is a very big deal, and if we don’t get our act together, we’re going to look just like Italy very soon. If you want to turn some engineers loose on the problem, now would be a good time for a breakthrough in the production of ventilators...

(2.) Elon’s response was, I believe, the first discordant note ever struck in our friendship:

Sam, you of all people should not be concerned about this.

He included a link to a page on the CDC website, indicating that Covid was not even among the top 100 causes of death in the United States. This was a patently silly point to make in the first days of a pandemic.

We continued exchanging texts for at least two hours. If I hadn’t known that I was communicating with Elon Musk, I would have thought I was debating someone who lacked any understanding of basic scientific and mathematical concepts, like exponential curves.

(3.) Elon and I didn’t converge on a common view of epidemiology over the course of those two hours, but we hit upon a fun compromise: A wager. Elon bet me $1 million dollars (to be given to charity) against a bottle of fancy tequila ($1000) that we wouldn’t see as many as 35,000 cases of Covid in the United States (cases, not deaths). The terms of the bet reflected what was, in his estimation, the near certainty (1000 to 1) that he was right. Having already heard credible estimates that there could be 1 million deaths from Covid in the U.S. over the next 12-18 months (these estimates proved fairly accurate), I thought the terms of the bet ridiculous—and quite unfair to Elon. I offered to spot him two orders of magnitude: I was confident that we’d soon have 3.5 million cases of Covid in the U.S. Elon accused me of having lost my mind and insisted that we stick with a ceiling of 35,000.

(4.) We communicated sporadically by text over the next couple of weeks, while the number of reported cases grew. Ominously, Elon dismissed the next batch of data reported by the CDC as merely presumptive—while confirmed cases of Covid, on his account, remained elusive.

(5.) A few weeks later, when the CDC website finally reported 35,000 deaths from Covid in the U.S. and 600,000 cases, I sent Elon the following text:

Is (35,000 deaths + 600,000 cases) > 35,000 cases?

(6.) This text appears to have ended our friendship. Elon never responded, and it was not long before he began maligning me on Twitter for a variety of imaginary offenses. For my part, I eventually started complaining about the startling erosion of his integrity on my podcast, without providing any detail about what had transpired between us.

(7.) At the end of 2022, I abandoned Twitter/X altogether, having recognized the poisonous effect that it had on my life—but also, in large part, because of what I saw it doing to Elon. I’ve been away from the platform for over two years, and yet Elon still attacks me. Occasionally a friend will tell me that I’m trending there, and the reasons for this are never good. As recently as this week, Elon repeated a defamatory charge about my being a “hypocrite” for writing a book in defense of honesty and then encouraging people to lie to keep Donald Trump out of the White House. Not only have I never advocated lying to defeat Trump (despite what that misleading clip from the Triggernometry podcast might suggest to naive viewers), I’ve taken great pains to defend Trump from the most damaging lie ever told about him. Elon knows this, because we communicated about the offending clip when it first appeared on Twitter/X. However, he simply does not care that he is defaming a former friend to hundreds of millions of people—many of whom are mentally unstable. On this occasion, he even tagged the incoming president of the United States.

All of this remains socially and professionally awkward, because Elon and I still have many friends in common. Which suggests the terms of another wager that I would happily make, if such a thing were possible—and I would accept 1000 to 1 odds in Elon’s favor:

I bet that anyone who knows us both knows that I am telling the truth.

Everyone close to Elon must recognize how unethical he has become, and yet they remain silent. Their complicity is understandable, but it is depressing all the same. These otherwise serious and compassionate people know that when Elon attacks private citizens on Twitter/X—falsely accusing them of crimes or corruption, celebrating their misfortunes—he is often causing tangible harm in their lives. It’s probably still true to say that social media “isn’t real life,” until thousands of lunatics learn your home address.

A final absurdity in my case, is that several of the controversial issues that Elon has hurled himself at of late—and even attacked me over—are ones we agree about. We seem to be in near total alignment on immigration and the problems at the southern border of the U.S. We also share the same concerns about what he calls “the woke mind virus.” And we fully agree about the manifest evil of the so-called “grooming-gangs scandal” in the U.K. The problem with Elon, is that he makes no effort to get his facts straight when discussing any of these topics, and he regularly promotes lies and conspiracy theories manufactured by known bad actors, at scale. (And if grooming were really one of his concerns, it’s strange that he couldn’t find anything wrong with Matt Gaetz.)

Elon and I even agree about the foundational importance of free speech. It’s just that his approach to safeguarding it—amplifying the influence of psychopaths and psychotics, while deplatforming real journalists and his own critics; or savaging the reputations of democratic leaders, while never saying a harsh word about the Chinese Communist Party—is not something I can support. The man claims to have principles, but he appears to have only moods and impulses.

Any dispassionate observer of Elon’s behavior on Twitter/X can see that there is something seriously wrong with his moral compass, if not his perception of reality. There is simply no excuse for a person with his talents, resources, and opportunities to create so much pointless noise. The callousness and narcissism conveyed by his antics should be impossible for his real friends to ignore—but they appear to keep silent, perhaps for fear of losing access to his orbit of influence.

Of course, none of this is to deny that the tens of thousands of brilliant engineers Elon employs are accomplishing extraordinary things. He really is the greatest entrepreneur of our generation. And because of the businesses he’s built, he will likely become the world’s first trillionaire—perhaps very soon. Since the election of Donald Trump in November, Elon’s wealth has grown by around $200 billion. That’s nearly $3 billion a day (and over $100 million an hour). Such astonishing access to resources gives Elon the chance—and many would argue the responsibility—to solve enormous problems in our world.

So why spend time spreading lies on X?

@ bc6ccd13:f53098e4

The global population has been rising rapidly for the past two centuries when compared to historical trends. Fifty years ago, that trend seemed set to continue, and there was a lot of concern around the issue of overpopulation. But if you haven’t been living under a rock, you’ll know that while the population is still rising, that trend now seems set to reverse this century, and there’s every indication population could decline precipitously over the next two centuries.

Demographics is a field where predictions about the future are much more reliable than in most scientific fields. That’s because future population trends are “baked in” decades in advance. If you want to know how many fifty-year-olds there will be in forty years, all you have to do is count the ten-year-olds today and allow for mortality rates. That maximum was already determined by the number of births ten years ago, and absolutely nothing can change that now. The average person doesn’t think that through when they look at population trends. You hear a lot of “oh we just need to do more of x to help the declining birthrate” without an acknowledgement that future populations in a given cohort are already fixed by the number of births that already occurred.

As you can see, global birthrates have already declined close to the 2.3 replacement level, with some regions ahead of others, but all on the same trajectory with no region moving against the trend. I’m not going to speculate on the reasons for this, or even whether it’s a good or bad thing. Instead I’m going to make some observations about outcomes this trend could cause economically, and why. Like most macro issues, an individual can’t do anything to change the global landscape personally, but knowing what that landscape might look like is essential to avoiding fallout from trends outside your control.

The Resource Pie

Thomas Malthus popularized the concern about overpopulation with his 1798 book An Essay on the Principle of Population. The basic premise of the book was that population could grow and consume all the available resources, leading to mass poverty, starvation, disease, and population collapse. We can say in hindsight that this was incorrect, given that the global population has increased from less than a billion to over eight billion since then, and the apocalypse Malthus predicted hasn’t materialized. Exactly the opposite, in fact. The global standard of living has risen to levels Malthus couldn’t have imagined, much less predicted.

So where did Malthus go wrong? His hypothesis seems reasonable enough, and we do see a similar trend in certain animal populations. The base assumption Malthus got wrong was to assume resources are a finite, limiting factor to the human population. That at some point certain resources would be totally consumed, and that would be it. He treated it like a pie with a lot of slices, but still a finite number, and assumed that if the population kept rising, eventually every slice would be consumed and there would be no pie left for future generations. That turns out to be completely wrong.

Of course, the earth is finite at some abstract level. The number of atoms could theoretically be counted and quantified. But on a practical level, do humans exhaust the earth’s resources? I’d point to an article from Yale Scientific titled Has the Earth Run out of any Natural Resources? To quote,

> However, despite what doomsday predictions may suggest, the Earth has not run out of any resources nor is it likely that it will run out of any in the near future. > > In fact, resources are becoming more abundant. Though this may seem puzzling, it does not mean that the actual quantity of resources in the Earth’s crust is increasing but rather that the amount available for our use is constantly growing due to technological innovations. According to the U.S. Geological Survey, the only resource we have exhausted is cryolite, a mineral used in pesticides and aluminum processing. However, that is not to say every bit of it has been mined away; rather, producing it synthetically is much more cost efficient than mining the existing reserves at its current value.

As it happens, we don’t run out of resources. Instead, we become better at finding, extracting, and efficiently utilizing resources, which means that in practical terms resources become more abundant, not less. In other words, the pie grows faster than we can eat it.

So is there any resource that actually limits human potential? I think there is, and history would suggest that resource is human ingenuity and effort. The more people are thinking about and working on a problem, the more solutions we find and build to solve it. That means not only does the pie grow faster than we can eat it, but the more people there are, the faster the pie grows. Of course that assumes everyone eating pie is also working to grow the pie, but that’s a separate issue for now.

Productivity and Division of Labor

Why does having more people lead to more productivity? A big part of it comes down to division of labor and specialization. The best way to get really good at something is to do more of it. In a small community, doing just one thing simply isn’t possible. Everyone has to be somewhat of a generalist in order to survive. But with a larger population, being a specialist becomes possible. In fact, that’s the purpose of money, as I explained here.

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The more specialized an economy becomes, the more efficient it can be. There are big economies of scale in almost every task or process. So for example, if a single person tried to build a car from scratch, it would be extremely difficult and take a very long time. However, if you have a thousand people building a car, each doing a specific job, they can become very good at doing that specific job and do it much faster. And then you can move that process to a factory, and build machines to do specific jobs, and add even more efficiency.

But that only works if you’re building more than one car. It doesn’t make sense to build a huge factory full of specialized equipment that takes lots of time and effort to design and manufacture, and then only build one car. You need to sell thousands of cars, maybe even millions of cars, to pay off that initial investment. So division of labor and specialization relies on large populations in two different ways. First, you need a large population to have enough people to specialize in each task. But second and just as importantly, you need a large population of buyers for the finished product. You need a big market in order to make mass production economical.

Think of a computer or smartphone. It takes thousands of specialized processes, thousands of complex parts, and millions of people doing specialized jobs to extract the raw materials, process them, and assemble them into a piece of electronic hardware. And electronics are relatively expensive anyway. Imagine how impossible it would be to manufacture electronics economically, if the market demand wasn’t literally in the billions of units.

Stairs Up, Elevator Down

We’ve seen exponential increases in productivity over the past few centuries, resulting in higher living standards even as population exploded. Now, facing the prospect of a drastic trend reversal, what will happen to productivity and living standards? The typical sentiment seems to be “well, there are a lot of people already competing for resources, so if population does decline, that will just reduce the competition and leave a bigger slice of pie for each person, so we’ll all be getting wealthier as a result of population decline.”

This seems reasonable at first glance. Surely dividing the economic pie into fewer slices means a bigger slice for everyone, right? But remember, more specialization and division of labor is what made the pie as big as it is to begin with. And specialization depends on large populations for both the supply of specialized labor, and the demand for finished goods. Can complex supply chains and mass production withstand population reduction intact? I don’t think the answer is clear.

The idea that it will all be okay, and we’ll get wealthier as population falls, is based on some faulty assumptions. It assumes that wealth is basically some fixed inventory of “things” that exist, and it’s all a matter of distribution. That’s typical Marxist thinking, similar to the reasoning behind “tax the rich” and other utopian wealth transfer schemes.

The reality is, wealth is a dynamic concept with strong network effects. For example, a grocery store in a large city can be a valuable asset with a large potential income stream. The same store in a small village with a declining population can be an unprofitable and effectively worthless liability.

Even something as permanent as a house is very susceptible to network effects. If you currently live in an area where housing is scarce and expensive, you might think a declining population would be the perfect solution to high housing costs. However, if you look at a place that’s already facing the beginnings of a population decline, you’ll see it’s not actually that simple. Japan, for example, is already facing an aging and declining population. And sure enough, you can get a house in Japan for free, or basically free. Sounds amazing, right? Not really.

If you check out the reason houses are given away in Japan, you’ll find a depressing reality. Most of the free houses are in rural areas or villages where the population is declining, often to the point that the village becomes uninhabited and abandoned. It’s so bad that in 2018, 13.6% of houses in Japan were vacant. Why do villages become uninhabited? Well, it turns out that a certain population level is necessary to support the services and businesses people need. When the population falls too low, specialized businesses can no longer operated profitably. It’s the exact issue we discussed with division of labor and the need for a high population to provide a market for the specialist to survive. As the local stores, entertainment venues, and businesses close, and skilled tradesmen move away to larger population centers with more customers, living in the village becomes difficult and depressing, if not impossible. So at a certain critical level, a village that’s too isolated will reach a tipping point where everyone leaves as fast as possible. And it turns out that an abandoned house in a remote village or rural area without any nearby services and businesses is worth… nothing. Nobody wants to live there, nobody wants to spend the money to maintain the house, nobody wants to pay the taxes needed to maintain the utilities the town relied on. So they try to give the houses away to anyone who agrees to live there, often without much success.

So on a local level, population might rise gradually over time, but when that process reverses and population declines to a certain level, it can collapse rather quickly from there.

I expect the same incentives to play out on a larger scale as well. Complex supply chains and extreme specialization lead to massive productivity. But there’s also a downside, which is the fragility of the system. Specialization might mean one shop can make all the widgets needed for a specific application, for the whole globe. That’s great while it lasts, but what happens when the owner of that shop retires with his lifetime of knowledge and experience? Will there be someone equally capable ready to fill his shoes? Hopefully… But spread that problem out across the global economy, and cracks start to appear. A specialized part is unavailable. So a machine that relies on that part breaks down and can’t be repaired. So a new machine needs to be built, which is a big expense that drives up costs and prices. And with a falling population, demand goes down. Now businesses are spending more to make fewer items, so they have to raise prices to stay profitable. Now fewer people can afford the item, so demand falls even further. Eventually the business is forced to close, and other industries that relied on the items they produced are crippled. Things become more expensive, or unavailable at any price. Living standards fall. What was a stairway up becomes an elevator down.

Hope, From the Parasite Class?

All that being said, I’m not completely pessimistic about the future. I think the potential for an acceptable outcome exists.

I see two broad groups of people in the economy; producers, and parasites. One thing the increasing productivity has done is made it easier than ever to survive. Food is plentiful globally, the only issues are with distribution. Medical advances save countless lives. Everything is more abundant than ever before. All that has led to a very “soft” economic reality. There’s a lot of non-essential production, which means a lot of wealth can be redistributed to people who contribute nothing, and if it’s done carefully, most people won’t even notice. And that is exactly what has happened, in spades.

There are welfare programs of every type and description, and handouts to people for every reason imaginable. It’s never been easier to survive without lifting a finger. So millions of able-bodied men choose to do just that.

Besides the voluntarily idle, the economy is full of “bullshit jobs.” Shoutout to David Graeber’s book with that title. (It’s an excellent book and one I would highly recommend, even though the author was a Marxist and his conclusions are completely wrong.) A 2015 British poll asked people, “Does your job make a meaningful contribution to the world?” Only 50% said yes, while 37% said no and 13% were uncertain.

This won’t be a surprise to anyone who’s operated a business, or even worked in the private sector in general. There are three types of jobs; jobs that accomplish something productive, jobs that accomplish nothing of value, and jobs that actually hinder people trying to accomplish something productive. The number of jobs in the last two categories has grown massively over the years. This would include a lot of unnecessary administrative jobs, burdensome regulatory jobs, useless DEI and HR jobs, a large percentage of public sector jobs, most of the military-industrial complex, and the list is endless. All these jobs accomplish nothing worthwhile at best, and actively discourage those who are trying to accomplish something at worst.

Even among jobs that do accomplish some useful purpose, the amount of time spent actually doing the job continues to decline. According to a 2016 poll, American office workers spent only 39% of their workday actually doing their primary task. The other 61% was largely wasted on unproductive administrative tasks and meetings, answering emails, and just simply wasting time.

I could go on, but the point is, there’s a lot of slack in the economy. We’ve become so productive that the number of people actually doing the work to keep everyone fed, clothed, and cared for is only a small percentage of the population. In one sense, that’s a cause for optimism. The population could decline a lot, and we’d still have enough bodies to man the economic engine, as it were.

Aging

The thing with population decline, though, is nobody gets to choose who goes first. Not unless you’re a psychopathic dictator. So populations get old, then they get small. This means that the number of dependents in the economy rises naturally. Once people retire, they still need someone to grow the food, keep the lights on, and provide the medical care. And it doesn’t matter how much money the retirees have saved, either. Money is just a claim on wealth. The goods and services actually have to be provided by someone, and if that someone was never born, all the money in the world won’t change anything.

And the aging occurs on top of all the people already taking from the economy without contributing anything of value. So that seems like a big problem.

Currently, wealth redistribution happens through a combination of direct taxes, indirect taxation through deficit spending, and the whole gamut of games that happen when banks create credit/debt money by making loans. In a lot of cases, it’s very indirect and difficult to pin down. For example, someone has a “job” in a government office, enforcing pointless regulations that actually hinder someone in the private sector from producing something useful. Their paycheck comes from the government, so a combination of taxes on productive people, and deficit spending, which is also a tax on productive people. But they “have a job,” so who’s going to question their contribution to society? On the other hand, it could be a banker or hedge fund manager. They might be pulling in a massive salary, but at the core all they’re really doing is finding creative financial ways to transfer wealth from productive people to themselves, without contributing anything of value.

You’ll notice a common theme if you think about this problem deeply. Most of the wealth transfer that supports the unproductive, whether that’s welfare recipients, retirees, bureaucrats, corporate middle managers, or weapons manufacturers, is only possible through expanding the money supply. There’s a limit to how much direct taxation the productive will bear while the option to collect welfare exists. At a certain point, people conclude that working hard every day isn’t worth it, when taxes take so much of their wages that they could make almost as much without working at all. So the balance of what it takes to support the dependent class has to come indirectly, through new money creation.

As long as the declining population happens under the existing monetary system, the future looks bleak. There’s no limit to how much money creation and inflation the parasite class will use in an attempt to avoid work. They’ll continue to suck the productive class dry until the workers give up in disgust, and the currency collapses into hyperinflation. And you can’t run a complex economy without functional money, so productivity inevitably collapses with the currency.

The optimistic view is that we don’t have to continue supporting the failed credit/debt monetary system. It’s hurting productivity, messing up incentives, and contributing to increasing wealth inequality and lower living standards for the middle class. If we walk away from that system and adopt a hard money standard, the possibility of inflationary wealth redistribution vanishes. The welfare and warfare programs have to be slashed. The parasite class is forced to get busy, or starve. In that scenario, the declining population of workers can be offset by a massive shift away from “bullshit jobs” and into actual productive work.

While that might not be a permanent solution to declining population, it would at least give us time to find a real solution, without having our complex economy collapse and send our living standards back to the 17th century.

It’s a complex issue with many possible outcomes, but I think a close look at the effects of the monetary system on productivity shows one obvious problem that will make the situation worse than necessary. Moving to a better monetary system and creating incentives for productivity would do a lot to reduce the economic impacts of a declining population.

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@ 04c915da:3dfbecc9

This piece is the first in a series that will focus on things I think are a priority if your focus is similar to mine: building a strong family and safeguarding their future.

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Choosing the ideal place to raise a family is one of the most significant decisions you will ever make. For simplicity sake I will break down my thought process into key factors: strong property rights, the ability to grow your own food, access to fresh water, the freedom to own and train with guns, and a dependable community.

A Jurisdiction with Strong Property Rights

Strong property rights are essential and allow you to build on a solid foundation that is less likely to break underneath you. Regions with a history of limited government and clear legal protections for landowners are ideal. Personally I think the US is the single best option globally, but within the US there is a wide difference between which state you choose. Choose carefully and thoughtfully, think long term. Obviously if you are not American this is not a realistic option for you, there are other solid options available especially if your family has mobility. I understand many do not have this capability to easily move, consider that your first priority, making movement and jurisdiction choice possible in the first place.

Abundant Access to Fresh Water

Water is life. I cannot overstate the importance of living somewhere with reliable, clean, and abundant freshwater. Some regions face water scarcity or heavy regulations on usage, so prioritizing a place where water is plentiful and your rights to it are protected is critical. Ideally you should have well access so you are not tied to municipal water supplies. In times of crisis or chaos well water cannot be easily shutoff or disrupted. If you live in an area that is drought prone, you are one drought away from societal chaos. Not enough people appreciate this simple fact.

Grow Your Own Food

A location with fertile soil, a favorable climate, and enough space for a small homestead or at the very least a garden is key. In stable times, a small homestead provides good food and important education for your family. In times of chaos your family being able to grow and raise healthy food provides a level of self sufficiency that many others will lack. Look for areas with minimal restrictions, good weather, and a culture that supports local farming.

Guns

The ability to defend your family is fundamental. A location where you can legally and easily own guns is a must. Look for places with a strong gun culture and a political history of protecting those rights. Owning one or two guns is not enough and without proper training they will be a liability rather than a benefit. Get comfortable and proficient. Never stop improving your skills. If the time comes that you must use a gun to defend your family, the skills must be instinct. Practice. Practice. Practice.

A Strong Community You Can Depend On

No one thrives alone. A ride or die community that rallies together in tough times is invaluable. Seek out a place where people know their neighbors, share similar values, and are quick to lend a hand. Lead by example and become a good neighbor, people will naturally respond in kind. Small towns are ideal, if possible, but living outside of a major city can be a solid balance in terms of work opportunities and family security.

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Let me know if you found this helpful. My plan is to break down how I think about these five key subjects in future posts.

@ c9badfea:610f861a

1. Install Sky Map (it's free and open source)
2. Launch the app and tap Accept, then tap OK
3. When asked to access the device's location, tap While Using The App
4. Tap somewhere on the screen to activate the menu, then tap ⁝ and select Settings
5. Disable Send Usage Statistics
6. Return to the main screen and enjoy stargazing!

ℹ️ Use the 🔍 icon in the upper toolbar to search for a specific celestial body, or tap the 👁️ icon to activate night mode

@ 57c631a3:07529a8e

What is Growth Engineering? Before we start: if you’ve already filled out the What is your tech stack? survey: thank you! If you’ve not done so, your help will be greatly appreciated. It takes 5-15 minutes to complete. Those filling out will receive results before anyone else, and additional analysis from myself and Elin. Fill out this survey here.**

Fill out the survey

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Growth engineering was barely known a decade ago, but today, most scaleups and many publicly traded tech companies have dedicated growth teams staffed by growth engineers. However, some software engineers are still suspicious of this new area because of its reputation for hacky code with little to no code coverage.

For this reason and others, I thought it would be interesting to learn more from an expert who can tell us all about the practicalities of this controversial domain. So I turned to Alexey Komissarouk, who’s been in growth engineering since 2016, and was in charge of it at online education platform, MasterClass. These days, Alexey lives in Tokyo, Japan, where he advises on growth engineering and teaches the Growth Engineering course at Reforge.

In today’s deep dive, Alexey covers:

1. What is Growth Engineering? In the simplest terms: writing code to help a company make more money. But there are details to consider: like the company size where it makes sense to have a dedicated team do this.
2. What do Growth Engineers work on? Business-facing work, empowerment and platform work are the main areas.
3. Why Growth Engineers move faster than Product Engineers. Product Engineers ship to build: Growth Engineers ship to learn. Growth Engineers do take shortcuts that would make no sense when building for longevity – doing this on purpose.
4. Tech stack. Common programming languages, monitoring and oncall, feature flags and experimentation, product analytics, review apps, and more.
5. What makes a good Growth Engineer? Curiosity, “build to learn” mindset and a “Jack of all trades” approach.
6. Where do Growth Engineers fit in? Usually part of the engineering department, either operating as with an “owner” or a “hitchiker” model.
7. Becoming a Growth Engineer. A great area if you want to eventually become a founder or product manager – but even if not, it can accelerate your career growth. Working in Growth forces you to learn more about the business.

With that, it’s over to Alexey:

I’ll never forget the first time I made my employer a million dollars.

I was running a push notification A/B test for meal delivery startup Sprig, trying to boost repeat orders.

A push notification similar to what we tested to boost repeat orders

Initial results were unpromising; the push notification was not receiving many opens. Still, I wanted to be thorough: before concluding the idea was a failure, I wrote a SQL query to compare order volume for subsequent weeks between customers in test vs control.

The SQL used to figure out the push notification’s efficiency

As it turned out, our test group “beat” the control group by around 10%:

‘review_5_push’ was the new type of push notification. Roughly the same amount of users clicked it, but they placed 10% more in orders

I plugged the numbers into a significance calculator, which showed it was statistically significant – or “stat-sig” – and therefore highly unlikely to be a coincidence. This meant we had a winner on our hands! But how meaningful was it, really, and what would adding the push notification mean for revenue, if rolled out to 100% of users?

It turned out this experiment created an additional $1.5 million dollars, annually, with just one push notification. Wow!

I was hooked. Since that day, I've shipped hundreds of experimental “winners” which generated hundreds of millions of incremental revenue for my employers. But you never forget the first one. Moments like this is what growth engineering is all about.

1. What is Growth Engineering?

Essentially, growth engineering is the writing of code to make a company money. Of course, all code produced by a business on some level serves this purpose, but while Product Engineers focus on creating a Product worth paying for, Growth Engineers instead focus on making that good product have a good business. To this end, they focus on optimizing and refining key parts of the customer journey, such as:

• Getting more people to consider the product
• Converting them into paying customers
• Keeping them as customers for longer, and spending more

What kinds of companies employ Growth Engineers? Places you’ve heard of, like Meta, LinkedIn, DoorDash, Coinbase, and Dropbox, are some of the ones I’ve had students from. There’s also OpenAI, Uber, Tiktok, Tinder, Airbnb, Pinterest… the list of high-profile companies goes on. Most newer public consumer companies you’ve heard have a growth engineering org, too.

Typically, growth engineering orgs are started by companies at Series B stage and beyond, so long as they are selling to either consumers or businesses via SaaS. These are often places trying to grow extremely fast, and have enough software engineers that some can focus purely on growth. Before the Series B stage, a team is unlikely to be ready for growth for various reasons; likely that it hasn’t found product-market fit, or has no available headcount, or lacks the visitor traffic required to run A/B tests.

Cost is a consideration. A fully-loaded growth team consisting of a handful of engineers, a PM, and a designer costs approximately 1 million dollars annually. To justify this, a rule of thumb is to have at least $5 million dollars in recurring revenue – a milestone often achieved at around the Series B stage.

Despite the presence of growth engineering at many public consumer tech companies, the field itself is still quite new, as a discipline and as a proper title.

Brief history of growth engineering

When I joined Opendoor in 2016, there was a head of growth but no dedicated growth engineers, but there were by the time I left in 2020. At MasterClass soon after, there was a growth org and a dozen dedicated growth engineers. So when did growth engineering originate?

The story is that its origins lie at Facebook in 2007. The team was created by then-VP of platform and monetization Chamath Palihapitiya. Reforce founder and CEO Brian Balfour shares:

“Growth (the kind found on an org chart) began at Facebook under the direction of Chamath Palihapitiya. In 2007, he joined the early team in a nebulous role that fell somewhere between Product, Marketing, and Operations. According to his retelling of the story on Recode Decode, after struggling to accomplish anything meaningful in his first year on the job, he was on the verge of being fired.Sheryl Sandberg joined soon after him, and in a hail mary move he pitched her the game-changing idea that led to the creation of the first-ever growth team. This idea not only saved his job, but earned him the lion’s share of the credit for Facebook’s unprecedented growth.At the time, Sheryl and Mark asked him, “What do you call this thing where you help change the product, do some SEO and SEM, and algorithmically do this or that?”His response: “I don’t know, I just call that, like, Growth, you know, we’re going to try to grow. I’ll be the head of growing stuff."And just like that, Growth became a thing.”

Rather than focus on a particular product or feature, the growth team at Facebook focused on moving the needle, and figuring out which features to work on. These days, Meta employs hundreds if not thousands of growth engineers.

2. What do Growth Engineers work on?

Before we jump into concrete examples, let’s identify three primary focus areas that a growth engineer’s work usually involves.

• Business-facing work – improving the business directly
• Empowerment work – enabling other teams to improve the business
• Platform work – improving the velocity of the above activities

Let’s go through all three:

Business-facing work

This is the bread and butter of growth engineering, and follows a common pattern:

• Implement an idea. Try something big or small to try and move a key business metric, which differs by team but is typically related to conversion rate or retention.
• Quantify impact. Usually via A/B testing.
• Analyze impact. Await results, analyze impact, ship or roll back – then go back to the first step.

Experiments can lead to sweeping or barely noticeable changes. A famous “I can’t believe they needed to test this” was when Google figured out which shade of blue generates the most clicks. At MasterClass, we tested things across the spectrum:

• Small: should we show the price right on the homepage, was that a winner? Yes, but we framed it in monthly terms of $15/month, not $180/year.
• Medium: when browsing a course page, should we include related courses, or more details about the course itself? Was it a winner? After lengthy experimentation, it was hard to tell: both are valuable and we needed to strike the right balance.
• Large: when a potential customer is interested, do we take them straight to checkout, or encourage them to learn more? Counterintuitively, adding steps boosted conversion!

Empowerment

One of the best ways an engineer can move a target metric is by removing themselves as a bottleneck, so colleagues from marketing can iterate and optimize freely. To this end, growth engineers can either build internal tools or integrate self-serve MarTech (Marketing Technology) vendors.

With the right tool, there’s a lot that marketers can do without engineering’s involvement:

• Build and iterate on landing pages (Unbounce, Instapage, etc)
• Draft and send email, SMS and Push Notifications (Iterable, Braze, Customer.io, etc)
• Connect new advertising partners (Google Tag Manager, Segment, etc)

We go more into detail about benefits and applications in the MarTech section of Tech Stack, below.

Platform work

As a business scales, dedicated platform teams help improve stability and velocity for the teams they support. Within growth, this often includes initiatives like:

• Experiment Platform. Many parts of running an experiment can be standardized, from filtering the audience, to bucketing users properly, to observing statistical methodology. Historically, companies built reusable Experiment Platforms in-house, but more recently, vendors such as Eppo and Statsig have grown in popularity with fancy statistical methodologies like “Controlled Using Pre-Experiment Data” (CUPED) that give more signal with less data.
• Reusable components. Companies with standard front-end components for things like headlines, buttons, and images, dramatically reduce the time required to spin up a new page. No more "did you want 5 or 6 pixels here" with a designer; instead growth engineers rely on tools like Storybook to standardize and share reusable React components.
• Monitoring. Growth engineering benefits greatly from leveraging monitoring to compensate for reduced code coverage. High-quality business metric monitoring tools can detect bugs before they cause damage.

When I worked at MasterClass, having monitoring at the ad layer prevented at least one six-figure incident. One Friday, a marketer accidentally broadened the audience for a particular ad from US-only, to worldwide. In response, the Facebook Ad algorithm went on a spending spree, bringing in plenty of visitors from places like Brazil and India, whom we knew from past experience were unlikely to purchase the product. Fortunately, our monitoring noticed the low-performing campaign within minutes, and an alert was sent to the growth engineer on-call, who immediately reached out to the marketer and confirmed the change was unintentional, and then shut down the campaign.

Without this monitoring, a subtle targeting error like this could have gone unnoticed all weekend and would have eaten up $100,000+ of marketing budget. This episode shows that platform investment can benefit everyone; and since growth needs them most, it’s often the growth platform engineering team which implements them.

As the day-to-day work of a Growth Engineer shows, A/B tests are a critical tool to both measure success and learn. It’s a numbers game: the more A/B tests a team can run in a given quarter, the more of them will end up winners, making the team successful. It’s no wonder, then, that Growth Engineering will pull out all the stops to improve velocity.

3. Why Growth Engineers move faster than Product Engineers

On the surface, growth engineering teams look like product engineering ones; writing code, shipping pull requests, monitoring on-call, etc. So how do they move so much faster? The big reason lies in philosophy and focus, not technology. To quote Elena Verna, head of growth at Dropbox:

“Product Engineering teams ship to build; Growth Engineering teams ship to learn.”

Real-world case: price changes at Masterclass

A few years ago at MasterClass, the growth team wanted to see if changing our pricing model to multiple tiers would improve revenue.

Inspired in part by multiple pricing tiers for competitors such as Netflix (above), Disney Plus, and Hulu.

The “multiple pricing tier” proposal for MasterClass.

From a software engineering perspective, this was a highly complex project because:

• Backend engineering work: the backend did not yet support multiple pricing options, requiring a decent amount of engineering, and rigorous testing to make sure existing customers weren’t affected.
• Client app changes: on the device side, multiple platforms (iOS, iPad, Android, Roku, Apple TV, etc) would each need to be updated, including each relevant app store.

The software engineering team estimated that becoming a “multi-pricing-tier” company would take months across numerous engineering teams, and engineering leadership was unwilling to greenlight that significant investment.

We in growth engineering took this as a challenge. As usual, our goal was not just to add the new pricing model, but to learn how much money it might bring in. The approach we ended up proposing was a Fake Door test, which involves offering a not-yet-available option to customers to gauge interest level. This was risky, as taking a customer who’s ready to pay and telling them to join some kind of waiting list is a colossal waste, and risks making them feel like the target of a “bait and switch” trick.

We found a way. The key insight was that people are only offended about a “bait and switch”, if the “switch” is worse than the “bait.” Telling customers they would pay $100 and then switching to $150 would cause a riot, but starting at $150 and then saying “just kidding, it’s only $100” is a pleasant surprise.

The good kind of surprise.

So long as every test “pricing tier” is less appealing – higher prices, fewer features – than the current offering, we could “upgrade” customers after their initial selection. A customer choosing the cheapest tier gets extra features at no extra cost, while a customer choosing a more expensive tier is offered a discount.

We created three new tiers, at different prices. The new “premium” tier would describe the existing, original offering. Regardless of what potential customers selected, they got this “original offering,” during the experiment.

The best thing about this was that no backend changes were required. There were no real, new, back-end pricing plans; everybody ended up purchasing the same version of MasterClass for the same price, with the same features. The entirety of the engineering work was on building a new pricing page, and the “congratulations, you’ve been upgraded” popup. This took just a few days.

Within a couple of weeks, we had enough data to be confident the financial upside of moving to a multi-pricing-tier model would be significant. With this, we’re able to convince the rest of engineering’s leadership to invest in building the feature properly. In the end, launching multiple pricing tiers turned out to be one of the biggest revenue wins of the year.

Building a skyscraper vs building a tent

The MasterClass example demonstrates the spirit of growth engineering; focusing on building to learn, instead of building to last. Consider building skyscrapers versus tents.

Building a tent optimizes for speed of set-up and tear-down over longevity. You don’t think of a tent as one that is shoddy or low-quality compared to skyscrapers: it’s not even the same category of buildings! Growth engineers maximize use of lightweight materials. To stick with the tents vs skyscraper metaphor: we prioritize lightweight fabric materials over steel and concrete whenever possible. We only resort to traditional building materials when there’s no other choice, or when a direction is confirmed as correct. Quality is important – after all, a tent must keep out rain and mosquitoes. However, the speed-vs-durability tradeoff decision results in very different approaches and outcomes.

4. Tech stack

At first glance, growth and product engineers use the same tooling, and contribute to the same codebases. But growth engineering tends to be high-velocity, experiment-heavy, and with limited test coverage. This means that certain “nice to have” tools for product engineering are mission-critical for growth engineers.

Read more https://connect-test.layer3.press/articles/ea02c1a1-7cfa-42b4-8722-0165abcae8bb

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The Bitcoin price action since the US presidential election, and particularly today, November 11, has given me an excuse to revisit an idea I’ve written about before. I explained here that money doesn’t “flow into” assets, and that the terminology makes it difficult for people to understand how prices actually work.

nostr:naddr1qvzqqqr4gupzp0rve5f6xtu56djkfkkg7ktr5rtfckpun95rgxaa7futy86npx8yqqhy6mmwv4uj63r0v4ekutt594fx2ctvd3uj63nvdamj6jtww3hj6stw096xs6twvukkgmt9ws6xg86ht5t

The Bitcoin market this year has been a perfect illustration of the points I tried to make, which offers another angle to explain the concept.

Back in January, the first spot Bitcoin ETFs were launched for trading in the US market. This was heralded as a great thing for the Bitcoin price, and tracking “inflows” into these ETFs became a top priority for Bitcoin market analysts. The expectation of course was that more Bitcoin purchased by these ETFs would result in higher prices for the asset.

And sure enough, over the first two months of trading, from mid-January to mid-March, the combined “inflows” to the ETFs totaled around $11 billion. Over the same time frame, the Bitcoin price rose almost 60%, from around $43,000 to $68,000. As should be expected, right?

But then, over the next seven and a half months, from mid-March to early November, the ETFs saw another $11 billion in “inflows”. The Bitcoin price in mid-March? $68,000. In early November? All the way up to… $68,000. Seven and a half months of treading water.

So how can that be? How can $11 billion dollars flowing into an asset cause a 60% price rise once, and no price change at all the next time?

If you read my previous article linked above, you’ll see that the whole idea of money “flowing into” an asset is incorrect and misleading, and this is a perfect illustration why. If you step back a bit, you’ll see the folly of that mentality. So when the ETFs buy $11 billion dollars worth of Bitcoin, where does it come from? They obviously have to buy it from someone. As always, every transaction has a buyer and a seller. In this case, the sellers are current Bitcoin holders selling through OTC desks on the spot market.

So why focus on the ETF buying rather than the Bitcoin holder selling? Instead of saying there were $11 billion in inflows to the Bitcoin ETFs, why not say there were $11 billion in outflows from spot Bitcoin holders? It’s just as valid either way.

To take it a step further, many analysts were consistently confused all summer as Bitcoin ETFs continued to see “inflows” on days that the Bitcoin price stayed flat or even fell. So let’s imagine two consecutive days of $300 million daily “inflows” into the ETFs. The first day, the Bitcoin price rises 3%. The second day, the Bitcoin price falls 3%. The first day, headlines can read Bitcoin Price Rises 3% as ETFs See $300m in Inflows. The second day, headlines can read Bitcoin Price Falls 3% as Spot Bitcoin Holders See $300m in Outflows.

See the silliness of this whole idea? Money flows aren’t the cause of price movement. They’re a fake metric used as a post hoc justification for price moves by people who want you to believe they understand markets better than you.

Moving on to today, as I write this on the evening of November 11, Bitcoin is up 30% from $68,000 to $88,000 in the week since the November 5 election. It rose from $69,000 to $75,000 on election night alone, after US markets had closed and while there were no ETF “inflows” at all. In fact, the ETFs saw over a hundred million dollars in outflows on November 5, followed by an 8% single day price increase.

So if money flows don’t move price, what does?

Investor sentiment, that’s what.

Talking about money flows at all, as illustrated by the Bitcoin ETFs, requires arbitrarily dividing a single market into different segments to disguise the fact that every transaction has both a buyer and a seller, so every transaction has an equal dollar amount of “flows” in both directions. In actuality, price is set by a convergence between the highest price any potential buyer is willing to pay, and the lowest price any potential seller is willing to accept. And that number can change without a single transaction occurring, and without a single dollar “flowing” anywhere.

If every Bitcoin holder simultaneously decided tonight that the lowest price they’re willing to accept is $200,000 per Bitcoin, and a single potential buyer decided to buy a single dollar worth of Bitcoin at that price, that would be the new Bitcoin price tomorrow morning. No ETF “inflows” or institutional buying pressure or short squeezes or liquidations required, or any of the other excuses market analysts use to confuse normal people and make it seem like they have some deep esoteric insight into the workings of markets and future price action.

Don’t overcomplicate something as simple as price. If holders of an asset demand higher prices and potential buyers are willing to pay it, prices rise. If potential buyers of an asset offer lower prices and holders are willing to sell, prices fall. The constant interplay between all those individual investors sentiments is what forms a market and a price. The transferring of money between buyers and sellers is an effect of price, not a cause.

@ 04c915da:3dfbecc9

Capitalism is the most effective system for scaling innovation. The pursuit of profit is an incredibly powerful human incentive. Most major improvements to human society and quality of life have resulted from this base incentive. Market competition often results in the best outcomes for all.

That said, some projects can never be monetized. They are open in nature and a business model would centralize control. Open protocols like bitcoin and nostr are not owned by anyone and if they were it would destroy the key value propositions they provide. No single entity can or should control their use. Anyone can build on them without permission.

As a result, open protocols must depend on donation based grant funding from the people and organizations that rely on them. This model works but it is slow and uncertain, a grind where sustainability is never fully reached but rather constantly sought. As someone who has been incredibly active in the open source grant funding space, I do not think people truly appreciate how difficult it is to raise charitable money and deploy it efficiently.

Projects that can be monetized should be. Profitability is a super power. When a business can generate revenue, it taps into a self sustaining cycle. Profit fuels growth and development while providing projects independence and agency. This flywheel effect is why companies like Google, Amazon, and Apple have scaled to global dominance. The profit incentive aligns human effort with efficiency. Businesses must innovate, cut waste, and deliver value to survive.

Contrast this with non monetized projects. Without profit, they lean on external support, which can dry up or shift with donor priorities. A profit driven model, on the other hand, is inherently leaner and more adaptable. It is not charity but survival. When survival is tied to delivering what people want, scale follows naturally.

The real magic happens when profitable, sustainable businesses are built on top of open protocols and software. Consider the many startups building on open source software stacks, such as Start9, Mempool, and Primal, offering premium services on top of the open source software they build out and maintain. Think of companies like Block or Strike, which leverage bitcoin’s open protocol to offer their services on top. These businesses amplify the open software and protocols they build on, driving adoption and improvement at a pace donations alone could never match.

When you combine open software and protocols with profit driven business the result are lean, sustainable companies that grow faster and serve more people than either could alone. Bitcoin’s network, for instance, benefits from businesses that profit off its existence, while nostr will expand as developers monetize apps built on the protocol.

Capitalism scales best because competition results in efficiency. Donation funded protocols and software lay the groundwork, while market driven businesses build on top. The profit incentive acts as a filter, ensuring resources flow to what works, while open systems keep the playing field accessible, empowering users and builders. Together, they create a flywheel of innovation, growth, and global benefit.

@ d360efec:14907b5f

Disclaimer: * การวิเคราะห์นี้เป็นเพียงแนวทาง ไม่ใช่คำแนะนำในการซื้อขาย * การลงทุนมีความเสี่ยง ผู้ลงทุนควรตัดสินใจด้วยตนเอง

@ 9c47bb51:000381d0

EVERYDAY STACKING GUIDE

Let me break it down for you: stacking sats is about building your Bitcoin stash little by little. You do not need to make some massive play or wait for the perfect opportunity. It is about finding simple, steady ways to add to your stack, no matter what your situation looks like. And the best part? There are so many ways to do it, whether you are creating something, connecting with folks directly, or just using tools that reward you. Let us dive into how you can stack sats consistently, keeping it decentralized and peer-to-peer whenever possible.

You have got platforms like Stacker News where you can earn sats just by being part of the conversation. Think of it as Bitcoin’s answer to Reddit. You share something valuable, comment on posts, or just engage with the community, and next thing you know, you have got some sats coming your way. It is simple, and it is steady. Plus, it feels good to know your thoughts and contributions are being rewarded.

Then there is Nostr, a decentralized social platform that is making waves. It is built to connect people directly, and it ties in Bitcoin through the Lightning Network. The coolest thing? You can get tipped, or “zapped,” for your posts, notes, or anything you put out there. This is not about big corporations taking a cut; it is people showing love directly. Share your ideas, your art, your insights, and watch your stack grow while connecting with a global community.

Now, let us talk about Fold. It is a little different but still fun. You spin their rewards wheel every day, and you will earn a few sats. Sometimes it is a little, sometimes it is more, but it all adds up. If you are using their Bitcoin rewards debit card for your regular spending, you are earning even more. Sure, it is not 100 percent decentralized, but it is an easy way to stack sats while handling your everyday purchases.

For creators, platforms like Zap.Stream are opening doors. Imagine streaming your work, whether it is music, art, teaching, or something else, and getting paid directly in Bitcoin by your audience. No middlemen, no fuss. It is all about connecting directly with the people who support you and earning sats in real time.

And do not forget about selling something for Bitcoin. Whether it is handmade crafts, digital products, or your services, there is always a way to find buyers who want to pay in sats. Platforms that focus on Bitcoin marketplaces make it easier to connect with those folks. Plus, it is a true peer-to-peer exchange, keeping it aligned with the decentralized spirit of Bitcoin.

If you are freelancing, there are options to get paid in Bitcoin directly. Whether you are designing, coding, writing, or consulting, there are platforms that let you bypass the banks and get your payment straight into your wallet. It is quick, efficient, and keeps you in control of your money.

And let us talk about the small, passive ways to stack sats. Cashback apps like Lolli let you earn Bitcoin on everyday purchases. It might not be a huge amount, but those little bits add up over time. If you are already spending the money, why not get some sats back for it?

The real key here is consistency. Set a goal for yourself, whether it is adding sats daily or weekly, and stick to it. Even if it is just a few hundred sats here and there, it is progress. Those small steps add up over time and can turn into something meaningful.

Why focus on decentralized and peer-to-peer methods? Because that is what Bitcoin is all about. It is about staying true to the values of self-sovereignty and financial freedom. By avoiding centralized systems, you are not just stacking sats; you are strengthening the Bitcoin ecosystem itself.

Stacking sats is not about getting rich overnight. It is a journey. It is about building your stash, supporting the Bitcoin movement, and claiming your financial independence bit by bit. Whether it is through sharing content, selling products, or using new platforms, the mission stays the same: keep adding to your stack, little by little. And remember, every sat counts.

@ 3bf0c63f:aefa459d

Report of how the money Jack donated to the cause in December 2022 has been misused so far.

Bounties given

March 2025

• Dhalsim: 1,110,540 - Work on Nostr wiki data processing

February 2025

• BOUNTY* NullKotlinDev: 950,480 - Twine RSS reader Nostr integration
• Dhalsim: 2,094,584 - Work on Hypothes.is Nostr fork
• Constant, Biz and J: 11,700,588 - Nostr Special Forces

January 2025

• Constant, Biz and J: 11,610,987 - Nostr Special Forces
• BOUNTY* NullKotlinDev: 843,840 - Feeder RSS reader Nostr integration
• BOUNTY* NullKotlinDev: 797,500 - ReadYou RSS reader Nostr integration

December 2024

• BOUNTY* tijl: 1,679,500 - Nostr integration into RSS readers yarr and miniflux
• Constant, Biz and J: 10,736,166 - Nostr Special Forces
• Thereza: 1,020,000 - Podcast outreach initiative

November 2024

• Constant, Biz and J: 5,422,464 - Nostr Special Forces

October 2024

• Nostrdam: 300,000 - hackathon prize
• Svetski: 5,000,000 - Latin America Nostr events contribution
• Quentin: 5,000,000 - nostrcheck.me

June 2024

• Darashi: 5,000,000 - maintaining nos.today, searchnos, search.nos.today and other experiments
• Toshiya: 5,000,000 - keeping the NIPs repo clean and other stuff

May 2024

• James: 3,500,000 - https://github.com/jamesmagoo/nostr-writer
• Yakihonne: 5,000,000 - spreading the word in Asia
• Dashu: 9,000,000 - https://github.com/haorendashu/nostrmo

February 2024

• Viktor: 5,000,000 - https://github.com/viktorvsk/saltivka and https://github.com/viktorvsk/knowstr
• Eric T: 5,000,000 - https://github.com/tcheeric/nostr-java
• Semisol: 5,000,000 - https://relay.noswhere.com/ and https://hist.nostr.land relays
• Sebastian: 5,000,000 - Drupal stuff and nostr-php work
• tijl: 5,000,000 - Cloudron, Yunohost and Fraidycat attempts
• Null Kotlin Dev: 5,000,000 - AntennaPod attempt

December 2023

• hzrd: 5,000,000 - Nostrudel
• awayuki: 5,000,000 - NOSTOPUS illustrations
• bera: 5,000,000 - getwired.app
• Chris: 5,000,000 - resolvr.io
• NoGood: 10,000,000 - nostrexplained.com stories

October 2023

• SnowCait: 5,000,000 - https://nostter.vercel.app/ and other tools
• Shaun: 10,000,000 - https://yakihonne.com/, events and work on Nostr awareness
• Derek Ross: 10,000,000 - spreading the word around the world
• fmar: 5,000,000 - https://github.com/frnandu/yana
• The Nostr Report: 2,500,000 - curating stuff
• james magoo: 2,500,000 - the Obsidian plugin: https://github.com/jamesmagoo/nostr-writer

August 2023

• Paul Miller: 5,000,000 - JS libraries and cryptography-related work
• BOUNTY tijl: 5,000,000 - https://github.com/github-tijlxyz/wikinostr
• gzuus: 5,000,000 - https://nostree.me/

July 2023

• syusui-s: 5,000,000 - rabbit, a tweetdeck-like Nostr client: https://syusui-s.github.io/rabbit/
• kojira: 5,000,000 - Nostr fanzine, Nostr discussion groups in Japan, hardware experiments
• darashi: 5,000,000 - https://github.com/darashi/nos.today, https://github.com/darashi/searchnos, https://github.com/darashi/murasaki
• jeff g: 5,000,000 - https://nostr.how and https://listr.lol, plus other contributions
• cloud fodder: 5,000,000 - https://nostr1.com (open-source)
• utxo.one: 5,000,000 - https://relaying.io (open-source)
• Max DeMarco: 10,269,507 - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aA-jiiepOrE
• BOUNTY optout21: 1,000,000 - https://github.com/optout21/nip41-proto0 (proposed nip41 CLI)
• BOUNTY Leo: 1,000,000 - https://github.com/leo-lox/camelus (an old relay thing I forgot exactly)

June 2023

• BOUNTY: Sepher: 2,000,000 - a webapp for making lists of anything: https://pinstr.app/
• BOUNTY: Kieran: 10,000,000 - implement gossip algorithm on Snort, implement all the other nice things: manual relay selection, following hints etc.
• Mattn: 5,000,000 - a myriad of projects and contributions to Nostr projects: https://github.com/search?q=owner%3Amattn+nostr&type=code
• BOUNTY: lynn: 2,000,000 - a simple and clean git nostr CLI written in Go, compatible with William's original git-nostr-tools; and implement threaded comments on https://github.com/fiatjaf/nocomment.
• Jack Chakany: 5,000,000 - https://github.com/jacany/nblog
• BOUNTY: Dan: 2,000,000 - https://metadata.nostr.com/

April 2023

• BOUNTY: Blake Jakopovic: 590,000 - event deleter tool, NIP dependency organization
• BOUNTY: koalasat: 1,000,000 - display relays
• BOUNTY: Mike Dilger: 4,000,000 - display relays, follow event hints (Gossip)
• BOUNTY: kaiwolfram: 5,000,000 - display relays, follow event hints, choose relays to publish (Nozzle)
• Daniele Tonon: 3,000,000 - Gossip
• bu5hm4nn: 3,000,000 - Gossip
• BOUNTY: hodlbod: 4,000,000 - display relays, follow event hints

March 2023

• Doug Hoyte: 5,000,000 sats - https://github.com/hoytech/strfry
• Alex Gleason: 5,000,000 sats - https://gitlab.com/soapbox-pub/mostr
• verbiricha: 5,000,000 sats - https://badges.page/, https://habla.news/
• talvasconcelos: 5,000,000 sats - https://migrate.nostr.com, https://read.nostr.com, https://write.nostr.com/
• BOUNTY: Gossip model: 5,000,000 - https://camelus.app/
• BOUNTY: Gossip model: 5,000,000 - https://github.com/kaiwolfram/Nozzle
• BOUNTY: Bounty Manager: 5,000,000 - https://nostrbounties.com/

February 2023

• styppo: 5,000,000 sats - https://hamstr.to/
• sandwich: 5,000,000 sats - https://nostr.watch/
• BOUNTY: Relay-centric client designs: 5,000,000 sats https://bountsr.org/design/2023/01/26/relay-based-design.html
• BOUNTY: Gossip model on https://coracle.social/: 5,000,000 sats
• Nostrovia Podcast: 3,000,000 sats - https://nostrovia.org/
• BOUNTY: Nostr-Desk / Monstr: 5,000,000 sats - https://github.com/alemmens/monstr
• Mike Dilger: 5,000,000 sats - https://github.com/mikedilger/gossip

January 2023

• ismyhc: 5,000,000 sats - https://github.com/Galaxoid-Labs/Seer
• Martti Malmi: 5,000,000 sats - https://iris.to/
• Carlos Autonomous: 5,000,000 sats - https://github.com/BrightonBTC/bija
• Koala Sat: 5,000,000 - https://github.com/KoalaSat/nostros
• Vitor Pamplona: 5,000,000 - https://github.com/vitorpamplona/amethyst
• Cameri: 5,000,000 - https://github.com/Cameri/nostream

December 2022

• William Casarin: 7 BTC - splitting the fund
• pseudozach: 5,000,000 sats - https://nostr.directory/
• Sondre Bjellas: 5,000,000 sats - https://notes.blockcore.net/
• Null Dev: 5,000,000 sats - https://github.com/KotlinGeekDev/Nosky
• Blake Jakopovic: 5,000,000 sats - https://github.com/blakejakopovic/nostcat, https://github.com/blakejakopovic/nostreq and https://github.com/blakejakopovic/NostrEventPlayground

@ 65912a7a:5dc638bf

Chef's notes

This is my late partner's award winning Cajun rice & beans recipe. It's an updated take on the traditional Cajun comfort food.

Chef Darin was a classically trained chef who spent 30+ years in the kitchen perfecting his recipes, and delivering authentic Cajun and Creole food to his patrons. This is a 5-star dish that will earn the respect of the most discerning Cajun afficionado. You won't be disappointed.

I suggest making this recipe exactly as directed the first time, and then make whatever adjustments you want for future batches. Also, don't cheap out on the Andouille. No Johnsonville or Hillshire Farms. Chef Aidelle's is a good choice, as is Silva's from Whole Foods. They cost a few extra bucks, but it's absolutely worth it.

Details

• ⏲️ Prep time: 30 min
• 🍳 Cook time: 3 hours
• 🍽️ Servings: 12

Ingredients

• 16oz small red beans, dry
• 2 cups long grain white rice
• 14-16oz andouille sausage, sliced
• 8oz ham, cubed
• 1 large yellow onion, chopped
• 1 green bell pepper, chopped
• 2-3 stalks celery, chopped
• 2 tbsp garlic (12 cloves), minced
• 7 cups water
• ¼ cup olive oil
• 2 large bay leaves
• 1 tbsp parsley, dried
• 1 tsp thyme, dried
• 1 tsp Cajun seasoning
• ½ tsp cayenne pepper, dried
• ¼ tsp sage, rubbed
• 1½ tsp salt (more or less to taste)

Directions

1. Soak beans in a large pot of water overnight.
2. Heat oil in a large stockpot over medium heat. Cook onion, bell pepper, celery, garlic in olive oil for 3 to 4 minutes (until onion is translucent).
3. Add beans, bay leaves, parsley, thyme, salt, MSG, Cajun seasoning, cayenne pepper, Sage, and water. Stir, bring to a boil, and then reduce heat to medium-low (btwn 2-3). Cover and simmer for 2½ hours.
4. Remove bay leaves. Mash some of the beans. Stir Andouille and ham into beans, and simmer uncovered for an additional 30 minutes.
5. Meanwhile, prepare the rice. Bring water and rice to a boil in a saucepan. Reduce heat, cover, and simmer for 20 minutes.
6. Serve beans over steamed white rice.

@ 21335073:a244b1ad

I want to see Nostr succeed. If you can think of a way I can help make that happen, I’m open to it. I’d like your suggestions.

My schedule’s shifting soon, and I could volunteer a few hours a week to a Nostr project. I won’t have more total time, but how I use it will change.

Why help? I care about freedom. Nostr’s one of the most powerful freedom tools I’ve seen in my lifetime. If I believe that, I should act on it.

I don’t care about money or sats. I’m not rich, I don’t have extra cash. That doesn’t drive me—freedom does. I’m volunteering, not asking for pay.

I’m not here for clout. I’ve had enough spotlight in my life; it doesn’t move me. If I wanted clout, I’d be on Twitter dropping basic takes. Clout’s easy. Freedom’s hard. I’d rather help anonymously. No speaking at events—small meetups are cool for the vibe, but big conferences? Not my thing. I’ll never hit a huge Bitcoin conference. It’s just not my scene.

That said, I could be convinced to step up if it’d really boost Nostr—as long as it’s legal and gets results.

In this space, I’d watch for social engineering. I watch out for it. I’m not here to make friends, just to help. No shade—you all seem great—but I’ve got a full life and awesome friends irl. I don’t need your crew or to be online cool. Connect anonymously if you want; I’d encourage it.

I’m sick of watching other social media alternatives grow while Nostr kinda stalls. I could trash-talk, but I’d rather do something useful.

Skills? I’m good at spotting social media problems and finding possible solutions. I won’t overhype myself—that’s weird—but if you’re responding, you probably see something in me. Perhaps you see something that I don’t see in myself.

If you need help now or later with Nostr projects, reach out. Nostr only—nothing else. Anonymous contact’s fine. Even just a suggestion on how I can pitch in, no project attached, works too. 💜

Creeps or harassment will get blocked or I’ll nuke my simplex code if it becomes a problem.

https://simplex.chat/contact#/?v=2-4&smp=smp%3A%2F%2FSkIkI6EPd2D63F4xFKfHk7I1UGZVNn6k1QWZ5rcyr6w%3D%40smp9.simplex.im%2FbI99B3KuYduH8jDr9ZwyhcSxm2UuR7j0%23%2F%3Fv%3D1-2%26dh%3DMCowBQYDK2VuAyEAS9C-zPzqW41PKySfPCEizcXb1QCus6AyDkTTjfyMIRM%253D%26srv%3Djssqzccmrcws6bhmn77vgmhfjmhwlyr3u7puw4erkyoosywgl67slqqd.onion

@ b83a28b7:35919450

This article was originally part of the sermon of Plebchain Radio Episode 110 (May 2, 2025) that nostr:nprofile1qyxhwumn8ghj7mn0wvhxcmmvqyg8wumn8ghj7mn0wd68ytnvv9hxgqpqtvqc82mv8cezhax5r34n4muc2c4pgjz8kaye2smj032nngg52clq7fgefr and I did with nostr:nprofile1qythwumn8ghj7ct5d3shxtnwdaehgu3wd3skuep0qyt8wumn8ghj7ct4w35zumn0wd68yvfwvdhk6tcqyzx4h2fv3n9r6hrnjtcrjw43t0g0cmmrgvjmg525rc8hexkxc0kd2rhtk62 and nostr:nprofile1qyxhwumn8ghj7mn0wvhxcmmvqyg8wumn8ghj7mn0wd68ytnvv9hxgqpq4wxtsrj7g2jugh70pfkzjln43vgn4p7655pgky9j9w9d75u465pqahkzd0 of the nostr:nprofile1qythwumn8ghj7ct5d3shxtnwdaehgu3wd3skuep0qyt8wumn8ghj7etyv4hzumn0wd68ytnvv9hxgtcqyqwfvwrccp4j2xsuuvkwg0y6a20637t6f4cc5zzjkx030dkztt7t5hydajn

Listen to the full episode here:

<https://fountain.fm/episode/Ln9Ej0zCZ5dEwfo8w2Ho>

---

Bitcoin has always been a narrative revolution disguised as code. White paper, cypherpunk lore, pizza‑day legends - every block is a paragraph in the world’s most relentless epic. But code alone rarely converts the skeptic; it’s the camp‑fire myth that slips past the prefrontal cortex and shakes hands with the limbic system. People don’t adopt protocols first - they fall in love with protagonists.

Early adopters heard the white‑paper hymn, but most folks need characters first: a pizza‑day dreamer; a mother in a small country, crushed by the cost of remittance; a Warsaw street vendor swapping złoty for sats. When their arcs land, the brain releases a neurochemical OP_RETURN which says, “I belong in this plot.” That’s the sly roundabout orange pill: conviction smuggled inside catharsis.

That’s why, from 22–25 May in Warsaw’s Kinoteka, the Bitcoin Film Fest is loading its reels with rebellion. Each documentary, drama, and animated rabbit‑hole is a stealth wallet, zipping conviction straight into the feels of anyone still clasped within the cold claw of fiat. You come for the plot, you leave checking block heights.

---

Here's the clip of the sermon from the episode:

nostr:nevent1qvzqqqqqqypzpwp69zm7fewjp0vkp306adnzt7249ytxhz7mq3w5yc629u6er9zsqqsy43fwz8es2wnn65rh0udc05tumdnx5xagvzd88ptncspmesdqhygcrvpf2

@ bc6ccd13:f53098e4

Bullshit Jobs, for those unfamiliar, is the title of a 2018 book by anthropologist David Graeber. It’s well worth a read just for the fascinating research and the engaging writing style. The premise of the book is that many people work in jobs that contribute nothing to society, and would not be missed if they suddenly vanished overnight.

The data backs this up. In a 2015 British poll that asked “does your job make a meaningful contribution to the world?”, 37 percent of people said no, and another 13 percent weren’t sure. That’s fully half the population who can’t confidently say their job is even worth doing. And other polls have found similar or worse results.

The book was inspired by the overwhelming response to a 2013 article Graeber wrote titled On the Phenomenon of Bullshit Jobs: A Work Rant. The point I’d like to address is found here.

Over the course of the last century, the number of workers employed as domestic servants, in industry, and in the farm sector has collapsed dramatically. At the same time, ‘professional, managerial, clerical, sales, and service workers’ tripled, growing ‘from one-quarter to three-quarters of total employment.’ In other words, productive jobs have, just as predicted, been largely automated away (even if you count industrial workers globally, including the toiling masses in India and China, such workers are still not nearly so large a percentage of the world population as they used to be.)

But rather than allowing a massive reduction of working hours to free the world’s population to pursue their own projects, pleasures, visions, and ideas, we have seen the ballooning of not even so much of the ‘service’ sector as of the administrative sector, up to and including the creation of whole new industries like financial services or telemarketing, or the unprecedented expansion of sectors like corporate law, academic and health administration, human resources, and public relations.

These are what I propose to call ‘bullshit jobs’.

It’s as if someone were out there making up pointless jobs just for the sake of keeping us all working. And here, precisely, lies the mystery. In capitalism, this is precisely what is not supposed to happen. Sure, in the old inefficient socialist states like the Soviet Union, where employment was considered both a right and a sacred duty, the system made up as many jobs as they had to (this is why in Soviet department stores it took three clerks to sell a piece of meat). But, of course, this is the sort of very problem market competition is supposed to fix. According to economic theory, at least, the last thing a profit-seeking firm is going to do is shell out money to workers they don’t really need to employ. Still, somehow, it happens.

While corporations may engage in ruthless downsizing, the layoffs and speed-ups invariably fall on that class of people who are actually making, moving, fixing and maintaining things; through some strange alchemy no one can quite explain, the number of salaried paper-pushers ultimately seems to expand, and more and more employees find themselves, not unlike Soviet workers actually, working 40 or even 50 hour weeks on paper, but effectively working 15 hours just as Keynes predicted, since the rest of their time is spent organizing or attending motivational seminars, updating their facebook profiles or downloading TV box-sets.

The answer clearly isn’t economic: it’s moral and political.

In the book, Graeber expands on this idea with a very entertaining description of the many flavors of bullshit jobs, based on anecdotes from readers of his article. He follows that up with theories speculating on the cause of this situation. And wraps it all up with the conclusion that basically capitalists are all big meanies and invent bullshit jobs just to torture people and prevent the arrival of the Marxist utopia where no one has to do much real work and we all sit around and sing kumbaya and discuss philosophy. That’s too harsh a criticism of a very well researched and written book, but I have to confess I was sorely disappointed the first time I read it by the author’s failure to even entertain what seems like the obvious alternative explanation.

Graeber acknowledges in the book that it’s not surprising bullshit jobs exist inside government, although he doesn’t focus strongly enough on why that is. Like he does in the article, he tries to brush it off with the excuse that the same problem exists in the private sector. As he acknowledges, this isn’t supposed to happen in capitalism. He realizes that it makes no logical economic sense for a profit-seeking firm to hire workers to do nothing productive.

But then he follows that acknowledgement with the claim that “The answer clearly isn’t economic: it’s moral and political.” I’m sorry, what? How is that clear? How do you go from stating an obvious economic fact, to denying that the problem is economic, and call it “clear”.

“Still, somehow, it happens,” is not anywhere close to a sufficient explanation to rule out an economic factor.

The economic explanation

First, some definitions.

Capitalism is defined as “an economic system in which the means of production and distribution are privately or corporately owned and development occurs through the accumulation and reinvestment of profits gained in a free market.”

A free market is “an economic system in which prices are based on competition among private businesses and are not controlled or regulated by a government: a market operating by free competition.”

Now that we made sure we’re talking about the same thing, we can analyze this issue logically.

Capitalism and free markets work through competition for customers. It’s an economic law that a customer won’t pay more for the same good or service when they could pay less. Someone can try to make obscure and esoteric objections and force me to emphasize the word “same” and analyze what the good or service being purchased actually is, but everyone else understands this intuitively. So if two companies are offering the same product for sale, all things being equal, the company offering lower prices will attract the customers. Pretty simple stuff.

Of course, the goal for the company is to generate profits. It’s literally in the definition of the word “capitalism”. So any system in which companies have a goal other than generating profits is, by definition, not capitalism.

A company can increase its profits two ways: raising prices, or lowering costs. We don’t have to get too philosophical to realize that if a company is paying someone to do nothing, the company could increase profits by firing that person and lowering their costs of production.

So the question is, why don’t they? Why do they hire people who increase their costs and lower their profits, thereby making them less competitive? And more importantly, if they do make that mistake, why don’t their competitors undercut their prices and take all the customers and bankrupt them?

I don’t think we can dismiss the economic factor as off-handedly as Graeber does. After all, making a profit is the fundamental, definitional purpose of a business or company in a capitalist economy. To say “companies in this capitalist economy are doing something completely antithetical to the very principles and definition of capitalism, so obviously they’re not doing it for economic reasons” is something of a non sequitur.

The conclusion, to me, seems obvious. We don’t have a capitalist economy. As far as I can tell, that’s true by definition. If companies aren’t even trying to achieve the goal companies must achieve to survive in a capitalist economy, and somehow they’re still surviving, that’s proof of the non-capitalist nature of the economy.

Which part of the capitalist system are we missing?

Well, let’s start with the obvious: there’s a lot of government in our economy. The government isn’t privately owned, which makes it not capitalist by definition. So any part of the economy that’s government is not capitalist.

Why is government not capitalist? Because government is not motivated to provide goods and services at a profit. Why not? Because government does not sell goods and services into a free market. Government gives away goods and services to its “customers” for free, because they’re paid for by people other than the consumers of the service. That payment comes in one of two ways: taxes, and debt. It’s not a voluntary transaction.

Which part of the capitalist system might private companies be missing?

They could be lacking competition. That is, operating a monopoly or cartel. If there’s no competing business to provide goods at lower prices, the company could hire people for useless jobs and compensate by raising prices. This places them outside the definition of capitalism, since “free competition” is part of the definition of a free market. Monopolies and cartels often develop and survive through protection by the government, which emphasizes their un-capitalistic nature.

They could be in a temporary situation where the people making the management decisions are sufficiently insulated from the market forces at play that their poor decisions can persist for a while. Many companies begin to lose their competitive edge at some point, after getting big enough to have economic inertia and for the management to be less accountable for business performance. If a company has grown big enough, they can start making poor financial decisions and absorb the lost profits, sometimes for years, before losing their market share to a smaller, more competitive rival. This isn’t really an absence of capitalism, just the natural creative destruction necessary for capitalism to function. The problem comes when a company that’s obviously uncompetitive is prevented from failing through un-capitalistic means. Maybe they’re big enough and wealthy enough to pressure the government into granting them monopoly status. This doesn’t have to be open, it’s often through creating such an impenetrable legal morass around the industry that no competitor can emerge. Or it can be in the form of a “too big to fail” direct government bailout.

The company could also be lacking that essential link between customer satisfaction and business income. In other words, maybe they aren’t selling to their customers. That can happen for various reasons.

Some companies are “private companies” but sell to the government. The government is not a customer in the capitalist sense, because the government spends money taken coercively from its subjects, not money earned voluntarily in the free market. So any company like Raytheon or Boeing that survives off government contracts can’t be accurately called a capitalist organization.

In an industry like healthcare, where the insurance companies are the middlemen in basically all transactions between patients and doctors, there are also lots of ways for bullshit jobs to proliferate. Patients don’t care how much a procedure costs, just that it helps them. Doctors don’t care how much a procedure costs, just that the insurance company will pay for it. And insurance companies don’t care whether a procedure helps the patient, they just want to collect as many premiums as possible while paying out as little for care as possible. The fact that the patient isn’t paying the doctor for their care breaks the necessary link between customer and producer that’s essential for a free market to function. That combines with the regulatory moat and cartel-like structure of the healthcare industry to prevent the competitive function of capitalism from occurring.

Companies could also be surviving off of money from someone other than their customers: bankers and investors. There’s obviously a role in a capitalist system for investors to support a new venture until it’s able to attract customers and establish a stable and profitable business model. But many companies today exist for much longer than economically reasonable without turning a profit. In the US, almost 2,000 of the 5,000 publicly traded companies with data available were classified as “zombie companies”, meaning they don’t even make enough profit to pay the interest on their debt. So they’re going deeper in the hole every year. How can this continue?

Well, the alternative to paying off your debt, is to borrow even more money to make payments on the debt you already owe. If this sounds similar to how the US government survives, then you’re beginning to get the picture.

How can banks keep loaning money to unprofitable businesses? And why would they do it? It doesn’t make sense… until you understand how banking works.

That’s really the core focus of most of my writing, and I’ve written multiple articles on money and banking explaining how the system works as I understand it. This would be a good one focused on banking specifically.

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To very briefly recap, banks don’t make loans by taking in money from depositors and loaning that money to borrowers. Instead, banks create new money that never existed before out of thin air and loan that new money to borrowers. Banks make a profit by charging borrowers interest on this newly created money, which costs them nothing to create. A pretty cushy gig, if you can get it.

So from the perspective of the banks, the more loans and debt outstanding, the better. Every dollar of debt is a dollar they can collect interest on. It cost them nothing to create, so the more, the merrier. In fact, the banks would prefer that the loan principle never be repaid, because once it’s repaid, they can no longer collect interest on that loan until they make another loan to replace it. As long as the borrower keeps paying interest, the banks are happy. And if they need to lend the borrower some more money so he can afford to pay the interest, that’s fine too. Anything but letting the loan default.

Given those incentives, how do you expect a chart of the outstanding loans and credit of US commercial banks to look?

If you guessed up only, you’d be correct.

So what does this banking system have to do with bullshit jobs? Well, I’d argue that the fractionally reserved fiat banking system, in and of itself, is an anti-capitalist system. Money is the communication layer of capitalism, as I’ve previously written.

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When one group of people can create money out of thin air, they have the ability to reallocate wealth in the economy. As long as the money is still functional, of course. Too much money creation and wealth reallocation, and people stop trusting the money. That’s when inflation becomes hyperinflation, the money no longer functions, and the whole system implodes.

Wealth reallocation by a small select group is the essence of a centrally planned socialist/Marxist economy. And we all know how efficient those economies are. In fact, Graeber himself mentioned the inefficiency of socialist states like the Soviet Union in his original article, and was not at all surprised by the existence of bullshit jobs in such an economic system. When wealth can be reallocated by central planners without regard to people’s preferences in a free market, inefficiency is never punished, so zombie companies full of bullshit jobs never go bankrupt.

The same thing happens under our “capitalist” system. Zombie companies full of bullshit jobs can get almost unlimited funding from too-big-to-fail banks, who don’t care whether they repay the loans, as long as they stay in business and keep making the interest payments. Sometimes the funding is in the form of loans directly, sometimes it’s in the form of massive stock market bubbles inflated by the endless money creation, sometimes through junk bond issuance funded by the same bubble economics, and sometimes it’s venture capital funds flush with liquidity for the same reason. Regardless, the cause, and the outcome, are the same.

The corrupt bankers own the corrupt politicians, so when the inevitable so-called black swan event occurs and the rotten edifice starts to quiver, another bailout is promptly rolled out. The government borrows trillions from their owners over at the Federal Reserve, who create the money out of thin air. The government sends it on over to the bankers who got caught with their hand in the cookie jar once again, and they paper over the massive holes in their balance sheet caused by blowing asset bubbles and funding inefficient zombie companies. Or sometimes, the government skips the middlemen entirely and bails out Boeing or whoever it happens to be directly.

And once again, bullshit jobs that couldn’t survive free market competition are rewarded at the expense of savers and taxpayers. As always, this flood of new liquidity flows out through the economy, causing inflation and boosting income for other inefficient companies that also deserved to fail. Creative destruction, a fundamental feature of a capitalist system, is avoided once again.

In my opinion, the banking system is at the root of the problem causing the proliferation of bullshit jobs. The system itself is, by design, fundamentally anti-capitalist in nature and function. It’s really a giant privately owned economic central planning system, in which a small fraction of people determine how resources are allocated, with privatized profits and socialized losses. The Soviet technocrats would be jealous.

Unfortunately, the bankers have successfully connected their industry so tightly to the term “capitalist” that showing people they’re anything but is almost impossible. To paraphrase the well-known quote, the greatest trick the bankers ever pulled was convincing the world that they’re the real capitalists.

Until the banking and monetary system fundamentally changes, inefficiency will persist and bullshit jobs will continue to proliferate. In my opinion, the problem is very much an economic problem. And it’s not a “late-stage capitalism” problem, it’s a “capitalism left the building a century ago” problem. We don’t need to get rid of capitalism, we’ve already done that. We need to bring sound money, and with it the possibility of a capitalist economy, back again.

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In much of the world, it is incredibly difficult to access U.S. dollars. Local currencies are often poorly managed and riddled with corruption. Billions of people demand a more reliable alternative. While the dollar has its own issues of corruption and mismanagement, it is widely regarded as superior to the fiat currencies it competes with globally. As a result, Tether has found massive success providing low cost, low friction access to dollars. Tether claims 400 million total users, is on track to add 200 million more this year, processes 8.1 million transactions daily, and facilitates $29 billion in daily transfers. Furthermore, their estimates suggest nearly 40% of users rely on it as a savings tool rather than just a transactional currency.

Tether’s rise has made the company a financial juggernaut. Last year alone, Tether raked in over $13 billion in profit, with a lean team of less than 100 employees. Their business model is elegantly simple: hold U.S. Treasuries and collect the interest. With over $113 billion in Treasuries, Tether has turned a straightforward concept into a profit machine.

Tether’s success has resulted in many competitors eager to claim a piece of the pie. This has triggered a massive venture capital grift cycle in USD tokens, with countless projects vying to dethrone Tether. Due to Tether’s entrenched network effect, these challengers face an uphill battle with little realistic chance of success. Most educated participants in the space likely recognize this reality but seem content to perpetuate the grift, hoping to cash out by dumping their equity positions on unsuspecting buyers before they realize the reality of the situation.

Historically, Tether’s greatest vulnerability has been U.S. government intervention. For over a decade, the company operated offshore with few allies in the U.S. establishment, making it a major target for regulatory action. That dynamic has shifted recently and Tether has seized the opportunity. By actively courting U.S. government support, Tether has fortified their position. This strategic move will likely cement their status as the dominant USD token for years to come.

While undeniably a great tool for the millions of users that rely on it, Tether is not without flaws. As a centralized, trusted third party, it holds the power to freeze or seize funds at its discretion. Corporate mismanagement or deliberate malpractice could also lead to massive losses at scale. In their goal of mitigating regulatory risk, Tether has deepened ties with law enforcement, mirroring some of the concerns of potential central bank digital currencies. In practice, Tether operates as a corporate CBDC alternative, collaborating with authorities to surveil and seize funds. The company proudly touts partnerships with leading surveillance firms and its own data reveals cooperation in over 1,000 law enforcement cases, with more than $2.5 billion in funds frozen.

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The global demand for Tether is undeniable and the company’s profitability reflects its unrivaled success. Tether is owned and operated by bitcoiners and will likely continue to push forward strategic goals that help the movement as a whole. Recent efforts to mitigate the threat of U.S. government enforcement will likely solidify their network effect and stifle meaningful adoption of rival USD tokens or CBDCs. Yet, for all their achievements, Tether is simply a worse form of money than bitcoin. Tether requires trust in a centralized entity, while bitcoin can be saved or spent without permission. Furthermore, Tether is tied to the value of the US Dollar which is designed to lose purchasing power over time, while bitcoin, as a truly scarce asset, is designed to increase in purchasing power with adoption. As people awaken to the risks of Tether’s control, and the benefits bitcoin provides, bitcoin adoption will likely surpass it.

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Key Takeaways

In this episode of the TFTC podcast, Dom Bei—a firefighter, union leader, and CalPERS Board of Trustees candidate—makes a powerful case for why the largest pension fund in the U.S. must seriously consider Bitcoin as both an investment opportunity and an educational tool. Highlighting CalPERS’ missed decade in private equity and its troubling 75% funded status, Bei critiques the system’s misaligned incentives and high leadership turnover. He argues that Bitcoin offers more than just potential gains—it forces participants to confront foundational issues like inflation, wealth extraction, and financial literacy. Through his nonprofit Proof of Workforce, Bei has already helped unions adopt Bitcoin in self-custody and believes that small, incremental steps can drive reform. His campaign is about re-engaging the 2 million CalPERS members, challenging political inertia, and avoiding another decade of lost opportunity.

Best Quotes

"Bitcoin’s brand is resilience, and that cannot be undone."

"I don’t need to convince pensions to buy Bitcoin. I just need them to look into it."

"The first pension was funded with confiscated warships. The original incentive structure was theft."

"CalPERS is the second-largest purchaser of medical insurance in the U.S., behind the federal government."

"Only 10% of CalPERS members voted in the last board election. That’s insane."

"Bitcoin’s simplest features remain its most impressive: you hold something that’s yours, and no one can take it."

"We don’t need pensions to go all in. Just get off zero."

"Mainstream media has run an 80% negative campaign on Bitcoin for a decade. That’s not a conspiracy—it’s just math."

Conclusion

Dom Bei’s conversation with Marty Bent frames Bitcoin not as a cure-all, but as a critical tool worth exploring—one that promotes financial literacy, institutional accountability, and personal sovereignty. His call for education, transparency, and incremental reform challenges broken pension governance and urges workers to reclaim control over both their retirements and their understanding of money. In a landscape of growing liabilities and political interference, Bei’s campaign sparks a vital conversation at the intersection of sound money and public service—one that aligns closely with Bitcoin’s foundational ethos.

Timestamps

0:00 - Intro
0:32 - Opportunity Cost app
3:34 - Dom's background
10:36 - Fold & Bitkey
12:13 - How pensions got to this point
19:29 - Impact of failure
28:10 - Unchained
28:38 - CalPERS politicized
33:49 - How pensions should approach bitcoin
42:49 - How to educate
49:37 - Energy/mining
55:55 - Running for the board
1:08:52 - Roswell NM
1:12:33 - C2A

Transcript

(00:00) pension funds are chasing liabilities and having to basically be these vehicles that play in the big kids sandbox. It's cutthroat and there's no mercy there. I can't imagine a world where the pension goes bust, that's going to send shock waves through so many different sectors of the economy. I mean, you're talking global impact.
(00:17) If you have a CIO that's incentivized for the fund to do well, they're going to find Bitcoin. The numbers don't lie. Bitcoin's brand is resilience, and that cannot be undone. What's up, freaks? Sitting down with Dom Bay, running for the board of trustees of Kalpers. Dom, welcome to the show. Thanks, Marty.
(00:44) And uh uh what else? What is up, freaks? How's everyone doing today? I hope everybody's doing well. Vibes are high here. Uh been vibe coding. The vibes are high because the vibe coding has been up. I vibe coded something last night. Feeling pretty excited. Nice. What were you working on? Is it a top secret or uh No, I think by the time this episode airs, I'll have released it, but it's a simple, very simple product.
(01:07) Uh, a browser extension that allows you to put the price of goods that you may or may not be buying in SATS alongside dollars so that you recognize the opportunity cost of purchasing things. Uh, I like that. That's that's you know I was working once with a hotel that was looking at doing Bitcoin like you know different Bitcoin stuff whether it's like putting on the treasury and one of the things I told him I was like you guys should just do a coffee shop where you just have dollar price and sats price just next to each
(01:38) other. It' be a cool thing you know something that we don't see a lot as Bitcoiners but just to you know we all do it. you get that familiarity where you go like, well, what would this be in SATS? And it's easy to look up big things but not little things. Um, so that's really cool, man. That's a that's a that'll be that'll be good. Yeah.
(01:56) The whole idea is to just have the concept of opportunity costs while you're spending front of mind, while you're shopping on the internet, which I think actually ties in perfectly with what we're here to talk about today with you specifically, is the opportunity costs that exist within pensions um that are deploying capital in ways that they have for many decades and many are missing.
(02:23) uh the Bitcoin boat. Many who haven't spoken to you are missing the Bitcoin boat and you are taking it upon yourself to try to tackle one of the biggest behemoths in the world of pensions and Kalpers to really drive home this opportunity cost at at the pension level. Yeah, for sure. you know, the outgoing chief investment officer of Kalpers, uh, Nicole Muso, uh, described the 10-year era of private equity that KPERS missed as the lost decade.
(02:56) Uh, it was the pinnacle of private equity, and Kalpers really felt like they didn't have enough capital uh, deployed. And you know, in past conversations, I've I've talked about, you know, knowing what we know about Bitcoin and where it's at and where it's going. Are you going to have similar commentary from pensions around the country in 2035 saying, "Hey, we're going to get into Bitcoin now.
(03:21) We we had a lost decade where it was just staring us right in the face and oh, we didn't really need to do much but learn about it and uh we missed the boat. So now, you know, let's let's learn about it. It'll be time will tell. Yeah. Let's jump into how you got to the point where you decided to run for the board of trustees at Kalpers.
(03:46) Let's get into your history uh as a firefighter working with the union and then your advocacy in recent years going out to public pensions, particularly those of emergency responders to to get Bitcoin within their their pension systems. and yeah, why you think Kalpers is the next big step for you? For sure. So, um I got hired as a firefighter uh just around I'm coming up on my 16-year anniversary.
(04:11) Uh I got hired as a firefighter in Santa Monica and early in my career as a firefighter. Uh someone reached out and said, "Hey, you know, you're you're you're kind of a goofball. You like talking to people and and um there's this person on the board who does a lot of our political stuff. he's leaving. You should get with him and kind of learn about what he does and go find out. And so, uh, I went with him.
(04:36) First thing he did was bring me to this breakfast with a city council member and we were talking history in the city and and I just like, you know, I love that kind of stuff and learning about, you know, the backstories behind whatever's going on and all the moving pieces. And so, uh, I ended up getting on our board, um, for the Santa Monica firefighters and pretty pretty young, doing a lot of the political stuff, ended up becoming the vice president and then became the president of the firefighters and what was over a 10-year period of serving as
(05:07) an elected board member for the firefighters. Um, you know, kind of parallel to that and unrelated, I found Bitcoin in 2017 uh randomly working at a conference, which um I forget which conference it was, but I kind of looked back and I think it might have been consensus. I'm not sure. Um, but this was 2017 and I remember my one takeaway from this conference which may or may not have been consensus and it was this.
(05:39) The people I spoke to there were equally or greater as uh convicted as any group or constituency I'd ever met in my entire life. That's including firefighters. Um you know like like any group the conviction was was was unmissable. Uh and you could tell the people I talked to there they would not be uh convinced otherwise.
(06:08) And uh at that time, you know, there wasn't as much of a division between the different coins, you know, like like there was Ethereum people there and there was Bitcoiners there, but there was a definite like someone got a hold of me and was like, "Hey, uh Bitcoin is something that like forget all this other stuff.
(06:25) You need to just learn this." And and I remember taking that away and kind of got passively involved. Wasn't super active in the space. um just kind of like you know learned about it and grabbed a little bit and and you know just kind of did that thing. the board took up a lot of my time. And so, um, another thing that happened while I was on the board was I was appointed to a pension advisory committee for the city of Santa Monica where we had a full presentation from the board uh, and um, they came and presented to us and and different um,
(06:58) not the board, it was like different team members. And so I learned a ton about the pension and and I've always been a I was a history major in college, so I love learning about history. and I started really getting into the history of pensions which is fascinating. We'll save that for another episode for the sake of your viewers.
(07:18) Um but but um started doing that and when I got off the board um you know in addition to this

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Bitcoin Magazine

U.S. Leads the World in Bitcoin Ownership, New Report Shows

A new report from River reveals that the United States dominates Bitcoin ownership globally, holding about 40% of all available Bitcoin. With 14.3% of its population owning Bitcoin, the U.S. outpaces Europe, Oceania, and Asia combined.

The United States is the global Bitcoin superpower.

Our new report breaks down how this advantage can fuel the next era of American prosperity. pic.twitter.com/v5BNgTGsKA

— River (@River) May 20, 2025

Corporate America also leads in Bitcoin holdings. Thirty-two U.S. public companies, with a combined market cap of $1.26 trillion, hold Bitcoin as a treasury asset. These firms account for 94.8% of all Bitcoin owned by publicly traded companies worldwide. Major holders include Strategy with 569,000 BTC, U.S. mining companies with 96,000 BTC, and others with 68,000 BTC, totaling 733,000 BTC in the U.S., compared to 40,000 BTC held elsewhere.

Since China’s ban on Bitcoin mining in 2021, the United States has become the global leader in Bitcoin mining, responsible for 38% of all new Bitcoin mined since then. The U.S. attracts miners thanks to its stable regulatory environment, access to deep and liquid capital markets, and abundant energy resources. These advantages have helped the U.S. increase its share of the global Bitcoin mining hashrate by over 500% since 2020, solidifying its position as the center of the industry.

Bitcoin is also emerging as America’s preferred reserve asset, overtaking gold. Over 49.6 million Americans are in favor of holding Bitcoin, compared to 36.7 million who still prefer gold.

The US government’s bitcoin advantage is greater than that of gold, where the US accounts for just 29.9% of the world’s central bank gold reserves. 

“Because there is a fixed supply of BTC, there is a strategic advantage to being among the first nations to create a strategic bitcoin reserve,” said the White House on March 7, 2025.

Politically, support for Bitcoin is gaining significant momentum across the U.S. government. As of now, 59% of U.S. Senators and 66% of House Representatives openly support pro-Bitcoin policies, signaling a notable shift in political attitudes and greater acceptance of digital assets as key components of America’s economic future.

The study highlights that Bitcoin ownership is highest among American males aged 31-35 and 41-45, with ownership rates ranging from 3% to 41% within these age groups. Politically, those identifying as “very liberal” or “neutral” are more likely to own Bitcoin than conservatives, though conservatives still make up a significant portion of holders.

This post U.S. Leads the World in Bitcoin Ownership, New Report Shows first appeared on Bitcoin Magazine and is written by Oscar Zarraga Perez.

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As Bitcoin’s price continues to climb, the value of its smallest unit, the Satoshi, grows with it. Today, owning a million Satoshis is an affordable and wise investment—especially as Bitcoin reaches new heights. Here’s why a million Satoshis should be the minimum amount everyone owns and why cold storage is key to securing your future.

1. Affordability and Future Value

While owning one full Bitcoin might seem out of reach for many, owning one million Satoshis is much more achievable. As Bitcoin continues to rise in value, a million Satoshis, which is currently worth around $250, could become worth $10,000 or more in the future. This makes owning a million Satoshis not just an entry into Bitcoin, but a solid step toward securing future wealth.

1. A World Priced in Sats

Imagine a future where goods and services are priced in Satoshis. As Bitcoin gains widespread adoption, this scenario is becoming more likely. With Bitcoin potentially surpassing $1 million per coin, one million Satoshis will be worth a significant sum in the future. By owning this amount now, you’re setting yourself up for a future where everyday transactions are measured in Sats, ensuring your financial independence.

1. A Hedge Against Inflation

With fiat currencies losing value over time, Bitcoin offers a deflationary alternative. Owning Satoshis is like holding a form of “sound money” that protects you from inflationary pressures. As Bitcoin’s value continues to grow, your Satoshis could outpace inflation, preserving your wealth for the long term.

1. The Importance of Cold Storage

Storing your Satoshis securely is just as important as owning them. Cold storage solutions, like the Foundation Passport, Coldcard, or Bitkey, offer the highest level of security by keeping your private keys offline. This protects your Bitcoin from online threats, ensuring that your Satoshis remain safe for years to come.

Cold Storage Solutions

•   Foundation Passport: Portable, secure, and open-source. A great option for long-term Bitcoin storage.

•   Coldcard: A highly secure hardware wallet that keeps your Bitcoin offline and out of reach from hackers.

•   Bitkey: A versatile, user-friendly cold storage solution integrated with your smartphone.

A Better Future with Bitcoin

Owning a million Satoshis today is not just about having a small piece of Bitcoin—it’s about securing a financial future where Bitcoin is the standard. Cold storage protects your wealth, and owning Bitcoin positions you to thrive in a decentralized, Bitcoin-driven economy. As Bitcoin continues to evolve, those who embrace it today will be ahead of the curve in a world where wealth is stored in Satoshis.

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In a world that often rewards conformity, being open-minded can be a radical act. It is a choice to embrace curiosity, challenge assumptions, and allow life to surprise you. When we open our minds, we invite new possibilities—not just in the realm of ideas but in every aspect of existence, from consciousness expansion to financial freedom with Bitcoin, and even finding a life partner. Let’s explore how this mindset can transform your reality.

1. Open-Mindedness and Consciousness

The first step to expanding consciousness is realizing how much there is to learn. By questioning the default narratives we’ve inherited—about who we are, why we’re here, and what reality itself means—we create space for deeper awareness.

This could involve practices like meditation, exploring alternative philosophies, or studying ancient wisdom traditions like Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). These practices teach us that the mind is not a fixed entity but a fluid and evolving tool. When we let go of rigid beliefs, we begin to notice synchronicities, experience heightened awareness, and even tap into higher states of being.

Being open-minded in this sense doesn’t mean blindly accepting everything; it means cultivating discernment while remaining curious. It’s in this openness that we discover the profound interconnectedness of all things.

1. Bitcoin: Financial Freedom through Innovation

For many, Bitcoin is a misunderstood or intimidating concept. But being open-minded to alternative systems can lead to incredible breakthroughs—not just financially but philosophically. Bitcoin isn’t just “digital money”; it represents decentralization, transparency, and freedom from traditional financial systems that have long prioritized the few over the many.

Adopting Bitcoin often requires a mental shift. It’s not about chasing short-term gains but about understanding the principles of sound money, scarcity, and peer-to-peer networks. For those willing to question how money works and why it matters, Bitcoin offers an opportunity to participate in a financial revolution that empowers individuals.

Openness to Bitcoin can also reshape your mindset toward technology, personal sovereignty, and global collaboration. It’s not just a currency; it’s a philosophy of trust and innovation.

1. Finding Love Through Open-Mindedness

The search for a life partner often mirrors our internal beliefs about ourselves and others. An open mind can transform how we approach relationships, making space for unexpected connections.

When we let go of rigid expectations—about what our partner “should” look like, where we’ll meet them, or how a relationship should progress—we allow love to unfold organically. Sometimes, the most wonderful spouse enters our lives when we least expect it, perhaps through a chance encounter or shared passion.

Open-mindedness in love also means being willing to grow together, embracing differences, and learning from one another. It’s about building a relationship rooted in mutual respect, curiosity, and the belief that you can continually discover new facets of your partner (and yourself) over time.

Final Thoughts: The Ripple Effect of Open-Mindedness

Whether it’s exploring consciousness, adopting Bitcoin, or finding a wonderful spouse, being open-minded is a skill that creates ripple effects across all areas of life. It’s not just about embracing new ideas—it’s about living with the belief that the universe has infinite possibilities waiting for you to discover.

By opening your mind, you open doors: to deeper awareness, financial independence, and love that feels like home. The more you explore, the more you realize that being open-minded doesn’t just expand your world—it transforms it.

So, the next time you’re faced with something unfamiliar or challenging, ask yourself: What could I learn if I let myself be curious?

On this journey, everything becomes possible.

@ cae03c48:2a7d6671

Bitcoin Magazine

The Blockchain Group Secures €8.6 Million to Boost Bitcoin Strategy

The Blockchain Group (ALTBG), listed on Euronext Growth Paris and known as Europe’s first Bitcoin Treasury Company, has announced a capital increase of approximately €8.6 million as it pushes forward with its Bitcoin Treasury Company strategy. The funding was raised through two operations, a Reserved Capital Increase and a Private Placement, with both priced at €1.279 per share.

JUST IN: French company The Blockchain Group raises €8.6 million to buy more #Bitcoin pic.twitter.com/VjTKyFSS6w

— Bitcoin Magazine (@BitcoinMagazine) May 20, 2025

This price represents a 20.18% premium over the 20-day volume-weighted average share price but a 46.26% discount compared to the closing price on May 19, 2025, reflecting recent high share price volatility.

“The Company’s Board of Directors decided on May 19, 2025, using the delegated authority granted by the shareholders’ meeting held on February 21, 2025, under the terms of its 5th resolution, on an issuance, without pre-emptive rights for shareholders, of 3,368,258 new ordinary shares of the Company at a price of €1.2790 per share, including an issuance premium, representing a premium of approximately 20.18% compared to the weighted average of the twenty closing prices of ALTBG shares on Euronext Growth Paris preceding the decision of the Company’s Board of Directors, corresponding to a total subscription amount of €4,308,001.98,” said the press release. 

In the Reserved Capital Increase, 3.37 million shares were issued to selected investors, including Robbie van den Oetelaar, TOBAM Bitcoin Treasury Opportunities Fund, and Quadrille Capital, raising over €4.3 million. The Private Placement raised another €4.35 million via the issuance of 3.4 million shares, targeting qualified investors.

“The Board of Directors also decided on a capital increase without pre-emptive rights for shareholders through an offering exclusively targeting a limited circle of investors acting on their own behalf or qualified investor, ” stated the press release.

The funds will support The Blockchain Group’s ongoing strategy of accumulating Bitcoin and expanding its subsidiaries in data intelligence, AI, and decentralized tech. Following this capital increase, the company’s share capital stands at €4.37 million, divided into over 109 million shares.

“The funds raised through the Capital Increase will enable the Company to strengthen its Bitcoin Treasury Company strategy, consisting in the accumulation of Bitcoin, while continuing to develop the operational activities of its subsidiaries,” said the press release.

Additionally, on May 12, The Blockchain Group announced it secured approximately €12.1 million through a convertible bond issuance reserved for Adam Back, CEO of Blockstream.

This post The Blockchain Group Secures €8.6 Million to Boost Bitcoin Strategy first appeared on Bitcoin Magazine and is written by Oscar Zarraga Perez.

@ 04c915da:3dfbecc9

Here’s a revised timeline of macro-level events from The Mandibles: A Family, 2029–2047 by Lionel Shriver, reimagined in a world where Bitcoin is adopted as a widely accepted form of money, altering the original narrative’s assumptions about currency collapse and economic control. In Shriver’s original story, the failure of Bitcoin is assumed amid the dominance of the bancor and the dollar’s collapse. Here, Bitcoin’s success reshapes the economic and societal trajectory, decentralizing power and challenging state-driven outcomes.

Part One: 2029–2032

• 2029 (Early Year)\ The United States faces economic strain as the dollar weakens against global shifts. However, Bitcoin, having gained traction emerges as a viable alternative. Unlike the original timeline, the bancor—a supranational currency backed by a coalition of nations—struggles to gain footing as Bitcoin’s decentralized adoption grows among individuals and businesses worldwide, undermining both the dollar and the bancor.

• 2029 (Mid-Year: The Great Renunciation)\ Treasury bonds lose value, and the government bans Bitcoin, labeling it a threat to sovereignty (mirroring the original bancor ban). However, a Bitcoin ban proves unenforceable—its decentralized nature thwarts confiscation efforts, unlike gold in the original story. Hyperinflation hits the dollar as the U.S. prints money, but Bitcoin’s fixed supply shields adopters from currency devaluation, creating a dual-economy split: dollar users suffer, while Bitcoin users thrive.

• 2029 (Late Year)\ Dollar-based inflation soars, emptying stores of goods priced in fiat currency. Meanwhile, Bitcoin transactions flourish in underground and online markets, stabilizing trade for those plugged into the bitcoin ecosystem. Traditional supply chains falter, but peer-to-peer Bitcoin networks enable local and international exchange, reducing scarcity for early adopters. The government’s gold confiscation fails to bolster the dollar, as Bitcoin’s rise renders gold less relevant.

• 2030–2031\ Crime spikes in dollar-dependent urban areas, but Bitcoin-friendly regions see less chaos, as digital wallets and smart contracts facilitate secure trade. The U.S. government doubles down on surveillance to crack down on bitcoin use. A cultural divide deepens: centralized authority weakens in Bitcoin-adopting communities, while dollar zones descend into lawlessness.

• 2032\ By this point, Bitcoin is de facto legal tender in parts of the U.S. and globally, especially in tech-savvy or libertarian-leaning regions. The federal government’s grip slips as tax collection in dollars plummets—Bitcoin’s traceability is low, and citizens evade fiat-based levies. Rural and urban Bitcoin hubs emerge, while the dollar economy remains fractured.

Time Jump: 2032–2047

• Over 15 years, Bitcoin solidifies as a global reserve currency, eroding centralized control. The U.S. government adapts, grudgingly integrating bitcoin into policy, though regional autonomy grows as Bitcoin empowers local economies.

Part Two: 2047

• 2047 (Early Year)\ The U.S. is a hybrid state: Bitcoin is legal tender alongside a diminished dollar. Taxes are lower, collected in BTC, reducing federal overreach. Bitcoin’s adoption has decentralized power nationwide. The bancor has faded, unable to compete with Bitcoin’s grassroots momentum.

• 2047 (Mid-Year)\ Travel and trade flow freely in Bitcoin zones, with no restrictive checkpoints. The dollar economy lingers in poorer areas, marked by decay, but Bitcoin’s dominance lifts overall prosperity, as its deflationary nature incentivizes saving and investment over consumption. Global supply chains rebound, powered by bitcoin enabled efficiency.

• 2047 (Late Year)\ The U.S. is a patchwork of semi-autonomous zones, united by Bitcoin’s universal acceptance rather than federal control. Resource scarcity persists due to past disruptions, but economic stability is higher than in Shriver’s original dystopia—Bitcoin’s success prevents the authoritarian slide, fostering a freer, if imperfect, society.

Key Differences

• Currency Dynamics: Bitcoin’s triumph prevents the bancor’s dominance and mitigates hyperinflation’s worst effects, offering a lifeline outside state control.
• Government Power: Centralized authority weakens as Bitcoin evades bans and taxation, shifting power to individuals and communities.
• Societal Outcome: Instead of a surveillance state, 2047 sees a decentralized, bitcoin driven world—less oppressive, though still stratified between Bitcoin haves and have-nots.

This reimagining assumes Bitcoin overcomes Shriver’s implied skepticism to become a robust, adopted currency by 2029, fundamentally altering the novel’s bleak trajectory.

@ 1817b617:715fb372

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@ b1b16be0:08f41c1d

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@ 5cb68b7a:b7cb67d5

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🛠️ Expert Recovery Solutions\ At Crypt Recver, we specialize in addressing complex wallet-related issues. Our skilled engineers have the tools and expertise to handle:

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• Extracting funds from outdated or invalid wallet addresses
• Recovering data from damaged hardware wallets
• Restoring coins from old or unsupported wallet formats

You’re not just getting a service; you’re gaining a partner in your cryptocurrency journey.

🚀 Fast and Efficient Recovery\ We understand that time is crucial in crypto recovery. Our optimized systems enable you to regain access to your funds quickly, focusing on speed without compromising security. With a success rate of over 90%, you can rely on us to act swiftly on your behalf.

🔒 Privacy is Our Priority\ Your confidentiality is essential. Every recovery session is conducted with the utmost care, ensuring all processes are encrypted and confidential. You can rest assured that your sensitive information remains private.

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@ 6ad3e2a3:c90b7740

I’ve written about MSTR twice already, https://www.chrisliss.com/p/mstr and https://www.chrisliss.com/p/mstr-part-2, but I want to focus on legendary short seller James Chanos’ current trade wherein he buys bitcoin (via ETF) and shorts MSTR, in essence to “be like Mike” Saylor who sells MSTR shares at the market and uses them to add bitcoin to the company’s balance sheet. After all, if it’s good enough for Saylor, why shouldn’t everyone be doing it — shorting a company whose stock price is more than 2x its bitcoin holdings and using the proceeds to buy the bitcoin itself?

Saylor himself has said selling shares at 2x NAV (net asset value) to buy bitcoin is like selling dollars for two dollars each, and Chanos has apparently decided to get in while the getting (market cap more than 2x net asset value) is good. If the price of bitcoin moons, sending MSTR’s shares up, you are more than hedged in that event, too. At least that’s the theory.

The problem with this bet against MSTR’s mNAV, i.e., you are betting MSTR’s market cap will converge 1:1 toward its NAV in the short and medium term is this trade does not exist in a vacuum. Saylor has described how his ATM’s (at the market) sales of shares are accretive in BTC per share because of this very premium they carry. Yes, we’ll dilute your shares of the company, but because we’re getting you 2x the bitcoin per share, you are getting an ever smaller slice of an ever bigger overall pie, and the pie is growing 2x faster than your slice is reducing. (I https://www.chrisliss.com/p/mstr how this works in my first post.)

But for this accretion to continue, there must be a constant supply of “greater fools” to pony up for the infinitely printable shares which contain only half their value in underlying bitcoin. Yes, those shares will continue to accrete more BTC per share, but only if there are more fools willing to make this trade in the future. So will there be a constant supply of such “fools” to keep fueling MSTR’s mNAV multiple indefinitely?

Yes, there will be in my opinion because you have to look at the trade from the prospective fools’ perspective. Those “fools” are not trading bitcoin for MSTR, they are trading their dollars, selling other equities to raise them maybe, but in the end it’s a dollars for shares trade. They are not selling bitcoin for them.

You might object that those same dollars could buy bitcoin instead, so they are surely trading the opportunity cost of buying bitcoin for them, but if only 5-10 percent of the market (or less) is buying bitcoin itself, the bucket in which which those “fools” reside is the entire non-bitcoin-buying equity market. (And this is not considering the even larger debt market which Saylor has yet to tap in earnest.)

So for those 90-95 percent who do not and are not presently planning to own bitcoin itself, is buying MSTR a fool’s errand, so to speak? Not remotely. If MSTR shares are infinitely printable ATM, they are still less so than the dollar and other fiat currencies. And MSTR shares are backed 2:1 by bitcoin itself, while the fiat currencies are backed by absolutely nothing. So if you hold dollars or euros, trading them for MSTR shares is an errand more sage than foolish.

That’s why this trade (buying BTC and shorting MSTR) is so dangerous. Not only are there many people who won’t buy BTC buying MSTR, there are many funds and other investment entities who are only able to buy MSTR.

Do you want to get BTC at 1:1 with the 5-10 percent or MSTR backed 2:1 with the 90-95 percent. This is a bit like medical tests that have a 95 percent accuracy rate for an asymptomatic disease that only one percent of the population has. If someone tests positive, it’s more likely to be a false one than an indication he has the disease*. The accuracy rate, even at 19:1, is subservient to the size of the respective populations.

At some point this will no longer be the case, but so long as the understanding of bitcoin is not widespread, so long as the dollar is still the unit of account, the “greater fools” buying MSTR are still miles ahead of the greatest fools buying neither, and the stock price and mNAV should only increase.

. . .

One other thought: it’s more work to play defense than offense because the person on offense knows where he’s going, and the defender can only react to him once he moves. Similarly, Saylor by virtue of being the issuer of the shares knows when more will come online while Chanos and other short sellers are borrowing them to sell in reaction to Saylor’s strategy. At any given moment, Saylor can pause anytime, choosing to issue convertible debt or preferred shares with which to buy more bitcoin, and the shorts will not be given advance notice.

If the price runs, and there is no ATM that week because Saylor has stopped on a dime, so to speak, the shorts will be left having to scramble to change directions and buy the shares back to cover. Their momentum might be in the wrong direction, though, and like Allen Iverson breaking ankles with a crossover, Saylor might trigger a massive short squeeze, rocketing the share price ever higher. That’s why he actually welcomes Chanos et al trying this copycat strategy — it becomes the fuel for outsized gains.

For that reason, news that Chanos is shorting MSTR has not shaken my conviction, though there are other more pertinent https://www.chrisliss.com/p/mstr-part-2 with MSTR, of which one should be aware. And as always, do your own due diligence before investing in anything.

* To understand this, consider a population of 100,000, with one percent having a disease. That means 1,000 have it, 99,000 do not. If the test is 95 percent accurate, and everyone is tested, 950 of the 1,000 will test positive (true positives), 50 who have it will test negative (false negatives.) Of the positives, 95 percent of 99,000 (94,050) will test negative (true negatives) and five percent (4,950) will test positive (false positives). That means 4,950 out of 5,900 positives (84%) will be false.

@ 04c915da:3dfbecc9

Bitcoin has always been rooted in freedom and resistance to authority. I get that many of you are conflicted about the US Government stacking but by design we cannot stop anyone from using bitcoin. Many have asked me for my thoughts on the matter, so let’s rip it.

Concern

One of the most glaring issues with the strategic bitcoin reserve is its foundation, built on stolen bitcoin. For those of us who value private property this is an obvious betrayal of our core principles. Rather than proof of work, the bitcoin that seeds this reserve has been taken by force. The US Government should return the bitcoin stolen from Bitfinex and the Silk Road.

Usually stolen bitcoin for the reserve creates a perverse incentive. If governments see a bitcoin as a valuable asset, they will ramp up efforts to confiscate more bitcoin. The precedent is a major concern, and I stand strongly against it, but it should be also noted that governments were already seizing coin before the reserve so this is not really a change in policy.

Ideally all seized bitcoin should be burned, by law. This would align incentives properly and make it less likely for the government to actively increase coin seizures. Due to the truly scarce properties of bitcoin, all burned bitcoin helps existing holders through increased purchasing power regardless. This change would be unlikely but those of us in policy circles should push for it regardless. It would be best case scenario for American bitcoiners and would create a strong foundation for the next century of American leadership.

Optimism

The entire point of bitcoin is that we can spend or save it without permission. That said, it is a massive benefit to not have one of the strongest governments in human history actively trying to ruin our lives.

Since the beginning, bitcoiners have faced horrible regulatory trends. KYC, surveillance, and legal cases have made using bitcoin and building bitcoin businesses incredibly difficult. It is incredibly important to note that over the past year that trend has reversed for the first time in a decade. A strategic bitcoin reserve is a key driver of this shift. By holding bitcoin, the strongest government in the world has signaled that it is not just a fringe technology but rather truly valuable, legitimate, and worth stacking.

This alignment of incentives changes everything. The US Government stacking proves bitcoin’s worth. The resulting purchasing power appreciation helps all of us who are holding coin and as bitcoin succeeds our government receives direct benefit. A beautiful positive feedback loop.

Realism

We are trending in the right direction. A strategic bitcoin reserve is a sign that the state sees bitcoin as an asset worth embracing rather than destroying. That said, there is a lot of work left to be done. We cannot be lulled into complacency, the time to push forward is now, and we cannot take our foot off the gas. We have a seat at the table for the first time ever. Let's make it worth it.

We must protect the right to free usage of bitcoin and other digital technologies. Freedom in the digital age must be taken and defended, through both technical and political avenues. Multiple privacy focused developers are facing long jail sentences for building tools that protect our freedom. These cases are not just legal battles. They are attacks on the soul of bitcoin. We need to rally behind them, fight for their freedom, and ensure the ethos of bitcoin survives this new era of government interest. The strategic reserve is a step in the right direction, but it is up to us to hold the line and shape the future.

@ 05a0f81e:fc032124

Phobia and temperament are two distinct concepts in psychology:

Phobia 1. Specific fear or anxiety: Phobias involve intense, irrational fears or anxieties towards specific objects, situations, or activities. 2. Avoidance behavior: People with phobias often exhibit avoidance behaviors to escape the feared stimulus. 3. Impact on daily life: Phobias can significantly impact an individual's daily life, causing distress and impairment.

Temperament 1. Personality traits: Temperament refers to an individual's inherent personality traits, including emotional reactivity, mood, and behavioral tendencies. 2. Stable patterns: Temperament is relatively stable across situations and over time. 3. Influence on behavior: Temperament influences an individual's behavior, interactions, and responses to various situations.

Key differences 1. Specificity: Phobias are specific to certain objects or situations, while temperament is a broader personality trait. 2. Focus: Phobias focus on fear or anxiety, whereas temperament encompasses a range of personality characteristics. 3. Impact: Phobias can have a significant impact on daily life, while temperament can shape an individual's overall behavior and interactions.

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@ ec9bd746:df11a9d0

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End: approx. 02:00 CET (Prague, UTC+1, next day)
Duration: usually 5+ hours.

| Region | Local Time Window | Convenience Level | |-----------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------| | Europe (CET, Prague) 🇨🇿🇩🇪 | 21:00–02:00 CET | ✅ Very Good; evening & night | | East Coast North America (EST) 🇺🇸🇨🇦 | 15:00–20:00 EST | ✅ Very Good; afternoon & early evening | | West Coast North America (PST) 🇺🇸🇨🇦 | 12:00–17:00 PST | ✅ Very Good; midday & afternoon | | Central America (CST) 🇲🇽🇨🇷🇬🇹 | 14:00–19:00 CST | ✅ Very Good; afternoon & evening | | South America West (Peru/Colombia PET/COT) 🇵🇪🇨🇴 | 15:00–20:00 PET/COT | ✅ Very Good; afternoon & evening | | South America East (Brazil/Argentina/Chile, BRT/ART/CLST) 🇧🇷🇦🇷🇨🇱 | 17:00–22:00 BRT/ART/CLST | ✅ Very Good; early evening | | United Kingdom/Ireland (GMT) 🇬🇧🇮🇪 | 20:00–01:00 GMT | ✅ Very Good; evening hours (midnight convenient) | | Eastern Europe (EET) 🇷🇴🇬🇷🇺🇦 | 22:00–03:00 EET | ✅ Good; late evening & early night (slightly late) | | Africa (South Africa, SAST) 🇿🇦 | 22:00–03:00 SAST | ✅ Good; late evening & overnight (late-night common) | | New Zealand (NZDT) 🇳🇿 | 09:00–14:00 NZDT (next day) | ✅ Good; weekday morning & afternoon | | Australia (AEDT, Sydney) 🇦🇺 | 07:00–12:00 AEDT (next day) | ✅ Good; weekday morning to noon | | East Africa (Kenya, EAT) 🇰🇪 | 23:00–04:00 EAT | ⚠️ Slightly late (night hours; late night common) | | Russia (Moscow, MSK) 🇷🇺 | 23:00–04:00 MSK | ⚠️ Slightly late (join at start is fine, very late night) | | Middle East (UAE, GST) 🇦🇪🇴🇲 | 00:00–05:00 GST (next day) | ⚠️ Late night start (midnight & early morning, but shorter attendance plausible)| | Japan/Korea (JST/KST) 🇯🇵🇰🇷 | 05:00–10:00 JST/KST (next day) | ⚠️ Early; convenient joining from ~07:00 onwards possible | | China (Beijing, CST) 🇨🇳 | 04:00–09:00 CST (next day) | ❌ Challenging; very early morning start (better ~07:00 onwards) | | India (IST) 🇮🇳 | 01:30–06:30 IST (next day) | ❌ Very challenging; overnight timing typically difficult|

---

@ c066aac5:6a41a034

I’m drawn to extremities in art. The louder, the bolder, the more outrageous, the better. Bold art takes me out of the mundane into a whole new world where anything and everything is possible. Having grown up in the safety of the suburban midwest, I was a bit of a rebellious soul in search of the satiation that only came from the consumption of the outrageous. My inclination to find bold art draws me to NOSTR, because I believe NOSTR can be the place where the next generation of artistic pioneers go to express themselves. I also believe that as much as we are able, were should invite them to come create here.

My Background: A Small Side Story

My father was a professional gamer in the 80s, back when there was no money or glory in the avocation. He did get a bit of spotlight though after the fact: in the mid 2000’s there were a few parties making documentaries about that era of gaming as well as current arcade events (namely 2007’sChasing GhostsandThe King of Kong: A Fistful of Quarters). As a result of these documentaries, there was a revival in the arcade gaming scene. My family attended events related to the documentaries or arcade gaming and I became exposed to a lot of things I wouldn’t have been able to find. The producer ofThe King of Kong: A Fistful of Quarters had previously made a documentary calledNew York Dollwhich was centered around the life of bassist Arthur Kane. My 12 year old mind was blown: The New York Dolls were a glam-punk sensation dressed in drag. The music was from another planet. Johnny Thunders’ guitar playing was like Chuck Berry with more distortion and less filter. Later on I got to meet the Galaga record holder at the time, Phil Day, in Ottumwa Iowa. Phil is an Australian man of high intellect and good taste. He exposed me to great creators such as Nick Cave & The Bad Seeds, Shakespeare, Lou Reed, artists who created things that I had previously found inconceivable.

I believe this time period informed my current tastes and interests, but regrettably I think it also put coals on the fire of rebellion within. I stopped taking my parents and siblings seriously, the Christian faith of my family (which I now hold dearly to) seemed like a mundane sham, and I felt I couldn’t fit in with most people because of my avant-garde tastes. So I write this with the caveat that there should be a way to encourage these tastes in children without letting them walk down the wrong path. There is nothing inherently wrong with bold art, but I’d advise parents to carefully find ways to cultivate their children’s tastes without completely shutting them down and pushing them away as a result. My parents were very loving and patient during this time; I thank God for that.

With that out of the way, lets dive in to some bold artists:

Nicolas Cage: Actor

There is an excellent video by Wisecrack on Nicolas Cage that explains him better than I will, which I will linkhere. Nicolas Cage rejects the idea that good acting is tied to mere realism; all of his larger than life acting decisions are deliberate choices. When that clicked for me, I immediately realized the man is a genius. He borrows from Kabuki and German Expressionism, art forms that rely on exaggeration to get the message across. He has even created his own acting style, which he calls Nouveau Shamanic. He augments his imagination to go from acting to being. Rather than using the old hat of method acting, he transports himself to a new world mentally. The projects he chooses to partake in are based on his own interests or what he considers would be a challenge (making a bad script good for example). Thus it doesn’t matter how the end result comes out; he has already achieved his goal as an artist. Because of this and because certain directors don’t know how to use his talents, he has a noticeable amount of duds in his filmography. Dig around the duds, you’ll find some pure gold. I’d personally recommend the filmsPig, Joe, Renfield, and his Christmas film The Family Man.

Nick Cave: Songwriter

What a wild career this man has had! From the apocalyptic mayhem of his band The Birthday Party to the pensive atmosphere of his albumGhosteen, it seems like Nick Cave has tried everything. I think his secret sauce is that he’s always working. He maintains an excellent newsletter calledThe Red Hand Files, he has written screenplays such asLawless, he has written books, he has made great film scores such asThe Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford, the man is religiously prolific. I believe that one of the reasons he is prolific is that he’s not afraid to experiment. If he has an idea, he follows it through to completion. From the albumMurder Ballads(which is comprised of what the title suggests) to his rejected sequel toGladiator(Gladiator: Christ Killer), he doesn’t seem to be afraid to take anything on. This has led to some over the top works as well as some deeply personal works. Albums likeSkeleton TreeandGhosteenwere journeys through the grief of his son’s death. The Boatman’s Callis arguably a better break-up album than anything Taylor Swift has put out. He’s not afraid to be outrageous, he’s not afraid to offend, but most importantly he’s not afraid to be himself. Works I’d recommend include The Birthday Party’sLive 1981-82, Nick Cave & The Bad Seeds’The Boatman’s Call, and the filmLawless.

Jim Jarmusch: Director

I consider Jim’s films to be bold almost in an ironic sense: his works are bold in that they are, for the most part, anti-sensational. He has a rule that if his screenplays are criticized for a lack of action, he makes them even less eventful. Even with sensational settings his films feel very close to reality, and they demonstrate the beauty of everyday life. That's what is bold about his art to me: making the sensational grounded in reality while making everyday reality all the more special. Ghost Dog: The Way of the Samurai is about a modern-day African-American hitman who strictly follows the rules of the ancient Samurai, yet one can resonate with the humanity of a seemingly absurd character. Only Lovers Left Aliveis a vampire love story, but in the middle of a vampire romance one can see their their own relationships in a new deeply human light. Jim’s work reminds me that art reflects life, and that there is sacred beauty in seemingly mundane everyday life. I personally recommend his filmsPaterson,Down by Law, andCoffee and Cigarettes.

NOSTR: We Need Bold Art

NOSTR is in my opinion a path to a better future. In a world creeping slowly towards everything apps, I hope that the protocol where the individual owns their data wins over everything else. I love freedom and sovereignty. If NOSTR is going to win the race of everything apps, we need more than Bitcoin content. We need more than shirtless bros paying for bananas in foreign countries and exercising with girls who have seductive accents. Common people cannot see themselves in such a world. NOSTR needs to catch the attention of everyday people. I don’t believe that this can be accomplished merely by introducing more broadly relevant content; people are searching for content that speaks to them. I believe that NOSTR can and should attract artists of all kinds because NOSTR is one of the few places on the internet where artists can express themselves fearlessly. Getting zaps from NOSTR’s value-for-value ecosystem has far less friction than crowdfunding a creative project or pitching investors that will irreversibly modify an artist’s vision. Having a place where one can post their works without fear of censorship should be extremely enticing. Having a place where one can connect with fellow humans directly as opposed to a sea of bots should seem like the obvious solution. If NOSTR can become a safe haven for artists to express themselves and spread their work, I believe that everyday people will follow. The banker whose stressful job weighs on them will suddenly find joy with an original meme made by a great visual comedian. The programmer for a healthcare company who is drowning in hopeless mundanity could suddenly find a new lust for life by hearing the song of a musician who isn’t afraid to crowdfund their their next project by putting their lighting address on the streets of the internet. The excel guru who loves independent film may find that NOSTR is the best way to support non corporate movies. My closing statement: continue to encourage the artists in your life as I’m sure you have been, but while you’re at it give them the purple pill. You may very well be a part of building a better future.

@ 4ba8e86d:89d32de4

DTails é uma ferramenta que facilita a inclusão de aplicativos em imagens de sistemas live baseados em Debian, como o Tails. Com ela, você pode personalizar sua imagem adicionando os softwares que realmente precisa — tudo de forma simples, transparente e sob seu controle total.

⚠️ DTails não é uma distribuição. É uma ferramenta de remasterização de imagens live.

Ela permite incluir softwares como:

✅ SimpleX Chat ✅ Clientes Nostr Web (Snort & Iris) ✅ Sparrow Wallet ✅ Feather Wallet ✅ Cake Wallet ✅ RoboSats ✅ Bisq ✅ BIP39 (Ian Coleman) ✅ SeedTool ... e muito mais. https://image.nostr.build/b0bb1f0da5a9a8fee42eacbddb156fc3558f4c3804575d55eeefbe6870ac223e.jpg

Importante: os binários originais dos aplicativos não são modificados, garantindo total transparência e permitindo a verificação de hashes a qualquer momento.

👨‍💻 Desenvolvido por: nostr:npub1dtmp3wrkyqafghjgwyk88mxvulfncc9lg6ppv4laet5cun66jtwqqpgte6

GitHub: https://github.com/DesobedienteTecnologico/dtails?tab=readme-ov-file

🎯 Controle total do que será instalado

Com o DTails, você escolhe exatamente o que deseja incluir na imagem personalizada. Se não marcar um aplicativo, ele não será adicionado, mesmo que esteja disponível. Isso significa: privacidade, leveza e controle absoluto.

https://image.nostr.build/b0bb1f0da5a9a8fee42eacbddb156fc3558f4c3804575d55eeefbe6870ac223e.jpg https://image.nostr.build/b70ed11ad2ce0f14fd01d62c08998dc18e3f27733c8d7e968f3459846fb81baf.jpg https://image.nostr.build/4f5a904218c1ea6538be5b3f764eefda95edd8f88b2f42ac46b9ae420b35e6f6.jpg

⚙️ Começando com o DTails

📦 Requisitos de pacotes

Antes de tudo, instale os seguintes pacotes no Debian:

``` sudo apt-get install genisoimage parted squashfs-tools syslinux-utils build-essential python3-tk python3-pil.imagetk python3-pyudev

```

🛠 Passo a passo

1 Clone o repositório:

``` git clone https://github.com/DesobedienteTecnologico/dtails cd dtails

```

2 Inicie a interface gráfica com sudo:

``` sudo ./dtails.py

```

Por que usar sudo? É necessário para montar arquivos .iso ou .img e utilizar ferramentas essenciais do sistema.

---

💿 Selecione a imagem Tails que deseja modificar

https://nostr.download/e3143dcd72ab6dcc86228be04d53131ccf33d599a5f7f2f1a5c0d193557dac6b.jpg

---

📥 Adicione ou remova pacotes

1 Marque os aplicativos desejados. 2 Clique Buildld para gerar sua imagem personalizada. https://image.nostr.build/5c4db03fe33cd53d06845074d03888a3ca89c3e29b2dc1afed4d9d181489b771.png

Você pode acompanhar todo o processo diretamente no terminal. https://nostr.download/1d959f4be4de9fbb666ada870afee4a922fb5e96ef296c4408058ec33cd657a8.jpg

---

💽 .ISO vs .IMG — Qual escolher?

| Formato | Persistência | Observações | | ------- | ---------------------- | ----------------------------------------------- | | .iso | ❌ Não tem persistência | Gera o arquivo DTails.iso na pasta do projeto | | .img | ✅ Suporta persistência | Permite gravar diretamente em um pendrive |

https://nostr.download/587fa3956df47a38b169619f63c559928e6410c3dd0d99361770a8716b3691f6.jpg https://nostr.download/40c7c5badba765968a1004ebc67c63a28b9ae3b5801addb02166b071f970659f.jpg

---

vídeo

https://www.youtube.com/live/QABz-GOeQ68?si=eYX-AHsolbp_OmAm

@ 9c47bb51:000381d0

The financial markets are at a crossroads. With SPY trading at $608 and QQQ at $525, these flagship ETFs are steadily moving toward the $1,000 per share milestone. While the milestone itself is symbolic, its implications for investors and the broader market could be transformative.

For many retail investors, high share prices—despite the availability of fractional shares—create a psychological barrier. Investors instinctively perceive higher prices as less accessible, even if the value proposition remains unchanged. This perception challenges the traditional market and raises the question:

How will markets adapt as SPY and QQQ continue their climb toward $1,000 per share?

Let’s explore two potential paths forward, including how Bitcoin ETFs and direct Bitcoin ownership could reshape how we invest and define “The Market.”

1. New Standardized Products for Retail Investors

When SPY and QQQ reach higher price levels, markets will likely introduce new products to maintain accessibility. This adaptation wouldn’t be unprecedented. For example, Fidelity’s FNILX, a zero-expense index fund that tracks the S&P 500, provides a low-cost and highly accessible alternative to traditional funds.

However, FNILX is a mutual fund and doesn’t offer the liquidity or tradability of ETFs, which makes ETFs far more appealing to active traders and long-term investors alike. The ETF equivalent of FNILX would likely take the form of new products specifically designed to solve the “high price barrier” problem.

What These New ETFs Could Look Like:

•   Lower Price Points: New ETFs might adopt alternative share structures or tokenization to fractionalize ownership while maintaining correlation to major indices like SPY and QQQ.

•   Cost-Effective Options: Providers could offer these products with reduced or zero fees, similar to FNILX, but with the tradability of ETFs.

•   Trader-Friendly Designs: These ETFs would retain liquidity and flexibility, ensuring active investors can continue trading them easily.

Such products would act as next-generation ETFs, satisfying demand for accessibility while keeping retail investors engaged in traditional markets.

1. The Rise of Bitcoin as an Alternative Market Standard

While SPY and QQQ dominate the current investment landscape, the rise of Bitcoin ETFs and direct Bitcoin ownership presents a compelling alternative. Bitcoin’s decentralized nature and finite supply make it fundamentally different from traditional equities, and its adoption as a financial instrument is growing rapidly.

Bitcoin ETFs: A Familiar Entry Point

Bitcoin ETFs, like IBIT, bridge the gap between the traditional financial system and the world of cryptocurrency. They allow investors to gain Bitcoin exposure through familiar platforms, such as brokerage accounts, without needing to manage private keys or wallets.

Advantages of Bitcoin ETFs: 1. Ease of Use: Easily accessible through existing brokerage platforms, making Bitcoin exposure as simple as buying a stock.

2.  Regulated Framework: Operates within traditional financial regulations, providing a sense of security for traditional investors.

3.  Portfolio Integration: Fits seamlessly into diversified portfolios, allowing Bitcoin exposure alongside traditional assets.

However, Bitcoin ETFs have limitations, including management fees, lack of true ownership, and reliance on third-party custodians.

Self-Custody Bitcoin: True Financial Sovereignty

For investors who want to fully embrace the decentralized ethos of Bitcoin, self-custody offers unparalleled financial sovereignty. By purchasing Bitcoin directly and storing it in a private wallet, investors take full control of their assets.

Benefits of Self-Custody: 1. True Ownership: You hold the private keys, ensuring no third party has control over your Bitcoin.

2.  Censorship Resistance: Self-custodied Bitcoin is immune to freezes, seizures, or restrictions.
3.  Decentralization: You actively contribute to the resilience of the Bitcoin network.

4.  Security: Proper practices, like using hardware wallets or multi-signature solutions, provide robust protection against theft or institutional failure.

Self-custody does require responsibility, but the learning curve is shrinking as user-friendly tools and educational resources become more widely available.

A Broader Shift in Market Perception

As SPY and QQQ climb toward $1,000, Bitcoin may begin to redefine how we measure market health and economic performance. Traditionally, indices like the S&P 500 have been seen as benchmarks for the economy. In the future, Bitcoin’s price and adoption metrics could serve as a parallel or even competing measure.

Why Bitcoin Could Become a New Market Standard:

•   Global Inclusion: Bitcoin is accessible to anyone with an internet connection, breaking down geographic and economic barriers.

•   Inflation Hedge: Its finite supply makes it a powerful store of value, particularly in inflationary environments.

•   Decentralized Economy: Bitcoin represents a global, decentralized economic standard, uncorrelated with traditional equity markets.

Implications for the Future of Investing

For Traditional ETFs:

As SPY and QQQ approach $1,000, the introduction of new, lower-priced ETF products will be critical to maintaining retail engagement. These innovations could fragment demand across products, altering trading volumes and creating new dynamics for liquidity and volatility.

For Bitcoin:

The rise of Bitcoin ETFs and self-custody will empower investors to rethink how they store and grow their wealth. The decision between convenience (Bitcoin ETFs) and sovereignty (self-custody) will define a new era of financial choice.

Takeaway: Preparing for a Transformative Future

The approaching $1,000 milestone for SPY and QQQ is more than just a numerical milestone—it signals a shift in how markets must adapt to the needs of investors. Whether through new standardized ETFs or the growing adoption of Bitcoin ETFs and self-custody, the investment landscape is evolving.

For investors, this is an opportunity to embrace change. Will you continue to follow traditional benchmarks, explore new Bitcoin products, or take control through self-custody?

One thing is clear: the markets of tomorrow will reward those who adapt, innovate, and educate themselves. The future isn’t about choosing between systems—it’s about using the tools that empower you to thrive.

@ a5ee4475:2ca75401

clients #link #list #english #article #finalversion #descentralismo

*These clients are generally applications on the Nostr network that allow you to use the same account, regardless of the app used, keeping your messages and profile intact.

**However, you may need to meet certain requirements regarding access and account NIP for some clients, so that you can access them securely and use their features correctly.

---

CLIENTS

---

Twitter like

• Nostrmo - [source] 🌐💻(🐧🪟🍎)🍎🤖(on zapstore)
• Coracle - Super App [source] 🌐🤖(on zapstore)
• Amethyst - Super App with note edit, delete and other stuff with Tor [source] 🤖(on zapstore)
• Primal - Social and wallet [source] 🌐🍎🤖(on zapstore)
• Iris - [source] 🌐🤖🍎
• Current - [source] 🤖🍎
• FreeFrom 🤖🍎
• Openvibe - Nostr and others (new Plebstr) [source] 🤖🍎
• Snort 🌐(🤖[early access]) [onion] [source]
• Damus 🍎 [source]
• Nos 🍎 [source]
• Nostur 🍎 [source]
• NostrBand 🌐 [info] [source]
• Yana [source] 🌐💻(🐧) 🍎🤖(on zapstore)
• Nostribe [on development] 🌐 [source]
• Lume 💻(🐧🪟🍎) [info] [source]
• Gossip - [source] 💻(🐧🪟🍎)
• noStrudel - Gamified Experience [onion] [info/source] 🌐
• [Nostrudel Next] - [onion]
• moStard - Nostrudel with Monero [onion] [info/source] 🌐
• Camelus - [source] 🤖 [early access]

---

Community

• CCNS - Community Curated Nostr Stuff [source]
• Nostr Kiwi [creator] 🌐
• Satellite [info] 🌐
• Flotilla - [source] 🌐🐧🤖(on zapstore)
• Chachi - [source] 🌐
• Futr - Coded in haskell [source] 🐧 (others soon)
• Soapbox - Comunnity server [info] [source] 🌐
• Ditto - Soapbox community server 🌐 [source] 🌐
• Cobrafuma - Nostr brazilian community on Ditto [info] 🌐
• Zapddit - Reddit like [source] 🌐
• Voyage (Reddit like) [on development] 🤖

---

Wiki

• Wikifreedia - Wiki Dark mode [source] 🌐
• Wikinostr - Wiki with tabs clear mode [source] 🌐
• Wikistr - Wiki clear mode [info] [source] 🌐

---

Search

• Keychat - Signal-like chat with AI and browser [source] 💻(🐧🪟🍎) - 📱(🍎🤖{on zapstore})
• Spring - Browser for Nostr apps and other sites [source] 🤖 (on zapstore)
• Advanced nostr search - Advanced note search by isolated terms related to a npub profile [source] 🌐
• Nos Today - Global note search by isolated terms [info] [source] 🌐
• Nostr Search Engine - API for Nostr clients [source]
• Ntrends - Trending notes and profiles 🌐

---

Website

• Nsite - Nostr Site [onion] [info] [source]
• Nsite Gateway - Nostr Site Gateway [source]
• Npub pro - Your site on Nostr [source]

---

App Store

ZapStore - Permitionless App Store [source] 🤖 💻(🐧🍎)

---

Video and Live Streaming

• Flare - Youtube like 🌐 [source]
• ZapStream - Lives, videos, shorts and zaps (NIP-53) [source] 🌐 🤖(lives only | Amber | on zapstore)
• Swae - Live streaming [source] (on development) ⏳

Post Aggregator - Kinostr - Nostr Cinema with #kinostr [english] [author] 🌐 - Stremstr - Nostr Cinema with #kinostr [english] [source] 📱 (on development) ⏳

Link Agreggator - Kinostr - #kinostr - Nostr Cinema Profile with links [English] - Equinox - Nostr Cinema Community with links [Portuguese]

---

Audio and Podcast Transmission

• Castr - Your npub as podcast feed [source]
• Nostr Nests - Audio Chats [source] 🌐
• Fountain - Podcast [source] 🤖🍎
• Corny Chat - Audio Chat [source] 🌐

---

Music

• Tidal - Music Streaming [source] [about] [info] 🤖🍎🌐
• Wavlake - Music Streaming [source] 🌐(🤖🍎 [early access])
• Tunestr - Musical Events [source] [about] 🌐
• Stemstr - Musical Colab (paid to post) [source] [about] 🌐

---

Images

• Lumina - Trending images and pictures [source] 🌐
• Pinstr - Pinterest like [source] 🌐
• Slidestr - DeviantArt like [source] 🌐
• Memestr - ifunny like [source] 🌐

---

Download and Upload

• DTAN - Distributed Torrent Archive on Nostr [info] [source] 🌐

---

Documents, graphics and tables

• Mindstr - Mind maps [source] 🌐
• Docstr - Share Docs [info] [source] 🌐
• Formstr - Share Forms [info] 🌐
• Sheetstr - Share Spreadsheets [source] 🌐
• Slide Maker - Share slides 🌐 [Advice: Slide Maker https://zaplinks.lol/ site is down]

---

Health

• Sobrkey - Sobriety and mental health [source] 🌐
• Runstr - Running app [source] 🌐
• NosFabrica - Finding ways for your health data 🌐
• LazerEyes - Eye prescription by DM [source] 🌐

---

Forum

• OddBean - Hacker News like [info] [source] 🌐
• LowEnt - Forum [info] 🌐
• Swarmstr - Q&A / FAQ [info] 🌐
• Staker News - Hacker News like 🌐 [info]

---

Direct Messenges (DM)

• 0xchat 🤖🍎 [source]
• Nostr Chat 🌐🍎 [source]
• Blowater 🌐 [source]
• Anigma (new nostrgram) - Telegram based [on development] [source]

---

Reading

• Oracolo - A minimalist Nostr html blog [source]
• nRSS - Nostr RSS reader 🌐
• Highlighter - Insights with a highlighted read [info] 🌐
• Zephyr - Calming to Read [info] 🌐
• Flycat - Clean and Healthy Feed [info] 🌐
• Nosta - Check Profiles [on development] [info] 🌐
• Alexandria - e-Reader and Nostr Knowledge Base (NKB) [source] 🌐

---

Writing

• Habla - Blog [info] 🌐
• Blogstack - Blog [info]🌐
• YakiHonne - Articles and News [info] 🌐🍎🤖(on zapstore)

---

Lists

• Following - Users list [source] 🌐
• Nostr Unfollower - Nostr Unfollower
• Listr - Lists [source] 🌐
• Nostr potatoes - Movies List [source] 💻(numpy)

---

Market and Jobs

• Shopstr - Buy and Sell [onion] [source] 🌐
• Nostr Market - Buy and Sell 🌐
• Plebeian Market - Buy and Sell [source] 🌐
• Ostrich Work - Jobs [source] 🌐
• Nostrocket - Jobs [source] 🌐

---

Data Vending Machines - DVM (NIP90)

(Data-processing tools)

• Noogle - [source] 🌐
• Vendata - [source] 🌐
• TaskTiger 🌐
• Malware DVMs 🌐

---

Games

• Chesstr - Chess 🌐 [source]
• Jestr - Chess [source] 🌐
• Snakestr - Snake game [source] 🌐
• Snakes on a Relay - Multiplayer Snake game like slither.io [source] 🌐

ENGINES - DEG Mods - Decentralized Game Mods [info] [source] 🌐 - NG Engine - Nostr Game Engine [source] 🌐 - JmonkeyEngine - Java game engine [source] 🌐

---

Customization

• Emojito - Send Funny Stickers to React 🌐 [creator]

---

Like other Services

• Olas - Instagram like [source] 🌐🍎🤖(on zapstore)
• Nostree - Linktree like 🌐
• Rabbit - TweetDeck like [info] 🌐
• Zaplinks - Nostr links 🌐
• Omeglestr - Omegle-like Random Chats [source] 🌐

---

General Uses

• Njump - HTML text gateway source 🌐
• Filestr - HTML midia gateway [source] 🌐
• W3 - Nostr URL shortener [source] 🌐
• Playground - Test Nostr filters [source] 🌐

---

Places

• Wherostr - Travel and show where you are
• Arc Map (Mapstr) - Bitcoin Map [info]

---

Driver and Delivery

• RoadRunner - Uber like [on development] ⏱️
• Nostrlivery - iFood like [on development] ⏱️

⚠️ SCAM ⚠️ | Arcade City - Uber like [source]

---

OTHER STUFF

---

Lightning Wallets (zap)

• Alby - Native and extension [info] 🌐
• ZBD - Gaming and Social [info] [source] 🤖🍎
• Wallet of Satoshi - Simplest Lightning Wallet [info] 🤖🍎
• Minibits - Cashu mobile wallet [info] 🤖
• Blink - Opensource custodial wallet (KYC over 1000 usd) [source] 🤖🍎
• LNbits - App and extesion [source] 🤖🍎💻
• Zeus - [info] [source] 🤖🍎

Without Zap - Wassabi Wallet - Privacy-focused and non-custodial with Nostr Update Manager [source]

---

Exchange

• Mostro - P2P lightning exchange on Nostr [info] 🌐
• Emptio - Bitcoin P2P on Nostr [on development]

---

Media Server (Upload Links)

audio, image and video

Connected with Nostr (NIP):

• Nostr Build - Free and paid Upload [info] [source] 🌐
• NostrMedia - Written in Go with Nip 96 / Blossom (free and paid) [info] [source]
• Nostr Check - [info] [source] 🌐
• NostPic - [info] [source] 🌐
• Sovbit - Free and paid upload [info] [source] 🌐
• Voidcat - Nip-96 and Blossom [source] 🌐
• Primal Media - Primal Media Uploader [source] 🌐

Blossom - Your Media Safer

• Primal Blossom 🌐
• NostrBuild Blossom - Free upload (max 100MiB) and paid [info] [source] 🌐

Paid Upload Only

• Satellite CDN - prepaid upload (max 5GB each) [info] [source] 🌐

Without Nostr NIP:

• Pomf - Upload larger videos (max 1GB) [source]
• Catbox - max 200 MB [source]
• x0 - max 512 MiB [source]

---

Donation and payments

• Zapper - Easy Zaps [source] 🌐
• Autozap [source] 🌐
• Zapmeacoffee 🌐
• Nostr Zap 💻(numpy)
• Creatr - Creators subscription 🌐
• Geyzer - Crowdfunding [info] [source] 🌐
• Heya! - Crowdfunding [source]

---

Security

• Secret Border - Generate offline keys 💻(java)
• Umbrel - Your private relay [source] 🌐

---

Key signing/login and Extension

• Amber - Key signing [source] 🤖(on zapstore)
• Nowser - Account access keys 📱(🤖🍎) 💻(🐧🍎🪟)
• Nos2x - Account access keys 🌐
• Nsec.app 🌐 [info]
• Lume - [info] [source] 🐧🪟🍎
• Satcom - Share files to discuss - [info] 🌐
• KeysBand - Multi-key signing [source] 🌐

---

Code

• Stacks - AI Templates [info] [source] 🌐
• Nostrify - Share Nostr Frameworks 🌐
• Git Workshop (github like) [experimental] 🌐
• Gitstr (github like) [on development] ⏱️
• Osty [on development] [info] 🌐
• Python Nostr - Python Library for Nostr
• Sybil - Creating, managing and test Nostr events [on development] ⏱️

---

Relay Check and Cloud

• Nostr Watch - See your relay speed 🌐
• NosDrive - Nostr Relay that saves to Google Drive

---

Bidges and Getways

• Matrixtr Bridge - Between Matrix & Nostr
• Mostr - Between Nostr & Fediverse
• Nostrss - RSS to Nostr
• Rsslay - Optimized RSS to Nostr [source]
• Atomstr - RSS/Atom to Nostr [source]

Useful Profiles and Trends

nostr-voice - Voice note (just some clients)

---

NOT RELATED TO NOSTR

---

Voca - Text-to-Speech App for GrapheneOS [source] 🤖(on zapstore)

Android Keyboards

• Futo - Gboard like [source]
• Florisboard - [source]
• Heliboard - Openboard based [source]

---

Personal notes and texts

• Joplin - privacy-focused note taking app with sync capabilities [source] 📱(🤖🍎) - 💻 (🐧🪟🍎)

---

Front-ends

• Nitter - Twitter / X without your data [source]
• NewPipe - Youtube, Peertube and others, without account & your data [source] 🤖
• Piped - Youtube web without you data [source] 🌐

---

Other Services

• Brave - Browser [source]
• DuckDuckGo - Search [source]
• LLMA - Meta - Meta open source AI [source]
• DuckDuckGo AI Chat - Famous AIs without Login [source]
• Proton Mail - Mail [source]

Other open source index: Degoogled Apps

---

Some other Nostr index on:

Nostr Apps | Nostorg | Awesome Nostr

@ cae03c48:2a7d6671

Bitcoin Magazine

Building FUN! on Bitcoin: Parker Day and Casey Rodarmor Talk Collaboration and the Future of On-Chain Art and Auctions

Parker Day and Casey Rodarmor’s FUN! Collection is an unprecedented synthesis of photographic maximalism and protocol-level innovation—a work that stands alone within the landscape of Bitcoin-native art. Saturated with Day’s bold color palette, surreal personas, and layered identity play, the collection is anchored by Rodarmor’s foundational role as the creator of the Ordinals protocol. Most notably, the series is inscribed directly under Inscription 0—the first inscription ever made using the Ordinals Protocol—marking it as an ontological outlier in the digital art canon. No other collection occupies this same foundational location on-chain, making FUN! a conceptual and technical landmark in Ordinals history.

Now expanded with new reflections from both collaborators, this interview explores the project’s deeper ideological dimensions—from the mechanics of trustless auctions to the ethics of artistic compensation, from pro wrestling and portraiture to capitalist generosity and the social roots of value. Together, Day and Rodarmor form a rare creative pairing: artist and dev, photographer and protocol architect, equal parts absurdity and rigor.

One of the collection’s most iconic works—featuring Rodarmor himself—is set to headline the Megalith.art auction, a Bitcoin-native sale structure that concludes on June 3rd and will be showcased at both Bitcoin 2025 in Las Vegas and its satellite event, Inscribing Vegas. The piece anchors a broader lineup that includes standout contributions from leading digital artists such as Post Wook, Coldie, Ryan Koopmans, FAR, Rupture, and Harto.

It’s less an interview than a glimpse into a high-voltage collaboration:

Parker, your photography is known for its bold color, eccentric characters, and fearless exploration of identity and persona. How did this collaboration with Casey come about, and what visual or cultural influences helped shape The FUN! Collection?

PARKER: Casey and I have known each other since high school. You could even say he was one of my first models—I shot his portrait for my sophomore year darkroom photography class. We kept in touch over the years, and in 2017 he encouraged me to turn my ICONS series into crypto art. I passed on that at the time, but in 2021 I did release an Ethereum NFT collection of ICONS. Right after that, Casey called me and said, “Yo! You need to go even bigger! Do 10k!” And I’m like, “You know these are all unretouched and shot on film, right?” But with his encouragement and funding, we figured out how to produce 1,000 unique portraits.

The visual and cultural influences behind FUN! are too numerous to name—just a mishmash of pop culture that’s been stewing in my brain since childhood.

The FUN! collection was released under a CC0 license, meaning anyone can reuse, remix, or recontextualize the work without restriction. In a project so rooted in persona, authorship, and performance, what led you to make that decision—and how do you think about authorship or artistic control in the context of open licensing on Bitcoin? What would you find interesting to see done with the collection beyond your original photography methodology? What kinds of reinterpretations or mutations of the collection would genuinely intrigue you?

PARKER: I love it. As an artist, once you create something and it leaves the studio, it’s out of your hands. The audience shapes the work in their own interpretations. You have no control over it. It seems silly to say “this is my IP, you can’t do anything with it.” We live in a world of memes, of reproduction ad infinitum. It seems anachronistic in today’s world to clutch copyright with an iron fist. And it’s perfectly in keeping with the ethos of Bitcoin to make the work CC0. In terms of value, the inscriptions are the scarce collectibles. Even more so than any editioned prints will ever be. Their inscriptions’ provenance is on chain, directly descended from inscription 0. 

There’s nothing in particular that I’d like to see or not like to see done with FUN! I just hope people find meaning in it, and make meaning from it. 

You two have an unusual creative relationship: artist and protocol dev, patron and co-conspirator. Casey, you basically invented a new medium to support Parker’s work. What does it mean to build something enduring together in a space that often prizes individualism?

CASEY: I love it. I mean—I really love it. Parker and I are super complementary. We each have our own strong wheelhouses, and we’re always engaging with each other’s work, but in this very chill, supportive way.

Like, when we’re shooting, I’ll tell her what I think looks cool or what might work well in the collection—but it’s never directive. It’s more like, “Hey, here’s some data. Do with it what you will.” And same goes for the technical stuff. We’ll talk about metadata, domains, the website layout—she gives me her thoughts, and it’s just… input. Take it or leave it.

We’re both so solid in our own lanes that it makes collaboration easy. There’s no weird insecurity. She’s the creative force behind the collection—I know that. I’m the technical backbone—and she knows that. That kind of clarity makes it fun.

And honestly, I’m just really proud of this partnership. We’ve been in each other’s lives in a positive way for so long—since high school. Parker’s given me Bitcoin haircuts. I was bugging her to do NFTs in 2017. Even when we’d go long stretches without talking, we always checked back in.

“Hey, how’s it going?”
“Saw you on Twitter.”
“Saw you on Instagram.”

It’s just one of those great, long-running collaborations that’s rooted in mutual respect—and a shared willingness to go weird.

Casey, did you draw on any past modeling experience—or take notes from Raph? And what was it like working under Parker’s direction: more Kubrick or camp counselor?

CASEY: I think I was pretty self-directed for the shoot. I wasn’t drawing on past modeling experience exactly—more like theater kid energy. I’ve always loved professional wrestling. It’s incredibly cool… and also incredibly formulaic, so I get bored if I watch too much. But every couple of years, I check back in, see what the storylines are.

For this shoot, I knew exactly how I wanted to ham it up—like a professional wrestler. That wild, sweaty, insane energy. The spiked ball pressed against my face. All the weird faces. American pro wrestling is super operatic, honestly.

The character I was channeling? Mostly Ultimate Warrior. Parker really nailed the eyes—those classic, intense Ultimate Warrior eyes. He wore wild makeup and had that jacked-up look. Ric Flair was another influence—mainly for the hair. He had this long blond hair, and when it got bloody in the ring, it looked insane.

As for Parker—definitely more camp counselor than Kubrick. She sets the scene: everything ready, hair and makeup dialed, wardrobe laid out. We talked through the costumes a bit. She’ll give direction, a few hints here and there—but it’s really up to the model to bring it.

You can include that (Casey snaps his fingers.)

Yeah. You know? You know.

The FUN! collection features an interactive website where visitors can filter portraits by mood, prop, background color—even astrological sign. What inspired that kind of functionality?

PARKER: Before FUN!, I had been thinking about an exhibition that grouped photos based on emotional expression. Even though the personas may appear wildly different, the core humanity is the same. I’ve always tried to equate disparate identities by shooting people in the same way—with simple fabric backdrops that strip away time and place.

The FUN! website (fun.film), reflects this idea: difference in sameness, or sameness in difference. It’s a tool for play—but also a way to reflect on identity in a fragmented age.

Casey, you’ve described yourself as a capitalist—but you’ve also given away tools for free and pursued an almost obsessive elegance in your work. How do you reconcile market belief with this ethic of generosity? And what does that tension mean for the future of Ordinals?

CASEY: There’s absolutely no tension—and that’s because most people just don’t understand what capitalism is. Like, I can’t even begin to unpack what people think capitalism means.

Capitalism simply means the means of production are privately controlled. That’s it. That’s the whole definition. The alternatives? You’ve got two: either (1) violent chaos, or (2) the government owns and allocates all capital. That’s it. Those are your three options.

So when people say they’re “anti-capitalist,” what they usually mean is: “I want the government to control who gets what.” I’m not about that. I’m a staunch capitalist. I allocate my own means of production—my computers, my resources, my energy—how I see fit, not how the state tells me to.

And sometimes? That allocation includes giving things away. That’s not anti-capitalist. If the government confiscated my stuff and handed it out? Sure, that’s anti-capitalist. But me choosing to make something—sometimes selling it, sometimes not—is 100% aligned with the spirit of capitalism.

People need to get with the program.

You asked about the tension between generosity and profit in Ordinals? There _i

@ 9c47bb51:000381d0

What is NWC? Nostr Wallet Connect (NWC) is an open protocol that connects your Lightning wallet to apps using your Nostr identity (Npub). It’s private, decentralized, and secure—no need for Google or Facebook logins.

Why Choose NWC?

🔑 Unified Identity • Log into apps using your Npub (Nostr public key). • No passwords. One identity for all apps.

⚡ Seamless Payments • Send or receive Lightning payments directly in apps. • Enable tips, subscriptions, or in-app purchases instantly.

🛡️ Privacy First • No personal data sharing—your Npub is all you need. • Your wallet keys stay secure and private.

🌐 Decentralized Control • No centralized gatekeepers. • Your identity and wallet are yours forever—no bans or restrictions.

How NWC Works

1️⃣ Get a Nostr Key Pair • Npub = your public identity. • Your private key stays secure.

2️⃣ Connect to Apps with NWC • Use your Npub to authorize apps. • Your Lightning wallet handles payments securely.

3️⃣ Freedom Across Apps • Use NWC with any app that supports Nostr and Lightning.

Why NWC is Better than Google/Facebook

❌ Google/Facebook • Centralized and tracks your data. • Can ban or restrict your account. • Requires passwords and exposes personal info.

✅ NWC • Decentralized and private. • Censorship-resistant—your identity is always yours. • Password-free and keeps your data secure.

The Future of Online Connection NWC is the better way to connect apps, wallets, and identities. Say goodbye to centralized logins and hello to freedom, privacy, and control.

🔑 Start using NWC today—your wallet, your identity, your rules.

@ 909e3fdc:73f2b10a

Pizza Day’s not really about pizza. It’s about Laszlo exhibiting Bitcoin as a P2P payment mechanism. That’s worth a cheers. In 15 years, Bitcoin went from a nerdy experiment to challenging the fiat system. That’s massive! It’s changed how I see the world. Patient hodling and carnivore-focus, practices that I picked up from the bitcoin community, shifted me from kinda nihilistic to stupidly optimistic. So, definitely celebrate Pizza Day. Or maybe barbecue steaks instead. Commiserate on the frivolous purchases that you made with bitcoin in the day. I think of these sometimes. Honour Laszlo’s pioneer vibe and Bitcoin’s insane rise, but keep your eyes on what’s coming. The future’s gonna be wilder than we think.

@ 3104fbbf:ac623068

Introduction

If you have a functioning brain, it’s impossible to fully stand for any politician or align completely with any political party. The solutions we need are not found in the broken systems of power but in individual actions and local initiatives. Voting for someone may be your choice, but relying solely on elections every few years as a form of political activism is a losing strategy. People around the world have fallen into the trap of thinking that casting a ballot once every four years is enough, only to return to complacency as conditions worsen. Voting for the "lesser of two evils" has been the norm for decades, yet expecting different results from the same flawed system is naive at best.

The truth is, governments are too corrupt to save us. In times of crisis, they won’t come to your aid—instead, they will tighten their grip, imposing more surveillance, control, and wealth extraction to benefit the oligarch class. To break free from this cycle, we must first protect ourselves individually—financially, geographically, and digitally—alongside our families.

Then, we must organize and build resilient local communities. These are the only ways forward. History has shown us time and again that the masses are easily deceived by the political circus, falling for the illusion of a "savior" who will fix everything. But whether right, center, or left, the story remains the same: corruption, lies, and broken promises. If you possess a critical and investigative mind, you know better than to place your trust in politicians, parties, or self-proclaimed heroes. The real solution lies in free and sovereign individuals who reject the herd mentality and take responsibility for their own lives.

From the beginning of time, true progress has come from individuals who think for themselves and act independently. The nauseating web of politicians, billionaires, and oligarchs fighting for power and resources has never been—and will never be—the answer to our problems. In a world increasingly dominated by corrupted governments, NGOs, and elites, ordinary people must take proactive steps to protect themselves and their families.

---

1. Financial Protection: Reclaiming Sovereignty Through Bitcoin

Governments and central banks have long manipulated fiat currencies, eroding wealth through inflation and bailouts that transfer resources to the oligarch class. Bitcoin, as a decentralized, censorship-resistant, and finite currency, offers a way out. Here’s what individuals can do:

• Adopt Bitcoin as a Savings Tool: Shift a portion of your savings into Bitcoin to protect against inflation and currency devaluation. Bitcoin’s fixed supply (21 million coins) ensures it cannot be debased like fiat money.

• Learn Self-Custody: Store your Bitcoin in a hardware wallet or use open-source software wallets. Avoid centralized exchanges, which are vulnerable to government seizure or collapse.

• Diversify Geographically: Hold assets in multiple jurisdictions to reduce the risk of confiscation or capital controls. Consider offshore accounts or trusts if feasible.

• Barter and Local Economies: In times of crisis, local barter systems and community currencies can bypass failing national systems. Bitcoin can serve as a global medium of exchange in such scenarios.

---

2. Geographical Flexibility: Reducing Dependence on Oppressive Systems

Authoritarian regimes thrive on controlling populations within fixed borders. By increasing geographical flexibility, individuals can reduce their vulnerability:

• Obtain Second Passports or Residencies: Invest in citizenship-by-investment programs or residency permits in countries with greater freedoms and lower surveillance.

• Relocate to Freer Jurisdictions: Research and consider moving to regions with stronger property rights, lower taxes, and less government overreach.

• Decentralize Your Life: Avoid keeping all your assets, family, or business operations in one location. Spread them across multiple regions to mitigate risks.

---

3. Digital Privacy: Fighting Surveillance with Advanced Tools

The rise of mass surveillance and data harvesting by governments and corporations threatens individual freedom. Here’s how to protect yourself:

• Use Encryption: Encrypt all communications using tools like Signal or ProtonMail. Ensure your devices are secured with strong passwords and biometric locks.

• Adopt Privacy-Focused Technologies: Use Tor for anonymous browsing, VPNs to mask your IP address, and open-source operating systems like Linux to avoid backdoors.

• Reject Surveillance Tech: Avoid smart devices that spy on you (e.g., Alexa, Google Home). Opt for decentralized alternatives like Mastodon instead of Twitter, or PeerTube instead of YouTube.

• Educate Yourself on Digital Privacy: Learn about tools and practices that enhance your online privacy and security.

---

4. Building Resilient Local Communities: The Foundation of a Free Future

While individual actions are crucial, collective resilience is equally important. Governments are too corrupt to save populations in times of crisis—history shows they will instead impose more control and transfer wealth to the elite.

To counter this, communities must organize locally:

• Form Mutual Aid Networks: Create local groups that share resources, skills, and knowledge. These networks can provide food, medical supplies, and security during crises.

• Promote Local Economies: Support local businesses, farmers, and artisans. Use local currencies or barter systems to reduce dependence on centralized financial systems.

• Develop Off-Grid Infrastructure: Invest in renewable energy, water filtration, and food production to ensure self-sufficiency. Community gardens, solar panels, and rainwater harvesting are excellent starting points.

• Educate and Empower: Host workshops on financial literacy, digital privacy, and sustainable living. Knowledge is the most powerful tool against authoritarianism.

---

5. The Bigger Picture: Rejecting the Illusion of Saviors

The deep corruption within governments, NGOs, and the billionaire class is evident. These entities will never act in the interest of ordinary people. Instead, they will exploit crises to expand surveillance, control, and wealth extraction. The idea of a political “savior” is a dangerous illusion. True freedom comes from individuals taking responsibility for their own lives and working together to build decentralized, resilient systems.

---

Conclusion: A Call to Action

The path to a genuinely free humanity begins with individual action. By adopting Bitcoin, securing digital privacy, increasing geographical flexibility, and building resilient local communities, ordinary people can protect themselves against authoritarianism. Governments will not save us—they are the problem. It is up to us to create a better future, free from the control of corrupt elites.

• The tools for liberation already exist.

• The question is: will we use them?

For those interested, I share ideas and solutions in my book « THE GATEWAY TO FREEDOM » https://blisshodlenglish.substack.com/p/the-gateway-to-freedom

⚡ The time to act is now. Freedom is not given—it is taken. ⚡

If you enjoyed this article, consider supporting it with a Zap!

---

My Substack ENGLISH = https://blisshodlenglish.substack.com/ My substack FRENCH = https://blisshodl.substack.com/

---

Get my Book « THE GATEWAY TO FREEDOM » here 🙏 => https://coinos.io/blisshodl

---

---

@ 9c47bb51:000381d0

If you could earn between 100-1,000 sats a day, what would that amount to if Bitcoin reached $1,000,000 per coin? Let’s do the math:

1 Bitcoin (BTC) = 100,000,000 satoshis (sats).

Current Bitcoin price = $101,000.

Future Bitcoin price = $1,000,000.

Daily Earnings in Fiat Equivalent at $1M/BTC:

•   100 sats/day = 0.000001 BTC/day = $1.00/day

•   1,000 sats/day = 0.00001 BTC/day = $10.00/day

Annual Earnings at $1M/BTC:

•   100 sats/day x 365 days = $365/year

•   1,000 sats/day x 365 days = $3,650/year

Even at the smallest level—earning 100 sats a day—you’re positioning yourself for significant long-term wealth as Bitcoin’s value increases. It’s a perfect example of the power of accumulation over time.

Why Every Sat Matters

Bitcoin is scarce, with only 21 million BTC to ever exist. That’s 2,100 trillion sats for the entire world. Each satoshi is a fraction of a finite resource, making it inherently valuable. If someone gives you even 1 satoshi, they are saying, “I appreciate your work. You’re making a difference.”

Whether you’re earning sats through:

•   Working: Salary or side hustle paid in Bitcoin.

•   Nostr: Engaging, posting, or contributing to communities.

•   Streaming: Providing value in podcasts or live content.

•   Rewards Apps: Using tools like Fold or other Bitcoin cashback services.

Every sat stacks up, and over time, those seemingly small earnings can become life-changing.

The Fun of Stacking Sats

Part of the magic of Bitcoin is the journey. Watching your small daily efforts compound into something meaningful is both empowering and exciting. So whether you’re earning sats, stacking on dips, or getting tipped on Nostr—have fun. Celebrate every sat. You’re building a future on a foundation of hard work and a revolutionary currency.

The Bitcoin ride is just getting started. Hold tight, stack consistently, and enjoy the journey to financial sovereignty!

@ 04c915da:3dfbecc9

There is something quietly rebellious about stacking sats. In a world obsessed with instant gratification, choosing to patiently accumulate Bitcoin, one sat at a time, feels like a middle finger to the hype machine. But to do it right, you have got to stay humble. Stack too hard with your head in the clouds, and you will trip over your own ego before the next halving even hits.

Small Wins

Stacking sats is not glamorous. Discipline. Stacking every day, week, or month, no matter the price, and letting time do the heavy lifting. Humility lives in that consistency. You are not trying to outsmart the market or prove you are the next "crypto" prophet. Just a regular person, betting on a system you believe in, one humble stack at a time. Folks get rekt chasing the highs. They ape into some shitcoin pump, shout about it online, then go silent when they inevitably get rekt. The ones who last? They stack. Just keep showing up. Consistency. Humility in action. Know the game is long, and you are not bigger than it.

Ego is Volatile

Bitcoin’s swings can mess with your head. One day you are up 20%, feeling like a genius and the next down 30%, questioning everything. Ego will have you panic selling at the bottom or over leveraging the top. Staying humble means patience, a true bitcoin zen. Do not try to "beat” Bitcoin. Ride it. Stack what you can afford, live your life, and let compounding work its magic.

Simplicity

There is a beauty in how stacking sats forces you to rethink value. A sat is worth less than a penny today, but every time you grab a few thousand, you plant a seed. It is not about flaunting wealth but rather building it, quietly, without fanfare. That mindset spills over. Cut out the noise: the overpriced coffee, fancy watches, the status games that drain your wallet. Humility is good for your soul and your stack. I have a buddy who has been stacking since 2015. Never talks about it unless you ask. Lives in a decent place, drives an old truck, and just keeps stacking. He is not chasing clout, he is chasing freedom. That is the vibe: less ego, more sats, all grounded in life.

The Big Picture

Stack those sats. Do it quietly, do it consistently, and do not let the green days puff you up or the red days break you down. Humility is the secret sauce, it keeps you grounded while the world spins wild. In a decade, when you look back and smile, it will not be because you shouted the loudest. It will be because you stayed the course, one sat at a time. \ \ Stay Humble and Stack Sats. 🫡

@ 7bdef7be:784a5805

We value sovereignty, privacy and security when accessing online content, using several tools to achieve this, like open protocols, open OSes, open software products, Tor and VPNs. ## The problem Talking about our social presence, we can manually build up our follower list (social graph), pick a Nostr client that is respectful of our preferences on what to show and how, but with the standard following mechanism, our main feed is public, **so everyone can actually snoop** what we are interested in, and what is supposable that we read daily. ## The solution Nostr has a simple solution for this necessity: encrypted lists. Lists are what they appear, a collection of people or interests (but they can also group much other stuff, see [NIP-51](https://github.com/nostr-protocol/nips/blob/master/51.md)). So we can create lists with contacts that we don't have in our main social graph; these lists can be used primarily to create **dedicated feeds**, but they could have other uses, for example, related to monitoring. The interesting thing about lists is that they can also be **encrypted**, so unlike the basic following list, which is always public, we can hide the lists' content from others. The implications are obvious: we can not only have a more organized way to browse content, but it is also **really private one**. One might wonder what use can really be made of private lists; here are some examples: - Browse “can't miss” content from users I consider a priority; - Supervise competitors or adversarial parts; - Monitor sensible topics (tags); - Following someone without being publicly associated with them, as this may be undesirable; The benefits in terms of privacy as usual are not only related to the casual, or programmatic, observer, but are also evident when we think of **how many bots scan our actions to profile us**. ## The current state Unfortunately, lists are not widely supported by Nostr clients, and encrypted support is a rarity. Often the excuse to not implement them is that they are harder to develop, since they require managing the encryption stuff ([NIP-44](https://github.com/nostr-protocol/nips/blob/master/51.md)). Nevertheless, developers have an easier option to start offering private lists: give the user the possibility to simply **mark them as local-only**, and never push them to the relays. Even if the user misses the sync feature, this is sufficient to create a private environment. To date, as far as I know, the best client with list management is Gossip, which permits to manage **both encrypted and local-only lists**. Beg your Nostr client to implement private lists!

@ 9c47bb51:000381d0

Running your own Bitcoin node is one of the most powerful actions you can take to secure financial sovereignty and protect the network’s decentralization.

Bitcoin nodes independently verify transactions and enforce consensus rules, ensuring no single entity—be it governments, corporations, or influential players like BlackRock or Michael Saylor—can dictate how Bitcoin evolves.

Here’s why it matters 👇🏽

1.  Decentralization Is Freedom

A network is only as decentralized as its participants. When you run a node, you become a part of the consensus mechanism that ensures Bitcoin remains neutral, censorship-resistant, and immune to centralized control.

2.  Verification, Not Trust

Bitcoin’s power lies in its ability to eliminate the need for trust. By running a node, you verify every transaction and block yourself, instead of relying on others who may have vested interests. This ensures you’re transacting on the Bitcoin network as it was designed—not on a version compromised by corporate or governmental interests.

3.  Preventing Centralized Upgrades

Players like BlackRock and influential figures might push for changes to Bitcoin that align with their agendas, potentially undermining its core principles. Running your own node gives you the power to reject unwanted upgrades and stick to Bitcoin’s original ethos.

4.  Strengthening the Network

The more nodes in the network, the more robust and resistant it becomes to attacks or collusion by centralized entities. Your node helps secure this public good for everyone.

Bitcoin is a tool for freedom, but that freedom only lasts if we actively protect it. Running a node is not just a technical act—it’s a declaration of independence. Don’t let the promise of Bitcoin be steered by the powerful. Take control. Verify. Secure your sovereignty.

@ 000002de:c05780a7

I enjoy Jonathan Pageau's perspectives from time to time. He is big on myth and symbolic signs in culture and history. I find this stuff fascinating as well. I watched this video last week, and based on the title, I was thinking... hmm, I wonder if it is a review of Return of the Strong Gods. It wasn't, but it really flows with the thesis of that book. You should read it if you haven't, and before you do, go check out @SimpleStacker's review of it.

Pageau starts the video by talking about the concept of "watching the clown." He uses Ye as the clown. Ye has been a leading indicator in the past when he publicly claimed he was a Christian and began making music and holding church services. Now he's going "off the rails" seemingly with his Hitler songs and art. Clearly, the stigma of Hitler will not last forever. It's hard for us to realize this. At least for someone of my age, but Pageau points out that eventually, the villains of history become less of a stand-in for Satan and more of a purely historical figure. He mentions Alexander the Great as a man who did incredibly evil things, but today we just read about him in school and don't really think about it too much. One day, that will be the way Hitler is viewed. Sure, evil, but the power of using him as the mythical Satan will wane.

The most interesting point I took away from this video, though, was that the post-war consensus was built on a dark secret. Now, it's not a secret to me, but at some point, it was. And this secret is a deep flaw in the current state of the West that keeps affecting us in negative ways. The secret is that in order to defeat Hitler and the Nazis, the West allied itself with the Soviets. Stalin. An incredibly evil man and an ideology that has led to the death and suffering of more humans than the Nazis. This is just a fact, but it's so dark that we don't talk about it.

For many years as I began to study Communism and the Soviet Union I began to question why on earth did the allies align themselves with Stalin. Obviously it was for stratigic reasons. I get it. But the fact that this topic is not really discussed in our culture has had a dark effect. Now, I'm not interested in figuring out if Stalin was more evil than Hitler or if Fascism is worse that Communism. I think this misses the point. The point is that today if soneone has Nazi symbols it is very likely not gonna go well for them but Communist symbols are usually just fine. We see the ideas of Socialism discussed openly without concern. Its popular even. Fascism on the other hand is always (until recently) masked at best.

Today we are seeing more and more people openly talk about this reality, and it is a signal that the WW2 consensus is breaking. As people age out and our collective memory fades, this lie will become more visible because the mythical view of Hitler will fade. This will allow people to be more objective about viewing the decisions of the past. I don't recall the book discussing this directly, but it is an interesting connection for sure.

I recommend watching The World War II Consensus is Breaking Down by Jonathan Pageau.

https://stacker.news/items/985962

@ f85b9c2c:d190bcff

HUNT or be HUNTED in the human food chain.

That's the raw truth of life, not just in the wild but in the intricate web of human society, where we're all part of a relentless food chain. At the core, life is a survival game, where every individual, knowingly or not, plays their part either as hunter or prey. But in human society, the stakes aren't just about physical survival; they're about financial, social, and psychological dominance. Here, the food chain isn't just about who eats whom but who can leverage, influence, or sometimes exploit others for their own gain.

Leaders, those at the top of this human hierarchy, often have a knack for exploitation, albeit wrapped in the guise of opportunity or progress. They understand the game: to maintain their position, they must keep feeding on the resources, be they intellectual, financial, or labor from those below. Think about how big corporations might use their power to influence legislation, control markets, or keep wages low to maximize profit. The poor, in this scenario, are often the hunted, their energy and labor harvested to sustain the comfort and luxury of those at the top. But here's the twist in this human food chain: everyone, from the top to the bottom, engages in some form of selfishness. It's not just about the rich exploiting the poor; even within the same strata, we see people clawing for their spot, their advantage. We're all, in some way, looking out for number one, whether it's through office politics, personal branding, or simply ensuring our survival in an increasingly competitive world. We justify our actions, our small betrayals or manipulations, as necessary for survival or success, mirroring the natural world where every creature fights to live another day. This doesn't mean we're all villains or victims; it's just the reality of the game we're all playing. The key is recognizing this dynamic and deciding how you'll play your part. Will you be the prey, always on the run or hiding, or will you become the predator, learning to hunt, to strategize, to thrive? Here’s what I’ve learned through my journey up this chain: it’s not about the ruthlessness of taking but the resilience to grow. The most dangerous predators in our world are those who not only know how to hunt but also how to adapt, learn, and sometimes, protect or help others as part of their strategy (I think I might be part of them). It’s about understanding that today’s prey could be tomorrow’s ally or competitor.

So, to those reading this, don't give up. The climb to the top is steep, fraught with challenges, but it's not impossible. Keep learning, keep evolving. Use your experiences, your setbacks as lessons rather than defeats. In this human food chain, there's always room at the top for those willing to work for it, to adapt, to survive, and to thrive. I hope to see you at the top of the food chain, not just surviving, but truly living.

@ 04c915da:3dfbecc9

This piece is the first in a series that will focus on things I think are a priority if your focus is similar to mine: building a strong family and safeguarding their future.

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Choosing the ideal place to raise a family is one of the most significant decisions you will ever make. For simplicity sake I will break down my thought process into key factors: strong property rights, the ability to grow your own food, access to fresh water, the freedom to own and train with guns, and a dependable community.

A Jurisdiction with Strong Property Rights

Strong property rights are essential and allow you to build on a solid foundation that is less likely to break underneath you. Regions with a history of limited government and clear legal protections for landowners are ideal. Personally I think the US is the single best option globally, but within the US there is a wide difference between which state you choose. Choose carefully and thoughtfully, think long term. Obviously if you are not American this is not a realistic option for you, there are other solid options available especially if your family has mobility. I understand many do not have this capability to easily move, consider that your first priority, making movement and jurisdiction choice possible in the first place.

Abundant Access to Fresh Water

Water is life. I cannot overstate the importance of living somewhere with reliable, clean, and abundant freshwater. Some regions face water scarcity or heavy regulations on usage, so prioritizing a place where water is plentiful and your rights to it are protected is critical. Ideally you should have well access so you are not tied to municipal water supplies. In times of crisis or chaos well water cannot be easily shutoff or disrupted. If you live in an area that is drought prone, you are one drought away from societal chaos. Not enough people appreciate this simple fact.

Grow Your Own Food

A location with fertile soil, a favorable climate, and enough space for a small homestead or at the very least a garden is key. In stable times, a small homestead provides good food and important education for your family. In times of chaos your family being able to grow and raise healthy food provides a level of self sufficiency that many others will lack. Look for areas with minimal restrictions, good weather, and a culture that supports local farming.

Guns

The ability to defend your family is fundamental. A location where you can legally and easily own guns is a must. Look for places with a strong gun culture and a political history of protecting those rights. Owning one or two guns is not enough and without proper training they will be a liability rather than a benefit. Get comfortable and proficient. Never stop improving your skills. If the time comes that you must use a gun to defend your family, the skills must be instinct. Practice. Practice. Practice.

A Strong Community You Can Depend On

No one thrives alone. A ride or die community that rallies together in tough times is invaluable. Seek out a place where people know their neighbors, share similar values, and are quick to lend a hand. Lead by example and become a good neighbor, people will naturally respond in kind. Small towns are ideal, if possible, but living outside of a major city can be a solid balance in terms of work opportunities and family security.

---

Let me know if you found this helpful. My plan is to break down how I think about these five key subjects in future posts.

@ 65912a7a:5dc638bf

Details

• ⏲️ Prep time: 5 min
• 🍳 Cook time: 30 min
• 🍽️ Servings: 12

Ingredients

• 12-14oz fresh cranberries
• 1⅓ cup packed brown sugar
• 1 cup raisins
• 1 orange, peeled & chopped
• 1 cup water

Directions

1. Using medium sauce pan, simmer cranberries and water for 5-6 min. Cranberries will start to pop.
2. Add brown sugar, raisins, and chopped orange to the berries.
3. Bring to a simmer and continue to cook for 20 min. Stir often to prevent sticking. Remove from heat.
4. Let set until room temp. Mixture will thicken as it cools.
5. Put in a covered container and keep refrigerated. Lasts for about 2 weeks.

@ 04c915da:3dfbecc9

Here’s a revised timeline of macro-level events from The Mandibles: A Family, 2029–2047 by Lionel Shriver, reimagined in a world where Bitcoin is adopted as a widely accepted form of money, altering the original narrative’s assumptions about currency collapse and economic control. In Shriver’s original story, the failure of Bitcoin is assumed amid the dominance of the bancor and the dollar’s collapse. Here, Bitcoin’s success reshapes the economic and societal trajectory, decentralizing power and challenging state-driven outcomes.

Part One: 2029–2032

• 2029 (Early Year)\ The United States faces economic strain as the dollar weakens against global shifts. However, Bitcoin, having gained traction emerges as a viable alternative. Unlike the original timeline, the bancor—a supranational currency backed by a coalition of nations—struggles to gain footing as Bitcoin’s decentralized adoption grows among individuals and businesses worldwide, undermining both the dollar and the bancor.

• 2029 (Mid-Year: The Great Renunciation)\ Treasury bonds lose value, and the government bans Bitcoin, labeling it a threat to sovereignty (mirroring the original bancor ban). However, a Bitcoin ban proves unenforceable—its decentralized nature thwarts confiscation efforts, unlike gold in the original story. Hyperinflation hits the dollar as the U.S. prints money, but Bitcoin’s fixed supply shields adopters from currency devaluation, creating a dual-economy split: dollar users suffer, while Bitcoin users thrive.

• 2029 (Late Year)\ Dollar-based inflation soars, emptying stores of goods priced in fiat currency. Meanwhile, Bitcoin transactions flourish in underground and online markets, stabilizing trade for those plugged into the bitcoin ecosystem. Traditional supply chains falter, but peer-to-peer Bitcoin networks enable local and international exchange, reducing scarcity for early adopters. The government’s gold confiscation fails to bolster the dollar, as Bitcoin’s rise renders gold less relevant.

• 2030–2031\ Crime spikes in dollar-dependent urban areas, but Bitcoin-friendly regions see less chaos, as digital wallets and smart contracts facilitate secure trade. The U.S. government doubles down on surveillance to crack down on bitcoin use. A cultural divide deepens: centralized authority weakens in Bitcoin-adopting communities, while dollar zones descend into lawlessness.

• 2032\ By this point, Bitcoin is de facto legal tender in parts of the U.S. and globally, especially in tech-savvy or libertarian-leaning regions. The federal government’s grip slips as tax collection in dollars plummets—Bitcoin’s traceability is low, and citizens evade fiat-based levies. Rural and urban Bitcoin hubs emerge, while the dollar economy remains fractured.

Time Jump: 2032–2047

• Over 15 years, Bitcoin solidifies as a global reserve currency, eroding centralized control. The U.S. government adapts, grudgingly integrating bitcoin into policy, though regional autonomy grows as Bitcoin empowers local economies.

Part Two: 2047

• 2047 (Early Year)\ The U.S. is a hybrid state: Bitcoin is legal tender alongside a diminished dollar. Taxes are lower, collected in BTC, reducing federal overreach. Bitcoin’s adoption has decentralized power nationwide. The bancor has faded, unable to compete with Bitcoin’s grassroots momentum.

• 2047 (Mid-Year)\ Travel and trade flow freely in Bitcoin zones, with no restrictive checkpoints. The dollar economy lingers in poorer areas, marked by decay, but Bitcoin’s dominance lifts overall prosperity, as its deflationary nature incentivizes saving and investment over consumption. Global supply chains rebound, powered by bitcoin enabled efficiency.

• 2047 (Late Year)\ The U.S. is a patchwork of semi-autonomous zones, united by Bitcoin’s universal acceptance rather than federal control. Resource scarcity persists due to past disruptions, but economic stability is higher than in Shriver’s original dystopia—Bitcoin’s success prevents the authoritarian slide, fostering a freer, if imperfect, society.

Key Differences

• Currency Dynamics: Bitcoin’s triumph prevents the bancor’s dominance and mitigates hyperinflation’s worst effects, offering a lifeline outside state control.
• Government Power: Centralized authority weakens as Bitcoin evades bans and taxation, shifting power to individuals and communities.
• Societal Outcome: Instead of a surveillance state, 2047 sees a decentralized, bitcoin driven world—less oppressive, though still stratified between Bitcoin haves and have-nots.

This reimagining assumes Bitcoin overcomes Shriver’s implied skepticism to become a robust, adopted currency by 2029, fundamentally altering the novel’s bleak trajectory.

@ a5ee4475:2ca75401

ai #artificial #intelligence #english #tech

---

Open Source

---

Models

Text

• LLAMA - Large Language Model Meta AI - Text AI [source]
• MistralAI - Text AI [info] [source]

Image

• SDAI FOSS - Stable Diffusion AI to Android [download] [source] 🤖
• Stable Diffusion - Text to image [source] 🌐
• Pixart Alpha - Photorealistic Text to Image Generation [source]
• Pixart Delta - Framework to Pixart Alpha [paper] [source]
• Pixart Sigma - 4K Text to Image Generation [source]
• OmniGen - Pompt, image or subject to image [source]
• Pigallery - Self-Hosted AI Image Generator [source]

Video

• CogVideo - Text and image to video generation [info] [source] [test]

---

Tools

• Evo AI - Platform for creating and managing AI agents, enabling integration A2A [source]

Lightning Based

• Animal Sunset - AI video generation with Nostr npub by lightning payments [source]
• Ai Rand - AI text generation with Pubky DNS by lightning payments [source]
• PlebAI - Text and Image generation without signup [source] 🌐🤖🍎 [sites down - only github available]

Others

• HuggingFace - Test and collaborate on models, datasets and apps. [source]
• DuckDuckGo AI Chat - Famous AIs without Login [source]
• Ollama - Run LLMs Locally [source]
• DreamStudio - Stable Diffusion’s Web App Tool [info] [source]
• Prompt Gallery - AI images with their prompts [source]

---

Closed Source

---

Models

Text

• ChatGPT
• Claude
• Gemini
• Copilot
• Maritalk - Text AI in Portuguese focused on Brazil with model Sabia-3 and the open source models Sabia-7b and Sabia-2 [source]
• Amazônia IA - Text AI in Portuguese focused on Brazil with the guara, hapia and golia models [source]

Image

• Midjourney

Video

• Minimax - Realistic videos (prompts only in chinese)

---

Tools

• Meshy - 3D Generative AI Toolbox [info]

---

Other index: Amazing AI

@ 6e0ea5d6:0327f353

"Malcolm Forbes recounts that a lady, wearing a faded cotton dress, and her husband, dressed in an old handmade suit, stepped off a train in Boston, USA, and timidly made their way to the office of the president of Harvard University. They had come from Palo Alto, California, and had not scheduled an appointment. The secretary, at a glance, thought that those two, looking like country bumpkins, had no business at Harvard.
— We want to speak with the president — the man said in a low voice.
— He will be busy all day — the secretary replied curtly.
— We will wait.
The secretary ignored them for hours, hoping the couple would finally give up and leave. But they stayed there, and the secretary, somewhat frustrated, decided to bother the president, although she hated doing that.
— If you speak with them for just a few minutes, maybe they will decide to go away — she said.
The president sighed in irritation but agreed. Someone of his importance did not have time to meet people like that, but he hated faded dresses and tattered suits in his office. With a stern face, he went to the couple.
— We had a son who studied at Harvard for a year — the woman said. — He loved Harvard and was very happy here, but a year ago he died in an accident, and we would like to erect a monument in his honor somewhere on campus.

— My lady — said the president rudely —, we cannot erect a statue for every person who studied at Harvard and died; if we did, this place would look like a cemetery.

— Oh, no — the lady quickly replied. — We do not want to erect a statue. We would like to donate a building to Harvard.

The president looked at the woman's faded dress and her husband's old suit and exclaimed:

— A building! Do you have even the faintest idea of how much a building costs? We have more than seven and a half million dollars' worth of buildings here at Harvard.

The lady was silent for a moment, then said to her husband:

— If that’s all it costs to found a university, why don’t we have our own?

The husband agreed.

The couple, Leland Stanford, stood up and left, leaving the president confused. Traveling back to Palo Alto, California, they established there Stanford University, the second-largest in the world, in honor of their son, a former Harvard student."

Text extracted from: "Mileumlivros - Stories that Teach Values."

Thank you for reading, my friend! If this message helped you in any way, consider leaving your glass “🥃” as a token of appreciation.

A toast to our family!

@ f85b9c2c:d190bcff

A Crypto Wallet is a container for digital assets (Cryptocurrencies & NFT). It’s like a tool that helps us manage our assets in one place and allows us to do transactions. It is a gateway to blockchain. Cryptocurrencies never leave the native blockchain, they are just transferred from one wallet to another.

A Wallet has two components : 1. Public Key 2. Private Key

Public Key The address that you use to send or receive the assets is the public key. For different tokens on a same chain, there is one public key. Whereas for multi chain wallets there are multiple public keys for each chain. That’s why you have same wallet address for DAI and ETH in Metamask, whereas different addresses for Solana and Eth.

Private Key The private key is a 12, 18 or 24 long phrase that we are asked to save when we create a new wallet. This phrase is needed to verify the ownership of the assets in the wallet, if you loose your phrase you lose the assets in the wallet.

There are 2 types of wallets: 1.Hot wallet 2.Cold wallet Hot wallet The wallet that is connected to the internet is called a hot wallet. Like Metamask Phantom or Trust Wallet. It’s also called Software Wallet that can be either web based/extension, desktop wallet or mobile app wallet. Cold wallet It’s a hardware device that stores the assets along with private and the public keys but is never connected to the internet. It’s like a store of value, people who hold for long term prefer using a ledger as it’s safe from hackers

@ 0fa80bd3:ea7325de

DAOs promised decentralization. They offered a system where every member could influence a project's direction, where money and power were transparently distributed, and decisions were made through voting. All of it recorded immutably on the blockchain, free from middlemen.

But something didn’t work out. In practice, most DAOs haven’t evolved into living, self-organizing organisms. They became something else: clubs where participation is unevenly distributed. Leaders remained - only now without formal titles. They hold influence through control over communications, task framing, and community dynamics. Centralization still exists, just wrapped in a new package.

But there's a second, less obvious problem. Crowds can’t create strategy. In DAOs, people vote for what "feels right to the majority." But strategy isn’t about what feels good - it’s about what’s necessary. Difficult, unpopular, yet forward-looking decisions often fail when put to a vote. A founder’s vision is a risk. But in healthy teams, it’s that risk that drives progress. In DAOs, risk is almost always diluted until it becomes something safe and vague.

Instead of empowering leaders, DAOs often neutralize them. This is why many DAOs resemble consensus machines. Everyone talks, debates, and participates, but very little actually gets done. One person says, “Let’s jump,” and five others respond, “Let’s discuss that first.” This dynamic might work for open forums, but not for action.

Decentralization works when there’s trust and delegation, not just voting. Until DAOs develop effective systems for assigning roles, taking ownership, and acting with flexibility, they will keep losing ground to old-fashioned startups led by charismatic founders with a clear vision.

We’ve seen this in many real-world cases. Take MakerDAO, one of the most mature and technically sophisticated DAOs. Its governance token (MKR) holders vote on everything from interest rates to protocol upgrades. While this has allowed for transparency and community involvement, the process is often slow and bureaucratic. Complex proposals stall. Strategic pivots become hard to implement. And in 2023, a controversial proposal to allocate billions to real-world assets passed only narrowly, after months of infighting - highlighting how vision and execution can get stuck in the mud of distributed governance.

On the other hand, Uniswap DAO, responsible for the largest decentralized exchange, raised governance participation only after launching a delegation system where token holders could choose trusted representatives. Still, much of the activity is limited to a small group of active contributors. The vast majority of token holders remain passive. This raises the question: is it really community-led, or just a formalized power structure with lower transparency?

Then there’s ConstitutionDAO, an experiment that went viral. It raised over $40 million in days to try and buy a copy of the U.S. Constitution. But despite the hype, the DAO failed to win the auction. Afterwards, it struggled with refund logistics, communication breakdowns, and confusion over governance. It was a perfect example of collective enthusiasm without infrastructure or planning - proof that a DAO can raise capital fast but still lack cohesion.

Not all efforts have failed. Projects like Gitcoin DAO have made progress by incentivizing small, individual contributions. Their quadratic funding mechanism rewards projects based on the number of contributors, not just the size of donations, helping to elevate grassroots initiatives. But even here, long-term strategy often falls back on a core group of organizers rather than broad community consensus.

The pattern is clear: when the stakes are low or the tasks are modular, DAOs can coordinate well. But when bold moves are needed—when someone has to take responsibility and act under uncertainty DAOs often freeze. In the name of consensus, they lose momentum.

That’s why the organization of the future can’t rely purely on decentralization. It must encourage individual initiative and the ability to take calculated risks. People need to see their contribution not just as a vote, but as a role with clear actions and expected outcomes. When the situation demands, they should be empowered to act first and present the results to the community afterwards allowing for both autonomy and accountability. That’s not a flaw in the system. It’s how real progress happens.

@ 8bad92c3:ca714aa5

Marty's Bent

My god, this blows my mind. Paid a 100k sats invoice from two different Cashu mints at the same time. Each contributed 50k sats.

This is going to a major game-changer for @CashuBTC wallet UX.

Let me explain multinut payments. https://t.co/PvgTPvfvIv pic.twitter.com/d4cPVX7XKK

— calle (@callebtc) May 5, 2025

via calle

While many are currently wrapped up in press releases from public companies announcing that they've added to their Bitcoin treasuries, flame wars over OP_RETURN limits, or more general geopolitical developments cypherpunks are writing code. While the masses, many in Bitcoin included, are enthralled in day-to-day clickbait banter, there are serious builders building serious things at the moment. One of those builders is our friend calle, who - alongside other open source contributors - is building out the Cashu protocol, which enables individuals to leverage Chaumian ecash on top of bitcoin.

Earlier today, he demoed a pretty notable breakthrough for the Cashu protocol, a multinut payment, which enables users to pay a Lightning invoice by combining balances held in two separate Chaumian mints. For those of you who are unaware or need a refresher on Chaumian mints, they enable an individual to lock up a certain amount of bitcoin in a mint and receive a commensurate amount of ecash tokens in return. Chaumian mints leverage a blinded signature scheme to ensure that individual users have privacy while they're spending their ecash tokens.

Users lock up bitcoin in a mint, the mint issues tokens of different denominations to those users and after the user receives their tokens the mint has no idea which individual user is spending which ecash tokens within the mint. This increases the privacy of individual users on top of the privacy benefits. Spending with ecash comes with instant settlement, very low fees and is interoperable with other second layer solutions like the Lightning Network.

When users decide to engage with Chaumian mints, they are making a trade-off. They are trusting the individual mint operators not to steal their funds or debase the ecash tokens within their mints for the ability to transact privately, cheaply, and across multiple different interoperable protocols. While this is certainly a trade-off that no one should take lightly, I think it is important to understand that these Chaumian mint protocols like Cahu are permissionless, which means that anyone can leverage the open source code these protocols are built on to spin up their own mints, enter the competition for bitcoin banking services and serve end users.

Due to the very low barrier to entry that exists among these mint protocols like Cashu, I don't think it's crazy to say that competition can be a forcing function for mint operators to act in the best interest of their end users. I strongly believe that Chaumian mints are going to be a vital part of scaling bitcoin to billions of users over the coming decades. And this feature that calle demoed earlier today is going to be a very crucial component of that scaling process. Enabling individual users to distribute risk across many mints is going to be crucial to create the competitive landscape necessary for an incentive framework from which mint operators are pressured by the market to provide reliable and valuable services. Unlocking the ability to combine balances from multiple mints to pay a single invoice is an incredible step in that direction.

Imagine having to pay a landscaper for doing work and you have money on Cash App, Venmo, and PayPal, all of which you don't fully trust. However, you keep a small balance on each of them just in case you need to spend between friends or with certain vendors. The landscaping bill is a bit heftier than it typically is, so instead of sending funds from Cash App, Venmo, and PayPal to your bank account to then pay the landscaper instead, you combine part of the balance from each application to pay the singular invoice the landscaper has provided you. That is essentially what has just been launched on the Cashu protocol.

This is just the tip of the iceberg. I'm extremely excited to see the continued development of all Chaumian mint protocols and the use cases they enable. The Achilles heel of these protocols up to this point is the fact that users are incentivized to concentrate risk with individual mint operators to solve payment UX problems. Multinut payments alleviate that risk and intensifies the forcing function of competitive market dynamics that should lead to better end products for users of these protocols.

I've said it many times but I'll say it again. There are many discussions being had about how to scale bitcoin at the protocol layer. I think it is unwise to depend on changes to the protocol layer to scale bitcoin. We have many tools at our fingertips to scale bitcoin to billions today - that come with certain tradeoffs - that have not been tested. Multinut payments a great example of ways to scale bitcoin with the tools that are at our fingertips right now.

Most are completely missing it, but the cypherpunk future is being built out right before our eyes. Number go up and semantic dick measuring contests can certainly draw a lot of attention, but I implore you to rise above the noise and follow projects like this, which are actually solving massive user experience pain points in real time with things that can be used today.

Pensions Facing a Second "Lost Decade" Without Bitcoin Adoption

Dom Bei, a firefighter running for CalPERS' Board of Trustees, delivered a compelling warning during our recent conversation. He pointed out that CalPERS' outgoing Chief Investment Officer described missing the private equity boom as their "lost decade." Bei argues that pension funds nationwide are setting themselves up for another missed opportunity by ignoring Bitcoin, leaving them perpetually underfunded while seeking increasingly risky traditional investments.

"Are you going to have similar commentary from pensions around the country in 2035 saying, 'Hey, we're going to get into Bitcoin now. We had a lost decade where it was just staring us right in the face and we didn't really need to do much, but learn about it. And we missed the boat.'" - Dom Bei

I've long maintained that institutional adoption of Bitcoin is inevitable, but timing matters tremendously for returns. With CalPERS sitting at just 75% funded and facing high CIO turnover, Bei's approach of education and incremental adoption offers a practical path forward. The volatility fears that keep pensions away from Bitcoin can only be addressed through proper education—something severely lacking in these massive financial institutions managing trillions in retirement funds.

Check out the full podcast here for more on Bitcoin's role in energy transitions, the politics of CalPERS governance, and how unions are adopting Bitcoin on their balance sheets.

Headlines of the Day

Small Bitcoin Allocation Outperforms Cash Against Inflation (Chart) - via River

Satoshi Warns Against Bloating Bitcoin With Non-Core Data - via X

Gender Gap Defines Trump Support With Single Women Strongly Opposed - via X

RFK Jr. Slams Democrats as Single-Issue Anti-Trump Party - via X

---

The 2025 Bitcoin Policy Summit is set for June 25th—and it couldn’t come at a more important time. The Bitcoin industry is at a pivotal moment in Washington, with initiatives like the Strategic Bitcoin Reserve gaining rapid traction. Whether you’re a builder, advocate, academic, or policymaker—we want you at the table. Join us in DC to help define the future of freedom, money & innovation in the 21st century.

Sign Up

Ten31, the largest bitcoin-focused investor, has deployed $150M across 30+ companies through three funds. I am a Managing Partner at Ten31 and am very proud of the work we are doing. Learn more at ten31.vc/invest.

---

Final thought...

I've come around on Gen Z. I'm pretty bullish.

---

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@ 15cf81d4:b328e146

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🛡️ Confidential & Secure Your privacy is paramount. All recovery sessions at Crypt Recver are encrypted and completely confidential. You can trust us with your information, knowing we uphold the highest security standards.

🔧 Advanced Recovery Tools We employ proprietary tools and techniques to tackle complex recovery scenarios, from retrieving corrupted wallets to restoring coins from invalid addresses. No matter the challenge, we have a solution.

Our Recovery Services Include: 📈 Bitcoin Recovery: Lost access to your Bitcoin wallet? We can assist in recovering lost wallets, private keys, and passphrases. Transaction Recovery: Mistaken transfers, lost passwords, or missing transaction records — let us help you reclaim your funds! Cold Wallet Restoration: Did your cold wallet fail? We specialize in safely extracting assets. Private Key Generation: Forgotten your private key? We can help you generate new keys linked to your funds without compromising security. Don’t Let Lost Crypto Ruin Your Day! 🕒 With an estimated 3 to 3.4 million BTC lost forever, it’s essential to act quickly when facing access issues. Whether you’ve been affected by a dust attack or simply forgotten your key, Crypt Recver provides the support you need to reclaim your digital assets.

🚀 Start Your Recovery Now! Ready to retrieve your cryptocurrency? Don’t let uncertainty hold you back! 👉 Request Wallet Recovery Help Today!cryptrecver.com

Need Immediate Assistance? 📞 For quick queries or support, connect with us on: ✉️ Telegram: t.me/crypptrcver 💬 WhatsApp: +1(941)317–1821

Trust Crypt Recver for the best crypto recovery service — get back to trading with confidence! 💪In the realm of cryptocurrency, the stakes are incredibly high, and losing access to your digital assets can be a daunting experience. But don’t worry — cryptrecver.com is here to transform that nightmare into a reality! With expert-led recovery services and leading-edge technology, Crypt Recver specializes in helping you regain access to your lost Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies.

# Why Choose Crypt Recver? 🤔

🔑 Expertise You Can Trust\ At Crypt Recver, we blend advanced technology with skilled engineers who have a solid track record in crypto recovery. Whether you’ve forgotten your passwords, lost your private keys, or encountered issues with damaged hardware wallets, our team is ready to assist.

⚡ Fast Recovery Process\ Time is crucial when recovering lost funds. Crypt Recver’s systems are designed for speed, enabling quick recoveries — allowing you to return to what matters most: trading and investing.

🎯 High Success Rate\ With a success rate exceeding 90%, our recovery team has aided numerous clients in regaining access to their lost assets. We grasp the complexities of cryptocurrency and are committed to providing effective solutions.

🛡️ Confidential & Secure\ Your privacy is paramount. All recovery sessions at Crypt Recver are encrypted and completely confidential. You can trust us with your information, knowing we uphold the highest security standards.

🔧 Advanced Recovery Tools\ We employ proprietary tools and techniques to tackle complex recovery scenarios, from retrieving corrupted wallets to restoring coins from invalid addresses. No matter the challenge, we have a solution.

# Our Recovery Services Include: 📈

• Bitcoin Recovery: Lost access to your Bitcoin wallet? We can assist in recovering lost wallets, private keys, and passphrases.
• Transaction Recovery: Mistaken transfers, lost passwords, or missing transaction records — let us help you reclaim your funds!
• Cold Wallet Restoration: Did your cold wallet fail? We specialize in safely extracting assets.
• Private Key Generation: Forgotten your private key? We can help you generate new keys linked to your funds without compromising security.

Don’t Let Lost Crypto Ruin Your Day! 🕒

With an estimated 3 to 3.4 million BTC lost forever, it’s essential to act quickly when facing access issues. Whether you’ve been affected by a dust attack or simply forgotten your key, Crypt Recver provides the support you need to reclaim your digital assets.

🚀 Start Your Recovery Now!\ Ready to retrieve your cryptocurrency? Don’t let uncertainty hold you back!\ 👉 Request Wallet Recovery Help Today!cryptrecver.com

Need Immediate Assistance? 📞

For quick queries or support, connect with us on:\ ✉️ Telegram: t.me/crypptrcver\ 💬 WhatsApp: +1(941)317–1821

Trust Crypt Recver for the best crypto recovery service — get back to trading with confidence! 💪

@ 3fa9f42b:00d5e778

S689 đang ngày càng khẳng định vị thế của mình như một nền tảng kỹ thuật số uy tín và thân thiện với người dùng tại thị trường Việt Nam. Với giao diện hiện đại, tinh gọn và dễ sử dụng, S689 tạo cảm giác thoải mái ngay từ lần đầu truy cập. Tất cả các yếu tố từ thiết kế, bố cục, màu sắc đến cách bố trí các chức năng đều được tối ưu để phục vụ nhu cầu truy cập nhanh chóng và thuận tiện. Người dùng có thể sử dụng S689 trên nhiều thiết bị khác nhau như điện thoại thông minh, máy tính bảng hay laptop mà không gặp khó khăn về tương thích hay tốc độ tải trang. Hệ thống tìm kiếm nhanh, điều hướng mượt mà và khả năng cá nhân hóa nội dung theo sở thích giúp S689 trở thành một lựa chọn lý tưởng cho những ai tìm kiếm sự linh hoạt và hiệu quả trong trải nghiệm số hằng ngày. Không chỉ đơn thuần là một nền tảng trực tuyến, S689 còn là cầu nối mang đến sự tiện nghi, kết nối người dùng với các nội dung chất lượng và phù hợp với nhu cầu cá nhân.

Một trong những điểm mạnh nổi bật của S689 chính là khả năng vận hành ổn định và độ bảo mật cao. Nền tảng được xây dựng trên nền tảng công nghệ tiên tiến, luôn cập nhật các tiêu chuẩn kỹ thuật mới để đảm bảo hiệu suất hoạt động mượt mà và ổn định nhất. Người dùng không phải lo lắng về gián đoạn dịch vụ hay những lỗi kỹ thuật gây ảnh hưởng đến trải nghiệm. Sự an toàn thông tin cá nhân luôn được đặt lên hàng đầu, với các biện pháp bảo mật đa lớp, mã hóa dữ liệu và kiểm soát truy cập chặt chẽ. Chính sách bảo mật minh bạch và hệ thống giám sát tự động giúp người dùng yên tâm khi sử dụng S689 trong thời gian dài. Bên cạnh đó, đội ngũ chăm sóc khách hàng chuyên nghiệp của S689 hoạt động liên tục 24/7 để hỗ trợ người dùng giải quyết mọi vấn đề một cách nhanh chóng, từ các thắc mắc kỹ thuật cho đến hỗ trợ về thông tin tài khoản. Nhờ đó, S689 không chỉ đảm bảo chất lượng dịch vụ mà còn tạo được sự tin tưởng tuyệt đối từ cộng đồng người dùng.

Không dừng lại ở việc xây dựng một nền tảng kỹ thuật số chất lượng, S689 còn chú trọng phát triển một cộng đồng tương tác tích cực và sôi động. Các hoạt động sự kiện, ưu đãi định kỳ và chương trình tặng thưởng cho người dùng thân thiết giúp tạo ra sự gắn bó lâu dài giữa người dùng và nền tảng. Sự tương tác không chỉ đơn thuần mang tính cá nhân mà còn mở rộng ra thành các kết nối cộng đồng, nơi người dùng có thể chia sẻ kinh nghiệm, hỗ trợ nhau và cùng nhau trải nghiệm tiện ích trên nền tảng. Điều này giúp S689 không chỉ là một công cụ sử dụng đơn lẻ, mà còn là một phần của cuộc sống kỹ thuật số hiện đại, nơi mà mỗi người dùng đều cảm nhận được giá trị và sự quan tâm. Với định hướng phát triển bền vững, lấy người dùng làm trung tâm, S689 tiếp tục mở rộng quy mô, cải tiến chất lượng và ứng dụng công nghệ tiên tiến để phục vụ tốt hơn nhu cầu ngày càng đa dạng của người sử dụng. Đây chính là lý do S689 đang ngày càng được yêu thích và tin dùng rộng rãi trên thị trường hiện nay.

@ fa984bd7:58018f52

This post has been deleted.

@ 34f1ddab:2ca0cf7c

Losing access to your cryptocurrency can feel like losing a part of your future. Whether it’s due to a forgotten password, a damaged seed backup, or a simple mistake in a transfer, the stress can be overwhelming. Fortunately, cryptrecver.com is here to assist! With our expert-led recovery services, you can safely and swiftly reclaim your lost Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies.

Why Trust Crypt Recver? 🤝 🛠️ Expert Recovery Solutions At Crypt Recver, we specialize in addressing complex wallet-related issues. Our skilled engineers have the tools and expertise to handle:

Partially lost or forgotten seed phrases Extracting funds from outdated or invalid wallet addresses Recovering data from damaged hardware wallets Restoring coins from old or unsupported wallet formats You’re not just getting a service; you’re gaining a partner in your cryptocurrency journey.

🚀 Fast and Efficient Recovery We understand that time is crucial in crypto recovery. Our optimized systems enable you to regain access to your funds quickly, focusing on speed without compromising security. With a success rate of over 90%, you can rely on us to act swiftly on your behalf.

🔒 Privacy is Our Priority Your confidentiality is essential. Every recovery session is conducted with the utmost care, ensuring all processes are encrypted and confidential. You can rest assured that your sensitive information remains private.

💻 Advanced Technology Our proprietary tools and brute-force optimization techniques maximize recovery efficiency. Regardless of how challenging your case may be, our technology is designed to give you the best chance at retrieving your crypto.

Our Recovery Services Include: 📈 Bitcoin Recovery: Lost access to your Bitcoin wallet? We help recover lost wallets, private keys, and passphrases. Transaction Recovery: Mistakes happen — whether it’s an incorrect wallet address or a lost password, let us manage the recovery. Cold Wallet Restoration: If your cold wallet is failing, we can safely extract your assets and migrate them into a secure new wallet. Private Key Generation: Lost your private key? Our experts can help you regain control using advanced methods while ensuring your privacy. ⚠️ What We Don’t Do While we can handle many scenarios, some limitations exist. For instance, we cannot recover funds stored in custodial wallets or cases where there is a complete loss of four or more seed words without partial information available. We are transparent about what’s possible, so you know what to expect

Don’t Let Lost Crypto Hold You Back! Did you know that between 3 to 3.4 million BTC — nearly 20% of the total supply — are estimated to be permanently lost? Don’t become part of that statistic! Whether it’s due to a forgotten password, sending funds to the wrong address, or damaged drives, we can help you navigate these challenges

🛡️ Real-Time Dust Attack Protection Our services extend beyond recovery. We offer dust attack protection, keeping your activity anonymous and your funds secure, shielding your identity from unwanted tracking, ransomware, and phishing attempts.

🎉 Start Your Recovery Journey Today! Ready to reclaim your lost crypto? Don’t wait until it’s too late! 👉 cryptrecver.com

📞 Need Immediate Assistance? Connect with Us! For real-time support or questions, reach out to our dedicated team on: ✉️ Telegram: t.me/crypptrcver 💬 WhatsApp: +1(941)317–1821

Crypt Recver is your trusted partner in cryptocurrency recovery. Let us turn your challenges into victories. Don’t hesitate — your crypto future starts now! 🚀✨

Act fast and secure your digital assets with cryptrecver.com.Losing access to your cryptocurrency can feel like losing a part of your future. Whether it’s due to a forgotten password, a damaged seed backup, or a simple mistake in a transfer, the stress can be overwhelming. Fortunately, cryptrecver.com is here to assist! With our expert-led recovery services, you can safely and swiftly reclaim your lost Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies.

# Why Trust Crypt Recver? 🤝

🛠️ Expert Recovery Solutions\ At Crypt Recver, we specialize in addressing complex wallet-related issues. Our skilled engineers have the tools and expertise to handle:

• Partially lost or forgotten seed phrases
• Extracting funds from outdated or invalid wallet addresses
• Recovering data from damaged hardware wallets
• Restoring coins from old or unsupported wallet formats

You’re not just getting a service; you’re gaining a partner in your cryptocurrency journey.

🚀 Fast and Efficient Recovery\ We understand that time is crucial in crypto recovery. Our optimized systems enable you to regain access to your funds quickly, focusing on speed without compromising security. With a success rate of over 90%, you can rely on us to act swiftly on your behalf.

🔒 Privacy is Our Priority\ Your confidentiality is essential. Every recovery session is conducted with the utmost care, ensuring all processes are encrypted and confidential. You can rest assured that your sensitive information remains private.

💻 Advanced Technology\ Our proprietary tools and brute-force optimization techniques maximize recovery efficiency. Regardless of how challenging your case may be, our technology is designed to give you the best chance at retrieving your crypto.

Our Recovery Services Include: 📈

• Bitcoin Recovery: Lost access to your Bitcoin wallet? We help recover lost wallets, private keys, and passphrases.
• Transaction Recovery: Mistakes happen — whether it’s an incorrect wallet address or a lost password, let us manage the recovery.
• Cold Wallet Restoration: If your cold wallet is failing, we can safely extract your assets and migrate them into a secure new wallet.
• Private Key Generation: Lost your private key? Our experts can help you regain control using advanced methods while ensuring your privacy.

⚠️ What We Don’t Do\ While we can handle many scenarios, some limitations exist. For instance, we cannot recover funds stored in custodial wallets or cases where there is a complete loss of four or more seed words without partial information available. We are transparent about what’s possible, so you know what to expect

# Don’t Let Lost Crypto Hold You Back!

Did you know that between 3 to 3.4 million BTC — nearly 20% of the total supply — are estimated to be permanently lost? Don’t become part of that statistic! Whether it’s due to a forgotten password, sending funds to the wrong address, or damaged drives, we can help you navigate these challenges

🛡️ Real-Time Dust Attack Protection\ Our services extend beyond recovery. We offer dust attack protection, keeping your activity anonymous and your funds secure, shielding your identity from unwanted tracking, ransomware, and phishing attempts.

🎉 Start Your Recovery Journey Today!\ Ready to reclaim your lost crypto? Don’t wait until it’s too late!\ 👉 cryptrecver.com

📞 Need Immediate Assistance? Connect with Us!\ For real-time support or questions, reach out to our dedicated team on:\ ✉️ Telegram: t.me/crypptrcver\ 💬 WhatsApp: +1(941)317–1821

Crypt Recver is your trusted partner in cryptocurrency recovery. Let us turn your challenges into victories. Don’t hesitate — your crypto future starts now! 🚀✨

Act fast and secure your digital assets with cryptrecver.com.

@ 0fa80bd3:ea7325de

intro

The Russian state made me a Bitcoiner. In 1991, it devalued my grandmother's hard-earned savings. She worked tirelessly in the kitchen of a dining car on the Moscow–Warsaw route. Everything she had saved for my sister and me to attend university vanished overnight. This story is similar to what many experienced, including Wences Casares. The pain and injustice of that time became my first lessons about the fragility of systems and the value of genuine, incorruptible assets, forever changing my perception of money and my trust in government promises.

In 2014, I was living in Moscow, running a trading business, and frequently traveling to China. One day, I learned about the Cypriot banking crisis and the possibility of moving money through some strange thing called Bitcoin. At the time, I didn’t give it much thought. Returning to the idea six months later, as a business-oriented geek, I eagerly began studying the topic and soon dove into it seriously.

I spent half a year reading articles on a local online journal, BitNovosti, actively participating in discussions, and eventually joined the editorial team as a translator. That’s how I learned about whitepapers, decentralization, mining, cryptographic keys, and colored coins. About Satoshi Nakamoto, Silk Road, Mt. Gox, and BitcoinTalk. Over time, I befriended the journal’s owner and, leveraging my management experience, later became an editor. I was drawn to the crypto-anarchist stance and commitment to decentralization principles. We wrote about the economic, historical, and social preconditions for Bitcoin’s emergence, and it was during this time that I fully embraced the idea.

It got to the point where I sold my apartment and, during the market's downturn, bought 50 bitcoins, just after the peak price of $1,200 per coin. That marked the beginning of my first crypto winter. As an editor, I organized workflows, managed translators, developed a YouTube channel, and attended conferences in Russia and Ukraine. That’s how I learned about Wences Casares and even wrote a piece about him. I also met Mikhail Chobanyan (Ukrainian exchange Kuna), Alexander Ivanov (Waves project), Konstantin Lomashuk (Lido project), and, of course, Vitalik Buterin. It was a time of complete immersion, 24/7, and boundless hope.

After moving to the United States, I expected the industry to grow rapidly, attended events, but the introduction of BitLicense froze the industry for eight years. By 2017, it became clear that the industry was shifting toward gambling and creating tokens for the sake of tokens. I dismissed this idea as unsustainable. Then came a new crypto spring with the hype around beautiful NFTs – CryptoPunks and apes.

I made another attempt – we worked on a series called Digital Nomad Country Club, aimed at creating a global project. The proceeds from selling images were intended to fund the development of business tools for people worldwide. However, internal disagreements within the team prevented us from completing the project.

With Trump’s arrival in 2025, hope was reignited. I decided that it was time to create a project that society desperately needed. As someone passionate about history, I understood that destroying what exists was not the solution, but leaving everything as it was also felt unacceptable. You can’t destroy the system, as the fiery crypto-anarchist voices claimed.

With an analytical mindset (IQ 130) and a deep understanding of the freest societies, I realized what was missing—not only in Russia or the United States but globally—a Bitcoin-native system for tracking debts and financial interactions. This could return control of money to ordinary people and create horizontal connections parallel to state systems. My goal was to create, if not a Bitcoin killer app, then at least to lay its foundation.

At the inauguration event in New York, I rediscovered the Nostr project. I realized it was not only technologically simple and already quite popular but also perfectly aligned with my vision. For the past month and a half, using insights and experience gained since 2014, I’ve been working full-time on this project.

@ dfa02707:41ca50e3

Contribute to keep No Bullshit Bitcoin news going.

• OpenSats, a US-based nonprofit organization dedicated to supporting Bitcoin open-source projects and contributors, has announced the eleventh wave of grants to support the growing ecosystem of Nostr developers.

"We're pleased to announce our eleventh wave of nostr grants. This round includes support for projects focused on decentralized live streaming, off-grid connectivity, web-of-trust infrastructure, private messaging, and open tools for game development."

The five projects receiving support in this wave are:

• Swae. Swae is a mobile-first live streaming app that leverages the Nostr protocol to enable decentralized video broadcasts directly from smartphones. The current prototype supports Nostr account creation, live stream viewing, and initiating streams via RTMP URLs.
• HAMSTR facilitates Nostr communication via ham radio, providing offline network access in areas lacking internet, under censorship, or during infrastructure outages. It connects off-grid clients with internet-connected relay gateways using packet radio, ensuring resilient messaging optimized for extremely low-bandwidth conditions.
• Vertex offers Web of Trust infrastructure for Nostr, assisting client developers in filtering spam, personalizing content, and maintaining decentralization. The project has released core tools, including crawler and relay software, and integrated its VerifyReputation DVM into live applications.
• Nostr Double Ratchet provides end-to-end encrypted private messaging for Nostr clients by offering a library that implements the Double Ratchet algorithm.
• Nostr Game Engine is developing a free, open-source, royalty-free game engine for developers, utilizing the Nostr protocol. Built on jMonkeyEngine, it replaces traditional centralized systems with Nostr-native modules while maintaining compatibility.

Open Sats is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization. All gifts and donations are tax-deductible to the full extent of the law. Consider donating if you want to support open-source projects and developers in the Bitcoin and/or Nostr ecosystem.

If you are an educator, developer, or advocate working on a project that is aligned with OpenSats mission, apply for funding here.

Blog Post / Archive

@ f6488c62:c929299d

ปี 2568 ตลาดคริปโตยังคงเต็มไปด้วยความร้อนแรงและโอกาส Bitcoin พุ่งแตะ 106,595.5 ดอลลาร์ (ณ วันที่ 21 พ.ค. 2568) ขณะที่เหรียญมีมอย่าง KPEPE ก็กลายเป็นที่จับตามองของเหล่านักลงทุนรายใหญ่ แต่ท่ามกลางกระแสความร้อนแรง คำถามสำคัญยังคงอยู่: ตลาดคริปโตอยู่ช่วงไหนของวัฏจักร? และโอกาสใหญ่กำลังมาหรือใกล้จบลงแล้ว?

หนึ่งในเสียงที่ดังที่สุดในชุมชนคริปโตตอนนี้คือชื่อที่หลายคนอาจยังไม่รู้จักแน่ชัด – James Wynn เขาโพสต์ข้อความเมื่อวันที่ 31 มีนาคม 2568 ว่า

“The best is yet to come.” หรือ “สิ่งที่ดีที่สุดยังมาไม่ถึง” – คำพูดที่จุดประกายความหวังในชุมชนนักเทรดทั่วโลก

แม้เขาจะถูกยกย่องว่าเป็น “วาฬคริปโต” จากการถือครองมูลค่ามหาศาล แต่ในความเป็นจริง เรายังไม่รู้ว่าเขาคือใคร – ชื่อ James Wynn อาจเป็นเพียงนามแฝง หรือ persona บนโลกออนไลน์ก็เป็นได้

ในบทความนี้ เราจะวิเคราะห์มุมมองของเขาอย่างมีวิจารณญาณ พร้อมแนะแนวทางที่นักเทรดควรเตรียมตัวเพื่อคว้าโอกาสในช่วงขาขึ้นนี้

ภาพรวมตลาดคริปโตในปี 2568 ปีนี้ถือเป็นช่วงขาขึ้นที่เกิดจากหลายปัจจัยสำคัญ:

การอนุมัติ Bitcoin Spot ETFs ในสหรัฐฯ

การเข้ารับตำแหน่งของ Donald Trump พร้อมนโยบายที่เป็นมิตรต่อคริปโต เช่น การผลักดันให้ Bitcoin เป็นสินทรัพย์สำรองของชาติ

ปัจจัยเหล่านี้ได้ดึงดูดทั้งนักลงทุนรายย่อยและสถาบันเข้าสู่ตลาด ส่งผลให้ราคาของ BTC และเหรียญมีมอย่าง KPEPE พุ่งสูงขึ้นอย่างรวดเร็ว สะท้อนถึงโมเมนตัมที่ยังคงแข็งแกร่ง

มุมมองจาก ‘James Wynn’: ปลายวัฏจักร? หรือแค่เริ่มต้น? แม้จะไม่มีใครรู้แน่ชัดว่า James Wynn คือใคร แต่เขากลายเป็นบุคคลที่มีอิทธิพลในชุมชนคริปโตจากการเปิดเผยมุมมองที่เฉียบคมและพอร์ตการลงทุนขนาดใหญ่

เขาโพสต์ไว้ว่า

“ถ้าใครคิดว่าเราอยู่ท้ายวัฏจักรแล้ว คุณคิดผิด”

โดยให้เหตุผลหลัก 3 ข้อ:

การพุ่งขึ้นของราคาส่วนใหญ่เกิดจาก ข่าวดีภายนอก เช่น ETF ยังไม่ใช่ "กระแสล้นตลาด"

นโยบายรัฐบาล Trump ส่งผลเชิงจิตวิทยาเชิงบวกต่อทั้งนักลงทุนและตลาด

ยังไม่เกิด Altcoin Season หรืออารมณ์ตลาดช่วง “Euphoria” ตามแผนภาพ Psychology of a Market Cycle

เขาประเมินว่าตลาดน่าจะอยู่ช่วง “Optimism → Thrill” ซึ่งเป็นช่วงกลางของวัฏจักรที่นักลงทุนเริ่มตื่นเต้น แต่ยังไม่ถึงจุดสูงสุด

เขาเป็นใคร? วาฬตัวจริงหรือบุคคลลึกลับ? แม้ James Wynn จะได้รับความสนใจอย่างมาก แต่ตัวตนของเขายังคลุมเครือ:

ไม่มีข้อมูลยืนยันตัวตนชัดเจน

ไม่รู้ว่าเขาเป็นบุคคล กลุ่ม หรือองค์กร

ใช้นามแฝงออนไลน์ และบัญชีเทรดที่ระบุไว้ไม่ผูกกับตัวตนจริง

ถึงอย่างนั้น พฤติกรรมการลงทุนของเขาก็ไม่ธรรมดา:

Long BTC-USD ด้วยเลเวอเรจ 40x กว่า 5,200 BTC (มูลค่ากว่า 546 ล้านดอลลาร์)

Long KPEPE-USD ด้วยเลเวอเรจ 10x มูลค่ากว่า 32.8 ล้านดอลลาร์

รวมกำไรจากการเทรดกว่า 20.2 ล้านดอลลาร์ (ราว 687 ล้านบาท)

ใช้แพลตฟอร์ม Hyperliquid และแสดงจุดยืนต่อต้าน CEX บางแห่งอย่าง Bybit ที่เขาเคยกล่าวหาว่ามีการ manipulate ตลาด

สิ่งที่น่าสนใจคือ Wynn มักจะลดตำแหน่งและล็อกกำไรอย่างเป็นระบบ เช่น วันที่ 20 พ.ค. 2568 เขาลดตำแหน่ง BTC ลง 1,142 BTC และถอน USDC กลับวอลเล็ตส่วนตัว – สะท้อนถึงการบริหารความเสี่ยงที่รอบคอบ

แนวทางสำหรับนักเทรด: ถ้า "สิ่งที่ดีที่สุด" ยังมาไม่ถึง... หากมุมมองของ Wynn ถูกต้อง และตลาดยังไม่ถึงจุดสูงสุด ต่อไปนี้คือตัวอย่างแนวทางที่นักเทรดควรพิจารณา:

🔹 วางแผนรับ pullback: หากอยู่ในช่วง "Thrill" ตลาดอาจมีการพักตัวชั่วคราว – เป็นโอกาสในการ “ซื้อซ้ำ” ก่อนเข้าสู่จุดพีค

🔹 จับตา altcoin season: การที่เหรียญมีมอย่าง KPEPE พุ่งขึ้น อาจเป็นสัญญาณล่วงหน้าของ Altcoin Season ที่กำลังจะเริ่ม – เตรียมลิสต์เหรียญที่มีศักยภาพ

🔹 เน้นการบริหารความเสี่ยง: ใช้ stop-loss และเลเวอเรจอย่างระมัดระวัง อย่าลืมว่าวัฏจักรคริปโตสามารถเปลี่ยนแปลงอย่างรวดเร็ว

🔹 ติดตามความเคลื่อนไหวของวาฬ (แม้จะไม่รู้ว่าเขาคือใคร): เช่น ที่อยู่กระเป๋า 0x5078C2FbeA2B2aD61bcB40BC0233E5Ce56EDb6 ซึ่งเชื่อว่าเป็นของ Wynn – การเคลื่อนไหวของกระเป๋านี้อาจบ่งชี้แนวโน้มตลาดล่วงหน้า

สรุป แม้เราจะยังไม่รู้แน่ชัดว่า James Wynn คือใคร หรือแม้กระทั่งเขามีอยู่จริงหรือไม่ แต่คำพูดของเขาก็สอดคล้องกับทิศทางตลาดในปัจจุบันที่ยังคงอยู่ในขาขึ้น

“The best is yet to come.” – ถ้าเขาพูดถูก โอกาสที่ดีที่สุดในตลาดคริปโตปี 2568 ก็ยังไม่มาถึง

นักเทรดควร:

ติดตามสัญญาณตลาดอย่างรอบคอบ

จัดพอร์ตให้พร้อมสำหรับการเปลี่ยนแปลง

และที่สำคัญ — อย่าหลงกระแส โดยไม่มีแผนรองรับ

วาฬที่แท้จริงอาจไม่มีชื่อเสียง… และนั่นแหละคือสิ่งที่ทำให้พวกเขาน่าจับตายิ่งกว่าใคร

@ cae03c48:2a7d6671

Bitcoin Magazine

KULR Expands Bitcoin Treasury to $78M, Cites 220% BTC Yield YTD

Today, KULR Technology Group, Inc. (NYSE American: KULR) announced a $9 million expansion of its Bitcoin Treasury, bringing total acquisitions to $78 million. The latest purchase was made at a weighted average price of $103,234 per bitcoin, bringing the company’s total holdings to 800.3 BTC.

$KULR has acquired 83.3 BTC for ~ 9 million To learn more about our acquistion and our Bitcoin Treasury Strategy, check out today's press release.https://t.co/vuQk90DCgh pic.twitter.com/KrW3E4e700

— KULR Technology (@KULRTech) May 20, 2025

The move follows KULR’s December 2024 strategy to allocate up to 90% of surplus cash reserves to bitcoin. Year-to-date, the company reports a BTC Yield of 220.2%, a proprietary performance metric reflecting growth in BTC holdings relative to assumed fully diluted shares outstanding.

In Q1 2025, KULR reported revenue of $2.45 million, a 40% increase driven by product sales totaling approximately $1.16 million. Gross margin declined to 8%, while combined cash and accounts receivable stood at $27.59 million. Operating expenses rose, with Selling, General and Administrative (SG&A) Expenses at $7.20 million and Research and Development (R&D) Expenses at $2.45 million, contributing to an operating loss of $9.44 million. Net loss widened to $18.81 million, mainly due to a mark-to-market adjustment on bitcoin holdings.

“2025 is a transformational year for KULR and the transformation is well on its way,” commented KULR CEO Michael Mo. “With over $100M in cash and Bitcoin holdings on our balance sheet as of the present day and virtually no debt, we are well capitalized to grow our battery and AI Robotics businesses, while our capital market activities in the foreseeable future are geared to turbocharge our Bitcoin acquisition strategy, establishing KULR as a pioneer BTC-First Bitcoin Treasury Company.”

CEO @michaelmokulr speaks about the origins of KULR’s Bitcoin treasury strategy and how it will shape the future of the company’s growth.

Watch here:$KULR pic.twitter.com/UTq3iKkF0u

— KULR Technology (@KULRTech) May 15, 2025

This surge in bitcoin holdings by companies like KULR and Metaplanet highlights a growing trend among firms embracing BTC as a core treasury asset, reflecting confidence in bitcoin’s long-term value and utility as part of broader financial strategies.

Last week, Metaplanet reported its strongest quarter to date for Q1 FY2025. Metaplanet’s bitcoin holdings rose to 6,796 BTC—a 3.9x increase year-to-date and over 5,000 BTC added in 2025 alone. Despite a temporary ¥7.4 billion valuation loss from a bitcoin price dip in March, the company rebounded with ¥13.5 billion in unrealized gains as of May 12. Since adopting the Bitcoin Treasury Standard, Metaplanet’s BTC net asset value has surged 103.1x, and its market cap has grown 138.1x. 

This post KULR Expands Bitcoin Treasury to $78M, Cites 220% BTC Yield YTD first appeared on Bitcoin Magazine and is written by Oscar Zarraga Perez.

@ daa41bed:88f54153

There has been a good bit of discussion on Nostr over the past few days about the merits of zaps as a method of engaging with notes, so after writing a rather lengthy article on the pros of a strategic Bitcoin reserve, I wanted to take some time to chime in on the much more fun topic of digital engagement.

Let's begin by defining a couple of things:

Nostr is a decentralized, censorship-resistance protocol whose current biggest use case is social media (think Twitter/X). Instead of relying on company servers, it relies on relays that anyone can spin up and own their own content. Its use cases are much bigger, though, and this article is hosted on my own relay, using my own Nostr relay as an example.

Zap is a tip or donation denominated in sats (small units of Bitcoin) sent from one user to another. This is generally done directly over the Lightning Network but is increasingly using Cashu tokens. For the sake of this discussion, how you transmit/receive zaps will be irrelevant, so don't worry if you don't know what Lightning or Cashu are.

If we look at how users engage with posts and follows/followers on platforms like Twitter, Facebook, etc., it becomes evident that traditional social media thrives on engagement farming. The more outrageous a post, the more likely it will get a reaction. We see a version of this on more visual social platforms like YouTube and TikTok that use carefully crafted thumbnail images to grab the user's attention to click the video. If you'd like to dive deep into the psychology and science behind social media engagement, let me know, and I'd be happy to follow up with another article.

In this user engagement model, a user is given the option to comment or like the original post, or share it among their followers to increase its signal. They receive no value from engaging with the content aside from the dopamine hit of the original experience or having their comment liked back by whatever influencer they provide value to. Ad revenue flows to the content creator. Clout flows to the content creator. Sales revenue from merch and content placement flows to the content creator. We call this a linear economy -- the idea that resources get created, used up, then thrown away. Users create content and farm as much engagement as possible, then the content is forgotten within a few hours as they move on to the next piece of content to be farmed.

What if there were a simple way to give value back to those who engage with your content? By implementing some value-for-value model -- a circular economy. Enter zaps.

Unlike traditional social media platforms, Nostr does not actively use algorithms to determine what content is popular, nor does it push content created for active user engagement to the top of a user's timeline. Yes, there are "trending" and "most zapped" timelines that users can choose to use as their default, but these use relatively straightforward engagement metrics to rank posts for these timelines.

That is not to say that we may not see clients actively seeking to refine timeline algorithms for specific metrics. Still, the beauty of having an open protocol with media that is controlled solely by its users is that users who begin to see their timeline gamed towards specific algorithms can choose to move to another client, and for those who are more tech-savvy, they can opt to run their own relays or create their own clients with personalized algorithms and web of trust scoring systems.

Zaps enable the means to create a new type of social media economy in which creators can earn for creating content and users can earn by actively engaging with it. Like and reposting content is relatively frictionless and costs nothing but a simple button tap. Zaps provide active engagement because they signal to your followers and those of the content creator that this post has genuine value, quite literally in the form of money—sats.

I have seen some comments on Nostr claiming that removing likes and reactions is for wealthy people who can afford to send zaps and that the majority of people in the US and around the world do not have the time or money to zap because they have better things to spend their money like feeding their families and paying their bills. While at face value, these may seem like valid arguments, they, unfortunately, represent the brainwashed, defeatist attitude that our current economic (and, by extension, social media) systems aim to instill in all of us to continue extracting value from our lives.

Imagine now, if those people dedicating their own time (time = money) to mine pity points on social media would instead spend that time with genuine value creation by posting content that is meaningful to cultural discussions. Imagine if, instead of complaining that their posts get no zaps and going on a tirade about how much of a victim they are, they would empower themselves to take control of their content and give value back to the world; where would that leave us? How much value could be created on a nascent platform such as Nostr, and how quickly could it overtake other platforms?

Other users argue about user experience and that additional friction (i.e., zaps) leads to lower engagement, as proven by decades of studies on user interaction. While the added friction may turn some users away, does that necessarily provide less value? I argue quite the opposite. You haven't made a few sats from zaps with your content? Can't afford to send some sats to a wallet for zapping? How about using the most excellent available resource and spending 10 seconds of your time to leave a comment? Likes and reactions are valueless transactions. Social media's real value derives from providing monetary compensation and actively engaging in a conversation with posts you find interesting or thought-provoking. Remember when humans thrived on conversation and discussion for entertainment instead of simply being an onlooker of someone else's life?

If you've made it this far, my only request is this: try only zapping and commenting as a method of engagement for two weeks. Sure, you may end up liking a post here and there, but be more mindful of how you interact with the world and break yourself from blind instinct. You'll thank me later.

@ 502ab02a:a2860397

หลายคนอาจแปลกใจว่า ทำไมน้ำมันจากผลไม้แบบอโวคาโดถึงกล้าขึ้นชั้น “ไขมันดี” ไปเทียบกับน้ำมันมะกอกได้ ทั้งที่ฟังดูไม่หรูเท่า แต่ความจริงแล้ว น้ำมันอโวคาโดคือหนึ่งในไม่กี่ชนิดของน้ำมันพืชที่สกัดจาก “เนื้อผล” ไม่ใช่เมล็ด ทำให้มีโครงสร้างไขมันที่ต่างจาก seed oils ทั่วไป ทั้งในแง่กรดไขมัน สารต้านอนุมูลอิสระ และวิธีที่มันตอบสนองต่อความร้อน

น้ำมันอโวคาโดมีกรดไขมันไม่อิ่มตัวตำแหน่งเดียว (MUFA) เป็นหลัก โดยเฉพาะ กรดโอเลอิก (Oleic acid) ซึ่งคิดเป็นประมาณ 65–70% ของไขมันทั้งหมด ใกล้เคียงน้ำมันมะกอกเลย แต่เหนือกว่าเล็กน้อยในแง่ของ ค่าควัน (smoke point) ที่สูงถึง 250°C (แบบ refined) และราว 190–200°C (แบบ cold-pressed) ทำให้เหมาะกับการผัดหรือทอดแบบเบา ๆ โดยไม่ทำให้เกิดสารพิษจากไขมันไหม้เร็วเท่าน้ำมันที่ค่าควันต่ำ

นอกจาก MUFA แล้ว น้ำมันอโวคาโดยังมี PUFA อยู่เล็กน้อย ประมาณ 10–14% ส่วนใหญ่คือ โอเมก้า-6 (linoleic acid) ซึ่งก็มีปริมาณไม่มากจนถึงขั้นต้องห่วงเรื่องการอักเสบ เหมือนที่เจอกับพวกน้ำมันรำข้าวหรือถั่วเหลืองที่ PUFA พุ่งสูงเกิน 50% ขึ้นไป และที่สำคัญ...โอเมก้า-3 ในอโวคาโดก็มีอยู่บ้างในรูปของ ALA แม้ไม่เยอะ แต่ก็บอกได้ว่าโครงสร้างโดยรวมของมันสมดุลพอควร ถ้ามองในรูปแบบพลังงานไขมัน ก็ถือว่าใช้ได้เลย

อโวคาโดออยล์แบบไม่ผ่านกระบวนการ (unrefined) ยังมีพวก วิตามินอี (tocopherols) ในระดับประมาณ 13–20 มก. ต่อ 100 กรัม และสารโพลีฟีนอลบางชนิดราวๆ 30–50 mg GAE/100 กรัม เช่น catechins และ procyanidins อยู่บ้าง ซึ่งช่วยลดการเกิดอนุมูลอิสระตอนเจอความร้อน และยังดีต่อผิวหนังในมิติของ skincare ด้วยนะ

ถ้าใช้แบบ cold-pressed, unrefined กลิ่นมันจะออกคล้ายอะโวคาโดสุก ๆ หน่อย มีความเขียวอ่อน ๆ และครีมมี่เล็ก ๆ ซึ่งเหมาะกับการคลุกหรือปรุงแบบ low heat มากกว่าการทอดแรง ส่วนถ้าจะใช้ทำอาหารจริงจัง น้ำมันอโวคาโดแบบ refined ก็จะกลิ่นอ่อนลง สีใสขึ้น และทนไฟได้ดีขึ้นมาก เหมาะจะเอาไปทำ steak หรือผัดไฟกลางได้แบบไม่กังวล อันนี้ก็แล้วแต่จะเลือกนะครับ

ถ้าจะพูดให้ตรง… น้ำมันอโวคาโดคือ “ไขมันผลไม้สายกลาง” ที่ทั้งทนไฟพอใช้ ทำครัวได้หลากหลาย และไม่บิดเบือนสัดส่วนไขมันในร่างกายเราจนเกินไป และถ้าเลือกแบบที่ผลิตดี ไม่โดนสารเคมี ไม่โดนไฮโดรเจนเสริม ก็ถือว่าเป็นน้ำมันดีอีกตัวที่วางใจได้ในครัวจริง ๆ

ใครอยากลองทำเองที่บ้านก็ได้นะ แบบง่ายๆแค่มีผ้าขาวบาง https://youtu.be/gwHGgoMuRnI?si=ehcQceabdbMGfkwG

นอกจากนี้บางคนอาจเคยเห็นโฆษณาสินค้าที่มีน้ำมันจากเมล็ดและเปลือกด้วยใช่ไหมครับ

เมล็ดอโวคาโดนั้นอุดมไปด้วย ไขมันน้อยกว่ามาก เมื่อเทียบกับเนื้อผล แต่มีสารพฤกษเคมีบางชนิดที่นักวิจัยสนใจ เช่น ฟีนอลิกส์ (phenolics), ฟลาโวนอยด์, สารต้านจุลชีพ และ ไฟเบอร์ละลายน้ำสูง การสกัดน้ำมันจากเมล็ดมักจะใช้ ตัวทำละลาย (solvent extraction) หรือ วิธี supercritical CO₂ ไม่ค่อยทำแบบ cold-pressed เพราะน้ำมันน้อยเกิน ปริมาณน้ำมันจากเมล็ดนั้นต่ำมาก คือไม่ถึง 5% ของน้ำหนักแห้ง ทำให้ไม่ค่อยนิยมในเชิงพาณิชย์ น้ำมันจากเมล็ดมักไม่ได้เอาไว้ปรุงอาหาร แต่เอาไปใช้ ด้านเวชสำอาง หรือ functional food มากกว่า เช่น ครีมทาผิว แชมพู หรือผลิตภัณฑ์ชะลอวัย

เปลือกอโวคาโดมี สารต้านจุลชีพและสารต้านออกซิเดชัน บางชนิดเช่นกัน แต่มีไขมันน้อยมากแทบจะไม่มีเลย บางงานวิจัยพยายามสกัดพวก polyphenols หรือสารสีธรรมชาติจากเปลือก เพื่อใช้ในอาหารเสริม หรือผลิตภัณฑ์สุขภาพ ไม่ได้สกัดน้ำมันโดยตรง แบบเนื้อผล แต่ใช้เปลือกเป็นวัตถุดิบเสริมมากกว่า เช่น ผสมในน้ำมันหลักเพื่อเพิ่มคุณสมบัติด้านสุขภาพ

ส่วนตัวคิดว่าไม่ต้องทำเองหรอกครับ ซื้อกินเหอะ 555 เจ้านี้ดีนะ อยู่คู่วงการสุขภาพมาแต่แรกๆเลย https://s.shopee.co.th/8zsnEsLrvh

#pirateketo #กูต้องรู้มั๊ย #ม้วนหางสิลูก #siamstr

@ 15f9e159:ca9a5ac4

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Jogos no 755Bet: Variedade para Todos os Gostos Uma das principais atrações do 755Bet é a ampla seleção de jogos oferecidos. Se você é fã de jogos de mesa, como blackjack e roleta, ou prefere jogos de habilidade e estratégia, o 755Bet tem algo para todos. A variedade de opções garante que cada jogador possa encontrar o jogo que mais lhe agrada, com gráficos de alta qualidade e jogabilidade envolvente.

O site conta com uma vasta gama de opções, que incluem títulos populares de diferentes categorias. Além disso, novos jogos estão sempre sendo adicionados ao portfólio, garantindo que os jogadores nunca fiquem sem novidades. A plataforma oferece jogos com diferentes níveis de dificuldade, o que significa que tanto iniciantes quanto veteranos podem aproveitar as opções disponíveis, sempre encontrando o jogo que se adapta ao seu estilo.

Experiência do Jogador: Diversão e Comodidade No 755Bet, a experiência do jogador é uma prioridade. A plataforma não apenas oferece jogos de alta qualidade, mas também foca em criar um ambiente acolhedor e acessível. O atendimento ao cliente é uma parte fundamental da experiência do usuário, com uma equipe dedicada pronta para responder a qualquer dúvida ou ajudar com problemas de forma rápida e eficaz.

Além disso, o 755Bet oferece promoções e bônus que tornam a experiência ainda mais interessante para seus jogadores. Isso inclui recompensas para novos membros, bem como ofertas especiais para usuários regulares. Esses incentivos ajudam a manter a motivação dos jogadores e garantem que a experiência seja sempre divertida e recompensadora.

O 755Bet também conta com recursos de personalização que permitem aos jogadores ajustar a plataforma conforme suas preferências. Isso pode incluir a escolha de temas, ajustes de notificação e preferências de jogo, tudo para garantir que o ambiente de jogo seja o mais agradável possível.

Conclusão O 755Bet se destaca como uma plataforma completa para quem busca uma experiência online rica e envolvente. Com uma interface intuitiva, uma ampla variedade de jogos e um foco constante na satisfação do jogador, ele é um destino obrigatório para aqueles que querem explorar o universo dos jogos online de forma segura, divertida e acessível. Seja você um novato ou um jogador experiente, o 755Bet tem tudo o que você precisa para uma experiência inesquecível.

@ 000002de:c05780a7

I've been trying out Arch Linux again and the thing that always surprises me is pacman. The way it works seems so unintuitive to me coming from the apt, yum, and dnf worlds.

I know I will get it and it will become internalized but I just wonder what the designer was thinking when making the flags/commands.

https://stacker.news/items/985808

@ 15f9e159:ca9a5ac4

O mundo dos jogos online está sempre em evolução, e novas plataformas surgem constantemente para oferecer experiências únicas aos jogadores. O 0e0e é uma dessas plataformas, que vem conquistando o público com uma proposta inovadora, repleta de jogos envolventes e uma interface amigável. Se você está em busca de uma nova forma de diversão e desafios, o 0e0e oferece tudo isso e muito mais.

Introdução à Plataforma 0e0e O 0e0e é uma plataforma online que tem como principal objetivo proporcionar uma experiência de entretenimento de qualidade. Com um design moderno e acessível, a plataforma é fácil de navegar, permitindo que os jogadores se sintam à vontade ao explorar suas diversas funcionalidades. O 0e0e está disponível para todos os tipos de dispositivos, garantindo que os usuários possam jogar a qualquer hora e em qualquer lugar, seja no desktop ou no celular.

Ao acessar a plataforma, os jogadores têm acesso a uma ampla variedade de jogos, além de recursos que tornam a experiência ainda mais agradável, como bônus atrativos, promoções e um atendimento ao cliente de excelência. O 0e0efoca em criar um ambiente dinâmico, que agrada tanto aos iniciantes quanto aos jogadores mais experientes.

Jogos no 0e0e: Diversão Sem Limites Uma das maiores vantagens do 0e0e é sua vasta seleção de jogos, que atende aos mais diversos gostos e preferências. Seja você fã de jogos de habilidade, estratégia ou entretenimento de alta ação, a plataforma tem opções para todos. Entre os jogos mais populares, encontramos desde clássicos da cultura de jogos até títulos exclusivos que você não encontra facilmente em outras plataformas.

Os jogos disponíveis são desenvolvidos por fornecedores renomados da indústria, garantindo gráficos impressionantes, jogabilidade fluida e uma experiência imersiva. Cada jogo foi cuidadosamente selecionado para proporcionar momentos de diversão, com desafios que mantêm os jogadores engajados e motivados a explorar cada vez mais as opções da plataforma.

Uma das atrações mais procuradas pelos usuários do 0e0e são os jogos de mesa, que oferecem uma experiência tradicional de jogo com um toque moderno. Os jogadores podem escolher entre várias modalidades, cada uma com regras fáceis de aprender, mas desafiadoras o suficiente para manter o interesse.

Além disso, a plataforma oferece jogos com temas variados, desde aventuras épicas a opções mais leves e descontraídas. Seja você um jogador casual ou alguém em busca de competição, há sempre algo para experimentar no 0e0e.

Experiência do Jogador: Conforto e Inovação O 0e0e entende que a experiência do jogador vai além da simples escolha de jogos. A plataforma investe em diversos aspectos para garantir que a navegação seja intuitiva e sem complicações. O processo de registro e acesso aos jogos é simples, permitindo que qualquer pessoa, independentemente da sua familiaridade com plataformas digitais, possa começar a jogar rapidamente.

Além disso, o 0e0e conta com um suporte ao cliente eficiente, pronto para ajudar em qualquer questão que possa surgir durante a jornada do jogador. A equipe de suporte está disponível 24 horas por dia, 7 dias por semana, oferecendo um atendimento rápido e amigável.

Para tornar a experiência ainda mais imersiva, o 0e0e disponibiliza uma série de promoções e bônus especiais para seus usuários. Estes benefícios são pensados para aumentar a diversão e proporcionar mais oportunidades de ganhar, criando um ambiente onde os jogadores podem aproveitar ao máximo cada momento.

A plataforma também oferece métodos de pagamento rápidos e seguros, garantindo que os depósitos e retiradas sejam realizados de maneira tranquila, sem qualquer complicação. A segurança dos dados do usuário é uma prioridade para o 0e0e, que utiliza tecnologia de ponta para proteger todas as informações pessoais e financeiras.

Conclusão: O 0e0e Como a Escolha Certa para os Jogadores O 0e0e é muito mais do que uma plataforma de jogos; é um espaço onde diversão, emoção e segurança se encontram. Com uma interface amigável, uma vasta seleção de jogos e um suporte ao cliente dedicado, o 0e0e oferece tudo o que um jogador precisa para se divertir e viver novas experiências. Seja você um iniciante ou um veterano, o 0e0e tem tudo para tornar sua jornada ainda mais emocionante e recompensadora. Não perca a chance de explorar tudo o que essa plataforma incrível tem a oferecer!

@ 04c915da:3dfbecc9

Bitcoin has always been rooted in freedom and resistance to authority. I get that many of you are conflicted about the US Government stacking but by design we cannot stop anyone from using bitcoin. Many have asked me for my thoughts on the matter, so let’s rip it.

Concern

One of the most glaring issues with the strategic bitcoin reserve is its foundation, built on stolen bitcoin. For those of us who value private property this is an obvious betrayal of our core principles. Rather than proof of work, the bitcoin that seeds this reserve has been taken by force. The US Government should return the bitcoin stolen from Bitfinex and the Silk Road.

Using stolen bitcoin for the reserve creates a perverse incentive. If governments see bitcoin as a valuable asset, they will ramp up efforts to confiscate more bitcoin. The precedent is a major concern, and I stand strongly against it, but it should be also noted that governments were already seizing coin before the reserve so this is not really a change in policy.

Ideally all seized bitcoin should be burned, by law. This would align incentives properly and make it less likely for the government to actively increase coin seizures. Due to the truly scarce properties of bitcoin, all burned bitcoin helps existing holders through increased purchasing power regardless. This change would be unlikely but those of us in policy circles should push for it regardless. It would be best case scenario for American bitcoiners and would create a strong foundation for the next century of American leadership.

Optimism

The entire point of bitcoin is that we can spend or save it without permission. That said, it is a massive benefit to not have one of the strongest governments in human history actively trying to ruin our lives.

Since the beginning, bitcoiners have faced horrible regulatory trends. KYC, surveillance, and legal cases have made using bitcoin and building bitcoin businesses incredibly difficult. It is incredibly important to note that over the past year that trend has reversed for the first time in a decade. A strategic bitcoin reserve is a key driver of this shift. By holding bitcoin, the strongest government in the world has signaled that it is not just a fringe technology but rather truly valuable, legitimate, and worth stacking.

This alignment of incentives changes everything. The US Government stacking proves bitcoin’s worth. The resulting purchasing power appreciation helps all of us who are holding coin and as bitcoin succeeds our government receives direct benefit. A beautiful positive feedback loop.

Realism

We are trending in the right direction. A strategic bitcoin reserve is a sign that the state sees bitcoin as an asset worth embracing rather than destroying. That said, there is a lot of work left to be done. We cannot be lulled into complacency, the time to push forward is now, and we cannot take our foot off the gas. We have a seat at the table for the first time ever. Let's make it worth it.

We must protect the right to free usage of bitcoin and other digital technologies. Freedom in the digital age must be taken and defended, through both technical and political avenues. Multiple privacy focused developers are facing long jail sentences for building tools that protect our freedom. These cases are not just legal battles. They are attacks on the soul of bitcoin. We need to rally behind them, fight for their freedom, and ensure the ethos of bitcoin survives this new era of government interest. The strategic reserve is a step in the right direction, but it is up to us to hold the line and shape the future.

@ 04c915da:3dfbecc9

Recently we have seen a wave of high profile X accounts hacked. These attacks have exposed the fragility of the status quo security model used by modern social media platforms like X. Many users have asked if nostr fixes this, so lets dive in. How do these types of attacks translate into the world of nostr apps? For clarity, I will use X’s security model as representative of most big tech social platforms and compare it to nostr.

The Status Quo

On X, you never have full control of your account. Ultimately to use it requires permission from the company. They can suspend your account or limit your distribution. Theoretically they can even post from your account at will. An X account is tied to an email and password. Users can also opt into two factor authentication, which adds an extra layer of protection, a login code generated by an app. In theory, this setup works well, but it places a heavy burden on users. You need to create a strong, unique password and safeguard it. You also need to ensure your email account and phone number remain secure, as attackers can exploit these to reset your credentials and take over your account. Even if you do everything responsibly, there is another weak link in X infrastructure itself. The platform’s infrastructure allows accounts to be reset through its backend. This could happen maliciously by an employee or through an external attacker who compromises X’s backend. When an account is compromised, the legitimate user often gets locked out, unable to post or regain control without contacting X’s support team. That process can be slow, frustrating, and sometimes fruitless if support denies the request or cannot verify your identity. Often times support will require users to provide identification info in order to regain access, which represents a privacy risk. The centralized nature of X means you are ultimately at the mercy of the company’s systems and staff.

Nostr Requires Responsibility

Nostr flips this model radically. Users do not need permission from a company to access their account, they can generate as many accounts as they want, and cannot be easily censored. The key tradeoff here is that users have to take complete responsibility for their security. Instead of relying on a username, password, and corporate servers, nostr uses a private key as the sole credential for your account. Users generate this key and it is their responsibility to keep it safe. As long as you have your key, you can post. If someone else gets it, they can post too. It is that simple. This design has strong implications. Unlike X, there is no backend reset option. If your key is compromised or lost, there is no customer support to call. In a compromise scenario, both you and the attacker can post from the account simultaneously. Neither can lock the other out, since nostr relays simply accept whatever is signed with a valid key.

The benefit? No reliance on proprietary corporate infrastructure.. The negative? Security rests entirely on how well you protect your key.

Future Nostr Security Improvements

For many users, nostr’s standard security model, storing a private key on a phone with an encrypted cloud backup, will likely be sufficient. It is simple and reasonably secure. That said, nostr’s strength lies in its flexibility as an open protocol. Users will be able to choose between a range of security models, balancing convenience and protection based on need.

One promising option is a web of trust model for key rotation. Imagine pre-selecting a group of trusted friends. If your account is compromised, these people could collectively sign an event announcing the compromise to the network and designate a new key as your legitimate one. Apps could handle this process seamlessly in the background, notifying followers of the switch without much user interaction. This could become a popular choice for average users, but it is not without tradeoffs. It requires trust in your chosen web of trust, which might not suit power users or large organizations. It also has the issue that some apps may not recognize the key rotation properly and followers might get confused about which account is “real.”

For those needing higher security, there is the option of multisig using FROST (Flexible Round-Optimized Schnorr Threshold). In this setup, multiple keys must sign off on every action, including posting and updating a profile. A hacker with just one key could not do anything. This is likely overkill for most users due to complexity and inconvenience, but it could be a game changer for large organizations, companies, and governments. Imagine the White House nostr account requiring signatures from multiple people before a post goes live, that would be much more secure than the status quo big tech model.

Another option are hardware signers, similar to bitcoin hardware wallets. Private keys are kept on secure, offline devices, separate from the internet connected phone or computer you use to broadcast events. This drastically reduces the risk of remote hacks, as private keys never touches the internet. It can be used in combination with multisig setups for extra protection. This setup is much less convenient and probably overkill for most but could be ideal for governments, companies, or other high profile accounts.

---

Nostr’s security model is not perfect but is robust and versatile. Ultimately users are in control and security is their responsibility. Apps will give users multiple options to choose from and users will choose what best fits their need.

@ 000002de:c05780a7

I completely missed this until yesterday. I was listening to our local news talk station and it came up. They had some people that were pretty knowledgeable about prostate cancer on. They talked about other presidents being tested while in office for it. They came to conclusion that it is possible that Biden wasn't having his PSA checked. This is pretty normal for a old dude his age. But it is not normal for a President his age.

My thought is much simpler.

We know his doctors, the media, and his admin were lying about his health when he was in office. Hello! Anyone paying attention and not invested in his regime knew he was declining mentally in front of our very eyes. They covered for him over and over again. Only those that don't pay attention or discounted his critics completely was surprised by his debate performance.

To be clear though, Biden is far from the first president to do this. Wilson, FDR, Kennedy, and Reagan all had issues and they were kept from the public. If we learned these things in school we might actually have a public that thinks critically once and a while.

So, with that in mind do you really think the regime would not withhold medical info about this cancer? Come on. Don't be naive. He clearly was not in charge 100% of the time while in office and the regime wanted to maintain power. Sharing that he had prostate cancer would not be on the menu.

Politics is like a drug that numbs the brain. Because people don't like one party or person they retard their thinking. Its the same thing as happens in sports. Fans of one team see the same play completely differently from the other team's fans. Politics and the investment into parties kills most people's objectivity.

I don't trust liars. It honestly blows my mind how trusting people can be of professional liars. Both parties are full of liars. Trump is a liar and those opposing him are liars. We are drowning in lies. You can vote for a lessor of two evils but never forget what they are.

https://stacker.news/items/985791

@ e3ba5e1a:5e433365

I got into a friendly discussion on X regarding health insurance. The specific question was how to deal with health insurance companies (presumably unfairly) denying claims? My answer, as usual: get government out of it!

The US healthcare system is essentially the worst of both worlds:

• Unlike full single payer, individuals incur high costs
• Unlike a true free market, regulation causes increases in costs and decreases competition among insurers

I'm firmly on the side of moving towards the free market. (And I say that as someone living under a single payer system now.) Here's what I would do:

• Get rid of tax incentives that make health insurance tied to your employer, giving individuals back proper freedom of choice.
• Reduce regulations significantly.

• In the short term, some people will still get rejected claims and other obnoxious behavior from insurance companies. We address that in two ways:

  1. Due to reduced regulations, new insurance companies will be able to enter the market offering more reliable coverage and better rates, and people will flock to them because they have the freedom to make their own choices.
  2. Sue the asses off of companies that reject claims unfairly. And ideally, as one of the few legitimate roles of government in all this, institute new laws that limit the ability of fine print to allow insurers to escape their responsibilities. (I'm hesitant that the latter will happen due to the incestuous relationship between Congress/regulators and insurers, but I can hope.)

Will this magically fix everything overnight like politicians normally promise? No. But it will allow the market to return to a healthy state. And I don't think it will take long (order of magnitude: 5-10 years) for it to come together, but that's just speculation.

And since there's a high correlation between those who believe government can fix problems by taking more control and demanding that only credentialed experts weigh in on a topic (both points I strongly disagree with BTW): I'm a trained actuary and worked in the insurance industry, and have directly seen how government regulation reduces competition, raises prices, and harms consumers.

And my final point: I don't think any prior art would be a good comparison for deregulation in the US, it's such a different market than any other country in the world for so many reasons that lessons wouldn't really translate. Nonetheless, I asked Grok for some empirical data on this, and at best the results of deregulation could be called "mixed," but likely more accurately "uncertain, confused, and subject to whatever interpretation anyone wants to apply."

https://x.com/i/grok/share/Zc8yOdrN8lS275hXJ92uwq98M

@ 15f9e159:ca9a5ac4

A 55kd é uma plataforma inovadora no cenário de jogos online, criada para oferecer aos jogadores uma experiência única e envolvente. Se você está procurando por uma maneira divertida de passar o tempo, explorar novos jogos e viver grandes emoções, a 55kd pode ser o lugar ideal. Neste artigo, vamos explorar como a 55kd se destaca, desde sua introdução até a experiência dos jogadores e a vasta gama de jogos disponíveis.

Introdução à Plataforma 55kd A 55kd surgiu com a missão de revolucionar o mundo dos jogos online, oferecendo uma plataforma fácil de navegar, segura e repleta de opções de entretenimento. Com um design moderno e uma interface amigável, a plataforma foi desenvolvida para atender tanto jogadores iniciantes quanto veteranos, garantindo que todos se sintam confortáveis e imersos na experiência.

A 55kd prioriza a acessibilidade e a praticidade, permitindo que os jogadores acessem os jogos de forma rápida e sem complicações. Com um sistema eficiente de registro e uma plataforma intuitiva, novos usuários podem se cadastrar e começar a jogar rapidamente, sem a necessidade de processos complexos.

Variedade de Jogos na 55kd A plataforma 55kdse destaca pela grande variedade de jogos que oferece aos seus usuários. Desde opções de estratégia até os jogos mais emocionantes de sorte e habilidade, há algo para todos os gostos. A cada visita, os jogadores podem esperar novas e emocionantes opções para explorar.

Entre os jogos mais populares, destacam-se as opções de jogos de mesa, slots de vídeo e jogos de habilidade. Cada jogo foi cuidadosamente selecionado e desenvolvido para garantir uma experiência de alta qualidade, com gráficos impressionantes, jogabilidade fluida e recursos inovadores.

Os jogos de mesa, por exemplo, oferecem desafios para aqueles que preferem jogos de raciocínio e estratégia. Já os slots de vídeo são ideais para quem busca emoção e diversão instantânea, com uma ampla gama de temas e bônus que aumentam a adrenalina.

Além disso, a 55kd também oferece jogos de habilidade, permitindo que os jogadores mostrem sua destreza e competência. Esses jogos são perfeitos para aqueles que gostam de testar suas habilidades e estratégias, competindo com outros jogadores por grandes prêmios.

A Experiência do Jogador na 55kd Uma das maiores preocupações da 55kd é garantir que seus jogadores tenham uma experiência de jogo impecável. A plataforma investe constantemente em melhorias para proporcionar um ambiente seguro, rápido e transparente. A segurança é uma prioridade, e a plataforma utiliza tecnologias de ponta para proteger as informações dos usuários, além de garantir transações rápidas e seguras.

A 55kd também se destaca pelo seu suporte ao cliente. Se os jogadores tiverem dúvidas ou enfrentarem problemas durante o jogo, uma equipe de suporte altamente treinada está disponível para oferecer assistência imediata. O suporte é acessível por vários canais, como chat ao vivo e e-mail, garantindo que os jogadores se sintam sempre amparados.

Além disso, a plataforma oferece um sistema de bônus e promoções que torna a experiência ainda mais emocionante. Oferecendo prêmios, ofertas exclusivas e recompensas constantes, a 55kd mantém os jogadores motivados e engajados, proporcionando uma sensação contínua de novidade e prazer.

Conclusão A 55kd se destaca como uma plataforma completa e de alta qualidade, que oferece não apenas uma ampla gama de jogos, mas também uma experiência personalizada para cada jogador. Com uma interface intuitiva, jogos diversificados e um suporte excepcional, a 55kd é a escolha ideal para quem busca diversão e entretenimento de qualidade.

Se você ainda não experimentou a 55kd, está na hora de se juntar a essa comunidade vibrante e explorar tudo o que ela tem a oferecer. Prepare-se para uma jornada inesquecível de diversão, desafios e grandes vitórias.

@ 21335073:a244b1ad

Before I saw those X right-wing political “influencers” parading their Epstein binders in that PR stunt, I’d already posted this on Nostr, an open protocol. 

“Today, the world’s attention will likely fixate on Epstein, governmental failures in addressing horrific abuse cases, and the influential figures who perpetrate such acts—yet few will center the victims and survivors in the conversation. The survivors of Epstein went to law enforcement and very little happened. The survivors tried to speak to the corporate press and the corporate press knowingly covered for him. In situations like these social media can serve as one of the only ways for a survivor’s voice to be heard. 

It’s becoming increasingly evident that the line between centralized corporate social media and the state is razor-thin, if it exists at all. Time and again, the state shields powerful abusers when it’s politically expedient to do so. In this climate, a survivor attempting to expose someone like Epstein on a corporate tech platform faces an uphill battle—there’s no assurance their voice would even break through. Their story wouldn’t truly belong to them; it’d be at the mercy of the platform, subject to deletion at a whim. Nostr, though, offers a lifeline—a censorship-resistant space where survivors can share their truths, no matter how untouchable the abuser might seem. A survivor could remain anonymous here if they took enough steps. 

Nostr holds real promise for amplifying survivor voices. And if you’re here daily, tossing out memes, take heart: you’re helping build a foundation for those who desperately need to be heard.“

That post is untouchable—no CEO, company, employee, or government can delete it. Even if I wanted to, I couldn’t take it down myself. The post will outlive me on the protocol. 

The cozy alliance between the state and corporate social media hit me hard during that right-wing X “influencer” PR stunt. Elon owns X. Elon’s a special government employee. X pays those influencers to post. We don’t know who else pays them to post. Those influencers are spurred on by both the government and X to manage the Epstein case narrative. It wasn’t survivors standing there, grinning for photos—it was paid influencers, gatekeepers orchestrating yet another chance to re-exploit the already exploited.

The bond between the state and corporate social media is tight. If the other Epsteins out there are ever to be unmasked, I wouldn’t bet on a survivor’s story staying safe with a corporate tech platform, the government, any social media influencer, or mainstream journalist. Right now, only a protocol can hand survivors the power to truly own their narrative.

I don’t have anything against Elon—I’ve actually been a big supporter. I’m just stating it as I see it. X isn’t censorship resistant and they have an algorithm that they choose not the user. Corporate tech platforms like X can be a better fit for some survivors. X has safety tools and content moderation, making it a solid option for certain individuals. Grok can be a big help for survivors looking for resources or support! As a survivor, you know what works best for you, and safety should always come first—keep that front and center.

That said, a protocol is a game-changer for cases where the powerful are likely to censor. During China's # MeToo movement, survivors faced heavy censorship on social media platforms like Weibo and WeChat, where posts about sexual harassment were quickly removed, and hashtags like # MeToo or "woyeshi" were blocked by government and platform filters. To bypass this, activists turned to blockchain technology encoding their stories—like Yue Xin’s open letter about a Peking University case—into transaction metadata. This made the information tamper-proof and publicly accessible, resisting censorship since blockchain data can’t be easily altered or deleted.

I posted this on X 2/28/25. I wanted to try my first long post on a nostr client. The Epstein cover up is ongoing so it’s still relevant, unfortunately.

If you are a survivor or loved one who is reading this and needs support please reach out to: National Sexual Assault Hotline 24/7 https://rainn.org/

Hours: Available 24 hours

@ 9c9d2765:16f8c2c2

CHAPTER TWENTY FOUR

Back at JP Towers, James had already anticipated the move. He had cameras and witness accounts from the anniversary event, stored securely in multiple locations. He knew the public had a short memory but a long hunger for drama. One misstep could tilt public sentiment.

But James was no longer playing to survive.

He was playing to reign.

Later that night, he stood before a mirror, adjusting the cuffs of his suit. In his reflection, he saw more than his own face; he saw the faces of those who had mocked, betrayed, and underestimated him. And he saw the legacy he was building not just for himself, but for those who once believed justice was a myth.

He whispered to the reflection, “Let them come. Let them burn what’s left of their dignity. I’ll rise through the smoke again. Because I always do.”

Outside, the wind howled like a prophecy through the high-rises.

The days that followed carried a subtle tension that coiled around the city's heartbeat. JP Enterprises thrived outwardly, stock prices climbed, investor confidence surged, and the company continued to solidify its dominion over the corporate landscape. But beneath the facade of calm and progress, a tempest brewed in silence.

James, the man once ridiculed and ostracized, now sat at the summit of power, yet his enemies, battered but unbroken, plotted from the shadows.

In an undisclosed meeting room within the Executive Wing, James convened with his most trusted circle Charles, Rita, and Sandra. The room was dimly lit, the atmosphere sober, with every eye locked onto the digital presentation being displayed.

On the screen were surveillance stills, financial records, and intercepted messages.

Rita, ever composed, began, “We’ve confirmed that Helen and Mark are using a shell media outlet in a nearby province to rewrite the narrative surrounding the anniversary incident. They’re laundering stories through third-party publications to make it appear as if you orchestrated the bribery and the public drama.”

Sandra added, her voice laced with concern, “The young woman from the event she’s set to appear in a televised interview in two days. The preview clips suggest she’ll claim coercion, manipulation… that you paid her to falsely accuse Mark and Helen.”

Charles sat back in his chair, folding his arms. “It’s a desperate move,” he muttered, “but one that could sway public opinion if left unchecked.”

James didn’t flinch. His gaze was cold and calculated. “Let them speak,” he said. “Let her appear on screen, let the nation watch but when the time is right, we’ll release the real footage. Every confession, every whispered transaction, every threat they issued. And when we do, it won’t just be public opinion they lose, it'll be their freedom.”

The room fell silent. The weight of the plan was immense. James wasn’t simply fighting a smear campaign he was orchestrating the downfall of those who had haunted his past and jeopardized his future.

Across town, in a luxurious yet shadowy apartment, Helen paced furiously. Mark sat slouched on the couch, phone in hand, monitoring the latest headlines.

“She hasn’t confirmed the script yet,” Mark grumbled, referring to the woman they’d bribed. “She’s stalling. You think she’s flipping again?”

“She better not,” Helen spat. “We gave her a second chance, more money, more protection. If she dares cross us again...”

“Then we make her disappear,” Mark said coldly.

Helen paused. “Or we pin everything on her. Let her take the fall.”

Their desperation bled into their decisions. The empire they tried to build with lies and manipulation was already on unstable ground. They didn’t realize James wasn’t just steps ahead. Two days later, as the nation sat glued to their screens, the controversial interview aired. The woman, visibly tense, spoke her lines.

“Yes… he promised to protect me… he told me to say Mark and Helen bribed me… I was scared of what he might do if I didn’t cooperate…”

The hosts gasped, commentators argued, and the news cycle erupted.

For an hour, James’s name trended for all the wrong reasons.

And then the storm came.

JP Enterprises’ official communication channels released a statement followed by a seven-minute clip, unedited, raw, and crystal clear. It captured everything: the lady kneeling, pointing to Mark and Helen, the whispered confessions, the crowd’s reaction, Helen’s furious outburst. And, most damning of all, a covert recording of Helen threatening the woman in a private meeting.

The tide turned instantly.

Social media exploded not with outrage toward James, but with condemnation of the real culprits. Hashtags flipped. Influencers, journalists, and even rival corporations came to James’s defense. The woman fled the city within hours. Mark and Helen, now disgraced, faced not just the wrath of public judgment, but the immediate interest of law enforcement.

Back at the JP tower, James watched it all unfold. The screen reflected in his eyes as headlines changed: “President Vindicated,” “Corporate Sabotage Exposed,” “Justice Prevails in High-Stakes Feud.”

Charles walked in slowly, a faint smile on his lips. “It’s done.”

James nodded, his voice a calm murmur. “No. It’s only the beginning. I haven’t just protected my name, I've carved a legacy.”

He stood up, walking toward the window where the city stretched out beneath him, unaware of how close it had come to being ruled by lies.

Behind him, the quiet echo of Charles’s voice lingered: “Your enemies are falling, one by one.”

@ 9e69e420:d12360c2

Federal employees must remove pronouns from email signatures by the end of the day. This directive comes from internal memos tied to two executive orders signed by Donald Trump. The orders target diversity and equity programs within the government.

CDC, Department of Transportation, and Department of Energy employees were affected. Staff were instructed to make changes in line with revised policy prohibiting certain language.

One CDC employee shared frustration, stating, “In my decade-plus years at CDC, I've never been told what I can and can't put in my email signature.” The directive is part of a broader effort to eliminate DEI initiatives from federal discourse.

@ 0fa80bd3:ea7325de

The land that belongs to the indigenous peoples of Russia has been seized by a gang of killers who have unleashed a war of extermination. They wipe out anyone who refuses to conform to their rules. Those who disagree and stay behind are tortured and killed in prisons and labor camps. Those who flee lose their homeland, dissolve into foreign cultures, and fade away. And those who stand up to protect their people are attacked by the misled and deceived. The deceived die for the unchecked greed of a single dictator—thousands from both sides, people who just wanted to live, raise their kids, and build a future.

Now, they are forced to make an impossible choice: abandon their homeland or die. Some perish on the battlefield, others lose themselves in exile, stripped of their identity, scattered in a world that isn’t theirs.

There’s been endless debate about how to fix this, how to clear the field of the weeds that choke out every new sprout, every attempt at change. But the real problem? We can’t play by their rules. We can’t speak their language or use their weapons. We stand for humanity, and no matter how righteous our cause, we will not multiply suffering. Victory doesn’t come from matching the enemy—it comes from staying ahead, from using tools they haven’t mastered yet. That’s how wars are won.

Our only resource is the will of the people to rewrite the order of things. Historian Timothy Snyder once said that a nation cannot exist without a city. A city is where the most active part of a nation thrives. But the cities are occupied. The streets are watched. Gatherings are impossible. They control the money. They control the mail. They control the media. And any dissent is crushed before it can take root.

So I started asking myself: How do we stop this fragmentation? How do we create a space where people can rebuild their connections when they’re ready? How do we build a self-sustaining network, where everyone contributes and benefits proportionally, while keeping their freedom to leave intact? And more importantly—how do we make it spread, even in occupied territory?

In 2009, something historic happened: the internet got its own money. Thanks to Satoshi Nakamoto, the world took a massive leap forward. Bitcoin and decentralized ledgers shattered the idea that money must be controlled by the state. Now, to move or store value, all you need is an address and a key. A tiny string of text, easy to carry, impossible to seize.

That was the year money broke free. The state lost its grip. Its biggest weapon—physical currency—became irrelevant. Money became purely digital.

The internet was already a sanctuary for information, a place where people could connect and organize. But with Bitcoin, it evolved. Now, value itself could flow freely, beyond the reach of authorities.

Think about it: when seedlings are grown in controlled environments before being planted outside, they get stronger, survive longer, and bear fruit faster. That’s how we handle crops in harsh climates—nurture them until they’re ready for the wild.

Now, picture the internet as that controlled environment for ideas. Bitcoin? It’s the fertile soil that lets them grow. A testing ground for new models of interaction, where concepts can take root before they move into the real world. If nation-states are a battlefield, locked in a brutal war for territory, the internet is boundless. It can absorb any number of ideas, any number of people, and it doesn’t run out of space.

But for this ecosystem to thrive, people need safe ways to communicate, to share ideas, to build something real—without surveillance, without censorship, without the constant fear of being erased.

This is where Nostr comes in.

Nostr—"Notes and Other Stuff Transmitted by Relays"—is more than just a messaging protocol. It’s a new kind of city. One that no dictator can seize, no corporation can own, no government can shut down.

It’s built on decentralization, encryption, and individual control. Messages don’t pass through central servers—they are relayed through independent nodes, and users choose which ones to trust. There’s no master switch to shut it all down. Every person owns their identity, their data, their connections. And no one—no state, no tech giant, no algorithm—can silence them.

In a world where cities fall and governments fail, Nostr is a city that cannot be occupied. A place for ideas, for networks, for freedom. A city that grows stronger the more people build within it.

@ 502ab02a:a2860397

ถ้าเอ่ยถึง CJ หลายคนอาจนึกถึงซอสเกาหลีรสจัดจ้าน หรือบะหมี่กึ่งสำเร็จรูปแบรนด์ดังที่ขายทั่วโลก แต่เบื้องหลังความสำเร็จของแบรนด์เหล่านั้น มีบริษัทแม่อย่าง CJ CheilJedang ที่ไม่ได้แค่ผลิตอาหารแปรรูป แต่เป็นหนึ่งในผู้เล่นใหญ่ของอุตสาหกรรมอาหารระดับโลก ด้วยฐานความรู้ลึกซึ้งในเทคโนโลยีชีวภาพ หนึ่งในแขนงที่โดดเด่นคือ CJ BIO ธุรกิจไบโอเทคโนโลยีที่เน้นการใช้ Microbial Fermentation หรือการหมักจุลินทรีย์เพื่อผลิตสารอาหารและวัตถุดิบอาหารคุณภาพสูงในระดับอุตสาหกรรม

ประวัติของ CJ BIO เริ่มจากจุดเล็ก ๆ แต่ทรงพลัง คือการผลิต โมโนโซเดียมกลูตาเมต (MSG) ซึ่งเป็นกรดอะมิโนชนิดหนึ่งที่มีบทบาทสำคัญในการเพิ่มรสชาติ “อูมามิ” ให้กับอาหารทั่วโลก จุดนี้เองที่ทำให้ CJ BIO ได้สะสมเทคโนโลยีหมักจุลินทรีย์ในระดับอุตสาหกรรมมายาวนานกว่า 60 ปี ด้วยโรงงานหมักขนาดใหญ่ที่ตั้งอยู่ในหลายประเทศ เช่น เกาหลีใต้ จีน บราซิล อินโดนีเซีย และสหรัฐอเมริกา ทำให้ CJ BIO กลายเป็นหนึ่งในผู้ผลิตกรดอะมิโนและวัตถุดิบอาหารหมักจุลินทรีย์รายใหญ่ของโลก

แต่ถ้าให้พูดแบบง่าย ๆ การหมักจุลินทรีย์ของ CJ BIO นั้น ไม่ใช่แค่ “การทำอาหาร” ธรรมดา ๆ แต่เป็นการ “สร้างอาหารในระดับโมเลกุล” ตั้งแต่พื้นฐาน ซึ่งถือเป็นเทคโนโลยีที่สำคัญสำหรับอนาคตของอาหาร เพราะมันช่วยให้เราสามารถผลิตโปรตีน กรดอะมิโน และสารอาหารต่าง ๆ ที่มีคุณภาพสูงและควบคุมได้ในโรงงานขนาดใหญ่ โดยไม่ต้องพึ่งพาการเกษตรแบบดั้งเดิมที่ต้องใช้พื้นที่มากและมีผลกระทบต่อสิ่งแวดล้อม

เมื่อเทรนด์โลกกำลังเปลี่ยนไปในทางที่ผู้บริโภคหันมาใส่ใจสุขภาพและสิ่งแวดล้อมมากขึ้น เรื่อง “อาหารจากห้องแล็บ” หรือ “อาหารเทคโนโลยีชีวภาพ” จึงกลายเป็นสิ่งที่ได้รับความสนใจอย่างมาก และนี่เองที่ทำให้ CJ BIO ไม่ได้หยุดอยู่แค่ Microbial Fermentation แบบดั้งเดิม แต่เริ่มขยับเข้าสู่โลกใหม่ของ Precision Fermentation การใช้จุลินทรีย์ที่ผ่านการดัดแปลงพันธุกรรมอย่างแม่นยำ เพื่อผลิตโปรตีนหรือสารอาหารเฉพาะอย่างที่ต้องการ

ความเคลื่อนไหวที่สำคัญเกิดขึ้นในปี 2022 เมื่อ CJ CheilJedang ประกาศลงทุนใน New Culture สตาร์ทอัพสัญชาติอเมริกันที่กำลังพัฒนา “ชีสไร้วัว” ด้วยเทคโนโลยี Precision Fermentation ซึ่ง New Culture ใช้จุลินทรีย์ที่ถูกออกแบบมาเพื่อผลิตโปรตีนเคซีน โปรตีนหลักในน้ำนมวัว โดยไม่ต้องมีวัวจริงเลย นั่นหมายความว่าชีสที่ผลิตออกมาจะไม่มีส่วนผสมจากสัตว์จริง ๆ แต่ยังคงรสชาติและเนื้อสัมผัสเหมือนชีสธรรมชาติทุกประการ

การลงทุนครั้งนี้ของ CJ CheilJedang บริษัทแม่ของ CJ BIO จึงถือเป็นการผนึกกำลังระหว่างเทคโนโลยีดั้งเดิมที่ผ่านการพิสูจน์แล้วในระดับอุตสาหกรรม กับนวัตกรรมที่พร้อมเปลี่ยนแปลงวงการอาหารครั้งใหญ่

ถ้าให้เปรียบเทียบง่าย ๆ CJ BIO เหมือนกับ “โรงงานปั้นโมเลกุลอาหาร” ที่มีความเชี่ยวชาญสูงในการจัดการกับจุลินทรีย์และการผลิตกรดอะมิโนหลากหลายชนิด โดยเฉพาะ MSG ซึ่งถือเป็น “พี่ใหญ่” ในกลุ่มกรดอะมิโนที่ช่วยเพิ่มรสชาติและถูกใช้ในอุตสาหกรรมอาหารทั่วโลก

ความเชี่ยวชาญในการผลิต MSG นี้เอง คือฐานกำลังสำคัญที่ทำให้ CJ BIO สามารถขยายขอบเขตไปสู่การผลิตโปรตีนด้วย Precision Fermentation ได้อย่างมั่นใจ เพราะกระบวนการหมักจุลินทรีย์เพื่อผลิตกรดอะมิโนและโปรตีนนั้นมีความคล้ายคลึงกันในเชิงเทคนิคและการควบคุมคุณภาพ

CJ BIO มีโรงงานหมักจุลินทรีย์ที่ทันสมัยและขนาดใหญ่กระจายอยู่ทั่วโลก สามารถผลิตวัตถุดิบในปริมาณมหาศาลเพื่อตอบสนองตลาดอาหารที่เติบโตอย่างรวดเร็ว และการมีเครือข่ายโรงงานแบบนี้ทำให้ CJ BIO มีความได้เปรียบในการลดต้นทุนและควบคุมคุณภาพอย่างเข้มงวด

อนาคตที่ CJ BIO กำลังเดินไปนั้น ไม่ใช่แค่การผลิตวัตถุดิบอาหารธรรมดา ๆ แต่คือการสร้างนวัตกรรมที่จะเปลี่ยนแปลงวิธีการผลิตและการบริโภคอาหารของโลก

เมื่อผลิตภัณฑ์จากเทคโนโลยี Precision Fermentation อย่างชีสไร้วัว ไข่ไร่ไก่ หรือโปรตีนทางเลือกต่าง ๆ เริ่มเข้ามาในตลาดมากขึ้น เราอาจจะได้เห็น CJ BIO ทำหน้าที่เหมือน “Intel Inside” ของวงการอาหารอนาคต ที่อยู่เบื้องหลังผลิตภัณฑ์สำคัญ ๆ ที่ผู้บริโภคชื่นชอบโดยไม่รู้ตัว

นี่คือเหตุผลที่ทำให้การมองแค่แบรนด์อาหารหรือการตลาดที่พูดถึง “ความยั่งยืน” หรือ “อาหารปลอดสัตว์” ยังไม่พอ เราต้องมองให้ลึกไปถึงระบบนิเวศของเทคโนโลยีและทุนที่อยู่เบื้องหลัง เพราะนั่นคือเกมกระดานใหญ่ที่กำลังขยับเปลี่ยนแปลงวงการอาหารโลกอย่างแท้จริง

#pirateketo #กูต้องรู้มั๊ย #ม้วนหางสิลูก #siamstr

@ 6389be64:ef439d32

GA, plebs. The latest episode of Bitcoin And is out, and, as always, the chicanery is running rampant. Let’s break down the biggest topics I covered, and if you want the full, unfiltered rant, make sure to listen to the episode linked below.

House Democrats’ MEME Act: A Bad Joke?

House Democrats are proposing a bill to ban presidential meme coins, clearly aimed at Trump’s and Melania’s ill-advised token launches. While grifters launching meme coins is bad, this bill is just as ridiculous. If this legislation moves forward, expect a retaliatory strike exposing how politicians like Pelosi and Warren mysteriously amassed their fortunes. Will it pass? Doubtful. But it’s another sign of the government’s obsession with regulating everything except itself.

Senate Banking’s First Digital Asset Hearing: The Real Target Is You

Cynthia Lummis chaired the first digital asset hearing, and—surprise!—it was all about control. The discussion centered on stablecoins, AML, and KYC regulations, with witnesses suggesting Orwellian measures like freezing stablecoin transactions unless pre-approved by authorities. What was barely mentioned? Bitcoin. They want full oversight of stablecoins, which is really about controlling financial freedom. Expect more nonsense targeting self-custody wallets under the guise of stopping “bad actors.”

Bank of America and PayPal Want In on Stablecoins

Bank of America’s CEO openly stated they’ll launch a stablecoin as soon as regulation allows. Meanwhile, PayPal’s CEO paid for a hat using Bitcoin—not their own stablecoin, Pi USD. Why wouldn’t he use his own product? Maybe he knows stablecoins aren’t what they’re hyped up to be. Either way, the legacy financial system is gearing up to flood the market with stablecoins, not because they love crypto, but because it’s a tool to extend U.S. dollar dominance.

MetaPlanet Buys the Dip

Japan’s MetaPlanet issued $13.4M in bonds to buy more Bitcoin, proving once again that institutions see the writing on the wall. Unlike U.S. regulators who obsess over stablecoins, some companies are actually stacking sats.

UK Expands Crypto Seizure Powers

Across the pond, the UK government is pushing legislation to make it easier to seize and destroy crypto linked to criminal activity. While they frame it as going after the bad guys, it’s another move toward centralized control and financial surveillance.

Bitcoin Tools & Tech: Arc, SatoChip, and Nunchuk

Some bullish Bitcoin developments: ARC v0.5 is making Bitcoin’s second layer more efficient, SatoChip now supports Taproot and Nostr, and Nunchuk launched a group wallet with chat, making multisig collaboration easier.

The Bottom Line

The state is coming for financial privacy and control, and stablecoins are their weapon of choice. Bitcoiners need to stay focused, keep their coins in self-custody, and build out parallel systems. Expect more regulatory attacks, but don’t let them distract you—just keep stacking and transacting in ways they can’t control.

🎧 Listen to the full episode here: https://fountain.fm/episode/PYITCo18AJnsEkKLz2Ks

💰 Support the show by boosting sats on Podcasting 2.0! and I will see you on the other side.

@ 79008e78:dfac9395

Keys and Addresses

อลิซต้องการจ่ายเงินให้กับบ๊อบแต่โหนดของบิตคอยน์ในระบบหลายพันโหนดจะตรวจสอบธุรกรรมของเธอ โดยไม่รู้ว่าอลิซหรือบ๊อบเป็นใคร ละเราต้องการรักษาความเป็นส่วนตัวของพวกเขาไว้เช่นนี้ อลิซจำเป็นต้องสื่อสารว่าบ๊อบควรได้รับบิตคอยน์บางส่วนของเธอโดยไม่เชื่อมโยงแง่มุมใด ๆ ของธุรกรรมนั้นกับตัวตนในโลกจริงของบ๊อบ หรือกับการชำระเงินด้วยบิตคอยน์ครั้งอื่น ๆ ที่บ๊อบได้รับ อลิซใช้ต้องทำให้มั่นใจว่ามีเพียแค่บ๊อบเท่านั้นที่สามารถใช้จ่ายบิตคอยน์ที่เขาได้รับต่อไปได้

ในบิตคอยน์ไวท์เปเปอร์ได้อธิบายถึงแผนการที่เรียบง่ายมากสำหรับการบรรลุเป้าหมายเหล่านั้น ดังที่แสดงในรูปด้านล่างนี้

ตัวของผู้รับอย่างบ๊อบเองจะได้รับบิตคอยน์ไปยัง public key ของเขาที่ถูกลงนามโดยผู้จ่ายอย่างอลิซ โดยบิตคอยน์ที่อลิซนำมาจ่ายนั้นก็ได้รับมาจากที่ใครสักคนส่งมาที่ public key ของเธอ และเธอก็ใช้ private key ของเธอในการลงนามเพื่อสร้างลายเซ็นของเธอและโหนดต่าง ๆ ของบิตคอยน์จะทำการตรวจสอบว่าลายเซ็นของอลิซผูกมัดกับเอาต์พุตของฟังก์ชันแฮชซึ่งตัวมันเองผูกมัดกับ public key ของบ๊อบและรายละเอียดธุรกรรมอื่นๆ

ในบทนี้เราจะพิจารณาpublic key private key Digital signatrue และ hash function จากนั้นใช้ทั้งหมดนี้ร่วมกันเพื่ออธิบาย address ที่ใช้โดยซอฟต์แวร์บิตคอยน์สมัยใหม่

Public Key Cryptography (การเข้ารหัสของ public key)

ระบบเข้ารหัสของ public key ถูกคิดค้นขึ้นในทศวรรษ 1970 มาจากรากฐานทางคณิตศาสตร์สำหรับความปลอดภัยของคอมพิวเตอร์และข้อมูลสมัยใหม่

นับตั้งแต่การคิดค้นระบบเข้ารหัส public key ได้มีการค้นพบฟังก์ชันทางคณิตศาสตร์ที่เหมาะสมหลายอย่าง เช่น การยกกำลังของจำนวนเฉพาะและการคูณของเส้นโค้งวงรี โดยฟังก์ชันทางคณิตศาสตร์เหล่านี้สามารถคำนวณได้ง่ายในทิศทางหนึ่ง แต่เป็นไปไม่ได้ที่จะคำนวณในทิศทางตรงกันข้ามโดยใช้คอมพิวเตอร์และอัลกอริทึมที่มีอยู่ในปัจจุบัน จากฟังก์ชันทางคณิตศาสตร์เหล่านี้ การเข้ารหัสลับช่วยให้สามารถสร้างลายเซ็นดิจิทัลที่ไม่สามารถปลอมแปลงได้และบิตคอยน์ได้ใช้การบวกและการคูณของเส้นโค้งวงรีเป็นพื้นฐานสำหรับการเข้ารหัสลับของมัน

ในบิตคอยน์ เราสามารถใช้ระบบเข้ารหัส public key เพื่อสร้างคู่กุญแจที่ควบคุมการเข้าถึงบิตคอยน์ คู่กุญแจประกอบด้วย private key และ public key ที่ได้มาจาก private key public keyใช้สำหรับรับเงิน และ private key ใช้สำหรับลงนามในธุรกรรมเพื่อใช้จ่ายเงิน

ความสัมพันธ์ทางคณิตศาสตร์ระหว่าง public key และ private key ที่ช่วยให้ private key สามารถใช้สร้างลายเซ็นบนข้อความได้ ลายเซ็นเหล่านี้สามารถตรวจสอบความถูกต้องกับ public key ได้โดยไม่เปิดเผย private key

TIP: ในการใช้งานซอฟแวร์กระเป๋าเงินบิตคอยน์บสงอัน จะทำการเก็บ private key และ public key ถูกเก็บไว้ด้วยกันในรูปแบบคู่กุญแจเพื่อความสะดวก แต่อย่างไรก็ตาม public key สามารถคำนวณได้จาก private key ดังนั้นการเก็บเพียง private key เท่านั้นก็เป็นไปได้เช่นกัน

bitcoin wallet มักจะทำการรวบรวมคู่กุญแต่ละคู่ ซึ่งจะประกอบไปด้วย private key และ public key โดย private key จะเป็นตัวเลขที่ถูกสุ่มเลือกขึ้นมา และเราขะใช้เส้นโค้งวงรี ซึ่งเป็นฟังก์ชันการเข้ารหัสทางเดียว เพื่อสร้าง public key ขึ้นมา

ทำไมจึงใช้การเข้ารหัสแบบอสมมาตร

ทำไมการเข้ารหัสแบบอสมมาตรจึงถูกใช้บิตคอยน์? มันไม่ได้ถูกใช้เพื่อ "เข้ารหัส" (ทำให้เป็นความลับ) ธุรกรรม แต่คุณสมบัติที่มีประโยชน์ของการเข้ารหัสแบบอสมมาตรคือความสามารถในการสร้าง ลายเซ็นดิจิทัล private key สามารถนำไปใช้กับธุรกรรมเพื่อสร้างลายเซ็นเชิงตัวเลข ลายเซ็นนี้สามารถสร้างได้เฉพาะโดยผู้ที่มีความเกี่ยวข้องกับ private key เท่านั้น แต่อย่างไรก็ตาม ทุกคนที่สามารถเข้าถึง public key และธุรกรรมสามารถใช้สิ่งเหล่านี้เพื่อ ตรวจสอบ ลายเซ็นได้ คุณสมบัติที่มีประโยชน์นี้ของการเข้ารหัสแบบอสมมาตรทำให้ทุกคนสามารถตรวจสอบลายเซ็นทุกรายการในทุกธุรกรรมได้ ในขณะที่มั่นใจว่าเฉพาะเจ้าของ private key เท่านั้นที่สามารถสร้างลายเซ็นที่ถูกต้องได้

Private keys

private key เป็นเพียงตัวเลขที่ถูกสุ่มขึ้น และการควบคุม private key ก็เป็นรากฐานสำคัญที่ทำให้เจ้าชองกุญแจดอกนี้สามารถควบคุมบิตคอยน์ทั้งหมดที่มีความเกี่ยวข้องกับ public key ที่คู่กัน private key นั้นใช้ในการสร้างลายเซ็นดิจิทัลที่ใช้ในการเคลื่อนย้ายบิตคอยน์ เราจำเป็นต้องเก็บ private key ให้เป็นความลับตลอดเวลา เพราะการเปิดเผยมันให้กับบุคคลอื่นนั้นก็เปรียบเสมือนกับการนำอำนาจในการควบคุมบิตคอยน์ไปให้แก่เขา นอกจากนี้ private key ยังจำเป็นต้องได้รับการสำรองข้อมูลและป้องกันจากการสูญหายโดยไม่ตั้งใจ เพราะหากเราได้ทำมันสูญหายไป จะไม่สามารถกู้คืนได้ และบิตคอยน์เหล่านั้นจะถูกปกป้องโดยกุญแจที่หายไปนั้นตลอดกาลเช่นกัน

TIP: private key ของบิตคอยน์นั้นเป็นเพียงแค่ตัวเลข คุณสามารถสร้างมันได้โดยใช้เพียงเหรียญ ดินสอ และกระดาษ โดยการโยนเหรียญเพียง 256 ครั้งจะทำให้คุณได้เลขฐานสองที่สามารถใช้เป็น private key ของบิตคอยน์ จากนั้นคุณสามารถใช้มันในการคำนวณหา public key แต่อย่างไรก็ตาม โปรดระมัดระวังเกี่ยวกับการเลือใช้วิธีการสุ่มที่ไม่สมบูรณ์ เพราะนั่นอาจลดความปลอดภัยของ private key และบิตคอยน์ที่มัมปกป้องอยู่อย่างมีนัยสำคัญ

ขั้นตอนแรกและสำคัญที่สุดในการสร้างกุญแจคือการหาแหล่งที่มาของความสุ่มที่ปลอดภัย (ซึ่งเรียกว่า เอนโทรปี) การสร้างกุญแจของบิตคอยน์นั้นเกือบเหมือนกับ "เลือกตัวเลขระหว่าง 1 และ 2^256" ซึ่งวิธีที่แน่นอนที่คุณใช้ในการเลือกตัวเลขนั้นไม่สำคัญตราบใดที่มันไม่สามารถคาดเดาหรือทำซ้ำได้ โดยปกติแล้วซอฟต์แวร์ของบิตคอยน์มักจะใช้ตัวสร้างตัวเลขสุ่มที่มีความปลอดภัยทางการเข้ารหัสเพื่อสร้างเอนโทรปี 256 บิต

สิ่งที่สำคัญในเรื่องนี้คือ private key สามารถเป็นตัวเลขใดๆ ระหว่าง 0 และ n - 1 (รวมทั้งสองค่า) โดยที่ n เป็นค่าคงที่ (n = 1.1578 × 10^77 ซึ่งน้อยกว่า 2^256 เล็กน้อย) ซึ่งกำหนดอยู่ใน elliptic curve ที่ใช้ใน Bitcoin ในการสร้างกุญแจดังกล่าว เราสุ่มเลือกเลขขนาด 256 บิตและตรวจสอบว่ามันน้อยกว่า n ในแง่ของการเขียนโปรแกรม โดยปกติแล้วสิ่งนี้ทำได้โดยการป้อนสตริงของบิตสุ่มที่ใหญ่กว่า ซึ่งรวบรวมจากแหล่งที่มาของความสุ่มที่มีความปลอดภัยทางการเข้ารหัส เข้าไปในอัลกอริทึมแฮช SHA256 ซึ่งจะสร้างค่าขนาด 256 บิตที่สามารถตีความเป็นตัวเลขได้อย่างสะดวก หากผลลัพธ์น้อยกว่า n เราจะได้กุญแจส่วนตัวที่เหมาะสม มิฉะนั้น เราก็เพียงแค่ลองอีกครั้งด้วยตัวเลขสุ่มอื่น

คำเตือน: อย่าเขียนโค้ดของคุณเองเพื่อสร้างตัวเลขสุ่ม หรือใช้ตัวสร้างตัวเลขสุ่ม "แบบง่าย" ที่มีให้ในภาษาโปรแกรมของคุณ ใช้ตัวสร้างตัวเลขสุ่มเทียมที่มีความปลอดภัยทางการเข้ารหัส (CSPRNG) จากแหล่งที่มีเอนโทรปีเพียงพอ ศึกษาเอกสารของไลบรารีตัวสร้างตัวเลขสุ่มที่คุณเลือกเพื่อให้มั่นใจว่ามีความปลอดภัยทางการเข้ารหัส การใช้งาน CSPRNG ที่ถูกต้องมีความสำคัญอย่างยิ่งต่อความปลอดภัยของกุญแจ

ต่อไปนี้คือกุญแจส่วนตัว (k) ที่สร้างขึ้นแบบสุ่มซึ่งแสดงในรูปแบบเลขฐานสิบหก (256 บิตแสดงเป็น 64 หลักเลขฐานสิบหก โดยแต่ละหลักคือ 4 บิต): 1E99423A4ED27608A15A2616A2B0E9E52CED330AC530EDCC32C8FFC6A526AEDD

TIP: จำนวนที่เป็นไปได้ของ private key ทั้งหมดนั้นมีอยู่ 2^256 เป็นตัวเลขที่ใหญ่มากจนยากจะจินตนาการได้ มันมีค่าประมาณ 10^77 (เลข 1 ตามด้วยเลข 0 อีก 77 ตัว) ในระบบเลขฐานสิบ เพื่อให้เข้าใจง่ายขึ้น ลองเปรียบเทียบกับจักรวาลที่เรามองเห็นได้ซึ่งนักวิทยาศาสตร์ประมาณการว่ามีอะตอมทั้งหมดประมาณ 10^80 อะตอม นั่นหมายความว่าช่วงค่าของกุญแจส่วนตัว Bitcoin มีขนาดใกล้เคียงกับจำนวนอะตอมทั้งหมดในจักรวาลที่เรามองเห็นได้

การอธิบายเกี่ยวกับวิทยาการเข้ารหัสแบบเส้นโค้งวงรี (Elliptic Curve Cryptography)

วิทยาการเข้ารหัสแบบเส้นโค้งวงรี (ECC) เป็นประเภทหนึ่งของการเข้ารหัสแบบอสมมาตรหรือ public key ซึ่งอาศัยหลักการของปัญหาลอการิทึมแบบไม่ต่อเนื่อง โดยแสดงออกผ่านการบวกและการคูณบนจุดต่างๆ ของเส้นโค้งวงรี

บิตคอยน์ใช้เส้นโค้งวงรีเฉพาะและชุดค่าคงที่ทางคณิตศาสตร์ ตามที่กำหนดไว้ในมาตรฐานที่เรียกว่า secp256k1 ซึ่งกำหนดโดยสถาบันมาตรฐานและเทคโนโลยีแห่งชาติ (NIST) เส้นโค้ง secp256k1 ถูกกำหนดโดยฟังก์ชันต่อไปนี้ ซึ่งสร้างเส้นโค้งวงรี: y² = (x³ + 7) บนฟิลด์จำกัด (F_p) หรือ y² mod p = (x³ + 7) mod p

โดยที่ mod p (มอดูโลจำนวนเฉพาะ p) แสดงว่าเส้นโค้งนี้อยู่บนฟิลด์จำกัดของอันดับจำนวนเฉพาะ p ซึ่งเขียนได้เป็น F_p โดย p = 2^256 – 2^32 – 2^9 – 2^8 – 2^7 – 2^6 – 2^4 – 1 ซึ่งเป็นจำนวนเฉพาะที่มีค่ามหาศาล

บิตคอยน์ใช้เส้นโค้งวงรีที่ถูกนิยามบนฟิลด์จำกัดของอันดับจำนวนเฉพาะแทนที่จะอยู่บนจำนวนจริง ทำให้มันมีลักษณะเหมือนรูปแบบของจุดที่กระจัดกระจายในสองมิติ ซึ่งทำให้ยากต่อการจินตนาการภาพ อย่างไรก็ตาม คณิตศาสตร์ที่ใช้นั้นเหมือนกับเส้นโค้งวงรีบนจำนวนจริง

ตัวอย่างเช่น การเข้ารหัสลับด้วยเส้นโค้งวงรี: การแสดงภาพเส้นโค้งวงรีบน F(p) โดยที่ p=17 แสดงเส้นโค้งวงรีเดียวกันบนฟิลด์จำกัดของอันดับจำนวนเฉพาะ 17 ที่มีขนาดเล็กกว่ามาก ซึ่งแสดงรูปแบบของจุดบนตาราง

เส้นโค้งวงรี secp256k1 ที่ใช้ในบิตคอยน์สามารถนึกถึงได้ว่าเป็นรูปแบบของจุดที่ซับซ้อนมากกว่าบนตารางที่มีขนาดใหญ่มหาศาลจนยากจะเข้าใจได้

ตัวอย่างเช่น จุด P ที่มีพิกัด (x, y) ต่อไปนี้เป็นจุดที่อยู่บนเส้นโค้ง secp256k1: P = (55066263022277343669578718895168534326250603453777594175500187360389116729240, 32670510020758816978083085130507043184471273380659243275938904335757337482424) เราสามารถใช้ Python เพื่อยืนยันว่าจุดนี้อยู่บนเส้นโค้งวงรีได้ตามตัวอย่างนี้: ตัวอย่างที่ 1: การใช้ Python เพื่อยืนยันว่าจุดนี้อยู่บนเส้นโค้งวงรี ``` Python 3.10.6 (main, Nov 14 2022, 16:10:14) [GCC 11.3.0] on linux Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.

p = 115792089237316195423570985008687907853269984665640564039457584007908834671663 x = 55066263022277343669578718895168534326250603453777594175500187360389116729240 y = 32670510020758816978083085130507043184471273380659243275938904335757337482424 (x ** 3 + 7 - y**2) % p 0 ``` ผลลัพธ์เป็น 0 ซึ่งแสดงว่าจุดนี้อยู่บนเส้นโค้งวงรีจริง เพราะเมื่อแทนค่า x และ y ลงในสมการ y² = (x³ + 7) mod p แล้ว ทั้งสองด้านของสมการมีค่าเท่ากัน

ในคณิตศาสตร์ของเส้นโค้งวงรี มีจุดที่เรียกว่า "จุดที่อนันต์" (point at infinity) ซึ่งมีบทบาทคล้ายกับศูนย์ในการบวก บนคอมพิวเตอร์ บางครั้งจุดนี้แทนด้วย x = y = 0 (ซึ่งไม่เป็นไปตามสมการเส้นโค้งวงรี แต่เป็นกรณีพิเศษที่สามารถตรวจสอบได้ง่าย)

มีตัวดำเนินการ + ที่เรียกว่า "การบวก" ซึ่งมีคุณสมบัติคล้ายกับการบวกแบบดั้งเดิมของจำนวนจริงที่เด็กๆ เรียนในโรงเรียน เมื่อมีจุดสองจุด P1 และ P2 บนเส้นโค้งวงรี จะมีจุดที่สาม P3 = P1 + P2 ซึ่งอยู่บนเส้นโค้งวงรีเช่นกัน

ในเชิงเรขาคณิต จุดที่สาม P3 นี้คำนวณได้โดยการลากเส้นระหว่าง P1 และ P2 เส้นนี้จะตัดกับเส้นโค้งวงรีที่จุดเพิ่มเติมอีกหนึ่งจุดพอดี เรียกจุดนี้ว่า P3' = (x, y) จากนั้นให้สะท้อนกับแกน x เพื่อได้ P3 = (x, -y)

มีกรณีพิเศษบางกรณีที่อธิบายความจำเป็นของ "จุดที่อนันต์":

1. ถ้า P1 และ P2 เป็นจุดเดียวกัน เส้น "ระหว่าง" P1 และ P2 ควรขยายเป็นเส้นสัมผัสกับเส้นโค้ง ณ จุด P1 นี้ เส้นสัมผัสนี้จะตัดกับเส้นโค้งที่จุดใหม่อีกหนึ่งจุดพอดี คุณสามารถใช้เทคนิคจากแคลคูลัสเพื่อหาความชันของเส้นสัมผัส เทคนิคเหล่านี้ใช้ได้อย่างน่าแปลกใจ แม้ว่าเราจะจำกัดความสนใจไว้ที่จุดบนเส้นโค้งที่มีพิกัดเป็นจำนวนเต็มเท่านั้น!
2. ในบางกรณี (เช่น ถ้า P1 และ P2 มีค่า x เดียวกันแต่ค่า y ต่างกัน) เส้นสัมผัสจะตั้งฉากพอดี ซึ่งในกรณีนี้ P3 = "จุดที่อนันต์"
3. ถ้า P1 เป็น "จุดที่อนันต์" แล้ว P1 + P2 = P2 ในทำนองเดียวกัน ถ้า P2 เป็นจุดที่อนันต์ แล้ว P1 + P2 = P1 นี่แสดงให้เห็นว่าจุดที่อนันต์มีบทบาทเป็นศูนย์

การบวกนี้มีคุณสมบัติเชิงสมาคม (associative) ซึ่งหมายความว่า (A + B) + C = A + (B + C) นั่นหมายความว่าเราสามารถเขียน A + B + C โดยไม่ต้องมีวงเล็บและไม่มีความกำกวม

เมื่อเรานิยามการบวกแล้ว เราสามารถนิยามการคูณในแบบมาตรฐานที่ต่อยอดจากการบวก สำหรับจุด P บนเส้นโค้งวงรี ถ้า k เป็นจำนวนเต็มบวก แล้ว kP = P + P + P + … + P (k ครั้ง) โปรดทราบว่า k บางครั้งถูกเรียกว่า "เลขชี้กำลัง"

Public Keys

ในระบบคริปโตกราฟีแบบเส้นโค้งวงรี (Elliptic Curve Cryptography) public key ถูกคำนวณจาก private key โดยใช้การคูณเส้นโค้งวงรี ซึ่งเป็นกระบวนการที่ไม่สามารถย้อนกลับได้:

K = k × G

โดยที่:

• k คือ private key
• G คือจุดคงที่ที่เรียกว่า จุดกำเนิด (generator point)
• K คือ public key

การดำเนินการย้อนกลับ ที่เรียกว่า "การหาลอการิทึมแบบไม่ต่อเนื่อง" (finding the discrete logarithm) - คือการคำนวณหา k เมื่อรู้ค่า K - เป็นสิ่งที่ยากมากเทียบเท่ากับการลองค่า k ทุกค่าที่เป็นไปได้ (วิธีการแบบ brute-force)

ความยากของการย้อนกลับนี้คือหลักการความปลอดภัยหลักของระบบ ECC ที่ใช้ในบิตคอยน์ ซึ่งทำให้สามารถเผยแพร่ public key ได้อย่างปลอดภัย โดยที่ไม่ต้องกังวลว่าจะมีใครสามารถคำนวณย้อนกลับเพื่อหา private key ได้

TIP:การคูณเส้นโค้งวงรีเป็นฟังก์ชันประเภทที่นักเข้ารหัสลับเรียกว่า “ trap door function ”:

• เป็นสิ่งที่ทำได้ง่ายในทิศทางหนึ่ง
• แต่เป็นไปไม่ได้ที่จะทำในทิศทางตรงกันข้าม

คนที่มี private key สามารถสร้าง public key ได้อย่างง่ายดาย และสามารถแบ่งปันกับโลกได้โดยรู้ว่าไม่มีใครสามารถย้อนกลับฟังก์ชันและคำนวณ private key จาก public key ได้ กลวิธีทางคณิตศาสตร์นี้กลายเป็นพื้นฐานสำหรับลายเซ็นดิจิทัลที่ปลอมแปลงไม่ได้และมีความปลอดภัย ซึ่งใช้พิสูจน์การควบคุมเงินบิตคอยน์

เริ่มต้นด้วยการใช้ private key ในรูปแบบของตัวเลขสุ่ม เราคูณมันด้วยจุดที่กำหนดไว้ล่วงหน้าบนเส้นโค้งที่เรียกว่า จุดกำเนิด (generator point) เพื่อสร้างจุดอื่นที่อยู่บนเส้นโค้งเดียวกัน ซึ่งคำตอบจะเป็น public key ที่สอดคล้องกัน จุดกำเนิดถูกกำหนดไว้เป็นส่วนหนึ่งของมาตรฐาน secp256k1 และเป็นค่าเดียวกันสำหรับกุญแจทั้งหมดในระบบบิตคอยน์

เนื่องจากจุดกำเนิด G เป็นค่าเดียวกันสำหรับผู้ใช้บิตคอยน์ทุกคน private key (k) ที่คูณกับ G จะได้ public key (K) เดียวกันเสมอ ความสัมพันธ์ระหว่าง k และ K เป็นแบบตายตัวแต่สามารถคำนวณได้ในทิศทางเดียวเท่านั้น คือจาก k ไปยัง K นี่คือเหตุผลที่ public key ของบิตคอยน์ (K) สามารถแบ่งปันกับทุกคนได้โดยไม่เปิดเผย private key (k) ของผู้ใช้

TIP: private key สามารถแปลงเป็น public key ได้ แต่ public key ไม่สามารถแปลงกลับเป็น private key ได้ เพราะคณิตศาสตร์ที่ใช้ทำงานได้เพียงทิศทางเดียวเท่านั้น

เมื่อนำการคูณเส้นโค้งวงรีมาใช้งาน เราจะนำ private key (k) ที่สร้างขึ้นก่อนหน้านี้มาคูณกับจุดกำเนิด G เพื่อหา public key (K): K = 1E99423A4ED27608A15A2616A2B0E9E52CED330AC530EDCC32C8FFC6A526AEDD × G public key (K) จะถูกกำหนดเป็นจุด K = (x, y) โดยที่: x = F028892BAD7ED57D2FB57BF33081D5CFCF6F9ED3D3D7F159C2E2FFF579DC341A y = 07CF33DA18BD734C600B96A72BBC4749D5141C90EC8AC328AE52DDFE2E505BDB เพื่อจะให้เห็นภาพของการคูณจุดด้วยจำนวนเต็มมากขึ้น เราจะใช้เส้นโค้งวงรีที่ง่ายกว่าบนจำนวนจริง (โดยหลักการทางคณิตศาสตร์ยังคงเหมือนกัน) เป้าหมายของเราคือการหาผลคูณ kG ของจุดกำเนิด G ซึ่งเทียบเท่ากับการบวก G เข้ากับตัวเอง k ครั้งติดต่อกัน

ในเส้นโค้งวงรี การบวกจุดเข้ากับตัวเองเทียบเท่ากับการลากเส้นสัมผัสที่จุดนั้นและหาว่าเส้นนั้นตัดกับเส้นโค้งอีกครั้งที่จุดใด จากนั้นจึงสะท้อนจุดนั้นบนแกน x

การเข้ารหัสลับด้วยเส้นโค้งวงรี: การแสดงภาพการคูณจุด G ด้วยจำนวนเต็ม k บนเส้นโค้งวงรี แสดงกระบวนการในการหา G, 2G, 4G เป็นการดำเนินการทางเรขาคณิตบนเส้นโค้งได้ดังนี้

TIP: ในซอฟแวร์ของบิตคอยน์ส่วนใหญ่ใช้ไลบรารีเข้ารหัสลับ libsecp256k1 เพื่อทำการคำนวณทางคณิตศาสตร์เส้นโค้งวงรี

Output and Input Scripts

แม้ว่าภาพประกอบจาก Bitcoin whitepaper ที่แสดงเรื่อง "Transaction chain" จะแสดงให้เห็นว่ามีการใช้ public key และ digital signature โดยตรง แต่ในความเป็นจริงบิตคอยน์เวอร์ชันแรกนั้นมีการส่งการชำระเงินไปยังฟิลด์ที่เรียกว่า output script และมีการใช้จ่ายบิตคอยน์เหล่านั้นโดยได้รับอนุญาตจากฟิลด์ที่เรียกว่า input script ฟิลด์เหล่านี้อนุญาตให้มีการดำเนินการเพิ่มเติมนอกเหนือจาก (หรือแทนที่) การตรวจสอบว่าลายเซ็นสอดคล้องกับ public key หรือไม่ ตัวอย่างเช่น output script สามารถมี public key สองดอกและต้องการลายเซ็นสองลายเซ็นที่สอดคล้องกันในฟิลด์ input script ที่ใช้จ่าย

ในภายหลัง ในหัวข้อ [tx_script] เราจะได้เรียนรู้เกี่ยวกับสคริปต์อย่างละเอียด สำหรับตอนนี้ สิ่งที่เราต้องเข้าใจคือ บิตคอยน์จะถูกรับเข้า output script ที่ทำหน้าที่เหมือน public key และการใช้จ่ายบิตคอยน์จะได้รับอนุญาตโดย input script ที่ทำหน้าที่เหมือนลายเซ็น

IP Addresses: The Original Address for Bitcoin (P2PK)

เราได้เห็นแล้วว่าอลิซสามารถจ่ายเงินให้บ็อบโดยการมอบบิตคอยน์บางส่วนของเธอให้กับกุญแจสาธารณะของบ็อบ แต่อลิซจะได้กุญแจสาธารณะของบ็อบมาได้อย่างไร? บ็อบอาจจะให้สำเนากุญแจแก่เธอ แต่ลองดูกุญแจสาธารณะที่เราใช้งานในตัวอย่างที่ผ่านมาอีกครั้ง: x = F028892BAD7ED57D2FB57BF33081D5CFCF6F9ED3D3D7F159C2E2FFF579DC341A y = 07CF33DA18BD734C600B96A72BBC4749D5141C90EC8AC328AE52DDFE2E505BDB

TIP จากหลาม: :สังเกตได้ว่า public key มีความยาวมาก ลองจินตนาการว่าบ็อบพยายามอ่านกุญแจนี้ให้อลิซฟังทางโทรศัพท์ คงจะยากมากที่จะอ่านและบันทึกโดยไม่มีข้อผิดพลาด

แทนที่จะป้อนกุญแจสาธารณะโดยตรง เวอร์ชันแรกของซอฟต์แวร์บิตคอยน์อนุญาตให้ผู้จ่ายเงินป้อนที่อยู่ IP ของผู้รับได้ ตามที่แสดงในหน้าจอการส่งเงินรุ่นแรกของบิตคอยน์ผ่าน The Internet Archive

คุณสมบัตินี้ถูกลบออกในภายหลัง เนื่องจากมีปัญหามากมายในการใช้ที่อยู่ IP แต่คำอธิบายสั้นๆ จะช่วยให้เราเข้าใจได้ดีขึ้นว่าทำไมคุณสมบัติบางอย่างอาจถูกเพิ่มเข้าไปในโปรโตคอลบิตคอยน์

เมื่ออลิซป้อนที่อยู่ IP ของบ็อบในบิตคอยน์เวอร์ชัน 0.1 Full node ของเธอจะทำการเชื่อมต่อกับ full node ของเขาและได้รับ public key ใหม่จากกระเป๋าสตางค์ของบ็อบที่โหนดของเขาไม่เคยให้กับใครมาก่อน การที่เป็น public key ใหม่นี้มีความสำคัญเพื่อให้แน่ใจว่าธุรกรรมต่าง ๆ ที่จ่ายให้บ็อบจะไม่สามารถถูกเชื่อมโยงเข้าด้วยกันโดยคนที่กำลังดูบล็อกเชนและสังเกตเห็นว่าธุรกรรมทั้งหมดจ่ายไปยัง public key เดียวกัน

เมื่อใช้ public key จากโหนดของอลิซซึ่งได้รับมาจากโหนดของบ็อบ กระเป๋าสตางค์ของอลิซจะสร้างเอาต์พุตธุรกรรมที่จ่ายให้กับสคริปต์เอาต์พุตดังนี้ <Bob's public key> OP_CHECKSIG ต่อมาบ็อบจะสามารถใช้จ่ายเอาต์พุตนั้นด้วยสคริปต์อินพุตที่ประกอบด้วยลายเซ็นของเขาเท่านั้น: <Bob's signature> เพื่อให้เข้าใจว่าสคริปต์อินพุตและเอาต์พุตกำลังทำอะไร คุณสามารถรวมพวกมันเข้าด้วยกัน (สคริปต์อินพุตก่อน) แล้วสังเกตว่าข้อมูลแต่ละชิ้น (แสดงในเครื่องหมาย < >) จะถูกวางไว้ที่ด้านบนสุดของรายการที่เรียกว่าสแตก (stack) เมื่อพบรหัสคำสั่ง (opcode) มันจะใช้รายการจากสแตก โดยเริ่มจากรายการบนสุด มาดูว่ามันทำงานอย่างไรโดยเริ่มจากสคริปต์ที่รวมกัน: <Bob's signature> <Bob's public key> OP_CHECKSIG

สำหรับสคริปต์นี้ ลายเซ็นของบ็อบจะถูกนำไปไว้บนสแตก จากนั้น public key ของบ็อบจะถูกวางไว้ด้านบนของลายเซ็น และบนสุดจะเป็นคำสั่ง OP_CHECKSIG ที่จะใช้องค์ประกอบสองอย่าง เริ่มจาก public key ตามด้วยลายเซ็น โดยลบพวกมันออกจากสแตก มันจะตรวจสอบว่าลายเซ็นตรงกับ public key และยืนยันฟิลด์ต่าง ๆ ในธุรกรรม ถ้าลายเซ็นถูกต้อง OP_CHECKSIG จะแทนที่ตัวเองบนสแตกด้วยค่า 1 ถ้าลายเซ็นไม่ถูกต้อง มันจะแทนที่ตัวเองด้วย 0 ถ้ามีรายการที่ไม่ใช่ศูนย์อยู่บนสุดของสแตกเมื่อสิ้นสุดการประเมิน สคริปต์ก็จะผ่าน ถ้าสคริปต์ทั้งหมดในธุรกรรมผ่าน และรายละเอียดอื่น ๆ ทั้งหมดเกี่ยวกับธุรกรรมนั้นต้องถูกต้องจึงจะถือว่าธุรกรรมนั้นถูกต้อง

โดยสรุป สคริปต์ข้างต้นใช้ public key และลายเซ็นเดียวกันกับที่อธิบายใน whitepaper แต่เพิ่มความซับซ้อนของฟิลด์สคริปต์สองฟิลด์และรหัสคำสั่งหนึ่งตัว ซึ่งเราจะเริ่มเห็นประโยชน์เมื่อเรามองที่ส่วนต่อไป

TIP:จากหลาม agian: เอาต์พุตประเภทนี้เป็นที่รู้จักในปัจจุบันว่า P2PK ซึ่งมันไม่เคยถูกใช้อย่างแพร่หลายสำหรับการชำระเงิน และไม่มีโปรแกรมที่ใช้กันอย่างแพร่หลายที่รองรับการชำระเงินผ่านที่อยู่ IP เป็นเวลาเกือบทศวรรษแล้ว

Legacy addresses for P2PKH

แน่นอนว่าการป้อนที่อยู่ IP ของคนที่คุณต้องการจ่ายเงินให้นั้นมีข้อดีหลายประการ แต่ก็มีข้อเสียหลายประการเช่นกัน หนึ่งในข้อเสียที่สำคัญคือผู้รับจำเป็นต้องให้กระเป๋าสตางค์ของพวกเขาออนไลน์ที่ที่อยู่ IP ของพวกเขา และต้องสามารถเข้าถึงได้จากโลกภายนอก

ซึ่งสำหรับคนจำนวนมากนั่นไม่ใช่ตัวเลือกที่เป็นไปได้เพราะหากพวกเขา:

• ปิดคอมพิวเตอร์ในเวลากลางคืน
• แล็ปท็อปของพวกเขาเข้าสู่โหมดสลีป
• อยู่หลังไฟร์วอลล์
• หรือกำลังใช้การแปลงที่อยู่เครือข่าย (NAT)

ปัญหานี้นำเรากลับมาสู่ความท้าทายเดิมที่ผู้รับเงินอย่างบ็อบต้องให้ public key ที่มีความยาวมากแก่ผู้จ่ายเงินอย่างอลิซ public key ของบิตคอยน์ที่สั้นที่สุดที่นักพัฒนาบิตคอยน์รุ่นแรกรู้จักมีขนาด 65 ไบต์ เทียบเท่ากับ 130 ตัวอักษรเมื่อเขียนในรูปแบบเลขฐานสิบหก (เฮกซาเดซิมอล) แต่อย่างไรก็ตาม บิตคอยน์มีโครงสร้างข้อมูลหลายอย่างที่มีขนาดใหญ่กว่า 65 ไบต์มาก ซึ่งจำเป็นต้องถูกอ้างอิงอย่างปลอดภัยในส่วนอื่น ๆ ของบิตคอยน์โดยใช้ข้อมูลขนาดเล็กที่สุดเท่าที่จะปลอดภัยได้

โดยบิตคอยน์แก้ปัญหานี้ด้วย ฟังก์ชันแฮช (hash function) ซึ่งเป็นฟังก์ชันที่รับข้อมูลที่อาจมีขนาดใหญ่ นำมาแฮช และให้ผลลัพธ์เป็นข้อมูลขนาดคงที่ ฟังก์ชันแฮชจะผลิตผลลัพธ์เดียวกันเสมอเมื่อได้รับข้อมูลนำเข้าแบบเดียวกัน และฟังก์ชันที่ปลอดภัยจะทำให้เป็นไปไม่ได้ในทางปฏิบัติสำหรับผู้ที่ต้องการเลือกข้อมูลนำเข้าอื่นที่ให้ผลลัพธ์เหมือนกันได้ นั่นทำให้ผลลัพธ์เป็น คำมั่นสัญญา (commitment) ต่อข้อมูลนำเข้า เป็นสัญญาว่าในทางปฏิบัติ มีเพียงข้อมูลนำเข้า x เท่านั้นที่จะให้ผลลัพธ์ X

สมมติว่าผมต้องการถามคำถามคุณและให้คำตอบของผมในรูปแบบที่คุณไม่สามารถอ่านได้ทันที สมมติว่าคำถามคือ "ในปีไหนที่ซาโตชิ นาคาโมโตะเริ่มทำงานบนบิทคอยน์?" ผมจะให้การยืนยันคำตอบของผมในรูปแบบของผลลัพธ์จากฟังก์ชันแฮช SHA256 ซึ่งเป็นฟังก์ชันที่ใช้บ่อยที่สุดในบิทคอยน์: 94d7a772612c8f2f2ec609d41f5bd3d04a5aa1dfe3582f04af517d396a302e4e ต่อมา หลังจากคุณบอกคำตอบที่คุณเดาสำหรับคำถามนั้น ผมสามารถเปิดเผยคำตอบของผมและพิสูจน์ให้คุณเห็นว่าคำตอบของผม เมื่อใช้เป็นข้อมูลสำหรับฟังก์ชันแฮช จะให้ผลลัพธ์เดียวกันกับที่ผมให้คุณก่อนหน้านี้ $ echo "2007. He said about a year and a half before Oct 2008" | sha256sum 94d7a772612c8f2f2ec609d41f5bd3d04a5aa1dfe3582f04af517d396a302e4e ทีนี้ให้สมมติว่าเราถามบ็อบว่า " public key ของคุณคืออะไร?" บ็อบสามารถใช้ฟังก์ชันแฮชเพื่อให้การยืนยันที่ปลอดภัยทางการเข้ารหัสต่อ public key ของเขา หากเขาเปิดเผยกุญแจในภายหลัง และเราตรวจสอบว่ามันให้ผลการยืนยันเดียวกันกับที่เขาให้เราก่อนหน้านี้ เราสามารถมั่นใจได้ว่ามันเป็นกุญแจเดียวกันที่ใช้สร้างการยืนยันก่อนหน้านี้

ฟังก์ชันแฮช SHA256 ถือว่าปลอดภัยมากและให้ผลลัพธ์ 256 บิต (32 ไบต์) น้อยกว่าครึ่งหนึ่งของขนาด public key ของบิทคอยน์ดั้งเดิม แต่อย่างไรก็ตาม มีฟังก์ชันแฮชอื่นๆ ที่ปลอดภัยน้อยกว่าเล็กน้อยที่ให้ผลลัพธ์ขนาดเล็กกว่า เช่น ฟังก์ชันแฮช RIPEMD-160 ซึ่งให้ผลลัพธ์ 160 บิต (20 ไบต์) ด้วยเหตุผลที่ซาโตชิ นาคาโมโตะไม่เคยระบุ เวอร์ชันดั้งเดิมของบิทคอยน์สร้างการยืนยันต่อ public key โดยการแฮชกุญแจด้วย SHA256 ก่อน แล้วแฮชผลลัพธ์นั้นด้วย RIPEMD-160 ซึ่งให้การยืนยันขนาด 20 ไบต์ต่อ public key

เราสามารถดูสิ่งนี้ตามอัลกอริทึม เริ่มจากกุญแจสาธารณะ K เราคำนวณแฮช SHA256 และคำนวณแฮช RIPEMD-160 ของผลลัพธ์ ซึ่งให้ตัวเลข 160 บิต (20 ไบต์): A = RIPEMD160(SHA256(K))

ทีนี้เราคงเข้าใจวิธีสร้างการยืนยันต่อ public key แล้ว ต่อไปเราจะมาดูวิธีการใช้งานโดยพิจารณาสคริปต์เอาต์พุตต่อไปนี้: OP_DUP OP_HASH160 <Bob's commitment> OP_EQUAL OP_CHECKSIG และสคริปต์อินพุตต่อไปนี้: <Bob's signature> <Bob's public key> และเมื่อเรารวมมันเข้าด้วยกันเราจะได้ผลลัพธ์ดังนี้: <Bob's signature> <Bob's public key> OP_DUP OP_HASH160 <Bob's commitment> OP_EQUAL OP_CHECKSIG

เหมือนที่เราทำใน IP Addresses: The Original Address for Bitcoin (P2PK) เราเริ่มวางรายการลงในสแต็ก ลายเซ็นของบ็อบถูกวางก่อน จากนั้น public key ของเขาถูกวางไว้ด้านบน จากนั้นดำเนินการ OP_DUP เพื่อทำสำเนารายการบนสุด ดังนั้นรายการบนสุดและรายการที่สองจากบนในสแต็กตอนนี้เป็น public key ของบ็อบทั้งคู่ การดำเนินการ OP_HASH160 ใช้ (ลบ) public key บนสุดและแทนที่ด้วยผลลัพธ์ของการแฮชด้วย RIPEMD160(SHA256(K)) ดังนั้นตอนนี้บนสุดของสแต็กคือแฮชของ public key ของบ็อบ ต่อไป commitment ถูกเพิ่มไว้บนสุดของสแต็ก การดำเนินการ OP_EQUALVERIFY ใช้รายการสองรายการบนสุดและตรวจสอบว่าพวกมันเท่ากัน ซึ่งควรเป็นเช่นนั้นหาก public key ที่บ็อบให้ในสคริปต์อินพุตเป็น public key เดียวกันกับที่ใช้สร้างการยืนยันในสคริปต์เอาต์พุตที่อลิซจ่าย หาก OP_EQUALVERIFY ล้มเหลว ทั้งสคริปต์จะล้มเหลว สุดท้าย เราเหลือสแต็กที่มีเพียงลายเซ็นของบ็อบและ public key ของเขา รหัสปฏิบัติการ OP_CHECKSIG ตรวจสอบว่าพวกมันสอดคล้องกัน

TIP: จากหลาม ถ้าอ่านตรงนี้และงง ๆ ผมไปทำรูปมาให้ดูง่ายขึ้นครับ

แม้กระบวนการของการ pay-to-publickey-hash(P2PKH) อาจดูซับซ้อน แต่มันทำให้การที่อลิซจ่ายเงินให้บ็อบมีเพียงการยืนยันเพียง 20 ไบต์ต่อ public key ของเขาแทนที่จะเป็นตัวกุญแจเอง ซึ่งจะมีขนาด 65 ไบต์ในเวอร์ชันดั้งเดิมของบิทคอยน์ นั่นเป็นข้อมูลที่น้อยกว่ามากที่บ็อบต้องสื่อสารกับอลิซ

แต่อย่างไรก็ตาม เรายังไม่ได้พูดถึงวิธีที่บ็อบรับ 20 ไบต์เหล่านั้นจากกระเป๋าเงินบิทคอยน์ของเขาไปยังกระเป๋าเงินของอลิซ มีการเข้ารหัสค่าไบต์ที่ใช้กันอย่างแพร่หลาย เช่น เลขฐานสิบหก แต่ข้อผิดพลาดใด ๆ ในการคัดลอกการยืนยันจะทำให้บิทคอยน์ถูกส่งไปยังเอาต์พุตที่ไม่สามารถใช้จ่ายได้ ทำให้พวกมันสูญหายไปตลอดกาล โดยในส่วนถัดไป เราจะดูที่การเข้ารหัสแบบกะทัดรัดและการตรวจสอบความถูกต้อง

Base58check Encoding

ระบบคอมพิวเตอร์มีวิธีเขียนตัวเลขยาวๆ ให้สั้นลงโดยใช้ทั้งตัวเลขและตัวอักษรผสมกัน เพื่อใช้พื้นที่น้อยลงอย่างเช่น

• ระบบเลขฐานสิบ (ปกติที่เราใช้) - ใช้เลข 0-9 เท่านั้น
• ระบบเลขฐานสิบหก - ใช้เลข 0-9 และตัวอักษร A-F ตัวอย่าง: เลข 255 ในระบบปกติ เขียนเป็น FF ในระบบเลขฐานสิบหก (สั้นกว่า)
• ระบบเลขฐานหกสิบสี่ (Base64) - ใช้สัญลักษณ์ถึง 64 ตัว: ตัวอักษรเล็ก (a-z) 26 ตัว, ตัวอักษรใหญ่ (A-Z) 26 ตัว, ตัวเลข (0-9) 10 ตัว, สัญลักษณ์พิเศษอีก 2 ตัว ("+" และ "/")

โดยระบบ Base64 นี้ช่วยให้เราส่งไฟล์คอมพิวเตอร์ผ่านข้อความธรรมดาได้ เช่น การส่งรูปภาพผ่านอีเมล โดยใช้พื้นที่น้อยกว่าการเขียนเป็นเลขฐานสิบแบบปกติมาก

การเข้ารหัสแบบ Base58 คล้ายกับ Base64 โดยใช้ตัวอักษรพิมพ์ใหญ่ พิมพ์เล็ก และตัวเลข แต่ได้ตัดตัวอักษรบางตัวที่มักถูกเข้าใจผิดว่าเป็นตัวอื่นและอาจดูเหมือนกันเมื่อแสดงในฟอนต์บางประเภทออกไป

Base58 คือ Base64 ที่ตัดตัวอักษรต่อไปนี้ออก:

• เลข 0 (ศูนย์)
• ตัวอักษร O (ตัว O พิมพ์ใหญ่)
• ตัวอักษร l (ตัว L พิมพ์เล็ก)
• ตัวอักษร I (ตัว I พิมพ์ใหญ่)
• และสัญลักษณ์ "+" และ "/"

หรือพูดให้ง่ายขึ้น Base58 คือกลุ่มตัวอักษรพิมพ์เล็ก พิมพ์ใหญ่ และตัวเลข แต่ไม่มีตัวอักษรทั้งสี่ตัว (0, O, l, I) ที่กล่าวถึงข้างต้น ตัวอักษรทั้งหมดที่ใช้ใน Base58 จะแสดงให้เห็นในตัวอักษร Base58 ของบิทคอยน์

Example 2. Bitcoin’s base58 alphabet 123456789ABCDEFGHJKLMNPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijkmnopqrstuvwxyz การเพิ่มความปลอดภัยพิเศษเพื่อป้องกันการพิมพ์ผิดหรือข้อผิดพลาดในการคัดลอก base58check ได้รวม รหัสตรวจสอบ (checksum) ที่เข้ารหัสในตัวอักษร base58 เข้าไปด้วย รหัสตรวจสอบนี้คือข้อมูลเพิ่มเติมอีก 4 ไบต์ที่เพิ่มเข้าไปที่ท้ายของข้อมูลที่กำลังถูกเข้ารหัส

รหัสตรวจสอบนี้ได้มาจากการแฮชข้อมูลที่ถูกเข้ารหัส และจึงสามารถใช้เพื่อตรวจจับข้อผิดพลาดจากการคัดลอกและการพิมพ์ได้ เมื่อโปรแกรมได้รับรหัส base58check ซอฟต์แวร์ถอดรหัสจะคำนวณรหัสตรวจสอบของข้อมูลและเปรียบเทียบกับรหัสตรวจสอบที่รวมอยู่ในรหัสนั้น

หากทั้งสองไม่ตรงกัน แสดงว่ามีข้อผิดพลาดเกิดขึ้น และข้อมูล base58check นั้นไม่ถูกต้อง กระบวนการนี้ช่วยป้องกันไม่ให้ address บิทคอยน์ที่พิมพ์ผิดถูกยอมรับโดยซอฟต์แวร์กระเป๋าเงินว่าเป็น address ที่ถูกต้อง ซึ่งเป็นข้อผิดพลาดที่อาจส่งผลให้สูญเสียเงินได้

การแปลงข้อมูล (ตัวเลข) เป็นรูปแบบ base58check มีขั้นตอนดังนี้:

1. เราเริ่มโดยการเพิ่ม prefix เข้าไปในข้อมูล เรียกว่า "version byte" ซึ่งช่วยให้ระบุประเภทของข้อมูลที่ถูกเข้ารหัสได้ง่าย ตัวอย่างเช่น: prefix ศูนย์ (0x00 ในระบบเลขฐานสิบหก) แสดงว่าข้อมูลควรถูกใช้เป็นการยืนยัน (hash) ในสคริปต์เอาต์พุต legacy P2PKH
2. จากนั้น เราคำนวณ "double-SHA" checksum ซึ่งหมายถึงการใช้อัลกอริทึมแฮช SHA256 สองครั้งกับผลลัพธ์ก่อนหน้า (prefix ต่อกับข้อมูล): checksum = SHA256(SHA256(prefix||data))
3. จากแฮช 32 ไบต์ที่ได้ (การแฮชซ้อนแฮช) เราเลือกเฉพาะ 4 ไบต์แรก ไบต์ทั้งสี่นี้ทำหน้าที่เป็นรหัสตรวจสอบข้อผิดพลาดหรือ checksum
4. นำ checksum นี้ไปต่อที่ท้ายข้อมูล

การเข้ารหัสแบบ base58check คือรูปแบบการเข้ารหัสที่ใช้ base58 พร้อมกับการระบุเวอร์ชันและการตรวจสอบความถูกต้อง เพื่อการเข้ารหัสข้อมูลบิทคอยน์ โดยคุณสามารถดูภาพประกอบด้านล่างเพื่อความเข้าใจเพิ่มเติม

ในบิตคอยน์นั้น นอกจากจะใช้ base58check ในการยืนยัน public key แล้ว ก็ยังมีการใช้ในข้อมูลอื่น ๆ ด้วย เพื่อทำให้ข้อมูลนั้นกะทัดรัด อ่านง่าย และตรวจจับข้อผิดพลาดได้ง่ายด้วยรหัสนำหน้า (version prefix) ในการเข้ารหัสแบบ base58check ถูกใช้เพื่อสร้างรูปแบบที่แยกแยะได้ง่าย ซึ่งเมื่อเข้ารหัสด้วย base58 โดยจะมีตัวอักษรเฉพาะที่จุดเริ่มต้นของข้อมูลที่เข้ารหัส base58check ตัวอักษรเหล่านี้ช่วยให้เราระบุประเภทของข้อมูลที่ถูกเข้ารหัสและวิธีการใช้งานได้ง่าย นี่คือสิ่งที่แยกความแตกต่าง ตัวอย่างเช่น ระหว่าง address บิทคอยน์ที่เข้ารหัส base58check ซึ่งขึ้นต้นด้วยเลข 1 กับรูปแบบการนำเข้า private key (WIF - Wallet Import Format) ที่เข้ารหัส base58check ซึ่งขึ้นต้นด้วยเลข 5 ตัวอย่างของ version prefix สามารถดูได้ตามตารางด้านล่างนี้

ภาพต่อไปนี้จะทำให้คุณเห็นภาพของกระบวนการแปลง public key ให้เป็น bitcoin address

Compressed Public Keys

ในยุคแรก ๆ ของบิตคอยน์นั้น มีเพียงการสร้าง public key แบบ 65 Bytes เท่านั้น แต่ในเวลาต่อมา เหล่านักพัฒนาในยุคหลังได้พบวิธีการสร้าง public key แบบใหม่ที่มีเพียง 33 Bytes และสามารถทำงานร่วมกันกับโหนดทั้งหมดในขณะนั้นได้ จีงไม่จะเป็นต้องเปลี่ยนแปลงกฎหรือโครงสร้างภายในโปรโตคอลของบิตคอยน์ โดย poublic key แบบใหม่ที่มีขนาด 33 Bytes นี้เรียกว่า compressed public key (public key ที่ถูกบีบอัด) และมีการเรียก public key ที่มีขนาด 65 Bytes ว่า uncompressed public key (public key ที่ไม่ถูกบีบอัด) ซึ่งประโยชน์ของ public key ที่เล็กลงนั้น นอกจากจะช่วยให้การส่ง public key ให้ผู้อื่นทำได้ง่ายขึ้นแล้ว ยังช่วยให้ธุรกรรมมีขนาดเล็กลง และช่วยให้สามารถทำการชำระเงินได้มากขึ้นในบล็อกเดียวกัน

อย่างที่เราได้เรียนรู้จากเนื้อหาในส่วนของ public key เราได้ทราบว่า public key คือจุด (x, y) บนเส้นโค้งวงรี เนื่องจากเส้นโค้งแสดงฟังก์ชันทางคณิตศาสตร์ จุดบนเส้นโค้งจึงเป็นคำตอบของสมการ ดังนั้นหากเรารู้พิกัด x เราก็สามารถคำนวณพิกัด y ได้โดยแก้สมการ y² mod p = (x³ + 7) mod p นั่นหมายความว่าเราสามารถเก็บเพียงพิกัด x ของ public key โดยละพิกัด y ไว้ ซึ่งช่วยลดขนาดของกุญแจและพื้นที่ที่ต้องใช้เก็บข้อมูลลง 256 บิต การลดขนาดลงเกือบ 50% ในทุกธุรกรรมรวมกันแล้วช่วยประหยัดข้อมูลได้มากมายในระยะยาว!

นี่คือ public key ที่ได้ยกเป็นตัวอย่างไว้ก่อนหน้า x = F028892BAD7ED57D2FB57BF33081D5CFCF6F9ED3D3D7F159C2E2FFF579DC341A y = 07CF33DA18BD734C600B96A72BBC4749D5141C90EC8AC328AE52DDFE2E505BDB

และนี่คือ public key ที่มีตัวนำหน้า 04 ตามด้วยพิกัด x และ y ในรูปแบบ 04 x y: K = 04F028892BAD7ED57D2FB57BF33081D5CFCF6F9ED3D3D7F159C2E2FFF579DC341A07CF33DA18BD734C600B96A72BBC4749D5141C90EC8AC328AE52DDFE2E505BDB

uncompressed public key นั้นจะมีตัวนำหน้าเป็น 04 แต่ compressed public key จะมีตัวนำหน้าเป็น 02 หรือ 03 โดยเหตุผลนั้นมาจากสมการ y² mod p = (x³ + 7) mod p เนื่องจากด้านซ้ายของสมการคือ y² คำตอบสำหรับ y จึงเป็นรากที่สอง ซึ่งอาจมีค่าเป็นบวกหรือลบก็ได้ หากมองเชิงภาพ นี่หมายความว่าพิกัด y ที่ได้อาจอยู่เหนือหรือใต้แกน x เราต้องไม่ลืมว่าเส้นโค้งมีความสมมาตร ซึ่งหมายความว่ามันจะสะท้อนเหมือนกระจกโดยแกน x ดังนั้น แม้เราจะละพิกัด y ได้ แต่เราต้องเก็บ เครื่องหมาย ของ y (บวกหรือลบ) หรืออีกนัยหนึ่งคือเราต้องจำว่ามันอยู่เหนือหรือใต้แกน x เพราะแต่ละตำแหน่งแทนจุดที่แตกต่างกันและเป็น public key ที่แตกต่างกัน

เมื่อคำนวณเส้นโค้งวงรีในระบบเลขฐานสองบนสนามจำกัดของเลขจำนวนเฉพาะ p พิกัด y จะเป็นเลขคู่หรือเลขคี่ ซึ่งสอดคล้องกับเครื่องหมายบวก/ลบตามที่อธิบายก่อนหน้านี้ ดังนั้น เพื่อแยกความแตกต่างระหว่างค่าที่เป็นไปได้สองค่าของ y เราจึงเก็บ compressed public key ด้วยตัวนำหน้า 02 ถ้า y เป็นเลขคู่ และ 03 ถ้า y เป็นเลขคี่ ซึ่งช่วยให้ซอฟต์แวร์สามารถอนุมานพิกัด y จากพิกัด x และคลายการบีบอัดของ public key ไปยังพิกัดเต็มของจุดได้อย่างถูกต้อง ดังภาพประกอบต่อไปนี้

นี่คือ public key เดียวกันกับที่ยกตัวอย่างไว้ข้างต้นซึ่งแสดงให้เห็นในรูป compressed public key ที่เก็บใน 264 บิต (66 ตัวอักษรเลขฐานสิบหก) โดยมีตัวนำหน้า 03 ซึ่งบ่งชี้ว่าพิกัด y เป็นเลขคี่: K = 03F028892BAD7ED57D2FB57BF33081D5CFCF6F9ED3D3D7F159C2E2FFF579DC341A compressed public key สอดคล้องกับ private key เดียวกันกับ uncompressed public key หมายความว่ามันถูกสร้างจาก private key เดียวกัน แต่อย่างไรก็ตาม มันก็มีส่วนที่แตกต่างจาก uncompressed public key นั้นคือ หากเราแปลง compressed public key เป็น commitment โดยใช้ฟังก์ชัน HASH160 (RIPEMD160(SHA256(K))) มันจะสร้าง commitment ที่แตกต่างจาก uncompressed public key และจะนำไปสู่ bitcoin address ที่แตกต่างกันในที่สุด สิ่งนี้อาจทำให้สับสนเพราะหมายความว่า private key เดียวสามารถสร้าง public key ในสองรูปแบบที่แตกต่างกัน (แบบบีบอัดและแบบไม่บีบอัด) ซึ่งสร้าง bitcoin address ที่แตกต่างกัน

compressed public key เป็นค่าเริ่มต้นในซอฟต์แวร์บิตคอยน์เกือบทั้งหมดในปัจจุบัน และถูกกำหนดให้ใช้กับคุณสมบัติใหม่บางอย่างที่เพิ่มในการอัปเกรดโปรโตคอลในภายหลัง

อย่างไรก็ตาม ซอฟต์แวร์บางตัวยังคงต้องรองรับ uncompressed public key เช่น แอปพลิเคชันกระเป๋าเงินที่นำเข้า private key จากกระเป๋าเงินเก่า เมื่อกระเป๋าเงินใหม่สแกนบล็อกเชนสำหรับผลลัพธ์และอินพุต P2PKH เก่า มันจำเป็นต้องรู้ว่าควรสแกนกุญแจขนาด 65 ไบต์ (และ commitment ของกุญแจเหล่านั้น) หรือกุญแจขนาด 33 ไบต์ (และ commitment ของกุญแจเหล่านั้น) หากไม่สแกนหาประเภทที่ถูกต้อง อาจทำให้ผู้ใช้ไม่สามารถใช้ยอดคงเหลือทั้งหมดได้ เพื่อแก้ไขปัญหานี้ เมื่อส่งออก private key จากกระเป๋าเงิน WIF ที่ใช้แสดง private key ในกระเป๋าเงินบิตคอยน์รุ่นใหม่จะถูกนำไปใช้แตกต่างกันเล็กน้อยเพื่อบ่งชี้ว่า private key เหล่านี้ถูกใช้ในการสร้าง compressed public key

Legacy: Pay to Script Hash (P2SH)

ตามที่เราได้เห็นในส่วนก่อนหน้านี้ ผู้รับบิตคอยน์ สามารถกำหนดให้การชำระเงินที่ส่งมาให้เขานั้นมีเงื่อนไขบางอย่างในสคริปต์เอาต์พุตได้โดยจะต้องปฏิบัติตามเงื่อนไขเหล่านั้นโดยใช้สคริปต์อินพุตเมื่อเขาใช้จ่ายบิตคอยน์เหล่านั้น ในส่วน IP Addresses: The Original Address for Bitcoin (P2PK) เงื่อนไขก็คือสคริปต์อินพุตต้องให้ลายเซ็นที่เหมาะสม ในส่วน Legacy Addresses for P2PKH นั้นจำเป็นต้องมี public key ที่เหมาะสมด้วย

ส่วนสำหรับผู้ส่งก็จะวางเงื่อนไขที่ผู้รับต้องการในสคริปต์เอาต์พุตที่ใช้จ่ายให้กับผู้รับ โดยผู้รับจะต้องสื่อสารเงื่อนไขเหล่านั้นให้ผู้ส่งทราบ ซึ่งคล้ายกับปัญหาที่บ๊อบต้องสื่อสาร public key ของเขาให้อลิซทราบ และเช่นเดียวกับปัญหานั้นที่ public key อาจมีขนาดค่อนข้างใหญ่ เงื่อนไขที่บ๊อบใช้ก็อาจมีขนาดใหญ่มากเช่นกัน—อาจมีขนาดหลายพันไบต์ นั่นไม่เพียงแต่เป็นข้อมูลหลายพันไบต์ที่ต้องสื่อสารให้อลิซทราบ แต่ยังเป็นข้อมูลหลายพันไบต์ที่เธอต้องจ่ายค่าธรรมเนียมธุรกรรมทุกครั้งที่ต้องการใช้จ่ายเงินให้บ๊อบ อย่างไรก็ตาม การใช้ฟังก์ชันแฮชเพื่อสร้าง commitment ขนาดเล็กสำหรับข้อมูลขนาดใหญ่ก็สามารถนำมาใช้ได้ในกรณีนี้เช่นกัน

ในเวลาต่อมานั้น การอัปเกรด BIP16 สำหรับโปรโตคอลบิตคอยน์ในปี 2012 ได้อนุญาตให้สคริปต์เอาต์พุตสร้าง commitment กับ redemption script (redeem script) ได้ แปลว่าเมื่อบ๊อบใช้จ่ายบิตคอยน์ของเขา ภายในสคริปต์อินพุตของเขานั้นจะต้องให้ redeem script ที่ตรงกับ commitment และข้อมูลที่จำเป็นเพื่อให้เป็นไปตาม redeem script (เช่น ลายเซ็น) เริ่มต้นด้วยการจินตนาการว่าบ๊อบต้องการให้มีลายเซ็นสองอันเพื่อใช้จ่ายบิตคอยน์ของเขา หนึ่งลายเซ็นจากกระเป๋าเงินบนเดสก์ท็อปและอีกหนึ่งจากอุปกรณ์เซ็นแบบฮาร์ดแวร์ เขาใส่เงื่อนไขเหล่านั้นลงใน redeem script: <public key 1> OP_CHECKSIGVERIFY <public key 2> OP_CHECKSIG จากนั้นเขาสร้าง commitment กับ redeem script โดยใช้กลไก HASH160 เดียวกับที่ใช้สำหรับ commitment แบบ P2PKH, RIPEMD160(SHA256(script)) commitment นั้นถูกวางไว้ในสคริปต์เอาต์พุตโดยใช้เทมเพลตพิเศษ: OP_HASH160 <commitment> OP_EQUAL

คำเตือน: เมื่อใช้ pay to script hash (P2SH) คุณต้องใช้เทมเพลต P2SH โดยเฉพาะ ซึ่งจะไม่มีข้อมูลหรือเงื่อนไขเพิ่มเติมในสคริปต์เอาต์พุต หากสคริปต์เอาต์พุตไม่ได้เป็น OP_HASH160 <20 ไบต์> OP_EQUAL แน่นอนว่า redeem script จะไม่ถูกใช้และบิตคอยน์ใด ๆ อาจไม่สามารถใช้จ่ายได้หรืออาจถูกใช้จ่ายได้โดยทุกคน (หมายความว่าใครก็สามารถนำไปใช้ได้)

เมื่อบ๊อบต้องการจ่ายเงินที่เขาได้รับผ่าน commitment สำหรับสคริปต์ของเขา เขาจะใช้สคริปต์อินพุตที่รวมถึง redeem script ซึ่งถูกแปลงให้เป็นข้อมูลอีลิเมนต์เดียว นอกจากนี้เขายังให้ลายเซ็นที่จำเป็นเพื่อให้เป็นไปตาม redeem script โดยเรียงลำดับตามที่จะถูกใช้โดย opcodes: <signature2> <signature1> <redeem script> เมื่อโหนดของบิตคอยน์ได้รับการใช้จ่ายของบ๊อบพวกมันจะตรวจสอบว่า redeem script ที่ถูกแปลงเป็นค่าแฮชแล้วมีค่าเดียวกันกับ commitment มั้ย หลังจากนั้นพวกมันจะแทนที่มันบนสแต็คด้วยค่าที่ถอดรหัสแล้ว: <signature2> <signature1> <pubkey1> OP_CHECKSIGVERIFY <pubkey2> OP_CHECKSIG สคริปต์จะถูกประมวลผล และหากผ่านการตรวจสอบและรายละเอียดธุรกรรมอื่น ๆ ทั้งหมดถูกต้อง ธุรกรรมก็จะถือว่าใช้ได้

address สำหรับ P2SH ก็ถูกสร้างด้วย base58check เช่นกัน คำนำหน้าเวอร์ชันถูกตั้งเป็น 5 ซึ่งทำให้ที่อยู่ที่เข้ารหัสแล้วขึ้นต้นด้วยเลข 3 ตัวอย่างของที่อยู่ P2SH คือ 3F6i6kwkevjR7AsAd4te2YB2zZyASEm1HM

TIP: P2SH ไม่จำเป็นต้องเหมือนกับธุรกรรมแบบหลายลายเซ็น (multisignature) เสมอไป ถึง address P2SH ส่วนใหญ่ แทนสคริปต์แบบหลายลายเซ็นก็ตาม แต่อาจแทนสคริปต์ที่เข้ารหัสธุรกรรมประเภทอื่น ๆ ได้ด้วย

P2PKH และ P2SH เป็นสองเทมเพลตสคริปต์เท่านั้นที่ใช้กับการเข้ารหัสแบบ base58check พวกมันเป็นที่รู้จักในปัจจุบันว่าเป็น address แบบ legacy และกลายเป็นรูปแบบที่พบน้อยลงเรื่อยๆ address แบบ legacy ถูกแทนที่ด้วยaddress ตระกูล bech32

การโจมตี P2SH แบบ Collision

address ทั้งหมดที่อิงกับฟังก์ชันแฮชมีความเสี่ยงในทางทฤษฎีต่อผู้โจมตีที่อาจค้นพบอินพุตเดียวกันที่สร้างเอาต์พุตฟังก์ชันแฮช (commitment) โดยอิสระ ในกรณีของบิตคอยน์ หากพวกเขาค้นพบอินพุตในวิธีเดียวกับที่ผู้ใช้ดั้งเดิมทำ พวกเขาจะรู้ private key ของผู้ใช้และสามารถใช้จ่ายบิตคอยน์ของผู้ใช้นั้นได้ โอกาสที่ผู้โจมตีจะสร้างอินพุตสำหรับ commitment ที่มีอยู่แล้วโดยอิสระนั้นขึ้นอยู่กับความแข็งแกร่งของอัลกอริทึมแฮช สำหรับอัลกอริทึมที่ปลอดภัย 160 บิตอย่าง HASH160 ความน่าจะเป็นอยู่ที่ 1 ใน 2^160 นี่เรียกว่าการโจมตีแบบ preimage attack

ผู้โจมตีสามารถพยายามสร้างข้อมูลนำเข้าสองชุดที่แตกต่างกัน (เช่น redeem scripts) ที่สร้างการเข้ารหัสแบบเดียวกันได้ สำหรับ address ที่สร้างโดยฝ่ายเดียวทั้งหมด โอกาสที่ผู้โจมตีจะสร้างข้อมูลนำเข้าที่แตกต่างสำหรับการเข้ารหัสที่มีอยู่แล้วมีประมาณ 1 ใน 2^160 สำหรับอัลกอริทึม HASH160 นี่คือการโจมตีแบบ second preimage attack

อย่างไรก็ตาม สถานการณ์จะเปลี่ยนไปเมื่อผู้โจมตีสามารถมีอิทธิพลต่อค่าข้อมูลนำเข้าดั้งเดิมได้ ตัวอย่างเช่น ผู้โจมตีมีส่วนร่วมในการสร้างสคริปต์แบบหลายลายเซ็น (multisignature script) ซึ่งพวกเขาไม่จำเป็นต้องส่ง public key ของตนจนกว่าจะทราบ public key ของฝ่ายอื่นทั้งหมด ในกรณีนั้น ความแข็งแกร่งของอัลกอริทึมการแฮชจะลดลงเหลือรากที่สองของมัน สำหรับ HASH160 ความน่าจะเป็นจะกลายเป็น 1 ใน 2^80 นี่คือการโจมตีแบบ collision attack

เพื่อให้เข้าใจตัวเลขเหล่านี้ในบริบทที่ชัดเจน ข้อมูล ณ ต้นปี 2023 นักขุดบิตคอยน์ทั้งหมดรวมกันสามารถประมวลผลฟังก์ชันแฮชประมาณ 2^80 ทุกชั่วโมง พวกเขาใช้ฟังก์ชันแฮชที่แตกต่างจาก HASH160 ดังนั้นฮาร์ดแวร์ที่มีอยู่จึงไม่สามารถสร้างการโจมตีแบบ collision attack สำหรับมันได้ แต่การมีอยู่ของเครือข่ายบิตคอยน์พิสูจน์ว่าการโจมตีแบบชนกันต่อฟังก์ชัน 160 บิตอย่าง HASH160 สามารถทำได้จริงในทางปฏิบัติ นักขุดบิตคอยน์ได้ลงทุนเทียบเท่ากับหลายพันล้านดอลลาร์สหรัฐในฮาร์ดแวร์พิเศษ ดังนั้นการสร้างการโจมตีแบบ collision attack จึงไม่ใช่เรื่องถูก แต่มีองค์กรที่คาดหวังว่าจะได้รับบิตคอยน์มูลค่าหลายพันล้านดอลลาร์ไปยัง address ที่สร้างโดยกระบวนการที่เกี่ยวข้องกับหลายฝ่าย ซึ่งอาจทำให้การโจมตีนี้มีกำไร

มีโปรโตคอลการเข้ารหัสที่เป็นที่ยอมรับอย่างดีในการป้องกันการโจมตีแบบ collision attack แต่วิธีแก้ปัญหาที่ง่ายโดยไม่ต้องใช้ความรู้พิเศษจากผู้พัฒนากระเป๋าเงินคือการใช้ฟังก์ชันแฮชที่แข็งแกร่งกว่า การอัปเกรดบิตคอยน์ในภายหลังทำให้เป็นไปได้ และ address บิตคอยน์ใหม่ให้ความต้านทานการชนกันอย่างน้อย 128 บิต การดำเนินการแฮช 2^128 ครั้งจะใช้เวลานักขุดบิตคอยน์ปัจจุบันทั้งหมดประมาณ 32 พันล้านปี

แม้ว่าเราไม่เชื่อว่ามีภัยคุกคามเร่งด่วนต่อผู้ที่สร้าง address P2SH ใหม่ แต่เราแนะนำให้กระเป๋าเงินใหม่ทั้งหมดใช้ที่อยู่ประเภทใหม่เพื่อขจัดความกังวลเกี่ยวกับการโจมตีแบบ collision attack ของ P2SH address

Bech32 Addresses

ในปี 2017 โปรโตคอลบิตคอยน์ได้รับการอัปเกรด เพื่อป้องกันไม่ให้ตัวระบุธุรกรรม (txids) ไม่สามารถเปลี่ยนแปลงได้ โดยไม่ได้รับความยินยอมจากผู้ใช้ที่ทำการใช้จ่าย (หรือองค์ประชุมของผู้ลงนามเมื่อต้องมีลายเซ็นหลายรายการ) การอัปเกรดนี้เรียกว่า segregated witness (หรือเรียกสั้นๆ ว่า segwit) ซึ่งยังให้ความสามารถเพิ่มเติมสำหรับข้อมูลธุรกรรมในบล็อกและประโยชน์อื่น ๆ อีกหลายประการ แต่อย่างไรก็ตาม หากมีผู้ใช้เก่าที่ต้องการเข้าถึงประโยชน์ของ segwit โดยตรงต้องยอมรับการชำระเงินไปยังสคริปต์เอาต์พุตใหม่

ตามที่ได้กล่าวไว้ใน p2sh หนึ่งในข้อดีของเอาต์พุตประเภท P2SH คือผู้จ่ายไม่จำเป็นต้องรู้รายละเอียดของสคริปต์ที่ผู้รับใช้ การอัปเกรด segwit ถูกออกแบบมาให้ใช้กลไกนี้ได้ดังเดิม จึง ทำให้ผู้จ่ายสามารถเริ่มเข้าถึงประโยชน์ใหม่ ๆ หลายอย่างได้ทันทีโดยใช้ที่อยู่ P2SH แต่เพื่อให้ผู้รับสามารถเข้าถึงประโยชน์เหล่านั้นได้ พวกเขาจำเป็นจะต้องให้กระเป๋าเงินของผู้จ่ายจ่ายเงินให้เขาโดยใช้สคริปต์ประเภทอื่นแทน ซึ่งจะต้องอาศัยการอัปเกรดกระเป๋าเงินของผู้จ่ายเพื่อรองรับสคริปต์ใหม่เหล่านี้

ในช่วงแรก เหล่านักพัฒนาบิตคอยน์ได้นำเสนอ BIP142 ซึ่งจะยังคงใช้ base58check ร่วมกับไบต์เวอร์ชันใหม่ คล้ายกับการอัปเกรด P2SH แต่การให้กระเป๋าเงินทั้งหมดอัปเกรดไปใช้สคริปต์ใหม่ที่มีเวอร์ชัน base58check ใหม่นั้น คาดว่าจะต้องใช้ความพยายามเกือบเท่ากับการให้พวกเขาอัปเกรดไปใช้รูปแบบ address ที่เป็นแบบใหม่ทั้งหมด ด้วยเหตุนี้้เอง ผู้สนับสนุนบิตคอยน์หลายคนจึงเริ่มออกแบบรูปแบบ address ที่ดีที่สุดเท่าที่เป็นไปได้ พวกเขาระบุปัญหาหลายอย่างกับ base58check ไว้ดังนี้:

• การที่ base58check ใช้อักษรที่มีทั้งตัวพิมพ์ใหญ่และตัวพิมพ์เล็กทำให้ไม่สะดวกในการอ่านออกเสียงหรือคัดลอก ลองอ่าน address แบบเก่าในบทนี้ให้เพื่อนฟังและให้พวกเขาคัดลอก คุณจะสังเกตว่าคุณต้องระบุคำนำหน้าทุกตัวอักษรด้วยคำว่า "ตัวพิมพ์ใหญ่" และ "ตัวพิมพ์เล็ก" และเมื่อคุณตรวจสอบสิ่งที่พวกเขาเขียน คุณจะพบว่าตัวพิมพ์ใหญ่และตัวพิมพ์เล็กของตัวอักษรบางตัวอาจดูคล้ายกันในลายมือของคนส่วนใหญ่
• รูปแบบนี้สามารถตรวจจับข้อผิดพลาดได้ แต่ไม่สามารถช่วยผู้ใช้แก้ไขข้อผิดพลาดเหล่านั้น ตัวอย่างเช่น หากคุณสลับตำแหน่งตัวอักษรสองตัวโดยไม่ตั้งใจเมื่อป้อน address ด้วยตนเอง กระเป๋าเงินของคุณจะเตือนว่ามีข้อผิดพลาดเกิดขึ้นแน่นอน แต่จะไม่ช่วยให้คุณค้นพบว่าข้อผิดพลาดอยู่ที่ไหน คุณอาจต้องใช้เวลาหลายนาทีที่น่าหงุดหงิดเพื่อค้นหาข้อผิดพลาดในที่สุด
• การใช้ตัวอักษรที่มีทั้งตัวพิมพ์ใหญ่และตัวพิมพ์เล็กยังต้องใช้พื้นที่เพิ่มเติมในการเข้ารหัสใน QR code ซึ่งนิยมใช้ในการแชร์ address และ invoice ระหว่างกระเป๋าเงิน พื้นที่เพิ่มเติมนี้หมายความว่า QR code จำเป็นต้องมีขนาดใหญ่ขึ้นที่ความละเอียดเดียวกัน หรือไม่เช่นนั้นก็จะยากต่อการสแกนอย่างรวดเร็ว
• การที่ต้องการให้กระเป๋าเงินผู้จ่ายทุกใบอัปเกรดเพื่อรองรับคุณสมบัติโปรโตคอลใหม่ เช่น P2SH และ segwit แม้ว่าการอัปเกรดเองอาจไม่ต้องใช้โค้ดมากนัก แต่ประสบการณ์แสดงให้เห็นว่าผู้พัฒนากระเป๋าเงินหลายรายมักยุ่งกับงานอื่น ๆ และบางครั้งอาจล่าช้าในการอัปเกรดเป็นเวลาหลายปี สิ่งนี้ส่งผลเสียต่อทุกคนที่ต้องการใช้คุณสมบัติใหม่ ๆ เหล่านี้

นักพัฒนาที่ทำงานเกี่ยวกับรูปแบบ address สำหรับ segwit ได้พบวิธีแก้ปัญหาเหล่านี้ทั้งหมดในรูปแบบ address แบบใหม่ที่เรียกว่า bech32 (ออกเสียงด้วย "ch" อ่อน เช่นใน "เบช สามสิบสอง") คำว่า "bech" มาจาก BCH ซึ่งเป็นอักษรย่อของบุคคลสามคนที่ค้นพบรหัสวนนี้ในปี 1959 และ 1960 ซึ่งเป็นพื้นฐานของ bech32 ส่วน "32" หมายถึงจำนวนตัวอักษรในชุดตัวอักษร bech32 (คล้ายกับ 58 ใน base58check):

• Bech32 ใช้เฉพาะตัวเลขและตัวอักษรรูปแบบเดียว (โดยปกติจะแสดงเป็นตัวพิมพ์เล็ก) แม้ว่าชุดตัวอักษรของมันจะมีขนาดเกือบครึ่งหนึ่งของชุดตัวอักษรใน base58check ก็ตามแต่ address bech32 สำหรับสคริปต์ pay to witness public key hash (P2WPKH) ก็ยังยาวกว่า legacy address และมีขนาดเท่ากันกับสคริปต์ P2PKH

• Bech32 สามารถทั้งตรวจจับและช่วยแก้ไขข้อผิดพลาดได้ ใน address ที่มีความยาวตามที่คาดหวังได้ และสามารถรับประกันทางคณิตศาสตร์ได้ว่าจะตรวจพบข้อผิดพลาดใด ๆ ที่ส่งผลกระทบต่อตัวอักษร 4 ตัวหรือน้อยกว่า ซึ่งเชื่อถือได้มากกว่า base58check ส่วนสำหรับข้อผิดพลาดที่ยาวกว่านั้น จะไม่สามารถตรวจพบได้ (โอกาสเกิดน้อยกว่าหนึ่งครั้งในหนึ่งพันล้าน) ซึ่งมีความเชื่อถือได้ประมาณเท่ากับ base58check ยิ่งไปกว่านั้น สำหรับ adddress ที่พิมพ์โดยมีข้อผิดพลาดเพียงเล็กน้อย มันสามารถบอกผู้ใช้ได้ว่าข้อผิดพลาดเหล่านั้นเกิดขึ้นที่ไหน ช่วยให้พวกเขาสามารถแก้ไขข้อผิดพลาดจากการคัดลอกเล็ก ๆ น้อย ๆ ได้อย่างรวดเร็ว

• ตัวอย่างที่ 3 Bech32 address ที่มีข้อผิดพลาด Address: bc1p9nh05ha8wrljf7ru236awn4t2x0d5ctkkywmv9sclnm4t0av2vgs4k3au7 ข้อผิดพลาดที่ตรวจพบแสดงเป็นตัวหนาและขีดเส้นใต้ สร้างโดยใช้โปรแกรมสาธิตการถอดรหัส bech32 address

• bech32 address นิยมเขียนด้วยตัวอักษรพิมพ์เล็กเท่านั้น แต่ตัวอักษรพิมพ์เล็กเหล่านี้สามารถแทนที่ด้วยตัวอักษรพิมพ์ใหญ่ก่อนการเข้ารหัส address ในรหัส QR ได้ วิธีนี้ช่วยให้สามารถใช้โหมดการเข้ารหัส QR แบบพิเศษที่ใช้พื้นที่น้อยกว่า คุณจะสังเกตเห็นความแตกต่างในขนาดและความซับซ้อนของรหัส QR ทั้งสองสำหรับที่อยู่เดียวกันในรูปภาพข้างล่างนี้

- Bech32 ใช้ประโยชน์จากกลไกการอัปเกรดที่ออกแบบมาเป็นส่วนหนึ่งของ segwit เพื่อทำให้กระเป๋าเงินผู้จ่ายสามารถจ่ายเงินไปยังประเภทเอาต์พุตที่ยังไม่ได้ใช้งานได้ โดยมีเป้าหมายคือการอนุญาตให้นักพัฒนาสร้างกระเป๋าเงินในวันนี้ที่สามารถใช้จ่ายไปยัง bech32 address และทำให้กระเป๋าเงินนั้นยังคงสามารถใช้จ่ายไปยัง bech32address ได้สำหรับผู้ใช้คุณสมบัติใหม่ที่เพิ่มในการอัปเกรดโปรโตคอลในอนาคต โดยที่มีความหวังว่าเราอาจไม่จำเป็นต้องผ่านรอบการอัปเกรดทั้งระบบอีกต่อไป ซึ่งจำเป็นสำหรับการให้ผู้คนใช้งาน P2SH และ segwit ได้อย่างเต็มรูปแบบ

• Problems with Bech32 Addresses

  address แบบ bech32 ประสบความสำเร็จในทุกด้านยกเว้นปัญหาหนึ่ง คือการรับประกันทางคณิตศาสตร์เกี่ยวกับความสามารถในการตรวจจับข้อผิดพลาดจะใช้ได้เฉพาะเมื่อความยาวของ address ที่คุณป้อนเข้าไปในกระเป๋าเงินมีความยาวเท่ากับ address ดั้งเดิมเท่านั้น หากคุณเพิ่มหรือลบตัวอักษรใด ๆ ระหว่างการคัดลอกจะทำให้ไม่สามารถตรวจจับได้ การรับประกันนี้จะไม่มีผล และกระเป๋าเงินของคุณอาจใช้จ่ายเงินไปยัง address ที่ไม่ถูกต้อง แต่อย่างไรก็ตาม แม้จะไม่มีคุณสมบัตินี้ มีความเชื่อว่าเป็นไปได้ยากมากที่ผู้ใช้ที่เพิ่มหรือลบตัวอักษรจะสร้างสตริงที่มีผลรวมตรวจสอบที่ถูกต้อง ซึ่งช่วยให้มั่นใจได้ว่าเงินของผู้ใช้จะปลอดภัย

น่าเสียดายที่การเลือกใช้ค่าคงที่ตัวหนึ่งในอัลกอริทึม bech32 บังเอิญทำให้การเพิ่มหรือลบตัวอักษร "q" ในตำแหน่งที่สองจากท้ายของ address ที่ลงท้ายด้วยตัวอักษร "p" เป็นเรื่องง่ายมาก ในกรณีเหล่านั้น คุณยังสามารถเพิ่มหรือลบตัวอักษร "q" หลายครั้งได้ด้วย ข้อผิดพลาดนี้จะถูกตรวจจับโดยผลรวมตรวจสอบ (checksum) ในบางครั้ง แต่จะถูกมองข้ามบ่อยกว่าความคาดหวังหนึ่งในพันล้านสำหรับข้อผิดพลาดจากการแทนที่ของ bech32 อย่างมาก สำหรับตัวอย่างสามารถดูได้ในรูปภาพข้างล่างนี้

ตัวอย่างที่ 4. การขยายความยาวของ bech32 address โดยไม่ทำให้ผลรวมตรวจสอบเป็นโมฆะ ``` bech32 address ที่ถูกต้อง: bc1pqqqsq9txsqp

address ที่ไม่ถูกต้องแต่มีผลรวมตรวจสอบที่ถูกต้อง: bc1pqqqsq9txsqqqqp bc1pqqqsq9txsqqqqqqp bc1pqqqsq9txsqqqqqqqqp bc1pqqqsq9txsqqqqqqqqqp bc1pqqqsq9txsqqqqqqqqqqqp ```

จากตัวอย่างนี้ คุณจะเห็นว่าแม้มีการเพิ่มตัวอักษร "q" เข้าไปหลายตัวก่อนตัวอักษร "p" ตัวสุดท้าย ระบบตรวจสอบก็ยังคงยอมรับว่า address เหล่านี้ถูกต้อง นี่เป็นข้อบกพร่องสำคัญของ bech32 เพราะอาจทำให้เงินถูกส่งไปยัง address ที่ไม่มีใครเป็นเจ้าของจริง ๆ หรือ address ที่ไม่ได้ตั้งใจจะส่งไป

สำหรับเวอร์ชันเริ่มต้นของ segwit (เวอร์ชัน 0) ปัญหานี้ไม่ใช่ความกังวลในทางปฏิบัติ เพราะมีความยาวที่ถูกต้องมีเพียงสองแบบที่กำหนดไว้สำหรับเอาต์พุต นั้นคือ 22 Byte และ 34 Byte ซึ่งสอดคล้องกับ bech32 address ที่มีความยาวยาวที่ 42 หรือ 62 ตัวอักษร ดังนั้นคนจะต้องเพิ่มหรือลบตัวอักษร "q" จากตำแหน่งที่สองจากท้ายของ bech32 address ถึง 20 ครั้งเพื่อส่งเงินไปยัง address ที่ไม่ถูกต้องโดยที่กระเป๋าเงินไม่สามารถตรวจจับได้ อย่างไรก็ตาม มันอาจกลายเป็นปัญหาสำหรับผู้ใช้ในอนาคตหากมีการนำการอัปเกรดบนพื้นฐานของ segwit มาใช้

Bech32m

แม้ว่า bech32 จะทำงานได้ดีสำหรับ segwit v0 แต่นักพัฒนาไม่ต้องการจำกัดขนาดเอาต์พุตโดยไม่จำเป็นในเวอร์ชันหลังๆ ของ segwit หากไม่มีข้อจำกัด การเพิ่มหรือลบตัวอักษร "q" เพียงตัวเดียวใน bech32 address อาจทำให้ผู้ใช้ส่งเงินโดยไม่ตั้งใจไปยังเอาต์พุตที่ไม่สามารถใช้จ่ายได้หรือสามารถใช้จ่ายได้โดยทุกคน (ทำให้บิตคอยน์เหล่านั้นถูกนำไปโดยทุกคนได้) นักพัฒนาได้วิเคราะห์ปัญหา bech32 อย่างละเอียดและพบว่าการเปลี่ยนค่าคงที่เพียงตัวเดียวในอัลกอริทึมของพวกเขาจะขจัดปัญหานี้ได้ ทำให้มั่นใจว่าการแทรกหรือลบตัวอักษรสูงสุดห้าตัวจะไม่ถูกตรวจจับน้อยกว่าหนึ่งครั้งในหนึ่งพันล้านเท่านั้น

เวอร์ชันของ bech32 ที่มีค่าคงที่เพียงหนึ่งตัวที่แตกต่างกันเรียกว่า bech32 แบบปรับแต่ง (bech32m) ตัวอักษรทั้งหมดใน address แบบ bech32 และ bech32m สำหรับข้อมูลพื้นฐานเดียวกันจะเหมือนกันทั้งหมด ยกเว้นหกตัวสุดท้าย (ซึ่งเป็นส่วนของ checksum) นั่นหมายความว่ากระเป๋าเงินจำเป็นต้องรู้ว่ากำลังใช้เวอร์ชันใดเพื่อตรวจสอบความถูกต้องของ checksum แต่ address ทั้งสองประเภทมีไบต์เวอร์ชันภายในที่ทำให้การระบุเวอร์ชันที่ใช้อยู่เป็นเรื่องที่ง่าย ในการทำงานกับทั้ง bech32 และ bech32m เราจะพิจารณากฎการเข้ารหัสและการแยกวิเคราะห์สำหรับ address บิตคอยน์แบบ bech32m เนื่องจากพวกมันครอบคลุมความสามารถในการแยกวิเคราะห์บน address แบบ bech32 และเป็นรูปแบบ address ที่แนะนำในปัจจุบันสำหรับกระเป๋าเงินบิตคอยน์

ข้อความจากหลาม: คือผมว่าตรงนี้เขาเขียนไม่รู้เรื่อง แต่เดาว่าเขาน่าจะสื่อว่า เราควรเรียนรู้วิธีการทำงานกับ bech32m เพราะมันเป็นรูปแบบที่แนะนำให้ใช้ในปัจจุบัน และมันมีข้อดีเพราะbech32m สามารถรองรับการอ่าน address แบบ bech32 แบบเก่าได้ด้วย ง่ายๆ คือ ถ้าคุณเรียนรู้วิธีทำงานกับ bech32m คุณจะสามารถทำงานกับทั้ง bech32m และ bech32 ได้ทั้งสองแบบ

bech32m address ริ่มต้นด้วยส่วนที่มนุษย์อ่านได้ (Human Readable Part: HRP) BIP173 มีกฎสำหรับการสร้าง HRP ของคุณเอง แต่สำหรับบิตคอยน์ คุณเพียงแค่จำเป็นต้องรู้จัก HRP ที่ถูกเลือกไว้แล้วตามที่แสดงในตารางข้างล่างนี้

ส่วน HRP ตามด้วยตัวคั่น ซึ่งก็คือเลข "1" ในข้อเสนอก่อนหน้านี้สำหรับตัวคั่นโปรโตคอลได้ใช้เครื่องหมายทวิภาค (colon) แต่ระบบปฏิบัติการและแอปพลิเคชันบางตัวที่อนุญาตให้ผู้ใช้ดับเบิลคลิกคำเพื่อไฮไลต์สำหรับการคัดลอกและวางนั้นจะไม่ขยายการไฮไลต์ไปถึงและผ่านเครื่องหมายทวิภาค

การใช้ตัวเลขช่วยให้มั่นใจได้ว่าการไฮไลต์ด้วยดับเบิลคลิกจะทำงานได้กับโปรแกรมใดๆ ที่รองรับสตริง bech32m โดยทั่วไป (ซึ่งรวมถึงตัวเลขอื่นๆ ด้วย) เลข "1" ถูกเลือกเพราะสตริง bech32 ไม่ได้ใช้เลข 1 ในกรณีอื่น เพื่อป้องกันการแปลงโดยไม่ตั้งใจระหว่างเลข "1" กับตัวอักษรพิมพ์เล็ก "l"

และส่วนอื่นของ bech32m address เรียกว่า "ส่วนข้อมูล" (data part) ซึ่งประกอบด้วยสามองค์ประกอบ:

• Witness version: ไบต์ถัดไปหลังจากตัวคั่นตัวอักษรนี้แทนเวอร์ชันของ segwit ตัวอักษร "q" คือการเข้ารหัสของ "0" สำหรับ segwit v0 ซึ่งเป็นเวอร์ชันแรกของ segwit ที่มีการแนะนำที่อยู่ bech32 ตัวอักษร "p" คือการเข้ารหัสของ "1" สำหรับ segwit v1 (หรือเรียกว่า taproot) ซึ่งเริ่มมีการใช้งาน bech32m มีเวอร์ชันที่เป็นไปได้ทั้งหมด 17 เวอร์ชันของ segwit และสำหรับ Bitcoin จำเป็นต้องให้ไบต์แรกของส่วนข้อมูล bech32m ถอดรหัสเป็นตัวเลข 0 ถึง 16 (รวมทั้งสองค่า)
• Witness program: คือตำแหน่งหลังจาก witnessversion ตั้งแต่ตำแหน่ง 2 ถึง 40 Byte สำหรับ segwit v0 นี้ต้องมีความยาว 20 หรือ 32 Byte ไม่สามารถ ffมีขนาดอื่นได้ สำหรับ segwit v1 ความยาวเดียวที่ถูกกำหนดไว้ ณ เวลาที่เขียนนี้คือ 32 ไบต์ แต่อาจมีการกำหนดความยาวอื่น ๆ ได้ในภายหลัง
• Checksum: มีความยาว 6 ตัวอักษร โดยส่วนนี้ถูกสร้างขึ้นโดยใช้รหัส BCH ซึ่งเป็นประเภทของรหัสแก้ไขข้อผิดพลาด (error corection code) (แต่อย่างไรก็ตาม สำหรับ address บิตคอยน์ เราจะเห็นในภายหลังว่าเป็นสิ่งสำคัญที่จะใช้ checksum เพื่อการตรวจจับข้อผิดพลาดเท่านั้น—ไม่ใช่การแก้ไข

ในส่วนต่อไปหลังจากนี้เราจะลองสร้าง address แบบ bech32 และ bech32m สำหรับตัวอย่างทั้งหมดต่อไปนี้ เราจะใช้โค้ดอ้างอิง bech32m สำหรับ Python

เราจะเริ่มด้วยการสร้างสคริปต์เอาต์พุตสี่ตัว หนึ่งตัวสำหรับแต่ละเอาต์พุต segwit ที่แตกต่างกันที่ใช้ในช่วงเวลาของการเผยแพร่ บวกกับอีกหนึ่งตัวสำหรับเวอร์ชัน segwit ในอนาคตที่ยังไม่มีความหมายที่กำหนดไว้ สคริปต์เหล่านี้แสดงอยู่ในตารางข้างล่างนี้

สำหรับเอาต์พุต P2WPKH witness program มีการผูก commitment ที่สร้างขึ้นในลักษณะเดียวกันกับ P2PKH ที่เห็นใน Legacy Addresses for P2PKH โดย public key ถูกส่งเข้าไปในฟังก์ชันแฮช SHA256 ไดเจสต์ขนาด 32 ไบต์ที่ได้จะถูกส่งเข้าไปในฟังก์ชันแฮช RIPEMD-160 ไดเจสต์ของฟังก์ชันนั้น จะถูกวางไว้ใน witness program

สำหรับเอาต์พุตแบบ pay to witness script hash (P2WSH) เราไม่ได้ใช้อัลกอริทึม P2SH แต่เราจะนำสคริปต์ ส่งเข้าไปในฟังก์ชันแฮช SHA256 และใช้ไดเจสต์ขนาด 32 ไบต์ของฟังก์ชันนั้นใน witness program สำหรับ P2SH ไดเจสต์ SHA256 จะถูกแฮชอีกครั้งด้วย RIPEMD-160 ซึ่งแน่นอนว่าอาจจะไม่ปลอดภัย ในบางกรณี สำหรับรายละเอียด ดูที่ P2SH Collision Attacks ผลลัพธ์ของการใช้ SHA256 โดยไม่มี RIPEMD-160 คือ การผูกพันแบบ P2WSH มีขนาด 32 ไบต์ (256 บิต) แทนที่จะเป็น 20 ไบต์ (160 บิต)

สำหรับเอาต์พุตแบบ pay-to-taproot (P2TR) witness program คือจุดบนเส้นโค้ง secp256k1 มันอาจเป็น public key แบบธรรมดา แต่ในกรณีส่วนใหญ่มันควรเป็น public key ที่ผูกพันกับข้อมูลเพิ่มเติมบางอย่าง เราจะเรียนรู้เพิ่มเติมเกี่ยวกับการผูกพันนั้นในหัวข้อของ taproot

สำหรับตัวอย่างของเวอร์ชัน segwit ในอนาคต เราเพียงแค่ใช้หมายเลขเวอร์ชัน segwit ที่สูงที่สุดที่เป็นไปได้ (16) และ witness program ที่มีขนาดเล็กที่สุดที่อนุญาต (2 ไบต์) โดยมีค่าเป็นศูนย์ (null value)

เมื่อเรารู้หมายเลขเวอร์ชันและ witness program แล้ว เราสามารถแปลงแต่ละอย่างให้เป็น bech32 address ได้ โดยการใช้ไลบรารีอ้างอิง bech32m สำหรับ Python เพื่อสร้าง address เหล่านั้นอย่างรวดเร็ว และจากนั้นมาดูอย่างละเอียดว่าเกิดอะไรขึ้น:

``` $ github=" https://raw.githubusercontent.com" $ wget $github/sipa/bech32/master/ref/python/segwit_addr.py $ python

from segwit_addr import * from binascii import unhexlify help(encode) encode(hrp, witver, witprog) Encode a segwit address. encode('bc', 0, unhexlify('2b626ed108ad00a944bb2922a309844611d25468')) 'bc1q9d3xa5gg45q2j39m9y32xzvygcgay4rgc6aaee' encode('bc', 0, unhexlify('648a32e50b6fb7c5233b228f60a6a2ca4158400268844c4bc295ed5e8c3d626f')) 'bc1qvj9r9egtd7mu2gemy28kpf4zefq4ssqzdzzycj7zjhk4arpavfhsct5a3p' encode('bc', 1, unhexlify('2ceefa5fa770ff24f87c5475d76eab519eda6176b11dbe1618fcf755bfac5311')) 'bc1p9nh05ha8wrljf7ru236awm4t2x0d5ctkkywmu9sclnm4t0av2vgs4k3au7' encode('bc', 16, unhexlify('0000')) 'bc1sqqqqkfw08p' หากเราเปิดไฟล์ segwit_addr.py และดูว่าโค้ดกำลังทำอะไร สิ่งแรกที่เราจะสังเกตเห็นคือความแตกต่างเพียงอย่างเดียวระหว่าง bech32 (ที่ใช้สำหรับ segwit v0) และ bech32m (ที่ใช้สำหรับเวอร์ชัน segwit รุ่นหลัง) คือค่าคงที่: BECH32_CONSTANT = 1 BECH32M_CONSTANT = 0x2bc830a3 ```

และในส่วนต่อไป เราจะเห็นโค้ดที่สร้าง checksum ในขั้นตอนสุดท้ายของการสร้าง checksum ค่าคงที่ที่เหมาะสมถูกรวมเข้ากับข้อมูลอื่น ๆ โดยใช้การดำเนินการ xor ค่าเดียวนั้นคือความแตกต่างเพียงอย่างเดียวระหว่าง bech32 และ bech32m

เมื่อสร้าง checksum แล้ว อักขระ 5 บิตแต่ละตัวในส่วนข้อมูล (รวมถึง witness version, witness program และ checksum) จะถูกแปลงเป็นตัวอักษรและตัวเลข

สำหรับการถอดรหัสกลับเป็นสคริปต์เอาต์พุต เราทำงานย้อนกลับ ลองใช้ไลบรารีอ้างอิงเพื่อถอดรหัส address สอง address ของเรา: ```

help(decode) decode(hrp, addr) Decode a segwit address. _ = decode("bc", "bc1q9d3xa5gg45q2j39m9y32xzvygcgay4rgc6aaee") [0], bytes([1]).hex() (0, '2b626ed108ad00a944bb2922a309844611d25468') _ = decode("bc", "bc1p9nh05ha8wrljf7ru236awm4t2x0d5ctkkywmu9sclnm4t0av2vgs4k3au7") [0], bytes([1]).hex() (1, '2ceefa5fa770ff24f87c5475d76eab519eda6176b11dbe1618fcf755bfac5311') เราได้รับทั้ง witness version และ witness program กลับมา สิ่งเหล่านี้สามารถแทรกลงในเทมเพลตสำหรับสคริปต์เอาต์พุตของเรา: ตัวอย่างเช่น: OP_0 2b626ed108ad00a944bb2922a309844611d25468 OP_1 2ceefa5fa770ff24f87c5475d76eab519eda6176b11dbe1618fcf755bfac5311 ``` คำเตือน: ข้อผิดพลาดที่อาจเกิดขึ้นที่ควรระวังคือ witness version ที่มีค่า 0 ใช้สำหรับ OP_0 ซึ่งใช้ไบต์ 0x00—แต่เวอร์ชัน witness ที่มีค่า 1 ใช้ OP_1 ซึ่งเป็นไบต์ 0x51 เวอร์ชัน witness 2 ถึง 16 ใช้ไบต์ 0x52 ถึง 0x60 ตามลำดับ

เมื่อทำการเขียนโค้ดเพื่อเข้ารหัสหรือถอดรหัส bech32m เราขอแนะนำอย่างยิ่งให้คุณใช้เวกเตอร์ทดสอบ (test vectors) ที่มีให้ใน BIP350 เราขอให้คุณตรวจสอบให้แน่ใจว่าโค้ดของคุณผ่านเวกเตอร์ทดสอบที่เกี่ยวข้องกับการจ่ายเงินให้กับเวอร์ชัน segwit ในอนาคตที่ยังไม่ได้รับการกำหนด สิ่งนี้จะช่วยให้ซอฟต์แวร์ของคุณสามารถใช้งานได้อีกหลายปีข้างหน้า แม้ว่าคุณอาจจะไม่สามารถเพิ่มการรองรับคุณสมบัติใหม่ ๆ ของบิตคอยน์ได้ทันทีที่คุณสมบัตินั้น ๆ เริ่มใช้งานได้

Private Key Formats

private key สามารถถูกแสดงได้ในหลาย ๆ รูปแบบที่ต่างกันซึ่งสามารถแปลงเป็นตัวเลขขนาด 256 bit ชุดเดียวกันได้ ดังที่เราจะแสดงให้ดูในตารางข้างล่างนี้ รูปแบบที่แตกต่างกันถูกใช้ในสถานการณ์ที่ต่างกัน รูปแบบเลขฐานสิบหก (Hexadecimal) และรูปแบบไบนารี (raw binary) ถูกใช้ภายในซอฟต์แวร์และแทบจะไม่แสดงให้ผู้ใช้เห็น WIF ถูกใช้สำหรับการนำเข้า/ส่งออกกุญแจระหว่างกระเป๋าเงินและมักใช้ในการแสดงกุญแจส่วนตัวแบบ QR code

รูปแบบของ private key ในปัจจุบัน

ซอฟต์แวร์กระเป๋าเงินบิตคอยน์ในยุคแรกได้สร้าง private key อิสระอย่างน้อยหนึ่งดอกเมื่อกระเป๋าเงินของผู้ใช้ใหม่ถูกเริ่มต้น เมื่อชุดกุญแจเริ่มต้นถูกใช้ทั้งหมดแล้ว กระเป๋าเงินอาจสร้าง private key เพิ่มเติม private key แต่ละดอกสามารถส่งออกหรือนำเข้าได้ ทุกครั้งที่มีการสร้างหรือนำเข้า private key ใหม่ จะต้องมีการสร้างการสำรองข้อมูลกระเป๋าเงินใหม่ด้วย

กระเป๋าเงินบิตคอยน์ในยุคหลังเริ่มใช้กระเป๋าเงินแบบกำหนดได้ (deterministic wallets) ซึ่ง private key ทั้งหมดถูกสร้างจาก seed เพียงค่าเดียว กระเป๋าเงินเหล่านี้จำเป็นต้องสำรองข้อมูลเพียงครั้งเดียวเท่านั้นสำหรับการใช้งานบนเชนทั่วไป แต่อย่างไรก็ตาม หากผู้ใช้ส่งออก private key เพียงดอกเดียวจากกระเป๋าเงินเหล่านี้ และผู้โจมตีได้รับกุญแจนั้นรวมถึงข้อมูลที่ไม่ใช่ข้อมูลส่วนตัวบางอย่างเกี่ยวกับกระเป๋าเงิน พวกเขาอาจสามารถสร้างกุญแจส่วนตัวใด ๆ ในกระเป๋าเงินได้—ทำให้ผู้โจมตีสามารถขโมยเงินทั้งหมดในกระเป๋าเงินได้ นอกจากนี้ ยังไม่สามารถนำเข้ากุญแจสู่กระเป๋าเงินแบบกำหนดได้ นี่หมายความว่าแทบไม่มีกระเป๋าเงินสมัยใหม่ที่รองรับความสามารถในการส่งออกหรือนำเข้ากุญแจเฉพาะดอก ข้อมูลในส่วนนี้มีความสำคัญหลัก ๆ สำหรับผู้ที่ต้องการความเข้ากันได้กับกระเป๋าเงินบิตคอยน์ในยุคแรก ๆ

รูปแบบของ private key (รูปแบบการเข้ารหัส) private key เดียวกันในแต่ละ format รูปแบบการแสดงผลทั้งหมดเหล่านี้เป็นวิธีต่างๆ ในการแสดงเลขจำนวนเดียวกัน private key เดียวกัน พวกมันดูแตกต่างกัน แต่รูปแบบใดรูปแบบหนึ่งสามารถแปลงไปเป็นรูปแบบอื่นได้อย่างง่ายดาย

Compressed Private Keys

คำว่า compressed private key ที่ใช้กันทั่วไปนั้นเป็นคำที่เรียกผิด เพราะเมื่อ private key ถูกส่งออกไปในรูปแบบ WIF-compressed มันจะมีความยาวมากกว่า private key แบบ uncompressed 1 Byte (เลข 01 ในช่อง Hex-compressed ในตารางด้านล่างนี้) ซึ่งบ่งบอกว่า private key ตัวนี้ มาจากกระเป๋าเงินรุ่นใหม่และควรใช้เพื่อสร้าง compressed public key เท่านั้น

private key เองไม่ได้ถูกบีบอัดและไม่สามารถบีบอัดได้ คำว่า compressed private key จริงๆ แล้วหมายถึง " private key ซึ่งควรใช้สร้าง compressed public key เท่านั้น" ในขณะที่ uncompressed private key จริงๆ แล้วหมายถึง “private key ซึ่งควรใช้สร้าง uncompressed public key เท่านั้น” คุณควรใช้เพื่ออ้างถึงรูปแบบการส่งออกเป็น "WIF-compressed" หรือ "WIF" เท่านั้น และไม่ควรอ้างถึง private key ว่า "บีบอัด" เพื่อหลีกเลี่ยงความสับสนต่อไป

ตารางนี้แสดงกุญแจเดียวกันที่ถูกเข้ารหัสในรูปแบบ WIF และ WIF-compressed

ตัวอย่าง: กุญแจเดียวกัน แต่รูปแบบต่างกัน

สังเกตว่ารูปแบบ Hex-compressed มีไบต์เพิ่มเติมหนึ่งไบต์ที่ท้าย (01 ในเลขฐานสิบหก) ในขณะที่คำนำหน้าเวอร์ชันการเข้ารหัสแบบ base58 เป็นค่าเดียวกัน (0x80) สำหรับทั้งรูปแบบ WIF และ WIF-compressed การเพิ่มหนึ่งไบต์ที่ท้ายของตัวเลขทำให้อักขระตัวแรกของการเข้ารหัสแบบ base58 เปลี่ยนจาก 5 เป็น K หรือ L

คุณสามารถคิดถึงสิ่งนี้เหมือนกับความแตกต่างของการเข้ารหัสเลขฐานสิบระหว่างตัวเลข 100 และตัวเลข 99 ในขณะที่ 100 มีความยาวมากกว่า 99 หนึ่งหลัก มันยังมีคำนำหน้าเป็น 1 แทนที่จะเป็นคำนำหน้า 9 เมื่อความยาวเปลี่ยนไป มันส่งผลต่อคำนำหน้า ในระบบ base58 คำนำหน้า 5 เปลี่ยนเป็น K หรือ L เมื่อความยาวของตัวเลขเพิ่มขึ้นหนึ่งไบต์

TIPจากหลาม: ผมว่าเขาเขียนย่อหน้านี้ไม่ค่อยรู้เรื่อง แต่ความหมายมันจะประมาณว่า เหมือนถ้าเราต้องการเขียนเลข 100 ในฐาน 10 เราต้องใช้สามตำแหน่ง 100 แต่ถ้าใช้ฐาน 16 เราจะใช้แค่ 2 ตำแหน่งคือ 64 ซึ่งมีค่าเท่ากัน

ถ้ากระเป๋าเงินบิตคอยน์สามารถใช้ compressed public key ได้ มันจะใช้ในทุกธุรกรรม private key ในกระเป๋าเงินจะถูกใช้เพื่อสร้างจุด public key บนเส้นโค้ง ซึ่งจะถูกบีบอัด compressed public key จะถูกใช้เพื่อสร้าง address และ address เหล่านี้จะถูกใช้ในธุรกรรม เมื่อส่งออก private key จากกระเป๋าเงินใหม่ที่ใช้ compressed public key WIF จะถูกปรับเปลี่ยน โดยเพิ่มต่อท้ายขนาด 1 ไบต์ 01 ให้กับ private key ที่ถูกเข้ารหัสแบบ base58check ที่ได้จะเรียกว่า "WIF-compressed" และจะขึ้นต้นด้วยอักษร K หรือ L แทนที่จะขึ้นต้นด้วย "5" เหมือนกับกรณีของคีย์ที่เข้ารหัสแบบ WIF (ไม่บีบอัด) จากกระเป๋าเงินรุ่นเก่า

Advanced Keys and Addresses

ในส่วนต่อไปนี้ เราจะดูรูปแบบของคีย์และ address เช่น vanity addresses และ paper wallets

vanity addresses

vanity addresses หรือ addresses แบบกำหนดเอง คือ address ที่มีข้อความที่มนุษย์อ่านได้และสามารถใช้งานได้จริง ตัวอย่างเช่น 1LoveBPzzD72PUXLzCkYAtGFYmK5vYNR33 อย่างที่เห็นว่ามันเป็น address ที่ถูกต้องซึ่งมีตัวอักษรเป็นคำว่า Love เป็นตัวอักษร base58 สี่ตัวแรก addresses แบบกำหนดเองต้องอาศัยการสร้างและทดสอบ private key หลายพันล้านตัวจนกว่าจะพบ address ที่มีรูปแบบตามที่ต้องการ แม้ว่าจะมีการปรับปรุงบางอย่างในอัลกอริทึมการสร้าง addresses แบบกำหนดเอง แต่กระบวนการนี้ต้องใช้การสุ่มเลือก private key มาสร้าง public key และนำไปสร้าง address และตรวจสอบว่าตรงกับรูปแบบที่ต้องการหรือไม่ โดยทำซ้ำหลายพันล้านครั้งจนกว่าจะพบที่ตรงกัน

เมื่อพบ address ที่ตรงกับรูปแบบที่ต้องการแล้ว private key ที่ใช้สร้าง address นั้นสามารถใช้โดยเจ้าของเพื่อใช้จ่ายบิตคอยน์ได้เหมือนกับ address อื่น ๆ ทุกประการ address ที่กำหนดเองไม่ได้มีความปลอดภัยน้อยกว่าหรือมากกว่าที่ address ๆ พวกมันขึ้นอยู่กับการเข้ารหัสเส้นโค้งรูปวงรี (ECC) และอัลกอริทึมแฮชที่ปลอดภัย (SHA) เหมือนกับ address อื่น ๆ คุณไม่สามารถค้นหา private key ของ address ที่ขึ้นต้นด้วยรูปแบบที่กำหนดเองได้ง่ายกว่า address อื่น ๆ

ตัวอย่างเช่น ยูจีเนียเป็นผู้อำนวยการการกุศลเพื่อเด็กที่ทำงานในฟิลิปปินส์ สมมติว่ายูจีเนียกำลังจัดการระดมทุนและต้องการใช้ address ที่กำหนดเองเพื่อประชาสัมพันธ์การระดมทุน ยูจีเนียจะสร้าง address ที่กำหนดเองที่ขึ้นต้นด้วย "1Kids" เพื่อส่งเสริมการระดมทุนเพื่อการกุศลสำหรับเด็ก มาดูกันว่า address ที่กำหนดเองนี้จะถูกสร้างขึ้นอย่างไรและมีความหมายอย่างไรต่อความปลอดภัยของการกุศลของยูจีเนีย

การสร้าง address ที่กำหนดเอง

ควรเข้าใจว่า address ของบิตคอยน์เป็นเพียงตัวเลขที่แสดงด้วยสัญลักษณ์ในรูปแบบตัวอักษร base58 เท่านั้น เพราะฉะนั้นแล้ว การค้นหารูปแบบเช่น "1Kids" สามารถมองได้ว่าเป็นการค้นหาที่อยู่ในช่วงตั้งแต่ 1Kids11111111111111111111111111111 ถึง 1Kidszzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz มีประมาณ 5829 (ประมาณ 1.4 × 1051) address ในช่วงนั้น ทั้งหมดขึ้นต้นด้วย "1Kids" ตารางด้านล่างนี้แสดงช่วงของ address ที่มีคำนำหน้า 1Kids ลองดูรูปแบบ "1Kids" ในรูปของตัวเลขและดูว่าเราอาจพบรูปแบบนี้ใน bitcoin address บ่อยแค่ไหน โดยตารางข้างล่างนี้แสดงให้เห็นถีงคอมพิวเตอร์เดสก์ท็อปทั่วไปที่ไม่มีฮาร์ดแวร์พิเศษสามารถค้นหาคีย์ได้ประมาณ 100,000 คีย์ต่อวินาที

ความถี่ของ address ที่กำหนดเอง (1KidsCharity) และเวลาค้นหาเฉลี่ยบนคอมพิวเตอร์เดสก์ท็อป

ดังที่เห็นได้ ยูจีเนียคงไม่สามารถสร้าง address แบบกำหนดเอง "1KidsCharity" ได้ในเร็ว ๆ นี้ แม้ว่าเธอจะมีคอมพิวเตอร์หลายพันเครื่องก็ตาม ทุกตัวอักษรที่เพิ่มขึ้นจะเพิ่มความยากขึ้น 58 เท่า รูปแบบที่มีมากกว่า 7 ตัวอักษรมักจะถูกค้นพบโดยฮาร์ดแวร์พิเศษ เช่น คอมพิวเตอร์เดสก์ท็อปที่สร้างขึ้นเป็นพิเศษที่มีหน่วยประมวลผลกราฟิก (GPUs) หลายตัว การค้นหา address แบบกำหนดเองบนระบบ GPU เร็วกว่าบน CPU ทั่วไปหลายเท่า

อีกวิธีหนึ่งในการหา address แบบกำหนดเองคือการจ้างงานไปยังกลุ่มคนขุด vanity addresses กลุ่มคนขุดvanity addresses เป็นบริการที่ให้ผู้ที่มีฮาร์ดแวร์ที่เร็วได้รับบิตคอยน์จากการค้นหา vanity addresses ให้กับผู้อื่น ยูจีเนียสามารถจ่ายค่าธรรมเนียมเพื่อจ้างงานการค้นหา vanity addresses ที่มีรูปแบบ 7 ตัวอักษรและได้ผลลัพธ์ในเวลาเพียงไม่กี่ชั่วโมงแทนที่จะต้องใช้ CPU ค้นหาเป็นเดือน ๆ

การสร้างที่ address แบบกำหนดเองเป็นการใช้วิธีการแบบ brute-force (ลองทุกความเป็นไปได้): ลองใช้คีย์สุ่ม ตรวจสอบ address ที่ได้ว่าตรงกับรูปแบบที่ต้องการหรือไม่ และทำซ้ำจนกว่าจะสำเร็จ

ความปลอดภัยและความเป็นส่วนตัวของ address แบบกำหนดเอง

address แบบกำหนดเองเคยเป็นที่นิยมในช่วงแรก ๆ ของบิตคอยน์ แต่แทบจะหายไปจากการใช้งานทั้งหมดในปี 2023 มีสาเหตุที่น่าจะเป็นไปได้สองประการสำหรับแนวโน้มนี้: - Deterministic wallets: ดังที่เราเห็นในพาร์ทของการกู้คืน การที่จะสำรองคีย์ทุกตัวในกระเป๋าเงินสมัยใหม่ส่วนใหญ่นั้น ทำเพียงแค่จดคำหรือตัวอักษรไม่กี่ตัว ซึ่งนี่เป็นผลจากการสร้างคีย์ทุกตัวในกระเป๋าเงินจากคำหรือตัวอักษรเหล่านั้นโดยใช้อัลกอริทึมแบบกำหนดได้ จึงไม่สามารถใช้ address แบบกำหนดเองกับ Deterministic wallets ได้ เว้นแต่ผู้ใช้จะสำรองข้อมูลเพิ่มเติมสำหรับ address แบบกำหนดเองทุก address ที่พวกเขาสร้าง ในทางปฏิบัติแล้วกระเป๋าเงินส่วนใหญ่ที่ใช้การสร้างคีย์แบบกำหนดได้ โดยไม่อนุญาตให้นำเข้าคีย์ส่วนตัวหรือการปรับแต่งคีย์จากโปรแกรมสร้าง address ที่กำหนดเอง

• การหลีกเลี่ยงการใช้ address ซ้ำซ้อน: การใช้ address แบบกำหนดเองเพื่อรับการชำระเงินหลายครั้งไปยัง address เดียวกันจะสร้างความเชื่อมโยงระหว่างการชำระเงินทั้งหมดเหล่านั้น นี่อาจเป็นที่ยอมรับได้สำหรับยูจีเนียหากองค์กรไม่แสวงหาผลกำไรของเธอจำเป็นต้องรายงานรายได้และค่าใช้จ่ายต่อหน่วยงานภาษีอยู่แล้ว แต่อย่างไรก็ตาม มันยังลดความเป็นส่วนตัวของคนที่จ่ายเงินให้ยูจีเนียหรือรับเงินจากเธอด้วย ตัวอย่างเช่น อลิซอาจต้องการบริจาคโดยไม่เปิดเผยตัวตน และบ็อบอาจไม่ต้องการให้ลูกค้ารายอื่นของเขารู้ว่าเขาให้ราคาส่วนลดแก่ยูจีเนีย

เราไม่คาดว่าจะเห็น address แบบกำหนดเองมากนักในอนาคต เว้นแต่ปัญหาที่กล่าวมาก่อนหน้านี้จะได้รับการแก้ไข

Paper Wallets

paper wallet หรือก็คือ private key ที่พิมพ์ลงในกระดาษ และโดยทั่วไปแล้วมักจะมีข้อมูลของ public key หรือ address บนกระดาษนั้นด้วยแม้ว่าจริง ๆ แล้วมันจะสามารถคำนวณได้ด้วย private key ก็ตาม

คำเตือน: paper wallet เป็นเทคโนโลยีที่ล้าสมัยแล้วและอันตรายสำหรับผู้ใช้ส่วนใหญ่ เพราะเป็นเรื่องยากที่จะสร้างมันอย่างปลอดภัย โดยเฉพาะอย่างยิ่งความเป็นไปได้ที่โค้ดที่ใช้สร้างอาจถูกแทรกแซงด้วยผู้ไม่ประสงค์ดี และอาจจะทำให้ผู้ใช้โดนขโมยบิตคอยน์ทั้งหมดไปได้ paper wallet ถูกแสดงที่นี่เพื่อวัตถุประสงค์ในการให้ข้อมูลเท่านั้นและไม่ควรใช้สำหรับเก็บบิตคอยน์

paper wallet ได้ถูกออกแบบมาเพื่อเป็นของขวัญและมีธีมตามฤดูกาล เช่น คริสต์มาสและปีใหม่ ส่วนเหตุผลอื่น ๆ ถูกออกแบบเพื่อการเก็บรักษาในตู้นิรภัยของธนาคารหรือตู้เซฟโดยมี private key ถูกซ่อนไว้ในบางวิธี ไม่ว่าจะด้วยสติกเกอร์แบบขูดที่ทึบแสงหรือพับและปิดผนึกด้วยแผ่นฟอยล์กันการงัดแงะ ส่วนการออกแบบอื่น ๆ มีสำเนาเพิ่มเติมของคีย์และ address ในรูปแบบของตอนฉีกที่แยกออกได้คล้ายกับตั๋ว ช่วยให้คุณสามารถเก็บสำเนาหลายชุดเพื่อป้องกันจากไฟไหม้ น้ำท่วม หรือภัยพิบัติทางธรรมชาติอื่น ๆ

จากการออกแบบเดิมของบิตคอยน์ที่เน้น public key ไปจนถึง address และสคริปต์สมัยใหม่อย่าง bech32m และ pay to taproot—และแม้แต่การอัพเกรดบิตคอยน์ในอนาคต—คุณได้เรียนรู้วิธีที่โปรโตคอลบิตคอยน์อนุญาตให้ผู้จ่ายเงินระบุกระเป๋าเงินที่ควรได้รับการชำระเงินของพวกเขา แต่เมื่อเป็นกระเป๋าเงินของคุณเองที่รับการชำระเงิน คุณจะต้องการความมั่นใจว่าคุณจะยังคงเข้าถึงเงินนั้นได้แม้ว่าจะเกิดอะไรขึ้นกับข้อมูลกระเป๋าเงินของคุณ ในบทต่อไป เราจะดูว่ากระเป๋าเงินบิตคอยน์ถูกออกแบบอย่างไรเพื่อปกป้องเงินทุนจากภัยคุกคามหลากหลายรูปแบบ

@ 2dd9250b:6e928072

Vi recentemente um post onde a pessoa diz que aquele final do filme O Doutrinador (2019) não faz sentido porque mesmo o protagonista explodindo o Palácio dos Três Poderes, não acaba com a corrupção no Brasil.

Progressistas não sabem ler e não conseguem interpretar textos corretamente. O final de Doutrinador não tem a ver com isso, tem a ver com a relação entre o Herói e a sua Cidade.

Nas histórias em quadrinhos há uma ligação entre a cidade e o Super-Herói. Gotham City por exemplo, cria o Batman. Isso é mostrado em The Batman (2022) e em Batman: Cavaleiro das Trevas, quando aquele garoto no final, diz para o Batman não fugir, porque ele queria ver o Batman de novo. E o Comissário Gordon diz que o "Batman é o que a cidade de Gotham precisa."

Batman: Cavaleiro das Trevas Ressurge mostra a cidade de Gotham sendo tomada pela corrupção e pela ideologia do Bane. A Cidade vai definhando em imoralidade e o Bruce, ao olhar da prisão a cidade sendo destruída, decide que o Batman precisa voltar porque se Gotham for destruída, o Batman é destruído junto. E isso o da forças para consegue fugir daquele poço e voltar para salvar Gotham.

Isso também é mostrado em Demolidor. Na série Demolidor o Matt Murdock sempre fala que precisa defender a cidade Cozinha do Inferno; que o Fisk não vai dominar a cidade e fazer o que ele quiser nela. Inclusive na terceira temporada isso fica mais evidente na luta final na mansão do Fisk, onde Matt grita que agora a cidade toda vai saber o que ele fez; a cidade vai ver o mal que ele é para Hell's Kitchen, porque a gente sabe que o Fisk fez de tudo para a imagem do Demolidor entrar e descrédito perante os cidadãos, então o que acontece no final do filme O Doutrinador não significa que ele está acabando com a corrupção quando explode o Congresso, ele está praticamente interrompendo o ciclo do sistema, colocando uma falha em sua engrenagem.

Quando você ouve falar de Brasília, você pensa na corrupção dos políticos, onde a farra acontece,, onde corruptos desviam dinheiro arrecadado dos impostos, impostos estes que são centralizados na União. Então quando você ouve falarem de Brasília, sempre pensa que o pessoal que mora lá, mora junto com tudo de podre que acontece no Brasil.

Logo quando o Doutrinador explode tudo ali, ele está basicamente destruindo o mecanismo que suja Brasília. Ele está fazendo isso naquela cidade. Porque o símbolo da cidade é justamente esse, a farsa de que naquele lugar o povo será ouvido e a justiça será feita. Ele está destruindo a ideologia de que o Estado nos protege, nos dá segurança, saúde e educação. Porque na verdade o Estado só existe para privilegiar os políticos, funcionários públicos de auto escalão, suas famílias e amigos. Enquanto que o povo sofre para sustentar a elite política. O protagonista Miguel entendeu isso quando a filha dele morreu na fila do SUS.

@ 6be5cc06:5259daf0

A seguir, veja como instalar e configurar o Privoxy no Pop!_OS.

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1. Instalar o Tor e o Privoxy

Abra o terminal e execute:

bash sudo apt update sudo apt install tor privoxy

Explicação:

• Tor: Roteia o tráfego pela rede Tor.
• Privoxy: Proxy avançado que intermedia a conexão entre aplicativos e o Tor.

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2. Configurar o Privoxy

Abra o arquivo de configuração do Privoxy:

bash sudo nano /etc/privoxy/config

Navegue até a última linha (atalho: Ctrl + / depois Ctrl + V para navegar diretamente até a última linha) e insira:

bash forward-socks5 / 127.0.0.1:9050 .

Isso faz com que o Privoxy envie todo o tráfego para o Tor através da porta 9050.

Salve (CTRL + O e Enter) e feche (CTRL + X) o arquivo.

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3. Iniciar o Tor e o Privoxy

Agora, inicie e habilite os serviços:

bash sudo systemctl start tor sudo systemctl start privoxy sudo systemctl enable tor sudo systemctl enable privoxy

Explicação:

• start: Inicia os serviços.
• enable: Faz com que iniciem automaticamente ao ligar o PC.

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4. Configurar o Navegador Firefox

Para usar a rede Tor com o Firefox:

1. Abra o Firefox.
2. Acesse Configurações → Configurar conexão.
3. Selecione Configuração manual de proxy.
4. Configure assim:
   • Proxy HTTP: 127.0.0.1
   • Porta: 8118 (porta padrão do Privoxy)
   • Domínio SOCKS (v5): 127.0.0.1
   • Porta: 9050
5. Marque a opção "Usar este proxy também em HTTPS".
6. Clique em OK.

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5. Verificar a Conexão com o Tor

Abra o navegador e acesse:

text https://check.torproject.org/

Se aparecer a mensagem "Congratulations. This browser is configured to use Tor.", a configuração está correta.

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Dicas Extras

• Privoxy pode ser ajustado para bloquear anúncios e rastreadores.
• Outros aplicativos também podem ser configurados para usar o Privoxy.