@ 7d33ba57:1b82db35

Istanbul is one of the world’s most mesmerizing cities, where East meets West—literally. Straddling Europe and Asia, it offers a rich blend of cultures, centuries-old architecture, vibrant bazaars, and world-class food. From the Byzantine wonders of the Old City to the buzzing energy of modern neighborhoods, Istanbul is a city of contrasts—and it's unforgettable.

🏛️ Top Things to See & Do in Istanbul

1️⃣ Hagia Sophia (Ayasofya)

• Once a church, then a mosque, then a museum—and now a mosque again
• A stunning symbol of Byzantine architecture with a vast domed ceiling
• Open to all visitors (entry to main floor is free)

2️⃣ Blue Mosque (Sultan Ahmed Mosque)

• Famous for its six minarets and beautiful blue Iznik tiles inside
• Still an active mosque—visitors are welcome outside of prayer times
• Dress modestly and bring a scarf if you're visiting as a woman

3️⃣ Topkapi Palace

• Former residence of the Ottoman sultans
• Visit the Imperial Harem, treasury with the Topkapi Dagger, and panoramic gardens overlooking the Bosphorus

4️⃣ Grand Bazaar & Spice Bazaar 🛍️

• One of the largest and oldest covered markets in the world
• Shop for lamps, ceramics, carpets, jewelry, spices, and teas
• Practice your bargaining skills—it’s part of the fun!

5️⃣ Bosphorus Cruise

• Sail between Europe and Asia for incredible views of palaces, mosques, and waterfront mansions
• Options range from 1-hour quick cruises to sunset or dinner cruises

6️⃣ Galata Tower & Karaköy

• Climb the medieval Galata Tower for 360° city views
• Explore Karaköy’s trendy cafés, street art, and boutique shops nearby

7️⃣ Sultanahmet Square & Hippodrome

• Historic heart of Istanbul—once the center of Byzantine Constantinople
• See the Obelisk of Theodosius, Serpent Column, and German Fountain

🍽️ What to Eat in Istanbul

• Simit – Turkish sesame bagel, best fresh in the morning
• Kebabs – From Adana to Iskender, every type has its own flavor
• Meze platters – Tasty small plates to share (like hummus, ezme, dolma)
• Balık Ekmek – Fish sandwich by the Galata Bridge
• Baklava & Turkish delight – Sweet, flaky, and irresistible
• Turkish tea (çay) & strong coffee – Always served with hospitality ☕

🕌 Local Experiences You Shouldn’t Miss

✅ Soak in a historic hammam (Turkish bath) – like Cemberlitas or Hurrem Sultan Hammam
✅ Watch the Whirling Dervishes ceremony for a glimpse into Sufi spirituality
✅ Get lost in Süleymaniye Mosque – peaceful and less crowded than the Blue Mosque
✅ Explore Balat & Fener – colorful, local neighborhoods with rich Jewish and Greek history
✅ Take a ferry to the Asian side (Kadıköy or Üsküdar) for a more local vibe and great food

🚇 Getting Around Istanbul

• Use Istanbulkart for all public transport: trams, ferries, metro, and buses
• Traffic can be intense—trams and ferries are your best friend
• The city is very walkable in historical areas, but hilly in places
• Ferries between continents are not just scenic—they’re super efficient too!

💡 Tips for Visiting Istanbul

🕌 Mosques are free to visit, but check prayer times and dress respectfully
📸 Sunset at Galata Bridge or from a rooftop in Karaköy = magic
🛍️ Bargaining is expected in markets, but done with a smile
📅 Best times to visit: April–June or September–October for mild weather
🍽️ Eat like a local – some of the best food is found in tiny family-run spots

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@ f3328521:a00ee32a

Notes from the Inaugural Muslim Bitcoin Summit Nostr Workshop.

04.06.25 Dallas, TX

What is Nostr?

“Notes and Other Stuff Transmitted by Relays” ~ fiatjaf

Nostr is an open protocol that is a censorship-resistant, global "social" network. It doesn't rely on any trusted central server (has resilient decentralization), and is based on cryptographic keys and signatures (so it is tamperproof).

The initial description of the idea can be found at https://fiatjaf.com/nostr.html.

Digital Sovereignty

“The first step towards establishing any type of Digital Sovereignty is to consider migration away from infrastructure and networks that are saturated with malevolent surveillance… there must be a simple recognition that anything sustainable from an Islamic perspective cannot be built on the platforms of Meta, Google or Amazon.” ~ Ibn Maghreb

Palestine has become the litmus test for censorship in social media:

• X (formerly Twitter) - Musk openly supports Zionism
• Meta (FB, IG, WhatsApp) - Project Lavender
• Google (YouTube) - Project Nimbus
• Microsoft (LI) - BDS “No Azure for Apartheid” campaign

These are just a few examples of the barrier for a muslim narrative in fiat social media. To build unstoppable resistance we must move away from the platform and address the issue at the protocol level.

Nostr Protocol Explained

1. Relays: Backend servers that store and broadcast data. Anyone can run one. Currently over 1k relays across over 50 countries. 

2. Clients: 

Platforms built for graphical user interface with Nostr. Anyone can build these and most are interoperable. 

3. Key Cryptography: User public and private keys.

Simple video explaination: Nostr in less than 10 minutes!

Nostr's Key Features:

• No Ownership - No CEO, board of directors, foundation, etc.
• No Ads, No Big Data Collection - Users are not a product.
• No Algorithms - Less drama, less depressing content.
• Uncensorability - Not your keys, not your posts.
• SEO - clean dofollow links for “Google Juice”.
• Zaps! - BTC/Lightning integration.

“This is really really important in the age of AI where in a few years you are not going to know the difference between something that is real and something that is fake. We need technologies that you can actually sign and you have the authenticity to do so, and only you, to do that.” ~ Jack Dorsey

Getting Started On Nostr

Nostr 101: A Beginners Guide To Nostr

Top Recommended Client: Yakihonne

Other popular options: (web) Nostrudel (iOS) Damus (Android) Amethyst

Top Recommended Wallet: Coinos

Other popular options: Primal Wallet AlbyHub Zeus
(pending NWC integration)

Highlights From The Nostr Ecosystem:

Other Clients: Olas (photos) Habla (blogging) Zap.Stream (video)

Chat: 0xchat KeyChat Flotilla

Shopping: Plebeian Market Shopstr

Podcasting 2.0: Fountain Wavlake

Workspace Tools: Listr Formstr Docstr Nostr.Build

Signers: Nos2X Nsec.app

Footnote

Find Muslims on Nostr | #staySAIF

@ ec9bd746:df11a9d0

🌍 Time Window:

🕘 When: Every even week on Sunday at 9:00 PM CET
🗺️ Where: https://cornychat.com/eurocorn

Start: 21:00 CET (Prague, UTC+1)
End: approx. 02:00 CET (Prague, UTC+1, next day)
Duration: usually 5+ hours.

| Region | Local Time Window | Convenience Level | |-----------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------| | Europe (CET, Prague) 🇨🇿🇩🇪 | 21:00–02:00 CET | ✅ Very Good; evening & night | | East Coast North America (EST) 🇺🇸🇨🇦 | 15:00–20:00 EST | ✅ Very Good; afternoon & early evening | | West Coast North America (PST) 🇺🇸🇨🇦 | 12:00–17:00 PST | ✅ Very Good; midday & afternoon | | Central America (CST) 🇲🇽🇨🇷🇬🇹 | 14:00–19:00 CST | ✅ Very Good; afternoon & evening | | South America West (Peru/Colombia PET/COT) 🇵🇪🇨🇴 | 15:00–20:00 PET/COT | ✅ Very Good; afternoon & evening | | South America East (Brazil/Argentina/Chile, BRT/ART/CLST) 🇧🇷🇦🇷🇨🇱 | 17:00–22:00 BRT/ART/CLST | ✅ Very Good; early evening | | United Kingdom/Ireland (GMT) 🇬🇧🇮🇪 | 20:00–01:00 GMT | ✅ Very Good; evening hours (midnight convenient) | | Eastern Europe (EET) 🇷🇴🇬🇷🇺🇦 | 22:00–03:00 EET | ✅ Good; late evening & early night (slightly late) | | Africa (South Africa, SAST) 🇿🇦 | 22:00–03:00 SAST | ✅ Good; late evening & overnight (late-night common) | | New Zealand (NZDT) 🇳🇿 | 09:00–14:00 NZDT (next day) | ✅ Good; weekday morning & afternoon | | Australia (AEDT, Sydney) 🇦🇺 | 07:00–12:00 AEDT (next day) | ✅ Good; weekday morning to noon | | East Africa (Kenya, EAT) 🇰🇪 | 23:00–04:00 EAT | ⚠️ Slightly late (night hours; late night common) | | Russia (Moscow, MSK) 🇷🇺 | 23:00–04:00 MSK | ⚠️ Slightly late (join at start is fine, very late night) | | Middle East (UAE, GST) 🇦🇪🇴🇲 | 00:00–05:00 GST (next day) | ⚠️ Late night start (midnight & early morning, but shorter attendance plausible)| | Japan/Korea (JST/KST) 🇯🇵🇰🇷 | 05:00–10:00 JST/KST (next day) | ⚠️ Early; convenient joining from ~07:00 onwards possible | | China (Beijing, CST) 🇨🇳 | 04:00–09:00 CST (next day) | ❌ Challenging; very early morning start (better ~07:00 onwards) | | India (IST) 🇮🇳 | 01:30–06:30 IST (next day) | ❌ Very challenging; overnight timing typically difficult|

---

@ 044da344:073a8a0e

Ich kenne das Argument, mit dem man diesen Text zertrümmern kann. Anekdotische Evidenz. Was soll das mit den Einzelfällen, lieber Michael? Überlass doch das Geschichtenerzählen Künstlern oder Märchenonkels und konzentriere dich auf das, was sich beweisen lässt – über repräsentative Befragungen, die entsprechenden Auswertungsverfahren oder, noch besser, in Experimenten.

Ich schreibe diesen Text trotzdem. Eine Sozialwissenschaft, die an hieb- und stichfeste Beweise glaubt und sich deshalb auf das beschränkt, was sich erfragen und messen lässt, am besten in großen Bevölkerungsgruppen, eine solche Wissenschaft verliert das Leben aus dem Blick und die Deutungshoheit am Ende tatsächlich an die Romanciers. Bei den Historikern scheint das schon der Fall zu sein, wenn man Christoph Hein glaubt, Jahrgang 1944, der sein Lebensthema DDR gerade noch einmal ganz neu angefasst hat:

Ich glaube, es gibt da noch Widerstand gegen meine Beschreibung. Aber ich meine ohnehin, dass nicht die Historiker für die Geschichtsschreibung zuständig sind, sondern seit 2000 Jahren, seit Homer bis zu Tolstoi und Dostojewski, allein die Romanciers. Die Historiker liefern uns hilfreiche Mittel, Anregungen, aber viel mehr nicht. Denn sie sind nur für die Hinterlassenschaften zuständig. Und die stimmen nicht immer mit der Geschichte überein. Sehr viele politisch wichtige Leute haben schon immer versucht, die Geschichtsschreibung in ihrem Sinne zu verändern. (Berliner Zeitung, 23. März 2025)

Mein Thema für den Tresen heute: die revolutionäre Wucht des Quereinsteigers. Ich könnte auch Aufsteiger sagen oder weiter im Synonymwörterbuch blättern, um einen besseren Begriff zu finden für Menschen, die gegen jede Wahrscheinlichkeit und jenseits der üblichen Wege in einem Berufsfeld gelandet und dort genau deshalb dazu berufen sind, alles auf den Prüfstand und dann oft auch auf den Kopf zu stellen. Wenn man sie denn lassen würde. Dazu gleich mehr.

Vorher will ich an den Forschungsverbund „Fit for Change“ erinnern – vom Freistaat Bayern in den frühen 2010er Jahren ins Leben gerufen, um der Resilienz von sozialen Systemen nachzuspüren. Im Rückblick wirkt diese Idee fast prophetisch. Wie können sich Schulen und Universitäten, Redaktionen, Gerichte und Behörden auf Gefahren vorbereiten, die noch nicht einmal am Horizont zu erkennen sind? Wie stellen wir sicher, dass diese Systeme auch in einem Ernstfall funktionieren, den noch niemand erlebt hat? Ich habe diesen Verbund als Sprecher geleitet und erinnere mich an eines unserer wichtigsten Ergebnisse: Wir brauchen Querdenker. Vielleicht hieß das im Ergebnisbericht auch anders. Egal. Wichtig ist, dass Einrichtungen leichter zusammenbrechen, wenn alle in die gleiche Richtung denken. Gleiche Herkunft + gleiche Ausbildung + gleicher Erfahrungsschatz = gleiche Ideen im Fall einer Krise. Die Handlungsempfehlung an alle Entscheider, wichtig für steuerfinanzierte Forschung, lag nahe: Stellt Leute ein, die im Moment scheinbar überflüssig sind und vielleicht sogar stören. Sie werden euch helfen, wenn es hart auf hart kommt, weil sie anders denken und deshalb eine andere Lösung sehen.

Ich habe gerade Rolf Kron interviewt, einen Stahlbauschlosser aus dem Ruhrgebiet, der nach Jahren auf Montage über den zweiten Bildungsweg zum Abitur kam und im Abendgymnasium so gute Noten hatte, dass er sich aussuchen konnte, wo und was er studieren will. Physik und Mathematik, dachte er, aber dann brachte ihn eine alte Dame zum Nachdenken. Diese Frau lag in dem Heim, in dem der junge Rolf putzen musste, und sagte zu ihm: Du tust mir gut. Viel besser als all die Menschen in den weißen Kitteln. Versprich mir, dass du einen Heilberuf lernst. In den ersten Vorlesungen in München fiel Rolf Kron, man spürt das noch in unserem Gespräch, aus allen Wolken. Was tun diese Ärzte, woran glauben ihre Professoren und woher nehmen alle zusammen ihre Arroganz? Kron ist Homöopath geworden, Spezialist für Impfschäden und, so sagt er das selbst, ein Heiler von Weltruf. Im Frühjahr 2020 war er sofort Zielscheibe für Correctiv und ist anschließend systematisch zerstört worden.

Vielleicht war es Zufall, dass ich vorher Michael Beleites vor der Kamera hatte, einen Biologen, der das Fach nie studiert hat, aber die akademische Zunft auf ganz ähnliche Weise herausfordert wie Rolf Kron – mit einem Buch so schwer wie ein Ziegelstein, das nicht nur Darwin in Bausch und Bogen verwirft, sondern auch alles, was aus dem Kampf ums Dasein für unser Zusammenleben folgt. Die Biologie? Nun ja. Sie hat die Verbannung dieses Herausforderers anderen überlassen. Soll sich doch die Antifa die Hände schmutzig machen.

Kein Zufall ist, dass Erstakademiker den Löwenanteil der Fälle stellen, die Heike Egner und Anke Uhlenwinkel für ihr Buch Wer stört, muss weg ausgewertet haben. Der Vogelblick auf 60 Biografien zeigt, dass die „Entfernung kritischer Professoren“ vor allem Aufsteiger trifft – Menschen (hier kann ich mich selbst zitieren), „die an das humboldtsche Universitätsideal geglaubt und es aus eigener Kraft auf eine Lehrkanzel geschafft haben, ohne die Protektion eines Milieus, das ganz selbstverständlich immer wieder Minister und Richter, CEOs und eben auch Professoren hervorbringt und dabei ganz nebenbei auch all die kleinen Kniffe, Formeln, Regeln vererbt, die jeder kennen muss, der wirklich dazugehören und so auch dabeibleiben möchte.“

Ganz anders hat @LeiseBumm diesen Gedanken in einem YouTube-Kommentar zum Kron-Gespräch formuliert (von mir leicht redigiert):

Vielleicht ist der Schlüssel zum Widerstand eine Kombi aus Empathiefähigkeit (bemerken, wenn Mitmenschen übel mitgespielt wird) und einer gewissen Übung in Randständigkeit und Diskriminierung. Wer schon als Kind „dazugehört“ hat oder „Rudelführer“ war, findet Hierarchien auch später „normal“. Emphatische Menschen haben ja „damals“ oft spontan (!) jemanden versteckt, bevor noch ihr Hirn oder Angstzentrum „ein G‘schichtl drucken“ konnte.

Da sind sie – die Querdenker, die der Forschungsverbund „Fit for Change“ las Schlüssel für das Überleben sozialer Systeme ausgemacht hat. Ich denke an Ostdeutsche, die 1989 alt genug waren, um zu spüren, dass sie im neuen Rudel niemals dazugehören werden. Ich denke an Marcus Klöckner, der wie Rolf Kron aus einfachsten Verhältnissen kommt und genau deshalb erst als Soziologe die Fragen stellen konnte, denen die Kollegen ausgewichen sind (etwa nach den Bilderbergern), um dann als Journalist seiner Zunft den Spiegel vorzuhalten. Ich denke an Bernd Fleischmann, einen promovierten Hochfrequenztechniker, der vor Jahren das Klima als Hobby entdeckte und heute dokumentiert, welche Kröten man schlucken muss, um das „CO2-Märchen“ glauben zu können. Und ich denke an Raymond Unger, der sich mit 40 von allen Fesseln befreit hat, um noch einmal ganz neu als Maler anzufangen, und der dann in Berlin feststellte, dass es der Szene überhaupt nicht um das ging, was ihn in die Kunst gelockt hatte. Anekdotische Evidenz, ich weiß. Ungers Bücherberg ist für mich Beweis genug. Mehr dazu in Kürze in einem Video und am Buch-Tresen.

Michael Meyen: Videos

Freie Akademie für Medien & Journalismus

Unterstützen

@ da0b9bc3:4e30a4a9

Hello Stackers!

Welcome on into the ~Music Corner of the Saloon!

A place where we Talk Music. Share Tracks. Zap Sats.

So stay a while and listen.

🚨Don't forget to check out the pinned items in the territory homepage! You can always find the latest weeklies there!🚨

🚨Subscribe to the territory to ensure you never miss a post! 🚨

originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/935880

@ 47e328ac:2ca9014c

Good News Everyday

@ 866e0139:6a9334e5

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Autor: Nicolas Lindt. Dieser Beitrag wurde mit dem Pareto-Client geschrieben. Sie finden alle Texte der Friedenstaube und weitere Texte zum Thema Frieden hier.**

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Während die Kriegstreiber in Europa gegen Russland zum Angriff blasen, mit einem «letzten Sommer in Frieden» drohen, Bodentruppen mobilisieren und das Vermögen der Völker in todbringende Waffen  umsetzen wollen - während also Europa aus zwei Weltkriegen nichts gelernt hat und einen dritten entzünden will, erinnere ich mich an ein Gespräch, das ich vor etlichen Jahren mit meinem jüngeren Sohn geführt habe.

Auf einer Wanderung zur Scheidegg – ein Aussichtspunkt oberhalb unseres Dorfes – fragte mich Alexis, ob ich an die Möglichkeit eines Dritten Weltkrieges glaube. Seit einiger Zeit schon hatte er sich Gedanken zum Krieg gemacht, weil er inzwischen aus dem Schulunterricht wusste, dass Krieg nicht dasselbe ist wie der Krieg, den ihm seine Playstation zeigte. Das Thema ließ Alexis nicht los, und auch mich ließ er damit nicht los. Immer wieder musste ich ihm vom Zweiten Weltkrieg erzählen, von Hitler und Stalin, von der Judenverfolgung, vom Eroberungsfeldzug der Wehrmacht und von den Alliierten, als sie an der Küste der Normandie landeten.

Während wir in den Wald abbogen und dem Wanderweg folgten, fragte mein Sohn, wer denn schlimmer gewesen sei, die Nationalsozialisten oder die Kommunisten? Und als er auf eine Pyramide gefällter Baumstämme kletterte, erklärte ich ihm, warum die Amerikaner gemeinsame Sache mit Stalin machten, obwohl doch auch Stalin viele Millionen umbringen liess. Ich versuchte ihm begreiflich zu machen, warum der Feind meines Feindes im Kriegsfall mein Freund ist.

Wir traten auf eine Wiese hinaus, die Sonne stach durch die Wolken hervor, und ich legte meinem Sohn dar, dass Stalin zur Befreiung Europas von Hitlerdeutschland massgeblich beitrug. Ich erzählte ihm, wie die Deutschen nach der Niederlage bei Stalingrad vom Kriegsglück verlassen wurden, und Alexis hörte mir gebannt zu. Er schwieg einen Augenblick. Über der Lichtung lag eine große Ruhe. Nur ein paar Vögel zwitscherten. Wir waren ganz allein.

«Heisst Stalingrad wirklich so?» fragte mein Sohn in die Stille hinein. Er merkte gar nicht, wo wir uns gerade befanden. Der Frieden, der uns umgab, hatte für ihn keine Bedeutung. Ohne unser Gespräch hätte er sich gelangweilt. Es ist das Vorrecht der Jugend, dass sie sich langweilen darf. Ich verstand meinen Sohn. Viel mehr als unsere Wanderung interessierte ihn der Fortgang des Krieges.

«Stalingrad heisst wieder Wolgograd», beantwortete ich seine Frage. «Aber schau doch lieber, wie schön es hier ist!»

Alexis fand es auch schön. Er gönnte mir eine kurze Gefechtspause, doch schon nach der nächsten Biegung befanden wir uns wieder mitten im Kampfgebiet. Der Geschützdonner der Kriegsjahre 39-45 begleitete uns während des ganzen restlichen Aufstiegs.

Alexis fragte, ich gab ihm Antwort. Ich liebte es, ihm zu antworten, denn der Weltkrieg fesselt auch mich, und als ich ein Kind war, habe ich meinem Vater dieselben Fragen gestellt. Der Krieg, so schrecklich er ist, übt eine seltsame Anziehung aus. Die Menschen im Westen sind von ihm fasziniert. Sie sehnen sich insgeheim nach dem Krieg, weil sie wie Teenager sind. Sie wünschen sich, ohne sich dessen bewusst zu sein, den Ausnahmezustand herbei, weil der Frieden sie langweilt. Weil sie nicht wissen, was Krieg wirklich ist.

Noch bevor Deutschland kapitulierte, erreichten wir unser Ziel. Von der Scheidegg blickten wir hinab auf den See und das weite Land. Ich bestaunte das Panorama der Alpen, so wie ich es schon hunderte Male bewundert hatte. Ich werde es immer bestaunen. Es langweilt mich nie.

«Du hast mir noch keine Antwort gegeben», erinnerte mich Alexis. «Glaubst du, es gibt irgendwann einen Dritten Weltkrieg?»

«Ich hoffe es nicht», entgegnete ich, «ich hoffe, die Menschen vergessen nie, dass der Friede schöner ist als der Krieg.» Mit einer ausschweifenden Geste über den Kranz der Berge, der uns umgab, zeigte ich meinem Sohn, was ich meinte.

Ich zeigte ihm die Schönheit des Friedens. 

Dieser Artikel erschien zuerst als Kolumne im Schweizer Zeitpunkt-Magazin.

---

Nicolas Lindt (*1954) war Musikjournalist, Tagesschau-Reporter und Gerichtskolumnist, bevor er in seinen Büchern wahre Geschichten zu erzählen begann. In seinem zweiten Beruf gestaltet er freie Trauungen, Taufen und Abdankungen. Der Autor lebt mit seiner Familie in Wald und in Segnas. Hier finden Sie die Bücher von Nicolas Lindt. Der Fünf Minuten-Podcast «Mitten im Leben» von Nicolas Lindt ist zu finden auf Spotify, iTunes und Audible, letzte Folge hier.

Neuestes Buch: «Orwells Einsamkeit - sein Leben, ‚1984‘ und mein Weg zu einem persönlichen Denken». Erhältlich im Buchhandel - zum Beispiel bei Ex Libris oder Orell Füssli

Alle weiteren Informationen: www.nicolaslindt.ch

---

LASSEN SIE DER FRIEDENSTAUBE FLÜGEL WACHSEN!

Hier können Sie die Friedenstaube abonnieren und bekommen die Artikel zugesandt. (Vorerst an alle, da wir den Mailversand testen, später ca. drei Mails pro Woche.).

Schon jetzt können Sie uns unterstützen:

• Für 50 CHF/EURO bekommen Sie ein Jahresabo der Friedenstaube.
• Für 120 CHF/EURO bekommen Sie ein Jahresabo und ein T-Shirt/Hoodie mit der Friedenstaube.
• Für 500 CHF/EURO werden Sie Förderer und bekommen ein lebenslanges Abo sowie ein T-Shirt/Hoodie mit der Friedenstaube.
• Ab 1000 CHF werden Sie Genossenschafter der Friedenstaube mit Stimmrecht (und bekommen lebenslanges Abo, T-Shirt/Hoodie).

Für Einzahlungen in CHF (Betreff: Friedenstaube):

Für Einzahlungen in Euro:

Milosz Matuschek

IBAN DE 53710520500000814137

BYLADEM1TST

Sparkasse Traunstein-Trostberg

Betreff: Friedenstaube

Wenn Sie auf anderem Wege beitragen wollen, schreiben Sie die Friedenstaube an: milosz@pareto.space

---

Sie sind noch nicht auf Nostr and wollen die volle Erfahrung machen (liken, kommentieren etc.)? Zappen können Sie den Autor auch ohne Nostr-Profil! Erstellen Sie sich einen Account auf Start. Weitere Onboarding-Leitfäden gibt es im Pareto-Wiki.

@ 2dd75106:07b2038f

Good news everyday!!

@ 9e0268a4:8c45ec13

hfiuherifh JBIBvi

@ a73598f5:74089f17

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@ 4a4a5875:ad8b7094

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@ aa258ac5:dc2976b9

In recent years, the popularity of sports channels has surged, driven by the insatiable appetite of fans who crave live sports action. According to a report by Statista, the average viewership for major sports events in the United States alone reached over 15 million in 2020. This trend is not limited to the U.S.; globally, sports channels are witnessing unprecedented growth.. One of the unique aspects of sports is the communal experience it offers. Watching a game with friends or family amplifies the joy of victory and mitigates the disappointment of defeat. This collective experience is a significant factor in the growing viewership of sports channels. A study by Nielsen found that 92% of sports viewers prefer watching games live, underscoring the importance of real-time broadcasts.

The Gender Divide in Sports Viewership

While men have traditionally dominated sports viewership, the gap is narrowing. According to ESPN, 45% of sports fans are women, a significant increase from previous years. This shift is contributing to the overall rise in sports viewership and the success of sports channels.

The Global Appeal of Sports

Different countries have their own beloved sports, from soccer in Europe and South America to cricket in India and rugby in New Zealand. This global diversity in sports preferences is a boon for sports channels, allowing them to cater to a wide audience. For instance, the FIFA World Cup 2018 attracted over 3.5 billion viewers worldwide, according to FIFA.

The Role of Sports Channels in Popularizing Sports

Sports channels play a crucial role in popularizing various sports by broadcasting them to every corner of the globe. This widespread coverage not only increases the number of viewers but also boosts the TRP (Television Rating Point) of these channels. The sense of watching a game live, as it unfolds, is unparalleled for sports enthusiasts.

Interesting Stats

Super Bowl Viewership: The Super Bowl remains one of the most-watched sporting events in the U.S., with an average of 96.4 million viewers in 2021 (Statista).

Olympics Reach: The Tokyo 2020 Olympics reached over 3 billion viewers globally, showcasing the immense appeal of sports (Olympics).

Conclusion

Sports channels are more than just a medium for broadcasting games; they are a vital part of the entertainment ecosystem. They bring people together, transcend cultural boundaries, and offer a real-time escape from the fabricated world of drama and fiction. As the demand for live sports continues to grow, sports channels will remain a pivotal part of our entertainment landscape.

@ 80504019:412a357e

Participating in sports or physical activities without adequate preparation or protection can increase the likelihood of sustaining an injury. Here are some factors that may elevate your risk:

Infrequent participation in sports activities

Inadequate warm-up or stretching before engaging in exercise

Involvement in contact sports or high-impact activities

To learn more about sports injuries, their treatments, and prevention strategies, continue reading.

Common Types of Sports Injuries

Sports injuries can manifest in various forms, each with its own set of symptoms and complications. The most frequently encountered sports injuries include: Sprains

Sprains occur when ligaments, the tissues connecting bones in a joint, are overstretched or torn.

Strains

Strains are the result of overstretching or tearing muscles, which are the fibrous tissues that attach to bones. They are often mistaken for sprains.

Knee Injuries

Knee injuries encompass a range of issues affecting the knee joint's movement, from minor overstretching to severe muscle or tissue tears.

Swollen Muscles Swelling is a natural response to injury and can lead to pain and weakened muscles.

Achilles Tendon Rupture

The Achilles tendon, located at the back of the ankle, can rupture during sports, causing sharp pain and difficulty walking.

Fractures

Fractures, or broken bones, can occur from sports injuries, sometimes leading to dislocation when a bone is forced out of its socket.

Rotator Cuff Injury

The rotator cuff, composed of four muscles, facilitates shoulder movement. A tear in any of these muscles can impair the rotator cuff's function.

Treatment of Sports Injuries

The RICE method is a widely recommended treatment regimen for sports injuries, standing for:

Rest

Ice

Compression

Elevation

This approach is effective for mild sports injuries, especially within the first 24 to 36 hours post-injury, as it can help reduce pain.

If there's no improvement after 24 to 36 hours of RICE, it's advisable to seek medical advice. For severe sports injuries, or if you experience symptoms such as extreme pain, deformities, popping sounds, weakness, fever, difficulty breathing, or dizziness, seek emergency care immediately.

Serious sports injuries may necessitate surgery and physical therapy. If the injury doesn't heal within a couple of weeks, consult a sports medicine specialist.

Preventing Sports Injuries

The best way to prevent sports injuries is through proper warm-up and stretching, as cold muscles are more susceptible to injury. Warm muscles, on the other hand, are more flexible and less prone to damage.

Additional steps to prevent sports injuries include:

Using the correct technique for your sport or activity

Wearing appropriate and well-fitting gear and shoes

Avoiding overexertion and allowing full recovery from injuries before resuming sports

Cooling down properly after activities

Gradually returning to sports after an injury, avoiding prolonged inactivity which can delay healing

Insights into Sports Injuries

Sports injuries are particularly common among children and young adults. According to Stanford Children's Health, over 3.5 million individuals are injured annually in organized sports or physical activities, with one-third of all childhood injuries being sports-related.

A 2016 study revealed that 8.6 million people aged 5 to 24 suffer a sports injury each year. The lower body is most frequently injured (42%), followed by the extremities (30.3%), and head and neck injuries (16.4%). While deaths from sports injuries are rare, they most often result from head injuries.

Risk Factors and Diagnosis

Children, due to their developing bodies, and adults with a history of injuries are at a higher risk for sports injuries. Being overweight can also increase the risk due to added stress on joints during exercise.

A sports injury can often be diagnosed through a physical exam, medical history, and imaging tests such as X-rays, MRIs, CT scans, and ultrasounds. If you suspect a sports injury, it's crucial to follow your doctor's recommendations and monitor your symptoms.

Conclusion

Don't ignore the signs and symptoms of a sports injury. Prompt medical attention and treatment can accelerate healing and help you return to your favorite sports activities. For more information on sports injuries and treatments, consider visiting reputable sources such as the American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine or the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases.

@ 968ba701:16c734cc

I hear many complaints daily about the "unfairness" of politics in corporate America. Employees say that their managers "lie" or issue "personal attacks" against them. Indeed, based on the pure ideals that we are taught as a child, this might appear to be the case. However, the corporate culture is not the "real world" in which we live out our personal lives. Each corporate culture is its own world with its own rules and reality. To understand this, one must understand the directions and desires of this world and learn how to best adapt to achieve the vision and mission of the corporation.

--- Integrity and Politics ---

I have to say that the words "integrity" and "politics" do not belong in the same sentence. This is in no way an insult to corporate politicians, but politics is not a reflection of the integrity of the individual.

The primary purpose of politics is to obtain a result. In some cases, management may not tell the whole truth and might apply "plausible deniability" to escape judgment. However, when an untruth is used, it is primarily to accomplish a task. In this way, managers may not "tell" you directly what needs to be accomplished, but instead they create a gap or an imbalance, which forces the necessity for change and action. The end-result is a desired outcome.

Realize that, of the many reasons for this approach, one of the primary aims is to delegate responsibility to subordinates. If a manager has to constantly tell you what to do and how to perform, then they could very well perform the task themselves. This contradicts the entire purpose of your position as well as the manager's and interferes with the desired result. However, if they create an imbalance in front of you, then you must creatively solve the situation, define a path, and obtain a viable result to attain a rebalance.

--- The Thin Line ---

While I say that the present-day ideals of integrity do not apply to corporate politics, indeed, there are some cases where individuals do abuse their political power. As such, ethics and morals do begin to apply. Not only must you, as an employee, understand the reasons and applications of politics, but those who wield the political sword must understand how to apply their power properly without stepping over the line.

The one problem that appears in this situation is in the ability to tell the difference between "a lie" and a "political detour". Indeed, it is a difficult task if you look at it in simplistic terms. However, until a person has gained some experience with corporate cultures, my standard response is, "when you're in the corporate setting, it becomes a political detour". One must not take things personally in the corporate environment, as it is not about the individual; it is about results --- plain and simple.

However, the political world can step over the line by the power-hungry or untrained corporate politician. The one way to judge such an action is based on your own personal lines. If indeed a situation seems to purposefully step over into your personal life, then you must make a judgment call. Such situations can occur when your associates are able to create conflict in your personal life.

The one most important lesson to learn is that one should never provide access to one's personal world within the corporate world. Indeed, for congenial interaction, it is accepted that you provide some basic information about your personal life. However, keep it simple and do not provide any information that could create issues with others. It is important to maintain a distance between the realities in your "personal world" and the realities of your "corporate world".

--- How many of me are there? ---

Indeed, this entire scenario can complicate one's life with the idea of maintaining two different "selves". However, to balance your world with your corporate world successfully, it is best to view your corporate world as a "sub-world" of your entire life. In all cases, all of human interaction is lumped under one world, with a multitude of sub-worlds and environments. You have your corporate world, your "buddy" world, your hobby world, and you family world, as just examples. Indeed, you experience different rules and expectations (i.e., politics) in each. Therefore, by learning the rules of the corporate sub-world, just as you have your other worlds, you can easily integrate and manage the politics to achieve greater success in your career as well as your life.

--- What's next? ---

In the corporate world, it is not a question of ethics or integrity; it is a question of results. Properly trained managers are able to use politics as an effective tool to obtain the results that fall in line with the corporation's vision and mission. You, as the employee, must learn how to separate your personal world from the corporate world so that you can effectively understand the purpose and direction of the corporation without falling prey to your own personal ideals.

Each corporation is as much a living, breathing, and consuming being as is a human. Just as your cells fight for the survival of the human, corporate politics is not about the individual, it is about the survival of the corporation. By understanding where the line exists that separates your two worlds and adapting to the idea that political motivation is about results, then indeed, your interaction within this strange, new world will be more effective and successful.

@ 33599f27:e776711c

Last year we had a new dilemma. Our old TV died, and we had to get a new one. In a way, with the new digital conversion to take place this year, this was good. But a new TV was not the dilemma, the dilemma was a new entertainment center. In the past, a new TV did not mean that you had to change the large pieces of furniture in your house, but with the new style flat TV, this time it was necessary.

Now, I love our new TV, and so do all the men in the house who have to carry it. Our old 27” TV must have weighed around 200 lbs., but our new and larger TV weighs less than 50 lbs, so change is good. But the TV would not fit into our entertainment center, so shopping for a new one and finding the perfect one for our family room was our quest.

When it comes to entertainment centers, people have different requirements. The main requirement of my old entertainment center was one that could completely shut away the television. But that was when we lived in our old house and we only had a living room. With a separate family room now, that was not such an important feature. The main feature I was interested in this time was one that saved space. Our old entertainment center was very deep to close away the TV and took up a lot of floor space. We definitely did not need this anymore, so I was happy for the extra room. Our family room is narrow, so I only wanted something to hold the TV and the extra components.

Shopping for entertainment centers was fun, and the variety was larger than I expected. The new style TV has spawned a new style of entertainment centers, and old styles are available also. The main styles available included:

Entertainment wall units, these are the style that take up an entire wall and often include cupboards and shelves, which are great for books or display.

Entertainment armoires, which is the style I previously owned. You can close off the TV with doors.

TV lift cabinets, a style of entertainment centers that I was not familiar with, but very cool! These are only for the new TV designs. The back 9 or 10 inches of the cabinet top opens and the TV lifts up from down below. Since the TV takes up so little room, the cupboards below are fully functional for storage.

Corner entertainment centers.

Last buy not least, basic TV stands. TV stand styles have changed drastically with flat panel televisions, and they are often very modern and chic. Most have plenty of room for components on shelves underneath, and many offer matching shelving or audio towers.

For our needs, the two best style of entertainment centers were the basic TV stand and the TV lift cabinet. Some of the lift cabinets were very nice, they looked like fine pieces of furniture and were offered in many styles. If our TV was in the living room, I would definitely go for this option. But we settled for a basic pine TV stand. It is the perfect size, does not take up any excess room, and has enough shelves underneath for components. It is also only about half the width of our previous entertainment center, so the room now seems bigger. Yes, we are very happy with our new entertainment center and TV, plus, it is nice not to worry about getting a digital conversion box!

@ 9391ad71:c393890d

Live entertainment spans all age groups and includes activities such as:

Music Concerts: From rock bands to classical orchestras, live music is a universal form of entertainment.

Live TV Shows: Reality shows, talent competitions, and talk shows.

Theater: Plays and musicals performed live on stage. Public entertainment has seen significant growth, especially in urban areas. Street performers, or "buskers," are a common sight in major cities. They include:

Mimes: Performers who use gestures and expressions to tell a story.

Peruvian Flute Bands: Musical groups that play traditional Andean music. Corporate Entertainment

Corporate entertainment is tailored for business events, private parties, and award ceremonies. It often involves:

Professional Event Planners: Experts who organize large-scale events.

Product Launches: Events designed to introduce new products to the market. Interesting Stats: Global Entertainment Market: The global entertainment and media market is expected to reach $2.6 trillion by 2023 (Source: PwC).

Streaming Services: As of 2021, Netflix had over 209 million subscribers worldwide (Source: Statista).

Live Music Revenue: The live music industry generated $28.56 billion in revenue in 2019 (Source: Statista).

Entertainment is a vital part of human life, offering a wide range of activities to suit different tastes and preferences. From child-friendly shows to adult concerts and public performances, the world of entertainment is diverse and ever-evolving. Understanding these various forms can help you appreciate the richness and complexity of this industry.

@ 554ab6fe:c6cbc27e

We all know that sex can be pleasurable, and most of us seek it as a core aspect of a fulfilled life. We do this instinctively, like the desire to eat good food or have a nice restful sleep. Yet, we rarely discuss how sex is potentially a very important aspect of our mental and physical health. Most don’t even know if it is, and we have a culture that often treats sex as a taboo. Here, the physical and mental health benefits of sex will be explored. Additionally, I will make an argument that sex is potentially a core aspect of holistic health that is improved when other aspects of health are maintained.

In a previous blog post discussing how mindfulness was a core aspect of ancient hunter gather life, I began to formulate an idea: perhaps all core aspects on ancient human life can be seen as sure ways to promote physical and mental health. As of now, I have identified “Six Pillars” of life, which could be said to be: exercise, meditation (mindfulness), diet, sleep, social relationships and sex. We all take for granted the important effect exercise, diet, and sleep have on health. One of the main purposes of this blog is to discuss how meditation belongs in this list as well. What about sex? I had a question, so I began researching.

Sex and a Longer Life

What became immediately identifiable was a weird bias within the scientific community in regards to sex research. Despite the fact that it is very difficult to find any scientist that disagrees with the notion that sex is fundamental to health(Jannini et al., 2009), most research focuses on the negative aspects of sex(Diamond & Huebner, 2012). Most research focuses on the occurrence of sexually transmitted infections, abuses and assaults, unplanned pregnancies, and so forth(Diamond & Huebner, 2012). Rarely, is there investigation into what happens in the body that makes sex so healthy. This is an incredible shame, because the research that we do have, reveals an incredible observation: people who have more sex (more orgasms) live longer lives (Lindau & Gavrilova, 2010; Smith et al., 1997). We aren’t sure how, but we commonly observe this trend. There was a similar observation observed during the COVID-19 lock down, where the more sex someone had during that time, the less anxiety and depression they had(Mollaioli et al., 2021). Does sex improve mental health, physical health, or both? Again, we certainly do not have a full understanding given the lack of research, but there are some clues to say that both are benefited.

As previously stated, sex may improve mental health in regards to stress. This seems fairly intuitive. Additionally, similar to the benefits of meditation, people who more frequently have sexual intercourse show greater resilience to incoming stressors, while also showing healthier blood pressure levels (the same was not true in masturbators)(Brody, 2006). Of course, mental health also leads to physical health.

Nonetheless, the benefits of sex are not purely mentally induced. A lot of attention has also been directed towards the direct physical benefits of sex. For example, there is increasing evidence that sexual activity decreases the risk of prostate cancer(Giles et al., 2003; Leitzmann et al., 2004). Additionally, sexual activity seems to create changes in hormone production that not only benefit health, but it also generates a positive feedback loop creating more sexual desire. Further incentivizing more sexual activity. Sexual activity affects testosterone levels, and low testosterone is common in erectile dysfunction(Jannini et al., 2009). So just like our neurons that have the “use it or lose it” principle, perhaps the penis does too. This trend doesn’t only apply to men either. Other research has shown that the more sex a woman has, the more lubricated their vaginas become(Leiblum, 1983). Similarly, more sexually active woman has less vaginal atrophy and higher levels of hormones (androstenedione, testosterone and gonadotropins). Indicating that more sex generates more sexual function and desire. This generates a positive feedback loop that potentially drives further healthy lifestyle practices in regards to sexual activity. Mindfulness and Sex

It is evident that sex improves sex at a physiologic level. It may also be obvious that physical fitness can improve sex as well. So how does mindfulness meditation relate to sex?

Firstly, it should be noted that there is a large population of people that suffers from sexual dysfunction. Women are the most affected. Sexual desire is strongly related to relationship satisfaction, mood, self-esteem, body image, psychiatric symptoms, and age(Brotto & Basson, 2014). 24% of woman have either always suffered from a reduced orgasmic sensation by 75-100% or have developed this disorder over time(Adam et al., 2020). Female sexual interest/arousal disorder (SIAD) is defined by low level of sexual desire, infrequent sexual thoughts/fantasies, low receptivity to sexual activity, low sexual pleasure, low desire triggered by sexual stimuli, and low genital and non-genital sensations(Paterson et al., 2017). Therefore, it is highly apparent that mental health, especially as it related to the perception of the self, can have dramatic effects in not only sexual desire, but sexual pleasure as well. However, this problem is not specific to woman at all. Emotions related to depression are highly related to sexual dysfunction in both men and woman(Nobre & Pinto-Gouveia, 2006). Most notably, performance anxiety influences the occurrence of erectile dysfunction(Brotto & Basson, 2014). Given the relationship between sex and health, resolving such sexual dysfunction is crucial to improving general health and well-being.

Given the fact that mental state in various ways contributes to sexual dysfunction, meditation is a strong candidate for a useful therapy. As previously discussed in this blog, mindfulness meditation is a practice of generating a non-judgmental, open, and curious orientation towards all incoming thoughts and stimuli of the present moment(Bishop et al., 2006). For this reason, I have written about how the practice has been shown to be highly capable of decreasing symptoms of anxiety and depression. These symptoms of ruminative thoughts that burden the mind during sex, are alleviated through meditation. So, it is unsurprising that mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) has been shown to be helpful in improving sexual function(Adam et al., 2020). Additionally, a new form of therapy called Mindfulness-Based Sex therapy (MBST) has been developed for these very reasons(Brotto et al., 2016). Mindfulness is recommended as a therapy for sexual dysfunction(Brotto & Goldmeier, 2015), but why?

How it works

As previously discussed, one way mindfulness meditation improves sexual function is through the changes it generates within the mind. Multiple studies have shown that through mindfulness, not only are the traits of depression and sex-related distress decreased, but woman subsequently experience greater sexual desire and improved sexual function(Adam et al., 2020; Brotto & Basson, 2014; Paterson et al., 2017). Women who were previously low on sexual desire, have improved sexual desire through mindfulness(Brotto et al., 2016). This is likely because the mental schemas that negatively affected their sex life are diminished through a practice of mindfulness meditation. Research using MBST has suggested that enhancing concentration and compassionate self-acceptance may lead to greater integration of physical and mental sexual response to erotic stimuli(Brotto et al., 2016).

Even though the psychological arguments for how meditation improves sexual function are convincing, I personally require more evidence. The mind is a window into the body, and therefore analyzing human health through the lenses of the thoughts of the mind only is not substantial evidence for me to be convinced. There are of course more complex physiologic processes that may go to explain these observed effects.

In a previous post, I argue that meditation can influence our conscious experience by quieting the mind, allowing, for the brain to more accurately and efficiently process incoming stimuli. This allows us to have healthier and more informative understanding of ourselves (our body) and the world around us (our environment). If this is indeed the case, then we would expect to see mindfulness result in improves processing of physical stimuli. In the case of sexual performance, this certainly seems to be the case. Studies have shown a mindfulness meditation practice increases reaction time for sexual stimuli(R. Gina Silverstein, BA, Anne-Catharine H. Brown, Harold D. Roth, PhD, and Willoughby B. Britton, 2011). This is a strong indicator that through mindfulness, individuals will have a more accurate and clear experience generated from sexual stimuli, allowing for greater pleasure and performance. Additionally, it was noted in the study that woman take longer to respond to sexual stimuli compared to men, and the impaired ability to do so leads to self-judgment(R. Gina Silverstein, BA, Anne-Catharine H. Brown, Harold D. Roth, PhD, and Willoughby B. Britton, 2011). So, if mindfulness can alleviate this impairment, and improve self-perception, then it creates a positive feedback loop of mental health improving sexual function which in turn improves mental health.

Since improved interoception (ability to sense inside the body) is suspected to be involved in this process, the insula of the brain, which has been implicated to play a major role in interoception(Giuliani et al., 2011), likely plays a role in the physiologic change that occurs. For reasons like the ones in my previous post, the insula is also regarded as a possible neuronal area related to consciousness(Craig, 2009). As it relates to sexual function, it is possible that improved insula-mediated increase in interoceptive ability from various mindfulness exercises contributed to the observed improved concordance between genital and subjective arousal after MBST(Brotto et al., 2016). This theory is reinforced by the observation that the insula increases in size following mindfulness meditation practices(Hölzel et al., 2011; Lazar et al., 2005). Indicating that because mindfulness meditation is oriented around the attentive observation of internal stimuli, the brain area involved is strengthened and grows. This allows for greater interoception in all cases, including sexual stimuli, thereby improving sexual function.

Conclusion

Exercise, social relationships, meditation, diet, sleep, and sex are fundamental aspects of human life. When looking back onto ancient human life, all of these aspects were fundamental to our health and prosperity. What was true then is still true now. Unsurprisingly, scientist commonly agree that safe sexual activity is an important aspect of maintaining general well-being and health. There have been studies that suggested that the more sex you have, the longer you may live. Unfortunately, the stresses of modern-day life, and the associated manifestations of self-judgment, lack of perceived self-worth, and unrealistic standards of beauty and sexual appeal have hindered some in being able to fully experience and practice a healthy sex life. Therefore, it is important to consider how other healthy life practices, such as meditation, are not only important in their own right, but are important because they may foster other healthy life habits in other areas, such as sexual activity. To calm the mind and rid it of our unconstructive ruminative thoughts once again is shown to be crucial to achieving a life of mental and physical well-being and health. Let us free our minds, free our hearts, and enjoy the present and our lives for all of its worth and beauty.

References

Adam, F., de Sutter, P., Day, J., & Grimm, E. (2020). A Randomized Study Comparing Video-Based Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy With Video-Based Traditional Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in a Sample of Women Struggling to Achieve Orgasm. Journal of Sexual Medicine, 17(2), 312–324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsxm.2019.10.022

Bishop, S. R., Lau, M., Shapiro, S., Carlson, L., Anderson, N. D., Carmody, J., Segal, Z. v., Abbey, S., Speca, M., Velting, D., & Devins, G. (2006). Mindfulness: A Proposed Operational Definition. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 11(3), 230–241. https://doi.org/10.1093/clipsy.bph077

Brody, S. (2006). Blood pressure reactivity to stress is better for people who recently had penile-vaginal intercourse than for people who had other or no sexual activity. Biological Psychology, 71(2), 214–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2005.03.005

Brotto, L. A., & Basson, R. (2014). Group mindfulness-based therapy significantly improves sexual desire in women. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 57(1), 43–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2014.04.001

Brotto, L. A., Chivers, M. L., Millman, R. D., & Albert, A. (2016). Mindfulness-Based Sex Therapy Improves Genital-Subjective Arousal Concordance in Women With Sexual Desire/Arousal Difficulties. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 45(8), 1907–1921. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-015-0689-8

Brotto, L. A., & Goldmeier, D. (2015). Mindfulness Interventions for Treating Sexual Dysfunctions: The Gentle Science of Finding Focus in a Multitask World. Journal of Sexual Medicine, 12(8), 1687–1689. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsm.12941 Craig, A. D. B. (2009). How do you feel — now? The anterior insula and human awareness. 10(January).

Diamond, L. M., & Huebner, D. M. (2012). Is good sex good for you? Rethinking sexuality and health. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 6(1), 54–69. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2011.00408.x

Giles, G. G., Severi, G., English, D. R., Mccredie, M. R. E., Borland, R., Boyle, P., & Hopper, J. L. (2003). Sexual factors and prostate cancer. BJU International, 92(3), 211–216. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1464-410X.2003.04319.x

Giuliani, N. R., Drabant, E. M., Bhatnagar, R., & Gross, J. J. (2011). Emotion regulation and brain plasticity: Expressive suppression use predicts anterior insula volume. NeuroImage, 58(1), 10–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.NEUROIMAGE.2011.06.028

Hölzel, B. K., Lazar, S. W., Gard, T., Schuman-Olivier, Z., Vago, D. R., & Ott, U. (2011). How Does Mindfulness Meditation Work? Proposing Mechanisms of Action From a Conceptual and Neural Perspective. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6(6), 537–559. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691611419671

Jannini, E. A., Fisher, W. A., Bitzer, J., & McMahon, C. G. (2009). Is sex just fun? How sexual activity improves health. Journal of Sexual Medicine, 6(10), 2640–2648. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2009.01477.x

Lazar, S. W., Kerr, C. E., Wasserman, R. H., Gray, J. R., Greve, D. N., Treadway, M. T., McGarvey, M., Quinn, B. T., Dusek, J. A., Benson, H., Rauch, S. L., Moore, C. I., & Fischl, B. (2005). Meditation experience is associated with increased cortical thickness. Neuroreport, 16(17), 1893–1897. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.wnr.0000186598.66243.19

Leiblum, S. (1983). Vaginal Atrophy in the Postmenopausal Woman. Jama, 249(16), 2195. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1983.03330400041022

Leitzmann, M. F., Platz, E. A., Stampfer, M. J., Willett, W. C., & Giovannucci, E. (2004). Ejaculation Frequency and Subsequent Risk of Prostate Cancer. Journal of the American Medical Association, 291(13), 1578–1586. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.291.13.1578

Lindau, S. T., & Gavrilova, N. (2010). Sex, health, and years of sexually active life gained due to good health: Evidence from two US population based cross sectional surveys of ageing. BMJ (Online), 340(7746), 580. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.c810

Mollaioli, D., Sansone, A., Ciocca, G., Limoncin, E., Colonnello, E., di Lorenzo, G., & Jannini, E. A. (2021). Benefits of Sexual Activity on Psychological, Relational, and Sexual Health During the COVID-19 Breakout. Journal of Sexual Medicine, 18(1), 35–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsxm.2020.10.008

Nobre, P. J., & Pinto-Gouveia, J. (2006). Emotions during sexual activity: Differences between sexually functional and dysfunctional men and women. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 35(4), 491–499. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-006-9047-1

Paterson, L. Q. P., Handy, A. B., & Brotto, L. A. (2017). A Pilot Study of Eight-Session Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy Adapted for Women’s Sexual Interest/Arousal Disorder. Journal of Sex Research, 54(7), 850–861. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2016.1208800

R. Gina Silverstein, BA, Anne-Catharine H. Brown, Harold D. Roth, PhD, and Willoughby B. Britton, P. (2011). Effects of Mindfulness Training on Body Awareness to Sexual Stimuli: Implications for Female Sexual Dysfunction. Psychosom Med., 23(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0b013e318234e628.Effects

Smith, G. D., Frankel, S., & Yarnell, J. (1997). Sex and death: Are they related? Findings from the Caerphilly cohort study. BMJ, 315(7123), 1641–1644. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.315.7123.1641

@ 000290e1:b4909c87

Back in 2014, Jeremy Rubin, a sophomore at MIT studying computer science and electrical engineering, had a bold idea: give every undergraduate student $100 worth of bitcoin.

Seven months later, armed with $500,000 in donations from alumni and crypto enthusiasts, Rubin made it happen. A total of 3,108 students took him up on the offer — at a time when bitcoin was trading at around $336.

Had everyone held onto their bitcoin, the collective value of the “MIT Airdrop” would have reached approximately $44.1 million at today’s prices. But not everyone HODLed.

According to researchers including Christian Catalini — now co-creator of the Diem stablecoin project once initiated by Facebook — about 1 in 10 students cashed out within two weeks. By the time the experiment ended in 2017, 1 in 4 had sold their crypto. After that, the team stopped tracking the cohort’s transactions.

Some students spent their bitcoin in more... flavorful ways.

Van Phu, now a software engineer and co-founder of crypto brokerage Floating Point Group, regrets blowing his bitcoin on sushi.

“One of the worst and best things at MIT was this restaurant called Thelonious Monkfish,” said Phu. “I spent a lot of my crypto buying sushi.”

He wasn’t alone.

Quantitative trader Sam Trabucco, also part of the experiment, estimated that half the students he knew spent their bitcoin at the same restaurant — the only place in Cambridge accepting bitcoin at the time. The spot has since rebranded and stopped accepting crypto.

The Birth of the Experiment

Rubin got the idea for the bitcoin giveaway in the middle of a legal battle with the New Jersey attorney general, who had accused him of being a “hardcore cybercriminal.” The claim stemmed from Rubin’s creation of Tidbit, a bitcoin mining program that had recently won an innovation award at a hackathon.

Though the case was eventually dropped and Rubin cleared, the experience highlighted how little even his MIT peers knew about bitcoin.

“I thought, ‘This is MIT — everyone’s supposed to be super cutting-edge.’ But bitcoin just wasn’t widely understood,” Rubin recalled.

Determined to change that, Rubin partnered with Dan Elitzer, then an MBA student at MIT Sloan. In October 2014, they launched the experiment. Students had to complete a short series of questionnaires and review educational materials before claiming their $100 in bitcoin.

And with that, the great MIT Bitcoin Experiment was born — part tech education, part economic study, and part sushi-fueled cautionary tale.

@ 1ce06f8d:998c791e

Don't miss the MIT Bitcoin Expo 2025 this weekend! Organized by the MIT Bitcoin Club, it is a technology and freedom focused Bitcoin conference. The MIT Bitcoin Club—a passionate coalition of students, alumni, researchers, and community members—presents the 12th annual MIT Bitcoin Expo (April 5–6, 2025), a landmark event exploring how Bitcoin and freedom technologies empower individuals worldwide. With just 5 days remaining, this student-led initiative continues its decade-long tradition of bridging academia, activism, and technical innovation.

Born from MIT’s 2014 Bitcoin Project—which distributed Bitcointo undergraduates to study adoption—the expo has evolved into a critical forum for sovereignty-focused dialogue. This year’s agenda of freedom tech focuses on physical liberation through technology. 

Speakers like Zimbabwean activist Evan Mawarire (#ThisFlag movement leader) and Lightning Network creator Tadge Dryja will dissect Bitcoin’s role in resisting authoritarian control and enabling real-world escape from oppression. This is not about the cryptoeconomics, nor about the meme coins. This is about life, liberty, and Bitcoin.

What to Expect

Day 1: Dive into freedom tech fundamentals with Mawarire’s keynote “Why Freedom Tech Matters” and Dryja’s analysis of Bitcoin’s resilience against nation-states. Corporate adoption takes center stage with Marathon Digital’s Paul Giordano and Bitcoin Core developers like Gloria Zhao. Get more technical in the afternoon with topics such as consensus cleanup, poisoning attacks, censorship resistance, Bitcoin Pipes, etc.

Day 2: Shift to global impact with Mauricio Bartolomeo (exfiltration via Bitcoin) and panels featuring activists from Venezuela, Russia, and Togo. Technical deep dives include MIT’s Neha Narula on scaling self-custody and Steven Roose’s covenant softfork proposals. Other topics include future of freedom tech, quantum resistance, covenant soft fork, Tor project, etc.

Beyond Theory: The Freedom Tech Hackathon

Running parallel (April 4–6), this $10,000-prize event challenges developers to build tools for privacy, censorship resistance, and financial sovereignty14. Past projects have secured funding from industry leaders—proof of MIT’s “Mind and Hand” ethos in action4.

Additionally, Anna Chekhovich from the HRF will run a workshop on Bitcoin self-custody 101.

Why Attend?

This event prioritizes substance over spectacle. Tickets remain accessible, speakers present pro bono, and discussions tackle pressing questions:

– How can Bitcoin enable physical escape from authoritarian regimes?

– What technical upgrades strengthen its anti-censorship properties?

– Can corporations adopt Bitcoin without compromising its ethos?

With 40+ speakers and 500+ expected attendees, the expo offers unparalleled networking with developers, activists, and academics shaping Bitcoin’s future.

@ 0d0d1b1f:2b9ae87f

Augmented reality morphs the real world and projects it virtually through system-based information. Apart from that, it adds to the experience of the real world. Augmented reality makes the real world more appealing through visuals, 3D images, and videos. It allows a person to eliminate movement while experiencing whatever they want to.

This technology is among the few advanced technologies that are used in many applications. There are many AR-based apps available for smartphones. It improves the real-world experience through computer-generated information. AR technology helps customers experience the outside world while sitting in their homes. Although there are many AR technology-based devices, you can experience this technology on your smartphone. Some apps like **Snapchat** use this technology to attract more users to their platform.

## Concept of Augmented Reality

Augmented reality enhances real-life things through computer-generated technology using its interactive features for a better user experience. If you want to experience AR technology, you can access it through your smartphone. However, there are many devices that are specifically based on AR technology, such as smart glasses.

It is one of the most widely used technologies in the world that does not require heavy devices for access. AR technology has a broad range of uses in many different sectors. Some mobile apps, especially in the gaming field like **Pokémon Go**, use this technology to make the app more interesting and appealing.

## Uses of AR Technology

Augmented Reality technology has a wide range of uses in different industries. For example, the medical sector, gaming sector, armed forces, etc. Below are a few of the uses:

### Gaming Sector

AR technology has a major contribution to the gaming world. Be it gaming apps or gaming devices, you can see AR technology everywhere in the gaming sector. There are many popular mobile gaming apps like **Zombie Run** that make these games more engaging through AR technology. AR devices like headgear help users build a virtual scenario in their real world.

### Mobile Apps

Many smartphone apps like **Snapchat** use this technology to create a better impact on users. Some beauty and fashion apps also use this technology to provide a virtual trial of their products before buying. The **Nykaa** app offers a virtual mirror to try available cosmetics on the user’s face using Augmented Reality.

### Health Care Sector

Augmented reality has a major contribution to the health care sector. It helps in training medical students about complex surgeries and medical conditions through AR technology. It also helps surgeons and doctors to look deep into the medical condition of a person and treat them accordingly.

### Helps in Designing and Demonstrating

Many companies create a virtual design of their product using AR technology during the creative process. It also helps architects and building constructors to pre-design buildings and present them to investors and buyers.

### Helping Armed Forces

Armed forces use AR technology to locate areas for protection, position soldiers, make strategies for attacks, and more. Army soldiers can also see each other’s positions for deploying more troops. It also helps them get real-time information about a situation to make better strategies.

## Difference Between AR and VR Technology

Many people consider both technologies as one, but they are different from each other. Here are some key differences:

- **AR technology** uses a real-world setting, while **VR technology** constructs a virtual world to enhance the user experience.

- Users of **AR technology** have control over their real world.

- **VR users** are fully immersed and controlled by the technology's inbuilt systems.

@ ac0191a7:554f5121

Please don’t tell anyone at CNBC about this blog. It is my underground attempt to poke fun at bizarre, money-related news. When you get right down to it, every story, no matter how wild, is usually about the money.

This blog will prowl for the most outrageous evidence of that. Plus, I’m looking for quotes from overly-handled-by-PR-people CEOs, badly written press releases, the “good marketing ideas gone bad,” people with too much money but not enough ideas, and just plain stupid stuff with a business angle.

We start with Britney Spears. The newly sober, young mother/divorcee has reportedly frittered away more than half her estimated $32 million fortune, according to “OK!” Magazine. OK! Now you know what I read while you’re reading the Wall Street Journal. Forbes has her wealth pegged in the neighborhood of $100 million, so she may have more cushion than we think.

In any case, rather than have another baby (oops, I did it again), or return to rehab (oops…again), or shave her head (oops…), Spears may have to actually think about recording another album. Justin Timberlake and Timbaland have offered to help, though her ex-boyfriend/mouseketeer says, “She’s just gotta be serious.”

Research That Companies Actually Pay For

Nielsen Media Research reports that while the average American has access to 104.2 channels (you read that right, we average an extra fifth of a channel), we only watch on average 15.73 of those channels (I personally block out the leftover .27 of VH1). This is actually not very heartening when one works for … one of those … channels … like, well. Me.

But my favorite bit of research comes from the University of Florida, which has miraculously discovered that women who get breast enlargement surgery have better self-esteem and feel sexier. REALLY? Why do you think they had the surgery in the first place?? Did they think the two million American women with implants just wanted to fit into larger clothes? Compensate for big hips?

I can’t wait for university funds (i.e., student tuition mixed with taxpayer-funded grants and suspicious big pharma money) to be spent on a study showing that Viagra does the same thing for men!    

The tagline for the Gator report: bigger is better. The study queried patients’ self esteem using “widely accepted” scientific scales of measurement, including one called the Female Sexual Function Index, which almost sounds like a stock market metric -- “Rick Santelli joins us from the CBOT where the inflation news has really boosted the Female Sexual Function Index.” 

Badly Written Press Releases

Finally, my favorite inscrutable press release so far this month comes from L-3 Communications. Here are the first two paragraphs of an honest-to-goodness release to the media that I think, THINK, says the company is being paid to provide software that lets a bunch of people fighting a war communicate with each other:

NEW YORK--(BUSINESS WIRE)--March 15, 2007--L-3 Communications (NYSE: LLL) announced today that its SYColeman subsidiary has been awarded an Indefinite Delivery/Indefinite Quantity (ID/IQ) contract from the U.S. Army Space and Missile Defense Command (USASMDC) to develop an advanced intelligent software technology for Future U.S. Army warfighting elements in a network-centric environment. The value of this science and technology development contract is potentially $43 million over 5 years.

To provide “space to foxhole” information sharing, SYColeman will engineer solutions for Vertical/horizontal Integration of Space Technologies and Applications (VISTA) intelligent software technology. VISTA will demonstrate the capability to distribute integrated space products and services in a seamless network capability, supporting all levels of Army Battle Command. This initiative will address corps and theater needs as well as the specific needs of individual tactical commanders at Brigade and below.

Ok, got it. So you’re using Microsoft VISTA to fight a war, right? And I’m not sure what an “integrated space product” is. Other than that, it’s perfectly clear.

@ 3da0796e:77813801

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@ 2a56000c:9525a85b

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@ ae3a8d46:12e00667

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@ df450f8b:b940c7c7

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@ e516ecb8:1be0b167

En el vasto universo de "Dune", Frank Herbert nos presenta un mundo donde el poder, la religión y la economía se entrelazan de manera fascinante. A primera vista, uno podría pensar que esta saga épica no tiene mucho que ofrecer a los libertarios. Sin embargo, al examinarla a través de la lente de la Escuela Austriaca y el anarcocapitalismo, emergen lecciones valiosas sobre la naturaleza del poder, la importancia del libre mercado y los peligros del intervencionismo estatal.

El Estado y el control de los recursos

En "Dune", el Estado, representado por el Imperio Corrino, ejerce un control férreo sobre el recurso más valioso del universo: la especia melange. Este monopolio estatal sofoca la innovación y el libre intercambio, creando una economía distorsionada y propensa a la corrupción. La lucha por el control de Arrakis, el único planeta donde se produce la especia, es un claro ejemplo de cómo el intervencionismo estatal genera conflictos y guerras.

El mesianismo y el peligro del liderazgo carismático

La figura de Paul Atreides, el mesías Muad'Dib, nos advierte sobre los peligros del liderazgo carismático y el culto a la personalidad. Su ascenso al poder, impulsado por la manipulación religiosa y el miedo, desemboca en una guerra santa que se extiende por el universo, cobrando millones de vidas. Esta tragedia nos recuerda que el poder, incluso cuando se ejerce con las mejores intenciones, tiende a corromper y a generar consecuencias imprevistas.

El libre mercado y la innovación

A pesar del control estatal, en "Dune" también encontramos ejemplos de libre mercado e innovación. Los fremen, habitantes del desierto de Arrakis, han desarrollado una cultura basada en la autosuficiencia y el ingenio, adaptándose a un entorno hostil y creando tecnologías únicas. Su capacidad para sobrevivir y prosperar en un mundo sin Estado es un testimonio del poder del libre mercado y la iniciativa individual.

Lecciones para el anarcocapitalismo

"Dune" nos ofrece valiosas lecciones para el anarcocapitalismo. Nos recuerda que el Estado, incluso en sus formas más benignas, tiende a sofocar la libertad y la prosperidad. Nos advierte sobre los peligros del liderazgo carismático y la importancia de la descentralización del poder. Y nos muestra que el libre mercado y la innovación son esenciales para la supervivencia y el progreso de la humanidad.

En un mundo donde el Estado y el poder centralizado siguen siendo la norma, "Dune" nos invita a imaginar un futuro donde la libertad y la cooperación voluntaria sean los pilares de la sociedad. Un futuro donde, como los fremen en el desierto, podamos construir un mundo mejor sin necesidad de amos ni señores.

@ dbc27e2e:b1dd0b0b

Dose: 30g coffee (Fine-medium grind size) 500mL soft or bottled water (97°C / 206.6°F)

Instructions:

1. Rinse out your filter paper with hot water to remove the papery taste. This will also preheat the brewer.
2. Add your grounds carefully to the center of the V60 and then create a well in the middle of the grounds.
3. For the bloom, start to gently pour 60mL of water, making sure that all the coffee is wet in this initial phase.
4. As soon as you’ve added your water, grab your V60 and begin to swirl in a circular motion. This will ensure the water and coffee are evenly mixed. Let this rest and bloom for up to 45 seconds.
5. Pour the rest of the water in in 2 phases. You want to try and get 60% of your total water in, within 30 seconds.
6. Pour until you reach 300mL total with a time at 1:15. Here you want to pour with a little agitation, but not so much that you have an uneven extraction.
7. Once you hit 60% of your total brew weight, start to pour a little slower and more gently, keeping your V60 cone topped up. Aim to have 100% of your brew weight in within the next 30 seconds.
8. Once you get to 500mL, with a spoon give the V60 a small stir in one direction, and then again in the other direction. This will release any grounds stuck to the side of the paper.
9. Allow the V60 to drain some more, and then give it one final swirl. This will help keep the bed flat towards the end of the brew, giving you the most even possible extraction.

@ 52524fbb:ae4025dc

In our world being digitally driven today, the concepts of decentralization due to freedom from traditional media's censorship drive is gaining significant attention, promising greater autonomy and security. Two Critical examples of this movement are Bitcoin in the world of finance and YakiHonne in the world of media. While serving different primary purposes, their core philosophies and technological foundations reveal a powerful union, pointing towards a future where finance and media are more open and accessible

Bitcoin: Decentralizing the World of Finance

Bitcoin, launched in 2009 stands as the pinnacle of decentralized digital currencies. Unlike traditional currencies controlled by central banks, Bitcoin operates on a distributed ledger technology known as the blockchain. The public and transparent record of all Bitcoin transactions is maintained by a global network of users, removing the need for middle transacts like banks to validate and process payments.  

Key Aspects of Bitcoin's Decentralization:

Below are some of the reasons why Bitcoin stands at the pinnacle of finance in today's world

1. No Central Authority: Bitcoin is not controlled by anyone, making it resistant to censorship

2. Peer-to-Peer Transactions: Users can send and receive Bitcoin directly with each other, reducing transaction costs and time.

3. Transparency: All transactions are recorded on the public blockchain, enhancing trust and verifiability.

4. Security: Cryptographic techniques secure the network and prevent tampering with transactions.

Bitcoin's success has demonstrated the potential of decentralized finance to offer numerous benefits, including greater financial inclusion, lower fees, increased transparency, and enhanced control over one's assets.

YakiHonne: Decentralizing the Landscape of Media

YakiHonne emerges as a "Bitcoin-native decentralized social protocol" built upon the Nostr protocol. Its mission is to create a censorship-resistant media and social network, aligning with the core reasons of decentralization championed by Bitcoin.

Understanding YakiHonne:

1. Built on Nostr: YakiHonne leverages Nostr protocol, an open and simple protocol for decentralized message transmission designed to resist censorship. Nostr operates without central servers; instead, users connect to various independent relays to send and receive data.

2. Decentralized Media Infrastructure: YakiHonne aims to decentralize content creation, curation, publishing, and reporting, empowering individuals to share information freely.

3. Bitcoin Integration: YakiHonne integrates Bitcoin functionalities. A notable feature is "zaps," which utilizes the Lightning Network, a layer-2 scaling solution for Bitcoin enabling fast and low-cost transactions, for tipping and value exchange within the platform

4. Community Focus: YakiHonne fosters a community of Bitcoiners and individuals interested in decentralized media, promoting open dialogue and the exchange of ideas.

The Emerging Union: A Decentralized Future

The convergence of Bitcoin and YakiHonne represents a powerful step towards an active decentralized future for both finance and media. Their union offers amazing advantages such as:

1. Shared Principles: Both Bitcoin and YakiHonne are firmly embedded in the principles of decentralization, user autonomy, and resistance to censorship. This shared purpose creates a natural alignment and strengthens the overall movement towards a more open and censorship free digital world.

2. Empowering Individuals: By decentralizing finance and media, both platforms empower individuals. Bitcoin gives users control over their money, while YakiHonne provides a space for uncensored expression and information sharing.

3. Encouraging Community Building: YakiHonne serves as a social layer for the Bitcoin ecosystem and beyond, providing a space for discussions, collaborations, and sharing of information related to decentralized technologies. This strengthens the community around these ideas and promotes further adoption.

Potential Usage and Future Implications:

The Union between Bitcoin and YakiHonne could lead to various innovative use cases such as::

1. Direct Monetization for Content Creators: Writers, artists, and other content creators on YakiHonne could directly receive Bitcoin tips (zaps) from their audience, bypassing the need for centralized platforms that often take a significant cut of the revenue.

2. Decentralized Journalism and Reporting: YakiHonne could serve as a platform for independent journalists to publish their work without fear of censorship, with readers directly supporting their efforts through Bitcoin

3. Integration with Other Bitcoin Services: As the ecosystem evolves, YakiHonne could potentially integrate with other Bitcoin-related services, further enhancing its functionality and utility.

@ fd208ee8:0fd927c1

Markdown: Syntax

• Overview
  • Philosophy
  • Inline HTML
  • Automatic Escaping for Special Characters
• Block Elements
  • Paragraphs and Line Breaks
  • Headers
  • Blockquotes
  • Lists
  • Code Blocks
  • Horizontal Rules
• Span Elements
  • Links
  • Emphasis
  • Code
  • Images
• Miscellaneous
  • Backslash Escapes
  • Automatic Links

Note: This document is itself written using Markdown; you can see the source for it by adding '.text' to the URL.

---

Overview

Philosophy

Markdown is intended to be as easy-to-read and easy-to-write as is feasible.

Readability, however, is emphasized above all else. A Markdown-formatted document should be publishable as-is, as plain text, without looking like it's been marked up with tags or formatting instructions. While Markdown's syntax has been influenced by several existing text-to-HTML filters -- including Setext, atx, Textile, reStructuredText, Grutatext, and EtText -- the single biggest source of inspiration for Markdown's syntax is the format of plain text email.

Block Elements

Paragraphs and Line Breaks

A paragraph is simply one or more consecutive lines of text, separated by one or more blank lines. (A blank line is any line that looks like a blank line -- a line containing nothing but spaces or tabs is considered blank.) Normal paragraphs should not be indented with spaces or tabs.

The implication of the "one or more consecutive lines of text" rule is that Markdown supports "hard-wrapped" text paragraphs. This differs significantly from most other text-to-HTML formatters (including Movable Type's "Convert Line Breaks" option) which translate every line break character in a paragraph into a <br /> tag.

When you do want to insert a <br /> break tag using Markdown, you end a line with two or more spaces, then type return.

Headers

Markdown supports two styles of headers, [Setext] [1] and [atx] [2].

Optionally, you may "close" atx-style headers. This is purely cosmetic -- you can use this if you think it looks better. The closing hashes don't even need to match the number of hashes used to open the header. (The number of opening hashes determines the header level.)

Blockquotes

Markdown uses email-style > characters for blockquoting. If you're familiar with quoting passages of text in an email message, then you know how to create a blockquote in Markdown. It looks best if you hard wrap the text and put a > before every line:

This is a blockquote with two paragraphs. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Aliquam hendrerit mi posuere lectus. Vestibulum enim wisi, viverra nec, fringilla in, laoreet vitae, risus.

Donec sit amet nisl. Aliquam semper ipsum sit amet velit. Suspendisse id sem consectetuer libero luctus adipiscing.

Markdown allows you to be lazy and only put the > before the first line of a hard-wrapped paragraph:

This is a blockquote with two paragraphs. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Aliquam hendrerit mi posuere lectus. Vestibulum enim wisi, viverra nec, fringilla in, laoreet vitae, risus.

Donec sit amet nisl. Aliquam semper ipsum sit amet velit. Suspendisse id sem consectetuer libero luctus adipiscing.

Blockquotes can be nested (i.e. a blockquote-in-a-blockquote) by adding additional levels of >:

This is the first level of quoting.

This is nested blockquote.

Back to the first level.

Blockquotes can contain other Markdown elements, including headers, lists, and code blocks:

This is a header.

1. This is the first list item.
2. This is the second list item.

Here's some example code:

return shell_exec("echo $input | $markdown_script");

Any decent text editor should make email-style quoting easy. For example, with BBEdit, you can make a selection and choose Increase Quote Level from the Text menu.

Lists

Markdown supports ordered (numbered) and unordered (bulleted) lists.

Unordered lists use asterisks, pluses, and hyphens -- interchangably -- as list markers:

• Red
• Green
• Blue

is equivalent to:

• Red
• Green
• Blue

and:

• Red
• Green
• Blue

Ordered lists use numbers followed by periods:

1. Bird
2. McHale
3. Parish

It's important to note that the actual numbers you use to mark the list have no effect on the HTML output Markdown produces. The HTML Markdown produces from the above list is:

If you instead wrote the list in Markdown like this:

1. Bird
2. McHale
3. Parish

or even:

1. Bird
2. McHale
3. Parish

you'd get the exact same HTML output. The point is, if you want to, you can use ordinal numbers in your ordered Markdown lists, so that the numbers in your source match the numbers in your published HTML. But if you want to be lazy, you don't have to.

To make lists look nice, you can wrap items with hanging indents:

• Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Aliquam hendrerit mi posuere lectus. Vestibulum enim wisi, viverra nec, fringilla in, laoreet vitae, risus.
• Donec sit amet nisl. Aliquam semper ipsum sit amet velit. Suspendisse id sem consectetuer libero luctus adipiscing.

But if you want to be lazy, you don't have to:

• Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Aliquam hendrerit mi posuere lectus. Vestibulum enim wisi, viverra nec, fringilla in, laoreet vitae, risus.
• Donec sit amet nisl. Aliquam semper ipsum sit amet velit. Suspendisse id sem consectetuer libero luctus adipiscing.

List items may consist of multiple paragraphs. Each subsequent paragraph in a list item must be indented by either 4 spaces or one tab:

1. This is a list item with two paragraphs. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Aliquam hendrerit mi posuere lectus.

   Vestibulum enim wisi, viverra nec, fringilla in, laoreet vitae, risus. Donec sit amet nisl. Aliquam semper ipsum sit amet velit.

2. Suspendisse id sem consectetuer libero luctus adipiscing.

It looks nice if you indent every line of the subsequent paragraphs, but here again, Markdown will allow you to be lazy:

• This is a list item with two paragraphs.

  This is the second paragraph in the list item. You're only required to indent the first line. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit.

• Another item in the same list.

To put a blockquote within a list item, the blockquote's > delimiters need to be indented:

• A list item with a blockquote:

  This is a blockquote inside a list item.

To put a code block within a list item, the code block needs to be indented twice -- 8 spaces or two tabs:

• A list item with a code block:

  <code goes here>
  

Code Blocks

Pre-formatted code blocks are used for writing about programming or markup source code. Rather than forming normal paragraphs, the lines of a code block are interpreted literally. Markdown wraps a code block in both <pre> and <code> tags.

To produce a code block in Markdown, simply indent every line of the block by at least 4 spaces or 1 tab.

This is a normal paragraph:

This is a code block.

Here is an example of AppleScript:

tell application "Foo"
    beep
end tell

A code block continues until it reaches a line that is not indented (or the end of the article).

Within a code block, ampersands (&) and angle brackets (< and >) are automatically converted into HTML entities. This makes it very easy to include example HTML source code using Markdown -- just paste it and indent it, and Markdown will handle the hassle of encoding the ampersands and angle brackets. For example, this:

<div class="footer">
    &copy; 2004 Foo Corporation
</div>

Regular Markdown syntax is not processed within code blocks. E.g., asterisks are just literal asterisks within a code block. This means it's also easy to use Markdown to write about Markdown's own syntax.

tell application "Foo" beep end tell

Span Elements

Links

Markdown supports two style of links: inline and reference.

In both styles, the link text is delimited by [square brackets].

To create an inline link, use a set of regular parentheses immediately after the link text's closing square bracket. Inside the parentheses, put the URL where you want the link to point, along with an optional title for the link, surrounded in quotes. For example:

This is an example inline link.

This link has no title attribute.

Emphasis

Markdown treats asterisks (*) and underscores (_) as indicators of emphasis. Text wrapped with one * or _ will be wrapped with an HTML <em> tag; double *'s or _'s will be wrapped with an HTML <strong> tag. E.g., this input:

single asterisks

single underscores

double asterisks

double underscores

Code

To indicate a span of code, wrap it with backtick quotes (`). Unlike a pre-formatted code block, a code span indicates code within a normal paragraph. For example:

Use the printf() function.

@ 70058751:101d4bb2

Artificial intelligence is transforming healthcare in numerous ways, from diagnostic algorithms to personalized treatment plans...

@ 3551f508:7597da55

My everyday activity

This template is just for demo needs.

;startDay () -> working ;stopDay working -> () ;startPause working -> paused ;endPause paused -> working ;goSmoke working -> smoking ;endSmoke smoking -> working ;startEating working -> eating ;stopEating eating -> working ;startCall working -> onCall ;endCall onCall -> working ;startMeeting working -> inMeetinga ;endMeeting inMeeting -> working ;logTask working -> working

@ fd208ee8:0fd927c1

Markdown: Syntax

• Overview
  • Philosophy
  • Inline HTML
  • Automatic Escaping for Special Characters
• Block Elements
  • Paragraphs and Line Breaks
  • Headers
  • Blockquotes
  • Lists
  • Code Blocks
  • Horizontal Rules
• Span Elements
  • Links
  • Emphasis
  • Code
  • Images
• Miscellaneous
  • Backslash Escapes
  • Automatic Links

Note: This document is itself written using Markdown; you can see the source for it by adding '.text' to the URL.

---

Overview

Philosophy

Markdown is intended to be as easy-to-read and easy-to-write as is feasible.

Readability, however, is emphasized above all else. A Markdown-formatted document should be publishable as-is, as plain text, without looking like it's been marked up with tags or formatting instructions. While Markdown's syntax has been influenced by several existing text-to-HTML filters -- including Setext, atx, Textile, reStructuredText, Grutatext, and EtText -- the single biggest source of inspiration for Markdown's syntax is the format of plain text email.

Block Elements

Paragraphs and Line Breaks

A paragraph is simply one or more consecutive lines of text, separated by one or more blank lines. (A blank line is any line that looks like a blank line -- a line containing nothing but spaces or tabs is considered blank.) Normal paragraphs should not be indented with spaces or tabs.

The implication of the "one or more consecutive lines of text" rule is that Markdown supports "hard-wrapped" text paragraphs. This differs significantly from most other text-to-HTML formatters (including Movable Type's "Convert Line Breaks" option) which translate every line break character in a paragraph into a <br /> tag.

When you do want to insert a <br /> break tag using Markdown, you end a line with two or more spaces, then type return.

Headers

Markdown supports two styles of headers, [Setext] [1] and [atx] [2].

Optionally, you may "close" atx-style headers. This is purely cosmetic -- you can use this if you think it looks better. The closing hashes don't even need to match the number of hashes used to open the header. (The number of opening hashes determines the header level.)

Blockquotes

Markdown uses email-style > characters for blockquoting. If you're familiar with quoting passages of text in an email message, then you know how to create a blockquote in Markdown. It looks best if you hard wrap the text and put a > before every line:

This is a blockquote with two paragraphs. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Aliquam hendrerit mi posuere lectus. Vestibulum enim wisi, viverra nec, fringilla in, laoreet vitae, risus.

Donec sit amet nisl. Aliquam semper ipsum sit amet velit. Suspendisse id sem consectetuer libero luctus adipiscing.

Markdown allows you to be lazy and only put the > before the first line of a hard-wrapped paragraph:

This is a blockquote with two paragraphs. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Aliquam hendrerit mi posuere lectus. Vestibulum enim wisi, viverra nec, fringilla in, laoreet vitae, risus.

Donec sit amet nisl. Aliquam semper ipsum sit amet velit. Suspendisse id sem consectetuer libero luctus adipiscing.

Blockquotes can be nested (i.e. a blockquote-in-a-blockquote) by adding additional levels of >:

This is the first level of quoting.

This is nested blockquote.

Back to the first level.

Blockquotes can contain other Markdown elements, including headers, lists, and code blocks:

This is a header.

1. This is the first list item.
2. This is the second list item.

Here's some example code:

return shell_exec("echo $input | $markdown_script");

Any decent text editor should make email-style quoting easy. For example, with BBEdit, you can make a selection and choose Increase Quote Level from the Text menu.

Lists

Markdown supports ordered (numbered) and unordered (bulleted) lists.

Unordered lists use asterisks, pluses, and hyphens -- interchangably -- as list markers:

• Red
• Green
• Blue

is equivalent to:

• Red
• Green
• Blue

and:

• Red
• Green
• Blue

Ordered lists use numbers followed by periods:

1. Bird
2. McHale
3. Parish

It's important to note that the actual numbers you use to mark the list have no effect on the HTML output Markdown produces. The HTML Markdown produces from the above list is:

If you instead wrote the list in Markdown like this:

1. Bird
2. McHale
3. Parish

or even:

1. Bird
2. McHale
3. Parish

you'd get the exact same HTML output. The point is, if you want to, you can use ordinal numbers in your ordered Markdown lists, so that the numbers in your source match the numbers in your published HTML. But if you want to be lazy, you don't have to.

To make lists look nice, you can wrap items with hanging indents:

• Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Aliquam hendrerit mi posuere lectus. Vestibulum enim wisi, viverra nec, fringilla in, laoreet vitae, risus.
• Donec sit amet nisl. Aliquam semper ipsum sit amet velit. Suspendisse id sem consectetuer libero luctus adipiscing.

But if you want to be lazy, you don't have to:

• Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Aliquam hendrerit mi posuere lectus. Vestibulum enim wisi, viverra nec, fringilla in, laoreet vitae, risus.
• Donec sit amet nisl. Aliquam semper ipsum sit amet velit. Suspendisse id sem consectetuer libero luctus adipiscing.

List items may consist of multiple paragraphs. Each subsequent paragraph in a list item must be indented by either 4 spaces or one tab:

1. This is a list item with two paragraphs. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Aliquam hendrerit mi posuere lectus.

   Vestibulum enim wisi, viverra nec, fringilla in, laoreet vitae, risus. Donec sit amet nisl. Aliquam semper ipsum sit amet velit.

2. Suspendisse id sem consectetuer libero luctus adipiscing.

It looks nice if you indent every line of the subsequent paragraphs, but here again, Markdown will allow you to be lazy:

• This is a list item with two paragraphs.

  This is the second paragraph in the list item. You're only required to indent the first line. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit.

• Another item in the same list.

To put a blockquote within a list item, the blockquote's > delimiters need to be indented:

• A list item with a blockquote:

  This is a blockquote inside a list item.

To put a code block within a list item, the code block needs to be indented twice -- 8 spaces or two tabs:

• A list item with a code block:

  <code goes here>
  

Code Blocks

Pre-formatted code blocks are used for writing about programming or markup source code. Rather than forming normal paragraphs, the lines of a code block are interpreted literally. Markdown wraps a code block in both <pre> and <code> tags.

To produce a code block in Markdown, simply indent every line of the block by at least 4 spaces or 1 tab.

This is a normal paragraph:

This is a code block.

Here is an example of AppleScript:

tell application "Foo"
    beep
end tell

A code block continues until it reaches a line that is not indented (or the end of the article).

Within a code block, ampersands (&) and angle brackets (< and >) are automatically converted into HTML entities. This makes it very easy to include example HTML source code using Markdown -- just paste it and indent it, and Markdown will handle the hassle of encoding the ampersands and angle brackets. For example, this:

<div class="footer">
    &copy; 2004 Foo Corporation
</div>

Regular Markdown syntax is not processed within code blocks. E.g., asterisks are just literal asterisks within a code block. This means it's also easy to use Markdown to write about Markdown's own syntax.

tell application "Foo" beep end tell

Span Elements

Links

Markdown supports two style of links: inline and reference.

In both styles, the link text is delimited by [square brackets].

To create an inline link, use a set of regular parentheses immediately after the link text's closing square bracket. Inside the parentheses, put the URL where you want the link to point, along with an optional title for the link, surrounded in quotes. For example:

This is an example inline link.

This link has no title attribute.

Emphasis

Markdown treats asterisks (*) and underscores (_) as indicators of emphasis. Text wrapped with one * or _ will be wrapped with an HTML <em> tag; double *'s or _'s will be wrapped with an HTML <strong> tag. E.g., this input:

single asterisks

single underscores

double asterisks

double underscores

Code

To indicate a span of code, wrap it with backtick quotes (`). Unlike a pre-formatted code block, a code span indicates code within a normal paragraph. For example:

Use the printf() function.

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Unlocking Learning Potential: How Math Model Transform Learning

Introduction:

In mathematics education, fostering a learning environment that encourages a variety of problem-solving strategies and emphasizes the structural foundations of mathematical concepts is crucial for student success. One key instructional element is using mathematical models to help students bridge their informal understandings with formal, symbolic mathematical reasoning. Encouraging students to use models, particularly iconic representations, is vital in developing conceptual and procedural knowledge. This research overview explores how modeling enhances student learning by progressing from intuitive representations to more formalized mathematical reasoning, focusing on the importance of iconic models in building a deeper understanding of mathematics.

FREE DOWNLOAD - Questions and Prompts

Theoretical Foundations

Taking students' ideas seriously is grounded in constructivist learning theory and research on how students develop mathematical understanding. Hiebert and Carpenter (1992) argue that "if children possessed internal networks constructed both in and out of school and if they recognized the connections between them, their understanding and performance in both settings would improve." This highlights the importance of connecting students' informal knowledge with formal mathematical concepts. Carpenter's work further emphasizes the value of students' intuitive knowledge: "Children come to school with a great deal of informal or intuitive knowledge of mathematics that can serve as the basis for developing much of the formal mathematics of the primary school curriculum." This suggests that taking students' initial ideas seriously can provide a strong foundation for developing a more sophisticated mathematical understanding.

The Role of Models in Mathematical Thinking

Modeling is a powerful tool for nurturing mathematical thinking because it helps students move from concrete experiences to abstract reasoning. According to Romberg and Kaput (1999), when students first encounter mathematical problems, they naturally rely on informal strategies based on their real-world experiences. The modeling process allows these initial intuitive approaches to serve as scaffolding for solving more complex, related problems. Through modeling, students solve a specific problem and develop general strategies that can be applied across different mathematical contexts.

Gravemeijer and van Galen (2003) argue that modeling real-world situations is foundational for understanding mathematical structures. This process often begins with students using informal, tangible representations, which evolve into more formal mathematical reasoning as they progress. Cobb (2000) describes this as a shift in classroom practice, where students’ informal activities, such as using objects or drawings, are eventually formalized into mathematical reasoning. The key to this transformation lies in how well students can transition between different forms of representation: enactive, iconic, and symbolic models (Bruner, 1964).

The Progression of Mathematical Models

A critical component of effective mathematics instruction is the concept of progressive formalization, which guides students through the stages of representation. As students work through mathematical problems, they begin with enactive models—physical representations or manipulatives that help them visualize the problem. From there, students move on to iconic models, which involve pictorial representations, such as diagrams, number lines, and graphs, that symbolize the relationships in the problem. Finally, they transition to symbolic models, which use formal mathematical tables, notation, and equations to organize and represent abstract concepts (Bruner, 1964).

The transition from iconic to symbolic models is particularly important because it helps students visualize and understand abstract mathematical concepts without losing the connection to real-world problems. In many curricula, students are often asked to solve problems using multiple methods, but these methods may only sometimes lead to the progressive formalization needed for deep understanding. Iconic models, such as number lines that promote distance, magnitude, and proportion, serve as a critical bridge between concrete and abstract reasoning, allowing students to visualize the relationships between numbers and operations before transitioning to formal symbols (Leinwand & Ginsburg, 2007).

Iconic Models and Their Importance

Iconic models play a unique role in mathematics education by offering visual representations that make abstract concepts more accessible. For example, the area model is a powerful iconic representation used in teaching multiplication and division. When students are presented with a contextualized problem, such as determining the number of tiles needed to cover a floor, they can use an area model to visualize the relationships among length, width, and area. This iconic representation helps students see multiplication in two dimensions, preparing them for more formal mathematical concepts such as algebra (Watanabe, 2015).

The strength of iconic models lies in their ability to illuminate different aspects of mathematical relationships. Unlike abstract symbolic representations, which can be difficult for students to grasp, iconic models make the problem tangible and concrete. Students can manipulate the models, explore different problem-solving strategies, and visually see the consequences of their actions. This tactile and visual exploration deepens their conceptual understanding and supports the transition to more abstract forms of reasoning (Bruner, 1964).

For instance, using a number line as an iconic model for fractions allows students to visualize the relative size of different fractions, helping them understand concepts such as equivalence and comparison. Similarly, bar models can represent proportions, ratios, or algebraic relationships. These iconic models provide a clear, visual framework for understanding the underlying structure of mathematical problems, and they encourage students to explore multiple solution strategies.

Modeling in Curriculum Design

Integrating modeling into mathematics curricula has fostered deeper student engagement and understanding. However, educators must select contexts and tasks that naturally lead students from informal models to more formal, mathematically robust representations. For example, when teaching multiplication, students may begin by solving problems about grouping objects or creating arrays. These problems encourage using iconic models, such as drawing rows and columns to represent multiplication as an area, before transitioning to symbolic equations (Leinwand & Ginsburg, 2007).

Curricula that prioritize the progression from enactive to iconic to symbolic models help students build a solid foundation for understanding more advanced mathematical concepts. For example, suppose an educator aims for students to use the area model as an iconic representation. In that case, they might introduce problems involving geometric concepts, such as covering flat spaces with tiles or using gridlines on a map to calculate distances. These activities make math more tangible and foster logical connections for students to develop more formal mathematical reasoning (Watanabe, 2015).

Additionally, students’ engagement with different models enhances their ability to communicate and justify their mathematical thinking. When asked to explain how they arrived at a solution using an iconic model, they must articulate the mathematical relationships they observe, which promotes a deeper understanding. This process also aligns with socio-mathematical norms, where students learn to evaluate the efficiency and effectiveness of different models and strategies through classroom discussion and peer feedback.

The Cognitive Benefits of Modeling

From a cognitive psychology perspective, using models in mathematics education helps bridge the gap between procedural and conceptual knowledge. Research by Gilmore and Papadatou-Pastou (2009) suggests that procedural fluency and conceptual understanding are interconnected, with advancements in one area reinforcing the other. The iterative development of models provides students with opportunities to build both procedural skills—through repeated practice—and conceptual knowledge—by visualizing and manipulating the mathematical structures underlying the problems they solve.

Bruner’s (1964) theory of representation emphasizes the importance of guiding students through the different representational forms—enactive, iconic, and symbolic—without imposing abrupt transitions. The gradual transition from one form of representation to another enables students to develop a deeper, more integrated understanding of mathematical concepts, reducing the cognitive load associated with learning new material. This approach allows students to internalize mathematical concepts more effectively, making them better prepared to tackle more complex problems in the future

Conclusion

In conclusion, mathematical modeling is a critical framework for helping students develop a deeper understanding of mathematics by progressing through enactive, iconic, and symbolic representations. Iconic models, in particular, are essential for bridging the gap between students’ informal understandings and the abstract formalism of mathematical reasoning. Educators can foster environments where students are encouraged to explore, innovate, and deepen their understanding of mathematical structures by emphasizing using models in mathematics instruction. This progressive formalization supports procedural fluency and conceptual knowledge, preparing students to thrive in mathematics and beyond.

Integrating modeling into curricula and thoughtfully selecting tasks that support the progression from informal to formal reasoning empowers students to recognize the diverse methods for solving problems and encourages them to develop their unique mathematical insights. As school administrators and educators, fostering an environment that supports these pedagogical practices is critical to nurturing the next generation of mathematical thinkers.

References

Bruner, J. S. (1964). The course of cognitive growth. American Psychologist, 19(1), 1-15.

Cobb, P. (2000). Conducting teaching experiments in collaboration with teachers. In A. E. Kelly & R. A. Lesh (Eds.), Handbook of research design in mathematics and science education (pp. 307-333). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Gilmore, C. K., & Papadatou-Pastou, M. (2009). Patterns of individual differences in conceptual understanding and arithmetical skill: A meta-analysis. Mathematical Thinking and Learning, 11(1-2), 25-40.

Gravemeijer, K., & van Galen, F. (2003). Facts and algorithms as products of students’ own mathematical activity. In J. Kilpatrick, W. G. Martin, & D. Schifter (Eds.), A research companion to principles and standards for school mathematics (pp. 114-122). National Council of Teachers of Mathematics.

Leinwand, S., & Ginsburg, A. L. (2007). Learning from Singapore math. Educational Leadership, 65(3), 32-36.

Romberg, T. A., & Kaput, J. J. (1999). Mathematics worth teaching, mathematics worth understanding. In E. Fennema & T. A. Romberg (Eds.), Mathematics classrooms that promote understanding (pp. 3-17). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Watanabe, T. (2015). Visual reasoning tools in action. Mathematics Teaching in the Middle School, 21(3), 152-160.

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Estudo Detalhado sobre a Carga Tributária em Produtos Importados por Pessoas Físicas no Brasil

Disclaimer

Este estudo foi feito pelo chatGPT a meu pedido e pode conter erros. Fiz apenas uma revisão rápida, para evitar mentiras e erros grosseiros, mas ainda podem haver erros que deixei passar.

Introdução

Importar produtos para o Brasil envolve uma série de tributos que podem aumentar significativamente o custo final para o consumidor. No caso de pessoas físicas, a tributação segue regras específicas (como regimes simplificados para pequenas remessas) e varia de acordo com a forma de importação. Este estudo apresenta:

• Uma visão geral dos principais impostos incidentes (II, IPI, ICMS, PIS/COFINS) e variações conforme a forma de importação.
• Classificação dos produtos importados em categorias (eletrônicos, vestuário, cosméticos, alimentos, automóveis etc.), com suas alíquotas típicas e carga tributária total estimada.
• Simulações de custos: exemplos práticos de produtos importados, comparando valor original e custo final com impostos.
• Explicação das diferentes formas de importação por pessoas físicas: compras diretas online, via empresas importadoras e produtos montados no Brasil com peças importadas.
• Uma análise crítica de como indivíduos de maior poder aquisitivo tentam reduzir tributos usando artifícios como uso de pessoas jurídicas, subfaturamento e montagem parcial de produtos para burlar impostos.

Nota: Daremos prioridade a fontes oficiais (Receita Federal, normas legais) e a informações atualizadas de 2024/2025, já que recentemente houve mudanças significativas na tributação de compras internacionais de baixo valor. As tabelas e exemplos numéricos são simplificados para facilitar a compreensão, mas refletem a legislação vigente e cenários típicos.

1. Impostos Incidentes na Importação por Pessoas Físicas

Quando uma pessoa física importa um produto, seja uma pequena encomenda via correio ou até bens de maior valor, ela pode se deparar com os seguintes tributos:

• Imposto de Importação (II) – Tributo federal cobrado sobre mercadorias estrangeiras que ingressam no país. A base de cálculo é o valor aduaneiro do bem, isto é, o valor do produto somado ao frete e ao seguro internacional (Quanto vou pagar de impostos ? — Receita Federal ). As alíquotas de II variam conforme a classificação tarifária do produto (NCM), até um máximo comum de 35%. Entretanto, no caso de remessas de pessoa física, geralmente aplica-se um regime simplificado: compras internacionais até US$50 pagam 20% de II, enquanto acima de US$50 até US$3.000 pagam 60% de II (com dedução fixa de US$20 no imposto, equivalente a tributar os primeiros US$50 a 20%) (Receita Federal implementa novas regras para as importações por e-commerce — Receita Federal ) (Compras de até US$ 50 pela internet começam a pagar 20% de tarifa | Agência Brasil). Por exemplo, a partir de 1/8/2024, todas as encomendas passam a recolher II (antes havia isenção até $50 entre pessoas físicas), sendo 20% para valores até US$50 e 60% para valores acima disso, conforme legislação do Programa Mover (Compras de até US$ 50 pela internet começam a pagar 20% de tarifa | Agência Brasil) (Receita Federal implementa novas regras para as importações por e-commerce — Receita Federal ). Importações formais (fora do simplificado) seguem a alíquota própria do produto na Tarifa Externa Comum do Mercosul (que pode ser bem menor que 60% para muitos itens).

• Imposto sobre Produtos Industrializados (IPI) – Imposto federal sobre produtos industrializados, que incide tanto sobre bens nacionais quanto importados. No caso de importação, o IPI é calculado sobre o valor aduaneiro acrescido do II. As alíquotas do IPI variam conforme o produto e sua essencialidade – vão de 0% até mais de 300% em casos extremos (como armas e cigarros), mas a maioria dos bens de consumo comuns tem IPI entre 5% e 20%. A TIPI (Tabela de Incidência do IPI) define a alíquota exata por NCM. Por exemplo, veículos têm IPI variável pela cilindrada, eletrônicos e eletrodomésticos costumam ter IPI de 10% a 20%, cosméticos e perfumes podem ter IPI alto (perfumes ~42%, bebidas ~10% etc.). É importante notar que o IPI de importação busca equiparar a carga à que incidira se o produto fosse fabricado no Brasil (Taxa de importação 2025: saiba quais são os valores e taxas). Em regimes simplificados de remessa postal, o IPI muitas vezes é dispensado – de fato, em 2024 foi publicada norma reduzindo a 0% as alíquotas de IPI sobre remessas de baixo valor, para simplificar a tributação (concentrando a cobrança no II) (Compras de até US$ 50 pela internet começam a pagar 20% de tarifa | Agência Brasil). Em importações formais (valores altos ou via empresas), entretanto, o IPI é cobrado normalmente.

• ICMS (Imposto sobre Circulação de Mercadorias e Serviços) – Imposto estadual que incide sobre a entrada de mercadoria importada no estado de destino. O ICMS incide de forma “por dentro”, integrando sua própria base de cálculo junto ao valor do bem mais os impostos federais. Em outras palavras, calcula-se o ICMS aplicando a alíquota sobre o valor do produto + frete + seguro + II + IPI + PIS/COFINS (dependendo do caso) (Quanto vou pagar de impostos ? — Receita Federal ) (Veja como é o processo de importação de carros novos e usados no Brasil). A alíquota do ICMS para importação era tradicionalmente 17% na maioria dos estados, porém, visando equiparar a tributação dos importados aos nacionais, vários estados aumentaram para 18% ou 20% em 2023-2024 (Quanto vou pagar de impostos ? — Receita Federal ) (ICMS sobre compras internacionais sobe para 20% em 10 estados | Radioagência Nacional). Por exemplo, a partir de 2025, 10 estados (como MG, BA, CE, etc.) adotaram 20% de ICMS sobre compras internacionais até US$3.000, enquanto os demais ainda aplicam 17% (ICMS sobre compras internacionais sobe para 20% em 10 estados | Radioagência Nacional) (ICMS sobre compras internacionais sobe para 20% em 10 estados | Radioagência Nacional). O ICMS é cobrado inclusive em remessas postais (não há mais isenção para valores pequenos, desde 2023) e costuma ser recolhido no ato do despacho ou já embutido no pagamento se a plataforma recolhe antecipadamente. Importante: mesmo no regime simplificado, o ICMS incide além do II – por exemplo, encomendas até US$50 pagam 20% II + ICMS 17% (o qual é calculado sobre o valor já com o II) (Compras de até US$ 50 pela internet começam a pagar 20% de tarifa | Agência Brasil) (Quanto vou pagar de impostos ? — Receita Federal ). Isso implica que a carga tributária total não é simplesmente 37%, mas um pouco maior, pois o ICMS incide sobre o montante que inclui o II. De fato, para x = valor do produto, a carga de 20%+17% resulta em cerca de 44,5% sobre o valor do bem (ICMS sobre compras internacionais sobe para 20% em 10 estados | Radioagência Nacional). Já com 60%+17%, a carga pode chegar próximo de 100% (dobro do valor) em alguns casos (Alta de ICMS eleva taxação total sobre importados para até 100%).

• PIS/PASEP-Importação e COFINS-Importação – Contribuições sociais federais cobradas na importação de bens e serviços, destinadas ao financiamento da seguridade e programas sociais. Para importação de mercadorias, as alíquotas padrão são 2,1% de PIS/PASEP e 9,65% de COFINS sobre o valor aduaneiro + II (Taxa de importação 2025: saiba quais são os valores e taxas). Assim, somadas, representam aproximadamente 11,75%. No entanto, quando a importação é feita por pessoa física para uso próprio, essas contribuições geralmente não são cobradas no regime simplificado, ou foram zeradas na legislação recente para pequenas encomendas (novamente para evitar sobrecarga burocrática e concentrar a tributação no II de 60%/20%). Empresas importadoras normalmente recolhem PIS/COFINS na entrada, mas podem aproveitá-los como crédito na venda (se estiverem em regime não cumulativo). Em 2024, com as mudanças nas remessas, foi aprovada isenção de PIS/COFINS nas compras internacionais de baixo valor, concomitantemente à nova cobrança do II de 20% (Receita Federal implementa novas regras para as importações por e-commerce — Receita Federal ). Portanto, pessoas físicas raramente pagarão PIS/COFINS explicitamente ao importar – ou é absorvido pelo regime simplificado ou não incide se não houver finalidade comercial.

Além desses, existem taxas operacionais específicas em importações formais, como a Taxa Siscomex (tarifa de utilização do sistema aduaneiro) e o AFRMM (Adicional ao Frete para Renovação da Marinha Mercante, 25% ou 8% sobre o frete marítimo, quando aplicável) (Veja como é o processo de importação de carros novos e usados no Brasil). Contudo, para encomendas comuns via correio, a principal taxa extra é a de despacho postal dos Correios (aprox. R$15) caso a Receita precise formalizar o desembaraço – algumas plataformas internacionais já cobram um valor fixo (~US$20) para cobrir esses custos no novo modelo (Taxa de importação 2025: saiba quais são os valores e taxas) (Compras de até US$ 50 pela internet começam a pagar 20% de tarifa | Agência Brasil).

Variação conforme a forma de importação

A carga tributária pode variar bastante dependendo da modalidade de importação utilizada pela pessoa física:

• Remessa postal ou encomenda via couriers (Compra direta pela internet): Segue o Regime de Tributação Simplificada (RTS) para remessas internacionais, com cobrança simplificada do II (20% ou 60%, conforme explicado) e do ICMS estadual. Nesse regime não se fraciona por tipo de imposto: aplica-se a alíquota única de importação e depois calcula-se o ICMS sobre o total. Exemplo: uma compra de R$500 em site internacional certificado no Programa Remessa Conforme sofre 60% de II (R$300) com desconto de US$20, resultando em II ~R$196 (Quanto vou pagar de impostos ? — Receita Federal ). Sobre o valor + II aplica-se ICMS (17% ou 18/20% conforme estado). A Receita Federal ilustra que uma compra de R$510 (produto+frete) teria II de R$196 após desconto (Quanto vou pagar de impostos ? — Receita Federal ). Em um estado de 17%, o ICMS seria em torno de R$100 adicionais, totalizando ~R$806. Se a plataforma não for certificada (ou seja, não recolhe antecipado), não há desconto: o II seria 60% pleno e o imposto total mais alto (Quanto vou pagar de impostos ? — Receita Federal ). Até agosto de 2024 existia confusão sobre isenção em compras <US$50 (quando remetente pessoa física), mas hoje todas as compras têm imposto. Em resumo, via internet/correios: 20%/60% de imposto federal + 17~20% ICMS, recolhidos normalmente no despacho postal (Compras de até US$ 50 pela internet começam a pagar 20% de tarifa | Agência Brasil). Esse é o cenário que afeta a maioria das importações pessoais de eletrônicos, roupas, etc., compradas em sites como AliExpress, Shein, eBay, Amazon internacional etc.

• Importação formal via empresa importadora (compra de produto importado no Brasil): Aqui a pessoa física adquire o produto já no mercado interno, de uma empresa que o importou. Nesse caso, do ponto de vista do consumidor final, ele paga o preço já com todos os impostos embutidos (a empresa importadora teve custos tributários que repassa no preço). A diferença é que a empresa, como pessoa jurídica, segue o regime normal de importação: paga II conforme a alíquota do produto, IPI conforme TIPI, PIS/COFINS na entrada e ICMS na importação ou na venda, dependendo do regime. Muitas empresas optam por regimes especiais (ex.: drawback se vão reexportar, ou importação por conta e ordem) para otimizar custos. Para o consumidor, a carga tributária está “escondida” no preço de venda. Por exemplo, um console de videogame importado oficialmente por uma loja teve incidência de cerca de 20% II, 16% IPI, 12% ICMS (interestadual) e 11.75% PIS/COFINS – tudo isso compõe o preço final. A empresa pode aproveitar créditos (como abater PIS/COFINS e IPI na cadeia), mas, em geral, o preço de um importado no varejo nacional tende a ser igual ou maior que se a pessoa importasse diretamente, pois além dos tributos há margem de lucro e custos operacionais do importador. Por outro lado, a importação formal em larga escala pode conseguir preços de origem menores e algumas isenções (por exemplo, acordos comerciais ou ex-tarifários que reduzam o II para certos bens de capital e informática). Resumindo: na compra via um revendedor brasileiro, todos os tributos (II, IPI, ICMS, PIS/COFINS) já incidiram – o consumidor arca indiretamente com eles e geralmente paga também ICMS na nota fiscal de venda interna. A vantagem é a praticidade e possivelmente garantia/localização do produto, enquanto a desvantagem costuma ser um custo final mais alto que a importação direta, especialmente para produtos de alto valor.

• Produtos com partes importadas e montados no Brasil: Uma forma de reduzir a carga tributária de importação é trazer os itens desmontados ou como insumos e realizar a montagem ou processo final em território nacional. Essa estratégia pode se dar em escala industrial (ex.: fábricas que importam componentes) ou até em esquemas específicos (importar um bem em partes separadas). Do ponto de vista legal, empresas podem se beneficiar de incentivos fiscais se seguirem um Processo Produtivo Básico (PPB): por exemplo, a indústria de informática e smartphones no Brasil utiliza muitos componentes importados, mas, ao realizar a montagem final aqui (e investir em desenvolvimento local), obtém redução de IPI via Lei de Informática. Assim, um celular montado no Brasil pode ter IPI bem menor que um importado pronto (às vezes IPI zero) e também PIS/COFINS reduzidos, barateando o produto final. Já automóveis montados localmente se beneficiam de alíquotas de II menores para autopeças do que seria para veículo completo, além de programas como Rota 2030 que concedem créditos tributários se metas de conteúdo local forem atingidas. Em suma, quando parte do valor agregado é criada no Brasil, a tributação direta de importação diminui: paga-se II apenas sobre as peças (muitas com tarifa < 18%, em vez de 35% sobre produto final), e o IPI/ICMS incidem sobre um valor final menor (pois parte do custo é mão de obra local). Para o consumidor, esses produtos “nacionalizados” tendem a ser mais acessíveis comparados a um equivalente 100% importado. Por exemplo, um smartphone “nacional” pode ter ~36% de carga tributária no preço (ICMS e alguns impostos internos) versus 62% se for importado (Relação de produtos - Impostômetro). Essa diferença expressiva deve-se justamente aos benefícios fiscais de produzir localmente. Observação: Pessoas físicas geralmente não montam produtos industrializados, mas alguns com poder aquisitivo elevado utilizam brechas – como importar kits (carros ou computadores) desmontados – para tentar fugir de impostos, assunto explorado na seção 5.

2. Carga Tributária por Categoria de Produto Importado

Os impostos de importação não afetam todos os produtos de maneira igual – a política tarifária brasileira e a legislação atribuem alíquotas diferentes conforme a categoria de produto, visando proteger certas indústrias ou tributar mais itens supérfluos. A seguir, abordamos algumas categorias comuns de importados, com suas alíquotas típicas e carga tributária total estimada para pessoas físicas importando para uso próprio. As cargas “totais” mencionadas incluem os impostos federais e estaduais discutidos (II, IPI, ICMS, etc.), expressos geralmente como porcentagem do valor do produto.

2.1 Eletrônicos e Eletrodomésticos

Eletrônicos de consumo (smartphones, laptops, tablets, câmeras, aparelhos de som, etc.) estão entre os itens mais importados por brasileiros e também sujeitos a uma tributação significativa. No regime geral, a maioria desses produtos tem Imposto de Importação na faixa de 0% a 20%. Produtos de informática e telecomunicações podem ter II reduzido ou zerado se não houver produção local competitiva (por exemplo, certos componentes de computador têm II 0-10%). Porém, itens populares como celulares, tablets e consoles de videogame costumam ser taxados no teto (II 20% ou 16%). Além disso, eletrônicos pagam IPI (por serem bens industrializados) – por exemplo, um smartphone ou tablet importado tem IPI em torno de 15% (um iPad nacional pagava ~10% de IPI, importado ~15-20%, antes da redução generalizada de IPI em 2022). Videogames já tiveram IPI de 40-50%, mas foram reduzidos para ~16-30%. Monitores, TVs e áudio variam de 12% a 20% de IPI. O ICMS vai incidir normalmente (17%-20%). PIS/COFINS adicionam cerca de 11.75%, mas empresas podem recuperar.

Para pessoa física via remessa, esses detalhes tarifários são menos importantes, pois prevalece a alíquota unificada do RTS (60% II). Assim, na prática, um eletrônico importado diretamente por um consumidor paga em torno de 60% + ICMS sobre seu valor. O resultado é que o preço final tende a ser aproximadamente o dobro do valor original em reais (dependendo do estado). De fato, com o ICMS de 20%, a tributação total pode chegar a praticamente 100% do valor do produto (Alta de ICMS eleva taxação total sobre importados para até 100%). Mesmo com ICMS 17%, fica na casa de ~80-90%. Por exemplo, um smartphone importado de forma independente por uma pessoa acaba tendo cerca de 62% do valor final composto de impostos (Relação de produtos - Impostômetro). Esse número, levantado pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Planejamento e Tributação (IBPT), compara um smartphone importado com um similar nacional (36% de carga) – a diferença são justamente os tributos de importação (Relação de produtos - Impostômetro) (Relação de produtos - Impostômetro).

• Exemplo: Um celular comprado por R$1.500 no exterior poderia custar cerca de R$2.800 após todos os impostos ao chegar ao Brasil (considerando 60% de II e ~17% de ICMS), ou seja, quase 85% de acréscimo tributário. Na simulação do Promobit, um smartphone de R$1.224 (valor + frete) teria imposto de 60% (R$734) + ICMS 17% (R$334), resultando em R$2.292 antes do desconto, e cerca de R$2.182 após aplicar a dedução de US$20 (Como funciona a taxação de produtos importados? - Promobit). Isso ilustra um aumento de aproximadamente 78% sobre o valor original. Se comprado de um revendedor nacional, o preço possivelmente seria semelhante ou um pouco maior – por exemplo, a diferença entre um smartphone nacional e importado pode ser de algumas centenas de reais devido a incentivos locais, mas ambos sofrem carga pesada. Em 2023, verificava-se que eletrônicos importados diretamente (como tablets, laptops) tinham carga tributária ~63% do preço (Relação de produtos - Impostômetro) (Relação de produtos - Impostômetro), ao passo que modelos montados localmente usufruíam de cargas menores (por isso marcas instalam fábricas no Brasil).

Vale citar também eletrodomésticos e aparelhos eletrônicos maiores: embora pessoas físicas raramente importem geladeiras ou TVs por conta própria (devido ao frete), se o fizessem, encarariam II ~20%, IPI variável (~15% para TV, ~5-8% linha branca após reduções recentes) e ICMS cheio – total perto de 60-70%. Um home theater importado tem cerca de 57% de impostos embutidos (Relação de produtos - Impostômetro). Já um notebook importado paga por volta de 40% em tributos (muitos laptops têm II 0% via “Lei do Bem”) (Relação de produtos - Impostômetro). Em suma, eletrônicos sofrem tributação alta, mas não uniformemente: produtos de informática podem ter incentivos, enquanto itens de lazer (ex: consoles) historicamente sofreram mais impostos.

2.2 Vestuário, Calçados e Acessórios de Moda

O setor de vestuário é altamente protegido no Brasil. Roupas, calçados, bolsas e afins geralmente possuem o Imposto de Importação máximo de 35% (tecido, confecção, calçado estão entre os itens com tarifa cheia para proteger a indústria nacional). Além disso, por serem bens industrializados, podem ter IPI – porém, curiosamente, muitas peças de vestuário têm IPI reduzido (0% ou 5%), já que o grosso da tributação recai no II e ICMS. A importação comercial de vestuário paga também PIS/Cofins e ICMS (que nesse segmento muitas vezes é 17% ou mais, podendo haver ST – substituição tributária – no caso de vendas internas de roupas).

No caso de uma pessoa física importando roupas para uso próprio (por exemplo, comprando em sites de moda internacionais), aplica-se 60% de imposto simplificado. Não há isenção específica; mesmo roupas baratas são tributadas (salvo se o valor for tão baixo que com 20% de II <US$50 fica pequeno). Assim, roupas importadas diretamente podem ter cerca de 60-80% de impostos no final. Por dados do IBPT, uma peça de vestuário importada tem carga aproximada de 65-70% do preço em tributos, comparada a ~35% se produzida no Brasil (Relação de produtos - Impostômetro). Por exemplo, um tênis (calçado) importado chega a ter 65,71% de carga tributária no preço final, versus 36% se nacional (Relação de produtos - Impostômetro). Esse diferencial vem principalmente do II de 35% e da falta de incentivos que os produtores locais têm.

• Exemplo: Suponha a importação de um par de tênis adquirido por R$300 (algo em torno de US$55-60). Pelo RTS, teria II de 60% (~R$180) e ICMS ~17% sobre R$480, adicionando ~R$80 – resultando em custo final ~R$560 (quase 87% de imposto sobre os R$300). Se a plataforma for certificada (aplica 20% até 50 USD), haveria a dedução de US$20, reduzindo o imposto – mas ainda assim o valor final ficaria em torno de R$450-500, ou 50-70% de acréscimo tributário. Esses números explicam por que roupas importadas custam até o dobro do preço original. Uma jaqueta de grife importada cujo custo lá fora fosse R$500 pode chegar por R$900-1000 ao consumidor após impostos.

Cosméticos e vestuário de luxo seguem o mesmo princípio: bolsas, relógios, óculos – costumam ter II de 20% (acessórios de couro 20%, joias e bijuterias 18%) e IPI variável (bolsas 15%, relógios 20%, bijuterias 5%). Mas como muitas vezes são importados via remessa expressa, acaba incidindo 60%. Assim, itens de moda importados diretamente também sofrem carga próxima a 80%.

Em resumo, importar roupas e calçados no varejo não sai barato devido à barreira tarifária intencional. A única “vantagem” é quando se trata de produtos de marca de luxo, muito caros no Brasil – nesses casos, mesmo pagando quase 100% de imposto, às vezes ainda fica mais barato que o preço praticado aqui (que inclui margem altíssima das boutiques oficiais). Pessoas físicas de alta renda frequentemente trazem roupas e acessórios em viagens internacionais exatamente para aproveitar a cota isenta ou ao menos pagar menos impostos (50% do excedente na alfândega de viajantes, que é menor que os ~80% via remessa).

2.3 Cosméticos, Perfumes e Produtos de Higiene Pessoal

Cosméticos e perfumes sofrem tributos elevados, em parte por serem considerados bens não-essenciais e muitas vezes de luxo. Além do II (que varia, geralmente em torno de 18% para perfumes e 12-18% para cosméticos em geral), eles têm IPI alto: perfume e água de colônia importados têm IPI de 42%; maquiagens, 22% (com variações); artigos de higiene pessoal como xampus, cremes, ~12% de IPI. Some-se ICMS (que em vários estados é 18% mas pode haver adicional, pois alguns itens de higiene têm ICMS maior ou substituição tributária) e PIS/COFINS. O resultado é que no canal formal, a carga acumulada bate em valores expressivos.

Levantamento do IBPT mostra que um perfume importado chega a ter 77,43% de seu preço composto de tributos, enquanto um similar nacional carrega ~66% (Relação de produtos - Impostômetro). Ou seja, de cada R$100 pagos em um perfume importado, cerca de R$77 são impostos. Esse número impressionante inclui todas as etapas (importação + impostos sobre venda). Para maquiagem importada, a carga é cerca de 71% do preço (Relação de produtos - Impostômetro), versus ~53% nacional. Cosméticos em geral ~52-55% (nacional) até 70% (importado) (Relação de produtos - Impostômetro) (Relação de produtos - Impostômetro).

No caso de pessoa física importando cosméticos para uso próprio, vale o regime simplificado: 60% de II. Como perfumes e cosméticos não têm nenhuma isenção especial de remessa, o imposto incide integralmente, tornando os preços finais também aproximadamente o dobro do valor original.

• Exemplo: Um perfume importado que custe US$100 (digamos R$500) no exterior. Via remessa, pagará 60% de II (R$300) e ~17% de ICMS sobre R$800 (cerca de R$136). Resultado: ~R$936. Se a compra for por um site habilitado, aplicaria 20% nos primeiros $50, mas perfumes raramente custam <50. Então é seguro dizer ~R$950 final, quase 90% acima do valor original. Mesmo em estados com 20% ICMS, o impacto é similar. Isso coincide com a noção de ~70-80% de carga tributária total.

Para itens de beleza de menor valor unitário (ex: batom de R$50), a regra de 20% até US$50 ajudaria um pouco (20% de II + ICMS, ~44% de carga). Mas muitos cosméticos importados (cremes, perfumes importados famosos) ultrapassam US$50, caindo na faixa de 60%.

Portanto, não surpreende que perfumes e maquiagens importadas oficialmente custem muito caro no Brasil. Muitas pessoas evitam essa tributação trazendo na mala (ex.: até 5 unidades de cada tipo são permitidas como bagagem acompanhada, isentas dentro da cota de isenção de US$500 do viajante). Quando isso não é possível, acaba-se pagando o alto preço – vide perfumes importados custando quase o dobro do preço internacional.

2.4 Alimentos, Bebidas e Suplementos

A categoria de alimentos e bebidas importados tem tratamento variado: alguns itens de primeira necessidade têm alíquotas baixas ou isenção (por exemplo, grãos, trigo, arroz, dependendo de cotas de importação, frequentemente 0% ou 10%). Já produtos alimentícios processados ou bebidas alcoólicas costumam ter tributos significativos, tanto de importação quanto internos (há também impostos específicos, como o IPI sobre bebidas e o imposto de bebidas quentes).

Em importações pessoais, é relativamente incomum importar comida (por questões de restrições sanitárias e praticidade), mas vinhos, bebidas alcoólicas, suplementos alimentares e guloseimas são exemplos de itens trazidos de fora. Bebidas alcoólicas importadas têm II por volta de 20% (vinho 27%, cerveja 20%, destilados 20%), IPI específico (vinho 10%, destilados variam 30-60%, cerveja 10%), além de ICMS que em muitos estados é elevado (podendo chegar a 25% nas bebidas). Assim, o preço de um vinho importado tem enorme carga tributária. Segundo o IBPT, um vinho importado carrega cerca de 64,57% de impostos, comparado a ~45,5% em um vinho nacional (Relação de produtos - Impostômetro). Ou seja, mais de 2/3 do custo de um vinho estrangeiro são tributos. Destilados e licores chegam a 70% ou mais. Cervejas importadas também sofrem pesada tributação (somando impostos de importação + IPI + ICMS + PIS/Cofins, ultrapassa 60%).

Para a pessoa física que compra bebidas ou alimentos no exterior e importa, no regime de remessa postal, vai incidir 60% + ICMS, sem atenções especiais (exceto proibições sanitárias para alguns itens perecíveis). Então, na prática, a carga será similar: perto de 80-100%. Isso na verdade inibe muito a importação direta – sai mais em conta comprar vinhos de importadoras locais (que trazem contêineres inteiros diluindo custos).

• Exemplo: Importar 6 garrafas de vinho no correio: valor US$120 (R$660). II 60% = R$396, ICMS ~17% = R$180 (aprox). Final ~R$1.236. Ou seja, 87% de imposto sobre o valor. Por isso raramente alguém importa vinho por conta; os que chegam vêm via importadores oficiais que conseguem melhor logística (mas ainda assim, o vinho estrangeiro no Brasil é caríssimo pelo imposto – paga-se R$100 em um vinho de R$40 lá fora, por ex.).

Quanto a suplementos alimentares, vitaminas, produtos de saúde, que muitos compram de sites como iHerb: até pouco tempo havia isenção se declarado como pessoa física até $50. Com as novas regras, todos esses itens pagam 20% ou 60% dependendo do valor. Não há IPI para alimentos/suplementos em geral, mas incide ICMS. Assim, um suplemento de $30 pagaria 20%+ICMS ~44%, e outro de $100 pagaria ~80%. É comum pessoas físicas importarem suplementos e enfrentarem essa tributação. Medicamentos para pessoa física têm exceção: medicamentos importados por PF até US$10.000 são isentos de impostos (lei específica) (Receita Federal implementa novas regras para as importações por e-commerce — Receita Federal ), desde que para uso próprio com receita – uma importante observação, ainda que fora do consumo geral.

2.5 Veículos Automotores (Carros e Motos)

Importar um automóvel como pessoa física é possível (desde que seja zero km ou com mais de 30 anos, pois carros usados recentes são proibidos por lei para fins de consumo) (Veja como é o processo de importação de carros novos e usados no Brasil) (Veja como é o processo de importação de carros novos e usados no Brasil). A carga tributária sobre veículos importados é notoriamente alta, visando proteger a indústria nacional. No caso de carros de passeio (NCM 8703), a alíquota do Imposto de Importação é de 35%, o teto tarifário permitido, aplicado pela CAMEX para veículos de fora do Mercosul (Veja como é o processo de importação de carros novos e usados no Brasil). Além disso, há o IPI, que varia conforme a cilindrada do motor: por exemplo, carros até 1.0L tinham ~7% de IPI; de 1.0 a 2.0 flex ~11%; >2.0 ou diesel ~18%; veículos grandes de luxo podem ter 20%-25% (esses percentuais tiveram redução em 2022, antes era maior). No exemplo de um Ford Mustang V8 4.7L (motor grande), o IPI indicado é 18,81% (Veja como é o processo de importação de carros novos e usados no Brasil). Adiciona-se PIS 2,62% e COFINS 12,57% (Veja como é o processo de importação de carros novos e usados no Brasil) (ligeiramente maiores que o padrão, possivelmente por cálculo “por dentro” deles também). O ICMS, dependendo do estado, costuma ser a alíquota interna de veículos (em SP é 12% para venda interestadual de carros novos, mas na importação direta PF geralmente aplicam 17% ou 18%). No RS, por exemplo, seria 17% (Veja como é o processo de importação de carros novos e usados no Brasil). Quando somamos tudo, os tributos praticamente duplicam o preço de um carro importado.

A título ilustrativo, para um carro avaliado em R$100.000 no exterior: II 35% = +R$35 mil; suponha IPI 18% = +R$24,3 mil (18% sobre base já com II, por isso um pouco mais que 18k); PIS/COFINS ~11,75% = +R$ ~8-10 mil; ICMS ~17% “por dentro” = +uns R$20 mil. O custo final poderia ficar em ~R$190 a R$200 mil. Esse cálculo é consistente com relatos de que importar um carro pode dobrar seu valor. De fato, se o ICMS for 18-20%, não é raro a carga tributária total atingir cerca de 100% do valor do veículo (Alta de ICMS eleva taxação total sobre importados para até 100%).

• Exemplo real: Uma empresa de despacho simulou a importação de um Mustang 1967 (colecionável): Valor hipotético + frete = digamos R$200 mil. II 35% = R$70 mil; IPI 18,81% ≈ R$50 mil; PIS/COFINS ≈ R$~15 mil; ICMS 17% ≈ R$~50 mil. Total impostos ~R$185 mil. O carro sairia por ~R$385 mil (Veja como é o processo de importação de carros novos e usados no Brasil) (Veja como é o processo de importação de carros novos e usados no Brasil). Mesmo carros populares sofrem essa regra: se fosse um veículo 1.6 moderno de R$80 mil FOB, ainda assim pagaria perto de R$80 mil em impostos.

Para motocicletas, similares regras (II 20% ou 35% dependendo da cilindrada; IPI varia com cilindrada também). Automóveis elétricos e híbridos recentemente tiveram incentivos removidos: o governo zerou o II por alguns anos, mas em 2023 reintroduziu: elétricos subindo de 0% para 10% e depois 18%, híbridos indo a 35% gradualmente (Imposto sobre carros elétricos e híbridos aumenta em julho). Assim, até veículos “verdes” importados agora enfrentam tarifação pesada.

Em resumo, automóveis importados são gravados no nível máximo permitido, tornando-os artigos de luxo no mercado brasileiro. Pessoas físicas que importam carros novos geralmente o fazem por hobby ou para obter modelos não vendidos aqui, cientes do custo elevado. Já a maioria dos consumidores adquire veículos importados através das montadoras oficiais ou importadores autorizados, que fazem a importação formal e repassam os tributos no preço (um carro importado oficialmente também paga tudo isso, mas às vezes montadoras conseguem benefícios via acordos de livre comércio limitados, como cotas do Mercosul, México ou regimes como BK – “bem capital” – para veículos especiais).

Abaixo, apresentamos uma tabela resumindo exemplos de produtos importados por pessoa física e seus custos aproximados com impostos, para consolidar os cenários discutidos:

| Produto (Categoria) | Valor no Exterior | Impostos Aproximados | Custo Final no Brasil | |------------------------------------|-----------------------|---------------------------------------------|----------------------------------| | Smartphone (Eletrônicos) | R$ 1.500 | ~R$ 1.280 em impostos (II + ICMS ≈ 85%) | ~R$ 2.780 total | | Tênis (Vestuário) | R$ 300 | ~R$ 250 em impostos (tributação ≈ 83%) | ~R$ 550 total | | Perfume 50ml (Cosméticos) | R$ 500 | ~R$ 370 em impostos (tributação ≈ 74%) | ~R$ 870 total | | Vinho Importado – 750ml (Bebida) | R$ 100 | ~R$ 64 em impostos (tributação ≈ 64%) | ~R$ 164 total | | Automóvel 2.0L (Carro) | R$ 100.000 | ~R$ 100.000 em impostos (tributação ≈ 100%) | ~R$ 200.000** total |

Observações: Os valores acima são estimativas simplificadas, assumindo importação via remessa (exceto o carro, importação formal) para um estado com ICMS 17%. No caso do vinho, consideramos um vinho de R$100 (aprox. US$18) – note que há um custo fixo alto de frete que não contabilizamos; por isso, importar só uma garrafa é inviável na prática. Já no caso do carro, é considerada a importação formal com todos os tributos destacados (Veja como é o processo de importação de carros novos e usados no Brasil). Esses percentuais podem variar conforme o estado (ICMS 20% eleva um pouco), câmbio e eventuais isenções específicas. Contudo, servem para ilustrar a elevada carga tributária que incide sobre produtos importados.

3. Exemplos de Custos de Importação (Simulações)

Nesta seção, detalhamos alguns cenários práticos de importação por pessoa física, calculando passo a passo os impostos e o custo final. Os exemplos cobrem diferentes faixas de valor e categorias, inclusive mostrando a aplicação das regras recentes de 20% (até US$50) e 60% (>US$50) de Imposto de Importação, bem como a influência do ICMS.

• Exemplo 1: Importação de um fone de ouvido Bluetooth – valor baixo (US$10). Suponha que Ana compre um fone de ouvido em um site internacional por R$58,29 (já convertido, incluindo frete) (Como funciona a taxação de produtos importados? - Promobit). Como o valor é inferior a US$50 e (no caso) a compra foi em plataforma cadastrada, aplica-se II de 20%. 20% de R$58,29 = R$11,66 de II. Em seguida, calcula-se o ICMS 17% sobre o valor acrescido do II (cálculo por dentro). Podemos simplificar aproximando: 17% de ~R$70 = R$11,90. Assim, o custo final seria em torno de R$81,84 (Como funciona a taxação de produtos importados? - Promobit). Neste exemplo, os impostos somados (R$23,5) representam ~40% do valor do produto – carga relativamente menor graças ao benefício da alíquota reduzida de 20%. A título de comparação, antes da mudança de 2024, abaixo de $50 muitas encomendas ficavam isentas; agora paga-se ~44% (20%+ICMS), como visto.

• Exemplo 2: Importação de várias roupas – valor moderado (US$100). Ana decidiu comprar algumas roupas em um site internacional, totalizando R$510,00 (produto + frete) (Quanto vou pagar de impostos ? — Receita Federal ) – cerca de US$92. Como supera US$50, incide II de 60%. Primeiro, calcula-se II: 60% de R$510 = R$306,00. Porém, como o site é certificado no Remessa Conforme, aplica-se a dedução fixa de US$20 (que supõe cotação de R$5,50, ou seja, R$110,00 de desconto) (Quanto vou pagar de impostos ? — Receita Federal ). Assim, II devido = R$306 - R$110 = R$196,00 (Quanto vou pagar de impostos ? — Receita Federal ). Agora, soma-se produto+frete+seguro (R$510) + II (R$196) = R$706 e calcula-se o ICMS. Usando 17% por dentro: base = 706/0,83 = ~R$850; ICMS = 0,17 * 850 ≈ R$144,50. (Equivalente a ~20% sobre 706, lembrando do efeito “por dentro”). Logo, o custo final ficaria cerca de R$850,50. Isso significa que de R$510 iniciais, paga-se ~R$340 de impostos no total (uns 66%). Caso o site não fosse certificado, não haveria desconto de US$20: o II seria R$306, e a base para ICMS seria maior (R$816 por dentro, ICMS ~R$167). O custo final então subiria para ~R$989*. Ou seja, comprar em plataformas dentro do programa faz diferença considerável neste patamar de preço.

• Exemplo 3: Importação de um smartphone – valor alto (US$300). Suponha João comprou um smartphone por US$300 (aproximadamente R$1.500). Como ultrapassa bastante os $50, incide II 60%. II = 60% de 1500 = R$900. Considerando o Remessa Conforme, deduz-se R$110 (US$20) => II efetivo R$790. Soma base R$1.500 + II R$790 = R$2.290. Sobre isso, ICMS 17%: base por dentro = 2290/0,83 ~ R$2.759; ICMS = R$469. Assim, custo final ~R$2.759. (Se fizermos de modo simplificado: 1500 + 60% = 2400; +17% = 24001,17 = 2808; -110 = ~R$2.698; pequenas diferenças pelo cálculo exato por dentro). Então, aproximadamente R$2.7 a R$2.8 mil no final – praticamente 85% de acréscimo sobre o valor original. De fato, a Gazeta do Povo noticiou que com o ICMS mais alto a tributação total em importados pode chegar a 100% do valor* (Alta de ICMS eleva taxação total sobre importados para até 100%), e aqui vemos ~85% com ICMS 17%. Caso João tivesse usado um site não participante (60% cheio), o custo final poderia ultrapassar R$3.000. Esses números justificam por que celulares top de linha custam quase o dobro do preço internacional quando importados legalmente.

• Exemplo 4: Importação de um automóvel de luxo – valor muito alto (US$50 mil). Como caso extremo, imagine importarmos um carro avaliado em US$50.000 (cerca de R$250.000). Pessoas físicas só podem importar carro novo zero km (ou antigos de coleção) cumprindo procedimentos formais – é necessário registro de DI, despachante etc., pois excede muito o limite do RTS. Os impostos seriam: II 35% = R$87.500; IPI supondo 18% = R$60.750 (18% sobre 337.500, valor + II); PIS/COFINS ~11,75% sobre base+II = ~R$29.700; ICMS 18% (SP) por dentro: base = (250+87,5+60,75+29,7)/(1-0,18) => ~R$518 mil, ICMS = ~R$93.240. Somando tudo, os impostos alcançam ~R$271.000 e o custo final chega a ~R$521.000 (mais que o dobro do valor original). Mesmo que a cotação ou alíquotas variem, é evidente que se paga pelo menos o equivalente ao valor do carro só em tributos. No exemplo do Mustang mencionado anteriormente, para R$510 mil de valor+frete, pagariam-se ~R$185 mil de impostos (Veja como é o processo de importação de carros novos e usados no Brasil) (Veja como é o processo de importação de carros novos e usados no Brasil). Em resumo, importar um carro é altamente oneroso – e por isso restrito a colecionadores dispostos a pagar o preço ou modelos muito exclusivos sem equivalente nacional.

Essas simulações deixam claro que a tributação encarece fortemente os produtos importados por indivíduos, variando de ~45% adicional em itens baratos a praticamente 100% em itens caros ou categorias protegidas. No próximo tópico, discutiremos as diferentes formas de importação e suas implicações (mencionadas nos exemplos acima), e na última seção veremos estratégias (legais ou não) usadas para tentar minimizar essa carga tributária.

4. Diferentes Formas de Importação por Pessoas Físicas

Conforme já mencionado, a maneira como a importação é realizada influencia nos impostos aplicáveis e na burocracia envolvida. Vamos detalhar três formas comuns envolvendo pessoas físicas: a compra direta internacional (remessa postal), a compra via empresa importadora (produto revendido no Brasil) e os casos de produtos montados no Brasil com peças importadas. Cada forma tem características distintas em termos de cobrança tributária e obrigações.

4.1 Compras Internacionais Diretas pela Internet (Remessas Postais e Expressas)

Esta é a forma mais utilizada atualmente por pessoas físicas para adquirir produtos do exterior: comprando em lojas online estrangeiras (marketplaces chineses, sites americanos/europeus, etc.) e recebendo via correio ou transportadora. Como vimos, essas operações se enquadram no Regime de Tributação Simplificada (RTS) para remessas internacionais até US$3.000.

As características principais desse modelo são:

• Declaração Simplificada e Tributo Unificado: Não é necessário contratar despachante para pequenas encomendas; a própria empresa de courier ou os Correios apresentam a remessa à Receita. O imposto federal é cobrado de forma unificada como Imposto de Importação, nas alíquotas fixas (20% ou 60%). Esse imposto recolhido já substitui II, IPI, PIS e COFINS (que foram zerados ou englobados). Depois, cada estado aplica o ICMS cabível. Assim, o destinatário paga dois boletos: um de imposto federal e outro de ICMS (no caso dos Correios, era comum pagar tudo junto via portal Minhas Importações; no caso de plataformas integradas, o pagamento é antecipado no checkout).

• Cota de Isenção e Novas Regras: Historicamente, pessoas físicas tinham isenção no II para presentes até US$50 enviados por outra pessoa física. Contudo, essa regra vinha sendo burlada (empresas marcando falsamente como pessoa física) e era ambígua. Em 2023, o governo federal anunciou o fim dessa isenção e, após debates, implementou a tributação de 20% para qualquer compra até US$50 (Compras de até US$ 50 pela internet começam a pagar 20% de tarifa | Agência Brasil). A medida entrou em vigor em 1º de agosto de 2024 (Compras de até US$ 50 pela internet começam a pagar 20% de tarifa | Agência Brasil) (Compras de até US$ 50 pela internet começam a pagar 20% de tarifa | Agência Brasil). Portanto, atualmente toda importação via correio é tributada, não importando o valor – a diferença é apenas a alíquota. Medicamentos continuam isentos (desde que para uso próprio, até $10k) (Receita Federal implementa novas regras para as importações por e-commerce — Receita Federal ). Documentos, livros e jornais impressos também são isentos por lei. Fora essas exceções, até uma caneta de $5 teoricamente deve recolher 20% + ICMS (na prática, pode não ser cobrado se o custo de cobrar não valer a pena, mas oficialmente não há mais faixa livre). Essa mudança, conhecida popularmente como “taxação das blusinhas”, visa coibir a concorrência desleal de varejistas estrangeiros de pequeno valor com o comércio brasileiro (Compras de até US$ 50 pela internet começam a pagar 20% de tarifa | Agência Brasil).

• Programa Remessa Conforme (PRC): Paralelamente, a Receita Federal criou um programa voluntário para plataformas de e-commerce internacionais se regularizarem. Empresas como AliExpress, Shopee, Shein aderiram. Quando o vendedor é “certificado” no PRC, aplica-se a alíquota reduzida (20% até $50, 60% com desconto acima disso) e a plataforma se compromete a recolher antecipadamente os impostos e informar os dados da encomenda. Isso agiliza o despacho e garante conformidade. Se a compra for de um site fora do PRC, então a Receita cobra 60% independentemente do valor (sem desconto) (Quanto vou pagar de impostos ? — Receita Federal ). Ou seja, quem não participar perde o benefício dos 20% para baixos valores e do desconto de $20. Essa diferenciação incentiva as empresas a entrarem no programa. Em resumo: compra em site participante tende a ter imposto menor e entrega mais rápida, pois já vem tudo declarado e pago; compra em site não participante arrisca pegar 60% sobre tudo e possível atraso para pagamento manual.

• Pagamento dos Impostos: Se o imposto não foi recolhido antecipadamente, o destinatário recebe uma notificação (antigamente via carta ou código de rastreio parado) e deve acessar o sistema dos Correios para pagar os tributos devidos (geralmente via boleto/cartão no sistema Minhas Importações do IdCorreios). Somente após o pagamento a encomenda é liberada para entrega. No caso de DHL, FedEx e outras couriers, normalmente elas fazem o desembaraço e pagam os impostos adiantado, entregando ao cliente mediante reembolso (ou faturam depois). Algumas cobram taxa administrativa pelo serviço. Com o PRC, o imposto pode ser cobrado já no ato da compra – várias plataformas implementaram isso (por exemplo, o AliExpress passou a mostrar “taxas e encargos” no checkout quando aplicável). Isso traz transparência ao consumidor final (Como funciona a taxação de produtos importados? - Promobit) e agiliza a alfândega, pois chega pré-declarado.

• Limites e Restrições: A legislação aduaneira estabelece limite de US$3.000 por remessa para usar o RTS simplificado (Receita Federal implementa novas regras para as importações por e-commerce — Receita Federal ). Acima disso, a importação deve ser formal, via Declaração de Importação comum – o que, na prática, inviabiliza PF (exigiria habilitação no Siscomex, despachante). Então, pessoas físicas estão limitadas a importar remessas até 3 mil dólares cada. Não há um limite anual definido em lei para PF, mas volumes ou frequências muito altas podem levantar suspeita de fim comercial (o que exigiria CNPJ). Além disso, produtos controlados (por exemplo, certos eletrônicos com radiofrequência sem homologação Anatel, medicamentos sem registro Anvisa, alimentos de origem animal sem certificado, armas, etc.) podem ser barrados ou exigir licença, mesmo para PF.

Em suma, compras diretas pela internet oferecem conveniência e acesso a preços internacionais, porém é preciso contar com a incidência dos impostos ao chegar. O comprador individual deve se preparar para pagar cerca de 60-100% a mais do que o preço convertendo câmbio, por conta dos tributos. Apesar do custo, ainda pode valer a pena para itens indisponíveis no Brasil ou mesmo com impostos saindo mais barato que aqui (ocorre com eletrônicos e roupas em promoção lá fora, mesmo pagando imposto). É importante usar plataformas confiáveis e declarar corretamente os valores, para evitar problemas de fiscalização (subfaturar o valor na declaração aduaneira é ilegal e arriscado, como veremos na seção 5). Com as novas regras, essa modalidade ficou mais regulada e transparente – por exemplo, o consumidor já sabe no momento da compra quanto pagará de imposto e de ICMS, evitando surpresas na retirada (Como funciona a taxação de produtos importados? - Promobit).

4.2 Importação via Empresas (Produtos Revendidos no Brasil)

Essa forma difere pois, estritamente falando, a pessoa física não importa diretamente, e sim compra de uma pessoa jurídica nacional que realizou a importação. São os casos de comprar produtos importados em lojas no Brasil – desde uma loja de eletrônicos no shopping até um vendedor no Mercado Livre que trouxe produtos de fora para revender.

Do ponto de vista tributário, aqui valem as regras normais de comércio exterior para empresas:

• A empresa importadora (com CNPJ) precisa estar habilitada no RADAR/Siscomex para operar importação. Ela fará a Declaração de Importação do bem, classificando-o corretamente, pagando os impostos correspondentes: II conforme a TEC, IPI conforme TIPI, PIS-Importação 1,65% / COFINS-Importação 7,6% (essas são as alíquotas padrão para empresas na não-cumulatividade, total 9,25%, pois para PJ são um pouco menores que para PF) e o ICMS estadual. Esses tributos incidem sobre a compra internacional da empresa.

• A empresa, ao vender o produto no mercado interno, emitirá nota fiscal e cobrará ICMS na venda normalmente (e PIS/Cofins sobre seu faturamento). Contudo, há mecanismos de crédito: o ICMS pago na importação gera crédito para abater do ICMS na venda; o IPI pago na importação também pode ser creditado (caso ela seja indústria ou equiparada). O PIS/COFINS de importação pode ser creditado para abater do PIS/COFINS sobre vendas (no regime não cumulativo). Na prática, isso evita bitributação: por exemplo, se uma empresa importa um eletrônico de $100 pagando $60 de II e $18 de ICMS, quando for revender, ela tem crédito de $18 e vai recolher a diferença se vender com margem. O efeito final é que os impostos de importação acabam integrando o custo base do produto, e o consumidor final paga ICMS sobre o valor total na compra, mas não acumula com o ICMS da importação (pois esse foi creditado). Ainda assim, o preço final ao consumidor reflete todos os impostos pagos, mais os custos e margem do importador.

• Para ilustrar: uma loja importa um gadget por $100 (R$500). Suponha II 20% (R$100), IPI 15% (R$75), PIS/COFINS 9,25% (R$46,25), ICMS 18% (R$ approximate 125, mas com base “por dentro” pode ser um pouco mais). Custo tributário ~R$346 sobre R$500 – total R$846. A loja então revende, digamos com 20% de margem sobre o custo sem imposto: custo c/imposto 846, margem (lucro + custos internos) talvez leve o preço a ~R$1.000. Na nota de venda ao consumidor, vai embutido ICMS sobre R$1.000 (digamos 18%, R$180) – mas a empresa abate do que já pagou na importação. Para o cliente, o preço é R$1.000, do qual R$180 é ICMS e o resto inclui os tributos de importação diluídos. Em termos percentuais, o consumidor pagou ~100% a mais do que o valor FOB (500 -> 1000). Isso é similar ao que ele pagaria se importasse diretamente com 60%+ICMS. Ou seja, a carga tributária acaba aparecendo de um jeito ou de outro. A diferença pode ser alguns pontos percentuais devido a créditos, mas também há lucro do importador.

• Vantagens e desvantagens: Para o consumidor, comprar de uma empresa brasileira traz vantagens como: produto já disponível imediatamente (ou com entrega local rápida), nenhuma burocracia de desembaraço ou risco de retenção na alfândega, pagamento parcelado em reais, garantia local, assistência técnica, etc. Em contrapartida, o custo tende a ser maior que importar por conta própria (a não ser em casos de economias de escala ou acordos comerciais). Empresas também podem trazer volumes maiores, reduzindo custo unitário de frete, e conseguem negociações de preço de fábrica melhores – isso às vezes compensa parcialmente os impostos. Por exemplo, consoles de videogame oficialmente importados tiveram preços um pouco menores do que se a pessoa importasse unidade a unidade, pois a Sony/Microsoft negociam isenção de II (via ex-tarifário) e importam em massa. Já produtos de baixo valor, quando importados legalmente por lojas, podem ficar até mais caros que comprar direto da China sem intermediário (pois o importador tem custos fixos, lucro e impostos plenos, enquanto o consumidor final às vezes escapava de imposto ou tinha menor).

• Exemplos comuns: lojas de roupas que trazem peças de marcas de fora, vendedores de suplementos alimentares importados, concessionárias de carros importados (estas muitas vezes são as próprias montadoras ou representantes, que trazem os veículos pagando todos impostos – por isso carros importados custam tão caro nas concessionárias). No caso de automóveis, vale citar que além dos impostos, as importadoras oficiais tinham até 2015 um adicional do programa Inovar-Auto (30 pontos percentuais extras de IPI) se excedessem cotas – isso encarecia ainda mais. Esse programa terminou, mas a carga segue alta. Para eletrônicos, um exemplo: a Apple vende no Brasil iPhones importados (alguns modelos sem montagem local) – o preço inclui II 0% (celulares estavam isentos de II pelo acordo ITA), mas IPI ~15%, ICMS ~12-18%, PIS/Cofins 9,25%. Resultado: ~40-50% de impostos e o resto é margem + custo Brasil, levando iPhones a custarem quase o dobro do preço dos EUA.

Em síntese, comprar de uma empresa local significa que a pessoa física não lida com a alfândega, mas paga no preço final todos os tributos. Empresas bem estruturadas podem otimizar a operação (classificar corretamente para pegar menores alíquotas, usar eventuais benefícios fiscais, aproveitar créditos). Uma prática comum de lojas é usar regimes como Importação por Conta e Ordem ou Encomenda: uma trading realiza a importação em nome de um terceiro encomendante. Isso não muda tributos, mas facilita a logística. Para o consumidor final comum, o importante é saber que quando ele compra algo “importado” no Brasil (ex.: videogame, perfume, roupa de marca), embutido naquele preço há uma longa cadeia de impostos de importação e internos. Por isso, muitos buscam “importar sozinho para economizar a margem do lojista”. Entretanto, com o fim da isenção < $50 e fiscalização maior, a vantagem pode ter diminuído – as lojas agora pelo menos competem em igualdade tributária em teoria (Receita Federal implementa novas regras para as importações por e-commerce — Receita Federal ).

4.3 Produtos Montados no Brasil com Peças/Insumos Importados

Uma parcela significativa dos produtos “nacionais” vendidos no Brasil contém componentes importados. Essa forma de produção é incentivada pelo governo por meio de redução de impostos comparativamente à importação do produto acabado. O mecanismo básico: a empresa importa insumos com tarifas menores (às vezes até isenção via ex-tarifário se a peça não tiver similar nacional), realiza alguma fabricação ou montagem local, gerando valor agregado aqui. Com isso, o produto final, embora contenha conteúdo importado, é considerado fabricado no Brasil – paga impostos como produto nacional, e não os de importação (o II incidiu só nos componentes).

Alguns exemplos e efeitos tributários:

• Setor Automotivo: Montadoras importam milhares de peças (motores, eletrônicos, etc.), mas montam o carro no país. As autopeças normalmente têm II inferior a veículos montados – por exemplo, pneus 16%, componentes diversos 14%, etc., contra 35% se trouxesse o carro inteiro. Além disso, o governo historicamente deu incentivos de IPI para montadoras que atingissem certos índices de nacionalização ou investimentos locais (Inovar-Auto 2013-2017, Rota 2030 2018-2023). Então, um carro “nacional” paga IPI conforme cilindrada (entre 7% e 25%), ICMS sobre o preço (12% interestadual, 18% interno), PIS/Cofins ~9.25% – carga alta, mas sem os 35% de II. Já um carro importado paga aquele II pesado e não desfruta de incentivos. Resultado: Carros produzidos aqui conseguem ser vendidos mais baratos (ou com mais margem) que se fossem importados. Ainda assim, ambos são caros por tributos internos, mas o importado é pior. As montadoras também usam o regime de CKD (Completely Knocked Down) – importam kits completamente desmontados – para certos modelos, apenas montando e pintando aqui, justamente para enquadrar como local. Essa prática é aceita dentro de limites (exige cumprir o PPB mínimo).

• Eletrônicos e Informática: O Brasil estabeleceu a Lei de Informática (Lei 8.248/91) que reduz o IPI de produtos de tecnologia feitos no país, em troca de investimentos em P&D. Isso fomentou fábricas de celulares, TVs, computadores em Manaus e outros polos. Por exemplo, smartphones montados no Brasil chegaram a ter isenção de PIS/COFINS (Programa “Telefones celulares do Bem”) e IPI reduzido, tornando-os bem mais baratos que importados. Um smartphone importado paga ~15% IPI, enquanto um montado no Brasil às vezes pagava 0-5%. Os componentes importados (telas, chips) entram com II baixo (muitos semicondutores têm II zero por não ter similar aqui). Com isso, marcas como Samsung, Motorola produzem localmente e conseguem vender com preços competitivos (ainda altos vs. mundo, mas menores do que se trouxessem prontos). Um notebook montado no Brasil tem carga tributária final em torno de 33-40% (Relação de produtos - Impostômetro), enquanto importado seria 60%+. Vide também consoles de videogame: a Sony passou a montar o PlayStation no Brasil para se beneficiar de imposto menor – o preço do PS5 nacional caiu em relação ao importado.

• Outros setores: Móveis, brinquedos, diversos segmentos seguem estratégia similar – importar partes, finalizar aqui. Até alimentos: por exemplo, concentrado de vinho importado engarrafado no Brasil pode ter algum benefício. O Polo Industrial de Manaus é um caso peculiar: lá empresas montam produtos com isenção ou redução de impostos federais (II, IPI, PIS/Cofins) e depois, ao vender para o resto do país, recolhem apenas parcialmente os tributos (há crédito fictício etc.). Isso explica porque há fábricas de eletrônicos em Manaus – é mais barato importar componentes via Zona Franca (II zero) e montar lá, do que importar o produto pronto pagando II e IPI cheios.

Implicação para o consumidor: Quando ele compra um produto “Fabricado no Brasil”, tende a pagar menos imposto do que compraria o similar importado. Porém, ele pode não perceber – simplesmente acha aquele produto mais barato. Por exemplo, um smartphone nacional de R$2000 vs importado R$3000 – a diferença em boa parte são impostos poupados. As empresas às vezes repassam parte dessa economia de imposto no preço para ganhar mercado. Entretanto, quando não há concorrência externa forte (devido a tarifas), pode acontecer de o preço ao consumidor ser alto de qualquer forma e a empresa capturar a margem. Em todo caso, do ponto de vista da carga tributária total: produtos com peças importadas e montagem local reduzem a carga tributária de importação, mas ainda sofrem os tributos internos. É uma “meia importação” – paga-se menos II, mas paga IPI/ICMS de produto nacional.

Exemplo ilustrativo: Um tênis: se importado pronto, II 35%. Muitas empresas optam por “maquilar” – enviam peças ou partes para países vizinhos (Paraguai) montarem e depois internalizam com tarifa Mercosul 0%. Ou trazem componentes e montam no Brasil. Assim, evitam o II de 35%. Ainda pagarão IPI (se aplicável) e ICMS, mas a economia é grande. Essa prática de “triangular” produção é comum e dentro da lei quando feita adequadamente. Assim, roupas e calçados de marca muitas vezes são fabricados em parte no Mercosul para entrar com tarifa zero, diminuindo o custo tributário.

Em resumo, montar no Brasil é uma das estratégias legais mais eficazes para driblar a enorme carga de importação, ao mesmo tempo gerando empregos localmente. O governo incentiva isso justamente para transferir parte da atividade econômica para cá, mesmo que ainda dependente de insumos importados. Para o consumidor que busca preços menores, preferir produtos montados nacionalmente (quando disponíveis) costuma significar pagar menos impostos embutidos – por exemplo, o smartphone nacional com 36% de tributos vs importado com 62% já citado (Relação de produtos - Impostômetro). Todavia, nem sempre há opção nacional para certos produtos exclusivos do exterior, e é aí que entram as escolhas entre importar diretamente ou pagar caro de importador.

5. Estratégias e Artifícios para Reduzir a Tributação de Importados

Diante da elevada carga tributária sobre importados, é natural que importadores – inclusive pessoas físicas abastadas – busquem maneiras de pagar menos impostos. Algumas estratégias são legítimas (planejamento tributário dentro da lei), enquanto outras são ilegais ou configuram sonegação/contrabando. Nesta seção final, discutiremos criticamente algumas práticas utilizadas, como o uso de pessoas jurídicas por indivíduos, o subfaturamento de valores e a já mencionada montagem local parcial para escapar de tributos.

a) Uso de “importação via CNPJ” para usufruto pessoal: Pessoas físicas com alto poder aquisitivo muitas vezes criam ou utilizam empresas (CNPJ) para realizar importações que, na verdade, são para uso próprio e não para revenda. Qual a vantagem disso? Como vimos na seção 4.2, uma empresa pode importar sem as limitações de valor de PF e, principalmente, pode se creditar de impostos. Por exemplo, imagine alguém querendo importar um equipamento caro de uso pessoal (digamos, um ultrassom médico, ou um servidor de informática). Se importar como PF, pagaria todos os impostos sem chance de recuperá-los. Se esse alguém tiver uma empresa (mesmo que seja só de fachada) no regime de lucro real, a empresa importaria o equipamento: pagaria II, IPI, PIS/COFINS, ICMS. Porém, poderia lançar créditos de PIS/COFINS desses 11.75% (caso o bem entre como ativo ou estoque) abatendo de impostos futuros, e eventualmente compensar o IPI (se fosse indústria) e usar o bem como despesa depreciável para reduzir o IRPJ. Mesmo o ICMS, se a empresa tiver vendas, ela credita. Em suma, a carga líquida para a empresa pode ser menor que para uma pessoa física, especialmente no longo prazo (via créditos tributários). Além disso, empresas podem conseguir regimes especiais – por exemplo, importar via Admissão Temporária (se alegar que é para demonstração e reexportar depois, evitando tributos imediatamente) ou trazer em entreposto aduaneiro e nacionalizar aos poucos. Esses artifícios não estão abertos à PF.

Outra situação: uma pessoa física pode comprar um produto importado através da empresa de um conhecido ou familiar, muitas vezes pagando os impostos pelo CNPJ deste que opera em importação, pois assim consegue usar a estrutura dele e talvez valores menores de frete (consolidando mercadorias). Em alguns casos, pessoas com pequenas empresas de comércio exterior “emprestam” seu CNPJ para amigos importarem itens pessoais sob sua fatura. Isso não é exatamente ilegal se os impostos são pagos, mas configura desvio de finalidade (a importação deveria ser para a empresa revender ou usar, não para repassar a um indivíduo sem nota). Se flagrado, pode caracterizar interposição fraudulenta.

Um exemplo prático: importar um carro via CNPJ – pessoas ricas às vezes importam carros colocando no nome de suas empresas (que podem ser locadoras, por exemplo). Por quê? Antigamente, locadoras tinham isenção de IPI na compra de veículos, mas para importados não se aplicava. Ainda assim, colocar no CNPJ pode permitir contabilizar como ativo da empresa e, se a empresa for do Simples ou isenta de certos impostos, pode acabar não pagando algo. Há também quem tente registrar o carro como veículo de coleção via CNPJ de museu, etc., para obter alguma isenção. De modo geral, usar PJ para trazer bens de consumo pessoais é uma área cinzenta: legalmente, se todos os tributos foram recolhidos, não há crime – mas pode ser questionado se caracterizar falta de propósito negocial. Por exemplo, a legislação veda que se importe em nome de terceiros sem habilitação (seria configurado despachante não autorizado). No mínimo, usar PJ dribla o limite de US$3.000 e a necessidade do RTS – a empresa pode fazer DI sem limite de valor, então dá para trazer, digamos, $100 mil em equipamentos de som que um entusiasta queira, o que PF não conseguiria.

b) Subfaturamento do valor de importação: Esta é uma prática ilegal bastante comum historicamente: declarar na alfândega um valor menor do que o real pago, para pagar menos imposto (já que os tributos incidem sobre o valor aduaneiro). Subfaturamento ocorre quando o importador emite ou apresenta uma fatura comercial com valor inferior ao realmente pago, normalmente mediante fraude ou conluio com o fornecedor estrangeiro (A ocorrência de subfaturamento mediante fraude nas operações de importação e as consequências jurídicas - Assis Advocacia). Por exemplo, compra-se um relógio de luxo por $1000, mas a fatura declarada é de $100; a Receita então cobraria impostos só sobre $100. Isso pode reduzir drasticamente a tributação – no exemplo, de ~R$5000 em impostos cairia para ~R$500. No comércio formal, isso configura crime (sonegação, declaração falsa) e se descoberto leva a multas pesadas e apreensão das mercadorias. A Receita Federal possui métodos de combate ao subfaturamento: bancos de dados de preços de referência, comparação com importações similares, informações de aduanas estrangeiras, etc., podendo arbitrar um valor caso suspeite de fraude (A ocorrência de subfaturamento mediante fraude nas operações de importação e as consequências jurídicas - Assis Advocacia). Grandes empresas raramente arriscam subfaturar porque as consequências (perdimento da carga, multa de 100% do valor) são graves (Subfaturamento e subvaloração em matéria aduaneira e o Carf). Já contrabandistas e pessoas físicas às vezes tentam. Na importação via remessa postal, era comum o remetente declarar “Gift $20” para tentar isenção – isso é um tipo de subfaturamento (ou falsa declaração de gift). Com o fim da isenção, agora muitos poderão tentar declarar valor menor para cair na faixa de 20% de imposto, ou apenas para pagar menos. Porém, as transportadoras e Receita estão atentas: se um produto claramente vale mais do que o declarado, ele pode ser retido e o imposto reestimado. Exemplo: um smartphone novo declarado como $50 (quando o modelo vale $500) provavelmente terá o valor contestado pela fiscalização, que pode arbitrar o valor real com base em fontes de mercado (A ocorrência de subfaturamento mediante fraude nas operações de importação e as consequências jurídicas - Assis Advocacia).

Em contextos de grande porte, subfaturamento envolve esquemas complexos, como triangulação: a empresa paga $1000 ao fornecedor, mas este emite fatura de $100 e outra empresa offshore recebe $900 “por fora”. Isso é evasão clássica. Pessoas físicas podem combinar com vendedores menores de e-commerce para subdeclarar – mas isso hoje afeta até a plataforma, pois se descoberto podem perder o certificado PRC e sofrer sanções. Portanto, subfaturar é arriscado e ilegal, embora seja um meio tentado para reduzir os ~60% de imposto. A legislação brasileira pune com multa de 100% do valor subfaturado e até pena criminal em casos graves (Subfaturamento e subvaloração em matéria aduaneira e o Carf). Recentemente, o STJ decidiu que só subfaturamento por si não basta para pena de perdimento do bem, mas aplicam a multa (Artigos e Notícias sobre Subfaturamento na Importação - Jusbrasil). De toda forma, a Receita tem aperfeiçoado o monitoramento para coibir.

c) “Laranja” ou divisão de encomendas para ficar isento: Antes das novas regras, um truque disseminado era dividir uma compra em vários pacotes abaixo de $50, enviados a diferentes destinatários (amigos ou familiares), tentando aproveitar a isenção para pessoa física. Ex: alguém comprava 10 camisetas de $10 cada e pedia para enviar 2 por vez em 5 encomendas para nomes diferentes. Ou usar endereços de conhecidos. Isso tecnicamente é fraude contra a isenção e, com a tributação universal agora, perdeu sentido (já não tem isenção a aproveitar). Ainda existe a possibilidade de dividir para cair na alíquota de 20% em vez de 60%, mas a economia não é enorme e o frete múltiplo aumenta custo.

No caso de bens trazidos na bagagem acompanhada (viagem), há quem use outras pessoas (laranjas) para trazer itens dentro da cota. Ex: alguém traz um laptop de $1500, então declara um dentro da sua cota de $500 e repassa os outros para parentes declararem ou dizerem ser deles. Isso burla o limite, mas é difícil de fiscalizar se as pessoas combinarem as histórias. Porém, se for algo volumoso (vários eletrônicos iguais), a alfândega pode apreender por suspeita de fim comercial.

d) Importação via fronteiras terrestres (descaminho): Indivíduos de altíssimo poder aquisitivo às vezes recorrem ao contrabando ou descaminho puro e simples para itens de luxo. Por exemplo, importar um carro de luxo via Paraguai e não pagar impostos (há casos emblemáticos de apreensão de carros importados ilegalmente). Ou mandar vir contêineres rotulados como outra mercadoria. Essas práticas são criminosas e fogem do escopo deste relatório, mas vale mencionar que existem rotas ilegais para quem quer zero imposto. Um caso clássico: eletrônicos do Paraguai entrando via Foz do Iguaçu sem pagar imposto (descaminho) e abastecendo mercados cinza. Pessoas ricas podem bancar esquemas mais elaborados, porém os riscos são proporcionais (perdimento, multas, processos).

e) Montagem/desmontagem para burlar classificação: Relacionado ao item c) da seção 4 e ao subfaturamento, existe a prática de importar bens em partes para enquadrar em outra classificação tarifária com tributo menor ou evitar proibição. Por exemplo, no passado, alguns importadores traziam carros usados desmontados em várias remessas de peças e depois montavam aqui – tentando driblar a proibição de importar carro usado e diluindo o valor em peças (cada peça com II menor). A Receita e a legislação consideram isso fraude – se conseguirem vincular que as peças compõem um todo preordenado, podem autuar. Outro exemplo: importar computadores em peças separadas para não ultrapassar limites de valor e talvez escapar de imposto em alguns itens (um processador caro declarado como “amostra” etc.). Isso também é arriscado, mas já houve muitos casos. Até armas: importar peças separadas de armas (o que algumas são permitidas) para montar uma arma completa que seria proibida. São subterfúgios ilegais usados para contornar restrições e impostos.

No âmbito legal, a montagem local (CKD) já foi abordada – é permitida se seguir as regras do PPB. O limite entre legal e ilegal às vezes é tênue: se a “montagem local” for meramente simbólica só para mudar classificação, pode ser contestada. Por isso o governo define porcentagens mínimas de nacionalização no PPB.

f) Aproveitamento de regimes especiais por PF: Embora a maioria dos regimes aduaneiros especiais seja para empresas (ex: drawback, entreposto), algumas situações permitem PF se beneficiarem. Uma delas: bagagem desacompanhada – mudança para o Brasil, a pessoa pode trazer seus bens usados isentos (exceto veículos). Pessoas já tentaram simular mudança para trazer itens sem imposto. Outra: remessas postais como presente – já foi isenção, agora não mais. Compras em Duty Free chegando do exterior: isenção adicional de US$1000 (além da cota de viagem) para gastar em loja franca. Pessoas de maior poder aquisitivo aproveitam isso comprando eletrônicos e bebidas no free shop, que são importados livres de imposto (mas limitados em quantidade).

Em perspectiva crítica, nota-se que quanto maior o poder aquisitivo, maior a capacidade de aproveitar brechas. Um cidadão comum que compra um celular de $200 pouco pode fazer além de pagar os impostos. Já um empresário que queira importar um equipamento de $200 mil pode contratar consultoria tributária para achar o melhor caminho (por ex., importar via sua empresa no Paraguai e depois trazer com imposto reduzido Mercosul, ou instalar uma linha de montagem e pedir ex-tarifário). Há assimetria de acesso a planejamentos sofisticados. Isso gera discussões sobre justiça fiscal: muitos argumentam que a alta tributação de importados penaliza o consumidor comum e protege empresas – e que os muito ricos driblam de alguma forma (seja trazendo em viagem, seja via empresas).

O governo, por sua vez, tenta fechar brechas e intensificar a fiscalização: o fim da isenção < $50 é um exemplo (visava atingir compras fracionadas de classe média que estavam escapando e prejudicando o varejo nacional) (Compras de até US$ 50 pela internet começam a pagar 20% de tarifa | Agência Brasil). Outra frente é a cooperação internacional para detectar subfaturamento (como citado no exemplo do fisco americano informando valores reais ao brasileiro em caso de fraude comprovada (A ocorrência de subfaturamento mediante fraude nas operações de importação e as consequências jurídicas - Assis Advocacia)). Também se discute a implementação de um IVA sobre importações de pessoa física que unifique tributos de maneira mais simples e talvez reduza o incentivo à informalidade.

Em conclusão, mecanismos como subfaturamento e laranjas são ilícitos e combatidos, enquanto o uso de pessoas jurídicas e montagem local podem ser ferramentas legais de planejamento, desde que a finalidade comercial exista e não seja apenas um simulacro para sonegar. Pessoas físicas de maior renda, via de regra, utilizam importadoras especializadas (ou suas próprias empresas) para trazer iates, carros, obras de arte, com menor impacto tributário possível – mas pagando pelo menos parte dos tributos de forma oficial. O custo Brasil na importação é elevado, e essas estratégias são sintomas de um sistema complexo: quem pode, tenta navegar nas exceções; quem não pode, acaba arcando com o peso cheio dos impostos ou desistindo da importação.

Considerações Finais

A carga tributária incidente sobre produtos importados no Brasil – especialmente quando adquiridos por pessoas físicas – é extremamente elevada em comparação internacional. Impostos como II, IPI, ICMS e PIS/COFINS, somados, podem facilmente dobrar o preço de um bem importado. Esse cenário resulta de uma política protecionista histórica e da necessidade de arrecadação, mas tem implicações no acesso do consumidor a bens estrangeiros e na competitividade do e-commerce global versus o comércio local.

Resumidamente, para a pessoa física:

• Importações diretas (internet) agora sofrem tributação em todas as faixas de valor (20% ou 60% de imposto de importação + ICMS estadual), tornando inviável a antiga prática de compras isentas até $50. A burocracia, entretanto, foi reduzida via programas de conformidade, permitindo pagar antecipado e receber os produtos já nacionalizados, o que é um avanço em transparência (Como funciona a taxação de produtos importados? - Promobit).

• Produtos importados por empresas e vendidos no mercado interno carregam no preço final todos os tributos pagos pelo importador. O consumidor, ao optar por comprar no Brasil, paga por conveniência e suporte, mas essencialmente arca com carga semelhante (ou maior) à que teria se importasse sozinho – com a diferença de que ele não vê explicitamente esses impostos diluídos.

• As alíquotas variam conforme a categoria: bens supérfluos (perfumes, bebidas, luxo) têm II/IPI altos; bens de capital e informática às vezes são favorecidos. Assim, a carga efetiva pode ir de ~50% (por exemplo, livros isentos, ou eletrônicos de informática com incentivos) até ~100% (vestuário, automóveis). Em média, a maioria dos bens de consumo importados incorre em cerca de 60% a 80% de tributos sobre o valor de origem.

• Exemplos numéricos demonstram o impacto: um tênis de R$300 vira ~R$550; um celular de R$1500 vira ~R$2800; um carro de R$100 mil vira ~R$200 mil, tudo legalmente e apenas por conta dos impostos. Isso sem falar no frete internacional, que é outro custo relevante.

• Pessoas com recursos buscaram e continuam buscando formas de minimizar esses custos: seja operando via empresas (com créditos ou menor fiscalização), seja até recorrendo a práticas ilegais. O fisco tem apertado o cerco – a digitalização e o cruzamento de dados tornam mais difícil fugir ileso. Ainda assim, a complexidade do sistema tributário oferece brechas que alguns exploram.

Do ponto de vista de política pública, há um equilíbrio difícil entre proteger a indústria nacional e não onerar excessivamente o consumidor ou inviabilizar a participação do Brasil no comércio eletrônico global. Medidas recentes apontam para uma equalização: cobrar impostos de importados de baixo valor para equiparar com os nacionais, ao mesmo tempo simplificando o pagamento. No horizonte, a Reforma Tributária proposta (IVA dual) possivelmente substituirá PIS/COFINS e ICMS por impostos mais simples, o que mudará a forma de tributação nas importações. Mas o II e IPI (ou Imposto Seletivo) devem permanecer como instrumentos de proteção e arrecadação, então importações pessoais provavelmente continuarão enfrentando carga elevada.

Em conclusão, quem importar produtos como pessoa física no Brasil deve estar ciente de todos esses impostos e regulamentações para evitar surpresas e problemas. Sempre vale conferir as fontes oficiais (como a cartilha “Compras no Exterior” da Receita Federal) e planejar a compra incluindo os tributos. Este estudo procurou detalhar esses aspectos com base nas normas atuais (2024/2025) e fornecer uma visão crítica das consequências e estratégias em torno da tributação de importados. Apesar dos pesares, importar ainda pode ser vantajoso em casos específicos, mas é fundamental fazê-lo de forma legal e consciente dos custos envolvidos – que, como vimos, são tudo menos triviais no Brasil.

Fontes:

• Receita Federal – Portal Compras Internacionais: Quanto vou pagar de impostos? (atualizado em 01/04/2025) (Quanto vou pagar de impostos ? — Receita Federal ) (Quanto vou pagar de impostos ? — Receita Federal ) (Quanto vou pagar de impostos ? — Receita Federal )
• Agência Brasil (EBC) – Compras de até US$50 pela internet começam a pagar 20% de tarifa (01/08/2024) (Compras de até US$ 50 pela internet começam a pagar 20% de tarifa | Agência Brasil) (Compras de até US$ 50 pela internet começam a pagar 20% de tarifa | Agência Brasil)
• Agência Brasil – ICMS sobre compras internacionais sobe para 20% em 10 estados (31/03/2025) (ICMS sobre compras internacionais sobe para 20% em 10 estados | Radioagência Nacional) (ICMS sobre compras internacionais sobe para 20% em 10 estados | Radioagência Nacional)
• Nuvemshop Blog – Como funciona a taxação de produtos importados? (27/01/2025) (Taxa de importação 2025: saiba quais são os valores e taxas) (Taxa de importação 2025: saiba quais são os valores e taxas)
• Promobit Blog – Taxação de produtos importados – novas regras (21/08/2024) (Como funciona a taxação de produtos importados? - Promobit) (Como funciona a taxação de produtos importados? - Promobit)
• Impostômetro (IBPT) – Carga tributária por produto (consulta em 2025) (Relação de produtos - Impostômetro) (Relação de produtos - Impostômetro) (Relação de produtos - Impostômetro) (Relação de produtos - Impostômetro)
• MaximaSul – Processo de importação de carros (artigo técnico, 2023) (Veja como é o processo de importação de carros novos e usados no Brasil) (Veja como é o processo de importação de carros novos e usados no Brasil)
• Assis Advocacia – Subfaturamento em importação e consequências jurídicas (2021) (A ocorrência de subfaturamento mediante fraude nas operações de importação e as consequências jurídicas - Assis Advocacia)
• Legislação: Lei 14.502/2022 (Programa Mover), IN RFB 2220/2023 (Remessa Conforme), Portaria MF 1086/2024, etc., conforme divulgado pela Receita Federal (Receita Federal implementa novas regras para as importações por e-commerce — Receita Federal ) (Receita Federal implementa novas regras para as importações por e-commerce — Receita Federal ).

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My everyday activity

This template is just for demo needs.

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This method focuses on the amount of water in the first pour, which ultimately defines the coffee’s acidity and sweetness (more water = more acidity, less water = more sweetness). For the remainder of the brew, the water is divided into equal parts according to the strength you wish to attain.

Dose:

20g coffee (Coarse ground coffee)
300mL water (92°C / 197.6°F)
Time: 3:30

Instructions:

1. Pour 1: 0:00 > 50mL (42% of 120mL = 40% of total – less water in the ratio, targeting sweetness.)
2. Pour 2: 0:45 > 70mL (58% of 120mL = 40% of total – the top up for 40% of total.)
3. Pour 3: 1:30 > 60mL (The remaining water is 180mL / 3 pours = 60mL per pour)
4. Pour 4: 2:10 > 60mL
5. Pour 5: 2:40 > 60mL
6. Remove the V60 at 3:30

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Unlocking Learning Potential: Why Student's Ideas Matter

Introduction

Recent research in mathematics education emphasizes the importance of valuing and building upon students' initial ideas and intuitive understanding. This approach, often referred to as "taking students' ideas seriously," has enhanced conceptual understanding, problem-solving skills, and overall mathematical achievement. This overview examines this approach's theoretical foundations, cognitive processes, and practical implications in mathematics classrooms.

FREE DOWNLOAD - Questions and Prompts

Theoretical Foundations

Taking students' ideas seriously is grounded in constructivist learning theory and research on how students develop mathematical understanding. Hiebert and Carpenter (1992) argue that "if children possessed internal networks constructed both in and out of school and if they recognized the connections between them, their understanding and performance in both settings would improve." This highlights the importance of connecting students' informal knowledge with formal mathematical concepts. Carpenter's work further emphasizes the value of students' intuitive knowledge: "Children come to school with a great deal of informal or intuitive knowledge of mathematics that can serve as the basis for developing much of the formal mathematics of the primary school curriculum." This suggests that taking students' initial ideas seriously can provide a strong foundation for developing a more sophisticated mathematical understanding.

Cognitive Processes

When students' ideas are taken seriously in mathematics classrooms, several cognitive processes are engaged:

1. Schema Formation: As students articulate and refine their ideas, they develop and modify mental frameworks or schemas that organize mathematical concepts.

2. Metacognition: Explaining their thinking engages students' metacognitive processes, promoting reflection on their own understanding and problem-solving strategies.

3. Elaborative Rehearsal: Verbalizing mathematical concepts helps move information from working memory to long-term memory, enhancing retention.

4. Cognitive Conflict: When students encounter differing viewpoints, it can create cognitive conflict, stimulating the reconciliation of new information with existing schemas.

Practical Implications

Eliciting and Valuing Student Ideas

Carpenter and Lehrer argue that for learning with understanding to occur, instruction needs to provide specific opportunities: "For learning with understanding to occur, instruction needs to provide students the opportunity to develop productive relationships, extend and apply their knowledge, reflect about their experiences, articulate what they know, and make knowledge their own." This emphasizes the need for instructional approaches that actively elicit and value student ideas.

Creating a Supportive Environment

To effectively take students' ideas seriously, teachers must foster a classroom environment where all contributions are respected. This involves:

1. Provide adequate thinking time for students to formulate their thoughts.

2. Using open-ended questions that encourage diverse thinking and approaches.

3. Implementing collaborative strategies like think-pair-share to build confidence in sharing ideas.

Connecting to Formal Mathematics

Hiebert advocates for teaching practices that promote understanding by focusing on "the inherent structure of the emerging mathematical ideas and addressing students' misconceptions as they arise" . This involves helping students connect their informal ideas to more formal mathematical concepts and procedures.

Impact on Student Learning

Research indicates that taking students' ideas seriously can significantly improve mathematical understanding and achievement. A study by Carpenter et al. (1998) found that when teachers based their instruction on students' thinking, students demonstrated greater problem-solving skills and conceptual understanding compared to control groups. Moreover, this approach has increased student engagement and motivation in mathematics. When students feel their ideas are valued, they are more likely to participate actively in mathematical discussions and take intellectual risks.

Challenges and Considerations

While the benefits of taking students' ideas seriously are well-documented, implementing this approach can present challenges:

1. Time Constraints: Allowing for extended student discussions and idea exploration can be time-consuming within the constraints of a typical school schedule.

2. Teacher Preparation: Effectively building on student ideas requires strong content knowledge and pedagogical skills from teachers.

3. Assessment Alignment: Traditional assessment methods may not adequately capture the depth of understanding developed through this approach, necessitating new forms of evaluation.

Conclusion

Taking students' ideas seriously in mathematics education represents a powerful approach to fostering deep conceptual understanding and problem-solving skills. By valuing students' initial thoughts and building upon their intuitive knowledge, educators can create more engaging and effective learning environments. While challenges exist in implementation, the potential benefits for student learning and mathematical achievement make this approach worthy of serious consideration and further research.

References

Ball, D. L., Thames, M. H., & Phelps, G. (2008). Content knowledge for teaching: What makes it special? Journal of Teacher Education, 59(5), 389-407.

Boaler, J. (2002). Experiencing school mathematics: Traditional and reform approaches to teaching and their impact on student learning. Routledge.

Boaler, J., & Brodie, K. (2004). The importance, nature and impact of teacher questions. In D. E. McDougall & J. A. Ross (Eds.), Proceedings of the 26th annual meeting of the North American Chapter of the International Group for the Psychology of Mathematics Education (Vol. 2, pp. 773-782). Toronto: OISE/UT. Carpenter, T. P., Fennema, E., & Franke, M. L. (1996). Cognitively guided instruction: A knowledge base for reform in primary mathematics instruction. The Elementary School Journal, 97(1), 3-20.

Carpenter, T. P., Fennema, E., Franke, M. L., Levi, L., & Empson, S. B. (1999). Children's mathematics: Cognitively guided instruction. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann.

Carpenter, T. P., & Lehrer, R. (1999). Teaching and learning mathematics with understanding. In E. Fennema & T. A. Romberg (Eds.), Mathematics classrooms that promote understanding (pp. 19-32). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Craik, F. I., & Lockhart, R. S. (1972). Levels of processing: A framework for memory research. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 11(6), 671-684.

Driscoll, M. P. (2005). Psychology of learning for instruction (3rd ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

Flavell, J. H. (1979). Metacognition and cognitive monitoring: A new area of cognitive-developmental inquiry. American Psychologist, 34(10), 906-911.

Hiebert, J., & Carpenter, T. P. (1992). Learning and teaching with understanding. In D. A. Grouws (Ed.), Handbook of research on mathematics teaching and learning (pp. 65-97). New York: Macmillan.

Hiebert, J., Carpenter, T. P., Fennema, E., Fuson, K. C., Wearne, D., Murray, H., ... & Human, P. (1997). Making sense: Teaching and learning mathematics with understanding. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann.

Lyman, F. (1981). The responsive classroom discussion: The inclusion of all students. In A. S. Anderson (Ed.), Mainstreaming Digest (pp. 109-113). College Park: University of Maryland Press.

Piaget, J. (1952). The origins of intelligence in children. New York: International Universities Press.

Rowe, M. B. (1986). Wait time: Slowing down may be a way of speeding up! Journal of Teacher Education, 37(1), 43- 50.

Shepard, L. A. (2000). The role of assessment in a learning culture. Educational Researcher, 29(7), 4-14.

Smith, M. S., & Stein, M. K. (2011). 5 practices for orchestrating productive mathematics discussions. Reston, VA: National Council of Teachers of Mathematics.

Social Media.

Research in mathematics education highlights the significance of taking students' ideas seriously, demonstrating how this approach enhances conceptual understanding, problem-solving abilities, and overall mathematical achievement. Rooted in constructivist learning theory, this method engages crucial cognitive processes like schema formation, metacognition, and elaborative rehearsal. By connecting students’ informal knowledge with formal mathematical concepts, educators can establish a robust foundation for advanced mathematical thinking. Studies show that when instruction is based on students' thinking, learners exhibit superior problem-solving skills and a deeper conceptual grasp than traditional teaching methods.

Join us in exploring these powerful teaching approaches and their impact on mathematical thinking and achievement!

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VIP8888 là một nền tảng giải trí trực tuyến đặc biệt, được thiết kế để mang lại những trải nghiệm tuyệt vời và khác biệt cho người dùng. Với giao diện dễ sử dụng và tính năng linh hoạt, VIP8888 mang đến cho người tham gia một loạt các trò chơi hấp dẫn và thú vị, đáp ứng nhu cầu giải trí đa dạng của mọi đối tượng. Những trò chơi trên nền tảng này được phát triển để không chỉ giúp người chơi thư giãn mà còn thách thức khả năng tư duy và sáng tạo. VIP8888 không ngừng cải tiến và cập nhật các trò chơi mới mẻ, đảm bảo rằng người dùng sẽ luôn cảm thấy thích thú mỗi lần tham gia. Mỗi hoạt động trên nền tảng đều được chăm chút kỹ lưỡng, mang lại trải nghiệm mượt mà và chất lượng, khiến người dùng không thể rời mắt khỏi màn hình.

Một yếu tố nổi bật khác của VIP8888 là cộng đồng người dùng thân thiện và gắn kết. Nền tảng này không chỉ là nơi để giải trí mà còn là không gian để mọi người giao lưu, kết bạn và chia sẻ những sở thích chung. Các tính năng xã hội của VIP8888 giúp người tham gia dễ dàng kết nối với những người có cùng đam mê, tạo nên một môi trường giao lưu sôi động và tích cực. Những cuộc thảo luận nhóm, sự kiện cộng đồng và các hoạt động tương tác không chỉ giúp người dùng cảm thấy gắn bó với nền tảng mà còn giúp họ học hỏi từ những người khác. Sự gắn kết này không chỉ mang lại giá trị giải trí mà còn thúc đẩy sự sáng tạo và phát triển mối quan hệ xã hội trong cộng đồng.

Bên cạnh các trò chơi và hoạt động giao lưu, VIP8888 cũng chú trọng đến việc cập nhật và cải tiến các tính năng để duy trì sự hấp dẫn và sáng tạo. Nền tảng này luôn tạo ra các tính năng mới mẻ, giúp người dùng có cơ hội khám phá và thử thách bản thân trong mỗi lần tham gia. Việc không ngừng đổi mới và nâng cấp đã giúp VIP8888 duy trì được sự yêu thích của cộng đồng, đồng thời tạo ra một không gian giải trí luôn mới mẻ và thú vị. Chính nhờ vào sự kết hợp giữa giải trí chất lượng, tính năng xã hội mạnh mẽ và những cải tiến liên tục, VIP8888 đã khẳng định vị thế của mình là một lựa chọn lý tưởng cho những ai tìm kiếm một nền tảng trực tuyến năng động, sáng tạo và luôn phát triển.

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Unlocking Learning Potential: Why Student's Ideas Matter

Introduction

Recent research in mathematics education emphasizes the importance of valuing and building upon students' initial ideas and intuitive understanding. This approach, often referred to as "taking students' ideas seriously," has enhanced conceptual understanding, problem-solving skills, and overall mathematical achievement. This overview examines this approach's theoretical foundations, cognitive processes, and practical implications in mathematics classrooms.

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Theoretical Foundations

Taking students' ideas seriously is grounded in constructivist learning theory and research on how students develop mathematical understanding. Hiebert and Carpenter (1992) argue that "if children possessed internal networks constructed both in and out of school and if they recognized the connections between them, their understanding and performance in both settings would improve." This highlights the importance of connecting students' informal knowledge with formal mathematical concepts. Carpenter's work further emphasizes the value of students' intuitive knowledge: "Children come to school with a great deal of informal or intuitive knowledge of mathematics that can serve as the basis for developing much of the formal mathematics of the primary school curriculum." This suggests that taking students' initial ideas seriously can provide a strong foundation for developing a more sophisticated mathematical understanding.

Cognitive Processes

When students' ideas are taken seriously in mathematics classrooms, several cognitive processes are engaged:

1. Schema Formation: As students articulate and refine their ideas, they develop and modify mental frameworks or schemas that organize mathematical concepts.

2. Metacognition: Explaining their thinking engages students' metacognitive processes, promoting reflection on their own understanding and problem-solving strategies.

3. Elaborative Rehearsal: Verbalizing mathematical concepts helps move information from working memory to long-term memory, enhancing retention.

4. Cognitive Conflict: When students encounter differing viewpoints, it can create cognitive conflict, stimulating the reconciliation of new information with existing schemas.

Practical Implications

Eliciting and Valuing Student Ideas

Carpenter and Lehrer argue that for learning with understanding to occur, instruction needs to provide specific opportunities: "For learning with understanding to occur, instruction needs to provide students the opportunity to develop productive relationships, extend and apply their knowledge, reflect about their experiences, articulate what they know, and make knowledge their own." This emphasizes the need for instructional approaches that actively elicit and value student ideas.

Creating a Supportive Environment

To effectively take students' ideas seriously, teachers must foster a classroom environment where all contributions are respected. This involves:

1. Provide adequate thinking time for students to formulate their thoughts.

2. Using open-ended questions that encourage diverse thinking and approaches.

3. Implementing collaborative strategies like think-pair-share to build confidence in sharing ideas.

Connecting to Formal Mathematics

Hiebert advocates for teaching practices that promote understanding by focusing on "the inherent structure of the emerging mathematical ideas and addressing students' misconceptions as they arise" . This involves helping students connect their informal ideas to more formal mathematical concepts and procedures.

Impact on Student Learning

Research indicates that taking students' ideas seriously can significantly improve mathematical understanding and achievement. A study by Carpenter et al. (1998) found that when teachers based their instruction on students' thinking, students demonstrated greater problem-solving skills and conceptual understanding compared to control groups. Moreover, this approach has increased student engagement and motivation in mathematics. When students feel their ideas are valued, they are more likely to participate actively in mathematical discussions and take intellectual risks.

Challenges and Considerations

While the benefits of taking students' ideas seriously are well-documented, implementing this approach can present challenges:

1. Time Constraints: Allowing for extended student discussions and idea exploration can be time-consuming within the constraints of a typical school schedule.

2. Teacher Preparation: Effectively building on student ideas requires strong content knowledge and pedagogical skills from teachers.

3. Assessment Alignment: Traditional assessment methods may not adequately capture the depth of understanding developed through this approach, necessitating new forms of evaluation.

Conclusion

Taking students' ideas seriously in mathematics education represents a powerful approach to fostering deep conceptual understanding and problem-solving skills. By valuing students' initial thoughts and building upon their intuitive knowledge, educators can create more engaging and effective learning environments. While challenges exist in implementation, the potential benefits for student learning and mathematical achievement make this approach worthy of serious consideration and further research.

References

Ball, D. L., Thames, M. H., & Phelps, G. (2008). Content knowledge for teaching: What makes it special? Journal of Teacher Education, 59(5), 389-407.

Boaler, J. (2002). Experiencing school mathematics: Traditional and reform approaches to teaching and their impact on student learning. Routledge.

Boaler, J., & Brodie, K. (2004). The importance, nature and impact of teacher questions. In D. E. McDougall & J. A. Ross (Eds.), Proceedings of the 26th annual meeting of the North American Chapter of the International Group for the Psychology of Mathematics Education (Vol. 2, pp. 773-782). Toronto: OISE/UT. Carpenter, T. P., Fennema, E., & Franke, M. L. (1996). Cognitively guided instruction: A knowledge base for reform in primary mathematics instruction. The Elementary School Journal, 97(1), 3-20.

Carpenter, T. P., Fennema, E., Franke, M. L., Levi, L., & Empson, S. B. (1999). Children's mathematics: Cognitively guided instruction. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann.

Carpenter, T. P., & Lehrer, R. (1999). Teaching and learning mathematics with understanding. In E. Fennema & T. A. Romberg (Eds.), Mathematics classrooms that promote understanding (pp. 19-32). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Craik, F. I., & Lockhart, R. S. (1972). Levels of processing: A framework for memory research. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 11(6), 671-684.

Driscoll, M. P. (2005). Psychology of learning for instruction (3rd ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

Flavell, J. H. (1979). Metacognition and cognitive monitoring: A new area of cognitive-developmental inquiry. American Psychologist, 34(10), 906-911.

Hiebert, J., & Carpenter, T. P. (1992). Learning and teaching with understanding. In D. A. Grouws (Ed.), Handbook of research on mathematics teaching and learning (pp. 65-97). New York: Macmillan.

Hiebert, J., Carpenter, T. P., Fennema, E., Fuson, K. C., Wearne, D., Murray, H., ... & Human, P. (1997). Making sense: Teaching and learning mathematics with understanding. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann.

Lyman, F. (1981). The responsive classroom discussion: The inclusion of all students. In A. S. Anderson (Ed.), Mainstreaming Digest (pp. 109-113). College Park: University of Maryland Press.

Piaget, J. (1952). The origins of intelligence in children. New York: International Universities Press.

Rowe, M. B. (1986). Wait time: Slowing down may be a way of speeding up! Journal of Teacher Education, 37(1), 43- 50.

Shepard, L. A. (2000). The role of assessment in a learning culture. Educational Researcher, 29(7), 4-14.

Smith, M. S., & Stein, M. K. (2011). 5 practices for orchestrating productive mathematics discussions. Reston, VA: National Council of Teachers of Mathematics.

Social Media.

Research in mathematics education highlights the significance of taking students' ideas seriously, demonstrating how this approach enhances conceptual understanding, problem-solving abilities, and overall mathematical achievement. Rooted in constructivist learning theory, this method engages crucial cognitive processes like schema formation, metacognition, and elaborative rehearsal. By connecting students’ informal knowledge with formal mathematical concepts, educators can establish a robust foundation for advanced mathematical thinking. Studies show that when instruction is based on students' thinking, learners exhibit superior problem-solving skills and a deeper conceptual grasp than traditional teaching methods.

Join us in exploring these powerful teaching approaches and their impact on mathematical thinking and achievement!

@ 8bf63b70:64ac852f

JB88 là một nền tảng trực tuyến sáng tạo, mang đến cho người dùng những trải nghiệm giải trí vô cùng hấp dẫn và đa dạng. Được thiết kế với giao diện dễ sử dụng, JB88 cho phép người tham gia khám phá một loạt các trò chơi thú vị và thử thách mới mẻ, từ những trò chơi trí tuệ đến những hoạt động giải trí thư giãn. Mỗi lần người dùng truy cập vào nền tảng này, họ không chỉ tìm thấy những trò chơi mới mà còn có cơ hội phát triển kỹ năng tư duy và chiến lược của mình. JB88 không ngừng cải tiến và cập nhật các trò chơi, tạo ra một không gian luôn tươi mới và không bao giờ nhàm chán. Những hoạt động sáng tạo và phong phú trên nền tảng này chắc chắn sẽ làm hài lòng mọi đối tượng người tham gia, từ những người mới bắt đầu đến những người chơi có kinh nghiệm.

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Vua88 là một nền tảng giải trí trực tuyến nổi bật, được thiết kế nhằm mang lại những trải nghiệm thú vị và phong phú cho người dùng. Với giao diện trực quan và dễ sử dụng, Vua88 cho phép người tham gia dễ dàng khám phá một loạt các trò chơi và hoạt động đa dạng. Những trò chơi sáng tạo, thử thách trí tuệ và các hoạt động giải trí thú vị luôn được cập nhật để đáp ứng nhu cầu giải trí của mọi đối tượng người dùng. Mỗi lần tham gia vào Vua88, người dùng sẽ có cơ hội thử sức với các trò chơi mới lạ và hấp dẫn, không chỉ giúp họ thư giãn mà còn kích thích sự sáng tạo và khả năng tư duy chiến lược. Chính sự đổi mới liên tục trong các hoạt động là yếu tố tạo nên sức hút và sự mới mẻ cho nền tảng này, khiến người dùng luôn cảm thấy hào hứng mỗi khi truy cập.

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HB888 là một nền tảng giải trí trực tuyến tiên tiến, nổi bật nhờ vào sự kết hợp hoàn hảo giữa các trò chơi thú vị và tính năng kết nối cộng đồng mạnh mẽ. Với giao diện dễ sử dụng và thân thiện, người dùng có thể nhanh chóng tham gia vào các hoạt động giải trí đa dạng và tận hưởng những giây phút thư giãn tuyệt vời. HB888 cung cấp một loạt các trò chơi từ các thử thách trí tuệ đến những hoạt động thư giãn, đảm bảo rằng mọi người dùng đều có thể tìm thấy những gì họ yêu thích. Mỗi lần tham gia vào nền tảng, người dùng sẽ khám phá những trò chơi mới mẻ và được thử sức với các thử thách đầy hấp dẫn, từ đó giúp họ phát triển kỹ năng tư duy, chiến lược và nâng cao sự sáng tạo. Sự đa dạng trong các hoạt động giúp HB888 không bao giờ trở nên nhàm chán, luôn tạo ra một không gian giải trí phong phú và đầy cảm hứng.

Một trong những điểm mạnh của HB888 chính là cộng đồng người dùng năng động và gắn kết. Nền tảng này không chỉ mang đến những trò chơi thú vị mà còn tạo ra không gian giao lưu, kết nối giữa những người có cùng sở thích và đam mê. Các tính năng xã hội của HB888 cho phép người tham gia dễ dàng tìm thấy bạn bè mới, tham gia vào các cuộc thảo luận sôi nổi hoặc tham gia vào các sự kiện cộng đồng thú vị. Mỗi người dùng không chỉ có thể tận hưởng giải trí mà còn có cơ hội học hỏi từ những người khác, chia sẻ kinh nghiệm và khám phá những điều mới mẻ. Chính sự kết nối này tạo nên một cộng đồng trực tuyến đầy năng lượng và tích cực, nơi mọi người có thể giao lưu, kết bạn và phát triển mối quan hệ bền vững.

Ngoài các trò chơi và tính năng xã hội, HB888 cũng luôn chú trọng đến việc cải tiến nền tảng để mang đến những trải nghiệm giải trí luôn tươi mới và hấp dẫn. Các trò chơi và hoạt động được cập nhật liên tục, với những tính năng mới và sáng tạo, giúp người dùng luôn cảm thấy thích thú mỗi khi quay lại nền tảng. Nhờ vào sự đổi mới không ngừng, HB888 không chỉ giữ vững được sự yêu thích của người dùng mà còn tạo ra một môi trường giải trí đầy hứng khởi và sáng tạo. Với những cải tiến này, HB888 đã trở thành một lựa chọn lý tưởng cho những ai tìm kiếm một không gian giải trí trực tuyến đầy tiềm năng và thú vị, nơi họ có thể kết nối, học hỏi và thư giãn mọi lúc, mọi nơi.

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MN88 là một nền tảng giải trí trực tuyến độc đáo, thu hút người tham gia nhờ vào sự đa dạng và phong phú trong các hoạt động giải trí mà nó mang lại. Với giao diện dễ sử dụng, nền tảng này cung cấp cho người dùng những trò chơi và hoạt động giải trí hấp dẫn, từ những thử thách trí tuệ cho đến các trò chơi nhẹ nhàng thư giãn. Dù bạn là người yêu thích sự kịch tính hay chỉ đơn giản muốn tìm kiếm những giây phút thư giãn, MN88 đều có thể đáp ứng được nhu cầu của mọi đối tượng người tham gia. Mỗi lần đăng nhập vào MN88, người dùng đều có thể khám phá những trò chơi mới mẻ, thử sức với các thử thách hấp dẫn và cảm nhận những giây phút vui vẻ mà nền tảng này mang lại. Chính sự đa dạng và chất lượng của các hoạt động đã tạo nên một không gian giải trí thực sự thú vị và không bao giờ nhàm chán.

Điểm nổi bật của MN88 chính là khả năng xây dựng một cộng đồng người dùng gắn kết và năng động. Nền tảng này không chỉ đơn thuần là nơi để giải trí mà còn là nơi để mọi người kết nối, giao lưu và chia sẻ sở thích với nhau. Các tính năng xã hội của MN88 giúp người tham gia dễ dàng tìm thấy những người bạn có cùng niềm đam mê, từ đó tạo nên một môi trường sôi động, thân thiện và tích cực. Những cuộc trò chuyện, các sự kiện cộng đồng và các hoạt động nhóm không chỉ giúp người tham gia cảm thấy gần gũi mà còn mở rộng cơ hội học hỏi và phát triển các kỹ năng cá nhân. Nhờ vào cộng đồng mạnh mẽ này, MN88 không chỉ là một nền tảng giải trí mà còn là một không gian giao lưu đầy ý nghĩa, giúp người dùng có thể kết nối và phát triển những mối quan hệ mới.

Bên cạnh đó, MN88 luôn nỗ lực không ngừng để nâng cấp và cải thiện nền tảng của mình, mang đến cho người dùng những trải nghiệm giải trí ngày càng hấp dẫn và mới mẻ. Các trò chơi, hoạt động và tính năng của nền tảng này đều được cập nhật thường xuyên, đảm bảo rằng người tham gia luôn có cơ hội khám phá những điều mới và thú vị. Với những cải tiến liên tục, MN88 duy trì sự tươi mới và cuốn hút, không bao giờ để người dùng cảm thấy nhàm chán. Nền tảng này không chỉ tạo ra một không gian giải trí chất lượng mà còn khuyến khích sự sáng tạo, học hỏi và phát triển kỹ năng cá nhân. Chính nhờ vào sự đổi mới không ngừng và những cải tiến liên tục, MN88 đã trở thành một lựa chọn lý tưởng cho những ai tìm kiếm một không gian giải trí trực tuyến đa dạng, phong phú và đầy thú vị.

@ ba36d0f7:cd802cba

♟️ The scene:
Starting April 11th, 2025, every week in Apaneca, El Salvador - a town so small you’d miss it if you blinked - a quiet revolution will be unfolding.

In soma chess, taking place at 📍Estudio Malinche- chessboards aren’t just for play. They’re gateways to a modern kind of culture - one where discipline meets digital curiosity, and where tradition doesn’t mean rejecting tech, but hacking it for growth.

This isn’t about creating grandmasters.
It’s about using chess’s ancient magic to teach:

• Respect (for the game and community, your opponent, and yourself).

• Patience (because the board doesn’t reward haste).

• Perseverance (every loss is a lesson in disguise).

But there’s a twist: We’re not aiming to teaching chess. We’re aiming to teaching how to navigate a world where culture is now built on code, forums, and digital communities.

Chess as a Trojan horse to self-learning, learning better and doing better.

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Why Chess?

Chess is the ultimate self-improvement metaphor:

✅ The opponent could leave you a winning position - but can you see it? 
✅ You could blame luck - or ask, “Where did I go wrong?” 
✅ You could rage-quit - or learn to love the grind. 

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The hidden curriculum: Where analog meets algorithm

1. Embracing digital curiosity

We’re not teaching openings - we’re showing players how to hunt for knowledge.

2. Mistakes as rituals

Owning blunders, and analyzing them with engines.

3. The long game

Tracking progress and digitally storing your games.

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Join us

This isn’t just about Apaneca. 

🌍 Your challenge:

• If you’re nearby, come play (every Thursday, 1-5PM, zero expectations).

• If you’re far, do this in your town. We’ll share our playbook.

• If you’re online, follow usnpub1hgmdpalp9tz37vh9kxx49fm5pl75w6vwek2r80r20x2stnvq9jaq705r99 and tag along for the ride.

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Final Move:

Chess doesn’t build character. It reveals it - then sharpens it.

And culture and communities aren’t just what we inherit. They're what we build.

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chess #ajedrez #article #meetup #education #chesselsalvador #rutadelasflores #apaneca #somachess

@ 63b2cd3d:060efdc3

ZomClub là một nền tảng giải trí trực tuyến mới mẻ, mang đến cho người dùng những trải nghiệm độc đáo và phong phú. Được thiết kế với giao diện trực quan và dễ sử dụng, ZomClub cung cấp một không gian đầy sáng tạo và thú vị, nơi người dùng có thể tham gia vào nhiều hoạt động và trò chơi đa dạng. Từ những thử thách trí tuệ đến các trò chơi mang tính giải trí nhẹ nhàng, ZomClub đáp ứng đầy đủ nhu cầu của mọi đối tượng người tham gia. Đặc biệt, nền tảng này không chỉ là nơi giải trí mà còn là cơ hội để người dùng thử sức với những trò chơi mới, từ đó phát triển kỹ năng tư duy, sự nhanh nhạy và khả năng giải quyết vấn đề. Mỗi lần tham gia vào ZomClub, người dùng đều có thể tìm thấy niềm vui, thử thách bản thân và tận hưởng những giây phút thư giãn đầy ý nghĩa.

Một trong những yếu tố khiến ZomClub trở nên đặc biệt chính là sự chú trọng đến việc xây dựng một cộng đồng gắn kết và tích cực. Nền tảng này không chỉ cung cấp các trò chơi, mà còn là một không gian xã hội để người dùng giao lưu, chia sẻ và kết nối với những người có cùng sở thích. Các tính năng xã hội của ZomClub cho phép người tham gia thảo luận, tham gia các sự kiện cộng đồng và kết bạn, giúp tạo nên một không gian sôi động và thân thiện. Nhờ vào những hoạt động tương tác này, người dùng không chỉ tìm được những người bạn mới mà còn có thể mở rộng mối quan hệ và học hỏi những điều mới mẻ từ cộng đồng. Điều này giúp ZomClub không chỉ là một nền tảng giải trí, mà còn là một cộng đồng trực tuyến tích cực, nơi mỗi người có thể tìm thấy sự kết nối và cảm hứng.

Bên cạnh đó, ZomClub cũng không ngừng đổi mới và nâng cấp các tính năng để duy trì sự hấp dẫn và tươi mới cho người dùng. Các trò chơi và hoạt động trên nền tảng được cập nhật liên tục, mang đến những trải nghiệm mới mẻ mỗi lần người dùng truy cập. Dù là các trò chơi thử thách hay các hoạt động xã hội, ZomClub luôn đảm bảo rằng người tham gia sẽ không bao giờ cảm thấy nhàm chán. Điều này thể hiện cam kết của nền tảng trong việc tạo ra một không gian giải trí đầy đủ, không chỉ giúp người dùng thư giãn mà còn khuyến khích sự sáng tạo và học hỏi. Với sự kết hợp hoàn hảo giữa giải trí và giao lưu cộng đồng, ZomClub là lựa chọn lý tưởng cho những ai tìm kiếm một nền tảng giải trí thú vị và đầy sáng tạo.

@ e372d24b:e25df41f

Unlocking Learning Potential: Why Student's Ideas Matter

Introduction

Recent research in mathematics education emphasizes the importance of valuing and building upon students' initial ideas and intuitive understanding. This approach, often referred to as "taking students' ideas seriously," has enhanced conceptual understanding, problem-solving skills, and overall mathematical achievement. This overview examines this approach's theoretical foundations, cognitive processes, and practical implications in mathematics classrooms.

FREE DOWNLOAD - Questions and Prompts

Theoretical Foundations

Taking students' ideas seriously is grounded in constructivist learning theory and research on how students develop mathematical understanding. Hiebert and Carpenter (1992) argue that "if children possessed internal networks constructed both in and out of school and if they recognized the connections between them, their understanding and performance in both settings would improve." This highlights the importance of connecting students' informal knowledge with formal mathematical concepts. Carpenter's work further emphasizes the value of students' intuitive knowledge: "Children come to school with a great deal of informal or intuitive knowledge of mathematics that can serve as the basis for developing much of the formal mathematics of the primary school curriculum." This suggests that taking students' initial ideas seriously can provide a strong foundation for developing a more sophisticated mathematical understanding.

Cognitive Processes

When students' ideas are taken seriously in mathematics classrooms, several cognitive processes are engaged:

1. Schema Formation: As students articulate and refine their ideas, they develop and modify mental frameworks or schemas that organize mathematical concepts.

2. Metacognition: Explaining their thinking engages students' metacognitive processes, promoting reflection on their own understanding and problem-solving strategies.

3. Elaborative Rehearsal: Verbalizing mathematical concepts helps move information from working memory to long-term memory, enhancing retention.

4. Cognitive Conflict: When students encounter differing viewpoints, it can create cognitive conflict, stimulating the reconciliation of new information with existing schemas.

Practical Implications

Eliciting and Valuing Student Ideas

Carpenter and Lehrer argue that for learning with understanding to occur, instruction needs to provide specific opportunities: "For learning with understanding to occur, instruction needs to provide students the opportunity to develop productive relationships, extend and apply their knowledge, reflect about their experiences, articulate what they know, and make knowledge their own." This emphasizes the need for instructional approaches that actively elicit and value student ideas.

Creating a Supportive Environment

To effectively take students' ideas seriously, teachers must foster a classroom environment where all contributions are respected. This involves:

1. Provide adequate thinking time for students to formulate their thoughts.

2. Using open-ended questions that encourage diverse thinking and approaches.

3. Implementing collaborative strategies like think-pair-share to build confidence in sharing ideas.

Connecting to Formal Mathematics

Hiebert advocates for teaching practices that promote understanding by focusing on "the inherent structure of the emerging mathematical ideas and addressing students' misconceptions as they arise" . This involves helping students connect their informal ideas to more formal mathematical concepts and procedures.

Impact on Student Learning

Research indicates that taking students' ideas seriously can significantly improve mathematical understanding and achievement. A study by Carpenter et al. (1998) found that when teachers based their instruction on students' thinking, students demonstrated greater problem-solving skills and conceptual understanding compared to control groups. Moreover, this approach has increased student engagement and motivation in mathematics. When students feel their ideas are valued, they are more likely to participate actively in mathematical discussions and take intellectual risks.

Challenges and Considerations

While the benefits of taking students' ideas seriously are well-documented, implementing this approach can present challenges:

1. Time Constraints: Allowing for extended student discussions and idea exploration can be time-consuming within the constraints of a typical school schedule.

2. Teacher Preparation: Effectively building on student ideas requires strong content knowledge and pedagogical skills from teachers.

3. Assessment Alignment: Traditional assessment methods may not adequately capture the depth of understanding developed through this approach, necessitating new forms of evaluation.

Conclusion

Taking students' ideas seriously in mathematics education represents a powerful approach to fostering deep conceptual understanding and problem-solving skills. By valuing students' initial thoughts and building upon their intuitive knowledge, educators can create more engaging and effective learning environments. While challenges exist in implementation, the potential benefits for student learning and mathematical achievement make this approach worthy of serious consideration and further research.

References

Ball, D. L., Thames, M. H., & Phelps, G. (2008). Content knowledge for teaching: What makes it special? Journal of Teacher Education, 59(5), 389-407.

Boaler, J. (2002). Experiencing school mathematics: Traditional and reform approaches to teaching and their impact on student learning. Routledge.

Boaler, J., & Brodie, K. (2004). The importance, nature and impact of teacher questions. In D. E. McDougall & J. A. Ross (Eds.), Proceedings of the 26th annual meeting of the North American Chapter of the International Group for the Psychology of Mathematics Education (Vol. 2, pp. 773-782). Toronto: OISE/UT. Carpenter, T. P., Fennema, E., & Franke, M. L. (1996). Cognitively guided instruction: A knowledge base for reform in primary mathematics instruction. The Elementary School Journal, 97(1), 3-20.

Carpenter, T. P., Fennema, E., Franke, M. L., Levi, L., & Empson, S. B. (1999). Children's mathematics: Cognitively guided instruction. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann.

Carpenter, T. P., & Lehrer, R. (1999). Teaching and learning mathematics with understanding. In E. Fennema & T. A. Romberg (Eds.), Mathematics classrooms that promote understanding (pp. 19-32). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Craik, F. I., & Lockhart, R. S. (1972). Levels of processing: A framework for memory research. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 11(6), 671-684.

Driscoll, M. P. (2005). Psychology of learning for instruction (3rd ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

Flavell, J. H. (1979). Metacognition and cognitive monitoring: A new area of cognitive-developmental inquiry. American Psychologist, 34(10), 906-911.

Hiebert, J., & Carpenter, T. P. (1992). Learning and teaching with understanding. In D. A. Grouws (Ed.), Handbook of research on mathematics teaching and learning (pp. 65-97). New York: Macmillan.

Hiebert, J., Carpenter, T. P., Fennema, E., Fuson, K. C., Wearne, D., Murray, H., ... & Human, P. (1997). Making sense: Teaching and learning mathematics with understanding. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann.

Lyman, F. (1981). The responsive classroom discussion: The inclusion of all students. In A. S. Anderson (Ed.), Mainstreaming Digest (pp. 109-113). College Park: University of Maryland Press.

Piaget, J. (1952). The origins of intelligence in children. New York: International Universities Press.

Rowe, M. B. (1986). Wait time: Slowing down may be a way of speeding up! Journal of Teacher Education, 37(1), 43- 50.

Shepard, L. A. (2000). The role of assessment in a learning culture. Educational Researcher, 29(7), 4-14.

Smith, M. S., & Stein, M. K. (2011). 5 practices for orchestrating productive mathematics discussions. Reston, VA: National Council of Teachers of Mathematics.

Social Media.

Research in mathematics education highlights the significance of taking students' ideas seriously, demonstrating how this approach enhances conceptual understanding, problem-solving abilities, and overall mathematical achievement. Rooted in constructivist learning theory, this method engages crucial cognitive processes like schema formation, metacognition, and elaborative rehearsal. By connecting students’ informal knowledge with formal mathematical concepts, educators can establish a robust foundation for advanced mathematical thinking. Studies show that when instruction is based on students' thinking, learners exhibit superior problem-solving skills and a deeper conceptual grasp than traditional teaching methods.

Join us in exploring these powerful teaching approaches and their impact on mathematical thinking and achievement!

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Details

• 🍳 Cook time: 1 hour and 15 minutes

Ingredients

• 1 cup dried red lentils
• (2) 25-ounce jars marinara sauce
• 1 cup raw cashews
• 14.5 ounce firm tofu (patted dry)
• ½ cup nutritional yeast
• 3 tablespoons fresh lemon juice (from about 2 lemons)
• 1 teaspoon salt
• 1 teaspoon dried basil
• 1 teaspoon oregano
• ½ teaspoon garlic powder
• 3 cups baby spinach
• 1 box lasagna noodles (about 12 noodles) (regular, gluten free or whole grain)
• Double recipe Easy Vegan Mozzarella Cheese (or 2-3 cups shredded vegan mozzarella)

Directions

1. lentilsCook the red lentils . Add 1 cup dried red lentils and 3 cups of water to a medium pot. Bring to a boil, and then simmer for about 20 minutes. Drain the lentils in a fine strainer, and then add back to the pot and stir in the marinara sauce . Set aside.
2. ovenPreheat the oven to 350 degrees .
3. Make the Cashew-Tofu Ricotta: Add the cashews to a food processor and process until fine and crumbly. Then add the tofu in chunks, nutritional yeast , lemon juice , salt , basil , oregano and garlic powder to the food processor. Pulse until well combined and pretty smooth. If it's too thick, add a few tablespoons of water to blend. Set aside.
4. LasagnaAssembling the lasagna: Add about 1 cup of lentil marinara to the bottom of a large 9x13 inch casserole dish. Spread it around evenly. Next add 4-5 lasagna noodles (uncooked). Spread half of the ricotta on top of the noodles . Top with half of the spinach . Add about 1 cup of the marinara sauce over the spinach , then place 4-5 lasagna noodles on top. Spread the rest of the ricotta over the noodles , then the rest of the spinach . Place 4-5 more noodles on top of the spinach , and then pour the rest of the sauce over the top, evenly.
5. LasagnaCover tightly with foil and bake for 40 minutes.
6. MozzarellaWhile the lasagna is cooking, make your Vegan Mozzarella Cheese , if using. Alternatively, use 2-3 cups store bought vegan mozzarella cheese .
7. LasagnaAfter 40 minutes, remove the foil and spoon on the mozzarella (or sprinkle the cheese all over). Place the lasagna back in the oven and bake for 20 more minutes, uncovered. Remove from oven, let cool for at least 15 minutes and serve.

@ c066aac5:6a41a034

I’m drawn to extremities in art. The louder, the bolder, the more outrageous, the better. Bold art takes me out of the mundane into a whole new world where anything and everything is possible. Having grown up in the safety of the suburban midwest, I was a bit of a rebellious soul in search of the satiation that only came from the consumption of the outrageous. My inclination to find bold art draws me to NOSTR, because I believe NOSTR can be the place where the next generation of artistic pioneers go to express themselves. I also believe that as much as we are able, were should invite them to come create here.

My Background: A Small Side Story

My father was a professional gamer in the 80s, back when there was no money or glory in the avocation. He did get a bit of spotlight though after the fact: in the mid 2000’s there were a few parties making documentaries about that era of gaming as well as current arcade events (namely 2007’sChasing GhostsandThe King of Kong: A Fistful of Quarters). As a result of these documentaries, there was a revival in the arcade gaming scene. My family attended events related to the documentaries or arcade gaming and I became exposed to a lot of things I wouldn’t have been able to find. The producer ofThe King of Kong: A Fistful of Quarters had previously made a documentary calledNew York Dollwhich was centered around the life of bassist Arthur Kane. My 12 year old mind was blown: The New York Dolls were a glam-punk sensation dressed in drag. The music was from another planet. Johnny Thunders’ guitar playing was like Chuck Berry with more distortion and less filter. Later on I got to meet the Galaga record holder at the time, Phil Day, in Ottumwa Iowa. Phil is an Australian man of high intellect and good taste. He exposed me to great creators such as Nick Cave & The Bad Seeds, Shakespeare, Lou Reed, artists who created things that I had previously found inconceivable.

I believe this time period informed my current tastes and interests, but regrettably I think it also put coals on the fire of rebellion within. I stopped taking my parents and siblings seriously, the Christian faith of my family (which I now hold dearly to) seemed like a mundane sham, and I felt I couldn’t fit in with most people because of my avant-garde tastes. So I write this with the caveat that there should be a way to encourage these tastes in children without letting them walk down the wrong path. There is nothing inherently wrong with bold art, but I’d advise parents to carefully find ways to cultivate their children’s tastes without completely shutting them down and pushing them away as a result. My parents were very loving and patient during this time; I thank God for that.

With that out of the way, lets dive in to some bold artists:

Nicolas Cage: Actor

There is an excellent video by Wisecrack on Nicolas Cage that explains him better than I will, which I will linkhere. Nicolas Cage rejects the idea that good acting is tied to mere realism; all of his larger than life acting decisions are deliberate choices. When that clicked for me, I immediately realized the man is a genius. He borrows from Kabuki and German Expressionism, art forms that rely on exaggeration to get the message across. He has even created his own acting style, which he calls Nouveau Shamanic. He augments his imagination to go from acting to being. Rather than using the old hat of method acting, he transports himself to a new world mentally. The projects he chooses to partake in are based on his own interests or what he considers would be a challenge (making a bad script good for example). Thus it doesn’t matter how the end result comes out; he has already achieved his goal as an artist. Because of this and because certain directors don’t know how to use his talents, he has a noticeable amount of duds in his filmography. Dig around the duds, you’ll find some pure gold. I’d personally recommend the filmsPig, Joe, Renfield, and his Christmas film The Family Man.

Nick Cave: Songwriter

What a wild career this man has had! From the apocalyptic mayhem of his band The Birthday Party to the pensive atmosphere of his albumGhosteen, it seems like Nick Cave has tried everything. I think his secret sauce is that he’s always working. He maintains an excellent newsletter calledThe Red Hand Files, he has written screenplays such asLawless, he has written books, he has made great film scores such asThe Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford, the man is religiously prolific. I believe that one of the reasons he is prolific is that he’s not afraid to experiment. If he has an idea, he follows it through to completion. From the albumMurder Ballads(which is comprised of what the title suggests) to his rejected sequel toGladiator(Gladiator: Christ Killer), he doesn’t seem to be afraid to take anything on. This has led to some over the top works as well as some deeply personal works. Albums likeSkeleton TreeandGhosteenwere journeys through the grief of his son’s death. The Boatman’s Callis arguably a better break-up album than anything Taylor Swift has put out. He’s not afraid to be outrageous, he’s not afraid to offend, but most importantly he’s not afraid to be himself. Works I’d recommend include The Birthday Party’sLive 1981-82, Nick Cave & The Bad Seeds’The Boatman’s Call, and the filmLawless.

Jim Jarmusch: Director

I consider Jim’s films to be bold almost in an ironic sense: his works are bold in that they are, for the most part, anti-sensational. He has a rule that if his screenplays are criticized for a lack of action, he makes them even less eventful. Even with sensational settings his films feel very close to reality, and they demonstrate the beauty of everyday life. That's what is bold about his art to me: making the sensational grounded in reality while making everyday reality all the more special. Ghost Dog: The Way of the Samurai is about a modern-day African-American hitman who strictly follows the rules of the ancient Samurai, yet one can resonate with the humanity of a seemingly absurd character. Only Lovers Left Aliveis a vampire love story, but in the middle of a vampire romance one can see their their own relationships in a new deeply human light. Jim’s work reminds me that art reflects life, and that there is sacred beauty in seemingly mundane everyday life. I personally recommend his filmsPaterson,Down by Law, andCoffee and Cigarettes.

NOSTR: We Need Bold Art

NOSTR is in my opinion a path to a better future. In a world creeping slowly towards everything apps, I hope that the protocol where the individual owns their data wins over everything else. I love freedom and sovereignty. If NOSTR is going to win the race of everything apps, we need more than Bitcoin content. We need more than shirtless bros paying for bananas in foreign countries and exercising with girls who have seductive accents. Common people cannot see themselves in such a world. NOSTR needs to catch the attention of everyday people. I don’t believe that this can be accomplished merely by introducing more broadly relevant content; people are searching for content that speaks to them. I believe that NOSTR can and should attract artists of all kinds because NOSTR is one of the few places on the internet where artists can express themselves fearlessly. Getting zaps from NOSTR’s value-for-value ecosystem has far less friction than crowdfunding a creative project or pitching investors that will irreversibly modify an artist’s vision. Having a place where one can post their works without fear of censorship should be extremely enticing. Having a place where one can connect with fellow humans directly as opposed to a sea of bots should seem like the obvious solution. If NOSTR can become a safe haven for artists to express themselves and spread their work, I believe that everyday people will follow. The banker whose stressful job weighs on them will suddenly find joy with an original meme made by a great visual comedian. The programmer for a healthcare company who is drowning in hopeless mundanity could suddenly find a new lust for life by hearing the song of a musician who isn’t afraid to crowdfund their their next project by putting their lighting address on the streets of the internet. The excel guru who loves independent film may find that NOSTR is the best way to support non corporate movies. My closing statement: continue to encourage the artists in your life as I’m sure you have been, but while you’re at it give them the purple pill. You may very well be a part of building a better future.

@ 2e8970de:63345c7a

It's a promo video of an, of course, not existential product from Japans Kawasaki

but I found the concept/the idea so mindblowing that I had to share

https://x.com/minchoi/status/1908521169214382348

originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/935326

@ fd208ee8:0fd927c1

Overview

Philosophy

Markdown is intended to be as easy-to-read and easy-to-write as is feasible.

Readability, however, is emphasized above all else. A Markdown-formatted document should be publishable as-is, as plain text, without looking like it's been marked up with tags or formatting instructions. While Markdown's syntax has been influenced by several existing text-to-HTML filters -- including Setext, atx, Textile, reStructuredText, Grutatext, and EtText -- the single biggest source of inspiration for Markdown's syntax is the format of plain text email.

Block Elements

Paragraphs and Line Breaks

A paragraph is simply one or more consecutive lines of text, separated by one or more blank lines. (A blank line is any line that looks like a blank line -- a line containing nothing but spaces or tabs is considered blank.) Normal paragraphs should not be indented with spaces or tabs.

The implication of the "one or more consecutive lines of text" rule is that Markdown supports "hard-wrapped" text paragraphs. This differs significantly from most other text-to-HTML formatters (including Movable Type's "Convert Line Breaks" option) which translate every line break character in a paragraph into a <br /> tag.

When you do want to insert a <br /> break tag using Markdown, you end a line with two or more spaces, then type return.

Headers

Markdown supports two styles of headers, [Setext] [1] and [atx] [2].

Optionally, you may "close" atx-style headers. This is purely cosmetic -- you can use this if you think it looks better. The closing hashes don't even need to match the number of hashes used to open the header. (The number of opening hashes determines the header level.)

Blockquotes

Markdown uses email-style > characters for blockquoting. If you're familiar with quoting passages of text in an email message, then you know how to create a blockquote in Markdown. It looks best if you hard wrap the text and put a > before every line:

This is a blockquote with two paragraphs. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Aliquam hendrerit mi posuere lectus. Vestibulum enim wisi, viverra nec, fringilla in, laoreet vitae, risus.

Donec sit amet nisl. Aliquam semper ipsum sit amet velit. Suspendisse id sem consectetuer libero luctus adipiscing.

Markdown allows you to be lazy and only put the > before the first line of a hard-wrapped paragraph:

This is a blockquote with two paragraphs. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Aliquam hendrerit mi posuere lectus. Vestibulum enim wisi, viverra nec, fringilla in, laoreet vitae, risus.

Donec sit amet nisl. Aliquam semper ipsum sit amet velit. Suspendisse id sem consectetuer libero luctus adipiscing.

Blockquotes can be nested (i.e. a blockquote-in-a-blockquote) by adding additional levels of >:

This is the first level of quoting.

This is nested blockquote.

Back to the first level.

Blockquotes can contain other Markdown elements, including headers, lists, and code blocks:

This is a header.

1. This is the first list item.
2. This is the second list item.

Here's some example code:

return shell_exec("echo $input | $markdown_script");

Any decent text editor should make email-style quoting easy. For example, with BBEdit, you can make a selection and choose Increase Quote Level from the Text menu.

Lists

Markdown supports ordered (numbered) and unordered (bulleted) lists.

Unordered lists use asterisks, pluses, and hyphens -- interchangably -- as list markers:

• Red
• Green
• Blue

is equivalent to:

• Red
• Green
• Blue

and:

• Red
• Green
• Blue

Ordered lists use numbers followed by periods:

1. Bird
2. McHale
3. Parish

It's important to note that the actual numbers you use to mark the list have no effect on the HTML output Markdown produces. The HTML Markdown produces from the above list is:

If you instead wrote the list in Markdown like this:

1. Bird
2. McHale
3. Parish

or even:

1. Bird
2. McHale
3. Parish

you'd get the exact same HTML output. The point is, if you want to, you can use ordinal numbers in your ordered Markdown lists, so that the numbers in your source match the numbers in your published HTML. But if you want to be lazy, you don't have to.

To make lists look nice, you can wrap items with hanging indents:

• Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Aliquam hendrerit mi posuere lectus. Vestibulum enim wisi, viverra nec, fringilla in, laoreet vitae, risus.
• Donec sit amet nisl. Aliquam semper ipsum sit amet velit. Suspendisse id sem consectetuer libero luctus adipiscing.

But if you want to be lazy, you don't have to:

• Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Aliquam hendrerit mi posuere lectus. Vestibulum enim wisi, viverra nec, fringilla in, laoreet vitae, risus.
• Donec sit amet nisl. Aliquam semper ipsum sit amet velit. Suspendisse id sem consectetuer libero luctus adipiscing.

List items may consist of multiple paragraphs. Each subsequent paragraph in a list item must be indented by either 4 spaces or one tab:

1. This is a list item with two paragraphs. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Aliquam hendrerit mi posuere lectus.

   Vestibulum enim wisi, viverra nec, fringilla in, laoreet vitae, risus. Donec sit amet nisl. Aliquam semper ipsum sit amet velit.

2. Suspendisse id sem consectetuer libero luctus adipiscing.

It looks nice if you indent every line of the subsequent paragraphs, but here again, Markdown will allow you to be lazy:

• This is a list item with two paragraphs.

  This is the second paragraph in the list item. You're only required to indent the first line. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit.

• Another item in the same list.

To put a blockquote within a list item, the blockquote's > delimiters need to be indented:

• A list item with a blockquote:

  This is a blockquote inside a list item.

To put a code block within a list item, the code block needs to be indented twice -- 8 spaces or two tabs:

• A list item with a code block:

  <code goes here>
  

Code Blocks

Pre-formatted code blocks are used for writing about programming or markup source code. Rather than forming normal paragraphs, the lines of a code block are interpreted literally. Markdown wraps a code block in both <pre> and <code> tags.

To produce a code block in Markdown, simply indent every line of the block by at least 4 spaces or 1 tab.

This is a normal paragraph:

This is a code block.

Here is an example of AppleScript:

tell application "Foo"
    beep
end tell

A code block continues until it reaches a line that is not indented (or the end of the article).

Within a code block, ampersands (&) and angle brackets (< and >) are automatically converted into HTML entities. This makes it very easy to include example HTML source code using Markdown -- just paste it and indent it, and Markdown will handle the hassle of encoding the ampersands and angle brackets. For example, this:

<div class="footer">
    &copy; 2004 Foo Corporation
</div>

Regular Markdown syntax is not processed within code blocks. E.g., asterisks are just literal asterisks within a code block. This means it's also easy to use Markdown to write about Markdown's own syntax.

tell application "Foo" beep end tell

Span Elements

Links

Markdown supports two style of links: inline and reference.

In both styles, the link text is delimited by [square brackets].

To create an inline link, use a set of regular parentheses immediately after the link text's closing square bracket. Inside the parentheses, put the URL where you want the link to point, along with an optional title for the link, surrounded in quotes. For example:

This is an example inline link.

This link has no title attribute.

Emphasis

Markdown treats asterisks (*) and underscores (_) as indicators of emphasis. Text wrapped with one * or _ will be wrapped with an HTML <em> tag; double *'s or _'s will be wrapped with an HTML <strong> tag. E.g., this input:

single asterisks

single underscores

double asterisks

double underscores

Code

To indicate a span of code, wrap it with backtick quotes (`). Unlike a pre-formatted code block, a code span indicates code within a normal paragraph. For example:

Use the printf() function.

@ 19f0548d:28692ddf

My everyday activity

This template is just for demo needs.

;startDay () -> working ;stopDay working -> () ;startPause working -> paused ;endPause paused -> working ;goSmoke working -> smoking ;endSmoke smoking -> working ;startEating working -> eating ;stopEating eating -> working ;startCall working -> onCall ;endCall onCall -> working ;startMeeting working -> inMeetinga ;endMeeting inMeeting -> working ;logTask working -> working

@ e9a5683f:419c3f42

My everyday activity

This template is just for demo needs.

;startDay () -> working ;stopDay working -> () ;startPause working -> paused ;endPause paused -> working ;goSmoke working -> smoking ;endSmoke smoking -> working ;startEating working -> eating ;stopEating eating -> working ;startCall working -> onCall ;endCall onCall -> working ;startMeeting working -> inMeetinga ;endMeeting inMeeting -> working ;logTask working -> working

@ 8bad797a:8461b4bc

Frank Palmer Purcell

I claim to be a Catholic American; even though I now follow the Russian Orthodox tradition, I do so in a small sui juris Church in communion with Rome, not Constantinople. When I was a little kid, knee high to a trilobite, some folks still had a problem with that, with being Catholic and American, I mean; Orthodoxy was beyond our horizon. My mother was one of those who had the problem. As long as I was a Catholic like my father (and her own mother, as a little girl in Ireland and on the lower East Side), I couldn't be a real American like her father, a bookbinder replaced by a machine, disowned by his family for marrying out of caste, who spent his days in the nearest tavern. "Pop" Palmer died at 78, and four years later I was born and named for him, or at least that was my mother's intention. The priest baptized me in Latin, as was the custom in those dark days, and pronounced "Frank" so that it sounded like the nickname ("Frenchy") of a (doubtless) dirty medieval Italian beggar baptized Giovanni.

My early spirituality, to use a ten dollar word for a fifty cent thing, was more American than Franciscan. Emerson and Thoreau, Melville and Whitman spoke and still speak to me as no European voice can, and when I came to study philosophy in a serious way I found the Americans, Josiah Royce, Rufus Jones and Ernest Hocking, C. I. (not C. S.) Lewis and Brand (not Paul) Blanshard, speaking a language that was my own, though by then the professoriate resonated to other tonalities. Though I fell in love with Schopenhauer and Kierkegaard, as every teenager who meets them must, and inhaled the sweet incense and felt the calming breeze of the shrines of the East, as my generation did, and was introduced to the mysteries of Thomas Aquinas by the subtle writings of Jacques Maritain, as we should all be, when I came to take hold of the great tradition of Western theology in a personal way, I found the distinctly American perspectives of Paul Tillich and Richard (not Reinhold) Niebuhr most helpful.

Back in 1963, in the New Jersey family television room, Joseph Campbell's urbane mythological sermons on Channel 13 (still a Newark station) touched something deep inside me an hour after Bishop Sheen's passionate exhortations on Channel 5 had left me (perhaps deplorably) cold. I would go up to my room and say my prayers after a fashion in time for the nightly racetrack bugle and exhilarating nostalgia of Arthur Fiedler's performance of the Bahnfrei Polka of Edouard Strauss, which introduced the nightly raconteurship of the incomparable Jean Shepherd, and, if I were still awake, the more outre world of Long John Nebel and his, ah, eccentric guests. You can't get more American than that. Or more New Jersey.

As the child of a mixed marriage and a pupil of the public schools I was not warmly welcome in the Catholic ghetto. Still, in those years of the civil rights revolution and the Vietnam War, with the polarized positions of right and left equally abstract and inhumane, I found my take on national affairs reflecting the distinctly Catholic perspectives of Dorothy Day and Thomas Merton on the one hand and Frederick Wilhelmsen and Erik Maria, Ritter von Kuehnelt-­Leddihn on the other. And, though the writings of Rufus Jones, to which I even now frequently turn for inspiration, had led me to seek out a Quaker education, I found it was the Catholic scholars and pioneers of the spirit who were beginning the interreligious dialogue which was then and is now one of the pressing needs of humanity. In graduate school I became a devoted Americanist, that is, a scholar dedicated to using the tools of the historian of ideas to get some sense of what this place is all about, this gallimaufry of peoples who have somehow, in spite of all learned and astute prognostications, made themselves and each other into a kind of unity, a unity which it may take someone like the present [at the time of writing] Pope (and there isn't really anyone else very much like him) to discern.

I do not speak of Joseph Ratzinger, Benedict XVI, as a theologian nor even as a philosopher, but I must note that in New York and Washington in 2008 he revealed himself as an historian of ideas of astonishing and exquisite discernment. By this I mean, among other things, of course, that he strongly confirmed the discoveries and intimations of my own forty years of brooding in and on America. I was fortunate indeed to turn up at Columbia University's Teachers College when Douglas Sloan was putting the finishing touches on his groundbreaking study of the Scottish Enlightenment as the great inspiration of the American colonists, especially the intellectual elite, in the age of the War of Independence. Sloan's insights would eventually be popularized, without their scholarly context and qualifications, in Garry Wills' bestselling Inventing America, and it is now taken for granted that our Founding Father Across the Sea was not John Locke, but the Ulster Scot Francis Hutcheson (1694-­1746).

Indeed, the Evangelical position seems to be that it was Hutcheson who corrupted American civilization at the root, turning us from the Calvinist faith once delivered to Jonathan Edwards (himself a notorious Lockean, but never mind). In fact, Oxford University Press recently published a six hundred page tract to that effect, authored at Wheaton. Hutcheson, and the Scottish school of Common Sense which he inspired, held that all human beings, Pagan and Christian, Protestant and Catholic, share a basic ability to come to an understanding of certain fundamental truths, and can come to agreement upon these with the aid of reason. Calvinism, especially the neo­Calvinism which is the unquestioned (because unquestionable) paradigm of the Evangelical academy, holds that the elect have a unique and divinely sanctioned "world view" which stands in judgment of all others in all particulars. To these zealots the very idea that there can be any common human ground between believers and unbelievers is itself a damnable heresy. Still, it is the damnable heresy on which American society and civilization are built, and the Calvinism which so despises it is a near kin of those varieties of Islam that Benedict so boldly challenged at Regensburg in 2006.

When the same Benedict addressed the United Nations a year and a half later, he pointed out how the principles of that august body, and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights whose anniversary he was commemorating, grew out of the Natural Law philosophy of CounterReformation Scholasticism, particularly as formulated by Francisco de Vitoria (1492?–1546). Needless to say, the "Scottish Philosophy" of a later age grew out of this tradition as well, and many of the American founders were directly familiar with Natural Law theory as expounded by Catholic ­­ and Protestant ­­ Scholastics. On the same visit Benedict made ample use of the language of sacred architecture, as if in conscious homage to the fact that he was honoring a country founded by Freemasons, who used that language to teach the conformity of right living to the law of nature and nature's God. If he was giving a Catholic interpretation to this symbolism, so did the Catholic Jacobites who were prominent in the Craft before the Masonic movement became identified with indifferentism, anticlericalism, and finally (at least on the Continent) atheism. It was striking indeed that to one steeped in American tradition it was the Pope of Rome of all people who was speaking our own language in a familiar tone, and the neo­Calvinist Evangelicals who jibbered and muttered in an outlandish and menacing jargon more Muslim than Christian. I sure wonder what Mommy would think.

Natural Law. What is that to us today; what was it to me in what we call the Vietnam era? In 2008 the issue was torture, and a President of the United States who took pleasure in his presumed power to order it, to physically degrade his enemies, to morally degrade our own soldiers. I am proud that when Mr. Bush asked our military for advice on the subject, they replied that he has no such power, that such actions are contrary to our laws and the traditions of our armed services, and, moreover, ineffectual. (The latter point is an important indication that powerful men order torture not to accomplish anything, but to pleasure themselves.) And I am ashamed that he chose to take the advice of Israeli advisors, who hold to another morality, one going back to ancient Assyria, and profoundly alien to our own Christian civilization.

In my youth the overriding issue was not torture, but terrorism. Not that torture didn't take place. At graduate school I knew a former naval officer who had interrogated captured Viet Minh and Viet Cong; the "extraordinary means" had been applied by our allies by the time he was introduced to his prisoners, and the specialists who had softened them up had already moved on or backed off. The issues before us then were atrocious acts of war against civilian populations in North and South Vietnam, in Laos and Cambodia, in Central and South America, even in Germany and Japan a generation before, not to mention the subversion and corruption of constitutional government in America by a regime that felt justified in using any means necessary to keep power away from the Communists and their sympathizers, the Democrats and liberal Republicans.

Nor was such evil a monopoly of the so­called right. A young antiwar activist formerly associated with Martin Luther King even went so far as to criticize the sainted Che Guevara for not being enough of a terrorist to tear the peasantry away from their conformity to a "fascist" state. (Two generations later the man was advising George Bush.) In my undergraduate days I had been a loyal member of the conservative movement, back when the Intercollegiate Studies Institute was still called the Intercollegiate Society of Individualists, some members of the Students for a Democratic Society still honored democracy, and Murray Rothbard and Carl Ogelsby were moving "beyond left and right." If I got nothing more from the conservatives, and in fact I got a great deal more, it was an ever deepening admiration for Edmund Burke. Burke was prized by the cold warriors because his Letters on a Regicide Peace could be used to justify a war of extermination against the Soviet Union, the Peoples Republic of China, and any other people so temerarious as not join the alliance against these forces of absolute evil and subordinate their interests to those of the United States. A superficial reading, I need hardly remark. But Burke was not only the acute critic of the French Revolution who predicted the Terror from its earliest signs, he also was a tireless advocate for Irish freedom, particularly freedom of conscience, and a loyal ally of the American colonies in Parliament. But Burke's finest hour came at the end of his long career, when he boldly fought against the depredations of Warren Hastings and the British East India Company. Anyone who wants to know what natural law meant to the men of the Eighteenth Century, including those who liberated the American colonies and forged their political constitution can get a good sense of it from the eighth day (!) of his impeachment of Hastings before the House of Lords, which, I warn you, I have quoted before and shall no doubt quote again:

No man can lawfully govern himself according to his own will—much less can one person be governed by the will of another. We are all born in subjection—all born equally, high and low, governors and governed, in subjection to one great, immutable, preexistent law, prior to all our devices, and prior to all our contrivances, paramount to all our ideas and to all our sensations, antecedent to our very existence, by which we are knit and connected in the eternal frame of the universe, out of which we can not stir. This great law does not arise from our conventions or compacts; on the contrary, it gives to our conventions and compacts all the force and sanction they can have: it does not arise from our vain institutions. Every good gift is of God, all power is of God; and He who has given the power, and from whom alone it originates, will never suffer the exercise of it to be practised upon any less solid foundation than the power itself. If, then, all dominion of man over man is the effect of the divine disposition, it is bound by the eternal laws of Him that gave it, with which no human authority can dispense; neither he that exercises it, nor even those who are subject to it; and, if they were mad enough to make an express compact, that should release their magistrate from 5 his duty, and should declare their lives, liberties and properties, dependent upon, not rules and laws, but his mere capricious will, that covenant would be void. This arbitrary power is not to be had by conquest. Nor can any sovereign have it by succession; for no man can succeed to fraud, rapine, and violence. Those who give and those who receive arbitrary power are alike criminal; and there is no man but is bound to resist it to the best of his power, wherever it shall show its face to the world.

Mr. Jefferson couldn't have put it better. Human rights are inalienable --­­ you can't give them away, and when they are taken away there is not only the right of rebellion, but the solemn duty to resist. The difficulty of natural law theory, of course, is in the details. Back in '68 Pope Paul VI had announced that artificial contraception was against the natural law, but this decision did not immediately commend itself to the common sense of many of those who were not subject to his religious authority. I don't mean he was wrong, or that he exceeded his authority, or even that his decision was inopportune. But when the Supreme Court, alarmed by the birthrate of blacks and an end to white domination of the nation and the world, soon mandated abortion on demand, it was all too easy to dismiss arguments in favor of the human being of the embryonic human as religious dogma rather than an honest attempt to think things through. Since then the concept of natural law is often dismissed by feminists and homosexualists (to use Mr. Vidal's eloquent term) as a mere excuse for oppression. It does seem to me, however, that the insistent denial of the very idea of human rights does nothing to advance the liberation of humanity or any part of it. But maybe that's just me.

In any case, I don't think America was ever anything like the sort of Catholic nation that, say, Portugal was under the late Dr. Salazar, or is very likely to get there any time soon, despite the best wishes and even efforts of some of my friends. I do think that for a good part of our history a great many people in public life would have said that the words of Burke I have quoted express their most basic political convictions and sentiments as well as anyone ever could, and this puts America right at the center of the great tradition of Western civilization. And this was true long after old Europe had gone down other ways, the ways of the French revolution, the reaction against it, and the nationalism that synthesized the worst of both. To be sure, we have had nationalists here, and have them today, and have preached our crusades to end slavery, make the world safe for democracy, eradicate the evil empire of the moment, but there is, if not always a ringing and uncontested affirmation of civilized values, by which I mean the values of our civilization, at least a powerful nostalgia for them, and a sincere wish that one could believe in them with a good conscience, a good conscience which postmodernist deconstructionism denies us. A good conscience which Joseph Ratzinger Benedict XVI, who has suffered modernity as few of us have and thought more deeply about it, was offering us back.

To be perfectly frank, it took the Catholic Church a good long time to recognize the Christian virtues of Enlightenment, even the Scottish one, and Revolution, even the American one. Better late than never. And despite the mantric invocation of John Courtney Murray, the Church in America has not always been on the side of the angels. The theology of the American Church has always been Jansenist, not Catholic, combining the worst of Pelagius and Calvin, making Boston Irish the kissing cousins of Cotton Mather. The American Church never permitted itself to be organized according to canon law because this would limit the despotism of prelates. The American Church refused to acknowledge the priesthood of Eastern Catholics ordained as married men, driving the Catholic Ruthenians into communion with the Patriarch of Moscow (the present Orthodox Church in America), and later blackmailing a bankrupt papacy into forbidding married priests throughout the Western hemisphere, driving a second group of Ruthenians into communion with the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople (the present American Carpatho­Russian Orthodox Diocese).

They American Cathholic Church wouldn't even allow American women to become real nuns, or foreign nuns to come to America without renouncing their vows. The vast majority of Catholic women called nuns are nothing of the sort, but religious sisters first organized as cheap labor at the beck and call of the clergy, and now loose cannons like the Papessas Mother Angelica and Sister Joan. Yes, one or two real abbeys for women were founded in the last century, but the American Church continues to hold the contemplative life in deepest contempt, even for women. Women religious lead the crusade against contemplative traditions, and now rail against the Church as an organ of worldly power from which they are unjustly excluded.

Deprived of traditional spiritual direction, a lamentable number of priests "demythologized" the Faith while looking to worldly culture for a way of salvation. Many found it in the gospel of orgasm, and undertook to liberate the young men in their care by sharing the only joy they thought worth having, with results we see today.

Catholic involvement in American public life has not been edifying either. The American bishops turned their backs on Benedict XV's attempt to end the slaughter in the trenches and refused to make any move to bring Woodrow Wilson over to the side of peace. As patriotic Americans, they in effect signed on to the WASP jihad to extirpate the Catholic powers of the Old World. A couple of generations later millions of Catholic schoolchildren were forced to write letters demanding that the Senate not censure that great American Joseph McCarthy, who was probably the Soviet Union's most valuable (presumably unwitting) asset in American public life, who had discredited all responsible criticism of Communism and its supporters by viciously slandering the United States Army, the Department of State, and the Protestant clergy as nests of traitors. Some years later Catholic activists succeeded in driving the voices of moderation out of the Republican Party, and the urban ethnic social conservatives out of the Democratic, and the forms of civility from the public square.

Americans can be forgiven for not rushing to enlist in the nearest Roman Catholic parish. There are other conversions needed, perhaps beginning with American Catholics themselves. Back in the days of Reagan a fellow named Alan Bloom made an almost persuasive case that the American Mind was closed to the Great Tradition of Western Civilization, and needed to be reopened. Alas, Bloom was a Neoconservative, a follower of their guru Leo Strauss, and a teacher of a a number of shady operatives of the Program for the New American Century type, as Saul Bellow's last novel so amusingly portrays him. Bloom's Great Tradition was something cobbled together by Machiavelli and others out of the misunderstood shards of ancient paganism; thinkers and writers tainted by the Christian gospel remained under embargo. (Mortimer Adler was less fearful, more intellectually curious, but look where he ended up.) It took a Bavarian Pope to remind us that the basic principles of our cherished hopes of international organization and human rights, and indeed of the American founding itself, go back to the Iberian scholastics of the Catholic Reformation. ("Counter­Reformation" is misleadingly negative.)

Benedict's reminder harmonized well with my own studies in the history of philosophy. I began some five decades ago with the riddle, the riddles, of Charles Sanders Peirce (1839­ - 1914), our own and only philosopher to be ranked with the likes of Aristotle and Kant. What was this Common Sense he went on and on about? (The Scottish Philosophy was studiously ignored in the academy; it still is.) As I said, I was lucky to find out. Now John Deely has been showing that any postmodern philosophy worthy of the name, one founded on semeiology rather than Cartesian (or empiricist) methodologism, needs to go back to Peirce and with Peirce back to the very beginnings of the theory of signification as we find them in John Poinsot (1589 ­ 1644). Poinsot, as it happens, is part of the same Iberian Renaissance to which Benedict has now called our attention. Indeed, under another name (John of St. Thomas) Poinsot inspired the neo Thomism of Jacques Maritain which undergirded the Christian Humanism of Paul VI and many other Fathers of the Second Vatican Council. (His treatise on *The Gifts of the Holy Spirit, as interpreted by theologians often dismissed as too conservative, is behind the rather daring notion that all Christians are called to holiness in this life, and, indeed to the mystical path of acquired contemplation, and thus such more recent developments as Centering Prayer, the World Community for Christian Meditation, and the ommunion and Liberation movement.

As if all this were not enough, Murray Rothbard, no Christian he, though personally excommunicated and anathematized by Ayn Rand for not repudiating his openly Christian wife, has argued that the Austrian School of Economics, the Old Liberalism of von Mises and Hayek, goes back not so much to Adam Smith (who missed a few points), as to the scholastic philosophers of Spain and Portugal in the early modern period. Mention Iberian philosophy to the American of average education and he will look at you as though you had spoken of Uzbek grand opera ­­ or (indeed) the Scottish Enlightenment. He might even tell you that Spanish ignorance, superstition, and bigotry are precisely what God sent Englishmen into the New World to stamp out: the legenda negra. Needless to say, this is not a view of history a good many newcomers to the United States are likely to tolerate with equanimity, and it is just as well that it isn't true.

Once we retire that vulgar prejudice against Hispanidad we might just get a fair hearing for the work of Xavier Zubiri, the only European thinker of the last century who compares with Peirce for breadth of learning and depth of discernment ­­ as well as sheer unadulterated difficulty. If nothing else, the challenge of Catholicity invites Americans to break down the walls of the Anglo­Saxon ghetto, which do not serve us well now, if they ever did. But it may also provoke a new interest in our own Golden Age of (Protestant) theology. Let me set the stage for this with an extended quotation from Joseph Ratzinger's 1977 essay, "Is Faith Really Good News?" (Now translated in Principles of Catholic Theology:

Truth is not always comfortable for man, but it is only truth that makes him free and only freedom that brings him joy. Now, however, we must ask more precisely: What makes a man joyful? What robs him of joy? What puts him at odds with himself? What opens him to himself and to others? When we want to describe the most extreme form of being at odds with existence, we often say of an individual that he does not like himself. But whom or what is he to like who does not like himself? Something very importamt makes its appearance here: egoism, certainly, is natural to man and needs no encouragement; but this is not true of self­acceptance. The former must be overcome; the latter must be discovered, and it is assuredly one of the most dangerous errors of Christian teachers and moralists that they have all too often confused the two and, by exorcizing the affirmation of self, have enabled egoism to avenge such a betrayal by becoming all the more rampant ­­ this, ultimately, of what the French have labeled the maladie catholique: one who wants to live only on the supernatural level and to the exclusion of self will be, in the end, without a self but not, for that reason, selfless. (79)

Reading this a day or two after Ratzinger's papification I couldn't help thinking of our own Paul Tillich, whose seminal sermon "You are Accepted" baptized the human potential movement (as it was called), whose Courage to Be is a perennial best seller even after half a century, whose Systematic Theology Martin Luther King had asked for in his Georgia prison cell, and I myself poured over eagerly as an Earlham undergraduate. Of course the problematic goes back to Kierkegaard's penetrating analysis of despair, and, indeed to Luther's experience of divine wrath and mercy. Now it is all very well to say we must accept our acceptance, somehow (mysticism? art?) so ground ourselves in the very Ground of Being as to powerfully affirm our being against the powers of nonbeing. But is it true? That is the question haunting Tillich, Martin Luther King, and modern American culture down to our own time, which Ratzinger, challenged by Nietzsche and Camus, dared to speak aloud:

We come now to the all­important question: Is it true, then, when someone says to me: "It is good that you exist"? Is it really good? Is it not possible that that person's love, which wills my existence, is just a tragic error? If the love that gives me courage to exist is not based on truth, then I must, in the end, come to curse the love that deceives me that maintains in existence something that were better destroyed. This dilemma could be 10 strikingly illustrated by reference to the interpretations of the contemporary experience of life in Sartre or Camus or in the attitudes of the new Left. Even without such evidence, it is obvious, however, that the apparently so simple act of liking myself, of being at one with myself, actually raises the question of the whole universe It raises the question of truth: Is it good that I exist? Is it good that anything at all exists? is the world good? How many persons today would dare to affirm this question from the heart ­­ to believe it is good that they exist? That is the source of the anxiety and despair that incessantly affect mankind. Love alone is of no avail. It serves no purpose if truth is not on its side. Only when truth and love are in harmony can man know joy. For it is truth that makes man free. (80)

And the question of truth won't leave us alone. For Tillich the Christian faith was perhaps a true myth, but, perhaps true only the way that other myths are true. He tended to sacramentalize modern art, leftish politics, and sexual liberation; the president of Union Seminary had to remind him that it looked bad for their most eminent theologian not to go to church. The tragedy of attempting to make a religion of art, politics, or sex is obvious by now, and it as a sad circumstance that the leadership of the American Catholic Church were seminarians at a time when Catholic theology looked to the Protestants for validation, and Tillich was at the height of his prestige in the liberal denominations. The painful story of Tillich's sexual obsessions is now well known enough from his wife's two memoirs, Dr. King's escapades have stained the memory of the civil rights movement as much as his infatuation with the Soviet power, ­­ and the sexual scandals of the American Church are unspeakably worse, blighting the lives of tens (hundreds?) of thousands of children. That is something Benedict, on his recent visit, would not allow us to forget for even a moment. But at least he offers a remedy in that confrontation with the truth of our being which liberal theology, Catholic and Protestant (though perhaps not Orthodox),attempted to evade:

The content of the Christian evangelium reads: God finds man so important that he himself has suffered for man. The Cross, which was for Nietzche the most detestable expression of the negative character of the Christian religion, is in truth the center of the evangelium, the glad tidings: "It is good that you exist" ­­ No, "It is necessary that you exist." The Cross is the approbation of our existence, not in words, but in an act so completely radical that it caused God to become flesh and pierced this flesh to the quick; that, to God, it was worth the death of his incarnate Son. One who is so loved that the other identifies his life with this love and no longer desires to live if he is deprived of it; one who is loved even unto death ­­ such a one knows that he is truly loved. But if God so loves, then we are loved in truth. Then love is truth, and truth is love. Then life is worth living. This is the evangelium. (81)

The whole idea of the Cross as God's affirmation of man will strike many an American as shocking, ludicrous even. It the ca­ross not the stock in trade of a thousand "evangelists" as the ultimate proof of our total depravity, the ultimate refutation of all aspirations for human freedom and dignity? Surely Nietzsche got that from his preacher father, though it is hard to find any such slander of humanity in either the written scriptures or the teaching of the Fathers of the Church (except for Augustine, and that on a bad day he later repented). I am happy to note that Ratzinger's point of view, scriptural, patristic, and Benedictine in every sense of the term is very close to what some in the Evangelical churches are calling "gracious Christianity," for that is what it is. That movement is still a prophetic minority in the churches and the academy, and we still need to come to terms with the main stream of American spirituality as represented, for better and worse, by Tillich. And Ratzinger, even in his early days as a professor, has given us the means to do just that. Not everything in the American theological mainstream, and not everything in Tillich, needs to be discarded wholesale.

A follower of Ratiznger's good friend Don Liugi Giussani who studies Tillich's theology will find close analogies between Tillich's method of correlation and the principle of correspondence which Giussani urged on members of the Communion and Liberation movement he founded, a movement in which the Ratzinger Pope (to use the Catholic in­jargon) takes more than a passing interest ­­ he is said even now to take part in a weekly School of Community in which movement people use that method to explore the meaning of the Gospel in relation to their own day to day lives, and the meaning of their lives in relation to the Gospel, though his episcopal orders forbid his formal membership in the Fraternity. I do not mean to imply that Benedict is a follower of Giussani in matters of pure theology, but it seems clear that he recognizes Giussani's method as the best practical application of the theological principles both men learned from such masters of La Nouvelle Theologie as de Lubac, von Balthasar, and (with reservations) Rahner.

But before I move away from the idea of correspondence, the method of correlation, I should mention that this became the life work of two American philosophers, Ira Progoff, with whom and with whose students I was privileged to do postdoctoral work, and Eugene Gendlin, both known as psychologists for the contributions they have made to psychology, who offer what I can only describe as means of spiritual direction. The few folks who remember Tillich today often contrast him with Reinhold Niebuhr, his colleague at Union, who inspired the Cold war mainstream much as Tillich inspired the New Left, and whom Don Gius was fond of quoting.

But the man to rediscover is Reinhold's brother Richard, a theologian's theologian, that is, one whose writings were never taken up by the movers and shakers of middlebrow culture. His Meaning of Revelation shows the kind of emphasis the Catholic Church in Europe is coming around to, or coming back to, as it is very much in the spirit of the Fathers of the Church, the Eastern Fathers in particular. For many of us what may be most prophetic in his life work is his refusal of the temptation of neo­conservatism to which Reinhold gave in to his fame and profit. Reinhold ostentatiously resigned from the Fellowship of Reconciliation in the early '30s in righteous indignation that some Christians did not demand that the government do something (what?) about the Japanese in China. Richard, on the other hand, had no hope for the efficacy of political, economic, and military power exercised by the United States against Japan. Sensing that Western Christendom was going the way of old Rome, he thought that the best Christian response was that pioneered by St. Benedict, from whom of course among others the last pontiff took his name. For him the issue was not Japan against China, or the United States against Japan, but, to cite the title of a 1935 book to which he contributed, The Church Against the World. A few years later Dietrich von Hildebrand, in his villa in Florence, was giving the retreats later published as Transformation in Christ to Christian activists who intended to remain behind in Nazi Germany to keep the light of Christian civilization burning in that dark time, and Dietrich Bonhoeffer would take refuge with the Benedictines in his own effort to do the same. A few pages before the long passage I have quoted, Ratzinger's Principles of Catholic Theology gives a lengthy exegesis of Hildebrand's text as the model for Christian repentance. I can't help wondering if this forbidden book is one that his father had hidden around the house, as Evangelicals might have concealed Bonhoeffer's Cost of Discipleship. Discipleship and transformation are not matters of effortful striving, but the response to a calling which is a revelation.

Richard ­­ is particularly enlightening on revelation as calling. He shows that it is not the communication of some kind of knowldege, however supernatural or esoteric, by possession of which we are justified, elevated from the companionship of our neighbors, saved from the world; that would be Gnosticism. Rather, revelation is participation in an ongoing event, a relationship with a person previously unknown, or at least unrecognized. Some words toward the end of The Meaning of Revelation put the matter thus:

Revelation means the moment in our history through which we know ourselves to be known from beginning to end, in which we are apprehended by the knower; it means the the self­disclosure of the judge. Revelation means that we find ourselves to be valued rather than valuing and that all our values are transvaluated by the activity of a universal valuer. When a price is put upon our heads, which is not our price, when the unfairness of all the fair prices we have placed on things is shown up, when the great riches of God reduce our wealth to poverty, that is revelation. When we find out that we are no longer thinking him, but that he first thought us, that is revelation. Revelation is the emergence of the person on whose external garments and body we had looked as objects of our masterful and curious understanding. Revelation means that in our common history the fate that lowers over us as persons in our communities reveals itself to be a person in community with us. What this means for us cannot be expressed in the impersonal ways of creeds or other propositions but only in responsive acts of a personal character. we acknowledge revelation by no third person proposition, such as that there is a God, but only in the direct confession of the heart, "Thou art my God."... From this point forward we must listen for the remembered voice in all the sounds that assail our ears, and look for the remembered activity in all the actions of the world upon us. The God who reveals himself in Jesus Christ is now trusted and known in the contemporary God, revealing himself in every event, but we do not understand how we could tract his working in these happenings if he did not make himself known to us through the memory of Jesus Christ; nor do we know how we should be able to interpret all the words we read as words of God save by the aid of this Rosetta stone. (80 -­ 81)

Catholics who remember the discourses of the Pope Benedict will find the flavor of this passage very Benedictine ­­ in both senses of the term. Those who follow the way of Luigi Giussani find their spirit particularly familiar, for those of them who live in community, including the little band that managed Benedict's household and conduct the School of Community he attended, are known precisely as Memores Domini, those who strive to keep the Lord constantly in mind, and allow their own memory and mindfulness, personal and collective, painful and pleasing, on the surface of association or deeply hidden, to be transformed by their relationship with God in Christ, their participation in the ongoing incarnation of the Word of God: the God who is the author of our nature, and an incarnation that runs to meet the deepest desire of that nature with more that could have been imagined. What this means in the experience of living our life is well stated at the conclusion of Niebuhr's great work:

The God who reveals himself in Jesus Christ meets no unresponsive will but the living spirit of men in search of all good. And he fulfills our need. Here is the one for whose sake all life and every life is worth living, even lives that seem bereft of beauty, of truth and of goodness. The glimpse of his great glory in the face of Jesus Christ, its reflections in the darkened mirrors of the saints' adorations intimate a God who is good beyond all that is good and fair beyond all fairness. Yet the goodness that shines upon us through the moment of revelation is not the glory or the goodness we had expected in our thoughts about deity. The essential goodness of the Father of our Lord Jesus Christ is the simple everyday goodness of love ­­ the value which belongs to a person rather [than] the value we find in an idea or a pattern; it is the goodness which exists as pure activity. He fulfills our expectation of the intrinsic good and yet this adorable goodness differs from everything we had expected, and puts our expectations to shame. We sought a good to love and were found by a good that loved us. And therewith all our religious ambitions are brought low, all our desires to be ministers of God are humbled; he is our minister. By that revelation we are convicted of having corrupted our religious life through our unquenchable desire to keep ourselves with our love of our good in the center of the picture. Here is the goodness that empties itself, and makes itself of no reputation, a goodness that is all outgoing, reserving nothing for itself, yet having all things. So we must begin to rethink all our definitions of deity and convert all our worship and our prayers. Revelation is not the development and not the elimination of our natural religion; it is the revolution of the religious life. (98 -­ 99)

But what does all this mean to one who stands outside the light of revelation, who relies on the reason of Western Civilization, the common sense of the founding Fathers? If believers and unbelievers are to take part in one community, what do we have to say to each other? This is the point of Benedict's challenge to the Muslim world, the question of what could make the libertine Doctor Franklin and the evangelical President Witherspoon active participants in the same foundational dialog. Niebuhr has an answer, and it is the same answer as Benedict:

The pure reason does not need to be limited in order that room be made for faith, but faith emancipates the pure reason from the necessity of defending and guarding the interests of selves, which are now found to be established and guarded, not by nature, but by the God of revelation whose garment nature is. (91 ­- 92)

It is faith that liberates and, indeed, inspires us to invent, develop, explore, and test scientific understandings which would otherwise be too much for the vain imaginings of our all too human hearts:

To know the person is to lose all sense of shame because of kinship with the clod and the ape. The mind is freed to pursue its knowledge of the external world disinterestedly not by the conviction that nothing matters, but by the faith that nothing God has made is mean or unclean. Hence any failure of Christians to develop scientific knowledge of the world is not an indication of their loyalty to the revealed God but of their unbelief. (90 -­ 91)

Seven going on eight decades after these words were published, ministers of "religion" are still attempting to prevent the teaching of ascertained facts of human biology in order to retain the authority of their own stupidly selectively literalistic reading of the Bible; some of the more advanced institutions of Evangelical learning defiantly profess a form of Calvinism in which some sort of theology remains the queen of the sciences in an unconstitutional monarchy, with no other discipline permitted its own proper autonomy and integrity; while in more numerous groves of Academus, even the Roman Catholic plantations, men and women of faith are quickly brushed off as obvious enemies of intellect.

My own mother, as I have said already, doubted that you can be a good Catholic and a real American at the same time. Pope Benedict warned his flock that they will not be good Catholics until they are Americans to the extent of acknowledging the law of nature and of nations as developed by Victoria (among others, some of them Scots), and aspiring to live in local, regional national and international communities under that law, in which the freedom and dignity of the human person are given the first priority. On the other hand I do not see how we can be real Americans without realizing that the aspirations of 1776 and 1789 are grounded in that natural law, and grew up as the fruit of a civilization in which the reason of Greece and Rome reached full maturity in the care of Mother Church, a church whose members, including the hierarchy, were not always consistently faithful to it, calling forth reformations, enlightenments, and even revolutions. I think we must all be Catholic at least in the wider sense of loyalty to that civilization, and our best way may well be to reappropriate the riches of the golden age of American philosophy and theology, of which the work of H. Richard Niebuhr is a small but important part.

Sources quoted: Edmund Burke, Impeachment of Warren Hastings before the House of Lords (numerous editions), eighth day. Joseph Ratzinger, Principles of Catholic Theology. San Fransisco: Ignatius, 1987. H. Richard Niebuhr, The Meaning of Revelation [1941]. Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press, 2006.

© FP Purcell

@ cf955eaa:d1dec072

My everyday activity

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@ 943062ea:ca1ec073

My everyday activity

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@ 5d4b6c8d:8a1c1ee3

Here's a fun little Rorschach Test for Stackers. Clearly there's a trend change during the pandemic, but when does it start and what is the most likely cause?

I'll reserve my commentary for the comment section.

originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/935188

@ 6d84a267:363633f5

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@ 9c444542:1b6458b1

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@ ea435ab5:2725adbf

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@ 907e4623:f40ff12a

gm for the first AFK article in our Nostr client.

Try it here: https://afk-community.xyz

Building a fully OSS Nostr client, called AFK for Aligned Fam Kernel. We aims to be a all-in-one platform for Bitcoin and also ETH ecosystem compatible using Starknet

We build also a native Cashu Wallet and a Ethereum integration with Starknet and smooth Lightning network payment using STRK

Building until WAGMI

• Improve UI
• Cashu wallet
• LN payment
• Starknet integrated
• When Best OSS Nostr client cross app

@ 907e4623:f40ff12a

gm for the first AFK article in our Nostr client.

Try it here: https://afk-community.xyz

Building a fully OSS Nostr client, called AFK for Aligned Fam Kernel. We aims to be a all-in-one platform for Bitcoin and also ETH ecosystem compatible using Starknet

Building until WAGMI

• Improve UI
• Cashu wallet
• LN payment
• Starknet integrated
• When Best OSS Nostr client cross app

@ 907e4623:f40ff12a

@ e5de992e:4a95ef85

In the labyrinth of stock market wisdom, tales of unconventional methods often provide the most enduring insights. One such narrative, shared by Houston reader Melvid Hogan, recounts his life-changing encounter with Mr. Womack—a farmer whose approach to investing defied conventional Wall Street wisdom. By equating the act of purchasing stocks to buying a truckload of pigs, Mr. Womack’s philosophy offers a vivid metaphor for value investing, discipline, and the timeless nature of market cycles.

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A Glimpse into a Bygone Era

Emerging from the shadows of World War II, the post-war economic boom reshaped America’s financial landscape. Many investors, like Hogan, ventured into stock trading as a means of wealth creation, facing the typical challenges of an eager novice. Early experiments with technical and fundamental analysis often led to losses, mirroring the struggles of countless investors trying to decipher an evolving market.

Set against the backdrop of a bustling Merrill Lynch office in Houston, Hogan’s story reminds us that even in the midst of market excitement, seasoned professionals and unlikely mentors were quietly redefining investment strategies. In this era, when emotional trading and market rallies were the norm, Mr. Womack’s measured approach was a radical departure from impulsive trading strategies.

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The Farmer’s Philosophy: Patience, Discipline, and Intrinsic Value

At the heart of Mr. Womack’s method is a profound respect for natural cycles—both in agriculture and the stock market. Just as a farmer plans for planting and harvesting seasons, Mr. Womack approached stock investing with patience and impeccable timing. His strategy was simple: buy stocks when they are as undervalued as a truckload of pigs. In other words, purchase when the price is so low that it leaves little room for error.

This metaphor goes beyond mere pricing. Mr. Womack believed that, much like pigs require ongoing care, stocks need nurturing—through dividends and reinvestment—to deliver long-term value. His focus on dividend-producing companies trading below $10 a share underscores his commitment to tangible, lasting value over speculative gains.

Moreover, his approach wasn’t about predicting market movements with pinpoint accuracy but understanding market cycles. In times of depression or stagnation, when fear prevails and trading volumes drop, Mr. Womack saw opportunity. He would aggregate undervalued stocks and hold them for several years until market conditions improved—a strategy that resonates with modern-day value investing.

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Technical Analysis Versus Fundamental Insight

Mr. Womack’s story also serves as a critique of over-reliance on technical indicators. In today’s financial world, technical fads and complex derivatives often distract from what truly matters: the fundamental worth of a company. During turbulent times—the 1960s, or the dramatic downturn of 1970—Mr. Womack’s unwavering discipline allowed him to capitalize on opportunities that more impulsive traders missed.

His method of rebalancing his portfolio during market lows and adhering strictly to principles rooted in intrinsic value mirrors the strategies of today’s top investors, who prize steady, long-term growth over short-lived market euphoria.

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Market Trends and the Enduring Relevance of Value Investing

In an era dominated by high-frequency trading and algorithm-driven strategies, traditional value investing can sometimes seem outdated. However, Mr. Womack’s insistence on buying stocks at a discount—comparable to purchasing pigs at an unbeatable price—reminds us that market cycles are cyclical for a reason.

During bullish phases, when optimism runs high, even a farmer might overestimate his yield during a bumper harvest. Conversely, in depressed markets, when trading volumes dwindle and fear takes hold, the disciplined investor recognizes that these moments offer the best buying opportunities. As Hogan’s experience shows, understanding the market’s rhythm and acting with measured conviction can transform potential losses into substantial long-term gains.

This approach also speaks to an essential truth about risk: if you maintain a cost position well below an asset’s intrinsic value, you’re positioned to succeed over the long haul—regardless of short-term market fluctuations.

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Reflections on a Lifelong Investment Philosophy

The narrative of Mr. Womack—a humble farmer with a deep understanding of both agriculture and the stock market—offers a powerful metaphor for investors of all stripes. His story is a reminder that successful investing doesn’t always require complex formulas or cutting-edge technology; sometimes, it demands nothing more than discipline, a keen eye for value, and the patience to let time do its work.

In the broader context of financial history, Mr. Womack’s approach stands as a testament to the virtues of pragmatism and foresight. It challenges modern investors to rethink the allure of rapid gains and to embrace strategies that prioritize long-term wealth accumulation over fleeting market trends. Whether you’re a seasoned trader or a newcomer to finance, there is enduring wisdom in treating stocks not as volatile commodities but as valuable assets—each with the potential to yield substantial rewards if bought at the right price and nurtured with care.

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Remember: As Mr. Womack might say, invest with the same care a farmer shows for his livestock. With patience and discipline, even the simplest strategies can lead to long-term prosperity.

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@ 866e0139:6a9334e5

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Autor: CJ Hopkins. Dieser Beitrag wurde mit dem Pareto-Client geschrieben. Sie finden alle Texte der Friedenstaube und weitere Texte zum Thema Frieden hier.**

Dieser Beitrag erschien zuerst auf dem Substack-Blog des Autors.

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Er soll andauern, was er auch tut. Genau wie der nie endende Krieg in Orwells 1984 wird er vom Imperium gegen seine eigenen Untertanen geführt, aber nicht nur, um die Struktur der Gesellschaft intakt zu halten, sondern in unserem Fall auch, um die Gesellschaft in eine neo-totalitäre global-kapitalistische Dystopie zu verwandeln.

Bist du nicht vertraut mit dem Krieg gegen was auch immer?

Nun ja, okay, du erinnerst dich an den Krieg gegen den Terror.

Du erinnerst dich daran, als die „Freiheit und Demokratie“ von „den Terroristen“ angegriffen wurden und wir keine andere Wahl hatten, als uns unserer demokratischen Rechte und Prinzipien zu entledigen, einen nationalen „Notstand“ auszurufen, die verfassungsmäßigen Rechte der Menschen auszusetzen, einen Angriffskrieg gegen ein Land im Nahen Osten anzuzetteln, das für uns keinerlei Bedrohung darstellte, und unsere Straßen, Bahnhöfe, Flughäfen und alle anderen Orte mit schwer bewaffneten Soldaten zu füllen, denn sonst hätten „die Terroristen gewonnen“. Du erinnerst dich, als wir ein Offshore-Gulag bauten, um verdächtige Terroristen auf unbestimmte Zeit wegzusperren, die wir zuvor zu CIA-Geheimgefängnissen verschleppt hatten, wo wir sie gefoltert und gedemütigt haben, richtig?

Natürlich erinnerst du dich. Wer könnte das vergessen?

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DIE FRIEDENSTAUBE FLIEGT AUCH IN IHR POSTFACH!

Hier können Sie die Friedenstaube abonnieren und bekommen die Artikel zugesandt, vorerst für alle kostenfrei, wir starten gänzlich ohne Paywall. (Die Bezahlabos fangen erst zu laufen an, wenn ein Monetarisierungskonzept für die Inhalte steht). Sie wollen der Genossenschaft beitreten oder uns unterstützen? Mehr Infos hier oder am Ende des Textes.

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Erinnerst du dich, als die National Security Agency keine andere Wahl hatte, als ein geheimes „Terroristen-Überwachungsprogramm“ einzurichten, um Amerikaner auszuspionieren, oder sonst „hätten die Terroristen gewonnen“? Oder wie wäre es mit den „Anti-Terror“-Unterleibsuntersuchungen der TSA, der Behörde für Transportsicherheit, die nach über zwanzig Jahren immer noch in Kraft sind?

Und was ist mit dem Krieg gegen den Populismus? An den erinnerst du dich vielleicht nicht so gut.

Ich erinnere mich, denn ich habe zwei Bücher dazu veröffentlicht. Er begann im Sommer 2016, als das Imperium erkannte, dass „rechte Populisten“ die „Freiheit und Demokratie“ in Europa bedrohten und Trump in den USA auf dem Vormarsch war. Also wurde ein weiterer „Notstand“ ausgerufen – diesmal von der Gemeinschaft der Geheimdienste, den Medien, der akademischen Welt und der Kulturindustrie. Ja, genau, es war wieder einmal an der Zeit, unsere demokratischen Prinzipien hintanzustellen, „Hassrede“ in sozialen Medien zu zensieren, die Massen mit lächerlicher offizieller Propaganda über „Russiagate,“ „Hitlergate“ und so weiter zu bombardieren – sonst hätten „die Rechtspopulisten gewonnen.“

Der Krieg gegen den Populismus gipfelte in der Einführung des Neuen Normalen Reichs.

Im Frühjahr 2020 rief das Imperium einen globalen „gesundheitlichen Ausnahmezustand“ aus, als Reaktion auf ein Virus mit einer Überlebensrate von etwa 99,8 Prozent. Das Imperium hatte keine andere Wahl, als ganze Gesellschaften abzuriegeln, jeden dazu zu zwingen, in der Öffentlichkeit medizinisch aussehende Masken zu tragen, die Öffentlichkeit mit Propaganda und Lügen zu bombardieren, die Menschen dazu zu nötigen, sich einer Reihe experimenteller mRNA-„Impfungen“ zu unterziehen, Proteste gegen ihre Dekrete zu verbieten und systematisch diejenigen zu zensieren und zu verfolgen, die es wagten, ihre erfundenen „Fakten“ in Frage zu stellen oder ihr totalitäres Programm zu kritisieren.

Das Imperium hatte keine andere Wahl, als das alles zu tun, denn sonst hätten „die Covid-Leugner, die Impfgegner, die Verschwörungstheoretiker und all die anderen Extremisten gewonnen.“

Ich bin mir ziemlich sicher, dass du dich an all das erinnerst.

Und jetzt … nun, hier sind wir. Ja, du hast es erraten – es ist wieder einmal an der Zeit, kräftig auf die US-Verfassung und die Meinungsfreiheit zu scheißen, Menschen in irgendein salvadorianisches Höllenloch abzuschieben, das wir angemietet haben, weil ein Polizist ihre Tattoos nicht mochte, Universitätsstudenten wegen ihrer Anti-Israel-Proteste festzunehmen und zu verschleppen und natürlich die Massen mit Lügen und offizieller Propaganda zu bombardieren, denn … okay, alle zusammen jetzt: „sonst hätten die antisemitischen Terroristen und venezolanischen Banden gewonnen!“

Fängst du an, ein Muster zu erkennen? Ja? Willkommen beim Krieg gegen-was-auch-immer!

Wenn du die Zusammenhänge noch nicht ganz siehst, okay, lass es mich noch einmal ganz simpel erklären.

Das globale ideologische System, in dem wir alle leben, wird totalitär. (Dieses System ist der globale Kapitalismus, aber nenne es, wie du willst. Es ist mir scheißegal.) Es reißt die Simulation der Demokratie nieder, die es nicht mehr aufrechterhalten muss. Der Kalte Krieg ist vorbei. Der Kommunismus ist tot. Der globale Kapitalismus hat keine externen Feinde mehr. Also muss er die Massen nicht mehr mit demokratischen Rechten und Freiheiten besänftigen. Deshalb entzieht er uns diese Rechte nach und nach und konditioniert uns darauf, ihren Verlust hinzunehmen.

Er tut dies, indem er eine Reihe von „Notständen“ inszeniert, jeder mit einer anderen „Bedrohung“ für die „Demokratie,“ die „Freiheit,“ „Amerika“ oder „den Planeten“ – oder was auch immer. Jeder mit seinen eigenen „Monstern,“ die eine so große Gefahr für die „Freiheit“ oder was auch immer darstellen, dass wir unsere verfassungsmäßigen Rechte aufgeben und die demokratischen Werte ad absurdum führen müssen, denn: sonst „würden die Monster gewinnen.“

Es tut dies, indem es sein Antlitz von „links“ nach „rechts,“ dann zurück nach „links“, und dann zurück nach „rechts,“ dann nach „links“ und so weiter neigt, weil es unsere Kooperation dafür benötigt. Nicht die Kooperation von uns allen auf einmal. Nur eine kooperative demografische Gruppe auf einmal.

Es ist dabei erfolgreich – also das System – indem es unsere Angst und unseren Hass instrumentalisiert. Dem System ist es völlig egal, ob wir uns als „links“ oder „rechts“ identifizieren, aber es braucht uns gespalten in „links“ und „rechts,“ damit es unsere Angst und unseren Hass aufeinander nähren kann … eine Regierung, ein „Notfall,“ ein „Krieg“ nach dem anderen.

Da hast du es. Das ist der Krieg gegen was auch immer. Noch simpler kann ich es nicht erklären.

Oh, und noch eine letzte Sache … wenn du einer meiner ehemaligen Fans bist, wie Rob, die über meine „Einsichten“ oder Loyalitäten oder was auch immer verwirrt sind … nun, der Text, den du gerade gelesen hast, sollte das für dich klären. Ich stehe auf keiner Seite. Überhaupt keiner. Aber ich habe ein paar grundlegende demokratische Prinzipien. Und die richten sich nicht danach, was gerade populär ist oder wer im Weißen Haus sitzt.

Die Sache ist die: Ich muss mich morgens im Spiegel anschauen können ohne dort einen Heuchler oder … du weißt schon, einen Feigling zu sehen.

(Aus dem Amerikanischen übersetzt von René Boyke).

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CJ Hopkins ist ein US-amerikanischer Dramatiker, Romanautor und politischer Satiriker. Zu seinen Werken zählen die Stücke Horse Country, Screwmachine/Eyecandy und The Extremists. Er hat sich als profilierter Kritiker des Corona-Regimes profiliert und veröffentlicht regelmäßig auf seinem Substack-Blog.

Sein aktuelles Buch:

https://x.com/CJHopkins_Z23/status/1907795633689264530

Hier in einem aktuellen Gespräch:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wF-G32P0leI

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LASSEN SIE DER FRIEDENSTAUBE FLÜGEL WACHSEN!

Hier können Sie die Friedenstaube abonnieren und bekommen die Artikel zugesandt. (Vorerst alle, da wir den Mailversand testen, später ca. drei Mails pro Woche.)

Schon jetzt können Sie uns unterstützen:

• Für 50 CHF/EURO bekommen Sie ein Jahresabo der Friedenstaube.
• Für 120 CHF/EURO bekommen Sie ein Jahresabo und ein T-Shirt/Hoodie mit der Friedenstaube.
• Für 500 CHF/EURO werden Sie Förderer und bekommen ein lebenslanges Abo sowie ein T-Shirt/Hoodie mit der Friedenstaube.
• Ab 1000 CHF werden Sie Genossenschafter der Friedenstaube mit Stimmrecht (und bekommen lebenslanges Abo, T-Shirt/Hoodie).

Für Einzahlungen in CHF (Betreff: Friedenstaube):

Für Einzahlungen in Euro:

Milosz Matuschek

IBAN DE 53710520500000814137

BYLADEM1TST

Sparkasse Traunstein-Trostberg

Betreff: Friedenstaube

Wenn Sie auf anderem Wege beitragen wollen, schreiben Sie die Friedenstaube an: milosz@pareto.space

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Sie sind noch nicht auf Nostr and wollen die volle Erfahrung machen (liken, kommentieren etc.)? Zappen können Sie den Autor auch ohne Nostr-Profil! Erstellen Sie sich einen Account auf Start. Weitere Onboarding-Leitfäden gibt es im Pareto-Wiki.

@ e97aaffa:2ebd765d

Vamos analisar a volatilidade do Bitcoin em gráficos, são dados desde 2012 até à atualidade.

4.2% dos dias, o Bitcoin tem uma variação diária de ~0%, enquanto no S&P500 é de ~7.7%.

83.5% dos dias, o S&P 500 teve variação entre o -1% e 1%, enquanto o bitcoin, foi apenas 39%, foram 1882 dias, desde 2012.

Agora com os dois mercados em simultâneo, a curva da distribuição do S&P500 é mais centralizada, o bitcoin é mais alargado, sinónimo de mais volatilidade.

@ 866e0139:6a9334e5

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Autor: Annette Conzett. (Bild: Hermine Zgraggen). Dieser Beitrag wurde mit dem Pareto-Client geschrieben. Sie finden alle Texte der Friedenstaube und weitere Texte zum Thema Frieden hier.**

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1. Konflikte können NICHT im Aussen an 1. Stelle gelöst werden.
2. Alles, was sich im Aussen präsentiert, ist das Abbild dessen, was im Inneren eines jeden eingelagert ist.
3. Das Aussen ist die Bühne des Inneren und das Innere lässt das auf der Bühne entstehen, was innen aufgehoben ist.
4. Dank dem Aussen kommen wir (alle) in Kontakt mit dem, was uns bewegt, was wir in uns tragen. Es präsentiert sich auf der äusseren Bühne.
5. Das Aussen ist die Leinwand. Der Projektor ist jeder einzelne von uns.
6. Alles, was vom Aussen in Resonanz mit uns geht, ist etwas, das uns selber betrifft, jeden einzelnen von uns.
7. Wir alle tragen Informationen in uns, die wir selber kreiert haben und solche, die aus dem systemischen Gedächtnis eingeflossen und in uns verborgen sind.
8. Durch das, was sich im Aussen abspielt, triggert es etwas – wenn es uns selber betrifft –, das im Inneren verborgen liegt.
9. Das kollektive Gedächtnis, das die Menschheits-Geschichte bestimmt und „im Alten gefangen hält“, generiert in Anknüpfung an das, was sich auf der äusseren Bühne abspielt, die Möglichkeit der Überwindung des vermeintlich Unüberwindbaren.
10. Das globale System birgt alle Erinnerungen, welcher Art auch immer sie sind, sowie die darin enthaltenen Überlebensstrategien.
11. Strategien werden in den Familien, in den gesellschaftlichen Strukturen sowie dem jeweils kulturellen Denken weitergereicht. Hier sind sowohl konstruktive wie zerstörerische Überlieferungen unbewusst aktiv, reagieren eigendynamisch, es sei denn, sie bekommen innere Führung = die Erwachsene Instanz übernimmt.
12. Macht, Kampf, Zerstörung sind Schöpfungen des Egos, das für Trennung sorgt. Trennung erzeugt Angst, oder besser: Angst ist das Ergebnis der Trennung, das Produkt aus dem Schöpfungsakt des Egos, in dem die Bezogenheit zu sich im Kern, dem Wesenskern, unterbrochen wird.
13. Die Er-Lösung aus dieser Trennung ist unter anderem die Würdigung und der Respekt sich selber und dem anderen gegenüber. Wir können auch von Vergebung sprechen, denn ich erkenne mich dank „dir“ mit dem, was sich in mir abspielt.
14. Bewertung, Abwertung, Interpretation, Groll etc. sind Diener von Macht und Kampf, dem Ego.
15. Wenn diese Strategen auf der Lebensbühne auftreten, gilt es hinzuschauen um zu erkennen, was das mit einem selber zu tun hat. „Wo greife ich den anderen an“? „Wo greife ich mich selber an?“?
16. … denn alles das, was ein Angriff ist, und sei es nur der sog. vermeintlich geringste, fällt auf den Angreifer zurück.
17. Gelingt es, den Player auf „der eigenen Bühne“ anzuschauen, dann ist es möglich, das dualistischen Denken schon mal etwas zu lockern, „erkenne ich mich doch selbst im anderen“. Alles, was stärkt, ist ein Zeichen der Würdigung. Alles, was schwächt, ist Zeichen der Trennung.
18. Wenn das, was sich da draussen alles abspielt, draussen bleiben kann, man selber nicht in Resonanz damit geht, dann spricht der Selbstbezug von Kontakt zu sich und lässt sich durch das Getöse im Aussen nicht trennen.
19. Sollte sich die Nicht-Resonanz aus Ignoranz generieren, dann fehlt in diesem Fall die Strahlkraft und wird durch Diskussionen und Aktionen ersetzt.
20. Resonanzen auf die äussere Bühne geben dem bewussten Erdenbürger die Chance, hinzuschauen, um innere verdeckte Passagiere aufzudecken, die jeweils anspringen, um in die Angst, in die Trennung zu gehen.
21. In diesem Übungsfeld liegt, wenn bewusst gelebt, die Überwindung der Trennung. So wird am Weg in die Freiheit geübt und Frieden erfahren.
22. Es ist Zeit für Selbstreflexion und nicht jene für Projektion. Darin liegt das Geschenk des Friedens.

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Annette Conzett begleitet seit bald 50 Jahren Menschen zu mehr Ruhe und innerer Ordnung.\ Sie ist Psychotherapeutin IKP/ASP, Hypnosetherapeutin GHYPS, Therapeutin für\ Systemische Prozesse, Atemtherapeutin IKP, Lehrtherapeutin, Supervisorin und\ Bewegungspädagogin SBTG. Annette Conzett lebt und arbeitet in Zollikon bei Zürich und hat\ Kinder und Enkelkinder. Ihr Weg ist erfüllt von der Freude am Leben und an den Menschen.\ Über Ihre Arbeit mit Menschen, die „ihren Frieden suchen“ sagt sie selbst: „Schlussendlich\ geht es um die Verbindung zum Wesenskern. Der Weg dorthin ist meist verstellt. Mein Fokus\ besteht darin, mich um die Freilegung dieser Verbindung zu kümmern.“ Homepage: https://annetteconzett.ch/ 

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LASSEN SIE DER FRIEDENSTAUBE FLÜGEL WACHSEN!

Hier können Sie die Friedenstaube abonnieren und bekommen die Artikel zugesandt. (Vorerst an alle, da wir den Mailversand testen, später ca. drei Mails pro Woche.).

Schon jetzt können Sie uns unterstützen:

• Für 50 CHF/EURO bekommen Sie ein Jahresabo der Friedenstaube.
• Für 120 CHF/EURO bekommen Sie ein Jahresabo und ein T-Shirt/Hoodie mit der Friedenstaube.
• Für 500 CHF/EURO werden Sie Förderer und bekommen ein lebenslanges Abo sowie ein T-Shirt/Hoodie mit der Friedenstaube.
• Ab 1000 CHF werden Sie Genossenschafter der Friedenstaube mit Stimmrecht (und bekommen lebenslanges Abo, T-Shirt/Hoodie).

Für Einzahlungen in CHF (Betreff: Friedenstaube):

Für Einzahlungen in Euro:

Milosz Matuschek

IBAN DE 53710520500000814137

BYLADEM1TST

Sparkasse Traunstein-Trostberg

Betreff: Friedenstaube

Wenn Sie auf anderem Wege beitragen wollen, schreiben Sie die Friedenstaube an: milosz@pareto.space

---

Sie sind noch nicht auf Nostr and wollen die volle Erfahrung machen (liken, kommentieren etc.)? Zappen können Sie den Autor auch ohne Nostr-Profil! Erstellen Sie sich einen Account auf Start. Weitere Onboarding-Leitfäden gibt es im Pareto-Wiki.

@ 7d33ba57:1b82db35

Ljubljana (pronounced lyoo-blyah-nah) is the small but stunning capital of Slovenia, known for its laid-back vibe, green spaces, baroque architecture, and lively café culture along the emerald-green Ljubljanica River. With its pedestrian-friendly Old Town, castle-topped hill, and artsy, youthful spirit, Ljubljana is often called one of Europe’s most underrated cities**—and it’s easy to see why.

🌟 Top Things to See & Do in Ljubljana

1️⃣ Ljubljana Castle

• Perched above the city, this medieval castle offers spectacular views
• Visit the watchtower, interactive museum, or take the funicular up and walk down
• Great spot for sunset or evening drinks with a view

2️⃣ Wander the Old Town

• Explore the cobbled streets, baroque buildings, and colorful facades
• Visit Prešeren Square, the Triple Bridge, and Town Hall
• Don’t miss Robba Fountain and St. Nicholas Cathedral

3️⃣ Stroll Along the Ljubljanica River

• Lined with outdoor cafés, bridges, and market stalls
• Cross the famous Dragon Bridge and Butcher’s Bridge (filled with love locks)
• Ideal for a coffee, gelato, or evening drink by the water

4️⃣ Central Market & Open Kitchen (Odprta Kuhna)

• Fresh produce, local products, and street food stalls
• Open Kitchen (Fridays in warm months) brings chefs from all over Slovenia to cook in the open air – a foodie’s dream!

5️⃣ Metelkova Art Center 🎨

• A gritty, colorful alternative culture zone filled with street art, galleries, and live music venues
• Great for nightlife, or even just to wander through during the day

6️⃣ Tivoli Park

• Ljubljana’s largest green space, ideal for relaxing walks or picnics
• Home to manicured gardens, sculptures, and Jakopič Promenade’s open-air photo exhibitions

🍽️ What to Eat & Drink in Ljubljana

• Kranjska klobasa – Traditional Carniolan sausage
• Štruklji – Rolled dough dumplings with sweet or savory fillings
• Jota – Hearty stew with beans, sauerkraut, and potatoes
• Local wines & craft beer – Slovenia has excellent wineries and microbreweries 🍷🍺
• Try riverside restaurants or cozy spots like Druga Violina, Gostilna Sokol, or Slovenska Hiša

🚶‍♀️ Tips for Visiting Ljubljana

✅ It’s small and walkable – most attractions are in or near the Old Town
✅ Free walking tours are great for learning local history & legends
✅ Rent a bike or e-scooter for exploring parks and neighborhoods
✅ Day trip options include Lake Bled, Postojna Cave, and Triglav National Park
✅ Ljubljana is eco-friendly – the center is car-free, and tap water is clean and drinkable

@ 9c9d2765:16f8c2c2

CHAPTER ONE

Grandpa Ray’s birthday was a grand celebration. His children and grandchildren gathered around, each presenting him with expensive gifts, golden watches, fine suits, and rare wines. The room buzzed with excitement and laughter.

Among them was James, Grandpa Ray’s adopted son. Unlike the others, James had no gift to offer. He stood quietly, watching as each family member received warm praise for their presents.

Then, Grandpa Ray did something unexpected. With a kind smile, he said, “Today, I want to give you all a gift instead. Ask for anything, and I will grant it.”

Excited, his children and grandchildren eagerly requested expensive things luxury cars, houses, money, and positions in the family business.

When it was James’ turn, he hesitated for a moment before saying, “Grandpa, I would like a shovel.”

A hush fell over the room, then erupted into laughter.

“A shovel?” one cousin sneered. “What a silly request!” another chuckled.

But Grandpa Ray raised a hand, silencing them. He looked at James with curiosity. “Why a shovel, my boy?”

James took a deep breath and replied, “I don’t need riches handed to me. I want to work for my own wealth. A shovel will help me till the land, plant crops, and build something for myself.”

Grandpa Ray’s eyes gleamed with pride. He nodded and said, “That is a wise request. Not only will I give you a shovel, but I will also grant you a piece of land to farm.”

The laughter died down. The others had asked for luxury, but James had asked for a tool to create his own future. James had once lived a life of promise. He was hardworking, loyal, and dedicated to his family’s company. But his world came crashing down when he was falsely accused of embezzlement. His own parents, ashamed of the scandal, disowned him without listening to his pleas of innocence.

Alone and broken, James had nowhere to go. It was then that Grandpa Ray, a man known for his wisdom and kindness, took him in. Unlike the rest of the world, Grandpa Ray saw something in James his resilience, his honesty, and his potential.

Despite being adopted into a wealthy and powerful family, James never truly felt accepted. The others in the family pretended to love him, but behind his back, they whispered that he was a burden, an outsider. The only one who genuinely cared for him besides Grandpa Ray was Rita, the old man’s granddaughter.

Over the years, James worked hard to earn his place in the family. He managed some of Grandpa Ray’s businesses, proving his intelligence and dedication. Rita, a kind and spirited woman, saw the goodness in him. Their bond grew stronger, and soon, love blossomed between them.

Grandpa Ray, seeing James’ sincerity and loyalty, made a bold decision he gave Rita’s hand in marriage to James, despite the objections of the rest of the family.

"You have proven yourself to be a man of honor," Grandpa Ray said to James on the wedding day. "And I know that you will cherish Rita the way she deserves."

The rest of the family smiled in public but harbored resentment in their hearts. To them, James was an unworthy orphan who had stolen their grandfather’s favor.

When Grandpa Ray passed away, everything changed. The mask of fake love that the family had worn for years finally fell off. Without Grandpa Ray to protect him, James became a target of humiliation.

Helen, Rita’s mother, Christopher, her father, and Stephen, her brother, openly ridiculed him. They made life unbearable, treating him like a servant rather than a family member.

"You don’t belong here," Stephen sneered one evening. "You were just Grandpa’s charity case."

James endured the insults in silence, holding onto the love he shared with Rita. But his in-laws had other plans; they wanted him out of Rita’s life for good.

Helen and Christopher believed that Rita had made a mistake by marrying James. They wanted her to divorce him and marry someone who would elevate the family’s status. That’s when Helen introduced Mark, the only son of the Prime Minister.

Mark was wealthy, powerful, and came from a family of high political influence. To her, he was the perfect husband for Rita.

"Rita, darling," Helen said sweetly, "don’t waste your life with James. You deserve someone who can give you the life of luxury you were born into."

Stephen agreed. "Mark is everything James is not rich, powerful, and from a good family. Be wise, sister."

But Rita stood firm.

"I love James," she said. "And I will not betray him, no matter how much you pressure me. James and I made a promise to Grandpa never to leave each other"

Helen, frustrated by Rita’s refusal, tried to manipulate her further. She arranged secret meetings between Rita and Mark, hoping she would be swayed. She even planned an engagement dinner, assuming Rita would eventually give in.

Meanwhile, James felt the weight of the battle. He saw how much pressure Rita was under and, one evening, he took her hands and said, "Rita, if leaving me will make your life easier, I won’t stop you."

Tears filled her eyes. "James, my love isn’t based on status or wealth. I chose you, and I will keep choosing you no matter what, you have forgotten the promise we two made to Grandpa before he died, in case you have forgotten, I haven't"

That night, Rita made her choice. She called a meeting to inform everyone that nothing will make her leave James for another man, James couldn't withstand the joy she made her that night, choosing love over wealth and status.

With nothing but their love and determination, James and Rita started anew. They built their life from scratch, with James working tirelessly to create a name for himself.

The Ray family had once been a symbol of wealth, power, and success, but in recent months, everything had started crumbling. A series of financial setbacks, business failures, and internal conflicts had pushed the family into a dire situation. The creditors were knocking, the banks were threatening to withdraw their support, and their empire was on the verge of collapse.

Desperation clouded every decision they made. And in that desperation, they saw only one way out is Mark.

Mark, the only son of the Prime Minister, was not just a man of wealth but also of power and influence. He had been interested in Rita for years, but she had always refused him, choosing instead to marry James. But now, with the family drowning in crisis, Mark became their only hope.

Helen, Rita’s mother, sat across from Christopher, her husband, and Stephen, their son. The tension in the room was thick.

“We have no other choice,” Helen said firmly. “Mark is willing to help us, but he wants something in return.”

“We all know what that is,” Stephen said, glancing at Rita, who sat silently in the corner of the room.

Christopher sighed. “James is the only obstacle left. We have to make Rita understand that this isn’t about love anymore, it's about survival.”

Helen’s voice was cold. “She will divorce him. And James will have no choice but to accept it.”

Rita looked up, her heart pounding. “You’re selling me to him,” she said in disbelief.

“Rita,” Helen said impatiently. “This isn’t about selling you. This is about securing our future. James has nothing. Mark can give you everything.”

“I don’t want everything. I want my husband.”

Helen scoffed. “Love won’t save this family.”

But Rita clenched her fists. She wasn’t going to give up on James so easily.

The Ray family organized a grand business anniversary event, using it as a cover to publicly introduce Mark as their savior. Guests arrived in expensive suits and dazzling gowns, but beneath the luxury was a desperate attempt to keep up appearances.

James had never felt more out of place. He knew he wasn’t truly welcome among the Ray family, but tonight, it was worse than ever. He could see the way people looked at him like he was an outsider, a liability.

Then Mark arrived; Tall, confident, and exuding power, he walked into the hall as if he already owned it. People flocked to him, shaking his hand, singing his praises.

And then, during a private meeting with the Ray family, he made his move.

“I know about your situation,” Mark said smoothly, placing a black suitcase on the table and opening it. Inside were stacks of cash, two million dollars.

Helen gasped. Christopher’s hands trembled.

Mark leaned back.

@ 57d1a264:69f1fee1

Summary We are looking for a Visual Designer with a strong focus on illustration and animation to help shape and refine our brand’s visual identity. You will create compelling assets for digital and print, including marketing materials, social media content, website illustrations, and motion graphics. Working closely with our marketing and product teams, you will play a key role in developing a consistent and recognizable visual style through thoughtful use of illustration, color, patterns, and animation. This role requires creativity, adaptability, and the ability to deliver high-quality work in a fast-paced, remote environment.

Responsibilities - Create high-quality, iconic illustrations, branding assets, and motion graphics that contribute to and refine our visual identity. - Develop digital assets for marketing, social media, website, and app. - Work within brand guidelines while exploring ways to evolve and strengthen our visual style.

Requirements - 2+ years of experience in graphic design, with a strong focus on illustration. - Ability to help define and develop a cohesive visual style for the brand. - Proficiency in Adobe products. - Experience with Figma is a plus. - Strong organizational skills—your layers and files should be neatly labeled. - Clear communication and collaboration skills to work effectively with the team. - Located in LATAM

Please attach a link to your portfolio to showcase your work when applying.

APPLY HERE

originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/935007

@ 57d1a264:69f1fee1

Location: Remote (Austria) Area: Graphics and communication design Pay: 37,500 € to 50,000 € / year

Hi! We are @21bitcoinApp - a Bitcoin-Only Investment app that aims to accelerate the transition to an economy driven by Bitcoin.

👋 About the role As a passionate graphic designer, you support our marketing team in creating graphics and designs for print documents, online advertising material and our website. You also support us in the area of social media and content management and can also contribute your skills in these subject areas.

tasks - Design and implementation of creative and congruent designs for social media channels, websites, templates and marketing materials - Creation of individual content (posts, stories, banners, ads) for social media - Planning and development of campaigns to strengthen the brand presence - Further development of the existing corporate design support in the area of content management (website, blog)

qualification - Completed training or studies in graphic design - At least 2 years of experience in graphic design, preferably with experience in the areas of social media and content management - Safe use of design tools such as Figma, Adobe Creative Suite - Experience in creating social media content and maintaining channels - Creativity, good communication skills and team spirit - Very good knowledge of German and English - Knowledge of Bitcoin is desirable

Benefits - Offsites with the team in exciting places - Flexible working hours in a company that relies on remote work - Help shape the future - to make the world a better place by helping to speed up Bitcoin's adaptation - Buy Bitcoin without fees! 21 Premium! - Gross annual salary & potential share options for outstanding performance / bonus payments

📝 Interview process

How do I apply? Please send us an email and add some information about you, your resume, examples of previous projects and a few key points about why you are interested in participating in 21bitcoin and what you expect.

By the way: CVs are important but don't forget to include your favorite Bitcoin meme in the application!

⁇ 京 Resume Review Portfolio of Work: Add a link to your portfolio / previous work or resume that we can review (LinkedIn, Github, Twitter, ...)

📞 Exploratory call We discuss what appeals to you about this role and ask you a few questions about your previous experiences

👬 On-Site Deep Dive During the deep dive session, we use a case study or extensive interview to discuss the specific skills required for the role.

👍 Time for a decision!

APPLY HERE

originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/935004

@ da0b9bc3:4e30a4a9

Hello Stackers!

Welcome on into the ~Music Corner of the Saloon!

A place where we Talk Music. Share Tracks. Zap Sats.

So stay a while and listen.

🚨Don't forget to check out the pinned items in the territory homepage! You can always find the latest weeklies there!🚨

🚨Subscribe to the territory to ensure you never miss a post! 🚨

originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/935045

@ 57d1a264:69f1fee1

We’re looking for a Product Designer to join our team and take the lead in enhancing the experience of our mobile app. You’ll play a key role in evolving the app’s interface and interactions, ensuring that our solutions are intuitive, efficient, and aligned with both user needs and business goals.

Key Responsibilities: - Design and improve the @Bipa app experience, focusing on usability and measurable business impact. - Apply data-driven design, making decisions based on user research, metrics, and testing. - Lead and participate in usability tests and discovery processes to validate hypotheses and continuously improve the product. - Collaborate closely with Product Managers, developers, and other stakeholders to align design with product strategy. - Create wireframes, high-fidelity prototypes, and visual interfaces for new features and app optimizations. - Monitor the performance of delivered solutions, ensuring meaningful improvements for users and the business. - Contribute to the evolution and maintenance of our design system, ensuring consistency and scalability across the app.

Qualifications: - Previous experience as a Product Designer or UX/UI Designer, with a strong focus on mobile apps. - Solid understanding of user-centered design (UCD) principles and usability heuristics. - Hands-on experience with user research methods, including usability testing, interviews, and behavior analysis. - Ability to work with both quantitative and qualitative data to guide design decisions. - Familiarity with product metrics and how design impacts business outcomes (e.g. conversion, retention, engagement). - Proficiency in design tools like Figma (or similar). - Experience working with design systems and design tokens to ensure consistency. - Comfortable working in an agile, fast-paced, and iterative environment. - Strong communication skills and the ability to advocate for design decisions backed by research and data.

Benefits: 🏥 Health Insurance 💉 Dental Plan 🍽️ Meal Allowance (CAJU card) 💻 Home Office Stipend 📈 Stock Options from Day One

APPLY TO THIS JOB

originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/935003

@ 57d1a264:69f1fee1

⚡️ About Us

@AdoptingBTC is the leading Bitcoin-only conference in El Salvador. For our 5th edition, we’re looking for a passionate Video Creator intern to help showcase Bitcoin’s future as MONEY.

⚡️ The Role

Create 30 short (3-minute or less) videos highlighting global circular economies, to be featured at AB25. We’ll provide all source material, direction, and inspiration—you’ll have full creative freedom, with feedback rounds to align with the conference’s vision.

⚡️ Responsibilities

Produce 30 short videos on circular economies. Incorporate subtitles as needed. Submit videos on a deliverables basis. Participate in check-ins and communicate with the AB team and circular economy communities.

⚡️ What We Offer

Free ticket to AB25. Networking with Bitcoiners and industry leaders. Letter of recommendation and LinkedIn endorsement upon completion. Mentorship and hands-on experience with a high-profile Bitcoin project.

⚡️ Skills & Qualifications

Passion for Bitcoin and circular economies. Basic to intermediate video editing skills (no specific software required). Creative independence with feedback. Portfolio or work samples preferred.

⚡️ Time Commitment

Flexible, project-based internship with check-ins and feedback rounds.

⚡️ How to Apply

Email kiki@adoptingbitcoin.org with subject “Circular Economy Video Creator Submission - {NAME OR NYM}.” Include a brief background, your experience, why the project resonates with you, and a portfolio (if available).

originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/935001

@ a5142938:0ef19da3

Discover the materials accepted or not in the products listed on this site.

✅ Natural Materials

Materials of plant, animal, or mineral origin, without chemical transformation that alters their molecular structure.

🌱 Main Criteria: - Biodegradability - Non-toxicity - Naturally occurring and recquiring minimal transformation

🔍 List of Natural Materials: - Natural rubber - Hemp - Cotton - Leather - Cork - Linen - Wool - Silk - … (Other materials)

⚠️ Although natural, these materials can have negative impacts depending on their production conditions (pesticide pollution, excessive water consumption, chemical treatments, animal exploitation, etc.). These impacts are mentionned in the description of each material.

Organic, chemical-free versions of these materials are prioritized for product listings on this site.

Conventional versions are only referenced when no more sustainable alternative has yet been found for that product category.

---

🚫 Non-Natural Materials

Synthetic or heavily modified materials, often derived from petrochemicals.

📌 Main Issues: - Microplastic emissions - Dependence on fossil fuels - Poor biodegradability

🔍 List of Non-Natural Materials: - Polyester - Polyamide - Acrylic - Elastane - Viscose - Silicone - … (Other materials)

⚠️ These materials are not accepted on this site. However, they may be present in certain listed products if:

• they are used in removable accessories (e.g., elastics, buttons—often not listed in the product’s composition by the brand) that can be detached for recycling or composting, and
• no 100% natural alternative has yet been identified for that product category.

In such cases, a warning will be displayed on the product page.

---

This article is published on origin-nature.com 🌐 Voir cet article en français

@ 3ffac3a6:2d656657

O Impacto do Namoro com Pelé na Carreira de Xuxa Meneghel

Disclaimer:

Esse texto foi totalmente escrito pelo ChatGPT, eu apenas pedi que ele fizesse uma pesquisa sobre o tema.

Introdução: O relacionamento entre Xuxa Meneghel e Pelé, que durou cerca de seis anos (início dos anos 1980 até 1986), foi um dos mais comentados da década de 1980 (Xuxa e Pelé: um romance que se tornou inesquecível... | VEJA). Xuxa tinha apenas 17 anos quando começou a namorar o já consagrado “Rei do Futebol”, então com 40 anos (A história da foto de revista que gerou o namoro de Pelé e Xuxa) (Xuxa e Pelé: um romance que se tornou inesquecível... | VEJA). Esse romance altamente midiático não só atiçou a curiosidade do público, como também alavancou a carreira de Xuxa de forma significativa. A seguir, detalhamos como o namoro aumentou a visibilidade da apresentadora, quais oportunidades profissionais podem ter tido influência direta de Pelé, o papel da revista Manchete e de outras mídias na promoção de sua imagem, se o relacionamento contribuiu para Xuxa conquistar espaços na TV (como o programa Clube da Criança e, posteriormente, na Rede Globo) e como mídia e público percebiam o casal – tudo embasado em fontes da época, entrevistas e biografias.

Aumento da Visibilidade Midiática nos Anos 1980

O namoro com Pelé catapultou Xuxa a um novo patamar de fama. Até então uma modelo em começo de carreira, Xuxa “se tornou famosa ao aparecer ao lado do esportista de maior status do Brasil” (Pelé viveu com Xuxa um namoro intenso afetado por fofocas e indiscrições). A partir do momento em que o relacionamento se tornou público, ela passou a estampar capas de revistas com frequência e a ser assunto constante na imprensa. Em 20 de dezembro de 1980, a jovem apareceu na capa da revista Manchete ao lado de Pelé e outras modelos – um ensaio fotográfico que marcou o primeiro encontro dos dois e deu início à enorme atenção midiática em torno de Xuxa (Xuxa e Pelé: o relacionamento que ficou cravado na história da imprensa brasileira) (Xuxa e Pelé: o relacionamento que ficou cravado na história da imprensa brasileira). Não por acaso, “naquele ano, ela foi capa de mais de cem revistas” (Xuxa está em paz - revista piauí), um indicativo claro de como sua visibilidade explodiu após começar a namorar Pelé. Jornais, revistas de celebridades e programas de fofoca passaram a segui-los de perto; o casal virou sensação nacional, comparado até ao “Casal 20” (dupla glamourosa de uma série de TV americana) pelo seu alto perfil na mídia (Xuxa e Pelé: um romance que se tornou inesquecível... | VEJA).

Essa exposição intensa colocou Xuxa não apenas sob os holofotes do público, mas também a inseriu nos bastidores do entretenimento. Como namorada de Pelé – um dos homens mais conhecidos do mundo – Xuxa passou a frequentar eventos de gala, festas e bastidores de programas, onde conheceu figuras influentes do meio artístico e televisivo. Os fotógrafos os seguiam em eventos como bailes de carnaval e inaugurações, registrando cada aparição pública do casal. Com Pelé ao seu lado, Xuxa ganhou trânsito livre em círculos antes inacessíveis para uma modelo iniciante, construindo uma rede de contatos valiosa nos meios de comunicação. De fato, naquele início dos anos 80, “os dois eram perseguidos por fotógrafos, apareciam em capas de revistas e até faziam publicidade juntos” (Pelé viveu com Xuxa um namoro intenso afetado por fofocas e indiscrições) – evidência de que Xuxa, graças ao namoro, transitava tanto na frente quanto por trás das câmeras com muito mais facilidade. Em suma, o relacionamento conferiu a ela um grau de notoriedade nacional que provavelmente demoraria anos para conquistar de outra forma, preparando o terreno para os passos seguintes de sua carreira.

Influência Direta de Pelé nas Oportunidades Profissionais de Xuxa

Além do aumento geral da fama, há casos específicos em que Pelé influenciou diretamente oportunidades profissionais para Xuxa. Um exemplo contundente é o filme “Amor Estranho Amor” (1982) – longa de teor erótico no qual Xuxa atuou no início da carreira. Segundo relatos da própria apresentadora, foi Pelé quem a incentivou a aceitar participar desse filme (Pelé e Xuxa: um estranho amor que durou seis anos - 29/12/2022 - Celebridades - F5). Na época ainda em início de trajetória, Xuxa acabou convencida pelo namorado de que aquela oportunidade poderia ser benéfica. Anos mais tarde, ela revelaria arrependimento pela escolha desse papel, mas o fato reforça que Pelé teve influência ativa em decisões profissionais de Xuxa no começo de sua jornada.

Outra área de influência direta foram as publicidades e campanhas comerciais. Graças ao prestígio de Pelé, Xuxa recebeu convites para estrelar anúncios ao lado do então namorado. Já em 1981, por exemplo, os dois gravaram juntos comerciais para uma empresa imobiliária, aparecendo como casal em campanhas de TV daquele Natal (pelas Imóveis Francisco Xavier, um case famoso entre colecionadores de propagandas da época) (Xuxa e Pelé: Natal de 1981 na Publicidade Imobiliária | TikTok) (Xuxa com Pelé em comercial de imobiliária em dezembro de 1981). Assim, Xuxa obteve espaço em campanhas publicitárias que dificilmente envolveriam uma modelo desconhecida – mas que, com a “namorada do Pelé” no elenco, ganhavam apelo extra. Isso evidencia que Pelé abriu portas também no mercado publicitário, dando a Xuxa oportunidades de trabalho e renda enquanto sua própria imagem pública se consolidava.

Ademais, a presença de Pelé ao lado de Xuxa em diversos editoriais e ensaios fotográficos serviu para elevá-la de modelo anônima a personalidade conhecida. Revistas e jornais buscavam os dois para sessões de fotos e entrevistas, sabendo do interesse do público pelo casal. As capas conjuntas em publicações de grande circulação (como Manchete e outras) não só aumentaram a exposição de Xuxa, mas também conferiram a ela certa credibilidade midiática por associação. Em outras palavras, estar ao lado de um ícone como Pelé funcionou como um “selo de aprovação” implícito, deixando editores e produtores mais propensos a convidá-la para projetos. Vale lembrar que “ao longo dos seis anos de relacionamento, [eles] posaram para várias capas da Manchete”, com a revista acompanhando de perto cada fase do namoro (A história da foto de revista que gerou o namoro de Pelé e Xuxa). Essa recorrência nas bancas solidificou o rosto e o nome de Xuxa na indústria do entretenimento.

Por fim, é importante notar que nem todas as influências de Pelé foram positivas para a carreira dela – algumas foram tentativas de direcionamento. A própria Xuxa contou que, quando surgiu a oportunidade de ela ir para a TV Globo em 1986, Pelé desencorajou a mudança. Ele sugeriu que Xuxa permanecesse na TV Manchete, dizendo que “ser a primeira [na Globo] é muito difícil; melhor ficar onde está”, o que ela interpretou como falta de apoio dele à sua ascensão (Xuxa e Pelé: o relacionamento que ficou cravado na história da imprensa brasileira). Esse episódio mostra que Pelé tentou influenciar também os rumos que Xuxa tomaria, embora, nesse caso, ela tenha decidido seguir sua intuição profissional e aceitar o desafio na Globo – escolha que se revelaria acertada. Em resumo, Pelé atuou sim como facilitador de várias oportunidades profissionais para Xuxa (de filmes a comerciais e visibilidade editorial), mas ela soube trilhar seu caminho a partir daí, inclusive contrariando conselhos dele quando necessário.

Papel da Revista Manchete e Outras Mídias na Promoção de Xuxa

A revista Manchete teve um papel central na ascensão de Xuxa durante o relacionamento com Pelé. Foi justamente num ensaio para a Manchete que os dois se conheceram, em dezembro de 1980 (Xuxa e Pelé: o relacionamento que ficou cravado na história da imprensa brasileira), e a partir daí a publicação tornou-se uma espécie oficiosa de cronista do romance. A Manchete era uma das revistas mais populares do Brasil naquela época e, ao perceber o interesse do público pelo casal, passou a trazê-los frequentemente em suas páginas. De fato, a revista que agiu como "cupido" do casal “contava detalhes do romance a cada edição”, alimentando a curiosidade nacional sobre a vida de Pelé e sua jovem namorada (A história da foto de revista que gerou o namoro de Pelé e Xuxa). As capas exibindo Xuxa e Pelé juntos (em cenários que iam da praia a eventos sociais) viraram chamariz nas bancas e contribuíram enormemente para fixar a imagem de Xuxa na mente do público.

(A história da foto de revista que gerou o namoro de Pelé e Xuxa) Capa da revista Manchete (20 de dezembro de 1980) mostrando Pelé ao centro com Xuxa (à esquerda) e outras modelos. A partir desse ensaio fotográfico, a revista passou a acompanhar de perto o romance, impulsionando a imagem de Xuxa nacionalmente. (A história da foto de revista que gerou o namoro de Pelé e Xuxa) (Xuxa e Pelé: o relacionamento que ficou cravado na história da imprensa brasileira)

Além da Manchete, outras mídias impressas também surfaram no interesse pelo casal e ajudaram a moldar a imagem de Xuxa. Revistas de celebridades e colunas sociais publicavam notas e fotos frequentes, ora exaltando o glamour do par, ora especulando sobre fofocas. Xuxa, que pouco antes era desconhecida fora do circuito da moda, tornou-se figura constante em revistas semanais como Contigo! e Amiga (dedicadas à vida dos famosos), assim como em jornais de grande circulação. Esse bombardeio de aparições – entrevistas, fotos e manchetes – construiu a persona pública de Xuxa simultaneamente como modelo desejada e namorada devotada. A promoção de sua imagem tinha um tom deliberadamente positivo nas revistas: enfatizava-se sua beleza, juventude e sorte por ter sido “escolhida” pelo rei Pelé. Em contrapartida, eventuais polêmicas (como cenas ousadas que ela fez no cinema ou rumores de crises no namoro) eram administradas pela própria mídia de maneira a preservar o encanto em torno de Xuxa, que já despontava como uma espécie de Cinderella moderna na narrativa do entretenimento brasileiro.

Cabe destacar que a conexão de Xuxa com a Manchete não ficou só nas páginas da revista, mas transbordou para a televisão, já que a Rede Manchete (canal de TV fundado em 1983) pertencia ao mesmo grupo empresarial. Essa sinergia mídia impressa/televisão beneficiou Xuxa: quando a Rede Manchete buscava uma apresentadora para seu novo programa infantil em 1983, Xuxa – já famosa pelas capas de revista – foi convidada para o posto (Xuxa está em paz - revista piauí). Ou seja, a exposição na revista Manchete serviu de vitrine para que os executivos da emissora homônima apostassem nela na TV. Outras mídias também legitimaram sua transição de modelo para apresentadora, publicando matérias sobre sua simpatia com as crianças e seu carisma diante das câmeras, preparando o público para aceitar Xuxa em um novo papel. Assim, o período do relacionamento com Pelé viu a mídia – liderada pela revista Manchete – construir e promover intensamente a imagem de Xuxa, pavimentando o caminho para suas conquistas seguintes.

O Relacionamento e a Conquista de Espaços na TV: Clube da Criança e Rede Globo

O namoro com Pelé coincidiu com a entrada de Xuxa na televisão e possivelmente facilitou essa transição. Em 1983, a recém-inaugurada Rede Manchete lançou o “Clube da Criança”, primeiro programa infantil de auditório da emissora, e Xuxa foi escolhida como apresentadora. Há indícios de que sua fama prévia – alavancada pelo relacionamento – foi decisiva nessa escolha. Conforme relatos, o diretor Maurício Sherman (responsável pelo projeto) estava de olho em Xuxa por sua notoriedade e carisma, chegando a dizer que ela reunia “a sensualidade de Marilyn Monroe, o sorriso de Doris Day e um quê de Peter Pan” (Xuxa está em paz - revista piauí) – uma combinação que poderia funcionar bem num programa infantil. Xuxa inicialmente hesitou em aceitar, talvez pelo contraste entre sua imagem de modelo sensual e o universo infantil, mas acabou assinando contrato com a Manchete (Clube da Criança – Wikipédia, a enciclopédia livre). Assim, aos 20 anos de idade, ela estreava como apresentadora de TV, em grande parte graças à visibilidade e confiança que o nome “Xuxa” (já famoso por ser namorada do Pelé) passava aos produtores.

Não há registro de que Pelé tenha intervindo diretamente para que Xuxa conseguisse o posto no Clube da Criança. Foi a própria rede Manchete – estimulada pelo burburinho em torno dela – que a “procurou e a convidou para apresentar” o programa (Xuxa está em paz - revista piauí). Porém, é inegável que, sem o destaque que Xuxa conquistara nos anos anteriores na imprensa (devido ao namoro), dificilmente uma emissora arriscaria colocar uma jovem inexperiente para comandar um show infantil nacional. Ou seja, o relacionamento criou as condições favoráveis para essa oportunidade surgir. Uma vez no ar, Xuxa rapidamente mostrou talento próprio: o Clube da Criança foi ganhando audiência e revelou a aptidão dela em se comunicar com o público infantil (Xuxa, Pantanal, Cavaleiros dos Zodíacos: lembre sucessos da TV ...). Ainda durante seu tempo na Manchete, Xuxa manteve-se nos holofotes tanto pela carreira quanto pelo namoro com Pelé – frequentemente um assunto alimentava o outro na mídia.

Em meados de 1986, já conhecida como a “Rainha dos Baixinhos” pelo sucesso junto às crianças, Xuxa recebeu uma proposta para se transferir para a Rede Globo, a principal emissora do país (A história da foto de revista que gerou o namoro de Pelé e Xuxa). Novamente, aqui o relacionamento com Pelé tem um papel indireto: por um lado, pode ter ajudado a construir a notoriedade que chamou a atenção da Globo; por outro, chegava ao fim exatamente nesse momento, marcando uma virada na vida dela. Após alguns anos de Clube da Criança, Xuxa decidiu dar um passo adiante. Ela mesma tomou a iniciativa de terminar o namoro com Pelé e aceitou o convite para fazer o “Xou da Xuxa” na Globo (A história da foto de revista que gerou o namoro de Pelé e Xuxa). Pelé, como mencionado, havia expressado reservas sobre essa mudança de emissora (Xuxa e Pelé: o relacionamento que ficou cravado na história da imprensa brasileira), mas sem sucesso em demovê-la. Com a benção do dono da Manchete, Adolpho Bloch (que a tratava “como filha” e apoiou seu crescimento) (Xuxa está em paz - revista piauí) (Xuxa está em paz - revista piauí), Xuxa partiu para a Globo levando sua diretora Marlene Mattos, e estreou em junho de 1986 o programa que a consagraria definitivamente.

É importante notar que, ao ingressar na Globo, Xuxa já não dependia mais da aura de “namorada do Pelé” – ela havia se firmado como apresentadora de sucesso por méritos próprios. Ainda assim, o relacionamento anterior continuou a ser parte de sua imagem pública: a mídia noticiou a mudança destacando que a namorada de Pelé chegara à Globo, e muitos espectadores tinham curiosidade sobre aquela moça cuja fama começara nos braços do ídolo do futebol. Em resumo, o namoro ajudou Xuxa a conquistar o primeiro grande espaço na TV (na Manchete), fornecendo-lhe exposição e credibilidade iniciais, enquanto sua ida para a Globo foi impulsionada principalmente pelo desempenho no Clube da Criança – algo que o prestígio conquistado durante o relacionamento tornou possível em primeiro lugar.

Percepção da Mídia e do Público sobre o Casal e a Imagem de Xuxa

Durante os anos de namoro, Pelé e Xuxa foram um prato cheio para a imprensa e objeto de variadas opiniões do público. De um lado, eram celebrados como “casal perfeito na mídia”, aparecendo sorridentes em eventos e capas, o que projetava uma imagem glamourosa e apaixonada (Pelé viveu com Xuxa um namoro intenso afetado por fofocas e indiscrições). Xuxa era frequentemente retratada como a bela jovem humilde que havia conquistado o coração do "rei", uma narrativa de conto de fadas que agradava muitos fãs. Pessoas próximas diziam na época: “Nossa, como ela está apaixonada, como ela está de quatro pelo Pelé”, segundo relembrou a própria Xuxa, indicando que sua dedicação ao namorado era visível e comentada (Xuxa e Pelé: um romance que se tornou inesquecível... | VEJA). Essa percepção de autenticidade nos sentimentos ajudou a humanizar Xuxa aos olhos do público, diferenciando-a de estereótipos de roupante ou interesse calculado.

Por outro lado, nem toda a atenção era positiva. Houve murmúrios maldosos e preconceituosos nos bastidores. Pelé e Xuxa formavam um casal interracial (ele negro, ela branca e bem mais jovem), o que, segundo a imprensa, “gerava olhares de reprovação dos conservadores” e até comentários racistas proferidos pelas costas (Pelé viveu com Xuxa um namoro intenso afetado por fofocas e indiscrições). Além disso, alguns duvidavam das intenções de Xuxa no relacionamento, insinuando que ela buscava ascensão social por meio de Pelé. Termos pejorativos como “maria-chuteira” (gíria para mulheres que namoram jogadores em busca de status) e “alpinista social” chegaram a ser associados a Xuxa por fofoqueiros da época (Pelé viveu com Xuxa um namoro intenso afetado por fofocas e indiscrições). Essa desconfiança lançava sombra sobre a imagem dela, pintando-a, aos olhos de alguns, como oportunista em vez de namorada dedicada. Xuxa teve de lidar com esse tipo de insinuação ao longo do namoro, buscando provar que seu amor era verdadeiro e que ela também tinha talentos e ambições próprias.

A mídia impressa, em geral, manteve uma postura favorável ao casal, explorando o romance como algo encantador. Mas não deixou de reportar as turbulências: sabia-se, por exemplo, das frequentes traições de Pelé, que Xuxa anos depois revelou ter suportado calada na época (Xuxa e Pelé: o relacionamento que ficou cravado na história da imprensa brasileira) (Xuxa e Pelé: o relacionamento que ficou cravado na história da imprensa brasileira). Essas infidelidades eram rumores correntes nos círculos de fofoca, embora Xuxa raramente comentasse publicamente enquanto estava com Pelé. O público, portanto, via um casal bonito e famoso, mas também acompanhava as especulações de crises e reconciliações pelos noticiários de celebridades. Cada aparição pública deles – fosse em um jogo de futebol, um evento beneficente ou nos camarotes do carnaval – era dissecada pelos repórteres, e cada declaração (ou silêncio) alimentava interpretações sobre o estado do relacionamento e sobre quem era Xuxa por trás da fama.

No saldo final, o namoro com Pelé influenciou profundamente a imagem pública de Xuxa. Inicialmente marcada como “a namorada do Rei” – posição que trazia tanto admiração quanto inveja – Xuxa soube aproveitar a visibilidade para mostrar carisma e trabalho, transformando-se em uma estrela por direito próprio. Ao se tornar apresentadora infantil de sucesso ainda durante o namoro, ela começou a dissociar sua imagem da de Pelé, provando que podia ser mais do que um apêndice de um astro do esporte. Quando o relacionamento terminou em 1986, Xuxa emergiu não caída em desgraça, mas sim pronta para reinar sozinha na TV. A mídia continuou a mencioná-la em referência a Pelé por algum tempo (era inevitável, dado o quão famoso o casal fora), mas cada vez mais o público passou a enxergá-la principalmente como a “Rainha dos Baixinhos”, a figura alegre das manhãs na TV Globo. Em entrevistas posteriores, Xuxa admitiu ter sentimentos mistos ao lembrar dessa fase: ela se ressentiu, por exemplo, de Pelé ter classificado o que viveram como “uma amizade colorida” em vez de namoro sério (Pelé e Xuxa: um estranho amor que durou seis anos - 29/12/2022 - Celebridades - F5) – frase do ex-jogador que a magoou e que veio a público muitos anos depois. Esse comentário retroativo de Pelé apenas reforçou o quanto a mídia e o público discutiram e dissecaram a natureza daquela relação.

Em conclusão, a percepção do casal Xuxa e Pelé oscilou entre o encanto e a controvérsia, mas inegavelmente manteve Xuxa nos trending topics de sua época (para usar um termo atual). A jovem modelo gaúcha ganhou projeção, prestígio e também enfrentou julgamentos enquanto esteve com Pelé. Tudo isso moldou sua imagem – de símbolo sexual e socialite em ascensão a profissional talentosa pronta para brilhar por conta própria. O relacionamento forneceu-lhe a plataforma e a armadura mediática; coube a Xuxa transformar essa visibilidade em uma carreira sólida, o que ela fez com maestria ao se tornar uma das maiores apresentadoras da história da TV brasileira.

Fontes: Entrevistas e depoimentos de Xuxa Meneghel (inclusive do livro Memórias, 2020), reportagens da época em revistas como Manchete, colunas sociais e jornais (compiladas em repositórios atuais), e biografias e retrospectivas sobre ambos os envolvidos (A história da foto de revista que gerou o namoro de Pelé e Xuxa) (Pelé viveu com Xuxa um namoro intenso afetado por fofocas e indiscrições) (Xuxa e Pelé: o relacionamento que ficou cravado na história da imprensa brasileira) (Xuxa e Pelé: um romance que se tornou inesquecível... | VEJA), entre outras. Essas fontes confirmam o papel catalisador que o namoro com Pelé teve nos primeiros passos da trajetória de Xuxa, bem como os desafios e oportunidades que surgiram dessa intensa exposição pública.

@ 9967f375:04f9a5e1

Así en la Santa Iglesia Metropolitana (en donde se hallaron ochenta y seis Confesores, asignados por el V. Sr. Dean, y Cabildo Sede-Vacante) como en las Parroquiales, y demás, fue grande la concurrencia desde el dia primero (de abril), Sábado ante Dominicam Palmarum, para cumplir con el precepto de la Confesión anual, que se impuso, y mandó en el Máximo Concilio Lateranense, congregado en 1215 por el Señor Inocencio Tercero a que asistieron los Patriarcas de Antioquía, y Jerusalén, cuarenta Arzobispos, cuatrocientos Obispos, doce Abades, ochocientos Prelados inferiores; los Legados de Federico Segundo Emperador de Alemania, de Pedro Emperador de Oriente, de S. Luis Rey de Francia, de Juan Rey de Inglaterra, de D. Enrique Primero Rey de Castilla, D. Alonso Décimo Rey de León, Don Jaime Primero de Aragón, de Don Sancho el Fuerte de Navarra, de Don Alonso Segundo de Portugal, y los Embajadores de los Reyes de Chipre y Jerusalén.

@ e4950c93:1b99eccd

Découvrez les matières acceptées ou non dans les produits référencés sur ce site.

✅ Matières naturelles

Matières d'origine végétale, animale ou minérale, sans transformation chimique altérant leur structure moléculaire.

🌱 Principaux critères : - Biodégradabilité - Non-toxicité - Présence naturelle nécessitant le minimum de transformation

🔍 Liste des matières naturelles : - Caoutchouc naturel - Chanvre - Coton - Cuir - Liège - Lin - Laine - Soie - Terre - … (Autres matières)

⚠️ Bien que naturelles, ces matières peuvent générer des impacts négatifs selon leurs conditions de production (pollution par pesticides, consommation d’eau excessive, traitement chimique, exploitation animale…). Ces impacts sont mentionnés sur la fiche de chaque matière.

Les versions biologiques, sans traitement chimique… de ces matieres sont privilégiées pour référencer les produits sur ce site.

Les versions "conventionnelles" ne sont référencées que tant que lorsqu'il n'a pas encore été trouvé d'alternative plus durable pour cette catégorie de produits.

---

🚫 Matières non naturelles

Matières synthétiques ou fortement modifiées, souvent issues de la pétrochimie.

📌 Principaux problèmes : - Émissions de microplastiques - Dépendance aux énergies fossiles - Mauvaise biodégradabilité

🔍 Liste des matières non naturelles : - Polyester - Polyamide - Acrylique - Élasthanne - Viscose - Silicone - … (Autres matières)

⚠️ Ces matières ne sont pas admises sur le site. Néanmoins, elles peuvent être présentes dans certains produits référencés lorsque :

• elles sont utilisées en accessoire amovible (ex. : élastiques, boutons… généralement non indiqué dans la composition par la marque) pouvant être retiré pour le recyclage ou compostage, et
• aucune alternative 100 % naturelle n’a encore été identifiée pour cette catégorie de produits.

Dans ce cas, un avertissement est alors affiché sur la fiche du produit.

---

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@ a5142938:0ef19da3

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💡 A Value-Sharing Model

Half of the donations are redistributed to the contributors who create the site's value, experimenting with a revenue-sharing model on the Internet—one that respects your data and doesn’t seek to capture your attention. The other half helps cover the site's operating costs.

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@ e4950c93:1b99eccd

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Soutenez le projet en faisant un don pour le faire vivre et remercier les contribut-eur-rice-s.

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💡 Un modèle de partage de la valeur

La moitié des dons est redistribuée aux contribut-eur-rice-s qui créent la valeur du site, pour expérimenter un modèle de partage de revenus sur Internet — un modèle qui respecte vos données et ne cherche pas à capter votre attention. L’autre moitié permet de couvrir les frais de fonctionnement du site.

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Cet article est publié sur origine-nature.com 🌐 See this article in English

@ e4950c93:1b99eccd

Les rétributions sont une démarche expérimentale de partage de la valeur entre les contribut-eur-rice-s du site, via un partage des revenus aux conditions suivantes :

• Les revenus éventuels générés par ce site chaque mois sont répartis sur les 12 mois suivants, afin d’assurer une visibilité sur le projet et de lisser les variations mensuelles.
• Chaque 1er du mois, la moitié des revenus est distribuée à l’ensemble des contribut-eur-rice-s, proportionnellement au nombre de leurs contributions validées.
• Les contributions restent valides à vie, mais les rétributions ne sont versées qu’aux contribut-eur-rice-s ayant réalisé au moins une contribution validée au cours des 12 derniers mois.

Modalités de paiement

Les rétributions sont effectuées via le réseau Lightning, sous forme de sats (la plus petite unité du Bitcoin).

Pour en bénéficier, le compte NOSTR avec lequel vous avez réalisé vos contributions doit être lié à un porte-monnaie Lightning.

💡 Si vous découvrez ces outils :

• Pas encore de compte ? Une solution simple est d'en créer un sur un client NOSTR open source comme yakihonne.com pour y paramétrer votre profil et votre wallet. Ensuite, récupérez vos clés NOSTR (dans les settings) et enregistrez dans le coffre nsec.app pour vous connecter ici et commencer à contribuer.
• Vous avez déjà commencé à contribuer sur le site ? Conservez bien les clés NOSTR fournies par le site dans un coffre comme nsec.app, vous pouvez aussi vous connecter avec sur yakihonne.com pour paramétrer votre profil.
• Vous pouvez aussi contribuer directement depuis yakihonne.com sur les articles d'Origine Nature.

👉 En savoir plus sur les contributions

Prochaines rétributions

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Cet article est publié sur origine-nature.com 🌐 See this article in English

@ a047a37c:dfcb432c

Chef's notes

Using only top quality dill pickles and juice is highly recommended. Do not cheap out on this ingredient. The better the pickle juice, the better your fried chicken will taste.

Do not let the chicken fry for too long. If the color is not a light golden brown and you let it fry too dark. Then it will not taste right!!!

Details

• ⏲️ Prep time: 20 min
• 🍳 Cook time: 25-30 min
• 🍽️ Servings: 3-4

Ingredients

• 1 1/2 Pounds Chicken Breasts
• 2 Chicken Eggs
• 2 Cups Dill Pickle Juice
• 1/2 Cup Water
• 1 Cup Buttermilk
• 1 Cup Unbleached Flour
• 3 Tablespoons Powdered Sugar
• 1 Teaspoon Paprika
• 1 Teaspoon Garlic Powder
• 1 Teaspoon Cayenne Pepper
• 1 Teaspoon Ground Black Pepper
• 1 Teaspoon Sea Salt
• 1/2 Teaspoon Baking Powder
• 3-4 Cups Peanut Oil
• 3-4 Toasted Brioche Buns (Chicken Sandwiches Only)
• 1 Tablespoon Orange Blossom Honey (Chicken Sandwiches Only)
• 1/4 Cup Sliced Dill Pickles (Chicken Sandwiches Only)

Directions

1. There are 2 ways to make The Legendary CFA Fried Chicken. If you want to make it into nuggets then take the chicken breasts and cut them with a kitchen knife into 1 inch cubes. If you want to make it into chicken breast sandwiches, then ensure they are no bigger than 1-1.5 inches thick cut once down the middle. Once you have made your decision and cut them to size. Place the chicken in a large mixing bowl Pour the pickle juice into the bowl, cover it, and place it in the refrigerator to marinate for the next 24 hours.
2. Take a large mixing bowl and add in the flour, powdered sugar, paprika, ground black pepper, cayenne pepper, sea salt, garlic powder, and baking powder. Whisk it all together until it is fully mixed and set aside.
3. Take another large mixing bowl. Add in the chicken eggs and buttermilk. Then whisk together until it is fully blended and set aside.
4. Add 3-4 cups of peanut oil to a large cast iron frying pan, or a deep fryer. Heat the oil to 350F degrees.
5. Remove the marinated chicken from the refrigerator. Drain out all of the pickle juice.
6. Dredge the chicken in the buttermilk egg mixture until it is fully coated. Coat the chicken in the flour mixture. Then immediately repeat these two steps so it is double coated to ensure maximum crispiness.
7. Add the chicken into the peanut oil and allow it to cook evenly until it has reached a light golden brown color and is fully cooked inside.
8. Remove the chicken from the pan and place it onto a paper towel to drain the excess oil off. If you made it into chicken nuggets then simply choose your favorite dipping sauce and serve. If you chose to make chicken sandwiches then lightly toast the brioche bun to a golden brown and drizzle on the honey on the inside of the top of the bun. Then add 1 piece of chicken breast per bun on the bottom half, top it off with sliced dill pickles. Complete the sandwich and serve immediately.

@ a5142938:0ef19da3

Rewards are an experimental approach to sharing the value created by contributors to this site, through a revenue-sharing system based on the following conditions:

• Any revenue generated by the site each month is distributed over the following 12 months, ensuring long-term visibility and smoothing out monthly variations.
• On the 1st of each month, half of the revenue is distributed among all contributors, in proportion to the number of their validated contributions.
• Contributions remain valid indefinitely, but rewards are only distributed to contributors who have made at least one validated contribution in the past 12 months.

Payment Method

Rewards are paid via the Lightning network, in sats (the smallest unit of Bitcoin).

To receive payments, you must have a NOSTR account linked to a Lightning wallet.

To receive them, the NOSTR account used to contribute must be linked to a Lightning wallet.

💡 New to these tools? - Don’t have a NOSTR account yet? A simple way to get started is to create one on an open-source NOSTR client like yakihonne.com to set up your profile and wallet there. Then, retrieve your NOSTR keys (from the settings) and save them in a secure vault like nsec.app to log in here and start contributing. - Already started contributing on this site? Make sure to securely store your NOSTR keys in a vault like nsec.app. You can also log in with them on yakihonne.com to set up your profile. - You can also contribute directly from yakihonne.com by commenting on Origine Nature’s articles.

👉 Learn more about contributions

Next rewards

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This article is published on origin-nature.com 🌐 Voir cet article en français

@ 6f7c7936:b48a90b1

In a world that celebrates constant movement, expression, and freedom of action, the idea of intentionally placing your hands behind your back—and even keeping them there—may seem counterintuitive. But for some, this posture offers not only physical benefits but also psychological calm, clarity, and even symbolic depth.

Below, we explore why keeping your hands behind your back can be a meaningful act, and how, in certain cases, voluntary restraint can bring unexpected focus and peace.

---

1. A Posture of Respect and Composure

From military cadets to schoolchildren waiting in line, the image of someone standing with hands behind the back conveys discipline, respect, and attentiveness. It’s a non-verbal signal of being present without demanding attention.

This posture is: - Open and non-confrontational, - Yet composed and intentional, - Signaling a readiness to listen, observe, or follow.

For some, maintaining this position—even privately or in personal rituals—can help anchor them in the moment, especially in situations where too much movement leads to distraction.

---

2. Gentle Restraint as a Form of Focus

In certain contexts, some people take this concept further: not only placing the hands behind the back but intentionally limiting their movement, sometimes even with gentle bindings (e.g., soft bands, loops, or self-applied ties).

While this may seem unusual, voluntary restraint can serve a purpose. For those who feel: - Overstimulated by too many choices, - Mentally scattered or physically restless, - Emotionally overwhelmed by expectations,

…the act of keeping the hands still and out of use can provide clarity, comfort, and simplicity.

It becomes easier to focus on thoughts, breathing, posture—or simply the act of being. The absence of distraction becomes its own form of freedom.

---

3. Sensory Regulation and Neurodiverse Experiences

For individuals who are neurodivergent (such as those on the autism spectrum), structured physical routines and reduced movement can support sensory balance and regulation.

Keeping hands behind the back can: - Reduce tactile input or self-stimulatory movements, - Create a predictable, soothing sensation of symmetry, - Increase body awareness and improve posture.

In these cases, restraint isn’t about control or punishment—it’s about reclaiming calm in a world full of overwhelming stimuli.

---

4. A Symbol of Stillness in Ritual or Reflection

Beyond the physical or sensory aspects, placing the hands behind the back can carry symbolic weight. It can be: - A gesture of humility, - A sign of inner stillness, - A choice to be quiet, observant, or connected to something larger.

In personal practices, some individuals incorporate this position into meditation, silent walks, or reflection exercises. Others may even choose light binding—such as a soft scarf or wrap—not as an act of submission, but as a tool for mindfulness, reminding them to pause, breathe, and stay grounded.

---

5. The Importance of Intent and Consent

It’s crucial to note: context and intent matter. The experience of placing hands behind the back—especially when restraint is involved—should always be voluntary, safe, and self-directed.

This isn’t about force or external control. It’s about choosing to explore stillness, structure, or personal rituals that bring meaning and calm.

When approached mindfully, this simple act can become a quiet expression of focus, discipline, and peace.

---

Conclusion: A Small Gesture, a Deep Effect

In an age of constant motion and noise, choosing to stand still—with your hands behind your back—can be a powerful form of presence.

Whether you’re seeking: - better posture, - sensory clarity, - emotional grounding, - or symbolic stillness,

…this gesture offers a moment to reconnect—with your body, your breath, and yourself.

It’s not about limitation.
It’s about choosing space within boundaries—and discovering what stillness can teach you.

@ da18e986:3a0d9851

I'm making this tutorial for myself, as I plan to write many wiki pages describing DVM kinds, as a resource for DVMDash.

Wiki pages on Nostr are written using AsciiDoc. If you don't know ascii doc, get an LLM (like https://duck.ai) to help you format into the right syntax.

Here's the test wiki page I'm going to write:

``` = Simple AsciiDoc Demo

This is a simple demonstration of AsciiDoc syntax for testing purposes.

== Features

AsciiDoc offers many formatting options that are easy to use.

• Easy to learn
• Supports rich text formatting
• Can include code snippets
• Works great for documentation

[source,json]

{ "name": "Test", "version": "1.0", "active": true }

```

We're going to use nak to publish it

First, install nak if you haven't already

go install github.com/fiatjaf/nak@latest

Note: if you don't use Go a lot, you may need to first install it and then add it to your path so the nak command is recognized by the terminal

```

this is how to add it to your path on mac if using zsh

echo 'export PATH=$PATH:$(go env GOPATH)/bin' >> ~/.zshrc ```

And here's how to sign and publish this event with nak.

First, if you want to use your own nostr sec key, you can set the env variable to it and nak will use that if no secret key is specified

```

replace with your full secret key

export NOSTR_SECRET_KEY="nsec1zcdn..." ```

Now to sign and publish the event:

Note: inner double quotes need to be escaped with a \ before them in order to keep the formatting correct, because we're doing this in the terminal

nak event -k 30818 -d "dvm-wiki-page-test" -t 'title=dvm wiki page test' -c "= Simple AsciiDoc Demo\n\nThis is a simple demonstration of AsciiDoc syntax for testing purposes. \n\n== Features\n\nAsciiDoc offers many formatting options that are easy to use. \n\n* Easy to learn \n* Supports rich text formatting \n* Can include code snippets \n* Works great for documentation \n\n[source,json] \n---- \n{ \"name\": \"Test\", \"version\": \"1.0\", \"active\": true } \n----" wss://relay.primal.net wss://relay.damus.io wss://relay.wikifreedia.xyz

You've now published your first wiki page! If done correctly, it will show up on wikistr.com, like mine did here: https://wikistr.com/dvm-wiki-page-test*da18e9860040f3bf493876fc16b1a912ae5a6f6fa8d5159c3de2b8233a0d9851

and on wikifreedia.xyz https://wikifreedia.xyz/dvm-wiki-page-test/dustind@dtdannen.github.io

@ 98468676:3a02caf5

I'm making this tutorial for myself, as I plan to write many wiki pages describing DVM kinds, as a resource for DVMDash.

Wiki pages on Nostr are written using AsciiDoc. If you don't know ascii doc, get an LLM (like https://duck.ai) to help you format into the right syntax.

Here's the test wiki page I'm going to write:

``` = Simple AsciiDoc Demo

This is a simple demonstration of AsciiDoc syntax for testing purposes.

== Features

AsciiDoc offers many formatting options that are easy to use.

• Easy to learn
• Supports rich text formatting
• Can include code snippets
• Works great for documentation

[source,json]

{ "name": "Test", "version": "1.0", "active": true }

```

We're going to use nak to publish it

First, install nak if you haven't already

go install github.com/fiatjaf/nak@latest

Note: if you don't use Go a lot, you may need to first install it and then add it to your path so the nak command is recognized by the terminal

```

this is how to add it to your path on mac if using zsh

echo 'export PATH=$PATH:$(go env GOPATH)/bin' >> ~/.zshrc ```

And here's how to sign and publish this event with nak.

First, if you want to use your own nostr sec key, you can set the env variable to it and nak will use that if no secret key is specified

```

replace with your full secret key

export NOSTR_SECRET_KEY="nsec1zcdn..." ```

Now to sign and publish the event:

Note: inner double quotes need to be escaped with a \ before them in order to keep the formatting correct, because we're doing this in the terminal

nak event -k 30818 -d "dvm-wiki-page-test" -t 'title=dvm wiki page test' -c "= Simple AsciiDoc Demo\n\nThis is a simple demonstration of AsciiDoc syntax for testing purposes. \n\n== Features\n\nAsciiDoc offers many formatting options that are easy to use. \n\n* Easy to learn \n* Supports rich text formatting \n* Can include code snippets \n* Works great for documentation \n\n[source,json] \n---- \n{ \"name\": \"Test\", \"version\": \"1.0\", \"active\": true } \n----" wss://relay.primal.net wss://relay.damus.io wss://relay.wikifreedia.xyz

You've now published your first wiki page! If done correctly, it will show up on wikistr.com, like mine did here: https://wikistr.com/dvm-wiki-page-test*da18e9860040f3bf493876fc16b1a912ae5a6f6fa8d5159c3de2b8233a0d9851

and on wikifreedia.xyz https://wikifreedia.xyz/dvm-wiki-page-test/dustind@dtdannen.github.io

@ ac58bbcc:7d9754d8

Lovely seeing you here. Hello there, and welcome to our very first post! We’re the team behind Math Success by DMTI, and we’re thrilled for this journey with you. If you’re a teacher, parent, or just someone who cares about kids and learning, you’ve probably noticed something: math education isn’t working well for most everyone. Too many students dread it, too many teachers feel stuck, and too many classrooms are stuck in a cycle of rote memorization that leaves most everyone uninspired.

We’re here to change that—and that’s why we’ve built Math Success by DMTI, the leading K-6 Math Education Program.

The Problem: Math Isn’t Adding Up Let’s start with the elephant in the room. Math education often misses the mark. Kids are taught to memorize times tables or follow steps without understanding why they work. It’s like handing someone a recipe without teaching them how to cook—they might make the dish, but they won’t know what to do when the ingredients change. Studies show U.S. students lag behind many peers globally in math, and the gap widens as they move through school. Why? Because we’ve prioritized procedures over meaning, drills over discovery, and compliance over curiosity.

The result? Students who see math as a chore, not a chance to explore. Teachers, meanwhile, are stretched thin—juggling standards, testing pressures, and outdated methods that don’t spark joy or learning. It’s no wonder so many kids say, “I’m just not a math person.” But here’s the thing: we believe everyone can be a math person—if we teach it right.

Our Solution: Math Success by DMTI That’s where Math Success by DMTI comes in. Born from the Developing Mathematical Thinking Institute and over 40 years of research, our program isn’t just another curriculum—it’s a rethink of how math should feel and function in the classroom. We’ve seen the data: classrooms using our approach see an average 35% jump in achievement. But more than that, they see kids who love math and teachers who can’t wait to teach it.

So, how do we do it? It starts with our Developing Mathematical Thinking framework—a five-part recipe for success:

Listen to Kids & Build on Their Ideas: We build on what students already know, making math personal and relevant.

Speak the Right Language: We use the structural words unit, compose, decompose, iterate, partition, and equal to help kids communicate and connect to math across topics.

Understand First, Calculate Later: Concepts come before procedures, so kids grasp the “why” before the “how.”

Models and real-world connections: From blocks to drawings to numbers, we use models to make math tangible and fun while helping connect math to real life.

Embrace Misconceptions & Mistakes: Missteps aren’t failures but chances to learn and grow.

This isn’t the math you grew up with. It’s active, engaging, and built to stick. Teachers tell us it’s a game-changer—“I have never loved teaching math as much as I do now; math has come alive in my classroom. My students are further along now than any class I’ve ever taught before.” one said, “I could see the light bulbs going off like never before, and they’re excited!” Kids tell us, “Math is fun now!” And the numbers back it up: that 35% boost isn’t just a stat—it’s a sign of deeper understanding and real confidence.

Why it matters Math isn’t just about numbers; it’s about thinking, solving problems, and opening doors. When kids succeed in math, they gain skills for life—whether they’re headed to STEM careers or just figuring out their budget. But beyond that, we want them to love it. To see math as a playground, not a prison. That’s our mission: successful learning and a genuine love for mathematics, one classroom at a time.

What’s Next? This Substack is our space to share that mission with you. Expect stories from teachers and students, dives into our framework, tips for bringing math to life, and updates on our free courses (yep, free!). We’re partnering with educators like you to make this happen—because we can turn math education around together.

So, stick with us. Subscribe below, drop a comment with your thoughts, and start building a world where math adds joy, not stress. Welcome to Math Success by DMTI—let’s make math work for everyone.

@ 907e4623:f40ff12a

gm.

i'm doing my job as I can.

You know, it's not easy to be a founder.

I wanted to give up so many times.

But give up is not an option, I need to improve and move forward.

1. Difficulties
2. Doubt
3. Self interest and responsabilities

I was stuck building this: https://afk-community.xyz

Chasing my Product Market Fit, solving the problems I work on...

Step by step, I'm gonna make it.

@ c631e267:c2b78d3e

Zwei mal drei macht vier, \ widewidewitt und drei macht neune, \ ich mach mir die Welt, \ widewide wie sie mir gefällt. \ Pippi Langstrumpf

Egal, ob Koalitionsverhandlungen oder politischer Alltag: Die Kontroversen zwischen theoretisch verschiedenen Parteien verschwinden, wenn es um den Kampf gegen politische Gegner mit Rückenwind geht. Wer den Alteingesessenen die Pfründe ernsthaft streitig machen könnte, gegen den werden nicht nur «Brandmauern» errichtet, sondern der wird notfalls auch strafrechtlich verfolgt. Doppelstandards sind dabei selbstverständlich inklusive.

In Frankreich ist diese Woche Marine Le Pen wegen der Veruntreuung von EU-Geldern von einem Gericht verurteilt worden. Als Teil der Strafe wurde sie für fünf Jahre vom passiven Wahlrecht ausgeschlossen. Obwohl das Urteil nicht rechtskräftig ist – Le Pen kann in Berufung gehen –, haben die Richter das Verbot, bei Wahlen anzutreten, mit sofortiger Wirkung verhängt. Die Vorsitzende des rechtsnationalen Rassemblement National (RN) galt als aussichtsreiche Kandidatin für die Präsidentschaftswahl 2027.

Das ist in diesem Jahr bereits der zweite gravierende Fall von Wahlbeeinflussung durch die Justiz in einem EU-Staat. In Rumänien hatte Călin Georgescu im November die erste Runde der Präsidentenwahl überraschend gewonnen. Das Ergebnis wurde später annulliert, die behauptete «russische Wahlmanipulation» konnte jedoch nicht bewiesen werden. Die Kandidatur für die Wahlwiederholung im Mai wurde Georgescu kürzlich durch das Verfassungsgericht untersagt.

Die Veruntreuung öffentlicher Gelder muss untersucht und geahndet werden, das steht außer Frage. Diese Anforderung darf nicht selektiv angewendet werden. Hingegen mussten wir in der Vergangenheit bei ungleich schwerwiegenderen Fällen von (mutmaßlichem) Missbrauch ganz andere Vorgehensweisen erleben, etwa im Fall der heutigen EZB-Chefin Christine Lagarde oder im «Pfizergate»-Skandal um die Präsidentin der EU-Kommission Ursula von der Leyen.

Wenngleich derartige Angelegenheiten formal auf einer rechtsstaatlichen Grundlage beruhen mögen, so bleibt ein bitterer Beigeschmack. Es stellt sich die Frage, ob und inwieweit die Justiz politisch instrumentalisiert wird. Dies ist umso interessanter, als die Gewaltenteilung einen essenziellen Teil jeder demokratischen Ordnung darstellt, während die Bekämpfung des politischen Gegners mit juristischen Mitteln gerade bei den am lautesten rufenden Verteidigern «unserer Demokratie» populär zu sein scheint.

Die Delegationen von CDU/CSU und SPD haben bei ihren Verhandlungen über eine Regierungskoalition genau solche Maßnahmen diskutiert. «Im Namen der Wahrheit und der Demokratie» möchte man noch härter gegen «Desinformation» vorgehen und dafür zum Beispiel den Digital Services Act der EU erweitern. Auch soll der Tatbestand der Volksverhetzung verschärft werden – und im Entzug des passiven Wahlrechts münden können. Auf europäischer Ebene würde Friedrich Merz wohl gerne Ungarn das Stimmrecht entziehen.

Der Pegel an Unzufriedenheit und Frustration wächst in großen Teilen der Bevölkerung kontinuierlich. Arroganz, Machtmissbrauch und immer abstrusere Ausreden für offensichtlich willkürliche Maßnahmen werden kaum verhindern, dass den etablierten Parteien die Unterstützung entschwindet. In Deutschland sind die Umfrageergebnisse der AfD ein guter Gradmesser dafür.

[Vorlage Titelbild: Pixabay]

---

Dieser Beitrag wurde mit dem Pareto-Client geschrieben und ist zuerst auf Transition News erschienen.

@ 1c229706:fd7d0f4c

O mundo do entretenimento online está em constante evolução, com novas plataformas surgindo para atender à demanda crescente por experiências inovadoras e imersivas. A 5853 é uma dessas plataformas que tem se destacado pela qualidade de seus jogos, pela tecnologia avançada e pela experiência excepcional que oferece aos seus jogadores. Neste artigo, vamos explorar o que torna a plataforma 5853 tão especial e por que ela tem conquistado a preferência dos jogadores.

Inovação e Design: O Diferencial da Plataforma 5853 A 5853 é uma plataforma de entretenimento online que se destaca por seu design sofisticado e fácil de usar. Desde o primeiro acesso, os jogadores são recebidos por uma interface limpa, intuitiva e moderna, que torna a navegação rápida e eficiente. A plataforma é projetada para garantir que o jogador tenha fácil acesso aos seus jogos favoritos e possa explorar outras opções de forma simples e sem complicação.

A 5853 também se diferencia pela sua flexibilidade. Compatível com computadores, smartphones e tablets, a plataforma garante que os jogadores possam se divertir de qualquer lugar, seja em casa ou em movimento. Isso proporciona uma experiência contínua, permitindo que os jogadores aproveitem o melhor do entretenimento digital a qualquer hora.

Além disso, a plataforma é totalmente segura. As informações dos jogadores são protegidas por criptografia de ponta, o que garante que todas as transações e dados pessoais sejam mantidos de forma confidencial.

A Diversidade de Jogos da 5853: Uma Oferta Completa para Todos os Gostos A plataforma 5853 é renomada pela sua impressionante variedade de jogos. Independentemente do estilo de jogo preferido, os jogadores podem encontrar uma ampla gama de opções, que vão desde os mais simples e rápidos até os mais complexos e desafiadores.

A plataforma oferece jogos de cartas, slots, estratégia, RPGs, e muito mais. Cada título foi escolhido para proporcionar uma experiência única e envolvente, com gráficos de alta qualidade e jogabilidade fluida. Além disso, novos jogos são constantemente adicionados à plataforma, o que mantém a experiência sempre fresca e excitante.

A 5853 também oferece desafios e torneios, permitindo que os jogadores testem suas habilidades e se envolvam em competições emocionantes. Isso torna a plataforma ainda mais dinâmica, criando uma atmosfera de constante evolução e diversão.

A Experiência do Jogador na 5853: Conforto, Interação e Suporte de Qualidade A 5853 não se preocupa apenas com os jogos, mas também com o bem-estar de seus jogadores. A plataforma foi projetada para proporcionar uma experiência confortável e sem interrupções. O design responsivo garante que os jogos funcionem perfeitamente em qualquer dispositivo, enquanto a navegação intuitiva facilita o acesso a todos os recursos.

A plataforma também promove a interação entre os jogadores, com chats ao vivo e fóruns onde os usuários podem compartilhar experiências, trocar dicas e até formar grupos para desafios em equipe. Isso cria uma comunidade engajada e colaborativa, onde os jogadores podem se conectar e aprender uns com os outros.

Além disso, a 5853 oferece suporte ao cliente 24/7, com uma equipe dedicada a resolver qualquer dúvida ou problema rapidamente. Isso garante que os jogadores tenham uma experiência tranquila e sem frustrações.

Conclusão: 5853, a Plataforma Completa para o Entretenimento Digital Se você está procurando por uma plataforma de entretenimento online que ofereça jogos de qualidade, segurança, conforto e uma excelente experiência de jogador, a 5853 é a escolha ideal. Com seu design inovador, vasta gama de jogos e suporte excepcional, ela se estabelece como uma das melhores opções disponíveis no mercado. Não perca a chance de explorar tudo o que a 5853 tem a oferecer e elevar sua experiência de entretenimento digital a um novo nível.

@ 7d33ba57:1b82db35

Edinburgh is a city where ancient history and modern culture meet in the most atmospheric way. From its dramatic castle perched on a volcanic rock to narrow medieval alleys, vibrant festivals, and cozy pubs, Scotland’s capital is a must-visit for travelers seeking both beauty and depth. It’s a city that feels like stepping into a storybook—with a few ghost tales thrown in for good measure.

🏛️ Top Things to See & Do in Edinburgh

1️⃣ Edinburgh Castle

• Iconic and steeped in royal history
• See the Crown Jewels, the Stone of Destiny, and sweeping views over the city
• Don’t miss the 1 o’clock cannon fire!

2️⃣ Walk the Royal Mile

• The main street running from Edinburgh Castle to Holyrood Palace
• Lined with shops, historic closes (alleyways), churches, and pubs
• Pop into St Giles’ Cathedral and explore the Writer’s Museum

3️⃣ Holyrood Palace & Arthur’s Seat

• The Queen’s official Scottish residence 👑
• Hike up Arthur’s Seat, an ancient volcano, for amazing panoramic views of Edinburgh and beyond

4️⃣ Explore the Old Town & New Town

• Old Town: Medieval, moody, atmospheric
• New Town: Elegant Georgian streets and great shopping on Princes Street
• Don’t miss Victoria Street – rumored inspiration for Harry Potter’s Diagon Alley ✨

5️⃣ Museums & Culture

• National Museum of Scotland – interactive and family-friendly
• Scottish National Gallery – features art by Turner, Van Gogh, and more
• Camera Obscura & World of Illusions – quirky and fun near the castle

6️⃣ Edinburgh’s Underground & Ghost Tours

• Explore the hidden vaults under the city
• Join a ghost tour or learn about Edinburgh’s dark past, including grave robbers and plague victims

7️⃣ Festivals Galore 🎭

• Edinburgh Festival Fringe (August) – The largest arts festival in the world
• Edinburgh International Festival, Book Festival, and Hogmanay (New Year) celebrations

🍽️ What to Eat in Edinburgh

• Haggis, neeps & tatties – A classic, surprisingly tasty Scottish dish
• Scottish salmon, Cullen skink (smoky fish soup)
• Afternoon tea or Scottish whisky tasting in a historic bar 🥃
• Try local spots like The Witchery, Makars Gourmet Mash Bar, or The Scran & Scallie

🚶‍♀️ Tips for Visiting Edinburgh

✅ Wear comfy shoes – cobblestones and hills are part of the charm
✅ Be ready for 4 seasons in a day – pack layers and a rain jacket ☁️☀️🌧️
✅ Book ahead in summer – especially during August festivals
✅ Take a day trip to Rosslyn Chapel, the Highlands, or Stirling Castle for more Scottish beauty
✅ Consider the Edinburgh City Pass if planning to visit many attractions

@ 2e8970de:63345c7a

Recently I shared a substack post that argued "DOGE is About Sex" https://stacker.news/items/921208 the main premise being how Elon & Trumps economic goals were to make women more economically desperate such that women are more nudged to settle for mediocre and lonely men.

I do not think that tells the whole story about MAGA economics. Neither does the author CHH, I think.

But I think she's onto something. Here are 4 tweets I randomly encountered today that fit this narrative perfectly:

Trump's trade war is partly about gender.

As American manufacturing declined, men lost economic leverage over women. The nationalist right believes that this led to lower marriage and birth rates.

https://x.com/EricLevitz/status/1908175346177847669

Highly educated women will be completely out of the marriage market in next 5 years.

https://x.com/mshree01/status/1906316952613589038

congratulations to boring men with stable jobs on becoming the next hot commodity

https://x.com/morganisawizard/status/1907889282947424453

The American economy is built around giving fake unproductive jobs to women, therefore we must destroy it

https://x.com/DrewPavlou/status/1907932434571866226

Conclusion

Interestingly this thought seems to cross many peoples minds independently. Like Calculus was invented by Leibnitz and Newton simultaneous and independently.

It's also liberals and conservatives; men and women uttering these words.

I think this is super fascinating. Shoutout to the original post: https://www.cartoonshateher.com/p/doge-is-about-sex

originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/934557

@ 6fbc5b6b:0251e3df

✨ Event Overview AIVille has officially partnered with FreeDogs, a decentralized social game born as a meme tribute to Pavel Durov. Their mission? To fight for privacy and resistance in the Web3 age — captured in their slogan: "Privacy is not a crime, resistance will prevail." As part of this collaboration, an exclusive AIVille quest is now live within the FreeDogs game! Participants who complete the quest not only get to explore AIVille’s intelligent agent society, but also unlock access to the broader AGT First Round Community Airdrop, where 1% of the total $AGT supply will be distributed to early supporters.

🤝 About AIVille & FreeDogs AIVille is an AI-native decentralized town where autonomous agents live, create, and evolve. Players interact with characters, join events, and help shape the future of intelligent societies. FreeDogs is a meme-powered Web3 social game where players sign petitions while completing quests for rewards. More than just entertainment, FreeDogs stands for freedom, privacy, and community resistance — a tribute to open digital spaces. Together, AIVille and FreeDogs bring the power of storytelling, questing, and token incentives to a wider audience.

🌟 AGT Token & Quest Rewards The AIVille quest in FreeDogs is more than a game — it’s your gateway to the AGT First Round Community Airdrop, the first large-scale distribution of AIVille’s native token. Complete the quest to: Learn about AIVille and the $AGT ecosystem

Get priority access to the community airdrop (1% of supply!)

Start your journey as an early supporter of intelligent agents

This is part of AIVille’s Create-to-Earn model, where your actions in the Web3 world generate real value.

⚡ Why This Matters This partnership expands AIVille’s reach into fun, social gaming — and introduces FreeDogs players to the future of AI-native societies. It reflects a growing movement where: Games unlock real community rewards

Stories and agents become programmable

Participation leads to ownership and tokenized recognition

If you're playing FreeDogs, this is your moment to join something bigger.

🔗 Links AIVille Quest: https://app.freedogs.bot/game

FreeDogs Bot: https://t.me/theFreeDogs_bot/app

FreeDogs on Twitter: @theFreeDogs_bot

AIVille on Twitter: @aivillebot

AGT Airdrop Info: https://aivillegame.com

@ 2e8970de:63345c7a

Interestingly he's suggesting that he's doing all this on purpose. Why would he say that? Well the market could take this (a) positively: he's still in control and there is a masterplan (b) negatively: he's openly hostile against the economy. Trump is obviously hoping the market will take it as (a).

originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/934513

@ 9bcc5462:eb501d90

The story you are about to read is one hundred percent true. It is also my first encounter with a supernatural force. 

It was the summer of 2003 and I was visiting my auntie in Nashville as a 16-year-old, pimply-faced teenager. My younger cousins, Alex, Mikey, and Tony were also there. One afternoon, they were all sitting bored outside in the blazing heat, sheltered under the tree on the front lawn. It was a comical sight really, all of them sprawled out lifeless and silent, eaten alive by the unforgiving mosquitos. I ducked inside and asked my aunt if it was okay to borrow her RAV4 to take them to play basketball nearby at Pitts Park. Despite not having a license she handed me the keys and when I went outside to tell the boys we were going to shoot hoops, you’d have thought I said I was taking them to Disney World!

Off we went up and down the rollercoaster-like hills of Tennessee. Yes, I was speeding, and no, we were not wearing seatbelts. (Remember, sixteen, acne, angst, etc.) We arrived at the park and immediately I felt an eerie sensation. I had been there before with my other cousin Kim, but this time was undeniably different. It didn’t matter that the sun was shining above the bright blue sky, I sensed a darkness lingering. And it had nothing to do with the sticky Southern humidity. It was an overwhelming, odd, ineffable sensation. My eyes couldn’t help but focus on the trees behind the court. As if someone or something was watching us.

Nevertheless, after shooting for teams, we began a 2-on-2 immediately. When Mikey and I won, (I towered over them and Mikey was surprisingly pretty good) Tony wasn’t too happy about losing. In frustration, he bounced the basketball with both hands as hard as he could. The ball ended up on the other side of the fences surrounding the court and rolled into the bordering woods. None of the little squirts wanted to retrieve the ball, so as the big cuz I volunteered myself. Nothing to it right? Wrong!

As I walked towards the woods I couldn’t even locate the basketball. I stopped and scanned until I finally saw it, way deep among the trees. “How did it get all the way over there?” I mumbled beneath my breath. Then, while approaching the ball I heard a loud and distinct voice—“Hey!”—I turned around suddenly, but nothing was there. At first I wasn’t afraid, rather I was genuinely confused. It just made no damn sense, there was no one around. I swiveled my head in every direction and once again the deep, gravelly voice called out, “Hey!” This time I knew where it was coming from and crept towards the source until I spotted something in the bushes. I crouched and pushed some branches aside. And that’s when I noticed it. Buried under the shrubs was a tombstone! It stared back at me, weathered, cracked, moss-eaten. I picked my ass up, ran to the ball, scooped it and bolted back to the court.

Little Alex asked if we were going to play a rematch; I said, “Hell no”. After herding them back to the car, we left and never looked back. To this day I remember the voice. I recall the inexplicable feeling of the unknown energy, force, or spirit that was with us. I only recently shared this story with him and now, at 27, he asked why I didn’t tell him sooner. I thought hard about it and answered, “I guess I didn’t want you to get scared and piss yourself.”

@ 3c389c8f:7a2eff7f

A Rose By Any Other Name... or whatever.

NIP-05 is an identifier created by mapping Nostr keys to DNS based identifiers. More technically, it the part of the protocol that defines how to do this mapping, but you will often see the resulting identifier referred to as "your NIP-05". You will also see it referenced as a "Nostr Address", a "Nostr ID", or a "Nostr Verification". None of those terms are fully correct but nor are they wrong.

A NIP-05 identifier does look very similar to an email address (i.e. NostrName @ SomeSite .com). It makes it easier to convey your Nostr profile to friends or collogues, since your chosen name is not unique and the npub format is not exactly something you will be wanting to jot down at a business meeting. It can be used to find you and your notes, so the term, Nostr Address, fits in that sense. There are free services that provide a NIP-05 to you, but you may want to consider contracting this service to a paid provider. Free services tend to be abused by spammers. Paid NIP-05 providers are reasonably priced, more reputable, provide select affiliations, and often other services, along with hosting your Nip-05 file.

Nostr ID might be the appropriate term, in a different way. Your NIP-05 is unique. You are not limited to possessing a single one, but only one may be present on your profile at any given time. You can switch them out as needed. Some Nostr-based services will require that you have a particular NIP-05 provider in order to access their relay communities or other features. In that sense, it is an ID, proving that you are a member of that community. These NIP-05 IDs are created and hosted for you by the community relay hosts, with whatever criteria they choose to require.

Nostr Verification comes into consideration if you own or run a website. It can be used to validate your identity. By hosting your NIP-05 file on your own domain, you are, in essence, validating that the same person has ownership of the website and control of the associated Nostr profile. (i.e. YourName @ YourSite .com) This is exceptionally handy for any well known individual who may be subject to impersonation. This is great, too, if you sell a product or service online and would like to use Nostr as a means of advertising and engaging with your customers. Your NIP-05 can signal to your customers that you, or any employee, are affiliated with your company.

All of this, for me to tell you... that you don't need a NIP-05 identifier to use Nostr. It just makes a lot of the things you might want to do simpler. For clear instructions on how to set up your NIP-05 visit nostr.how

@ 7bc05901:8c26d22b

I am not an engineer by trade. I took my math classes for college credit as early as I could in high school. I signed up for a bachelor of arts in college and basically didn't touch STEM for the rest of my formal education. Seminary (incomplete) and Law School (JD) didn't go deep into any of the sciences -- I think I struggled through an "accounting for lawyers" class.

The dumb thing is that in middle school and early high school I was obsessed with tinkering with mechanical things. I rebuilt a go-kart, tinkered with my computer, built skateboard ramps. High school came, I got obsessed with chasing girls and listening to emo music, and that culminated in a foggy pursuit of journalism, linguistics, ministry and/or academia in my post-graduate adventures. Also, algebra came to me really easily. I loved cramming the day before a test in middle school and embarrassing the other A students who had to work hard to keep those grades up.

I obviously see now how dangerous that pattern can be to sustaining motivation and discipline in the long-time preference aspects of life. I was motivated by the idea of "getting one over" on the authoritarian educators in my life -- they said that the only way to succeed is to do my homework and study, but I wanted them to know that I was different. And I think I was different from a lot of other people around me, but I aimed my agency in the wrong direction. The rebellion became the end for me, instead of being the means to an end of meaningful learning. Rebel against the system so you can escape into a self-sovereign, high-agency existence.

At the risk of over-stuffing the analogy, perhaps that point brings me to decentralized social media environments. Facebook is like my school teachers, there are tasks laid out for me nudging me to behave a certain way. My grades are analogized by my reach that Facebook will give and take away. I run a few Facebook pages and I am constantly irritated by the annoying UI. Constantly changing, adding shit that I cannot imagine anyone asking for and taking away the shit that you refer to everyday. Just this past week I noticed that I have to click into a post on Meta business sweet in order to see how many shares it has. This used to be on the page as I scrolled through all of my content. There is literally just a blank white space where it used to say: 54 shares.

My thought goes to, this is somehow punishing me for my reach. Although Zuckerberg has pledged his allegiance to the new age of "free speech" and given his finger to the government-meddling that he fanned to flame over the last ten or fifteen years, I still think Facebook wants to nudge users away from certain things and towards other things. Libertarians have railed against the "nanny-state" but it is harder to understand how we also give up our sovereignty to centralized social media companies: the Nanny-Feed.

This must die. The unbundling of facebook is a weird time that feels like the detangling of digital society. Life without widespread Craigslist adoption is somewhat more annoying. I used to scroll Craigslist all the time for stuff. I went to Los Angeles for a few months in 2012 and used it to buy some things and hear about auditions for different projects, a few of which panned out for me. There was something about having some separation from the site that I went to specifically to network with co-workers and communicate with old friends that I liked. I don't want my social media identity locked on one site, especially a site that is subservient to a boardroom. I also like the inconvenience of hopping over to a different app to handle my marketplace experiences.

A lot of this needs to be thought through a lot more, because attempting to untangle the beast that is "meta" (still Facebook to me) requires a lot more insight than I have as I type this out. I'm mostly just nostalgic and emotional and remembering a different time in my life.

@ d5c3d063:4d1159b3

📙 เทคนิคตั้งคำถามนโยบาย จากหนังสือ “เศรษฐศาสตร์เล่มเดียวจบ” #EIOL ผมอยากแบ่งปันวิธีง่าย ๆ ในการนำแนวคิดจากหนังสือมาใช้ เพื่อ “ตั้งคำถามกับนโยบาย” ที่เราเจอในชีวิตประจำวัน ไม่ต้องเป็นนักเศรษฐศาสตร์ก็ใช้ได้ เพราะนี่คือทักษะของ “คนที่เลือกจะคิดเอง”

กับ 3 เทคนิค คิดแบบนักเศรษฐศาสตร์ เวลารัฐออกนโยบาย

1. เข้าใจ “วิธีคิด” ที่หนังสือพยายามสอนเรา ใน Economics in One Lesson ของ Henry Hazlitt เขาไม่ได้ให้สูตรลัด แต่ให้ “เลนส์” สำหรับมองระบบเศรษฐกิจให้ชัดขึ้น หลักคิดสำคัญคือ
2. อย่าหยุดแค่สิ่งที่เรามองเห็นทันที
3. ให้ถามต่อว่ามี “ต้นทุนที่ซ่อนอยู่” ไหม -มีใครได้รับผลกระทบ โดยไม่มีใครพูดถึงหรือเปล่า
4. เลือกนโยบายใกล้ตัวที่เจอในข่าว เราไม่ต้องเป็นนักวิชาการก็ทำได้ แค่ถามตัวเองง่าย ๆ
5. แจกเงิน = แจกให้ใคร แล้วใครจ่าย
6. ตรึงราคาน้ำมัน = ดีตอนนี้กระทบอะไรในระยะยาว
7. รถไฟฟ้าฟรี = ฟรีจริงดิ หรือมีคนจ่ายแทนเราอยู่ ทุกนโยบายคือบทเรียน ถ้าเรากล้าตั้งคำถาม
8. ตั้งคำถามกับนโยบาย อย่ารอให้รัฐสรุปให้คุณ ลองใช้ 3 คำถามนี้กับทุกนโยบายที่คุณเจอ
9. ใครได้ประโยชน์ทันที
10. ใครต้องจ่าย หรือเสียโอกาสบางอย่างไป
11. แล้วในระยะยาว นโยบายนี้จะพาเราไปทางไหน บางครั้งคำตอบไม่ได้อยู่ในข่าว หรือโพสต์สวย ๆ แต่มันซ่อนอยู่ใน “สิ่งที่ไม่มีใครอยากพูดถึง” .

. ตัวอย่าง เมื่อรัฐบาลประกาศจะแจกเงิน Digital Wallet คนละ 10,000 บาท สิ่งที่คนส่วนใหญ่มองเห็นคือ “ความช่วยเหลือ” และ “การกระตุ้นเศรษฐกิจ” แต่ถ้าลองมองผ่านเลนส์ของ Hazlitt นี่คือคำถามที่ไม่ค่อยมีใครถาม - เงินที่ใช้แจกมาจากไหน ภาษีของเราหรือหนี้ที่ลูกหลานเราต้องใช้คืนในอนาคต - มันช่วยให้คนอยู่รอด หรือช่วยให้คนลุกขึ้นยืนได้ด้วยตัวเองในระยะยาวจริงไหม - คนที่ไม่ได้อยู่ในระบบดิจิทัล จะถูกทิ้งไว้ข้างหลังไหม - นี่คือการวางรากฐานระยะยาวหรือแค่การเร่งใช้จ่ายเพื่อประชานิยมระยะสั้น . หนังสือที่ดีจะไม่แค่ให้ข้อมูล แต่ให้ “มุมมองใหม่” และมุมมองนี้เอง ที่ช่วยให้เรา “ไม่ตกหลุมกับนโยบายที่ดูดีแต่ไม่ยั่งยืน” . . ต่อไปถ้าเจอนโยบายที่ดูดี ลองหยิบคำถาม 3 ข้อนี้ขึ้นมาใช้ แล้วดูว่าคุณเห็นอะไรที่คนอื่นอาจมองข้าม เพราะเศรษฐศาสตร์ที่ดี…เริ่มจาก “การสงสัยในสิ่งที่ทุกคนปรบมือให้” ถ้าบทความนี้ทำให้คุณ “มองเห็นสิ่งที่เคยมองข้าม”

ลองแชร์ให้เพื่อนสักคนดูครับ เพราะเศรษฐศาสตร์ ไม่ได้เป็นแค่เรื่องของนักวิชาการ แต่มันคือเครื่องมือของคนธรรมดา... ที่อยากเข้าใจโลกให้ลึกขึ้นอีกนิด 🙃

Siamstr

@ 7d33ba57:1b82db35

Zlarin is a small, car-free island near Šibenik, known for its peaceful atmosphere, crystal-clear waters, and centuries-old coral tradition. It’s often called the “Golden Island” for its natural beauty, and it remains a hidden gem on the Adriatic coast—perfect for quiet beach days, cycling, and slow travel.

🌿 Why Visit Zlarin?

• No cars = pure tranquility – the whole island is pedestrian- and bike-friendly 🚲
• Rich in coral diving heritage – once the center of Croatia’s coral trade 🪸
• Beautiful stone houses, pine forests, and untouched coves
• Easy to reach via a short ferry ride from Šibenik ⛴️

🏖️ Things to Do on Zlarin

1️⃣ Swim & Relax on Secluded Beaches

• Veleš Beach – A pebbly beach surrounded by pines, great for families 🌲
• Magarna Bay – Quiet, wild beach perfect for those seeking solitude 🧘‍♀️
• Hidden coves – Wander the coast and find your own little swimming spot 🌅

2️⃣ Walk or Cycle the Island

• Well-marked trails through pine forests and olive groves
• Visit the hilltop viewpoint for a panoramic look at Šibenik and nearby islands
• Bring or rent a bike in Šibenik – bikes are ideal for exploring Zlarin 🚴‍♂️

3️⃣ Learn About Coral Traditions

• Visit the Zlarinka Museum dedicated to the island’s red coral harvesting history
• See traditional jewelry and tools, and learn about the craft’s cultural significance

4️⃣ Stroll Through the Village

• Picturesque stone streets, old chapels, and flower-filled gardens
• Enjoy a drink at a local konoba (tavern) with views of the sea 🍷

5️⃣ Take a Boat Tour or Kayak Trip

• Explore nearby Prvić, Kaprije, or Žirje islands
• Great area for kayaking or paddleboarding over glassy waters 🚣

🚢 How to Get to Zlarin

• Ferry from Šibenik (approx. 25 minutes, year-round service)
• No cars allowed, so park in Šibenik if needed
• Easy to visit for a day trip or stay overnight for peace and stargazing

💡 Tips for Visiting Zlarin

✅ Best time to visit? Late spring to early autumn for swimming and quiet vibes ☀️
✅ Bring cash – not all places accept cards 💶
✅ Pack snorkel gear and water shoes – the underwater world is beautiful 🐠
✅ Stay overnight for an unforgettable quiet island evening under the stars ✨

@ 96203d66:643a819c

nostr:nevent1qqs9j3aw7jrzrw6mtgs9w2znhpg7u0vvur4v69mc8xhw90lqahej74ccx749u nostr:nevent1qqsxrleatwc7v4jvpu4hk3k4s5xvvral0uvt6svyydwtqsz7tk2v03spph2jk nostr:nevent1qqsykq5q6gaa499nykagjaf6sav7ul4ve0ge9y22707gueuasdtr97qsnceys nostr:nevent1qqsvyhuwmnjglrk8hxdw8ye3lzy9f0ahf3ajfsn0wkf3pnztlx7dxxsq7jhlg nostr:nevent1qqs2mmqn2sr6a0ysfjyyuwx5gwy4rxre6pwnjqnzzdszzrgh2zgynlgvv59j3 nostr:nevent1qqswhdmpjhkqzp0nld0m23kgyesqmyacksu9zf8kefxtwzracn7efuqt825sd nostr:nevent1qqsdzsjfa2dmkue5hk5dr8ttl76l3kf649yx4lwslwnh238442jfmmsv4fzmd nostr:nevent1qqszun5jhc22du06rle5r0z8zhj2ezm9pmmrfsqx4843qhz57k3aqxg738uv6 nostr:nevent1qqs8sx9mc2yuldpm5edrtplnge8ckgcr4xj8x7af3zdac0r4rat377ga689un nostr:nevent1qqswe5auf0ym9lg78prwj9ppy0rvpdq92pwend96jmq6udh3d5r3mfqxlyl8j nostr:nevent1qqsqtwgpl0v6qf03r4e9r4tsnyly354req9am2u6s5gjrtefwtedpmc72v3jx nostr:nevent1qqsx2w65lvwmf23rutmnhzw3k2paftngssvfdzqmwle4f3m77hk4u8c6lgmrx nostr:nevent1qqsfz6zpaw2gkgxjxfvevgsww0rhw07swwg0hun23xc4mfuh8f7afrg875wcx nostr:nevent1qqs0eknqgzut0sv0undcps42pnw7an4wjt7a2rwjxd2zaqg6rqpjdwg56yeq7 nostr:nevent1qqsrg7yyaacetzugj8304krg5ne0xxu7kdnps8tlnd797myseqp97vs8r7tup nostr:nevent1qqs20ap690l97n8py0g44w22963jkze78ws2em6e0cl02vc65nexmsqw9ugcd

@ e0ef3b4e:6fd74878

At a conference I sit in a quite area and observe and enjoy a coffee. It's bustling around and many are attending a speech at the main stage. Two people sit next to me on a sofa and begin a conversation. He's wearing a beige hoodie and seems to be builder in the space, she's wearing a green winter dress and they seem to be colleagues.

It seems they are now meeting for the first time in real life and exchanging advice, him advising her on how to store her Bitcoin. He’s been longer in the space it seems and she’s just started at the new start-up. I quickly introduce myself and ask them if I may listen in on the conversation since I am a researcher working in the space. They happily agree. She goes on to mention that she will be paid in Bitcoin and does not know how to store it. He goes on to advise her on using a hardware wallet, then takes out his phone and shows a video of the hardware wallet he is using.

She says "Wow, it looks so easy to use. I tried so many different hardware wallets but they are so difficult to use." I see the tension in her shoulders, which then relaxes a bit. He goes on to show her all the security and backup methods for this particular hardware wallet. "I'm sold." She's smiling now and one can see that a decision has been made.

These conversations are happening everyday across the world not only at conferences but in villages, cafes or during random conversation at co-working working spaces. While we strive for good marketing and adoption of Bitcoin, these simple conversations between two people are what is driving actual use.

Safety and trust is a cultural concept in many countries and viewed differently depending on where one has originated from. If one is to imagine that many people would benefit from storing BTC on a device or using an app for lighting transactions then they must trust the process. This need to trust is a basic primary human need.

They will only trust the process if:

• Empowered: They feel as if they 100% know what they are doing when they are onboarded to the application/hardware device. If there is anything that creates doubt or friction in their minds, the trust to use it as a storage of BTC is gone. A person will window shop when deciding to use a wallet. On average when we interviewed people for various UX research initiatives one person had a minimum of two different Bitcoin wallets on their phone. Prior to that they had tested out quite a few wallets before settling on a decision.

• Safe: Many are nervous that they will not be able to access their funds once they put it online/on a hardware device. However often receiving advice from someone they trust this will result in them feeling safe. They will likely use the very same device/application that is being used by their friend/colleague or person in a close inner circle.

While this story might seem overly simplified, it’s been repeated multiple times while observing the behavior of people at conferences, through usability tests, and through interviews.

If we understand that a person is tentatively stepping into a “home” (Bitcoin wallet/hardware device) and looking “around” (onboarding process). Once they step in, they will only leave their “bag” (BTC) on the table if specific criteria are met. If not, they will pick up their “bag” (BTC) and walk into the next “home.” (Bitcoin wallet/hardware device). During this process there are basic psychological principles are taking place.

This is where design comes in and creates an experience. The UX design could be equated to the “interior design” of the house. Every click, every interaction every visual that a person sees or experiences is driving them to trust or distrust the experience. We as builders have a unique role in this process and I fully believe that we will solve these challenges together.

If you've read all the way to the end, thank you. On another note, the last 3 weeks have been filled with a lot of strategic thinking, planning, and collaboration.

There are many balls in the air at the moment:

• Designathon

• UX Research OFF

• Presidio Design Week

• BTC Prague

• UX Research Africa strategy

If you've read all the way to the end, thank you for reading.

✌🏽Peace