@ c1e6505c:02b3157e

This is a long form test note from Untype.app

Seems like this could work well.

Here is a photograph of the infamous red firebird that has been in the same spot for over 10 years.

There is a header image up top as well. Will that be seen? Maybe?

Clean interface and you're able to type and see a preview window of what your post would like. Cool!

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BYE (IN BOLD)!

@ 502ab02a:a2860397

ในวันที่ "วีแกนแบบ non natural" กลายเป็นเทรนด์ระดับโลก แต่การขาดวิตามิน B12 ยังคงเป็นจุดอ่อนที่ทำให้ชาวพืชล้วนหลายคนต้องหาวิธีเสริม เพื่อไม่ให้เสียหน้า Sebastian Joy ก็ได้ฤกษ์เปิดตัว "ยาสีฟันเสริมวิตามิน B12" ชิ้นแรกของโลก พร้อมงานวิจัยรองรับจาก IFANE (Institute for Alternative and Sustainable Nutrition) ว่ามันเวิร์กจริง…อย่างน้อยในห้องทดลอง

แล้วมันคืออะไร? แหล่งที่มาของวิตามิน B12 ในนั้นมาจากไหน? วิตามิน B12 ที่ใช้ในยาสีฟันนี้ เป็นสิ่งที่เรียกว่า "ไซยาโนโคบาลามิน" (Cyanocobalamin) ซึ่งเป็นรูปแบบสังเคราะห์ที่ราคาถูก ผลิตจากแบคทีเรียในห้องแล็บ ไม่ใช่ B12 ที่ได้จากอาหารธรรมชาติ เช่น ตับวัว หรือไข่ไก่แบบที่ร่างกายวิวัฒนาการมาใช้หลายแสนปี

พูดง่าย ๆ คือ มันคือ "วิตามินโรงงาน" ไม่ใช่วิตามินที่มาพร้อมสารอาหารซับซ้อนอื่น ๆ ที่ธรรมชาติใส่มาให้ (เช่น โคแฟกเตอร์ต่าง ๆ ที่ช่วยให้ดูดซึมได้ดีขึ้น) ซึ่งการใช้วิตามินสังเคราะห์ต่อเนื่องนาน ๆ มีรายงานบางชิ้นที่แอบกระซิบว่า อาจไปก่อให้เกิดอนุมูลอิสระหรือความเครียดออกซิเดชันในร่างกายได้

โดสต่อครั้งเท่าไร? ใช้แค่แปรงฟันพอจริงหรือ? ข้อมูลที่มีอยู่บอกว่า ยาสีฟันของ Sebastian ใส่วิตามิน B12 ประมาณ 100 ไมโครกรัม ต่อการแปรงฟันหนึ่งครั้ง ซึ่งหากแปรงวันละสองครั้ง ก็จะได้ราว 200 ไมโครกรัมต่อวัน ถือว่าเกินค่า RDA (ปริมาณที่แนะนำ) ที่อยู่แค่ประมาณ 2.4 ไมโครกรัม ต่อวันสำหรับผู้ใหญ่ธรรมดาไปหลายสิบเท่า! แต่…เขาก็อ้างว่าวิตามินที่แปรงลงไป มีสัดส่วนการดูดซึมจริงๆ "แค่บางส่วน" เพราะฉะนั้นการให้โดสสูงมาก จึงถือว่า "ปลอดภัย" ในมุมมองของพวกเขา

ถ้าได้รับมากเกินไป จะเกิดอะไรขึ้น? ในระยะสั้น วิตามิน B12 เป็นวิตามินละลายน้ำ ถ้าเกินความต้องการร่างกายจะขับออกทางปัสสาวะเป็นหลัก แต่ในระยะยาว งานวิจัยบางชิ้นพบความสัมพันธ์ระหว่างระดับ B12 ที่สูงผิดปกติในเลือด กับการก่อภาวะ oxidative stress ที่ทำให้เซลล์ถูกทำลายเร็วขึ้นและอย่าตัว ไซยาโนโคบาลามิน เมื่อร่างกายเอาไปแปลงเป็นแบบ active (Methylcobalamin หรือ Adenosylcobalamin) จะปล่อย "ไซยาไนด์" จิ๋วๆออกมานิดหน่อยด้วยนะ ถึงจะน้อยมากจนไม่ก่อพิษทันที แต่ถ้าเป็นคนที่มีกำจัดไซยาไนด์ได้ไม่ดี เช่น คนที่มีปัญหาเมตาบอลิซึมผิดปกติ ก็มีความเสี่ยงสะสมได้เช่นกัน

ต่างกับ B12 ที่อยู่ในเนื้อสัตว์ตามธรรมชาติ (เช่น ตับ ไข่แดง ปลาซาร์ดีน เนื้อวัว) ส่วนใหญ่เป็นในรูปแบบ Methylcobalamin และ Adenosylcobalamin อยู่แล้ว คือมาแบบ Active form พร้อมใช้ ไม่ต้องเปลี่ยนสภาพอะไรเพิ่มเติมในร่างกาย ไม่มีการปล่อย "ไซยาไนด์" เพราะไม่ต้องแปลงจากไซยาโนโคบาลามินเหมือนวิตามินสังเคราะห์ที่เอาไปใส่ในยาสีฟันหรืออาหารเสริม แต่อย่างไรก็ตาม มันก็ไม่ได้น่ากลัวอะไรขนาดนั้นครับ ไม่ใช่ประเด็นอะไรมากมาย ข้ามไปได้ถ้าไม่กังวลเพราะแค่นี้หลายคนก็จี๊ดใจหูหักกันไปเยอะแล้ว โอเคข้าม point ยิบย่อยไปครับ

ที่นำมาคุยกันก็แค่เหตุผลที่ว่า "ยาสีฟันตัวนี้ เป็นสินค้านำร่อง" ที่ผลักดันชื่อของ Sebastian Joy เป็นจุดเริ่มต้นของอะไรหลายๆอย่าง ที่จะเล่าให้ในตอนต่อไปครับ

อ่อแล้วยาสีฟันนี้มีแผนบังคับใช้ในอนาคตมีไหม? ตัวยาสีฟันเองน่าจะเป็นการพูดถึงในกลุ่มวีแกนได้ดี นอกจากนี้ให้สังเกตว่า ProVeg และเครือข่ายของเขา ผลักดันแนวคิด keyword ที่ว่า "ถ้าคุณกินพืช คุณต้องเสริม B12" อย่างหนักมากและมีการเสนอว่าการผลิตอาหารจากพืชเชิงอุตสาหกรรมควร "fortify" หรือ "เสริมวิตามิน" เป็นมาตรฐาน เพื่อหลีกเลี่ยงข้อครหาว่า "อาหารพืชทำให้ขาดสารอาหาร" ตรงนี้คือจุดน่าสนใจ ในแผนระยะยาว ถ้าสังคมยอมรับแนวคิดนี้ได้ การที่สินค้าจากพืชเสริมวิตามินแบบ "บังคับ" อาจกลายเป็นเรื่องปกติ ซึ่งจะยิ่งเพิ่มอำนาจให้กลุ่มบริษัทผลิตวิตามินสังเคราะห์รายใหญ่ที่ใช้การเพาะเชื้อแบคทีเรียจำเพาะ อยู่เบื้องหลัง เป็นเศรษฐกิจแบบ "สารอาหารที่มนุษย์สร้างขึ้น" ที่เราอาจต้องออกมานั่งน้ำตาคลอริมทุ่งอีกหลายรอบ จำได้ไหมครับกระบวนการใช้การเพาะเชื้อแบคทีเรียจำเพาะ จุดต่างๆที่ผมไล่เขียนไว้ก่อนหน้านี้ เริ่มนำมาขีดเส้นเข้าหากันได้บ้างแล้ว (ใครที่งง ผมคงต้องบอกว่า งานนี้ยาวครับ ผมโพสทุก 8.00 มาร่วมเดือนแล้ว ต้องขยันย้อนแล้วหละครับ)

เพราะโลกแห่งความเป็นจริง จะ animal หรือ plant ก็ตามขอให้เป็นของธรรมชาติ และได้รับการ "เลือก" โดยผู้คนว่าจะกินอะไร ไม่ใช่การเดินสู่ช่อง "สิ้นสุดทางเลือก"

เลิกเถียงเรื่องการใช้ไดเอท แล้วมาร่วมกันมองข้างหน้าว่า คุณจะยังมีสิทธิ์เลือกอะไรได้อีกไหม ก่อนวันนั้นจะมาถึงครับ

ปล. เสริมเรื่องนี้ให้เผื่อใครจะสนใจไปค้นต่อนะครับ Cyanocobalamin เป็น B12 รูปแบบที่เสถียรที่สุดและราคาถูกที่สุดในการผลิตเชิงอุตสาหกรรม เพราะมันไม่สลายง่ายเมื่อเจอแสงหรือออกซิเจน การผลิตจะใช้การเพาะเชื้อแบคทีเรียจำเพาะ (เช่น Propionibacterium freudenreichii หรือ Pseudomonas denitrificans) ที่ผ่านการดัดแปลงพันธุกรรม หรือควบคุมสภาพการผลิตในไบโอรีแอคเตอร์ขนาดใหญ่

Cyanocobalamin จะปล่อยไซยาไนด์ประมาณ 1 โมเลกุลต่อ 1 โมเลกุล B12 ที่ถูกแปลง ซึ่งโดยปกติร่างกายดีท็อกซ์ได้ถ้าได้รับปริมาณน้อย แต่สำหรับคนที่มีภาวะการดีท็อกซ์บกพร่อง เช่น คนที่มีปัญหา MTHFR mutation หรือโรคไตเรื้อรัง อาจเป็นเรื่องที่ต้องระวัง

วิตามิน B12 จากตับวัว, ไข่, หรือปลา เช่น แซลมอน จะมาในฟอร์ม active อยู่แล้ว เช่น Methylcobalamin หรือ Adenosylcobalamin ไม่ต้องเสียพลังงานหรือเสี่ยงปล่อยไซยาไนด์ #pirateketo #กูต้องรู้มั๊ย #ม้วนหางสิลูก #siamstr

@ 6be5cc06:5259daf0

Eu reconheço que Deus, e somente Deus, é o soberano legítimo sobre todas as coisas. Nenhum homem, nenhuma instituição, nenhum parlamento tem autoridade para usurpar aquilo que pertence ao Rei dos reis. O Estado moderno, com sua pretensão totalizante, é uma farsa blasfema diante do trono de Cristo. Não aceito outro senhor.

A Lei que me guia não é a ditada por burocratas, mas a gravada por Deus na própria natureza humana. A razão, quando iluminada pela fé, é suficiente para discernir o que é justo. Rejeito as leis arbitrárias que pretendem legitimar o roubo, o assassinato ou a escravidão em nome da ordem. A justiça não nasce do decreto, mas da verdade.

Acredito firmemente na propriedade privada como extensão da própria pessoa. Aquilo que é fruto do meu trabalho, da minha criatividade, da minha dedicação, dos dons a mim concedidos por Deus, pertence a mim por direito natural. Ninguém pode legitimamente tomar o que é meu sem meu consentimento. Todo imposto é uma agressão; toda expropriação, um roubo. Defendo a liberdade econômica não por idolatria ao mercado, mas porque a liberdade é condição necessária para a virtude.

Assumo o Princípio da Não Agressão como o mínimo ético que devo respeitar. Não iniciarei o uso da força contra ninguém, nem contra sua propriedade. Exijo o mesmo de todos. Mas sei que isso não basta. O PNA delimita o que não devo fazer — ele não me ensina o que devo ser. A liberdade exterior só é boa se houver liberdade interior. O mercado pode ser livre, mas se a alma estiver escravizada pelo vício, o colapso será inevitável.

Por isso, não me basta a ética negativa. Creio que uma sociedade justa precisa de valores positivos: honra, responsabilidade, compaixão, respeito, fidelidade à verdade. Sem isso, mesmo uma sociedade que respeite formalmente os direitos individuais apodrecerá por dentro. Um povo que ama o lucro, mas despreza a verdade, que celebra a liberdade mas esquece a justiça, está se preparando para ser dominado. Trocará um déspota visível por mil tiranias invisíveis — o hedonismo, o consumismo, a mentira, o medo.

Não aceito a falsa caridade feita com o dinheiro tomado à força. A verdadeira generosidade nasce do coração livre, não da coerção institucional. Obrigar alguém a ajudar o próximo destrói tanto a liberdade quanto a virtude. Só há mérito onde há escolha. A caridade que nasce do amor é redentora; a que nasce do fisco é propaganda.

O Estado moderno é um ídolo. Ele promete segurança, mas entrega servidão. Promete justiça, mas entrega privilégios. Disfarça a opressão com linguagem técnica, legal e democrática. Mas por trás de suas máscaras, vejo apenas a velha serpente. Um parasita que se alimenta do trabalho alheio e manipula consciências para se perpetuar.

Resistir não é apenas um direito, é um dever. Obedecer a Deus antes que aos homens — essa é a minha regra. O poder se volta contra a verdade, mas minha lealdade pertence a quem criou o céu e a terra. A tirania não se combate com outro tirano, mas com a desobediência firme e pacífica dos que amam a justiça.

Não acredito em utopias. Desejo uma ordem natural, orgânica, enraizada no voluntarismo. Uma sociedade que se construa de baixo para cima: a partir da família, da comunidade local, da tradição e da fé. Não quero uma máquina que planeje a vida alheia, mas um tecido de relações voluntárias onde a liberdade floresça à sombra da cruz.

Desejo, sim, o reinado social de Cristo. Não por imposição, mas por convicção. Que Ele reine nos corações, nas famílias, nas ruas e nos contratos. Que a fé guie a razão e a razão ilumine a vida. Que a liberdade seja meio para a santidade — não um fim em si. E que, livres do jugo do Leviatã, sejamos servos apenas do Senhor.

@ 6be5cc06:5259daf0

Primeiramente, o que é mempool?

Abreviação de memory pool (ou "pool de memória") a mempool é uma espécie de fila onde as transações de Bitcoin ficam temporariamente armazenadas antes de serem confirmadas e incluídas em um bloco na blockchain. Quando você realiza uma transação em uma rede blockchain, essa transação precisa ser validada e confirmada pelos mineradores (ou validadores). Porém, ela não é processada instantaneamente. Primeiro, ela vai para a mempool, onde aguarda até que um minerador a selecione para incluir no próximo bloco.

É assim: * Você envia uma transação, ela é transmitida para a rede e vai parar na mempool de vários nós (computadores) que suportam a rede blockchain. * As transações na mempool são organizadas pela taxa de transação que foi anexada. Quanto maior a taxa, mais rápido os mineradores tendem a escolher essa transação para incluí-la em um bloco, pois isso aumenta os ganhos deles. * Os mineradores pegam as transações da mempool, criam um bloco com elas e, ao minerar (confirmar) esse bloco, as transações saem da mempool e entram na blockchain.

Aqui irei usar o site mempool.emzy.de como referência, mas é importante entender que sites de mempool são representações visuais da mempool de um nó específico e não a mempool do Bitcoin em si. Ela não é centralizada, cada nó da rede mantém a sua própria versão da mempool. Assim, ela pode variar de um nó para outro. Esses sites ajudam a visualizar dados sobre transações e taxas.

É uma boa prática usar VPN ou Tor ao acessar tais sites se você estiver verificando uma transação específica sua, pois sua privacidade pode ficar comprometida se o site registrar esses dados. Se você estiver repetidamente acessando-o para monitorar a confirmação de uma transação, alguém pode conseguir correlacionar o endereço IP com essa atividade e revelar uma conexão indireta com o endereço da transação.

Dito isso...

Como interpretar a mempool?

Vamos dividir isso em partes para fins didáticos.

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Faixa de taxas

Cada bloco verde representa uma faixa de taxa medida em satoshis por vByte (sats/vB).
Essa unidade de medida representa o valor pago por byte ocupado pela transação.
Quanto maior a taxa paga por uma transação, mais rápido ela tende a ser confirmada.
Quanto maior a transação em bytes, mais você precisa pagar para que ela seja confirmada.
Cada transação Bitcoin consiste em entradas e saídas (inputs e outputs): * Entradas são referências a transações anteriores que estão sendo gastas, e cada entrada inclui informações como o endereço de origem, a assinatura (que valida a transação e pode variar de tamanho dependendo da complexidade da chave e do método de assinatura utilizado (como SegWit, que é mais eficiente). Quanto mais complexa a assinatura, maior será o tamanho em bytes) e outros dados. Quanto mais entradas uma transação tiver, maior será seu tamanho. * Saídas representam o destino do Bitcoin, e quanto mais saídas, maior será o tamanho da transação. Embora as saídas ocupem menos espaço em bytes do que as entradas.

Ex.: * ~4 sat/vB: Indica uma taxa média. Significa que, em média, as transações estão sendo processadas a 4 satoshis por vByte; * 3-5 sat/vB: Isso significa que as transações estão sendo processadas com uma taxa entre 3 e 5 satoshis por vByte.

MB

Simplesmente o tamanho do bloco medido em megabytes :)

Número de transações

Essa seção informa quantas transações estão aguardando confirmação para cada faixa de taxa (bloco). Quanto maior o número de transações, maior a demanda pela faixa de taxa especificada.

Tempo estimado para confirmação

Aqui é mostrado o tempo médio de espera para transações que pagam taxas dentro da faixa especificada. Se você pagar uma taxa maior, a transação será confirmada mais rapidamente; uma taxa menor significa que a transação pode levar mais tempo para ser confirmada, especialmente se a rede estiver congestionada.

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Esta seção mostra sugestões de taxa em diferentes níveis de prioridade para os usuários:

Sem Prioridade

Exibe a taxa mínima necessária para transações que não precisam de confirmação rápida.

Prioridade Baixa

Sugestão de taxa para transações que podem esperar um tempo moderado, com expectativa de confirmação em um ou dois blocos.

Prioridade Média e Alta

São as faixas de taxa recomendadas para quem precisa que a transação seja confirmada rapidamente. "Prioridade Alta" paga uma taxa maior, garantindo que a transação seja incluída no próximo bloco.

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Cada bloco roxo representa um bloco recém-minerado. As informações mostradas incluem:

Taxa média paga

Refere-se à taxa média em satoshis/vB paga por todas as transações incluídas em um bloco recém-minerado. Isso reflete o valor médio que os usuários estão dispostos a pagar para que suas transações sejam confirmadas rapidamente.

Número de transações

Este número indica quantas transações foram processadas no bloco minerado. O tamanho do bloco é limitado, então, quanto maior o número de transações, menor será o espaço disponível para novas transações, o que pode influenciar as taxas de transação.

Tempo desde a mineração

Esta métrica informa quanto tempo se passou desde que o bloco foi minerado e adicionado à blockchain.

Pool de mineração

Exibe o nome do pool de mineração que minerou o bloco, como AntPool. Grandes pools de mineração têm mais chances de minerar blocos regularmente devido ao alto hashrate (medida da capacidade computacional utilizada pelos mineradores) que possuem.

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Essa seção mostra informações sobre o ajuste de dificuldade, que ocorre aproximadamente a cada duas semanas.

Tempo médio dos blocos (~9,9 minutos):

Este é o tempo médio atual para minerar um bloco na rede. A meta da rede é manter o tempo de bloco em cerca de 10 minutos; um tempo menor indica um aumento na taxa de hash, ou seja, que mais poder computacional foi adicionado à rede.

Mudança de dificuldade (+1,46%):

A dificuldade ajusta-se a cada 2016 blocos para manter o tempo médio de bloco próximo de 10 minutos. Um aumento na dificuldade, como +1,46%, indica que a mineração ficou mais difícil devido ao aumento do hashrate, enquanto uma redução na dificuldade indica que o hashrate diminuiu.

Tempo até o próximo ajuste:

É o tempo previsto até o próximo ajuste de dificuldade (7 dias, nesse caso), o que é crucial para manter a rede estável e garantir a segurança e a regularidade do processo de mineração.

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Quanto tempo demora até o próximo halving, um evento no Bitcoin que ocorre aproximadamente a cada 210.000 blocos minerados, ou cerca de quatro anos. Durante o halving, a recompensa que os mineradores recebem por adicionar um novo bloco à blockchain é reduzida pela metade.

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Um diagrama visual da mempool que mostra o estado das transações pendentes na rede.

Tamanhos de blocos

O tamanho de cada quadrado representa o tamanho da transação em bytes.
Filtros (Consolidação, Coinjoin, Dados): Permite visualizar categorias específicas de transações: * Consolidação: Transações de consolidação agrupam pequenos UTXOs em um único UTXO maior para simplificar e baratear futuras transações. (UTXOs merecem um artigo dedicado) * Coinjoin: Transações CoinJoin são usadas para melhorar a privacidade, misturando transações de vários usuários em uma única transação. * Dados: Mostra transações que contêm dados adicionais, que podem incluir informações não financeiras, como mensagens.

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Este gráfico exibe o número de transações recebidas ao longo do tempo.

Taxa mínima (1 sat/vB):

Indica a taxa mínima atualmente aceita pela mempool. Se a mempool estiver cheia, transações que paguem menos do que a taxa mínima podem ser excluídas para dar lugar a transações de maior prioridade.

Uso de memória (259 MB / 300 MB):

A mempool tem um limite de memória. Quando está cheia, transações de taxa mais baixa podem ser descartadas para abrir espaço para aquelas com taxas mais altas, priorizando-as para inclusão em blocos.

Transações não confirmadas (59.361):

Indica o número total de transações pendentes que aguardam confirmação. Quanto maior o número de transações na mempool, maior a probabilidade de que as taxas aumentem para garantir uma confirmação mais rápida.

---

Essa seção mostra transações que foram substituídas utilizando o mecanismo RBF (Replace-By-Fee), que permite substituir uma transação com uma taxa mais alta para acelerar sua confirmação.

TXID

Este é o identificador da transação (Transaction ID), exibido parcialmente para abreviar o espaço. Cada transação tem um identificador único na blockchain.

Previous fee

Exibe a taxa de transação original paga na primeira tentativa, medida em satoshis por vByte (sat/vB). Esta taxa inicial provavelmente era baixa demais, resultando em uma demora na confirmação.

New fee

Mostra a nova taxa de transação, também em satoshis por vByte, definida para substituir a taxa anterior. Uma taxa maior aumenta as chances de inclusão rápida em um bloco.

Status (RBF)

RBF indica que a transação foi substituída utilizando o recurso "Replace-By-Fee". Isso significa que a nova transação cancelou e substituiu a original, e o minerador escolherá a transação com a taxa mais alta para incluir no próximo bloco.

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Esta seção lista transações recentes que entraram na mempool e aguardam confirmação.

TXID

Similar ao "Recent Replacements", este é o identificador único da transação.

Amount

Exibe a quantidade de Bitcoin transferida nessa transação, geralmente em frações de BTC (como 0.0001 BTC). Esta é a quantia enviada pelo remetente ao destinatário.

USD

Mostra o valor da transação em dólares americanos (USD), calculado com base na taxa de câmbio atual. Serve para dar uma ideia de quanto a transação representa em moeda fiduciária.

Fee

Exibe a taxa de transação paga, em satoshis por vByte (sat/vB). Uma taxa mais alta em relação à média aumenta a probabilidade de confirmação mais rápida, pois as transações com taxas mais elevadas são priorizadas pelos mineradores.

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E acabou. Espero que isso tenha sido útil para você e tenha agregado mais entendimento sobre esse complexo e maravilhoso mundo do Bitcoin. Se foi, considere compartilhar com alguém que precise. E se tem sugestões de melhoria, por favor, não deixe de comentar, o conhecimento está dispero na sociedade.
Por fim, stay humble and stack sats!

@ 52b4a076:e7fad8bd

I have been recently building NFDB, a new relay DB. This post is meant as a short overview.

Regular relays have challenges

Current relay software have significant challenges, which I have experienced when hosting Nostr.land: - Scalability is only supported by adding full replicas, which does not scale to large relays. - Most relays use slow databases and are not optimized for large scale usage. - Search is near-impossible to implement on standard relays. - Privacy features such as NIP-42 are lacking. - Regular DB maintenance tasks on normal relays require extended downtime. - Fault-tolerance is implemented, if any, using a load balancer, which is limited. - Personalization and advanced filtering is not possible. - Local caching is not supported.

NFDB: A scalable database for large relays

NFDB is a new database meant for medium-large scale relays, built on FoundationDB that provides: - Near-unlimited scalability - Extended fault tolerance - Instant loading - Better search - Better personalization - and more.

Search

NFDB has extended search capabilities including: - Semantic search: Search for meaning, not words. - Interest-based search: Highlight content you care about. - Multi-faceted queries: Easily filter by topic, author group, keywords, and more at the same time. - Wide support for event kinds, including users, articles, etc.

Personalization

NFDB allows significant personalization: - Customized algorithms: Be your own algorithm. - Spam filtering: Filter content to your WoT, and use advanced spam filters. - Topic mutes: Mute topics, not keywords. - Media filtering: With Nostr.build, you will be able to filter NSFW and other content - Low data mode: Block notes that use high amounts of cellular data. - and more

Other

NFDB has support for many other features such as: - NIP-42: Protect your privacy with private drafts and DMs - Microrelays: Easily deploy your own personal microrelay - Containers: Dedicated, fast storage for discoverability events such as relay lists

Calcite: A local microrelay database

Calcite is a lightweight, local version of NFDB that is meant for microrelays and caching, meant for thousands of personal microrelays.

Calcite HA is an additional layer that allows live migration and relay failover in under 30 seconds, providing higher availability compared to current relays with greater simplicity. Calcite HA is enabled in all Calcite deployments.

For zero-downtime, NFDB is recommended.

Noswhere SmartCache

Relays are fixed in one location, but users can be anywhere.

Noswhere SmartCache is a CDN for relays that dynamically caches data on edge servers closest to you, allowing: - Multiple regions around the world - Improved throughput and performance - Faster loading times

routerd

routerd is a custom load-balancer optimized for Nostr relays, integrated with SmartCache.

routerd is specifically integrated with NFDB and Calcite HA to provide fast failover and high performance.

Ending notes

NFDB is planned to be deployed to Nostr.land in the coming weeks.

A lot more is to come. 👀️️️️️️

@ 86d4591f:a987c633

In our time, the contest for power no longer occurs only on battlefields or in parliaments—it plays out in prices, in language, in data. The house isn’t just stacking chips, it’s stacking the deck, cornering the very mechanisms by which society functions. Land, homes, energy, education, and even knowledge itself—all are subject to capture.

Is this a market failure, or a feature of the system? What does it look like when the relentless outcompeting of the many by the few is engineered through policy, shielded by narrative, and sanctified by language? Turns out it looks a lot like a squeeze. Not a short squeeze, mind you; more like The Great Squeeze—a persistent pressure that pushes working people to the margins, misdiagnosed and mislabeled as “inflation.”

Yes, inflation does occur. There are places and times when too much money chases too few goods. But is this one of them? Are prices rising because money is being printed—or because access is being restricted? If everyone is in debt—individuals, governments—then who holds the credit? And if inflation is always theft, who’s doing the stealing when wages stay flat, but asset prices soar?

No matter who it is, the fact remains: rather than address the root causes of system degradation—decades of financialization, institutional capture, and compounding inequality—central banks and their institutional allies have chosen a more subtle form of defense: narrative control. They tell us this is “normal.” That it’s inflation, and that inflation is your fault: your wages, your spending, your expectations. They hijack language. What was once considered progressive is now politicized, and what was once nuanced is often reduced to labels. A squeeze—deep and systemic—is redefined as a passing issue, obscuring the real, lasting pressures at play.

But in a digital age, truth is no longer scarce. Information is everywhere. We have access to more knowledge than any civilization before us. What we lack is not breadth—but depth. Not information, but conviction.

So how do we express this conviction? How do we resist tyranny—not with weapons, but with wisdom?

The answer may lie not in more experts or more arguments, but in markets of meaning.

Prediction Markets: A 21st Century Arsenal

1. The Wisdom of Crowds

A well-designed prediction market draws on the intelligence of thousands. Not in the chaotic swirl of social media noise, but through price discovery in belief. Here, truth isn’t shouted—it’s traded. When people put their money where their minds are, the collective signal becomes stronger than any headline.

2. Detecting Corruption Through Betting Patterns

Sports betting has exposed match-fixing before any referee or journalist. Irregular patterns in the odds don’t lie. If corruption leaves fingerprints, prediction markets can trace them—not just in games, but in elections, economic forecasts, and geopolitical risk. They are early warning systems for deceit.

3. Realigning the Incentives of Economists

Today’s economists often live in silos—publishing obscure models, advising hedge funds, and rarely facing consequences for being wrong. Prediction markets flip this dynamic: the best ideas win not through peer review, but public wagers. Incentives shift. The public gets access to live, evolving consensus, scored not in rhetoric but returns.

The Right to Bear Knowledge

The Second Amendment was written in an age of muskets, when tyranny came with boots and banners. Today, it comes with metrics and models. The new tyranny is epistemic—a war for control over what is known, and who gets to know it.

In this context, the right to bear arms must evolve into a right to bear knowledge.

Prediction markets are more than speculative tools. They are instruments of civic resistance. They give individuals power not just to observe the future, but to shape it—to challenge official narratives, expose falsehoods, and re-anchor the public’s sense of reality in evidence, not authority.

To bet on truth is not to gamble. It is to believe—publicly, financially—in what you can defend.

This is a novel case, but not a radical one. It simply returns us to the roots of democracy: a system built on informed citizens, capable of seeing through deception.

In a world where the elite privatize truth, prediction markets offer the public a chance to own it.

To bear knowledge is to be armed. To trade on truth is to be free.

Let the market speak— But let it be one we create.

@ a53364ff:e6ba5513

Not everyone agrees or realizes that governments, corporations and banks are progressively infringing on our most basic rights and that we should fight back, if only with the right tools.

But I don’t believe in going out in the street to protest, hoping that the government will do something about it. I think that demanding from the State is actually giving it even more power. So what’s the solution?

I believe that Bitcoin is the best tool for individuals to reclaim their freedom and sovereignty.

By taking money out of the hands of central banks, 3-letter agencies and governments, we can reclaim complete control over our money, our life and our future.

I believe the world is facing a great threat. I’m not talking about global warming or climate change. I’m talking about a global political agenda, shared among Western countries’ governments, and focused on limiting individual freedom while increasing government control.

I believe our modern banking and financial systems are profoundly inegalitarian by nature, with the ability for a few elites to “print” money out of thin air and use it to follow their own agenda.

I believe our modern banking system was built like this on purpose. I do not consider the government’s and central banks’ money printing to be part of “how things normally work”, but rather to be a counterfeiting mechanism that they use for their own benefit.

For these reasons, I don’t believe that governments have the people’s best interest in mind. As a matter of fact, I rather think the opposite is true.

I believe this counterfeiting mechanism (or money printing) leads to financial servitude for the individuals, and systemic risk for human society as a whole.

I believe all the financial crises we witnessed since the beginning of the 20th century are directly linked to this counterfeiting mechanism, and that this system is now coming to an end.

As such, I believe most people grossly overlook the risks that are being taken with their money, whether it be sitting on a bank account or invested in financial markets.

Furthermore, I believe this flawed monetary system is in complete control of most people’s money, lives, and future.

But I believe there is an alternative to this flawed system: Bitcoin.

I believe Bitcoin is the best tool individuals can use to take back their freedom and resist government controlling their life.

And I believe you shouldn’t have to be tech-savvy to start using Bitcoin, but you definitely need to be freedom-minded.

@ a53364ff:e6ba5513

Are you tired of having to trust banks and other financial institutions with your money? With Bitcoin, you can take control of your finances and be the sole custodian of your wealth. This is known as self-custody and it completely eliminates the need for third-party services, by receiving and storing your bitcoin securely in your own Bitcoin wallet. In this blog post, we will discuss what self-custody means, how it works, and the benefits and responsibilities associated with being in control of your own money.

What is Self-Custody?

Self-custody is simply the process of keeping your own private keys to your Bitcoin wallet, meaning you do not need a bank or any other third party to manage or access your Bitcoin funds; you are able to do all that yourself. This means that only you have full control over your money, allowing you to make transactions securely and safely without ever having to ask someone’s permission or worry about someone else mishandling or stealing it.

Who Is in Charge of My Bitcoin?

When using Bitcoin, you are in charge of your own Bitcoin wallet, which includes an unlimited amount of addresses that are used to receive Bitcoin, and a private key that is used to sign outbound transactions. The private key is literally the key to your Bitcoin wallet, as it can send Bitcoin to other addresses your don’t control. As such, it is imperative that it is kept safe and secure, accessible only by you. This is how ownership of Bitcoin is determined. If you share the private key to a wallet you control, you’re not the only one able to spend the Bitcoin inside the wallet anymore.

Benefits & Responsibilities

The most obvious benefit of self-custody is that no one else has control over your funds but you! That said, there are some important responsibilities that come with owning the keys to your Bitcoin wallet.

One responsibility that comes with being the only owner of your Bitcoin funds is making sure that your private key is safe from theft and loss. Fortunately, there are easy solutions available for securely storing Bitcoin keys, and seeking guidance from a knowledgeable source can be a great help if you’re not ready to take on this responsibility alone. A Bitcoin security expert can provide valuable insights and tools to help you ensure the safety and security of your funds.

Overall, Bitcoin gives immense power to individuals who want full control over their finances without relying on third parties like banks or payment processors. But taking ownership of your money also comes with certain responsibilities such as safeguarding your private keys; however these responsibilities pale in comparison when compared with the freedom and security granted by taking ownership of your money with Bitcoin! And with the right tools and guidance, using Bitcoin in a truly sovereign way can be way easier than you may imagine.

@ a53364ff:e6ba5513

To the few elites who benefit from the modern banking system and the constant emission of currency, Bitcoin is a threat to their privileged position.

For traders, investors, and gamblers who are only interested in making a quick buck, Bitcoin is a new and volatile asset they can speculate on.

For individuals escaping tyranny or authoritarian regimes, Bitcoin is a way to move their wealth across borders and avoid it being seized by the government.

For people who live in inflation-ridden countries, Bitcoin is a way to protect their wealth against accelerating devaluation and avoid losing all their money to inflation.

For digital nomads, Bitcoin is a great way to easily earn money online, avoid paying high commission fees to payment processors (Paypal, Stripe, etc), and avoid high currency conversion fees while traveling.

As we can see, Bitcoin definitely is different things to different people. What we all agree on, though, is that Bitcoin is here to reject the status quo.

Bitcoin is the best tool out there for people who value individual freedom and seek more self-sovereignty to take control of their money, their lives, and their future.

What is Bitcoin to you?

@ 12fccfc8:8d67741e

„Man muss noch Chaos in sich haben, um einen tanzenden Stern gebären zu können.“

– Friedrich Nietzsche

Der Mensch wächst nicht aus der Welt – er wird in sie geworfen, ohne Ursprung, ohne Auftrag, ohne Trost. Die Familie erscheint zuerst als Halt, doch sie ist oft der erste Spiegel, in dem man sich selbst nicht erkennt. Man nennt es Liebe, nennt es Bindung – aber vielleicht ist es nur die stille Einweisung in ein Gefängnis, dessen Mauern wie Umarmungen aussehen.

Kindheit, Freiheit, Einsamkeit

Das Kind ist nicht die Fortsetzung des Selbst, sondern der Beweis, dass auch das Chaos Nachwuchs hat. Es lacht, weil es noch nicht weiß, was Lachen kostet. Es fragt nicht, weil es noch nicht weiß, dass Fragen selten Antworten finden. Und doch ist es das Kind, das die Ordnung zum Wanken bringt – nicht durch Widerstand, sondern durch seine unbestechliche Gegenwärtigkeit.

Freiheit beginnt dort, wo man aufhört, sich retten zu lassen. Sie ist kein Zustand, sondern eine Haltung: die Weigerung, sich einer Bedeutung zu unterwerfen, die von außen kommt. Die Welt verlangt Funktion – das freie Leben verweigert sich der Funktion, nicht durch Aufstand, sondern durch Abwesenheit. Wer Sicherheit sucht, hat die Welt bereits verloren.

Einsamkeit ist kein Unglück – sie ist der Boden, auf dem das Selbst sich überhaupt erst spüren kann. Sie ist nicht leer, sondern ungeteilt. Was fehlt, ist nicht ein anderer Mensch, sondern die Illusion, dass Nähe uns ganz machen könnte. In der Tiefe des Alleinseins offenbart sich nicht Mangel, sondern Klarheit.

Das Nichts und die Möglichkeit des Lebens

Ein Kind stellt keine Fragen über das Nichts – es lebt in ihm, ohne es zu wissen. Der Erwachsene aber erkennt es, spürt es wie eine zweite Haut, die nicht abgelegt werden kann. Doch dieses Wissen ist keine Strafe. Es ist die Bedingung jeder echten Handlung. Wer das Nichts kennt, liebt nicht, um sich zu retten – sondern weil er weiß, dass nichts gerettet werden muss.

Ein Leben im Angesicht der Leere ist möglich. Nicht durch Verdrängung, sondern durch Durchschreiten. Die Rolle, die man spielt, wird erträglich, wenn man sie nicht mit Identität verwechselt. Die Arbeit, die man verrichtet, dient nicht mehr dem Fortschritt, sondern der Form – und vielleicht ist darin schon Würde genug.

Familie kann ein Nest sein – oder ein Netz. Es hält, oder es hält fest. Doch auch das Netz kann Heimat sein, wenn man nicht mehr erwartet, darin zu fliegen. Ein Kind zu begleiten heißt nicht, ihm Wahrheit zu geben, sondern ihm Raum zu lassen, seine eigene zu verwerfen.

Raum, Erlaubnis, Schönheit

Freiheit ist kein Ziel, sondern ein Aufhören. Wer nichts mehr will, dem kann nichts genommen werden. Wer das Nichts annimmt, dem begegnet keine Leere mehr – sondern Raum. In diesem Raum entsteht das, was nicht geplant ist, nicht beherrscht und nicht gezählt: der Moment, das Staunen, die Stille zwischen zwei Gedanken. Vielleicht ist genau das genug.

Man kann leben mit dem Nichts – wenn man nicht mehr verlangt, dass es Sinn macht. Man kann Vater sein, Mutter, Freund, Fremder – ohne sich zu verlieren. Man kann lachen, weinen, müde sein – ohne Trost zu brauchen. Denn wer dem Nichts ins Auge gesehen hat, der weiß: Alles ist bedeutungslos. Und genau deshalb ist alles erlaubt. Und manchmal, ganz selten, auch: schön.

@ 40b9c85f:5e61b451

Introduction

Data Vending Machines (DVMs) have emerged as a crucial component of the Nostr ecosystem, offering specialized computational services to clients across the network. As defined in NIP-90, DVMs operate on an apparently simple principle: "data in, data out." They provide a marketplace for data processing where users request specific jobs (like text translation, content recommendation, or AI text generation)

While DVMs have gained significant traction, the current specification faces challenges that hinder widespread adoption and consistent implementation. This article explores some ideas on how we can apply the reflection pattern, a well established approach in RPC systems, to address these challenges and improve the DVM ecosystem's clarity, consistency, and usability.

The Current State of DVMs: Challenges and Limitations

The NIP-90 specification provides a broad framework for DVMs, but this flexibility has led to several issues:

1. Inconsistent Implementation

As noted by hzrd149 in "DVMs were a mistake" every DVM implementation tends to expect inputs in slightly different formats, even while ostensibly following the same specification. For example, a translation request DVM might expect an event ID in one particular format, while an LLM service could expect a "prompt" input that's not even specified in NIP-90.

2. Fragmented Specifications

The DVM specification reserves a range of event kinds (5000-6000), each meant for different types of computational jobs. While creating sub-specifications for each job type is being explored as a possible solution for clarity, in a decentralized and permissionless landscape like Nostr, relying solely on specification enforcement won't be effective for creating a healthy ecosystem. A more comprehensible approach is needed that works with, rather than against, the open nature of the protocol.

3. Ambiguous API Interfaces

There's no standardized way for clients to discover what parameters a specific DVM accepts, which are required versus optional, or what output format to expect. This creates uncertainty and forces developers to rely on documentation outside the protocol itself, if such documentation exists at all.

The Reflection Pattern: A Solution from RPC Systems

The reflection pattern in RPC systems offers a compelling solution to many of these challenges. At its core, reflection enables servers to provide metadata about their available services, methods, and data types at runtime, allowing clients to dynamically discover and interact with the server's API.

In established RPC frameworks like gRPC, reflection serves as a self-describing mechanism where services expose their interface definitions and requirements. In MCP reflection is used to expose the capabilities of the server, such as tools, resources, and prompts. Clients can learn about available capabilities without prior knowledge, and systems can adapt to changes without requiring rebuilds or redeployments. This standardized introspection creates a unified way to query service metadata, making tools like grpcurl possible without requiring precompiled stubs.

How Reflection Could Transform the DVM Specification

By incorporating reflection principles into the DVM specification, we could create a more coherent and predictable ecosystem. DVMs already implement some sort of reflection through the use of 'nip90params', which allow clients to discover some parameters, constraints, and features of the DVMs, such as whether they accept encryption, nutzaps, etc. However, this approach could be expanded to provide more comprehensive self-description capabilities.

1. Defined Lifecycle Phases

Similar to the Model Context Protocol (MCP), DVMs could benefit from a clear lifecycle consisting of an initialization phase and an operation phase. During initialization, the client and DVM would negotiate capabilities and exchange metadata, with the DVM providing a JSON schema containing its input requirements. nip-89 (or other) announcements can be used to bootstrap the discovery and negotiation process by providing the input schema directly. Then, during the operation phase, the client would interact with the DVM according to the negotiated schema and parameters.

2. Schema-Based Interactions

Rather than relying on rigid specifications for each job type, DVMs could self-advertise their schemas. This would allow clients to understand which parameters are required versus optional, what type validation should occur for inputs, what output formats to expect, and what payment flows are supported. By internalizing the input schema of the DVMs they wish to consume, clients gain clarity on how to interact effectively.

3. Capability Negotiation

Capability negotiation would enable DVMs to advertise their supported features, such as encryption methods, payment options, or specialized functionalities. This would allow clients to adjust their interaction approach based on the specific capabilities of each DVM they encounter.

Implementation Approach

While building DVMCP, I realized that the RPC reflection pattern used there could be beneficial for constructing DVMs in general. Since DVMs already follow an RPC style for their operation, and reflection is a natural extension of this approach, it could significantly enhance and clarify the DVM specification.

A reflection enhanced DVM protocol could work as follows: 1. Discovery: Clients discover DVMs through existing NIP-89 application handlers, input schemas could also be advertised in nip-89 announcements, making the second step unnecessary. 2. Schema Request: Clients request the DVM's input schema for the specific job type they're interested in 3. Validation: Clients validate their request against the provided schema before submission 4. Operation: The job proceeds through the standard NIP-90 flow, but with clearer expectations on both sides

Parallels with Other Protocols

This approach has proven successful in other contexts. The Model Context Protocol (MCP) implements a similar lifecycle with capability negotiation during initialization, allowing any client to communicate with any server as long as they adhere to the base protocol. MCP and DVM protocols share fundamental similarities, both aim to expose and consume computational resources through a JSON-RPC-like interface, albeit with specific differences.

gRPC's reflection service similarly allows clients to discover service definitions at runtime, enabling generic tools to work with any gRPC service without prior knowledge. In the REST API world, OpenAPI/Swagger specifications document interfaces in a way that makes them discoverable and testable.

DVMs would benefit from adopting these patterns while maintaining the decentralized, permissionless nature of Nostr.

Conclusion

I am not attempting to rewrite the DVM specification; rather, explore some ideas that could help the ecosystem improve incrementally, reducing fragmentation and making the ecosystem more comprehensible. By allowing DVMs to self describe their interfaces, we could maintain the flexibility that makes Nostr powerful while providing the structure needed for interoperability.

For developers building DVM clients or libraries, this approach would simplify consumption by providing clear expectations about inputs and outputs. For DVM operators, it would establish a standard way to communicate their service's requirements without relying on external documentation.

I am currently developing DVMCP following these patterns. Of course, DVMs and MCP servers have different details; MCP includes capabilities such as tools, resources, and prompts on the server side, as well as 'roots' and 'sampling' on the client side, creating a bidirectional way to consume capabilities. In contrast, DVMs typically function similarly to MCP tools, where you call a DVM with an input and receive an output, with each job type representing a different categorization of the work performed.

Without further ado, I hope this article has provided some insight into the potential benefits of applying the reflection pattern to the DVM specification.

@ 12fccfc8:8d67741e

1. Im Nichts gibt es keine Befreiung, nur die Ernüchterung der Illusion. Die Welt ist ein Flimmern, das dem Auge entgleitet, während wir in einem endlosen Raum der Bedeutungslosigkeit verharren.
2. Es gibt Momente, in denen das Nichts nicht nur eine Abwesenheit ist, sondern ein erdrückendes Gewicht, das uns in den Staub drückt. Wir fliehen in Gedanken, doch diese Gedanken sind der allerletzte Zufluchtsort, der uns nichts als die Huldigung der Leere bietet.
3. Das Nichts ist der heimliche Gott, der im Zerfall des Seins thront, ein stiller Erlöser, der das Leben in seinen Schoß zurückruft, um es sanft zu ersticken.
4. Die Trauer ist der Wundschrei des Seins über seinen eigenen Bruch, ein letztes Festhalten an der Hülle des Vergangenen, bevor sie im Strom der Vernichtung zerfließt.
5. Der Sinn entgleitet, je fester wir ihn fassen wollen – wie Nebel, der sich vor der Berührung auflöst.
6. Wir leben in der Hoffnung, dass das Nichts uns nicht sieht – doch es hat längst in uns Wohnung genommen.
7. Jeder Gedanke an Erlösung gebiert eine neue Kette – die Freiheit beginnt erst dort, wo das Verlangen endet.
8. Das Schweigen des Universums ist keine Antwort – es ist die endgültige Form der Gleichgültigkeit.
9. Unsere Angst vor dem Nichts ist nur der Schrei des Ichs, das weiß, dass es niemals war.
10. Wir existieren wie Fußspuren im Staub eines verlassenen Raums – sichtbar nur für einen Moment, bedeutungslos im Wind der Zeit.

@ 12fccfc8:8d67741e

1. Existenz ist ein Exil ohne Rückkehr. Wer liebt, liebt nur die Illusion eines Auswegs.
2. Die Seele sammelt Splitter vergangener Welten, doch keine Hand kann sie wieder ganz machen.
3. Erinnerungen sind Splitter eines Spiegels, der zerbrach – sie schneiden dich, während du dein Gesicht in ihnen suchst.
4. Die Schwermut ist der Ruf des Todes im Lebenden, ein dumpfer Widerhall des Willens, der sich selbst verneint, um im Grau der Tage seine Erlösung zu finden.
5. Das Leben ist der Widerhall eines sterbenden Willens. Nur im Nichts finden wir Erlösung.
6. Die Zeit ist ein Dieb, der Schatten stiehlt – sie lässt dich zurück, ein Umriss, den niemand mehr füllt.
7. In der Dämmerung unserer Tage suchen wir die Sonne, die nur in der Erinnerung noch brennt.
8. Stille fließt durch uns, als wäre sie immer schon gewesen – ein Zustand, der nie durchbrochen werden kann. Wir sind die Frage, die nie die Antwort findet, das Bild, das niemals scharf wird.
9. Wer das Nichts anschaut, sieht sich selbst: ein Schatten, der sich für Licht hält.
10. Die Einsamkeit offenbart sich die Qual des Seienden, ein verlassenes Fragment des zersplitterten Willens, das im kalten Licht seiner eigenen Nutzlosigkeit zittert.

@ 12fccfc8:8d67741e

„Die Tatsache, dass das Leben keinen Sinn hat, ist ein Grund zu leben – und zwar der einzige.“

– Emil Cioran

Der Mensch steht im Zentrum eines Raumes, der sich weigert, eine Mitte zu haben. Alles um ihn herum scheint geordnet, doch diese Ordnung ist ein leises Zittern vor dem Chaos, das jede Struktur unterwandert. Es gibt kein Versprechen, das nicht gebrochen wird, kein Licht, das nicht aus einer tieferen Dunkelheit geboren wird. So flackert die Existenz – ein schwankender Schein über einem Abgrund, der kein Echo zurückgibt.

Das Nichts: Gegenwart ohne Form

Das Nichts ist nicht Abwesenheit. Es ist Gegenwart ohne Form. Es liegt nicht hinter den Dingen, sondern in ihnen – wie ein Geruch, der bleibt, wenn alle Türen geschlossen sind. Es ist der unsichtbare Kern der Welt, der Grund, warum jedes Wort in sich selbst zerfällt, jede Bewegung zu spät kommt, jeder Sinn sich verflüchtigt, sobald man ihn greifen will. Das Schweigen des Universums ist keine Antwort – es ist die endgültige Form der Gleichgültigkeit.

Wer dem Nichts begegnet, verliert nicht die Hoffnung – er erkennt, dass es nie Hoffnung gab, nur das Bedürfnis danach. Die Leere ist kein Loch, das gefüllt werden will, sondern ein Zustand, der alles durchdringt. Man lebt nicht trotz des Nichts – man lebt im Nichts, als Ahnung, als Abdruck, als Fußspur im Staub eines Raums, den niemand betritt.

Melancholie und Erinnerung

Melancholie ist kein Gefühl, sondern ein Aggregatzustand des Bewusstseins, das zu viel gesehen hat, um noch zu glauben. Sie trägt kein Schwarz, sie schreit nicht. Sie fließt durch uns wie ein langsamer Strom, der die Farben der Dinge auswäscht. In ihr liegt kein Wunsch nach Erlösung, sondern nur das Wissen, dass selbst Erlösung eine weitere Form von Fessel wäre. Man kehrt nicht heim, man löst sich auf – langsam, leise, endgültig.

Der Tod ist nicht der Feind des Lebens, sondern seine Form. Leben ist der Prozess des langsamen Verschwindens, und Sterben ist nur die letzte Geste einer Bewegung, die längst begonnen hat. Die Zeit nimmt nicht, sie löscht. Sie lässt zurück, was nicht mehr gefüllt werden kann: ein Umriss, eine Hülle, ein Bild ohne Substanz. Der Mensch verliert sich nicht am Ende, sondern in jedem Moment, den er durchschreitet.

Erinnerung ist kein Besitz, sondern eine Wunde. Was zurückblickt, blickt durch einen zerbrochenen Spiegel – jedes Fragment spiegelt etwas, aber nie das Ganze. Und wer sich darin sucht, findet nicht sich selbst, sondern die Lücken zwischen den Bildern. Vergangenheit ist nicht, was war, sondern das, was nie ganz war – und deshalb nie ganz vergeht.

Fremdheit und Auflösung

Existenz ist ein Exil. Nicht von einem Ort, sondern von sich selbst. Man ist sich nicht nahe, man ist sich fremd – und in dieser Fremdheit liegt keine Tragik, sondern ein nüchterner Frieden. Die Einsamkeit ist kein Zustand, sondern die einzig mögliche Beziehung zur Welt. Alles andere ist Täuschung, ein letzter Versuch, das Unvereinbare zu versöhnen.

Sinn verflüchtigt sich mit jeder Geste, die ihn zu fassen sucht. Je näher man kommt, desto mehr löst er sich auf – wie Nebel vor der Hand. Was bleibt, ist das Bild der Suche selbst, eine Bewegung im Leeren. Man begreift nicht – man kreist. Und in diesem Kreis liegt der Kern der Erfahrung: nicht das Ziel, sondern die Auflösung aller Ziele.

Die einzige Freiheit liegt nicht im Handeln, sondern im Entgleiten. Der Verzicht auf Bedeutung, auf Richtung, auf Rettung – das ist der erste Akt der Selbstermächtigung. Nicht laut, nicht kämpferisch, sondern als stilles Hinwegtreten aus dem Spiel. Dort beginnt das, was nicht mehr genommen werden kann: die Unabhängigkeit vom Verlangen.

Schönheit im Vergehen

Nichts bleibt. Und gerade deshalb geschieht alles. Nicht um zu sein, sondern um zu vergehen. Und vielleicht liegt darin die letzte Schönheit – nicht im Bestehen, sondern im Verlöschen. In der Fähigkeit, in Ketten zu tanzen, wissend, dass jede Kette aus Licht besteht, das schon lange erloschen ist.

@ 12fccfc8:8d67741e

1. Die Zukunft ist ein Abgrund, der sich öffnet, um uns zu verschlingen – und wir nennen es Fortschritt.
2. Ein Augenblick, und schon ist er verloren. Wir wandern, aber wohin? Und ist der Weg nicht auch schon längst verschwunden, bevor wir ihn betreten?
3. Was ist die Grenze zwischen dem, was wir nennen, und dem, was wir nie sagen? Ein Riss im Atem, eine Unendlichkeit in jedem Schritt – und dennoch nichts, das je festhält, was wir begreifen wollen.
4. Gedanken zerfallen wie Tropfen, die nie den Boden erreichen. Wir sammeln, was nie da war, nur das Echo dessen, was nicht existiert. Vielleicht sind wir das Echo.
5. Die Fragen sind die Flügel eines Vogels, der nie den Himmel berührt. Und die Antworten? Nur leere Spiegel, die uns mit einer Intensität anstarren, die uns mehr verstummen lässt, je mehr wir sehen.
6. Je lauter die Behauptung, desto größer die Vorsicht.
7. Freiheit ist ein Käfig aus offenen Türen – du trittst hinaus, nur um in der Weite deiner eigenen Grenzen zu erstarren.
8. Zwischen den Zeilen flackert das Echo der Stille. Wer es hört, vergisst den Klang.
9. Im Ekel des Seins liegt die Wahrheit: Leben ist Leiden, Tod ist Frieden. Doch der Mutige tanzt auf dem Abgrund.
10. Jeder neue Tag ist ein Versprechen, das nicht gehalten wird, ein Licht, das nur die Tiefe unserer Gräber erhellt.

@ 12fccfc8:8d67741e

1. Freiheit ist die Fähigkeit, in Ketten zu tanzen.
2. Je lauter die Behauptung, desto größer die Vorsicht.
3. Zwischen den Zeilen flackert das Echo der Stille. Wer es hört, vergisst den Klang.
4. Die Zeit ist ein Dieb, der Schatten stiehlt – sie lässt dich zurück, ein Umriss, den niemand mehr füllt.
5. Die Stille singt ein Lied ohne Ton – ein Chor der Leere, der dich umarmt, bis du dich selbst verlierst.
6. Erinnerungen sind Splitter eines Spiegels, der zerbrach – sie schneiden dich, während du dein Gesicht in ihnen suchst.
7. Sehnsucht ist ein Fluss, der rückwärts fließt – du watest hinein, doch das Ufer zieht sich fort, unerreichbar fern.
8. Freiheit ist ein Käfig aus offenen Türen – du trittst hinaus, nur um in der Weite deiner eigenen Grenzen zu erstarren.
9. Das Nichts ist der heimliche Gott, der im Zerfall des Seins thront, ein stiller Erlöser, der das Leben in seinen Schoß zurückruft, um es sanft zu ersticken.
10. In der Einsamkeit offenbart sich die Qual des Seienden, ein verlassenes Fragment des zersplitterten Willens, das im kalten Licht seiner eigenen Nutzlosigkeit zittert.

@ 12fccfc8:8d67741e

„Wahrheit ist kein Besitz, den man verteidigt, sondern ein Prozess, den man gemeinsam gestaltet.“

– frei nach dem Geist freier Netzwerke und resilienter Systeme

Bitcoin ist mehr als nur ein monetäres Protokoll. Es ist ein kulturelles Artefakt, ein philosophisches Statement und ein praktischer Ausdruck radikaler Souveränität, kollektiver Verantwortung und struktureller Ethik. Wer Bitcoin ausschließlich als technologisches Experiment oder ökonomisches Asset betrachtet, verfehlt seine tiefere Bedeutung: Bitcoin ist eine politische Philosophie – nicht in Büchern niedergeschrieben, sondern in Code gegossen. Eine Philosophie, die nicht behauptet, die Wahrheit zu kennen, sondern eine Methode zur gemeinsamen Verifikation anbietet. Eine Philosophie des Konsenses.

Legitimität von unten

Im Zentrum dieser Philosophie steht die Einsicht, dass Legitimität nicht von oben gewährt, sondern von unten erzeugt wird. Keine zentrale Instanz entscheidet, was gilt. Keine Autorität garantiert Vertrauen. Stattdessen entsteht alles aus einem gemeinsamen, freiwilligen Prozess: offen, nachvollziehbar, überprüfbar. Bitcoin ersetzt Vertrauen in Personen durch Vertrauen in Regeln – nicht aus Zynismus, sondern aus epistemischer Bescheidenheit gegenüber menschlicher Fehlbarkeit.

Konsens ist keine Harmonie

Dieser Perspektivwechsel ist radikal. Er stellt nicht nur bestehende Geldsysteme infrage, sondern auch unsere politischen und institutionellen Grundlagen. Während klassische Systeme auf Hierarchien, auf Exklusivität und auf delegierter Macht beruhen, operiert Bitcoin auf Basis offener Teilhabe und individueller Verantwortung. Jeder Knoten ist autonom – aber keiner ist isoliert. Die Wahrheit, die sich im Netzwerk konstituiert, ist nicht das Produkt von Autorität, sondern das Ergebnis reproduzierbarer Verifikation. Nicht Glaube zählt, sondern Prüfung.

Regeln statt Meinungen

Konsens ist dabei kein romantischer Idealzustand, sondern ein dynamischer Balanceakt. Er wird nicht durch Harmonie hergestellt, sondern durch Reibung, durch Konflikt, durch Iteration. Konsens in Bitcoin ist kein Konsens der Meinungen, sondern der Regeln. Und genau darin liegt seine Stabilität. Denn wo Meinungen divergieren, können Regeln konvergieren – vorausgesetzt, sie sind transparent, überprüfbar und konsequent angewandt.

Wahlfreiheit als Systemdesign

Diese Logik verschiebt den Fokus von zentralisierter Macht zu verteilter Verantwortung. Bitcoin kennt keine exekutive Gewalt, keine privilegierten Klassen, keine Instanz, die im Namen aller spricht. Es kennt nur Regeln – und die freie Entscheidung, ihnen zu folgen oder nicht. Wer sich dem Konsens nicht anschließen will, kann abspalten. Forking ist keine Katastrophe, sondern ein systemimmanenter Ausdruck von Wahlfreiheit. In der Möglichkeit der Spaltung liegt die Stärke der Struktur.

Freiheit als Infrastruktur

Diese strukturelle Freiheit unterscheidet sich grundlegend vom klassischen, liberalen Freiheitsverständnis. Es geht nicht um die Willkür des Einzelnen, sondern um die Freiheit von willkürlicher Macht. Es ist kein Plädoyer für Individualismus, sondern für institutionelle Unabhängigkeit. Die Architektur selbst garantiert die Freiheit – nicht eine Instanz, die über sie wacht. In dieser Ethik ist Freiheit kein Ideal, sondern ein Designprinzip. Kein Zustand, sondern eine Infrastruktur.

Gerechtigkeit durch Transparenz

Verantwortung entsteht nicht durch Appelle, sondern durch Transparenz. Jede Entscheidung, jede Transaktion, jeder Regelbruch ist öffentlich nachvollziehbar. Es gibt keine Geheimabsprachen, keine Privilegien, keine Ausnahmen. In dieser radikalen Offenheit liegt eine neue Form von Gerechtigkeit: nicht moralisch verordnet, sondern technisch ermöglicht. Gleichheit ist kein Ziel, sondern eine Eigenschaft des Systems selbst.

Ein Vorschlag für eine neue Ordnung

Bitcoin ist damit nicht nur ein technisches Protokoll, sondern ein Vorschlag für ein neues Modell gesellschaftlicher Ordnung. Eine Ordnung ohne Zentrum, aber nicht ohne Struktur. Eine Praxis der Wahrheit ohne Wahrheitsmonopol. Eine Gemeinschaft, die sich nicht über ideologische Übereinstimmung definiert, sondern über gemeinsame Regeln. Das politische Prinzip, das hier wirkt, ist die Zustimmung – nicht die Kontrolle.

Keine Utopie, sondern ein Anfang

In einer Zeit wachsender institutioneller Erosion, in der Vertrauen in klassische Strukturen schwindet, zeigt Bitcoin einen alternativen Weg: nicht zurück zur Vergangenheit, sondern nach vorn zu neuen Formen des Zusammenlebens. Es ist ein System, das sich nicht auf Versprechen verlässt, sondern auf Rechenbarkeit. Eine Ethik des Handelns, nicht des Glaubens. Eine Ordnung, die nicht durch Macht entsteht, sondern durch das Überflüssigmachen von Macht.

Bitcoin ist nicht perfekt. Aber es ist ehrlich in seiner Imperfektion. Es verspricht keine Utopie, sondern bietet ein robustes Werkzeug. Ein Werkzeug, das uns zwingt, über Macht, Wahrheit und Verantwortung neu nachzudenken. Es ist kein Ende, sondern ein Anfang – eine Einladung, eine neue politische Realität zu gestalten: nicht von oben diktiert, sondern von unten geschaffen.

@ 12fccfc8:8d67741e

„Die Zukunft kommt nicht von selbst. Sie wird still gebaut – Zeile für Zeile, Entscheidung für Entscheidung.“

– Ursprung vergessen, Wahrheit geblieben

Was, wenn all das – der Rückzug, das neue Geld, die Verantwortung, das Misstrauen – nicht Flucht ist, sondern Heimkehr? Nicht Ablehnung der Welt, sondern ihre bewusste Rekonstruktion? Was, wenn der wahre Bruch nicht darin liegt, ein anderes System zu benutzen, sondern darin, anders zu sein?

Technologie als Raum, nicht Ziel

Die Technologie war nie das Ziel. Sie ist nur der Raum, in dem sich etwas Menschlicheres entfalten kann: Klarheit. Konsequenz. Verantwortung ohne Zwang. Vertrauen ohne Blindheit. Eigentum ohne Bedingungen. Was mit Code beginnt, endet mit Haltung.

Entscheidung als Ursprung

Manche nennen es Exit. Andere Rebellion. Vielleicht ist es beides. Vielleicht ist es aber auch einfach der leise Moment, in dem jemand erkennt: Ich kann mich entscheiden. Und diese Entscheidung verändert nicht die Welt – aber sie verändert mich in ihr.

Freiheit in neuer Gestalt

Die Freiheit, die hier entsteht, ist nicht laut. Nicht kollektiv. Nicht romantisch. Sie ist nüchtern, präzise, anspruchsvoll. Sie fordert Selbstprüfung statt Meinung, Handlung statt Haltung. Und sie zieht keine Grenzen zwischen Mensch und Werkzeug – sie zeigt nur, was möglich wird, wenn man bereit ist, weniger zu verlangen und mehr zu tragen.

Bauen statt kämpfen

Das neue Geld, das neue Netzwerk, die neue Kultur – sie leben nicht irgendwo da draußen. Sie entstehen dort, wo jemand beschließt, nicht mehr mitzuspielen – und auch nicht mehr zu kämpfen. Sondern einfach zu bauen. Still. Beharrlich. Unaufhaltsam.

@ 12fccfc8:8d67741e

„Vertrauen ist gut, Kontrolle ist besser – sagte die Macht.

Misstrauen ist gesund, Selbstverantwortung ist besser – sagte die Freiheit.“

– gehört im Rauschen, zwischen den Blöcken

Vertrauen ist die stille Grundlage jeder Gesellschaft. Doch es ist fragil. Es wird oft dort gefordert, wo es nicht verdient ist – in Systemen, die sich immun gemacht haben gegen Kontrolle, Konsequenz und Kritik. In diesen Strukturen ist Vertrauen keine Tugend mehr, sondern ein Werkzeug der Macht. Es wird benutzt, um Verantwortung abzugeben, um sich fügen zu müssen, um Teil eines Spiels zu sein, dessen Regeln man nicht mitbestimmen kann.

Misstrauen als Zeichen von Reife

Misstrauen gilt oft als Schwäche. Doch es kann auch ein Zeichen von Reife sein. Es ist nicht Ablehnung, sondern Prüfung. Nicht Paranoia, sondern Wachsamkeit. Wer misstraut, schützt sich nicht nur vor Täuschung, sondern verteidigt das eigene Urteilsvermögen.

Echtes Vertrauen braucht Kontrolle

Ein System, das auf echtem Vertrauen beruhen will, muss bereit sein, Misstrauen auszuhalten. Es muss transparent, überprüfbar, ersetzbar sein. Es darf Vertrauen nicht einfordern, sondern muss es verdienen. Vertrauen, das auf Kontrolle verzichtet, ist Glaube. Vertrauen, das auf überprüfbaren Regeln beruht, ist Klarheit.

Bitcoin: Vertrauen durch Verifikation

In diesem Spannungsfeld steht das neue Geld. Es sagt: Vertraue nicht mir. Vertraue dem, was du selbst verifizieren kannst. Es ersetzt nicht Vertrauen durch Misstrauen, sondern durch Offenheit. Es fordert nichts – es bietet nur das, was es ist: ein System ohne Hintertüren, ohne Verwalter, ohne Privilegien.

Darin liegt seine Stärke. Es ist nicht darauf angewiesen, dass jemand daran glaubt. Es funktioniert, weil niemand es verändern kann. Es belohnt diejenigen, die prüfen. Und es enttäuscht jene, die hoffen, dass andere für sie denken.

Jenseits von Vertrauen

Vertrauen ist eine Entscheidung. Misstrauen auch. Zwischen beiden steht Verantwortung – und wer bereit ist, sie zu tragen, wird beides nicht mehr brauchen.

@ 12fccfc8:8d67741e

„Sag mir, welches Geld du benutzt – und ich sage dir, an welche Welt du glaubst.“

– anonym, zirkulierend im digitalen Untergrund

Geld ist nie neutral. Es trägt in sich eine Vorstellung davon, was in einer Gesellschaft wertvoll ist – und wer entscheidet, was dieser Wert bedeutet. In den Währungen unserer Zeit steckt nicht nur Kaufkraft, sondern auch Gewalt. Unsichtbar, aber wirksam. Jede Inflation ist eine Umverteilung ohne Abstimmung. Jede Rettung durch Gelddrucken ein Eingriff in das Eigentum derer, die sparen. Jede staatliche Kontrolle von Geldfluss ist auch Kontrolle über Leben.

Es ist leicht, Geld als bloßes Werkzeug zu sehen. Aber jedes Werkzeug formt auch seinen Nutzer. Wer Geld benutzt, das auf Schulden basiert, übernimmt unbewusst die Logik dieses Systems: Wachstum um jeden Preis, Gegenwart vor Zukunft, Kontrolle statt Vertrauen. Es ist kein Zufall, dass moralische Belohnung in dieser Welt selten mit finanzieller vergütet wird – weil das Geld selbst die Moral nicht kennt.

Die Moral der Währung

Die Frage ist nicht, ob Geld gut oder böse ist. Die Frage ist, ob es Verantwortung kennt. Ob es dem dient, der es hält, oder dem, der es kontrolliert. Ob es verlässlich ist – nicht nur in seiner Funktion, sondern auch in seiner Wirkung. Ein Geld, das jederzeit vermehrt werden kann, erlaubt jederzeit die Verschiebung von Lasten. Weg von den Verantwortlichen, hin zu den Stillen. Es belohnt Nähe zur Quelle, nicht Leistung. Es nährt den Zynismus.

Ein Geld, das Wahrheit erzwingt

Ein anderes Geld beginnt nicht bei der Technik, sondern bei der Ethik. Es fragt nicht: Was ist möglich? Sondern: Was ist richtig? Es basiert auf Knappheit – nicht um zu begrenzen, sondern um Ehrlichkeit zu erzwingen. Es kennt kein „Too Big to Fail“, kein Vertrauen auf Dekret, keine moralische Grauzone. Wer es nutzt, steht in direkter Beziehung zu seinem Handeln. Und kann sich nicht herausreden.

Verantwortung ohne Zwang

Vielleicht ist die wichtigste Wirkung dieses Geldes nicht wirtschaftlich, sondern moralisch: Es gibt dem Einzelnen die Möglichkeit, sauber zu wirtschaften, ohne Teil eines schmutzigen Spiels zu sein. Es ist kein Geld für jeden – sondern für jene, die bereit sind, wieder Verantwortung zu tragen. Nicht, weil sie müssen. Sondern weil sie wollen.

@ 6ad3e2a3:c90b7740

There’s an annoying trend on Twitter wherein the algorithm feeds you a lot of threads like “five keys to gaining wealth” or “10 mistakes to avoid in relationships” that list a bunch of hacks for some ostensibly desirable state of affairs which for you is presumably lacking. It’s not that the hacks are wrong per se, more that the medium is the message. Reading threads about hacks on social media is almost surely not the path toward whatever is promised by them.

. . .

I’ve tried a lot of health supplements over the years. These days creatine is trendy, and of course Vitamin D (which I still take.) I don’t know if this is helping me, though it surely helps me pass my blood tests with robust levels. The more I learn about health and nutrition, the less I’m sure of anything beyond a few basics. Yes, replacing processed food with real food, moving your body and getting some sun are almost certainly good, but it’s harder to know how particular interventions affect me.

Maybe some of them work in the short term then lose their effect, Maybe some work better for particular phenotypes, but not for mine. Maybe my timing in the day is off, or I’m not combining them correctly for my lifestyle and circumstances. The body is a complex system, and complex systems are characterized by having unpredictable outputs given changes to initial conditions (inputs).

. . .

I started getting into Padel recently — a mini-tennis-like game where you can hit the ball off the back walls. I’d much rather chase a ball around for exercise than run or work out, and there’s a social aspect I enjoy. (By “social aspect”, I don’t really mean getting to know the people with whom I’m playing, but just the incidental interactions you get during the game, joking about it, for example, when you nearly impale someone at the net with a hard forehand.)

A few months ago, I was playing with some friends, and I was a little off. It’s embarrassing to play poorly at a sport, especially when (as is always the case in Padel) you have a doubles partner you’re letting down. Normally I’d be excoriating myself for my poor play, coaching myself to bend my knees more, not go for winners so much. But that day, I was tired — for some reason I hadn’t slept well — and I didn’t have the energy for much internal monologue. I just mishit a few balls, felt stupid about it and kept playing.

After a few games, my fortunes reversed. I was hitting the ball cleanly, smashing winners, rarely making errors. My partner and I started winning games and then sets. I was enjoying myself. In the midst of it I remember hitting an easy ball into the net and reflexively wanting to self-coach again. I wondered, “What tips did I give to right the ship when I had been playing poorly at the outset?” I racked my brain as I waited for the serve and realized, to my surprise, there had been none. The turnaround in my play was not due to self-coaching but its absence. I had started playing better because my mind had finally shut the fuck up for once.

Now when I’m not playing well, I resist, to the extent I’m capable, the urge to meddle. I intend to be more mind-less. Not so much telling the interior coach to shut up but not buying into the premise there is a problem to be solved at all. The coach isn’t just ignored, he’s fired. And he’s not just fired, his role was obsoleted.

You blew the point, you’re embarrassed about it and there’s nothing that needs to be done about it. Or that you started coaching yourself like a fool and made things worse. No matter how much you are doing the wrong thing nothing needs to be done about any of it whatsoever. There is always another ball coming across the net that needs to be struck until the game is over.

. . .

Most of the hacks, habits and heuristics we pick up to manage our lives only serve as yet more inputs in unfathomably complex systems whose outputs rarely track as we’d like. There are some basic ones that are now obvious to everyone like not injecting yourself with heroin (or mRNA boosters), but for the most part we just create more baggage for ourselves which justifies ever more hacks. It’s like taking medication for one problem that causes side effects, and then you need another medicine for that side effect, rinse and repeat, ad infinitum.

But this process can be reverse-engineered too. For every heuristic you drop, the problem it was put into place to solve re-emerges and has a chance to be observed. Observing won’t solve it, it’ll just bring it into the fold, give the complex system of which it is a part a chance to achieve an equilibrium with respect to it on its own.

You might still be embarrassed when you mishit the ball, but embarrassment is not a problem. And if embarrassment is not a problem, then mishitting a ball isn’t that bad. And if mishitting a ball isn’t that bad, then maybe you’re not worrying about what happens if you botch the next shot, instead fixing your attention on the ball. And so you disappear a little bit into the game, and it’s more fun as a result.

I honestly wish there were a hack for this — being more mindless — but I don’t know of any. And in any event, hack Substacks won’t get you any farther than hack Twitter threads.

@ 12fccfc8:8d67741e

„Der Mensch ist frei geboren, und überall liegt er in Ketten.“

– Jean-Jacques Rousseau

In einer Welt, die sich zunehmend durch technologische Umbrüche definiert, zeigt sich eine bemerkenswerte kognitive Dissonanz im Umgang mit neuen Paradigmen: Die Abwehr gegenüber Bitcoin ist selten eine Frage der Rationalität, sondern oft eine Reaktion auf die Überforderung durch das Ungewohnte. Der Mensch scheut die Auseinandersetzung mit dem, was ihm fremd erscheint – nicht, weil es notwendigerweise komplex ist, sondern weil es nicht in das gewohnte Raster institutionalisierter Erklärung passt.

So wirkt Bitcoin auf viele wie ein hermetisches System, dessen Mechanismen sich dem Alltagsverständnis entziehen. Dabei ist es, philosophisch betrachtet, der Fiat-Welt unter einem entscheidenden Aspekt überlegen: ihrer radikalen Transparenz.

Die Unsichtbarkeit des Gewohnten

Die Strukturen, welche das fiatbasierte Geldsystem tragen, sind in ihrer institutionellen Dichte kaum zu durchdringen. Zentralbanken, Aufsichtsbehörden, gesetzgeberische Rahmenwerke, geldpolitische Instrumente, Interbankenmärkte, internationale Regulierungsorgane – sie bilden einen verwaltungstechnischen Überbau, der in seiner Vielschichtigkeit eher einer mittelalterlichen Theologie als einem frei zugänglichen, rationalen System gleicht.

Das Vertrauen in diese Ordnung ist kein Produkt verstandesmäßiger Durchdringung, sondern das Ergebnis jahrzehntelanger Gewöhnung und autoritärer Setzung. Man glaubt an das Fiat-Geld, weil es da ist – nicht, weil man es versteht.

Bitcoin verlangt Verantwortung

Bitcoin hingegen konfrontiert den Einzelnen mit der Notwendigkeit der Selbstverantwortung und fordert eine direkte Auseinandersetzung mit seiner Funktionsweise: kryptografische Prinzipien, Dezentralität, Konsensmechanismen, digitale Knappheit. Dies wirkt zunächst sperrig, ja fast elitär. Doch diese Komplexität ist nicht strukturell intransparent, sondern technisch erklärbar, überprüfbar und – für jeden offen.

Während das Fiat-System in verschlossenen Räumen entscheidet, operiert Bitcoin auf einem offenen Protokoll. Die Ablehnung des Neuen beruht daher weniger auf seiner inhärenten Schwierigkeit, als vielmehr auf einer anthropologischen Trägheit: Die Bequemlichkeit, sich von äußeren Instanzen verwalten zu lassen, wiegt schwerer als der Wunsch nach Souveränität.

Was ist wahre Komplexität?

Doch was ist wahrhaft komplex? Ist es nicht die blinde Akzeptanz eines Systems, dessen Grundlagen man nie selbst prüfen kann? Ist es nicht der Glaube an eine Geldordnung, deren Stabilität von politischen Machtzentren abhängt?

Der Bitcoin hingegen stellt die radikale Frage: Was, wenn Vertrauen nicht mehr delegiert, sondern durch Code ersetzt werden kann? Was, wenn Verständlichkeit nicht aus Tradition, sondern aus Prinzipien entsteht?

Ein philosophisches Statement

In dieser Perspektive ist Bitcoin keine bloße technische Innovation, sondern ein philosophisches Statement: ein Plädoyer für epistemische Mündigkeit. Die vermeintliche Einfachheit des Alten ist in Wahrheit nur ein Schleier – und die gefühlte Schwierigkeit des Neuen der erste Schritt in die Freiheit.

@ fd06f542:8d6d54cd

更新前有问题问题？

本站采用 docsify渲染，他对图片的处理 是没有任何类原始的 img标签。 缺点如下： * 图片太大，很多图片出现了锯齿； * 图片和周边的文字没有边界，非常突兀；

第一次修改

全加了统一风格，用圆角修饰了；

结果出现了新问题，有些小图片是一个图标，例如:github 的star变得异常难看。

怎么办？

第二次修改

查找 文档说 markdown文档有支持{.classname}的做法，有人用这个方法；

那么 docsify如何做的呢？

js window.$docsify = { name: title, loadSidebar: true, homepage: "readme.md", subMaxLevel:2, plugins: [imgClassPlugin], alias: { '/_sidebar.md': './_sidebar.md', } };

用plugins 就可以，

imgClassPlugin 是找的正则替换 `` js export function processMarkdownImages(content) { const regex = /!\[(.*?)\]\((.*?)\)(\{.*?\})?/g; return content.replace(regex, (match, alt, src, classInfo) => { if (classInfo) { const classNames = classInfo.match(/\.([a-zA-Z0-9_-]+)/); if (classNames) { const className = classNames[1]; return`; } } return match; }); }

// 定义 Docsify 插件 export const imgClassPlugin = function (hook, vm) { hook.mounted(function () { // 在文档挂载后，在每次渲染前执行处理逻辑 hook.beforeEach(function (content) { return processMarkdownImages(content); }); }); };

``` 这样就可以了。大家看看我这张图片：

{.user-img}

具体用法，大家参考 https://www.nostrbook.com/books/c3834c0604b4e5ad66ececd756791a539c585d880864d62b0ef51e3602c482b7?title=NostrBook%E7%AB%99%E7%82%B9%E6%97%A5%E8%AE%B0#/02

@ 12fccfc8:8d67741e

„In Zeiten universeller Täuschung ist das Aussprechen der Wahrheit ein revolutionärer Akt.“

– George Orwell

Bitcoin ist nicht nur ein Werkzeug der ökonomischen Selbstermächtigung – er ist auch ein kulturelles Störsignal. Sein bloßes Funktionieren stellt die Legitimität des Bestehenden infrage. Eine Währung, die niemand ausgibt, niemand kontrolliert, niemand genehmigen muss, ist in ihrer bloßen Existenz eine stille Anklage gegen das, was als alternativlos gilt.

Mehr als Technologie – eine Haltung

Es geht nicht nur um Technologie. Es geht um Haltung. Um das leise Beharren auf einem anderen Takt. In einer Welt, in der der Wert von oben definiert wird – durch Zentralbanken, Ratings, Verordnungen – bietet Bitcoin eine völlig andere Grundlage: Konsens, Knappheit, Mathematik. Kein politischer Willensakt, sondern ein physikalisches Versprechen.

Die stille Entscheidung

Wer Bitcoin nutzt, trifft eine Entscheidung, die weit über Geld hinausgeht. Es ist die bewusste Verweigerung, Teil eines Systems zu sein, das auf Schulden basiert, auf Kontrolle, auf ständigem Zugriff. Es ist die Entscheidung, eine andere Art von Zukunft möglich zu machen – nicht durch Protest, sondern durch Praxis.

Disidenz ohne Banner

Diese Form der Disidenz ist schwer zu greifen, weil sie sich nicht laut artikuliert. Sie baut keine Barrikaden, schreibt keine Manifeste, ruft nicht nach Aufmerksamkeit. Sie wählt den Rückzug als Methode. Die Abkopplung. Die schrittweise Reduktion von Abhängigkeiten.

Kein Widerstand – Konsequenz

Vielleicht ist das Revolutionäre an Bitcoin nicht der Konflikt, sondern die Abwesenheit davon. Kein Widerstand im klassischen Sinn, sondern eine Umleitung. Keine Konfrontation, sondern Konsequenz. Die leise Entscheidung, nicht mehr mitzumachen – aber etwas Besseres zu bauen.

Ohne Erlaubnis

Wer Bitcoin lebt, braucht keine Genehmigung. Keine Erklärung. Kein Spektakel. Nur ein Node. Eine Wallet. Ein wenig Disziplin. Und die Bereitschaft, Verantwortung zu tragen, wo andere noch Ansprüche stellen.

Es ist kein einfacher Weg. Aber es ist einer, den man gehen kann, ohne um Erlaubnis zu fragen.

@ 12fccfc8:8d67741e

„Was du besitzt, besitzt auch dich.“

– Henry David Thoreau

Bitcoin verändert nicht nur, wie wir Geld sehen, sondern auch, wie wir uns selbst sehen. Es stellt eine einfache Frage, die schwer wiegt: Wem traust du? Und tiefer noch: Bist du bereit, dir selbst zu trauen?

Selbstverwahrung ist kein technischer Akt – es ist eine innere Haltung. Wer seinen eigenen Schlüssel hält, muss sich nicht nur mit Tools, sondern mit sich selbst auseinandersetzen. Mit Angst. Verantwortung. Und Freiheit. Die Gewissheit, dass niemand Zugriff hat, ist auch die Last, dass niemand rettet. Diese Form der Verantwortung ist für viele ungewohnt, fast schon beängstigend – in einer Welt, die absichert, verwaltet, entmündigt.

Die psychologische Schwelle der Verantwortung

Bitcoin ist radikale Eigenverantwortung. Und genau das macht es zu einer psychologischen Schwelle. Es zwingt zur Selbsterkenntnis: Bin ich bereit, die Kontrolle wirklich zu übernehmen? Oder suche ich weiterhin nach Institutionen, nach Autoritäten, nach jemandem, der mir die Entscheidung abnimmt?

Ein ehrlicher Spiegel

Spirituell betrachtet ist Bitcoin ein Spiegel. Es zeigt, woran wir glauben, was wir fürchten, worauf wir hoffen. In einer Welt voller Illusionen – über Wert, über Sicherheit, über Freiheit – ist Bitcoin brutal ehrlich. Es gibt nichts vor. Es bewertet nicht. Es funktioniert oder es funktioniert nicht. Und der Umgang damit offenbart viel über uns selbst.

Der Prozess, Bitcoin wirklich zu verstehen – nicht technisch, sondern existenziell – ist transformativ. Er entkoppelt unser Selbstwertgefühl von Zahlen auf Bankkonten. Er konfrontiert uns mit unserer Abhängigkeit von Bequemlichkeit. Er eröffnet die Möglichkeit, dass Freiheit nicht in äußeren Umständen liegt, sondern in innerer Haltung.

Eine spirituelle Praxis

Für manche ist Bitcoin eine spirituelle Praxis – eine tägliche Übung in Geduld, Disziplin, Vertrauen. Nicht Vertrauen in andere, sondern in Prinzipien. In Mathematik. In Ursache und Wirkung. Bitcoin verzeiht keine Illusion. Es bestraft Selbsttäuschung. Und gerade deshalb kann es ein Werkzeug sein – nicht nur der wirtschaftlichen, sondern der inneren Befreiung.

Wer sich darauf einlässt, begibt sich nicht nur auf einen neuen finanziellen Weg. Sondern auf eine Reise zu sich selbst. Eine Reise, die nicht laut ist, nicht bequem, nicht sofort belohnend. Aber ehrlich. Und vielleicht – heilsam.

@ fd06f542:8d6d54cd

使用nostrbook.com网站

登录和创建用户： {.user-img} 登录按钮 ，可以粘贴 已有的 nsec....账号，完成登录。

注册： {.user-img} 可以点击红标位置 生成你的账户。 “确定” 完成注册。

创建书籍

封面的上传

{.user-img} 创建书籍，可以用 微信截图 后直接 ctrl+v. 粘贴即可。

或者点击浏览 本地图片文件。

标题和作者

正常填写就可以。 书的作者和上传文件人没有一一绑定。

写书

{.user-img} 创建完成后就可以写书了，写书入口在 登录处 “我的书籍” 。点进去会出现你创建的书籍。选择一本就可以写书了。

列出你创建的所有的书籍

{.user-img}

点击图标，就可以进入开始写作了。例如《nostrbook站点日记》

{.user-img}

如图所示有4个部分

1. （1）关闭按钮，点击就退出编辑，这时候他会提示你保存，如果不需要保存退出，点击 “不保存退出”
2. （2）大纲 是编写 你书籍的大纲，这个参考 docsify文档 下面会有例子。 时间排列是 你所有为本书写的章节。但是有些章节你可能废弃了，或者暂时不想展示，都会存在 时间排列里面，就是按照你编写的时间倒序排列的。草稿 是你暂时存储的内容，没有上传到网络，存在你本地浏览器的缓存里面。
3. （3）这个部分看到的就是你的章节列表，当让你第一次来的这个地方是空的。新增章节 下一次就会有内容了。
4. （4）文件名，是我们存储章节的唯一标识。 readme.md 和_sidebar.md 是系统默认必须有的。因为docsify技术默认需要这2个。

如何编写大纲

如果你是第一次开始，大纲的界面是这样的。 {.user-img}

• 点击 增加大纲
• 点击 查看样例
• 修改系统生成的例子，此时 readme.md是必须的readme 对应的名字你可以自己修改
• 点击提交 就可以完成大纲了。

第二次、点击更新大纲 按钮 - [首页](/readme.md) - [国人开发者](/01.md) - [中文用户列表](/02.md)

大纲例子，“[]” 内是标题，“（）”内是 文件名； 标题是是显示在文章的右侧； 文件名的作用是匹配 ‘新增章节’ 里面的markdown的相匹配关联的。

如何定制化图片的风格

上传图片后，添加 {.user-img} 类，目前这个类是固定的，后面考虑增加类 见图： {.user-img}

渲染后 增加了一个classname ![图片](https://cdn.nostrcheck.me/fd06f542bc6c06a39881810de917e6c5d277dfb51689a568ad7b7a548d6d54cd/9461e21187258eb534772ccff9fef1f7192c298397db21ac39adbd1e7e16c62c.webp){.user-img}

@ a296b972:e5a7a2e8

Ach Gottchen, man ist mal wieder empört! Quel fauxpas! Ist es nicht auffällig, dass man von anderen Nationen solche Bilder nicht sieht? Zwei Politiker im Flieger unterwegs zu einer Vergnügens-Beerdigung eines Mannes, der für eine nicht geringe Anzahl von Menschen auf der Erde eine sehr große Bedeutung hat. (Impfen ist Nächstenliebe und die Kündigung derjenigen, die sich der Gen-Behandlung nicht unterziehen wollten, hier einmal außen vor gelassen). Warum ausgerechnet immer die Deutschen? Tja, anscheinend hat Deutschland den Joker im ins-Fettnäpfchen-treten gepachtet und gibt ihn nicht mehr aus der Hand. Meister aller Klassen bleibt bisher noch die feministische Außen-Dings, aber was nicht ist, kann ja noch werden.  Und ausgerechnet ein Herr Laschet muss auch seinen Senf dazu geben, obwohl man doch eigentlich nicht mit Steinen wirft, wenn man im Glashaus sitzt. Unvergessen seine heitere Stimmung bei einem Besuch im verwüsteten Ahrtal, das bis heute noch teilweise nicht wiederhergestellt ist.

Herrn Steinmeier ist kein Vorwurf zu machen. Schließlich repräsentiert er mit einer florierenden Wirtschaft, einem vom Stier getriebenen Vielleicht-Bundeskanzler, einem Noch-Gesundheitsminister mit Traumjob, der gerne weiter gemacht hätte (auch die guten Kräfte haben ihre Grenzen des Ertragbaren), das Land des Lächelns.

Bei der Gelegenheit: Herr Lauterbach erinnert doch sehr an die Gräfin Eleonora Moran aus „Die Seltsame Gräfin“ von Edgar Wallace. In dem Film gibt es eine Szene, in der sie sagt: „Ich bin eine Wohltäterin der Menschheit, ich habe immer nur Gutes getan, niemals etwas Böses! Fassen Sie mich nicht an! Ich bin die Gräfin Eleonora Moran!“

Und Herr Söder, was soll man dazu sagen. Der bayerische Möchtegern-König, der sein Fähnchen schneller nach dem Wind dreht, als der Wind selbst es kann.

Und Herr Merz war wohl leider verhindert. Der belegte über Ostern einen Kurs bei der Volkshochschule: Torero werden in drei Wochen! Nach diesem Kurs werden Sie mit jedem Stier spielend fertig!

Fair bleiben: Gespielte Betroffenheit wäre geheuchelt gewesen. Schließlich besteht keine nahe Verwandtschaft zwischen Steinmeier und Söder zu dem Petrus-Nachfolger.

Am Ende ist es eine Pflichtveranstaltung, wie der Besuch bei der unangenehmen Erbtante, zu dem man eigentlich gar keine Lust hat, aber man muss halt, weil die Taler locken.

Schade, dass Herr Pistorius nicht auch mit im Malle-Flieger dabei war und auf dem Selfie. Dann hätte man einen schönen Untertitel gehabt: Na, ihr da unten auf dem Boden. Seid ihr auch alle schön kriegstüchtig?

Und dann gibt es da noch das Bild von Trump und Selensky in einer großen Halle im Vatikan, zwei Stühle, reduziert auf das Wesentliche: Keine Gelegenheit auslassen miteinander zu reden, den Frieden in der Ukraine besser gestern als heute herbeizuholen. Das macht den Ernst der Lage sehr deutlich. Für Macron war wohl im ganzen Vatikan kein weiterer Stuhl aufzutreiben. Deutsche Politiker glänzten durch Abwesenheit. War vielleicht auch gut so. Da stand vermutlich auch zerbrechliches Porzellan im Raum.

Im Gegensatz dazu das Bild der beiden Grinsekater, das wohl um die halbe Welt gehen wird. Was für eine Blamage. Man könnte fast meinen, da steckt Absicht dahinter. Die Absicht, Deutschland unter allen Umständen in die vollkommene Lächerlichkeit überführen zu wollen. Über Rom lacht die Sonne, über Deutschland die ganze Welt. Kann nicht Herr Brabeck-Letmathe vom WEF mal was Erhellendes dem deutschen Trinkwasser beimischen, damit die Politiker wieder zur Vernunft kommen?

Was würde Äarwin Krawuttke aus Wanne-Eickel wohl dazu sagen: Ey, voll der Schuss in den Ofen! Datt wollen Pollitiker sein? Ich lach mich kaputt!

Dieser Beitrag wurde mit dem Pareto-Client geschrieben.

(Bild von pixabay)

@ 4fe14ef2:f51992ec

Let's support Bitcoin merchants! I'd love to hear some of your latest Lightning purchases and interesting products you bought. Feel free to include links to the shops or businesses you bought from.

Who else has a recent purchase they’re excited about? Bonus sats if you found a killer deal! ⚡

If you missed our last thread, here are some of the items stackers recently spent and zap on.

---

Like and repost: N: https://nostrudel.ninja/#/n/nevent1qvzqqqqqqypzqnlpfmegjd... X: https://x.com/AGORA_SN/status/1916432206861684741

originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/963317

@ fd06f542:8d6d54cd

直车对横车 的概念

顺炮直车对横车：红方出直车（车一平二），黑方出横车（车 9 进 1），这是顺炮布局中常见的一种变化。红方直车可以快速出动，威胁黑方右翼，黑方横车则可以灵活调动，根据局势选择进攻或防守的方向。后续可能会出现红方进车过河压马，黑方出炮封车等变化，双方展开激烈的争夺。

顺炮直车对横车布局体系主要有以下分类：

1. 古典攻法
   • 顺炮过河车对横车：红车一平二后车二进六过河，以强硬攻势迅速压制黑方阵营。
   • 顺炮缓补士对横车：红出直车后不急于补士（士四进五缓出） ，依黑方行棋灵活选择攻防策略。
   • 顺炮跳边马对横车：红马八进九上边马，平炮通车平衡两翼子力，防止黑卒3进1争先，着法稳健。
2. “胡氏双正马”攻法
   • 顺炮直车进三兵对横车挺3卒：红进三兵、黑挺3卒形成牵制，红可借马三进四等手段跃马进攻。
   • 顺炮直车进三兵对横车跳边马：红进三兵后，针对黑边马位置，以炮八平七等手段威胁黑方马获取局面优势。
   • 顺炮直车进七兵对横车：红进七兵，黑车9平4后，红可选择车二进四巡河或车二进六过河等不同进攻战术。
   • 顺炮直车“两头蛇”对双横车：红兵三进一、兵七进一构成“两头蛇”阵，与黑方双横车激烈争夺，红借双兵推进掌控空间，黑寻机反击。
3. 其他常见变化
   • 正马三兵与黑右肋车的攻防对抗；正马应对黑挺3卒的局面变化。
   • 正马三兵对阵黑肋车边马；“两头蛇”阵势迎战黑双横车的局势博弈。
   • 正马三兵对黑方马后藏车；“两头蛇”对黑正马边炮的局势发展。
   • 红方正马左士应对黑右肋车；红方采用巡河车、五六炮的布局变化，以及双正马进七兵分别对黑正马、右肋车的局面策略 。

以下按照天天象棋棋谱整理的8种变化，这些变化有些大同小异。 最后都类似。

车二进六的变化（82）

顺炮横车破直车弃马001

棋谱链接

====棋局开始* 1.炮二平五 炮８平５
2.马二进三
马８进７
3.车一进一
车９平８
4.车一平六
车８进６

5.车六进七
马２进１
6.车九进一 炮２进７

7.炮八进五 马７退８

8.炮五进四 士６进５
9.车九平六
将５平６
10.前车进一 士５退４

11.车六平四
炮５平６
12.车四进六 将６平５
13.炮八平五
{.user-img}

双正马三兵 变化（2202）

兵三进一 （473）

马八进九 （179）

红正马五六炮式（171）

兵七进一 （74）

红正马巡河车式（73）

士四进五（55）

@ da0b9bc3:4e30a4a9

Hello Stackers!

Welcome on into the ~Music Corner of the Saloon!

A place where we Talk Music. Share Tracks. Zap Sats.

So stay a while and listen.

🚨Don't forget to check out the pinned items in the territory homepage! You can always find the latest weeklies there!🚨

🚨Subscribe to the territory to ensure you never miss a post! 🚨

originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/962600

@ 502ab02a:a2860397

"นมดีจริง หรือแค่เรากลัว?" นม = อาหารของสัตว์ในวัยทารก จริงๆประโยคเดียว ก็น่าจะเข้าใจนะครับว่าทำไม ผมไม่ตอบเม้นท์เลย ว่าถ้างั้นเราดื่มนมอะไรดี

ในวันที่นมยึดครองชั้นวางห้าง นมวัว นมแพะ นมอัลมอนด์ นมโอ๊ต นมข้าว นมพิสตาชิโอ วางตัวสวยๆ พร้อมข้อความชวนฝันว่า "ดีต่อใจ" "เพื่อสุขภาพ" คนก็แห่กันถามว่า นมอะไรดีที่สุด ดื่มนมอันไหนแล้วสุขภาพดี กินนมแล้วจะได้ไม่ขาดสารอาหาร

แต่...ลองหยุดถาม แล้วตั้งใจฟังตัวเองสักนิดว่า จริงๆ แล้ว นมดีกว่า real food อย่างไข่ หรือเนื้อสัตว์ ตรงไหน?

ตอนเด็ก เราถูกสอนว่า ดื่มนม = แข็งแรง ตอนโต เราถูกล่อด้วยโฆษณาว่า นมพืช = สุขภาพดี ยั่งยืน รักษ์โลก เราถูกปลูกฝังจนแทบไม่เคยสงสัยเลยว่า นม มันดียังไงกันแน่?

เราลองมาเปิดหน้ากาก "นม" ทีละชั้นกันครับ นมวัว : มีโปรตีนกับไขมันอยู่บ้าง แต่ก็มีน้ำตาลแลคโตสที่คนส่วนใหญ่ย่อยไม่ดี นมพืช : โปรตีนต่ำจนน่าใจหาย วิตามินแร่ธาตุก็ใส่สังเคราะห์เอาทีหลังทั้งนั้น

"นม" ไม่ว่าจะวัว แพะ หรือพืช ความจริงที่เราไม่ค่อยอยากมอง คือ นมเป็นอาหารที่อ่อนด้อยเรื่องสารอาหารอย่างสิ้นเชิง โปรตีนในนมพืช ต่ำเตี้ยเรี่ยดินเมื่อเทียบกับแค่ ไข่ นมวัวมีแก้วละ 6กรัม นมโอ้ตมีแก้วละ 3กรัม ในขณะที่ไข่เพียง 1ฟอง มีโปรตีน 6-7กรัม หรือจะเอาแคลเซียม ที่อ้างกันนัก นมแก้วนึง(200ml) มีแคลเซียม 123mg ในขณะที่ไข่แค่4ฟอง มีไปแล้ว 100mg ส่วนใครยังกลัวไข่เพราะมีคอเลสเตอรอล คุณปิดโพสได้เลย คุณเชยไปแล้วครับเขา move on เรื่องไข่กันไปนานแล้ว รบกวนหาข้อมูล แถมแคลเซียมที่กินไป ถ้าไม่ทำ xxxxx xxxx รู้ไหมว่ามันจะไปสะสมที่หลอดเลือด นี่ละตัวตันเลย ไม่ใช่คอเลสเตอรอล ส่วน xx นั้นถ้ายังไม่รู้ว่ามีอะไรบ้างที่ต้องทำเพื่อจัดการแคลเซียม ก็ยิ้มให้กับตัวเองเลยครับ ดื่มนมเพราะแคลเซียมนี่เนอะ 55555

นอกจากนี้ นมทุกชนิดยังเต็มไปด้วย "คาร์บ" แบบต่างๆ ทั้งน้ำตาลแลคโตสในนมวัว และแป้งเชิงซ้อนในนมพืช ส่วนตัวไหนคาร์บต่ำ ทุกอย่างก็ต่ำไปหมด เทียบเป็น น้ำเปล่าขุ่นๆ ราคาแพง

บางคนบอกว่า "นมพืชดี๊ดี กินแล้วน้ำตาลในเลือดไม่พุ่งเลยนะ" ฟังดูเหมือนดีนะ แต่...แค่ตัวเลขน้ำตาลในเลือดเฉียบพลันไม่กระโดด

จะบอกว่านั่นไม่ได้แปลว่าร่างกายปลอดภัยจริงๆ นะแค่ค่าน้ำตาลในเลือดมันเป็นแค่จุุดพอสังเกต เพราะสิ่งที่เกิดขึ้นหลังจากเราดื่มนมพืช โดยเฉพาะนมโอ๊ต คือ คาร์บแฝงที่จะค่อยๆ แตกตัวระหว่างการย่อย ร่างกายอาจจะไม่ช็อคน้ำตาลทันที แต่จะ กระตุ้นอินซูลิน ให้ทำงานหนักขึ้นแบบเนียนๆ อินซูลินสูงเรื้อรังโดยที่ไม่รู้ตัว เป็นเส้นทางลัดไปสู่ไขมันสะสม การอักเสบ และเบาหวานชนิดที่ 2 ในระยะยาว

ภัยเงียบที่น่ากลัวที่สุดของนมโอ๊ต จึงไม่ใช่แค่เรื่องน้ำตาล แต่คือ "ภาวะอินซูลินสูงแบบไร้อาการ" (Silent Hyperinsulinemia) เป็นอาการอินซูลินมันพุ่งสูง แบบที่ตรวจเฉพาะน้ำตาลจะไม่เห็น ต้องเจาะเฉพาะระดับอินซูลิน (Insulin test) ถึงจะรู้ บั่นทอนสุขภาพทีละน้อย เหมือนเชื้อไฟใต้เถ้า ที่รอวันระเบิดเป็นโรคเรื้อรังในอีก 10 ปีข้างหน้า

แล้วทำไมเราถึงศรัทธา "นม" จนหมดใจ? คำตอบคือ..."สงคราม"

Fiat system เก่งมากนะครับที่ไม่ได้แค่พิมพ์นมขึ้นมาจากอุตสาหกรรมเหลือทิ้ง หลังสงครามโลก แต่ยังพิมพ์ "ความกลัว" ลงในใจพวกเราว่า "ถ้าไม่ดื่มนม คุณจะไม่แข็งแรง"

หลังสงครามโลกครั้งที่ 2 อเมริกามีนมล้นตลาดจากโครงการป้อนเสบียงกองทัพ เมื่อสงครามยุติ นมจึงเหลือกองมหึมา ถ้าไม่หาทางระบาย ก็ขาดทุนยับเยิน รัฐจึงออก โครงการนมโรงเรียน บังคับให้เด็กในโรงเรียนต้องดื่มนมวันละแก้วทั่วประเทศ พร้อมเทงบสนับสนุนงานวิจัยที่บอกว่า "นมดีต่อกระดูก ดีต่อสุขภาพ" แต่จริงๆ งานวิจัยเหล่านั้นหลายชิ้น ก็เต็มไปด้วย bias และ เงินทุนจากอุตสาหกรรมนม นั่นเอง

"เราไม่ได้เลือกนมด้วยความเข้าใจ เราแค่เกิดมาในยุคที่นมล้นตลาด" เริ่มต้นจากเด็กในโรงเรียน ถูกเลี้ยง ถูกล้างสมอง จนคิดว่านมคือสัญลักษณ์ของการดูแลตัวเองที่ดี

เวลาผ่านไป โลกเปลี่ยน เด็กโตขึ้นมา เริ่มแพ้นมวัวกันเยอะขึ้น คนก็หันมาหาทางเลือกใหม่...นมพืช

แต่ระบบ Fiat Food ก็ยังทำงานแบบเดิม ผลิตนมพืชจากพืชเหลือทิ้งราคาถูก เช่น ข้าวโอ๊ต เสริมวิตามินแต่งหน้าตา ทำโฆษณาน่ารักๆ ว่า รักษ์โลก ใส่ใจสุขภาพ ดื่มแล้วเป็นทางเลือกของคนฉลาด ทางออกของคนย่อยแลคโตสไม่ได้

จากนั้นบุกเข้าโรงเรียนอีกครั้ง เสนอ "นมโอ๊ตโรงเรียน" แทนนมวัว ครอบเจนฯใหม่ทั้งกระบิทีเดียวเลย ใช้วิจัยใหม่ที่ เน้นเฉพาะข้อมูลด้านสิ่งแวดล้อมหรือ sustainability สร้างความเป็นผู้มีความรู้ในความเป็นคนรักโลก แต่หลีกเลี่ยงไม่พูดถึงสารอาหารจริงๆ

แล้วเด็กๆ ก็กำลังถูกปลูกฝังรอบใหม่อีกครั้ง...ว่า นมโอ๊ต = ทางเลือกสุขภาพ ติดสมองไปอีกหลายเจนฯ ทั้งที่...

นมโอ๊ตอุดมไปด้วยคาร์โบไฮเดรตแตกตัวง่าย ที่ทำให้อินซูลินพุ่งเรื้อรังแบบไร้สัญญาณเตือน โปรตีนต่ำจนไร้ความหมายในแง่สร้างกล้ามเนื้อหรือภูมิคุ้มกัน วิตามินแร่ธาตุที่เติมแต่ง เป็นสารสังเคราะห์ที่ดูดซึมได้ยากกว่าวิตามินจาก real food หลายเท่า

โลกหมุนเร็วขึ้น แต่ Fiat Food ยังวนลูปที่เดิม เปลี่ยนชื่อ เปลี่ยนฉลาก แต่ยังคง "ขายของเหลือ" ผ่านการล้างสมองทางโภชนาการอย่างแนบเนียน ในวันที่โอ้ตล้นโลกจน USDA ต้องหาทางออกให้ มิเช่นนั้นจะต้องเป็นฝ่ายดึงภาษีมาโอบอุ้มเสียเอง

ดังนั้น นมสัตว์ นมพืช ไม่ได้ต่างกันในด้านการครอบความคิด จะต่างกันแค่ผลทางการทำร้ายสุขภาพแบบเงียบๆระยะยาว โปรดเข้าใจประเด็นว่าไม่ใช่จะว่านมโอ้ตแล้วชูนมวัว

ไทม์ไลน์ย่อ "จากนมวัวล้นตลาด สู่แผนบุกนมโอ๊ตโรงเรียน" 1940s (WWII): อเมริกาขยายอุตสาหกรรมนมเพื่อเลี้ยงกองทัพ 1945: สงครามจบ นมล้นตลาด ต้องระบาย 1950: เปิด "โครงการนมโรงเรียน" (School Milk Program) บังคับเด็กดื่มนม พร้อมอุดหนุนฟาร์มนมอย่างลับๆ 1950s-1970s: ใช้งบวิจัยหนุนว่า "นมดีต่อสุขภาพ" ทั่วสหรัฐฯ และโลกตะวันตก 1980s: ปัญหาแพ้นม (Lactose Intolerance) โผล่มากขึ้น แต่โครงการยังเดินหน้าต่อ 2010s: กระแสนมพืชมาแรง ผู้คนตื่นตัวเรื่องแพ้แลคโตส และสิ่งแวดล้อม 2020s: อุตสาหกรรมนมพืชเร่งบุกโรงเรียน เสนอ "นมโอ๊ตโรงเรียน" เพื่อปลูกฝังตั้งแต่เล็กๆ ผ่านโฆษณา "ทางเลือกเพื่อโลก" (ซึ่งซ้ำรอยวิธีเดียวกับที่เคยผลักดันนมวัวเมื่อ 70 ปีก่อนแทบทุกประการ)

สุดท้าย ถามตัวเองอีกครั้ง... นมที่เราดื่มทุกเช้า มาจากความต้องการของร่างกาย หรือมาจากการตลาดที่ชนะสงครามไปตั้งแต่เรายังไม่เกิด?

เราดื่มนมไปทำไมวะ?????

เลือกเองอย่างเข้าใจธรรมชาติ แล้วคุณจะไม่ต้องตื่นขึ้นมาไล่ตามนมอีกเลย วันหยุดนี้ เข้าซุปเปอร์มาร์เกต แล้วดูฉลากโภชนาการกันสิ ว่าได้อะไรจากการดื่มนม

ถามว่าอ่านถึงตรงนี้ ผมเกลียดนมไหม บ้า ใครจะไปเกลียดนม เหตุผลเดียวเลยที่ผมยกให้นมคือ "อร่อย" นมอร่อย ไอติมอร่อย ลาเต้ดีงาม แต่มันคือความอร่อยที่ให้สารอาหารนิดหน่อย ผมไม่ได้เกลียดนม แต่ผมก็ไม่ได้บอกว่าเรา "ต้อง" จะเป็นจะตายเพื่อหานมมาดื่ม ไม่ต้องไปทุรนทุรายว่า เห้ย ทำไมฉันไม่ได้ดื่มนมนะ OMG ชั้นจะป่วยแน่ๆ ชั้นจะไม่แข็งแรงแน่ๆ

ผมเกลียด fiat ที่ครอบหัวคนมากี่รุ่นว่า ถ้าไม่ดื่มนม จะไม่แข็งแรง get มะ 5555

แต่ผมไมได้บอกว่าผมถูกนะ ใครมีเหตุผลที่สนับสนุนว่าเรา "ต้อง" ดื่มนมแบบ “เด็ดขาด” “ห้ามขาดการดื่มนม” มาแชร์กัน ผมยินดีเรียนรู้นะ แต่ประเภทว่า ดื่มแล้วไม่เห็นเป็นไร สะดวกดีบางทีกินง่าย น้องดื่มแล้วตัวสูง ฉันดื่มแล้วตัวสูง อะไรพวกนี้ไม่เอานะ มัน emotion

#pirateketo #กูต้องรู้มั๊ย #ม้วนหางสิลูก #siamstr

@ 8d34bd24:414be32b

I used to hate end times prophecy because it didn’t make sense. I didn’t understand how the predictions could be true, so I wondered if the fulfillment was more figurative than literal. As time has progressed, I’ve seen technologies and international relations change in ways that make the predictions seem not only possible, but probable. I’ve seen the world look more and more like what is predicted for the end times.

I thought it would be handy to look at the predictions and compare them to events, technologies, and nations today. This is a major undertaking, so this will turn into a series. I only hope I can do it justice. I will have some links to news articles on these current events and technologies. Because I can’t remember where I’ve read many of these things, it is likely I will put some links to some news sources that I don’t normally recommend, but which do a decent job of covering the point I’m making. I’m sorry if I don’t always give a perfect source. I have limited time, so in some cases, I’ll link to the easy (main stream journals that show up high on web searches) rather than what I consider more reliable sources because of time constraints.

I also want to give one caveat to everything I discuss below. Although I do believe the signs suggest the Rapture and Tribulation are near, I can’t say exactly what that means or how soon these prophecies will be fulfilled. Could it be tomorrow, a month from now, a year from now, or 20 years from now? Yes, any of them could be true. Could it be even farther in the future? It could be, even if my interpretation of the data concludes that to be less likely.

I will start with a long passage from Matthew that describes what Jesus told His disciples to expect before “the end of the age.” Then I’ll go to some of the end times points that seemed unexplainable to me in the past. We’ll see where things go from there. I’ve already had to split discussion of this one passage into multiple posts due to length.

Jesus’s Signs of the End

As He was sitting on the Mount of Olives, the disciples came to Him privately, saying, “Tell us, when will these things happen, and what will be the sign of Your coming, and of the end of the age?”

And Jesus answered and said to them, “See to it that no one misleads you. For many will come in My name, saying, ‘I am the Christ,’ and will mislead many. You will be hearing of wars and rumors of wars. See that you are not frightened, for those things must take place, but that is not yet the end. For nation will rise against nation, and kingdom against kingdom, and in various places there will be famines and earthquakes. But all these things are merely the beginning of birth pangs.

“Then they will deliver you to tribulation, and will kill you, and you will be hated by all nations because of My name. At that time many will fall away and will betray one another and hate one another. Many false prophets will arise and will mislead many. Because lawlessness is increased, most people’s love will grow cold. But the one who endures to the end, he will be saved. This gospel of the kingdom shall be preached in the whole world as a testimony to all the nations, and then the end will come. (Matthew 24:3-14) {emphasis mine}

Before I go into the details I do want to clarify one thing. The verses that follow the above verses (Matthew 24:16-28) mention the “abomination of desolation” and therefore is clearly discussing the midpoint of the tribulation and the following 3.5 years or Great Tribulation. The first half of Matthew 24 discusses the birth pangs and the first half of the Tribulation. The signs that I discuss will be growing immediately preceding the Tribulation, but probably will not be completely fulfilled until the first 3.5 years of the Tribulation.

I do think we will see an increase of all of these signs before the 7 year Tribulation begins as part of the birth pangs even if they are not fulfilled completely until the Tribulation:

1. Wars and rumors of wars. (Matthew 24:6a)

2. Famines (Matthew 24:7)

3. Earthquakes (Matthew 24:7).

4. Israel will be attacked and will be hated by all nations (Matthew 24:9)

5. Falling away from Jesus (Matthew 24:10)

6. Many Misled (Matthew 24:10)

7. People’s love will grow cold (Matthew 24:12)

8. Gospel will be preached to the whole world (Matthew 24:14)

Now let’s go through each of these predictions to see what we are seeing today.

1. Wars and Rumors of Wars

When you hear of wars and disturbances, do not be terrified; for these things must take place first, but the end does not follow immediately.” (Luke 21:9)

In 1947 the doomsday clock was invented. It theoretically tells how close society is to all out war and destruction of mankind. It was just recently set to 89 seconds to midnight, the closest it has ever been. It is true that this isn’t a scientific measure and politics can effect the setting, i.e. climate change & Trump Derangement Syndrome, but it is still one of many indicators of danger and doom.

There are three main events going on right now that could lead to World War III and the end times.

Obviously the war between Russia and Ukraine has gotten the world divided. It is true that Russia invaded Ukraine, but there were many actions by the US and the EU that provoked this attack. Within months of the initial attack, there was a near agreement between Ukraine and Russia to end the war, but the US and the EU talked Ukraine out of peace, leading to hundreds of thousands of Ukrainians and Russians dying for basically no change of ground. Estimates of deaths vary greatly. See here, here, here. Almost all English sources list Russia as having many more deaths than Ukraine, but since Ukraine is now drafting kids and old men, is considering drafting women, and has most of its defensive capabilities destroyed, while Russia still seems to have plenty of men and weapons, I find this hard to believe. I don’t think any of the parties that have data are motivated to tell the truth. We probably will never know.

The way the EU (and the US until recently) has sacrificed everything to defend Ukraine (until this war known as the most corrupt nation in Europe and known for its actual Nazis) and to do everything in its power to keep the war with Russia going, things could easily escalate. The US and the EU have repeatedly crossed Russia’s red-lines. One of these days, Russia is likely to say “enough is enough” and actually attack Europe. This could easily spiral out of control. I do think that Trump’s pull back and negotiations makes this less likely to lead to world war than it seemed for the past several years. This article does a decent job of explaining the background for the war that most westerners, especially Americans, don’t understand.

Another less well known hot spot is the tension between China and Taiwan. Taiwan is closer politically to the US, but closer economically and culturally to China. This causes tension. Taiwan also produces the majority of the high tech microchips used in advanced technology. Both the US and China want and need this technology. I honestly believe this is the overarching issue regarding Taiwan. If either the US or China got control of Taiwan’s microchip production, it would be military and economic game over for the other. This is stewing, but I don’t think this will be the cause of world war 3, although it could become part of the war that leads to the Antichrist ruling the world.

The war that is likely to lead to the Tribulation involves Israel and the Middle East. Obviously, the Muslim nations hate Israel and attack them almost daily. We also see Iran, Russia, Turkey, and other nations making alliances that sound a lot like the Gog/Magog coalition in Ezekiel 38. The hate of Israel has grown to a level that makes zero sense unless you take into account the spiritual world and Bible prophecy. Such a small insignificant nation, that didn’t even exist for \~1900 years, shouldn’t have the influence on world politics that it does. It is about the size of the state of New Jersey. Most nations of Israel’s size, population, and economy are not even recognized by most people. Is there a person on earth that doesn’t know about Israel? I doubt it. Every nation on earth seems to have a strong positive or, more commonly, negative view of Israel. We’ll get to this hate of Israel more below in point 4.

2. Famines

In the two parallel passages to Matthew 24, there is once again the prediction of famines coming before the end.

For nation will rise up against nation, and kingdom against kingdom; there will be earthquakes in various places; there will also be famines. These things are merely the beginning of birth pangs. (Mark 13:8) {emphasis mine}

and there will be great earthquakes, and in various places plagues and famines; and there will be terrors and great signs from heaven. (Luke 21:11) {emphasis mine}

In Revelation, the third seal releases famine upon the earth and a day’s wages will only buy one person’s daily wheat needs. A man with a family would only be able to buy lower quality barley to barely feed his family.

When He broke the third seal, I heard the third living creature saying, “Come.” I looked, and behold, a black horse; and he who sat on it had a pair of scales in his hand. And I heard something like a voice in the center of the four living creatures saying, “A quart of wheat for a denarius, and three quarts of barley for a denarius; and do not damage the oil and the wine.” (Revelation 6:5-6) {emphasis mine}

We shouldn’t fear a Tribulation level famine as a precursor to the Tribulation, but we should see famines scattered around the world, shortages of different food items, and rising food prices, all of which we are seeing. (Once again, I can’t support many of these sources or verify all of their data, but they give us a feel of what is going on today.)

Food Prices Go Up

• Bird Flu scares and government responses cause egg and chicken prices to increase. The government response to the flu is actually causing more problems than the flu itself and it looks like this more dangerous version may have come out of a US lab.

• Tariffs and trade war cause some items to become more expensive or less available. here

• Ukraine war effecting the supply of grain and reducing availability of fertilizer. More info.

• Inflation and other effects causing food prices to go up. This is a poll from Americans.

- Grocery prices overall have increased around 23% since 2021, with prices on individual items like coffee and chocolate rising much faster.

• General Food inflation is difficult, but not life destroying for most of the world, but some nations are experiencing inflation that is causing many to be unable to afford food. Single digit food inflation is difficult, even in well-to-do nations, but in poor nations, where a majority of the people’s income already goes to food, it can be catastrophic. When you look at nations like Zimbabwe (105%), Venezuela (22%), South Sudan (106%), Malawi (38%), Lebanon (20%), Haiti (37%), Ghana (26%), Burundi (39%), Bolivia (35%), and Argentina (46%), you can see that there are some seriously hurting people. More info.

• It does look like general food inflation has gone down for the moment (inflation has gone down, but not necessarily prices), but there are many situations around the world that could make it go back up again.

• Wars causing famine

• Sudan: War has made an already poor and hurting country even worse off.

• Gaza: (When I did a web search, all of the sites that came up on the first couple of pages are Israel hating organizations that are trying to cause trouble and/or raise money, so there is major bias. I did link to one of these sites just to be thorough, but take into account the bias of the source.)

• Ukraine: Mostly covered above. The war in Ukraine has affected the people of Ukraine and the world negatively relative to food.

I’m sure there are plenty more evidences for famine or potential famine, but this gives a taste of what is going on.

Our global economy has good and bad effects on the food supply. Being able to transport food around the globe means that when one area has a bad crop, they can import food from another area that produced more than they need. On the other hand, sometimes an area stops producing food because they can import food more cheaply. If something disrupts that imported food (tariffs, trade wars, physical wars, transportation difficulties, intercountry disputes, etc.) then they suddenly have no food. We definitely have a fragile system, where there are many points that could fail and cause famine to abound.

The Bible also talks about another kind of famine in the end times.

“Behold, days are coming,” declares the Lord God,\ “When I will send a famine on the land,\ *Not a famine for bread or a thirst for water,\ But rather for hearing the words of the Lord*.\ People will stagger from sea to sea\ And from the north even to the east;\ They will go to and fro to seek the word of the Lord,\ But they will not find it**. (Amos 8:11-12) {emphasis mine}

We are definitely seeing a famine regarding the word of God. It isn’t that the word of God is not available, but even in churches, there is a lack of teaching the actual word of God from the Scriptures. Many churches teach more self-help or feel good messages than they do the word of God. Those looking to know God better are starving or thirsting for truth and God’s word. I know multiple people who have given up on assembling together in church because they can’t find a Bible believing, Scripture teaching church. How sad!

Although famine should be expected before the Tribulation, the good news is that no famine will separate us from our Savior.

Who will separate us from the love of Christ? Will tribulation, or distress, or persecution, or famine, or nakedness, or peril, or sword? (Romans 8:35) {emphasis mine}

3. Earthquakes

We recently saw a major \~7.8 earthquake in Myanmar. Although it seems like we are having many major earthquakes, it is more difficult to determine whether there is actually a major increase or if the seeming increase is due to increasing population to harm, more/better instrumentation, and/or more media coverage. We are definitely seeing lots of earthquake damage and loss of life. I tend to think the number and severity of earthquakes will increase even more before the Tribulation, but only time will tell.

4. Israel will be attacked and will be hated by all nations

“Then they will deliver you [Israel] to tribulation, and will kill you, and you will be hated by all nations because of My name. (Matthew 24:9) {emphasis & clarification mine}

This verse doesn’t specifically mention Israel. It says “you,” but since Jesus was talking to Jews, the best interpretation is that this warning is to the Jews. At the same time, we are also seeing attacks on Christians, so it likely refers to both Jews and Christians. I’m going to focus on Jews/Israel because I don’t think I need to convince most Christians that persecution is increasing.

We have been seeing hatred of Jews and Israel growing exponentially since the biblical prediction of a re-establishment of Israel was accomplished.

All end times prophecy focuses on Israel and requires Israel to be recreated again since it was destroyed in A.D. 70.

Who has heard such a thing? Who has seen such things?\ Can a land be born in one day?\ Can a nation be brought forth all at once?\ As soon as Zion travailed, she also brought forth her sons. (Isaiah 66:8)

• “British Foreign Minister Lord Balfour issued on November 2, 1917, the so-called Balfour Declaration, which gave official support for the “establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people” with the commitment not to be prejudiced against the rights of the non-Jewish communities.” In one day Israel was declared a nation.

• “On the day when the British Mandate in Palestine expired, the State of Israel was instituted on May 14, 1948, by the Jewish National Council under the presidency of David Ben Gurion.” Then on another day Israel actually came into being with a leader and citizens.

• “Six-Day War: after Egypt closed the Straits of Tiran on May 22, 1967, Israel launched an attack on Egyptian, Jordanian, Syrian, and Iraqi airports on June 5, 1967. After six days, Israel conquered Jerusalem, the Golan Heights, Sinai, and the West Bank.” On June 11, 1967 Jerusalem was conquered and once again became the capital of Israel.

If you read any of these links you can see the history of Israel being repeatedly attacked in an attempt to destroy Israel and stop God’s prophecy that Israel would be recreated and be used in the end times as part of the judgement of the world. This is a very good article on how God plans to use Israel in end times, how God will fulfill all of his promises to Israel, and how the attacks on Israel are Satan’s attempt to stop God’s plan. It is well worth you time to read and well supported by Scripture.

Since Israel became a new nation again, the nations of the world have ramped up their attacks on Israel and the Jews. The hatred of the Jews is hard to fathom. The Jews living in Israel have been constantly at risk of suicide bombers, terrorist attacks, rocket/missile attacks, etc. Almost daily attacks are common recently. The most significant recent attack happened on October 7th. Around 3,000 Hamas terrorists stormed across the border and attacked men, women, and children. About 1200 were killed, mostly civilians and even kids. In addition to murdering these innocent individuals, others were tortured, raped, and kidnapped as well.

You would expect the world to rally around a nation attacked in such a horrendous manner (like most of the world rallied around the US after 9/11), but instead you immediately saw protests supporting Palestine and condemning Israel. I’ve never seen something so upside down in my life. It is impossible to comprehend until you consider the spiritual implications. Satan has been trying to destroy Israel and the Jews since God made His first promise to Abraham. I will never claim that everything Israeli politicians and generals do is good, but the hate towards this tiny, insignificant nation is unfathomable and the world supporting terrorist attacks, instead of the victims of these attacks, is beyond belief.

Israel allows people of Jewish ancestry and Palestinian ancestry to be citizens and vote. There are Jews, Muslims, and Christians in the Knesset (Jewish Congress). Yes, Israel has responded harshly against the Palestinians and innocents have been harmed, but Israel repeatedly gave up land for peace and then that land has been used to attack them. I can’t really condemn them for choosing to risk the death of Palestinian innocents over risking the death of their own innocents. Hamas and Hezbollah are known for attacking innocents, and then using their own innocents as human shields. They then accuse their victims of atrocities when their human shields are harmed. The UN Human Rights council condemns Israel more than all other nations combined when there are atrocities being committed in many, many other nations that are as bad or worse. Why is the world focused on Israel and the Jews? It is because God loves them (despite their rejection of Him) and because Satan hates them.

Throughout history the world has tried to destroy the Jews, but thanks to God and His eternal plan, they are still here and standing strong. the hate is growing to a fevered pitch, just as predicted by Jesus.

This post has gotten so long that it can’t be emailed, so I will post the final 4 points in a follow-up post. I hope these details are helpful to you and seeing that all of the crazy, hate, and destruction occurring in the world today was known by God and is being used by God to His glory and are good according to His perfect plan.

When we see that everything happening in the world is just part of God’s perfect plan, we can have peace, knowing that God is in control. We need to lean on Him and trust Him just as a young child feels safe in his Fathers arms. At the same time, seeing the signs should encourage us to share the Gospel with unbelievers because our time is short. Don’t put off sharing Jesus with those around you because you might not get another chance.

Trust Jesus.

FYI, I hope to write several more articles on the end times (signs of the times, the rapture, the millennium, and the judgement), but I might be a bit slow rolling them out because I want to make sure they are accurate and well supported by Scripture. You can see my previous posts on the end times on the end times tab at trustjesus.substack.com. I also frequently will list upcoming posts.

@ 1c19eb1a:e22fb0bc

After my first major review of Primal on Android, we're going to go a very different direction for this next review. Primal is your standard "Twitter clone" type of kind 1 note client, now branching into long-form. They also have a team of developers working on making it one of the best clients to fill that use-case. By contrast, this review will not be focusing on any client at all. Not even an "other stuff" client.

Instead, we will be reviewing a very useful tool created and maintained by nostr:npub1w4uswmv6lu9yel005l3qgheysmr7tk9uvwluddznju3nuxalevvs2d0jr5 called #Amber. For those unfamiliar with Amber, it is an #Android application dedicated to managing your signing keys, and allowing you to log into various #Nostr applications without having to paste in your private key, better known as your #nsec. It is not recommended to paste your nsec into various applications because they each represent another means by which it could be compromised, and anyone who has your nsec can post as you. On Nostr, your #npub is your identity, and your signature using your private key is considered absolute proof that any given note, reaction, follow update, or profile change was authorized by the rightful owner of that identity.

It happens less often these days, but early on, when the only way to try out a new client was by inputting your nsec, users had their nsec compromised from time to time, or they would suspect that their key may have been compromised. When this occurs, there is no way to recover your account, or set a new private key, deprecating the previous one. The only thing you can do is start over from scratch, letting everyone know that your key has been compromised and to follow you on your new npub.

If you use Amber to log into other Nostr apps, you significantly reduce the likelihood that your private key will be compromised, because only one application has access to it, and all other applications reach out to Amber to sign any events. This isn't quite as secure as storing your private key on a separate device that isn't connected to the internet whatsoever, like many of us have grown accustomed to with securing our #Bitcoin, but then again, an online persona isn't nearly as important to secure for most of us as our entire life savings.

Amber is the first application of its kind for managing your Nostr keys on a mobile device. nostr:npub1w4uswmv6lu9yel005l3qgheysmr7tk9uvwluddznju3nuxalevvs2d0jr5 didn't merely develop the application, but literally created the specification for accomplishing external signing on Android which can be found in NIP-55. Unfortunately, Amber is only available for Android. A signer application for iOS is in the works from nostr:npub1yaul8k059377u9lsu67de7y637w4jtgeuwcmh5n7788l6xnlnrgs3tvjmf, but is not ready for use at this time. There is also a new mobile signer app for Android and iOS called Nowser, but I have not yet had a chance to try this app out. From a cursory look at the Android version, it is indeed in the very early stages of development and cannot be compared with Amber.

This review of Amber is current as of version 3.2.5.

Overall Impression

Score: 4.7 / 5 (Updated 4/21/2025)

I cannot speak highly enough about Amber as a tool that every Nostr user on Android should start using if they are not already. When the day comes that we have more options for well-developed signer apps on mobile, my opinion may very well change, but until then Amber is what we have available to us. Even so, it is an incredibly well thought-out and reliable tool for securing your nsec.

Despite being the only well-established Android signer available for Android, Amber can be compared with other external signing methods available on other platforms. Even with more competition in this arena, though, Amber still holds up incredibly well. If you are signing into web applications on a desktop, I still would recommend using a browser extension like #Alby or #Nos2x, as the experience is usually faster, more seamless, and far more web apps support this signing method (NIP-07) than currently support the two methods employed by Amber. Nevertheless that gap is definitely narrowing.

A running list I created of applications that support login and signing with Amber can be found here: Nostr Clients with External Signer Support

I have run into relatively few bugs in my extensive use of Amber for all of my mobile signing needs. Occasionally the application crashes when trying to send it a signing request from a couple of applications, but I would not be surprised if this is no fault of Amber at all, and rather the fault of those specific apps, since it works flawlessly with the vast majority of apps that support either NIP-55 or NIP-46 login.

I also believe that mobile is the ideal platform to use for this type of application. First, because most people use Nostr clients on their phone more than on a desktop. There are, of course, exceptions to that, but in general we spend more time on our phones when interacting online. New users are also more likely to be introduced to Nostr by a friend having them download a Nostr client on their phone than on a PC, and that can be a prime opportunity to introduce the new user to protecting their private key. Finally, I agree with the following assessment from nostr:npub1jlrs53pkdfjnts29kveljul2sm0actt6n8dxrrzqcersttvcuv3qdjynqn.

nostr:nevent1qqsw0r6gzn05xg67h5q2xkplwsuzedjxw9lf7ntrxjl8ajm350fcyugprfmhxue69uhhyetvv9ujumn0wd68yurvv438xtnrdaksyg9hyaxj3clfswlhyrd5kjsj5v04clhjvgeq6pwztmysfzdvn93gev7awu9v

The one downside to Amber is that it will be quite foreign for new users. That is partially unavoidable with Nostr, since folks are not accustomed to public/private key cryptography in general, let alone using a private key to log into websites or social media apps. However, the initial signup process is a bit cumbersome if Amber is being used as the means of initially generating a key pair. I think some of this could be foregone at start-up in favor of streamlining onboarding, and then encourage the user to back-up their private key at a later time.

Features

Amber has some features that may surprise you, outside of just storing your private key and signing requests from your favorite Nostr clients. It is a full key management application, supporting multiple accounts, various backup methods, and even the ability to authorize other users to access a Nostr profile you control.

Android Signing

This is the signing method where Amber really shines in both speed and ease of use. Any Android application that supports this standard, and even some progressive web-apps that can be installed to your Android's home-screen, can very quickly and seamlessly connect with Amber to authorize anything that you need signed with your nsec. All you have to do is select "Login with Amber" in clients like #Amethyst or #0xChat and the app will reach out to Amber for all signing requests from there on out. If you had previously signed into the app with your nsec, you will first need to log out, then choose the option to use Amber when you log back in.

This is a massive deal, because everything you do on Nostr requires a signature from your private key. Log in? Needs a signature. Post a "GM" note? Needs a signature. Follow someone who zapped your note? Needs a signature. Zap them back? You guessed it; needs a signature. When you paste your private key into an application, it will automatically sign a lot of these actions without you ever being asked for approval, but you will quickly realize just how many things the client is doing on your behalf when Amber is asking you to approve them each time.

Now, this can also get quite annoying after a while. I recommend using the setting that allows Amber to automatically sign for basic functions, which will cut down on some of the authorization spam. Once you have been asked to authorize the same type of action a few times, you can also toggle the option to automatically authorize that action in the future. Don't worry, though, you have full control to require Amber to ask you for permission again if you want to be alerted each time, and this toggle is specific to each application, so it's not a blanket approval for all Nostr clients you connect with.

This method of signing is just as fast as signing via browser extension on web clients, which users may be more accustomed to. Everything is happening locally on the device, so it can be very snappy and secure.

Nostr Connect/Bunker Signing

This next method of signing has a bit of a delay, because it is using a Nostr relay to send encrypted information back and forth between the app the user is interacting with and Amber to obtain signatures remotely. It isn't a significant delay most of the time, but it is just enough to be noticeable.

Also, unlike the previous signing method that would automatically switch to Amber as the active application when a signing request is sent, this method only sends you a notification that you must be watching for. This can lead to situations where you are wondering why something isn't working in a client you signed into remotely, because it is waiting on you to authorize the action and you didn't notice the notification from Amber. As you use the application, you get used to the need to check for such authorization requests from time to time, or when something isn't working as expected.

By default, Amber will use relay.nsec.app to communicate with whichever Nostr app you are connecting to. You can set a different relay for this purpose, if you like, though not just any relay will support the event kinds that Amber uses for remote signing. You can even run your own relay just for your own signing purposes. In fact, the creator of Amber has a relay application you can run on your phone, called Citrine, that can be used for signing with any web app you are using locally on your phone. This is definitely more of an advanced option, but it is there for you if you want it. For most users, sticking with relay.nsec.app will be just fine, especially since the contents of the events sent back and forth for signing are all encrypted.

Something many users may not realize is that this remote signing feature allows for issuing signing permissions to team members. For instance, if anyone ever joined me in writing reviews, I could issue them a connection string from Amber, and limit their permissions to just posting long-form draft events. Anything else they tried to do would require my explicit approval each time. Moreover, I could revoke those permissions if I ever felt they were being abused, without the need to start over with a whole new npub. Of course, this requires that your phone is online whenever a team member is trying to sign using the connection string you issued, and it requires you pay attention to your notifications so you can approve or reject requests you have not set to auto-approve. However, this is probably only useful for small teams, and larger businesses will want to find a more robust solution for managing access to their npub, such as Keycast from nostr:npub1zuuajd7u3sx8xu92yav9jwxpr839cs0kc3q6t56vd5u9q033xmhsk6c2uc.

The method for establishing a connection between Amber and a Nostr app for remote signing can vary for each app. Most, at minimum, will support obtaining a connection string from Amber that starts with "bunker://" and pasting it in at the time of login. Then you just need to approve the connection request from Amber and the client will log you in and send any subsequent signing requests to Amber using the same connection string.

Some clients will also offer the option to scan a QR code to connect the client to Amber. This is quite convenient, but just remember that this also means the client is setting which relay will be used for communication between the two. Clients with this option will also have a connection string you can copy and paste into Amber to achieve the same purpose. For instance, you may need this option if you are trying to connect to an app on your phone and therefore can't scan the QR code using Amber on the same phone.

Multiple Accounts

Amber does not lock you into using it with only a single set of keys. You can add all of your Nostr "accounts" to Amber and use it for signing events for each independently. Of course, Nostr doesn't actually have "accounts" in the traditional sense. Your identity is simply your key-pair, and Amber stores and accesses each private key as needed.

When first signing in using native Android signing as described above, Amber will default to whichever account was most recently selected, but you can switch to the account that is needed before approving the request. After initial login, Amber will automatically detect the account that the signing request is for.

Key Backup & Restore

Amber allows multiple ways to back up your private key. As most users would expect, you can get your standard nsec and copy/paste it to a password manager, but you can also obtain your private key as a list of mnemonic seed words, an encrypted version of your key called an ncryptsec, or even a QR code of your nsec or ncryptsec.

Additionally, in order to gain access to this information, Amber requires you to enter your device's PIN or use biometric authentication. This isn't cold-storage level protection for your private key by any means, especially since your phone is an internet connected device and does not store your key within a secure element, but it is about as secure as you can ask for while having your key accessible for signing Nostr events.

Tor Support

While Amber does not have Tor support within the app itself, it does support connecting to Tor through Orbot. This would be used with remote signing so that Amber would not connect directly over clearnet to the relay used for communication with the Nostr app requesting the signature. Instead, Amber would connect through Tor, so the relay would not see your IP address. This means you can utilize the remote signing option without compromising your anonymity.

Additional Security

Amber allows the user the option to require either biometric or PIN authentication before approving signing requests. This can provide that extra bit of assurance that no one will be able to sign events using your private key if they happen to gain access to your phone. The PIN you set in Amber is also independent from the PIN to unlock your device, allowing for separation of access.

Can My Grandma Use It?

Score: 4.6 / 5 (Updated 4/21/2025)

At the end of the day, Amber is a tool for those who have some concept of the importance of protecting their private key by not pasting it into every Nostr client that comes along. This concept in itself is not terribly approachable to an average person. They are used to just plugging their password into every service they use, and even worse, they usually have the same password for everything so they can more readily remember it. The idea that they should never enter their "Nostr password" into any Nostr application would never occur to them unless someone first explained how cryptography works related to public/private key pairs.

That said, I think there can be some improvements made to how users are introduced to these concepts, and that a signer application like Amber might be ideal for the job. Considering Amber as a new user's first touch-point with Nostr, I think it holds up well, but could be somewhat streamlined.

Upon opening the app, the user is prompted to either use their existing private key or "Create a new Nostr account." This is straightforward enough. "Account" is not a technically correct term with Nostr, but it is a term that new users would be familiar with and understand the basic concept.

The next screen announces that the account is ready, and presents the user with their public key, explaining that it is "a sort of username" that will allow others to find them on Nostr. While it is good to explain this to the user, it is unnecessary information at this point. This screen also prompts the user to set a nickname and set a password to encrypt their private key. Since the backup options also allow the user to set this password, I think this step could be pushed to a later time. This screen would better serve the new user if it simply prompted them to set a nickname and short bio that could be saved to a few default relays.

Of course, Amber is currently prompting for a password to be set up-front because the next screen requires the new user to download a "backup kit" in order to continue. While I do believe it is a good idea to encourage the creation of a backup, it is not crucial to do so immediately upon creation of a new npub that has nothing at stake if the private key is lost. This is something the UI could remind the user to do at a later time, reducing the friction of profile creation, and expediting getting them into the action.

Outside of these minor onboarding friction points, I think Amber does a great job of explaining to the user the purpose of each of its features, all within the app and without any need to reference external documentation. As long as the user understands the basic concept that their private key is being stored by Amber in order to sign requests from other Nostr apps, so they don't have to be given the private key, Amber is very good about explaining the rest without getting too far into the technical weeds.

The most glaring usability issue with Amber is that it isn't available in the Play Store. Average users expect to be able to find applications they can trust in their mobile device's default app store. There is a valid argument to be made that they are incorrect in this assumption, but that doesn't change the fact that this is the assumption most people make. They believe that applications in the Play Store are "safe" and that anything they can't install through the Play Store is suspect. The prompts that the Android operating system requires the user to approve when installing "unknown apps" certainly doesn't help with this impression.

Now, I absolutely love the Zapstore from nostr:npub1wf4pufsucer5va8g9p0rj5dnhvfeh6d8w0g6eayaep5dhps6rsgs43dgh9, but it doesn't do much to alleviate this issue. Users will still need to be convinced that it is safe to install the Zapstore from the GitHub repo, and then install Amber from there. Furthermore, this adds yet another step to the onboarding process.

Instead of:

• Install Amber
• Set up your keys
• Install the client you want to use
• Log in with Amber

The process becomes:

• Go to the Zapstore GitHub and download the latest version from the releases page.
• Install the APK you downloaded, allowing any prompt to install unknown apps.
• Open Zapstore and install Amber, allowing any prompt to install unknown apps again.
• Open Amber and set up your keys.
• Install the client you want to use
• Log in with Amber

An application as important as Amber for protecting users' private keys should be as readily available to the new user as possible. New users are the ones most prone to making mistakes that could compromise their private keys. Amber should be available to them in the Play Store.

UPDATE: As of version 3.2.8 released on 4/21/2025, the onboarding flow for Amber has been greatly improved! Now, when selecting to set up a new "account" the user is informed on the very next screen, "Your Nostr account is ready!" and given their public key/npub. The only field the user must fill in is their "nickname"/display name and hit "Continue."

From there the user is asked if they want Amber to automatically approve basic actions, or manually approve each app, and then they are shown a new Applications screen, with a prompt to create a backup of their account. This prompt persists until the user has done so.

As you can see, the user is also encouraged to find applications that can be used with Amber with links to nostrapps.com and the Zapstore.

Thanks to these updates, Amber is now the smoothest and most user-friendly onboarding experience I have seen for Nostr to date. Sure, it doesn't have anything for setting up a profile picture or lightning address, but that is better done in a client like Amethyst or YakiHonne, anyway. Just tap "create," type in a handle to call yourself, and you're done!

How do UI Look?

Score: 4.5 / 5

Amber's UI can be described as clean but utilitarian. But then, Amber is a tool, so this is somewhat expected. It is not an app you will be spending a lot of time in, so the UI just needs to be serviceable. I would say it accomplishes this and then some. UI elements are generally easy to understand what they do, and page headings fill in the gaps where that is not the case.

I am not the biggest fan of the color-scheme, particularly in light-mode, but it is not bad in dark-mode at all, and Amber follows whatever theme you have set for your device in that respect. Additionally, the color choice does make sense given the application's name.

It must also be taken into consideration that Amber is almost entirely the product of a single developer's work. He has done a great job producing an app that is not only useful, but pleasant to interact with. The same cannot be said for most utility apps I have previously used, with interfaces that clearly made good design the lowest priority. While Amber's UI may not be the most beautiful Nostr app I have seen, design was clearly not an afterthought, either, and it is appreciated.

Relay Management

Score: 4.9 / 5

Even though Amber is not a Nostr client, where users can browse notes from their favorite npubs, it still relies heavily on relays for some of its features. Primarily, it uses relays for communicating with other Nostr apps for remote signing requests. However, it also uses relays to fetch profile data, so that each private key you add to Amber will automatically load your chosen username and profile picture.

In the relay settings, users can choose which relays are being used to fetch profile data, and which relays will be used by default when creating new remote signing connection strings.

The user can also see which relays are currently connected to Amber and even look at the information that has been passed back and forth on each of those active relays. This information about actively connected relays is not only available within the application, but also in the notification that Amber has to keep in your device's notification tray in order to continue to operate in the background while you are using other apps.

Optionality is the name of the game when it comes to how Amber handles relay selection. The user can just stick with the default signing relay, use their own relay as the default, or even use a different relay for each Nostr application that they connect to for remote signing. Amber gives the user an incredible amount of flexibility in this regard.

In addition to all of this, because not all relays accept the event types needed for remote signing, when you add a relay address to Amber, it automatically tests that relay to see if it will work. This alone can be a massive time saver, so users aren't trying to use relays that don't support remote signing and wondering why they can't log into noStrudel with the connection string they got from Amber.

The only way I could see relay management being improved would be some means of giving the user relay recommendations, in case they want to use a relay other than relay.nsec.app, but they aren't sure which other relays will accept remote signing events. That said, most users who want to use a different relay for signing remote events will likely be using their own, in which case recommendations aren't needed.

Current Users' Questions

The AskNostr hashtag can be a good indication of the pain points that other users are currently having with any Nostr application. Here are some of the most common questions submitted about Amber in the last two months.

nostr:nevent1qqsfrdr68fafgcvl8dgnhm9hxpsjxuks78afxhu8yewhtyf3d7mkg9gpzemhxue69uhhyetvv9ujumn0wd68ytnzv9hxgq3qkgh77xxt7hhtt4u528hecnx69rhagla8jj3tclgyf9wvkxa6dc0sxp0e6m

This is a good example of Amber working correctly, but the app the user is trying to log into not working. In my experience with #Olas in particular, it sometimes allows remote signer login, and sometimes doesn't. Amber will receive the signing request and I will approve it, but Olas remains on the login screen.

If Amber is receiving the signing requests, and you are approving them, the fault is likely with the application you are trying to log into.

That's it. That's all the repeated questions I could find. Oh, there were a few one-off questions where relay.nsec.app wouldn't connect, or where the user's out-of-date web browser was the issue. Outside of that, though, there were no common questions about how to use Amber, and that is a testament to Amber's ease of use all on its own.

Wrap Up

If you are on Android and you are not already using Amber to protect your nsec, please do yourself a favor and get it installed. It's not at all complicated to set up, and it will make trying out all the latest Nostr clients a safe and pleasant experience.

If you are a client developer and you have not added support for NIP-55 or NIP-46, do your users the courtesy of respecting the sanctity of their private keys. Even developers who have no intention of compromising their users' keys can inadvertently do so. Make that eventuality impossible by adding support for NIP-55 and NIP-46 signing.

Finally, I apologize for the extended time it took me to get this review finished. The time I have available is scarce, Nostr is distracting, and nostr:npub1w4uswmv6lu9yel005l3qgheysmr7tk9uvwluddznju3nuxalevvs2d0jr5 kept improving Amber even as I was putting it through its paces over the last two months. Keep shipping, my friend! You have made one of the most useful tools we have seen for Nostr to date!

Now... What should I review next?

@ 4ba8e86d:89d32de4

Tutorial feito por nostr:nostr:npub1rc56x0ek0dd303eph523g3chm0wmrs5wdk6vs0ehd0m5fn8t7y4sqra3tk poste original abaixo:

Parte 1 : http://xh6liiypqffzwnu5734ucwps37tn2g6npthvugz3gdoqpikujju525yd.onion/263585/tutorial-debloat-de-celulares-android-via-adb-parte-1

Parte 2 : http://xh6liiypqffzwnu5734ucwps37tn2g6npthvugz3gdoqpikujju525yd.onion/index.php/263586/tutorial-debloat-de-celulares-android-via-adb-parte-2

Quando o assunto é privacidade em celulares, uma das medidas comumente mencionadas é a remoção de bloatwares do dispositivo, também chamado de debloat. O meio mais eficiente para isso sem dúvidas é a troca de sistema operacional. Custom Rom’s como LineageOS, GrapheneOS, Iodé, CalyxOS, etc, já são bastante enxutos nesse quesito, principalmente quanto não é instalado os G-Apps com o sistema. No entanto, essa prática pode acabar resultando em problemas indesejados como a perca de funções do dispositivo, e até mesmo incompatibilidade com apps bancários, tornando este método mais atrativo para quem possui mais de um dispositivo e separando um apenas para privacidade.   Pensando nisso, pessoas que possuem apenas um único dispositivo móvel, que são necessitadas desses apps ou funções, mas, ao mesmo tempo, tem essa visão em prol da privacidade, buscam por um meio-termo entre manter a Stock rom, e não ter seus dados coletados por esses bloatwares. Felizmente, a remoção de bloatwares é possível e pode ser realizada via root, ou mais da maneira que este artigo irá tratar, via adb.

O que são bloatwares?

Bloatware é a junção das palavras bloat (inchar) + software (programa), ou seja, um bloatware é basicamente um programa inútil ou facilmente substituível — colocado em seu dispositivo previamente pela fabricante e operadora — que está no seu dispositivo apenas ocupando espaço de armazenamento, consumindo memória RAM e pior, coletando seus dados e enviando para servidores externos, além de serem mais pontos de vulnerabilidades.

O que é o adb?

O Android Debug Brigde, ou apenas adb, é uma ferramenta que se utiliza das permissões de usuário shell e permite o envio de comandos vindo de um computador para um dispositivo Android exigindo apenas que a depuração USB esteja ativa, mas também pode ser usada diretamente no celular a partir do Android 11, com o uso do Termux e a depuração sem fio (ou depuração wifi). A ferramenta funciona normalmente em dispositivos sem root, e também funciona caso o celular esteja em Recovery Mode.

Requisitos:

Para computadores:

• Depuração USB ativa no celular; • Computador com adb; • Cabo USB;

Para celulares:

• Depuração sem fio (ou depuração wifi) ativa no celular; • Termux; • Android 11 ou superior;

Para ambos:

• Firewall NetGuard instalado e configurado no celular; • Lista de bloatwares para seu dispositivo;

Ativação de depuração:

Para ativar a Depuração USB em seu dispositivo, pesquise como ativar as opções de desenvolvedor de seu dispositivo, e lá ative a depuração. No caso da depuração sem fio, sua ativação irá ser necessária apenas no momento que for conectar o dispositivo ao Termux.

Instalação e configuração do NetGuard

O NetGuard pode ser instalado através da própria Google Play Store, mas de preferência instale pela F-Droid ou Github para evitar telemetria.

F-Droid: https://f-droid.org/packages/eu.faircode.netguard/

Github: https://github.com/M66B/NetGuard/releases

Após instalado, configure da seguinte maneira:

Configurações → padrões (lista branca/negra) → ative as 3 primeiras opções (bloquear wifi, bloquear dados móveis e aplicar regras ‘quando tela estiver ligada’);

Configurações → opções avançadas → ative as duas primeiras (administrar aplicativos do sistema e registrar acesso a internet);

Com isso, todos os apps estarão sendo bloqueados de acessar a internet, seja por wifi ou dados móveis, e na página principal do app basta permitir o acesso a rede para os apps que você vai usar (se necessário). Permita que o app rode em segundo plano sem restrição da otimização de bateria, assim quando o celular ligar, ele já estará ativo.

Lista de bloatwares

Nem todos os bloatwares são genéricos, haverá bloatwares diferentes conforme a marca, modelo, versão do Android, e até mesmo região.

Para obter uma lista de bloatwares de seu dispositivo, caso seu aparelho já possua um tempo de existência, você encontrará listas prontas facilmente apenas pesquisando por elas. Supondo que temos um Samsung Galaxy Note 10 Plus em mãos, basta pesquisar em seu motor de busca por:

Samsung Galaxy Note 10 Plus bloatware list

Provavelmente essas listas já terão inclusas todos os bloatwares das mais diversas regiões, lhe poupando o trabalho de buscar por alguma lista mais específica.

Caso seu aparelho seja muito recente, e/ou não encontre uma lista pronta de bloatwares, devo dizer que você acaba de pegar em merda, pois é chato para um caralho pesquisar por cada aplicação para saber sua função, se é essencial para o sistema ou se é facilmente substituível.

De antemão já aviso, que mais para frente, caso vossa gostosura remova um desses aplicativos que era essencial para o sistema sem saber, vai acabar resultando na perda de alguma função importante, ou pior, ao reiniciar o aparelho o sistema pode estar quebrado, lhe obrigando a seguir com uma formatação, e repetir todo o processo novamente.

Download do adb em computadores

Para usar a ferramenta do adb em computadores, basta baixar o pacote chamado SDK platform-tools, disponível através deste link: https://developer.android.com/tools/releases/platform-tools. Por ele, você consegue o download para Windows, Mac e Linux.

Uma vez baixado, basta extrair o arquivo zipado, contendo dentro dele uma pasta chamada platform-tools que basta ser aberta no terminal para se usar o adb.

Download do adb em celulares com Termux.

Para usar a ferramenta do adb diretamente no celular, antes temos que baixar o app Termux, que é um emulador de terminal linux, e já possui o adb em seu repositório. Você encontra o app na Google Play Store, mas novamente recomendo baixar pela F-Droid ou diretamente no Github do projeto.

F-Droid: https://f-droid.org/en/packages/com.termux/

Github: https://github.com/termux/termux-app/releases

Processo de debloat

Antes de iniciarmos, é importante deixar claro que não é para você sair removendo todos os bloatwares de cara sem mais nem menos, afinal alguns deles precisam antes ser substituídos, podem ser essenciais para você para alguma atividade ou função, ou até mesmo são insubstituíveis.

Alguns exemplos de bloatwares que a substituição é necessária antes da remoção, é o Launcher, afinal, é a interface gráfica do sistema, e o teclado, que sem ele só é possível digitar com teclado externo. O Launcher e teclado podem ser substituídos por quaisquer outros, minha recomendação pessoal é por aqueles que respeitam sua privacidade, como Pie Launcher e Simple Laucher, enquanto o teclado pelo OpenBoard e FlorisBoard, todos open-source e disponíveis da F-Droid.

Identifique entre a lista de bloatwares, quais você gosta, precisa ou prefere não substituir, de maneira alguma você é obrigado a remover todos os bloatwares possíveis, modifique seu sistema a seu bel-prazer. O NetGuard lista todos os apps do celular com o nome do pacote, com isso você pode filtrar bem qual deles não remover.

Um exemplo claro de bloatware insubstituível e, portanto, não pode ser removido, é o com.android.mtp, um protocolo onde sua função é auxiliar a comunicação do dispositivo com um computador via USB, mas por algum motivo, tem acesso a rede e se comunica frequentemente com servidores externos. Para esses casos, e melhor solução mesmo é bloquear o acesso a rede desses bloatwares com o NetGuard.

MTP tentando comunicação com servidores externos:

Executando o adb shell

No computador

Faça backup de todos os seus arquivos importantes para algum armazenamento externo, e formate seu celular com o hard reset. Após a formatação, e a ativação da depuração USB, conecte seu aparelho e o pc com o auxílio de um cabo USB. Muito provavelmente seu dispositivo irá apenas começar a carregar, por isso permita a transferência de dados, para que o computador consiga se comunicar normalmente com o celular.

Já no pc, abra a pasta platform-tools dentro do terminal, e execute o seguinte comando:

./adb start-server

O resultado deve ser:

daemon not running; starting now at tcp:5037 daemon started successfully

E caso não apareça nada, execute:

./adb kill-server

E inicie novamente.

Com o adb conectado ao celular, execute:

./adb shell

Para poder executar comandos diretamente para o dispositivo. No meu caso, meu celular é um Redmi Note 8 Pro, codinome Begonia.

Logo o resultado deve ser:

begonia:/ $

Caso ocorra algum erro do tipo:

adb: device unauthorized. This adb server’s $ADB_VENDOR_KEYS is not set Try ‘adb kill-server’ if that seems wrong. Otherwise check for a confirmation dialog on your device.

Verifique no celular se apareceu alguma confirmação para autorizar a depuração USB, caso sim, autorize e tente novamente. Caso não apareça nada, execute o kill-server e repita o processo.

No celular

Após realizar o mesmo processo de backup e hard reset citado anteriormente, instale o Termux e, com ele iniciado, execute o comando:

pkg install android-tools

Quando surgir a mensagem “Do you want to continue? [Y/n]”, basta dar enter novamente que já aceita e finaliza a instalação

Agora, vá até as opções de desenvolvedor, e ative a depuração sem fio. Dentro das opções da depuração sem fio, terá uma opção de emparelhamento do dispositivo com um código, que irá informar para você um código em emparelhamento, com um endereço IP e porta, que será usado para a conexão com o Termux.

Para facilitar o processo, recomendo que abra tanto as configurações quanto o Termux ao mesmo tempo, e divida a tela com os dois app’s, como da maneira a seguir:

Para parear o Termux com o dispositivo, não é necessário digitar o ip informado, basta trocar por “localhost”, já a porta e o código de emparelhamento, deve ser digitado exatamente como informado. Execute:

adb pair localhost:porta CódigoDeEmparelhamento

De acordo com a imagem mostrada anteriormente, o comando ficaria “adb pair localhost:41255 757495”.

Com o dispositivo emparelhado com o Termux, agora basta conectar para conseguir executar os comandos, para isso execute:

adb connect localhost:porta

Obs: a porta que você deve informar neste comando não é a mesma informada com o código de emparelhamento, e sim a informada na tela principal da depuração sem fio.

Pronto! Termux e adb conectado com sucesso ao dispositivo, agora basta executar normalmente o adb shell:

adb shell

Remoção na prática Com o adb shell executado, você está pronto para remover os bloatwares. No meu caso, irei mostrar apenas a remoção de um app (Google Maps), já que o comando é o mesmo para qualquer outro, mudando apenas o nome do pacote.

Dentro do NetGuard, verificando as informações do Google Maps:

Podemos ver que mesmo fora de uso, e com a localização do dispositivo desativado, o app está tentando loucamente se comunicar com servidores externos, e informar sabe-se lá que peste. Mas sem novidades até aqui, o mais importante é que podemos ver que o nome do pacote do Google Maps é com.google.android.apps.maps, e para o remover do celular, basta executar:

pm uninstall –user 0 com.google.android.apps.maps

E pronto, bloatware removido! Agora basta repetir o processo para o resto dos bloatwares, trocando apenas o nome do pacote.

Para acelerar o processo, você pode já criar uma lista do bloco de notas com os comandos, e quando colar no terminal, irá executar um atrás do outro.

Exemplo de lista:

Caso a donzela tenha removido alguma coisa sem querer, também é possível recuperar o pacote com o comando:

cmd package install-existing nome.do.pacote

Pós-debloat

Após limpar o máximo possível o seu sistema, reinicie o aparelho, caso entre no como recovery e não seja possível dar reboot, significa que você removeu algum app “essencial” para o sistema, e terá que formatar o aparelho e repetir toda a remoção novamente, desta vez removendo poucos bloatwares de uma vez, e reiniciando o aparelho até descobrir qual deles não pode ser removido. Sim, dá trabalho… quem mandou querer privacidade?

Caso o aparelho reinicie normalmente após a remoção, parabéns, agora basta usar seu celular como bem entender! Mantenha o NetGuard sempre executando e os bloatwares que não foram possíveis remover não irão se comunicar com servidores externos, passe a usar apps open source da F-Droid e instale outros apps através da Aurora Store ao invés da Google Play Store.

Referências: Caso você seja um Australopithecus e tenha achado este guia difícil, eis uma videoaula (3:14:40) do Anderson do canal Ciberdef, realizando todo o processo: http://odysee.com/@zai:5/Como-remover-at%C3%A9-200-APLICATIVOS-que-colocam-a-sua-PRIVACIDADE-E-SEGURAN%C3%87A-em-risco.:4?lid=6d50f40314eee7e2f218536d9e5d300290931d23

Pdf’s do Anderson citados na videoaula: créditos ao anon6837264 http://eternalcbrzpicytj4zyguygpmkjlkddxob7tptlr25cdipe5svyqoqd.onion/file/3863a834d29285d397b73a4af6fb1bbe67c888d72d30/t-05e63192d02ffd.pdf

Processo de instalação do Termux e adb no celular: https://youtu.be/APolZrPHSms

@ 502ab02a:a2860397

แดดกับ Infradian Rhythm จังหวะลึกล้ำของชีวิตที่ธรรมชาติกำหนด เวลาเราพูดถึง "วงจรชีวิต" คนส่วนใหญ่จะนึกถึงแค่การนอนตื่นตามรอบวัน หรือ circadian rhythm ที่พระอาทิตย์ขึ้นแล้วเราตื่น พระอาทิตย์ตกแล้วเราง่วง แต่จริง ๆ แล้วร่างกายมนุษย์นั้นลึกซึ้งกว่านั้นมากครับ เพราะนอกจาก circadian rhythm แล้วเรายังมีจังหวะชีวภาพอีกชนิดนึงที่ชื่อว่า "Infradian Rhythm" ซึ่งไม่ได้เดินเป็นรอบวัน แต่เป็นรอบที่ยาวกว่านั้น อาจเป็นรอบสัปดาห์ หรือแม้แต่รอบเดือน และหนึ่งในตัวตั้งจังหวะชั้นดีนี้ที่ใครหลายคนมองข้าม ก็คือ "แดด" นั่นเองครับ

Infradian Rhythm คืออะไร? คำว่า Infradian มาจากรากศัพท์ละติน "infra" ที่แปลว่า "ต่ำกว่า" หรือ "ยาวกว่า" และ "diem" ที่แปลว่า "วัน" เพราะฉะนั้น Infradian จึงหมายถึงวงจรชีวภาพที่นานกว่าหนึ่งวัน เช่น - วัฏจักรรอบเดือนของผู้หญิง (ประมาณ 28 วัน) - จังหวะของระบบภูมิคุ้มกัน (ที่มีกลไกการตอบสนองขึ้นลงตามรอบ) - วัฏจักรการหลั่งฮอร์โมน เช่น testosterone ในผู้ชาย ที่ขึ้นลงเป็นรายสัปดาห์ - จังหวะของอารมณ์หรือพลังชีวิต ที่มี pattern ประจำสัปดาห์หรือเดือน

วงจรเหล่านี้ไม่ได้ใช้แค่เวลาบอกจังหวะ แต่ต้องการสิ่งกระตุ้น (zeitgeber) จากธรรมชาติ เช่น แสง เสียง อุณหภูมิ และโดยเฉพาะอย่างยิ่ง แสงแดด ผมลองรวบรวมสรุปเป็นหมวดๆให้เพื่อเห็นภาพรวมง่ายขึ้นนะครับ

หมวดที่ 1 แดดกับ Infradian Rhythm ของผู้หญิง สำหรับผู้หญิง แดดมีบทบาทโดยตรงกับรอบเดือนผ่านหลายกลไก เช่น 1.1 แสงแดดกับวิตามิน D วิตามิน D ที่สร้างจากแสง UVB มีผลต่อการควบคุมระดับฮอร์โมนเพศหญิง เช่น estrogen และ progesterone หากขาดแดด วงจรฮอร์โมนอาจรวน ทำให้มีอาการ PMS หนัก อารมณ์แกว่ง หรือรอบเดือนมาไม่ปกติ 1.2 แดดกับการหลั่ง melatonin แสงแดดยามเช้าช่วยหยุดการผลิต melatonin และเปิดการผลิต cortisol อย่างสมดุล ซึ่งเป็นกลไกสำคัญที่ควบคุมการสร้าง LH และ FSH (ฮอร์โมนที่ควบคุมการตกไข่) 1.3 Infrared light กับไมโทคอนเดรีย แดดบ่ายที่มีรังสีอินฟราเรดช่วยกระตุ้นพลังงานในระดับเซลล์ ซึ่งส่งผลต่อการซ่อมแซมและปรับสมดุลฮอร์โมนระยะยาว

หมวดที่ 2 แดดกับ Infradian Rhythm ของผู้ชาย แม้ผู้ชายจะไม่มีรอบเดือน แต่ก็มี Infradian เช่นกัน โดยเฉพาะในระบบฮอร์โมนและอารมณ์ครับ 2.1 Testosterone fluctuation แสงแดดช่วยกระตุ้นการหลั่ง testosterone โดยเฉพาะแสงแดดที่สัมผัสผิวหนังและดวงตา การได้รับแดดสม่ำเสมอช่วยให้ร่างกายเข้าสู่วงจรการผลิตฮอร์โมนที่เหมาะสม และไม่เหวี่ยงมาก 2.2 แดดกับการนอน แสงแดดยามเช้ารีเซ็ตวงจรการนอน ทำให้ testosterone หลั่งดีขึ้นในช่วงเช้ามืด (ซึ่งเป็นเวลาที่ร่างกายผลิตฮอร์โมนนี้มากที่สุด) 2.3 แดดกับการซ่อมแซมกล้ามเนื้อ รังสี Infrared และ Red light จากแดดบ่ายช่วยให้ไมโทคอนเดรียในกล้ามเนื้อทำงานดีขึ้น ซึ่งสอดคล้องกับรอบการฟื้นฟูแบบ Infradian ของกล้ามเนื้อหลังออกกำลังกาย

หมวดที่ 3 แดดกับ Infradian Rhythm ในผู้สูงอายุ เมื่ออายุมากขึ้น ร่างกายมักจะสูญเสียจังหวะธรรมชาติไปทีละน้อย ในหมวดนี้เลยแสดงถึงความสัมพันธ์ตามวัยครับ 3.1 ฮอร์โมนลดลง การตอบสนองต่อแสงก็ลดลง ผู้สูงวัยมักผลิต melatonin ลดลง ทำให้นอนไม่ลึกและส่งผลต่อระบบภูมิคุ้มกันที่มีจังหวะ Infradian 3.2 แสงแดดช่วยชะลอการเสื่อม งานวิจัยหลายชิ้นพบว่าแดดช่วยชะลอความเสื่อมของจังหวะชีวภาพในสมอง โดยช่วยลดภาวะซึมเศร้าและชะลอการเสื่อมของสมอง (เช่น Alzheimer) 3.3 ไนตริกออกไซด์ (NO) รังสี UVA จากแดดกระตุ้นการปล่อย NO จากผิวหนัง ซึ่งช่วยเรื่องความดันโลหิตและการไหลเวียนเลือดแบบรอบสัปดาห์ ส่งผลดีต่อหัวใจในระยะยาว

ดังนั้นเมื่อเอาทั้งหมดมาขมวดรวมกันจะพบว่า กลไกสำคัญที่แดดกระทบกับ Infradian Rhythm มีภาพร่างดังนี้ครับ 1.Vitamin D จาก UVB ช่วยสร้างสมดุลฮอร์โมน, สนับสนุนภูมิคุ้มกัน 2.Nitric Oxide (NO) จาก UVA ช่วยขยายหลอดเลือด, ลดการอักเสบเรื้อรัง 3.Melatonin และ Cortisol แดดยามเช้าควบคุมการตื่นและการนอนอย่างมีจังหวะ 4.Infrared Light ช่วงแดดบ่ายแก่ ช่วยซ่อมแซมเซลล์, สนับสนุนการฟื้นตัว 5.Circannual และ Infradian Crosslink แสงแดดฤดูต่าง ๆ (ที่มีช่วงคลื่นต่างกัน) ส่งผลให้จังหวะรอบเดือนและภูมิคุ้มกันเปลี่ยนไปตามฤดูกาล

ซึ่งถ้าอ่านแล้วบางอย่างดูยังสับสนว่าเอ๊ะมันควรจะเป็น circadian rhythm ไม่ใช่เหรอ เช่น การนอน คือมันสามารถอธิบายได้สั้นๆว่า มันมีการทับซ้อนกันครับ ที่เราแยกเป็นเรื่องนี้มาพูดคุยกันเพราะมันมีความสัมพันธ์กันอยู่ อย่างที่คุยกันเสมอๆว่า ร่างกายต้องมองเป็น spectrum ไม่ใช่ binary คอมพิวเตอร์ 011001

โดยตรงแล้ว Sleep–Wake Cycle เราคุมกันที่ Circadian กับ Homeostatic Drive มากกว่า แต่ Infradian ก็อาจส่งผลทางอ้อมผ่านทาง ฮอร์โมนเอสโตรเจนและโปรเจสเตอโรนขึ้น–ลงตามรอบเดือน ส่งผลต่อคุณภาพการนอน เช่น ช่วงใกล้มีประจำเดือนอาจนอนหลับไม่ลึก หรือช่วงวัยทอง (perimenopause) ที่ Infradian เริ่มเปลี่ยนฮอร์โมน จะมีอาการร้อนวูบวาบ ตื่นกลางดึกบ่อยขึ้น หรือแม้แต่ อาการซึมเศร้าตามฤดูกาล (Infradian รายปี) มักเกิดฤดูหนาว ซึ่งแสงน้อย ทำให้ Circadian ฟั่นเฟือนไปด้วย ทำให้นอนมากขึ้นหรือนอนไม่หลับตามฤดู แม้กระทั่งสัมพันธ์ทางพฤติกรรม งานวิจัยบางชิ้นชี้ว่ามนุษย์อาจมีแนวโน้มอยากนอนเพิ่มขึ้นในช่วงปลายสัปดาห์ (weekend catch-up sleep) ซึ่งเป็น Infradian รายสัปดาห์ที่เกิดจากพฤติกรรมสังคมและสะสม Homeostatic Drive

ทีนี้พอจะเข้าใจแล้วใช่ไหมครับว่า ทำไมเราควรเลิกถามเสียทีว่า "ตากแดดเวลาไหนดีที่สุด", "ตากแดดนานแค่ไหนดีที่สุด" จะให้ตอบยังไง? มันแงะออกมาไม่ได้ครับ เราอย่ายึดติดกับการสรุป สรุป สรุป สรุปสิว่าตกลงต้องยังไง การเสพโซเชียลทำให้เราเคยชินกับความฉาบฉวย คัดย่อ จนหลงลืมรายละเอียดว่า โลกแห่งชีวะคือความสัมพันธ์ พารายังไม่ได้แค่แก้ปวดเลย จะนับอะไรกับแดด

คำตอบที่ดีที่สุดผมคิดว่ามันคือ "เลิกถามจุ๊กจิ๊ก แล้วหัดออกไปตากให้ได้ก่อน เปิดตา เปิดหู ปิดปาก" จากนั้นค่อยเอาข้อสงสัยจากการตาก ข้อสงสัยจากการอ่าน มาประมวลผลเองก่อนว่า มีอะไรที่สามารถตอบกันได้บ้างไหม

อย่างที่เราเคยเปรียบเปรยกันครับ แดดไม่ใช่แค่แสง แต่คือผู้อำนวยเพลงที่ประสานเสียงร่างกายทุกจังหวะ ในขณะที่ไฟฟ้าทำให้เราลืมจังหวะธรรมชาติ แดดยังอยู่ตรงนั้น คอยเคาะจังหวะอย่างอดทน รอให้เรากลับมาได้ยินเสียงของตัวเองอีกครั้งหนึ่ง ไม่ใช่แค่เสียงในวันนี้ แต่คือเสียงของชีวิตในรอบเดือน หน้า และปีต่อไป

แดด…ไม่เคยหายไปจากเราเลย มีแต่เราที่ห่างหายไปจากแดดเสียเอง

ตากไปก่อนเหอะ แล้วค่อยถาม "บ่อยเท่าที่ได้ นานเท่าที่ไหว"

ส่วนใครอ่านบทนี้แล้วงง ไม่ต้องเครียดครับ บทต่อๆไปจะค่อยๆมาคลีคลายให้ ทีละนิด #pirateketo #SundaySpecialเราจะไปเป็นหมูแดดเดียว #กูต้องรู้มั๊ย #ม้วนหางสิลูก #siamstr

@ 2183e947:f497b975

(1) Here is a partial list of p2p bitcoin exchanges and their friends:

• Robosats (custodial escrow)
• Hodlhodl (2-of-3 escrow)
• Peach (2-of-3 escrow)
• Binance P2P (2-of-3 escrow)
• Bisq v1 (either user can send the funds to a custodial escrow, but if neither one does that, the escrow never touches user funds)
• Bisq v2 (no escrow)

(2) In my opinion, bisq2 is the only "true" p2p exchange on the above list. In a true p2p system, the only people who *can* touch the money are the buyer and the seller. Whenever there's an escrow, even one that has to be "triggered" (like in bisq v1), it's not "really" p2p because the escrow serves as a middleman: he can collude with one party or the other to steal user funds, and in some models (e.g. robosats) he can just straight up run off with user funds without needing to collude at all.

(3) In bisq2 (the One True P2P exchange), buyers select sellers solely based on their reputation, and they just directly send them the bitcoin *hoping* they are as honest as their reputation says they are. What I like about this model is that bisq is not involved in bisq2 at all except as a platform to help buyers discover reputable sellers and communicate with them. There are two things I don't like about this "reputation" model: it's hard to get a good reputation, and it's hard to debug payment failures in this context. I've tried to do about 5 trades on bisq2 (as someone with no reputation) and not a single one went through. Four times, everyone ignored my offers or someone accepted it but then abandoned it immediately. Once, someone accepted my offer, but I could not pay their lightning invoice for some reason, so we mutually canceled the trade.

(4) Just because I opined that an exchange with an escrow "doesn't count" as peer-to-peer doesn't mean that's a bad thing. Of the list of exchanges in number 1, I most frequently use robosats, which, per my analysis, sounds like the "worst" one if considered solely on the metric of "which one is the most p2p." But I use it because there are *advantages* to its model: the btc seller doesn't need a reputation to use it (because the escrow is there to ensure he can't cheat, and so the escrow is the trusted third party, not the btc seller) and payment failures are easier to debug because you're always paying one of the coordinators, who tend to be responsive and knowledgeable and can help you figure out how to fix it (it's how they make money, after all).

(5) There are at least two ways to do escrow without a 3rd party. Satoshi Nakamoto outlines one way to do it here: https://satoshi.nakamotoinstitute.org/posts/bitcointalk/threads/169/ Make a 2 of 2 multisig between the btc buyer and the btc seller, and have the btc seller put his btc in that multisig. Then have the btc buyer send the product (fiat money) to the btc seller. When the btc seller receives it, he sends his privkey to the btc buyer, who can now withdraw the money. The advantage of this system is that the buyer has no incentive to "stiff" the seller (by not sending the fiat), because if he does that, he won't get paid. The downside is, if the btc buyer is a troll who just aborts the protocol halfway through the trade, the seller loses his btc and cannot recover it.

(6) There is another way: start out with a 2 of 2 multisig just like above, but instead of having the btc seller fund it by himself, have the buyer and the seller *both* put in the *same amount* in the *same transaction* (i.e. via a coinjoin), and have the btc seller put in a bit "extra" -- like 20% extra. For example, if the btc seller wants $100 in fiat, the multisig would have $220 in it in total -- $120 from the seller and $100 from the buyer. Using this model, the disadvantage mentioned in paragraph number 5 is fixed: the buyer has an incentive now to send the fiat, otherwise he loses the $100 he put in. He only gets his $100 back if the btc seller cosigns to give it to him, which he'll only do once he receives the product. Meanwhile, the seller is *also* incentivized properly: he only gets his *extra* $20 back if the btc buyer cosigns to give it to him, which he'll only do if the transaction he's signing *also* gives him back *his* $100 deposit.

(7) The model described in number 6 exists: https://scrow.exchange/ is a website that implements it as an option, though as far as I'm aware, no one uses it. The downsides of this model are: it's capital intensive, e.g. a trade for $100 involves $220 or more. Also, the btc buyer needs to already *have* btc to post as a bond, so this cannot be his first time acquiring btc (unless someone helps him make his first deposit). Also, a very rich person who does not care about money can still be a troll; they deposit funds into the multisig alongside their counterparty, then abandon the trade, because they have so much money they don't care if they get it back as long as they cause suffering to their counterparty.

(8) I'd like to see more p2p exchanges, and more exchanges like robosats. I want to continue to spread awareness of ways they can improve -- like the protocols mentioned in numbers 5 and 6 -- and help them implement these protocols. If you run an exchange on the list in number 1 or want to start one, reach out to me, I'd love to help.

@ 872982aa:8fb54cfe

现在这样可以，我试试在这里也粘贴一个照片

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@ 872982aa:8fb54cfe

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@ 872982aa:8fb54cfe

• 首页

@ 78b3c1ed:5033eea9

※スポットライトから移植した古い記事です。参考程度に。

これを参考にしてUmbrelのBitcoin Nodeをカスタムsignetノードにする。 以下メモ書きご容赦。備忘録程度に書き留めました。

メインネットとは共存できない。Bitcoinに依存する全てのアプリを削除しなければならない。よって実験機に導入すべき。

<手順>

1.Umbrel Bitcoin Nodeアプリのadvance settingでsignetを選択。

2.CLI appスクリプトでbitcoinを止める。 cd umbrel/scripts ./app stop bitcoin 3.bitcoin.conf, umbrel-bitcoin.conf以外を削除 ディレクトリの場所は ~/umbrel/app-data/bitcoin/data/bitcoin 4.umbrel-bitcoin.confをsu権限で編集。末尾にsignetchallengeを追加。 ``` [signet] bind=0.0.0.0:8333 bind=10.21.21.8:8334=onion

51,21,<公開鍵>,51,ae

signetchallenge=5121<公開鍵>51ae 5.appスクリプトでbitcoinを開始。 cd ~/umbrel/scripts ./app start bitcoin ``` 6.適当にディレクトリを作りgithubからbitcoindのソースをクローン。

7.bitcoindのバイナリをダウンロード、bitcoin-cliおよびbitcoin-utilを~/.local/binに置く。6.のソースからビルドしても良い。ビルド方法は自分で調べて。

8.bitcondにマイニング用のウォレットを作成 ``` alias bcli='docker exec -it bitcoin_bitcoind_1 bitcoin-cli -signet -rpcconnect=10.21.21.8 -rpcport=8332 -rpcuser=umbrel -rpcpassword=<パスワード>'

ウォレットを作る。

bcli createwallet "mining" false true "" false false

秘密鍵をインポート

bcli importprivkey "<秘密鍵>" RPCパスワードは以下で確認 cat ~/umbrel/.env | grep BITCOIN_RPC_PASS 9.ソースにあるbitcoin/contrib/signet/minerスクリプトを使ってマイニング cd <ダウンロードしたディレクトリ>/bitcoin/contrib/signet

難易度の算出

./miner \ --cli="bitcoin-cli -signet -rpcconnect=10.21.21.8 -rpcport=8332 -rpcuser=umbrel -rpcpassword=<パスワード>" calibrate \ --grind-cmd="bitcoin-util grind" --seconds 30 ★私の環境で30秒指定したら nbits=1d4271e7 と算出された。実際にこれで動かすと２分30になるけど...

ジェネシスブロック生成

./miner \ --cli="bitcoin-cli -signet -rpcconnect=10.21.21.8 -rpcport=8332 -rpcuser=umbrel -rpcpassword=<パスワード>" generate \ --address <ビットコインアドレス> \ --grind-cmd="bitcoin-util grind" --nbits=1d4271e7 \ --set-block-time=$(date +%s)

継続的にマイニング

./miner \ --cli="bitcoin-cli -signet -rpcconnect=10.21.21.8 -rpcport=8332 -rpcuser=umbrel -rpcpassword=<パスワード>" generate \ --address <ビットコインアドレス> \ --grind-cmd="bitcoin-util grind" --nbits=1d4271e7 \ --ongoing ``` ここまでやればカスタムsignetでビットコインノードが稼働する。

@ ba0ea036:21b6d3e8

ان اف تی مخفف Non-Fungible Token به معنای «توکن غیرقابل تعویض» است. این اصطلاح ممکن است در ابتدا کمی گیج کننده به نظر برسد، اما در واقع مفهوم آن بسیار ساده است. NFTها، دارایی‌های دیجیتالی منحصر به فردی هستند که بر روی بلاک چین ثبت می‌شوند و مالکیت آن‌ها به صورت غیرقابل تغییر و شفاف ثبت می‌گردد. به عبارت دیگر، هر NFT مانند یک اثر هنری دیجیتالی، یک قطعه موسیقی، یا حتی یک توییت منحصر به فرد است که نمی‌توان آن را با دیگری جایگزین کرد.

تفاوت NFT با دارایی‌های قابل تعویض:

برای درک بهتر مفهوم NFT، بهتر است آن را با دارایی‌های قابل تعویض (Fungible Tokens) مانند بیت کوین یا اتریوم مقایسه کنیم. بیت کوین‌ها همه یکسان هستند و می‌توان یک بیت کوین را به راحتی با بیت کوین دیگری تعویض کرد. اما NFTها هر کدام منحصر به فرد هستند و نمی‌توان آن‌ها را با یکدیگر جایگزین کرد. این تفاوت اساسی، NFTها را به دارایی‌های ارزشمندی تبدیل کرده است که می‌توانند ارزش زیادی داشته باشند.

مراحل کارکرد یک NFT:

ایجاد (مینت کردن) NFT:

اولین مرحله در فرآیند ایجاد یک NFT، مینت کردن آن است. این فرایند شامل تبدیل یک دارایی دیجیتال مانند یک اثر هنری، یک قطعه موسیقی، یا یک آیتم درون بازی به یک توکن NFT است. این کار معمولاً با استفاده از پلتفرم‌های مختلفی که برای ایجاد و مدیریت NFTها طراحی شده‌اند، انجام می‌شود. در این مرحله، اطلاعات مربوط به NFT، از جمله اطلاعات مالکیت، تاریخ ایجاد و سایر جزئیات مربوطه، به صورت رمزنگاری شده بر روی بلاک چین ثبت می‌شود.

ثبت بر روی بلاک چین:

بلاک چین یک دفتر کل توزیع شده و غیرمتمرکز است که اطلاعات مربوط به NFT را به صورت امن و شفاف ثبت می‌کند. این به این معنی است که اطلاعات مربوط به NFT در چندین کامپیوتر در سراسر جهان کپی می‌شود و هیچ فرد یا نهادی نمی‌تواند به تنهایی اطلاعات را تغییر دهد. این ویژگی، امنیت و شفافیت NFTها را تضمین می‌کند.

خرید و فروش NFT:

پس از ایجاد NFT، می‌توان آن را در بازارهای آنلاین NFT به فروش گذاشت. خریداران می‌توانند با استفاده از ارزهای دیجیتال، مانند اتریوم، NFTها را خریداری کنند و مالکیت آن‌ها را به دست آورند. تمام تراکنش‌های مربوط به خرید و فروش NFTها بر روی بلاک چین ثبت می‌شود و به این ترتیب، شفافیت و امنیت معاملات تضمین می‌گردد.

مالکیت و اصالت:

بلاک چین تضمین می‌کند که مالکیت NFT به طور شفاف و غیرقابل تغییر ثبت شده است. این امر اصالت NFT را تضمین می‌کند و از جعل و کپی غیرمجاز جلوگیری می‌کند. هر NFT دارای یک کد منحصر به فرد است که آن را از سایر NFTها متمایز می‌کند و این کد بر روی بلاک چین ثبت می‌شود.

انواع بلاک چین‌های مورد استفاده برای NFTها:

چندین بلاک چین برای میزبانی NFTها وجود دارد، از جمله اتریوم، سولانا، پولکادات و بسیاری دیگر. هر کدام از این بلاک چین‌ها ویژگی‌ها و مزایای خاص خود را دارند، مانند سرعت تراکنش، هزینه‌های گاز (هزینه تراکنش)، و امنیت. انتخاب بلاک چین مناسب، به عوامل مختلفی مانند نوع NFT و نیازهای کاربران بستگی دارد.

کاربردهای NFTها:

کاربردهای NFTها بسیار گسترده است و به سرعت در حال افزایش است. از جمله کاربردهای مهم NFTها می‌توان به موارد زیر اشاره کرد:

هنر دیجیتال: NFTها به هنرمندان اجازه می‌دهند تا آثار هنری دیجیتال خود را به صورت منحصر به فرد و قابل تأیید مالکیت به فروش برسانند. بازی‌های ویدئویی: NFTها می‌توانند برای ایجاد آیتم‌های درون بازی منحصر به فرد و قابل معامله استفاده شوند. موسیقی: موسیقی‌دانان می‌توانند آثار موسیقی خود را به صورت NFT منتشر کنند و به این ترتیب، مالکیت و حقوق خود را حفظ کنند. کالاهای مجازی: NFTها می‌توانند برای ایجاد و فروش کالاهای مجازی منحصر به فرد، مانند لباس‌ها، لوازم جانبی و آواتارها در متاورس استفاده شوند. گواهی اصالت: NFTها می‌توانند به عنوان گواهی اصالت برای کالاهای فیزیکی نیز استفاده شوند. بلیط‌های رویدادها: NFTها می‌توانند به عنوان بلیط‌های رویدادها، مانند کنسرت‌ها و رویدادهای ورزشی استفاده شوند.

مزایای استفاده از NFTها:

مالکیت شفاف و غیرقابل تغییر: NFTها مالکیت دارایی‌های دیجیتال را به صورت شفاف و غیرقابل تغییر ثبت می‌کنند. امنیت بالا: بلاک چین امنیت NFTها را تضمین می‌کند و از جعل و کپی غیرمجاز جلوگیری می‌کند. شفافیت: تمام تراکنش‌های مربوط به NFTها بر روی بلاک چین ثبت می‌شود و به راحتی قابل پیگیری است. قابلیت مبادله آسان: NFTها به راحتی قابل خرید، فروش و مبادله هستند. ایجاد بازار جدید برای هنرمندان و خالقان محتوا: NFTها بازار جدیدی برای هنرمندان و خالقان محتوا ایجاد کرده است.

چالش‌های NFTها:

با وجود مزایای بسیار، NFTها نیز با چالش‌هایی مواجه هستند، از جمله:

نوسانات قیمت: قیمت NFTها می‌تواند بسیار نوسان داشته باشد. هزینه‌های تراکنش: هزینه‌های تراکنش در برخی بلاک چین‌ها می‌تواند بالا باشد. ملاحظات زیست محیطی: برخی از بلاک چین‌ها، مانند اتریوم، از الگوریتم‌های اثبات کار استفاده می‌کنند که مصرف انرژی بالایی دارند. کلاهبرداری: خطر کلاهبرداری در بازار NFTها وجود دارد.

نتیجه گیری:

ان اف تی ها فناوری جدیدی هستند که پتانسیل تغییر دادن بسیاری از جنبه‌های زندگی دیجیتال ما را دارند. با درک چگونگی کارکرد NFTها و مزایا و چالش‌های آن‌ها، می‌توان از این فناوری جدید به طور مؤثر استفاده کرد. برای کسب اطلاعات بیشتر در مورد این حوزه جذاب، جستجوی عبارت "NFT چیست؟" در موتورهای جستجو می‌تواند راهنمای خوبی باشد.

امیدوارم این توضیحات برای شما مفید بوده باشد. برای اطلاعات بیشتر در مورد NFT چیست؟، می‌توانید به منابع آنلاین معتبر مراجعه کنید.

@ 78b3c1ed:5033eea9

・ThunderHubで焼いたマカロンがlncli printmacaroonでどう見えるか確認した。

ThunderHub macaroon permissions

get invoices invoices:read create invoices invoices:write get payments offchain:read pay invoices offchain:write get chain transactions onchain:read send to chain address onchain:write create chain address address:write get wallet info info:read stop daemon info:write この結果によれば、offchain:wirteとonchain:writeの権限がなければそのマカロンを使うクライアントは勝手にBTCを送金することができない。 info:writeがなければ勝手にLNDを止めたりすることができない。

・lncli printmacaroonでデフォルトで作られるmacaroonのpermissionsを調べてみた。 admin.macaroon { "version": 2, "location": "lnd", "root_key_id": "0", "permissions": [ "address:read", "address:write", "info:read", "info:write", "invoices:read", "invoices:write", "macaroon:generate", "macaroon:read", "macaroon:write", "message:read", "message:write", "offchain:read", "offchain:write", "onchain:read", "onchain:write", "peers:read", "peers:write", "signer:generate", "signer:read" ], "caveats": null } chainnotifier.macaroon { "version": 2, "location": "lnd", "root_key_id": "0", "permissions": [ "onchain:read" ], "caveats": null } invoice.macaroon { "version": 2, "location": "lnd", "root_key_id": "0", "permissions": [ "address:read", "address:write", "invoices:read", "invoices:write", "onchain:read" ], "caveats": null } invoices.macaroon { "version": 2, "location": "lnd", "root_key_id": "0", "permissions": [ "invoices:read", "invoices:write" ], "caveats": null } readonly.macaroon { "version": 2, "location": "lnd", "root_key_id": "0", "permissions": [ "address:read", "info:read", "invoices:read", "macaroon:read", "message:read", "offchain:read", "onchain:read", "peers:read", "signer:read" ], "caveats": null } router.macaroon { "version": 2, "location": "lnd", "root_key_id": "0", "permissions": [ "offchain:read", "offchain:write" ], "caveats": null } signer.macaroon { "version": 2, "location": "lnd", "root_key_id": "0", "permissions": [ "signer:generate", "signer:read" ], "caveats": null } walletkit.macaroon { "version": 2, "location": "lnd", "root_key_id": "0", "permissions": [ "address:read", "address:write", "onchain:read", "onchain:write" ], "caveats": null }

・lncli listpermissions コマンドですべての RPC メソッド URI と、それらを呼び出すために必要なマカロン権限を一覧表示できる。 LND v0.18.5-betaでやると1344行ほどのJSONができる。 AddInvoiceだとinvoice:writeのpermissionを持つmacaroonを使えばインボイスを作れるようだ。 "/lnrpc.Lightning/AddInvoice": { "permissions": [ { "entity": "invoices", "action": "write" } ] }, lncli listpermissionsからentityとactionを抜き出してみた。 ``` "entity": "address", "entity": "info", "entity": "invoices", "entity": "macaroon", "entity": "message", "entity": "offchain", "entity": "onchain", "entity": "peers", "entity": "signer",

"action": "generate" "action": "read" "action": "write" lncli とjqを組み合わせると例えば以下コマンドでinvoices:writeを必要とするRPCの一覧を表示できる。 invoices:writeだとAddInvoiceの他にホドルインボイス作成でも使ってるようだ lncli listpermissions | jq -r '.method_permissions | to_entries[] | select(.value.permissions[] | select(.entity == "invoices" and .action == "write")) | .key' /invoicesrpc.Invoices/AddHoldInvoice /invoicesrpc.Invoices/CancelInvoice /invoicesrpc.Invoices/HtlcModifier /invoicesrpc.Invoices/LookupInvoiceV2 /invoicesrpc.Invoices/SettleInvoice /lnrpc.Lightning/AddInvoice invoices:readだと以下となる。 /invoicesrpc.Invoices/SubscribeSingleInvoice /lnrpc.Lightning/ListInvoices /lnrpc.Lightning/LookupInvoice /lnrpc.Lightning/SubscribeInvoices LNの主だった機能のRPCはoffchainが必要ぽいので抜き出してみた。 offchain:write チャネルの開閉、ペイメントの送信までやってるみたい。 デフォルトのmacaroonでoffchain:writeを持ってるのはadminとrouterの2つだけ。openchannel,closechannelはonchain:writeのpermissionも必要なようだ。 /autopilotrpc.Autopilot/ModifyStatus /autopilotrpc.Autopilot/SetScores /lnrpc.Lightning/AbandonChannel /lnrpc.Lightning/BatchOpenChannel /lnrpc.Lightning/ChannelAcceptor /lnrpc.Lightning/CloseChannel /lnrpc.Lightning/DeleteAllPayments /lnrpc.Lightning/DeletePayment /lnrpc.Lightning/FundingStateStep /lnrpc.Lightning/OpenChannel /lnrpc.Lightning/OpenChannelSync /lnrpc.Lightning/RestoreChannelBackups /lnrpc.Lightning/SendCustomMessage /lnrpc.Lightning/SendPayment /lnrpc.Lightning/SendPaymentSync /lnrpc.Lightning/SendToRoute /lnrpc.Lightning/SendToRouteSync /lnrpc.Lightning/UpdateChannelPolicy /routerrpc.Router/HtlcInterceptor /routerrpc.Router/ResetMissionControl /routerrpc.Router/SendPayment /routerrpc.Router/SendPaymentV2 /routerrpc.Router/SendToRoute /routerrpc.Router/SendToRouteV2 /routerrpc.Router/SetMissionControlConfig /routerrpc.Router/UpdateChanStatus /routerrpc.Router/XAddLocalChanAliases /routerrpc.Router/XDeleteLocalChanAliases /routerrpc.Router/XImportMissionControl /wtclientrpc.WatchtowerClient/AddTower /wtclientrpc.WatchtowerClient/DeactivateTower /wtclientrpc.WatchtowerClient/RemoveTower /wtclientrpc.WatchtowerClient/TerminateSession "/lnrpc.Lightning/OpenChannel": { "permissions": [ { "entity": "onchain", "action": "write" }, { "entity": "offchain", "action": "write" } ] }, offchain:read readの方はチャネルやインボイスの状態を確認するためのpermissionのようだ。 /lnrpc.Lightning/ChannelBalance /lnrpc.Lightning/ClosedChannels /lnrpc.Lightning/DecodePayReq /lnrpc.Lightning/ExportAllChannelBackups /lnrpc.Lightning/ExportChannelBackup /lnrpc.Lightning/FeeReport /lnrpc.Lightning/ForwardingHistory /lnrpc.Lightning/GetDebugInfo /lnrpc.Lightning/ListAliases /lnrpc.Lightning/ListChannels /lnrpc.Lightning/ListPayments /lnrpc.Lightning/LookupHtlcResolution /lnrpc.Lightning/PendingChannels /lnrpc.Lightning/SubscribeChannelBackups /lnrpc.Lightning/SubscribeChannelEvents /lnrpc.Lightning/SubscribeCustomMessages /lnrpc.Lightning/VerifyChanBackup /routerrpc.Router/BuildRoute /routerrpc.Router/EstimateRouteFee /routerrpc.Router/GetMissionControlConfig /routerrpc.Router/QueryMissionControl /routerrpc.Router/QueryProbability /routerrpc.Router/SubscribeHtlcEvents /routerrpc.Router/TrackPayment /routerrpc.Router/TrackPaymentV2 /routerrpc.Router/TrackPayments /wtclientrpc.WatchtowerClient/GetTowerInfo /wtclientrpc.WatchtowerClient/ListTowers /wtclientrpc.WatchtowerClient/Policy /wtclientrpc.WatchtowerClient/Stats ・おまけ1 RPCメソッド名にopenを含む要素を抽出するコマンド lncli listpermissions | jq '.method_permissions | to_entries[] | select(.key | test("open"; "i"))' { "key": "/lnrpc.Lightning/BatchOpenChannel", "value": { "permissions": [ { "entity": "onchain", "action": "write" }, { "entity": "offchain", "action": "write" } ] } } { "key": "/lnrpc.Lightning/OpenChannel", "value": { "permissions": [ { "entity": "onchain", "action": "write" }, { "entity": "offchain", "action": "write" } ] } } { "key": "/lnrpc.Lightning/OpenChannelSync", "value": { "permissions": [ { "entity": "onchain", "action": "write" }, { "entity": "offchain", "action": "write" } ] } } ・おまけ２ thunderhubで作ったmacaroonはテキストで出力されコピペして使うもので、macaroonファイルになってない。 HEXをmacaroonファイルにするには以下コマンドでできる。HEXをコピペして置換する。またYOURSの箇所を自分でわかりやすい名称に置換すると良い。 echo -n "HEX" | xxd -r -p > YOURS.macaroon thunderhubで"Create Invoices, Get Invoices, Get Wallet Info, Get Payments, Pay Invoices"をチェックして作ったmacaroonのpermissionsは以下となる。 { "version": 2, "location": "lnd", "root_key_id": "0", "permissions": [ "info:read", "invoices:read", "invoices:write", "offchain:read", "offchain:write" ], "caveats": null } ``` offchain:writeはあるがonchain:writeがないのでチャネル開閉はできないはず。

@ afa31726:18cc7792

99Win mang đến cho người dùng một thế giới giải trí đa dạng, nơi mà công nghệ hiện đại kết hợp với sự sáng tạo không giới hạn để tạo nên những trải nghiệm tuyệt vời. Giao diện của 99Win được thiết kế trực quan, thân thiện với người dùng, hỗ trợ tối ưu trên mọi thiết bị từ máy tính đến điện thoại thông minh. Hệ thống nội dung tại 99Win luôn được cập nhật liên tục, mang đến cho người dùng những lựa chọn phong phú, từ giải trí nhẹ nhàng đến các trải nghiệm đòi hỏi sự tương tác cao. Công nghệ trí tuệ nhân tạo (AI) tại 99Win giúp cá nhân hóa nội dung, tự động đề xuất những trải nghiệm phù hợp nhất với thói quen và sở thích riêng của từng cá nhân. Bên cạnh đó, vấn đề bảo mật thông tin cá nhân được đặt lên hàng đầu với các hệ thống mã hóa tiên tiến, mang lại sự yên tâm tuyệt đối cho người dùng trong suốt quá trình trải nghiệm. 99Win không chỉ đơn thuần là một nền tảng giải trí mà còn là nơi khơi nguồn cảm hứng và kết nối cộng đồng, nơi mọi người cùng nhau chia sẻ niềm vui và sự hứng khởi mỗi ngày.

Ngoài việc cung cấp những trải nghiệm giải trí chất lượng, 99WIN còn không ngừng tổ chức các sự kiện hấp dẫn, chương trình ưu đãi và mini game vui nhộn, tạo ra không khí sôi động và cơ hội nhận được nhiều phần thưởng giá trị. Đội ngũ chăm sóc khách hàng chuyên nghiệp, hoạt động 24/7, luôn sẵn sàng hỗ trợ và giải quyết mọi thắc mắc, giúp người dùng cảm thấy được tôn trọng và phục vụ tận tâm. 99Win cũng đầu tư mạnh vào công nghệ thực tế ảo (VR) và thực tế tăng cường (AR), mở rộng phạm vi trải nghiệm và đưa người dùng đến những không gian giải trí hoàn toàn mới mẻ và sống động. Tốc độ tải trang nhanh, hệ thống vận hành ổn định cùng khả năng tùy chỉnh giao diện theo sở thích cá nhân là những điểm cộng giúp 99Win ghi dấu ấn mạnh mẽ trong lòng người dùng. Tất cả những yếu tố đó hội tụ để tạo nên một nền tảng giải trí toàn diện, luôn đổi mới và sáng tạo, hướng đến việc mang lại sự hài lòng cao nhất cho cộng đồng người dùng ngày càng lớn mạnh.

Hướng tới tương lai, 99Win đặt mục tiêu trở thành biểu tượng trong ngành công nghiệp giải trí kỹ thuật số, không chỉ tại Việt Nam mà còn vươn xa ra thị trường quốc tế. Với chiến lược phát triển bền vững, hợp tác cùng các đối tác công nghệ hàng đầu, 99Win cam kết liên tục cải tiến và cập nhật những xu hướng mới nhất để phục vụ người dùng tốt hơn mỗi ngày. Song song với việc mở rộng quy mô, 99Win cũng tích cực tham gia vào các hoạt động xã hội như hỗ trợ giáo dục, bảo vệ môi trường và phát triển cộng đồng. Tinh thần trách nhiệm xã hội luôn được lồng ghép trong mọi kế hoạch phát triển của 99Win, thể hiện cam kết không chỉ xây dựng một nền tảng giải trí tiên tiến mà còn góp phần tạo nên một tương lai tốt đẹp hơn cho toàn xã hội. Với nền tảng công nghệ vững chắc, đội ngũ nhân sự nhiệt huyết và tầm nhìn chiến lược dài hạn, 99Win hứa hẹn sẽ tiếp tục là điểm đến lý tưởng cho những ai tìm kiếm sự mới mẻ, sáng tạo và chất lượng trong thế giới giải trí hiện đại.

@ 5d4b6c8d:8a1c1ee3

After taking the most predictable option on day 1, the last 6 rounds of the draft were a rollercoaster. The Raiders traded back twice in the 2nd round and ended up with some extra picks.

Picks

• RB Ashton Jeanty: Best player available at a position of need. Jeanty + Bowers gives the Raiders offense two elite weapons

• WR Jack Bech: Tough, physical receiver with great hands, willing and able blocker

• CB Darien Porter: Elite athlete, classic Raiders pick, "Can't teach size, can't teach speed."

• OL Caleb Rogers: Versatile, athletic lineman, will likely compete at guard

• OL Charles Grant: Same as above, but more likely to compete at tackle

• WR: Donte Thornton: 6'5" and 4.3 speed, another classic Raiders pick, can open the field for the other weapons

• DT Tonka Hemingway: Dope name, versatile and athletic D-Lineman, adds depth and optionality to a very talented groups

• DT/TE/FB JJ Pegues: Interesting guy, probably won't contribute much as a DT immediately, but could be part of the goal line package on offense, as he had 7 rushing TDs last year and as a former TE could be a red zone target too

• WR/KR/PR/QB Tommy Mellot: Another super versatile player, ran a 4.4 40 as a QB, but will convert to WR and return kicks, seems like someone with tons of trick play potential

• QB Cam Miller: Finally, an actual QB! Won a ton of games at a smaller program.

• LB Cody Lindenberg: 7th rounder, probably special teams if he makes the team

Takeaways

The Raiders added a ton of talent and versatility to their offense, including a defensive player who can contribute to the red zone offense in several ways. They're building a big physically dominant offense around an elite RB/TE combo, with big physical WRs who don't mind blocking and another talented TE.

The defensive line is going to have to be really dominant, which they have the potential for, because there is a dearth of talent behind them. Porter recently converted to CB from WR, so will likely take time to develop, and the others are day 3 picks.

The recipe will likely be to eat up clock on long offensive drives to give our pass rushers lots of breathers. Score reliably with a much improved redzone offense and a great kicker, then rely on that pass rush and the best punter in the league to keep the other team out of the endzone.

It's a good starting point. Maybe they'll sign Ramsey, or something, and really upgrade the defensive back group before the season starts.

originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/962047

@ afa31726:18cc7792

Hubet mang đến cho người dùng một không gian giải trí hiện đại, nơi công nghệ và sự sáng tạo hội tụ để tạo nên trải nghiệm mượt mà và đầy hấp dẫn. Với giao diện thân thiện, bố cục thông minh và khả năng tương thích hoàn hảo trên mọi thiết bị, Hubet giúp người dùng dễ dàng tiếp cận và tận hưởng những giây phút thư giãn tuyệt vời. Nội dung tại Hubet được tuyển chọn kỹ lưỡng, đa dạng và không ngừng cập nhật, đáp ứng nhu cầu giải trí phong phú của mọi đối tượng. Điểm nổi bật tại Hubet còn nằm ở việc tích hợp công nghệ AI tiên tiến, giúp cá nhân hóa trải nghiệm, đề xuất nội dung phù hợp theo thói quen và sở thích riêng của từng người dùng. An toàn và bảo mật luôn được đặt lên hàng đầu, với các lớp bảo vệ thông tin cá nhân và giao dịch tối ưu, tạo nên một môi trường giải trí đáng tin cậy. Hubet không chỉ đơn thuần là nơi giải trí, mà còn là nơi người dùng có thể tìm thấy sự kết nối, niềm vui và nguồn cảm hứng bất tận.

Để gia tăng trải nghiệm cho cộng đồng người dùng, HUBET liên tục tổ chức các chương trình khuyến mãi hấp dẫn, các sự kiện tương tác và minigame đầy sôi động, mang lại không khí sôi nổi và nhiều cơ hội nhận thưởng bất ngờ. Cộng đồng Hubet ngày càng phát triển mạnh mẽ nhờ sự chăm sóc tận tình từ đội ngũ hỗ trợ khách hàng hoạt động 24/7, luôn sẵn sàng giải đáp và hỗ trợ mọi yêu cầu. Ngoài ra, Hubet còn mạnh dạn đầu tư vào các công nghệ giải trí tiên tiến như thực tế ảo (VR) và thực tế tăng cường (AR), mang đến những trải nghiệm độc đáo, sống động và mới lạ. Các chiến dịch phát triển của Hubet luôn hướng tới việc đổi mới không ngừng, cải tiến sản phẩm, dịch vụ để phù hợp với nhu cầu ngày càng cao của người dùng. Mỗi chi tiết nhỏ, từ tốc độ tải trang nhanh chóng, giao diện trực quan đến khả năng tùy chỉnh trải nghiệm đều được chăm chút kỹ lưỡng nhằm đảm bảo sự hài lòng tối đa. Hubet cam kết trở thành một phần không thể thiếu trong hành trình giải trí hiện đại của người dùng.

Nhìn về tương lai, Hubet đặt mục tiêu mở rộng quy mô hoạt động ra thị trường quốc tế, mang trải nghiệm giải trí đỉnh cao của mình đến với đông đảo người dùng toàn cầu. Thông qua việc liên kết với các đối tác chiến lược và không ngừng áp dụng những xu hướng công nghệ mới, Hubet từng bước khẳng định vị thế là một nền tảng giải trí hàng đầu. Bên cạnh việc phát triển kinh doanh, Hubet cũng chú trọng đến trách nhiệm xã hội bằng cách tham gia vào các chương trình từ thiện, hỗ trợ giáo dục, và đóng góp cho cộng đồng. Những nỗ lực này thể hiện cam kết của Hubet trong việc xây dựng một cộng đồng phát triển bền vững, nơi công nghệ, sáng tạo và trách nhiệm xã hội song hành. Với chiến lược rõ ràng, đội ngũ tâm huyết và tinh thần đổi mới không ngừng, Hubet hứa hẹn sẽ tiếp tục mang đến những giá trị thiết thực, trải nghiệm khác biệt và những hành trình giải trí đầy cảm xúc cho người dùng trong và ngoài nước.

@ afa31726:18cc7792

U88 mang đến một thế giới giải trí hiện đại, nơi người dùng có thể đắm chìm trong những trải nghiệm mượt mà, sáng tạo và đầy hứng khởi. Với thiết kế giao diện tối ưu hóa cho cả điện thoại và máy tính, U88 đảm bảo sự tiện lợi và dễ dàng trong từng thao tác. Kho nội dung tại U88 đa dạng, phong phú và luôn được cập nhật thường xuyên, đáp ứng mọi nhu cầu giải trí từ đơn giản đến cao cấp. Đặc biệt, U88 còn tích hợp nhiều tính năng công nghệ mới như trí tuệ nhân tạo (AI), giúp cá nhân hóa trải nghiệm người dùng, mang đến những gợi ý nội dung phù hợp nhất với sở thích riêng biệt của từng cá nhân. Đồng thời, hệ thống bảo mật tiên tiến giúp bảo vệ tối đa thông tin cá nhân và giao dịch, tạo dựng sự tin tưởng tuyệt đối từ cộng đồng người dùng. U88 không chỉ đơn thuần là một nền tảng giải trí, mà còn là nơi người dùng có thể tìm thấy niềm vui, sự thư giãn và cảm hứng trong từng khoảnh khắc.

Song song với việc phát triển nội dung giải trí chất lượng, U88 còn đặc biệt chú trọng đến việc xây dựng cộng đồng người dùng gắn kết. Các chương trình khuyến mãi hấp dẫn, sự kiện tương tác, minigame vui nhộn liên tục được tổ chức nhằm gia tăng sự kết nối và mang lại trải nghiệm phong phú hơn cho người dùng. Đội ngũ chăm sóc khách hàng của U88 hoạt động 24/7, luôn sẵn sàng hỗ trợ nhanh chóng và tận tình, đảm bảo mỗi thắc mắc hay yêu cầu đều được giải quyết một cách hiệu quả nhất. Ngoài ra, U88 không ngừng đầu tư vào công nghệ thực tế ảo (VR) và thực tế tăng cường (AR), mở rộng trải nghiệm giải trí sang những chân trời mới mẻ, sống động và lôi cuốn. Từng chi tiết nhỏ trong dịch vụ đều được U88 chăm chút, từ giao diện thân thiện, tốc độ tải nhanh, đến các tùy chọn cá nhân hóa linh hoạt, tất cả nhằm mục tiêu mang lại sự hài lòng tối đa cho người dùng trong suốt quá trình trải nghiệm.

Hướng tới tương lai, U88 đặt mục tiêu trở thành một biểu tượng trong ngành giải trí kỹ thuật số, không chỉ ở Việt Nam mà còn vươn ra thị trường quốc tế. Bằng cách hợp tác với các đối tác chiến lược và liên tục đổi mới công nghệ, U88 đang từng bước củng cố vị thế và mở rộng tầm ảnh hưởng của mình. Đồng thời, U88 cũng cam kết đồng hành cùng cộng đồng thông qua những hoạt động thiện nguyện thiết thực, thể hiện trách nhiệm xã hội của một doanh nghiệp hiện đại. Những sáng kiến về bảo vệ môi trường, hỗ trợ giáo dục, và phát triển công nghệ bền vững được U88 tích cực triển khai, góp phần xây dựng một tương lai tốt đẹp hơn. Với phương châm đặt người dùng làm trung tâm và không ngừng hoàn thiện từng ngày, U88 hứa hẹn sẽ tiếp tục mang đến những trải nghiệm giải trí đột phá, xứng đáng với kỳ vọng và sự tin yêu của cộng đồng người dùng trong nước và quốc tế.

@ c066aac5:6a41a034

I work in the business world as a salesperson. I am frequently out and about in the community trying to make friends, connect with people who I can help, and ultimately grow my book of business. I have goals set by my employers and I aim to meet those expectations. Because of this, I find myself frequently under pressure to find ways to produce. This often leads to me being disappointed in myself; my sales cycles are long and I lose more deals than I win. My Dad often reminds me that How to Win Friends and Influence People has all the secrets of sales I'll ever need, but I still end up wishing I could find that secret edge to out-do the competition. That's where the watch temptation comes in.

I frequently see a luxurious timepiece on the left wrist of my peers and elder-statesmen closers. Rolex, Omega, Patek, a whole world of $10k minimum machines. It comes across as a power-move, a symbol of status that is hard to ignore. It sends a message that the bearer's time is more valuable than that of other people. It makes me think "if this person is wearing that watch, that means they're great at what they do." The ultimate investment in one's self.

As a newly married man expecting a child, it is hard for me to stomach such a purchase. My wife has supported the idea of me potentially getting such a timepiece; as much as it tickles my fancy, I'd rather put my capital towards things that further my family than my clout. One of the things that struck me was a statement made by an investment advisor in my Kiwanis club: "A watch is a purchase, not an investment."

What a true statement! His words helped me escape my short-lived delusions. That said, I still look at watches sometimes on the internet (The Omega No Time to Die watch is sleek looking). One day, I found myself looking at houses online shortly after looking at watches online. Then it hit me: how many purchases are being marketed as investments in this era? A Rolex is a supposed investment in your career, not just a luxury timepiece. A house is a mechanism for monetary growth, not an attainable home to be enjoyed by a family. A college degree is an investment for your future, not a vehicle for building upon passions.

The Bitcoiners will repeat the phrase "fix the money, fix the world" in harmonious chorus to address the concern I have laid out in this article. Ultimately, I leave you with this reminder: don't let the world pass off things that should be inconsequential purchases as investments with ROIs. I believe the only true investment one can make is into the people around them; that will yield the greatest rewards for the soul.

@ 6e64b83c:94102ee8

• Demo: https://blog.nostrize.me
• Source code: nostr-static

Prerequisites

Before using nostr-static, you'll need:

1. Nostr Articles: You can either:
2. Create new articles using platforms like yakihonne.com or habla.news
3. Find existing articles on Nostr

4. Copy the naddr string from the article (usually can be found in the address bar)

5. Author Profiles: For each article's author:

6. Copy their public key (pubkey)
7. Visit njump.me/npub1xxxxx (replace with the actual pubkey)
8. Copy the nprofile string from the page

These identifiers (naddr for articles and nprofile for authors) are essential for the tool to fetch and display your content correctly.

Features

Core Functionality

• Index Page: A homepage featuring your blog's title, logo, article summaries, and tags
• Article Pages: Individual pages for each article, including:
• Title and logo
• Article summary
• Full content
• Tags
• Comments (via ZapThreads integration)

Social Features

• Comments: Integrated with ZapThreads for decentralized commenting
• Nostr Connect: Seamless integration with window.nostr.js (wnj), supporting NIP-46 bunker connect

Content Organization

• Tag Pages: Browse articles filtered by specific tags
• Profile Pages: View articles from specific authors
• Manual Curation: Select and order articles by adding their naddr strings (see NIP-19)

Customization Options

• Themes: Choose between dark and light mode
• Branding:
• Custom logo
• Custom blog title
• Network: Specify your preferred Nostr relays

Technical Requirements

• Profile Format: Authors must be added in nprofile format (see NIP-19) for consistency
• Automatic Updates: Built-in scripts for:
• Windows Task Scheduler
• Unix/Linux cron jobs

Getting Started

1. Fork and Clone:
2. Fork this repository to your GitHub account
3. Clone it to your local machine or use GitHub Codespaces for a cloud-based development environment

4. Watch this quick tutorial to learn more about GitHub Codespaces

5. Configuration: Set up your config.yaml file with:

6. Blog title and logo
7. Theme preference
8. Relay list
9. Article naddr strings

10. Author nprofile strings

11. Content Selection: Add your desired articles by including their naddr strings in the configuration

12. Author Selection: You have to add the nprofile strings of the articles. This is needed for URL consistancy.

13. Build & Run: Follow the instruction in the README at https://github.com/dhalsim/nostr-static

14. Deployment: Choose your preferred static hosting service and deploy the generated HTML files

15. Updates: Set up automatic updates using the provided scripts for your operating system (For github pages)

Deployment Options

GitHub Pages (Recommended)

GitHub Pages provides free hosting for static websites. Here's how to set it up:

1. Enable GitHub Pages:
2. Go to your repository's Settings
3. Navigate to "Pages" in the menu
4. Under "Build and deployment" > "Source", select "GitHub Actions"
5. Enable Actions by following the GitHub Actions settings guide

6. Go to the "Actions" tab in the top menu. If you see the message "Workflows aren't being run on this forked repository", click the "I understand my workflows, go ahead and enable them" button

7. Custom Domain Setup:

8. Purchase a domain from your preferred domain registrar
9. Create a CNAME record in your domain's DNS settings:
   • Type: CNAME
   • Name: @ or www or a subdomain you prefer (depending on your preference)
   • Value: YOUR_GITHUB_USERNAME.github.io
10. In your repository's GitHub Pages settings:
    • Enter your custom domain in the "Custom domain" field
    • Check "Enforce HTTPS" for secure connections
11. Wait for DNS propagation (can take up to 24 hours)
12. Your site will be available at your custom domain

Other Hosting Options

You can also deploy your static site to any hosting service that supports static websites, such as: - Netlify - Vercel - Cloudflare Pages - Amazon S3 - Any traditional web hosting service

Why nostr-static?

nostr-static offers a unique solution for bloggers who want to leverage Nostr's decentralized content while maintaining a traditional web presence. It combines the best of both worlds:

• Decentralized Content: Your articles live on the Nostr network
• Traditional Web Presence: A familiar blog interface for your readers
• Easy Maintenance: Simple configuration and automatic updates
• Flexible Hosting: Deploy anywhere that supports static websites
• Social interactions: Leverage nostr for comments

Conclusion

nostr-static makes it easy to create a professional blog from your Nostr long-form content. Whether you're a seasoned Nostr user or new to the ecosystem, this tool provides a straightforward way to share your content with both the Nostr community and traditional web users.

Start your Nostr-powered blog today by visiting the demo and exploring the possibilities!

@ fed76236:9d101c9c

O 6GBet vem se consolidando como uma das principais plataformas de entretenimento online para quem busca diversão, variedade e uma experiência segura e moderna. Com um ambiente desenvolvido para oferecer a melhor experiência ao usuário, o 6GBet combina tecnologia de ponta, atendimento de qualidade e uma seleção impressionante de jogos que conquistam cada vez mais jogadores no Brasil.

Desde o primeiro acesso, é possível perceber que o 6GBet se preocupa com a segurança de seus usuários. A plataforma utiliza sistemas de criptografia avançados, garantindo que todas as informações pessoais e financeiras estejam protegidas. Além disso, o site é licenciado e regulamentado, proporcionando mais confiança para aqueles que desejam jogar com tranquilidade.

Outro destaque é o suporte ao cliente. A equipe de atendimento do 6gbet está disponível 24 horas por dia, sete dias por semana, pronta para ajudar em qualquer situação. Seja para tirar dúvidas sobre o funcionamento do site, resolver problemas técnicos ou orientar sobre métodos de pagamento, o suporte é rápido e eficiente.

Diversidade de Jogos para Todos os Gostos No 6GBet, a diversão é levada a sério. A plataforma oferece uma vasta seleção de jogos, capazes de agradar tanto jogadores iniciantes quanto os mais experientes. Entre os principais destaques estão:

Slots Online: Uma coleção variada de slots modernos e clássicos, com diferentes temas, bônus e jackpots progressivos. Cada giro é uma nova oportunidade de viver emoções únicas.

Jogos de Mesa: Para os fãs de estratégia, o 6GBet oferece versões eletrônicas de jogos tradicionais como blackjack, roleta e pôquer. Com gráficos realistas e mecânicas dinâmicas, a sensação é de estar em uma verdadeira sala de jogos.

Ao Vivo: Para quem gosta de interatividade, o 6GBet disponibiliza opções de jogos com crupiês reais transmitidos em tempo real. Essa modalidade proporciona uma experiência ainda mais imersiva, perfeita para quem busca emoção e realismo.

Apostas Esportivas: Além dos jogos de entretenimento, o 6GBet também permite que os usuários apostem em eventos esportivos. Futebol, basquete, tênis e vários outros esportes estão disponíveis, com odds competitivas e uma cobertura completa de campeonatos nacionais e internacionais.

Experiência de Jogador Pensada nos Detalhes Um dos grandes diferenciais do 6GBet é a atenção aos detalhes na experiência do usuário. A navegação é simples e intuitiva, facilitando o acesso a todas as categorias de jogos e serviços. O design responsivo garante que a plataforma funcione perfeitamente em computadores, tablets e smartphones, sem perda de qualidade.

Além disso, o 6GBet disponibiliza diversos métodos de depósito e saque, tornando as transações rápidas e descomplicadas. Pix, transferências bancárias e carteiras digitais estão entre as opções, permitindo que o jogador escolha a melhor alternativa para seu perfil.

As promoções e bônus também merecem destaque. Novos usuários são recebidos com ofertas atrativas, enquanto jogadores frequentes têm acesso a promoções exclusivas e programas de fidelidade que tornam a jornada ainda mais vantajosa.

Conclusão O 6GBet é a escolha certa para quem procura uma plataforma completa de jogos online. Segurança, variedade de opções, suporte eficiente e uma experiência de usuário impecável fazem do 6GBet uma referência no mercado brasileiro. Se você busca emoção, praticidade e inovação em um só lugar, o 6GBet é o destino perfeito. Prepare-se para viver momentos inesquecíveis!

@ 826e9f89:ffc5c759

What follows began as snippets of conversations I have been having for years, on and off, here and there. It will likely eventually be collated into a piece I have been meaning to write on “payments” as a whole. I foolishly started writing this piece years ago, not realizing that the topic is gargantuan and for every week I spend writing it I have to add two weeks to my plan. That may or may not ever come to fruition, but in the meantime, Tether announced it was issuing on Taproot Assets and suddenly everybody is interested again. This is as good a catalyst as any to carve out my “stablecoin thesis”, such as it exists, from “payments”, and put it out there for comment and feedback.

In contrast to the “Bitcoiner take” I will shortly revert to, I invite the reader to keep the following potential counterargument in mind, which might variously be termed the “shitcoiner”, “realist”, or “cynical” take, depending on your perspective: that stablecoins have clear product-market-fit. Now, as a venture capitalist and professional thinkboi focusing on companies building on Bitcoin, I obviously think that not only is Bitcoin the best money ever invented and its monetization is pretty much inevitable, but that, furthermore, there is enormous, era-defining long-term potential for a range of industries in which Bitcoin is emerging as superior technology, even aside from its role as money. But in the interest not just of steelmanning but frankly just of honesty, I would grudgingly agree with the following assessment as of the time of writing: the applications of crypto (inclusive of Bitcoin but deliberately wider) that have found product-market-fit today, and that are not speculative bets on future development and adoption, are: Bitcoin as savings technology, mining as a means of monetizing energy production, and stablecoins.

I think there are two typical Bitcoiner objections to stablecoins of significantly greater importance than all others: that you shouldn’t be supporting dollar hegemony, and that you don’t need a blockchain. I will elaborate on each of these, and for the remainder of the post will aim to produce a synthesis of three superficially contrasting (or at least not obviously related) sources of inspiration: these objections, the realisation above that stablecoins just are useful, and some commentary on technical developments in Bitcoin and the broader space that I think inform where things are likely to go. As will become clear as the argument progresses, I actually think the outcome to which I am building up is where things have to go. I think the technical and economic incentives at play make this an inevitability rather than a “choice”, per se. Given my conclusion, which I will hold back for the time being, this is a fantastically good thing, hence I am motivated to write this post at all!

Objection 1: Dollar Hegemony

I list this objection first because there isn’t a huge amount to say about it. It is clearly a normative position, and while I more or less support it personally, I don’t think that it is material to the argument I am going on to make, so I don’t want to force it on the reader. While the case for this objection is probably obvious to this audience (isn’t the point of Bitcoin to destroy central banks, not further empower them?) I should at least offer the steelman that there is a link between this and the realist observation that stablecoins are useful. The reason they are useful is because people prefer the dollar to even shitter local fiat currencies. I don’t think it is particularly fruitful to say that they shouldn’t. They do. Facts don’t care about your feelings. There is a softer bridging argument to be made here too, to the effect that stablecoins warm up their users to the concept of digital bearer (ish) assets, even though these particular assets are significantly scammier than Bitcoin. Again, I am just floating this, not telling the reader they should or shouldn’t buy into it.

All that said, there is one argument I do want to put my own weight behind, rather than just float: stablecoin issuance is a speculative attack on the institution of fractional reserve banking. A “dollar” Alice moves from JPMorgan to Tether embodies two trade-offs from Alice’s perspective: i) a somewhat opaque profile on the credit risk of the asset: the likelihood of JPMorgan ever really defaulting on deposits vs the operator risk of Tether losing full backing and/or being wrench attacked by the Federal Government and rugging its users. These risks are real but are almost entirely political. I’m skeptical it is meaningful to quantify them, but even if it is, I am not the person to try to do it. Also, more transparently to Alice, ii) far superior payment rails (for now, more on this to follow).

However, from the perspective of the fiat banking cartel, fractional reserve leverage has been squeezed. There are just as many notional dollars in circulation, but there the backing has been shifted from levered to unlevered issuers. There are gradations of relevant objections to this: while one might say, Tether’s backing comes from Treasuries, so you are directly funding US debt issuance!, this is a bit silly in the context of what other dollars one might hold. It’s not like JPMorgan is really competing with the Treasury to sell credit into the open market. Optically they are, but this is the core of the fiat scam. Via the guarantees of the Federal Reserve System, JPMorgan can sell as much unbacked credit as it wants knowing full well the difference will be printed whenever this blows up. Short-term Treasuries are also JPMorgan’s most pristine asset safeguarding its equity, so the only real difference is that Tether only holds Treasuries without wishing more leverage into existence. The realization this all builds up to is that, by necessity,

Tether is a fully reserved bank issuing fiduciary media against the only dollar-denominated asset in existence whose value (in dollar terms) can be guaranteed. Furthermore, this media arguably has superior “moneyness” to the obvious competition in the form of US commercial bank deposits by virtue of its payment rails.

That sounds pretty great when you put it that way! Of course, the second sentence immediately leads to the second objection, and lets the argument start to pick up steam …

Objection 2: You Don’t Need a Blockchain

I don’t need to explain this to this audience but to recap as briefly as I can manage: Bitcoin’s value is entirely endogenous. Every aspect of “a blockchain” that, out of context, would be an insanely inefficient or redundant modification of a “database”, in context is geared towards the sole end of enabling the stability of this endogenous value. Historically, there have been two variations of stupidity that follow a failure to grok this: i) “utility tokens”, or blockchains with native tokens for something other than money. I would recommend anybody wanting a deeper dive on the inherent nonsense of a utility token to read Only The Strong Survive, in particular Chapter 2, Crypto Is Not Decentralized, and the subsection, Everything Fights For Liquidity, and/or Green Eggs And Ham, in particular Part II, Decentralized Finance, Technically. ii) “real world assets” or, creating tokens within a blockchain’s data structure that are not intended to have endogenous value but to act as digital quasi-bearer certificates to some or other asset of value exogenous to this system. Stablecoins are in this second category.

RWA tokens definitionally have to have issuers, meaning some entity that, in the real world, custodies or physically manages both the asset and the record-keeping scheme for the asset. “The blockchain” is at best a secondary ledger to outsource ledger updates to public infrastructure such that the issuer itself doesn’t need to bother and can just “check the ledger” whenever operationally relevant. But clearly ownership cannot be enforced in an analogous way to Bitcoin, under both technical and social considerations. Technically, Bitcoin’s endogenous value means that whoever holds the keys to some or other UTXOs functionally is the owner. Somebody else claiming to be the owner is yelling at clouds. Whereas, socially, RWA issuers enter a contract with holders (whether legally or just in terms of a common-sense interpretation of the transaction) such that ownership of the asset issued against is entirely open to dispute. That somebody can point to “ownership” of the token may or may not mean anything substantive with respect to the physical reality of control of the asset, and how the issuer feels about it all.

And so, one wonders, why use a blockchain at all? Why doesn’t the issuer just run its own database (for the sake of argument with some or other signature scheme for verifying and auditing transactions) given it has the final say over issuance and redemption anyway? I hinted at an answer above: issuing on a blockchain outsources this task to public infrastructure. This is where things get interesting. While it is technically true, given the above few paragraphs, that, you don’t need a blockchain for that, you also don’t need to not use a blockchain for that. If you want to, you can.

This is clearly the case given stablecoins exist at all and have gone this route. If one gets too angry about not needing a blockchain for that, one equally risks yelling at clouds! And, in fact, one can make an even stronger argument, more so from the end users’ perspective. These products do not exist in a vacuum but rather compete with alternatives. In the case of stablecoins, the alternative is traditional fiat money, which, as stupid as RWAs on a blockchain are, is even dumber. It actually is just a database, except it’s a database that is extremely annoying to use, basically for political reasons because the industry managing these private databases form a cartel that never needs to innovate or really give a shit about its customers at all. In many, many cases, stablecoins on blockchains are dumb in the abstract, but superior to the alternative methods of holding and transacting in dollars existing in other forms. And note, this is only from Alice’s perspective of wanting to send and receive, not a rehashing of the fractional reserve argument given above. This is the essence of their product-market-fit. Yell at clouds all you like: they just are useful given the alternative usually is not Bitcoin, it’s JPMorgan’s KYC’d-up-the-wazoo 90s-era website, more than likely from an even less solvent bank.

So where does this get us? It might seem like we are back to “product-market-fit, sorry about that” with Bitcoiners yelling about feelings while everybody else makes do with their facts. However, I think we have introduced enough material to move the argument forward by incrementally incorporating the following observations, all of which I will shortly go into in more detail: i) as a consequence of making no technical sense with respect to what blockchains are for, today’s approach won’t scale; ii) as a consequence of short-termist tradeoffs around socializing costs, today’s approach creates an extremely unhealthy and arguably unnatural market dynamic in the issuer space; iii) Taproot Assets now exist and handily address both points i) and ii), and; iv) eCash is making strides that I believe will eventually replace even Taproot Assets.

To tease where all this is going, and to get the reader excited before we dive into much more detail: just as Bitcoin will eat all monetary premia, Lightning will likely eat all settlement, meaning all payments will gravitate towards routing over Lightning regardless of the denomination of the currency at the edges. Fiat payments will gravitate to stablecoins to take advantage of this; stablecoins will gravitate to TA and then to eCash, and all of this will accelerate hyperbitcoinization by “bitcoinizing” payment rails such that an eventual full transition becomes as simple as flicking a switch as to what denomination you want to receive.

I will make two important caveats before diving in that are more easily understood in light of having laid this groundwork: I am open to the idea that it won’t be just Lightning or just Taproot Assets playing the above roles. Without veering into forecasting the entire future development of Bitcoin tech, I will highlight that all that really matters here are, respectively: a true layer 2 with native hashlocks, and a token issuance scheme that enables atomic routing over such a layer 2 (or combination of such). For the sake of argument, the reader is welcome to swap in “Ark” and “RGB” for “Lightning” and “TA” both above and in all that follows. As far as I can tell, this makes no difference to the argument and is even exciting in its own right. However, for the sake of simplicity in presentation, I will stick to “Lightning” and “TA” hereafter.

1) Today’s Approach to Stablecoins Won’t Scale

This is the easiest to tick off and again doesn’t require much explanation to this audience. Blockchains fundamentally don’t scale, which is why Bitcoin’s UTXO scheme is a far better design than ex-Bitcoin Crypto’s’ account-based models, even entirely out of context of all the above criticisms. This is because Bitcoin transactions can be batched across time and across users with combinations of modes of spending restrictions that provide strong economic guarantees of correct eventual net settlement, if not perpetual deferral. One could argue this is a decent (if abstrusely technical) definition of “scaling” that is almost entirely lacking in Crypto.

What we see in ex-Bitcoin crypto is so-called “layer 2s” that are nothing of the sort, forcing stablecoin schemes in these environments into one of two equally poor design choices if usage is ever to increase: fees go higher and higher, to the point of economic unviability (and well past it) as blocks fill up, or move to much more centralized environments that increasingly are just databases, and hence which lose the benefits of openness thought to be gleaned by outsourcing settlement to public infrastructure. This could be in the form of punting issuance to a bullshit “layer 2” that is a really a multisig “backing” a private execution environment (to be decentralized any daw now) or an entirely different blockchain that is just pretending even less not to be a database to begin with. In a nutshell, this is a decent bottom-up explanation as to why Tron has the highest settlement of Tether.

This also gives rise to the weirdness of “gas tokens” - assets whose utility as money is and only is in the form of a transaction fee to transact a different kind of money. These are not quite as stupid as a “utility token,” given at least they are clearly fulfilling a monetary role and hence their artificial scarcity can be justified. But they are frustrating from Bitcoiners’ and users’ perspectives alike: users would prefer to pay transaction fees on dollars in dollars, but they can’t because the value of Ether, Sol, Tron, or whatever, is the string and bubblegum that hold their boondoggles together. And Bitcoiners wish this stuff would just go away and stop distracting people, whereas this string and bubblegum is proving transiently useful.

All in all, today’s approach is fine so long as it isn’t being used much. It has product-market fit, sure, but in the unenviable circumstance that, if it really starts to take off, it will break, and even the original users will find it unusable.

2) Today’s Approach to Stablecoins Creates an Untenable Market Dynamic

Reviving the ethos of you don’t need a blockchain for that, notice the following subtlety: while the tokens representing stablecoins have value to users, that value is not native to the blockchain on which they are issued. Tether can (and routinely does) burn tokens on Ethereum and mint them on Tron, then burn on Tron and mint on Solana, and so on. So-called blockchains “go down” and nobody really cares. This makes no difference whatsoever to Tether’s own accounting, and arguably a positive difference to users given these actions track market demand. But it is detrimental to the blockchain being switched away from by stripping it of “TVL” that, it turns out, was only using it as rails: entirely exogenous value that leaves as quickly as it arrived.

One underdiscussed and underappreciated implication of the fact that no value is natively running through the blockchain itself is that, in the current scheme, both the sender and receiver of a stablecoin have to trust the same issuer. This creates an extremely powerful network effect that, in theory, makes the first-to-market likely to dominate and in practice has played out exactly as this theory would suggest: Tether has roughly 80% of the issuance, while roughly 19% goes to the political carve-out of USDC that wouldn’t exist at all were it not for government interference. Everybody else combined makes up the final 1%.

So, Tether is a full reserve bank but also has to be everybody’s bank. This is the source of a lot of the discomfort with Tether, and which feeds into the original objection around dollar hegemony, that there is an ill-defined but nonetheless uneasy feeling that Tether is slowly morphing into a CBDC. I would argue this really has nothing to do with Tether’s own behavior but rather is a consequence of the market dynamic inevitably created by the current stablecoin scheme. There is no reason to trust any other bank because nobody really wants a bank, they just want the rails. They want something that will retain a nominal dollar value long enough to spend it again. They don’t care what tech it runs on and they don’t even really care about the issuer except insofar as having some sense they won’t get rugged.

Notice this is not how fiat works. Banks can, of course, settle between each other, thus enabling their users to send money to customers of other banks. This settlement function is actually the entire point of central banks, less the money printing and general corruption enabled (we might say, this was the historical point of central banks, which have since become irredeemably corrupted by this power). This process is clunkier than stablecoins, as covered above, but the very possibility of settlement means there is no gigantic network effect to being the first commercial issuer of dollar balances. If it isn’t too triggering to this audience, one might suggest that the money printer also removes the residual concern that your balances might get rugged! (or, we might again say, you guarantee you don’t get rugged in the short term by guaranteeing you do get rugged in the long term).

This is a good point at which to introduce the unsettling observation that broader fintech is catching on to the benefits of stablecoins without any awareness whatsoever of all the limitations I am outlining here. With the likes of Stripe, Wise, Robinhood, and, post-Trump, even many US megabanks supposedly contemplating issuing stablecoins (obviously within the current scheme, not the scheme I am building up to proposing), we are forced to boggle our minds considering how on earth settlement is going to work. Are they going to settle through Ether? Well, no, because i) Ether isn’t money, it’s … to be honest, I don’t think anybody really knows what it is supposed to be, or if they once did they aren’t pretending anymore, but anyway, Stripe certainly hasn’t figured that out yet so, ii) it won’t be possible to issue them on layer 1s as soon as there is any meaningful volume, meaning they will have to route through “bullshit layer 2 wrapped Ether token that is really already a kind of stablecoin for Ether.”

The way they are going to try to fix this (anybody wanna bet?) is routing through DEXes, which is so painfully dumb you should be laughing and, if you aren’t, I would humbly suggest you don’t get just how dumb it is. What this amounts to is plugging the gap of Ether’s lack of moneyness (and wrapped Ether’s hilarious lack of moneyness) with … drum roll … unknowable technical and counterparty risk and unpredictable cost on top of reverting to just being a database. So, in other words, all of the costs of using a blockchain when you don’t strictly need to, and none of the benefits. Stripe is going to waste billions of dollars getting sandwich attacked out of some utterly vanilla FX settlement it is facilitating for clients who have even less of an idea what is going on and why North Korea now has all their money, and will eventually realize they should have skipped their shitcoin phase and gone straight to understanding Bitcoin instead …

3) Bitcoin (and Taproot Assets) Fixes This

To tie together a few loose ends, I only threw in the hilariously stupid suggestion of settling through wrapped Ether on Ether on Ether in order to tee up the entirely sensible suggestion of settling through Lightning. Again, not that this will be new to this audience, but while issuance schemes have been around on Bitcoin for a long time, the breakthrough of Taproot Assets is essentially the ability to atomically route through Lightning.

I will admit upfront that this presents a massive bootstrapping challenge relative to the ex-Bitcoin Crypto approach, and it’s not obvious to me if or how this will be overcome. I include this caveat to make it clear I am not suggesting this is a given. It may not be, it’s just beyond the scope of this post (or frankly my ability) to predict. This is a problem for Lightning Labs, Tether, and whoever else decides to step up to issue. But even highlighting this as an obvious and major concern invites us to consider an intriguing contrast: scaling TA stablecoins is hardest at the start and gets easier and easier thereafter. The more edge liquidity there is in TA stables, the less of a risk it is for incremental issuance; the more TA activity, the more attractive deploying liquidity is into Lightning proper, and vice versa. With apologies if this metaphor is even more confusing than it is helpful, one might conceive of the situation as being that there is massive inertia to bootstrap, but equally there could be positive feedback in driving the inertia to scale. Again, I have no idea, and it hasn’t happened yet in practice, but in theory it’s fun.

More importantly to this conversation, however, this is almost exactly the opposite dynamic to the current scheme on other blockchains, which is basically free to start, but gets more and more expensive the more people try to use it. One might say it antiscales (I don’t think that’s a real word, but if Taleb can do it, then I can do it too!).

Furthermore, the entire concept of “settling in Bitcoin” makes perfect sense both economically and technically: economically because Bitcoin is money, and technically because it can be locked in an HTLC and hence can enable atomic routing (i.e. because Lightning is a thing). This is clearly better than wrapped Eth on Eth on Eth or whatever, but, tantalisingly, is better than fiat too! The core message of the payments tome I may or may not one day write is (or will be) that fiat payments, while superficially efficient on the basis of centralized and hence costless ledger amendments, actually have a hidden cost in the form of interbank credit. Many readers will likely have heard me say this multiple times and in multiple settings but, contrary to popular belief, there is no such thing as a fiat debit. Even if styled as a debit, all fiat payments are credits and all have credit risk baked into their cost, even if that is obscured and pushed to the absolute foundational level of money printing to keep banks solvent and hence keep payment channels open.

Furthermore! this enables us to strip away the untenable market dynamic from the point above. The underappreciated and underdiscussed flip side of the drawback of the current dynamic that is effectively fixed by Taproot Assets is that there is no longer a mammoth network effect to a single issuer. Senders and receivers can trust different issuers (i.e. their own banks) because those banks can atomically settle a single payment over Lightning. This does not involve credit. It is arguably the only true debit in the world across both the relevant economic and technical criteria: it routes through money with no innate credit risk, and it does so atomically due to that money’s native properties.

Savvy readers may have picked up on a seed I planted a while back and which can now delightfully blossom:

This is what Visa was supposed to be!

Crucially, this is not what Visa is now. Visa today is pretty much the bank that is everybody’s counterparty, takes a small credit risk for the privilege, and oozes free cash flow bottlenecking global consumer payments.

But if you read both One From Many by Dee Hock (for a first person but pretty wild and extravagant take) and Electronic Value Exchange by David Stearns (for a third person, drier, but more analytical and historically contextualized take) or if you are just intimately familiar with the modern history of payments for whatever other reason, you will see that the role I just described for Lightning in an environment of unboundedly many banks issuing fiduciary media in the form of stablecoins is exactly what Dee Hock wanted to create when he envisioned Visa:

A neutral and open layer of value settlement enabling banks to create digital, interbank payment schemes for their customers at very low cost.

As it turns out, his vision was technically impossible with fiat, hence Visa, which started as a cooperative amongst member banks, was corrupted into a duopolistic for-profit rent seeker in curious parallel to the historical path of central banks …

4) eCash

To now push the argument to what I think is its inevitable conclusion, it’s worth being even more vigilant on the front of you don’t need a blockchain for that. I have argued that there is a role for a blockchain in providing a neutral settlement layer to enable true debits of stablecoins. But note this is just a fancy and/or stupid way of saying that Bitcoin is both the best money and is programmable, which we all knew anyway. The final step is realizing that, while TA is nice in terms of providing a kind of “on ramp” for global payments infrastructure as a whole to reorient around Lightning, there is some path dependence here in assuming (almost certainly correctly) that the familiarity of stablecoins as “RWA tokens on a blockchain” will be an important part of the lure.

But once that transition is complete, or is well on its way to being irreversible, we may as well come full circle and cut out tokens altogether. Again, you really don’t need a blockchain for that, and the residual appeal of better rails has been taken care of with the above massive detour through what I deem to be the inevitability of Lightning as a settlement layer. Just as USDT on Tron arguably has better moneyness than a JPMorgan balance, so a “stablecoin” as eCash has better moneyness than as a TA given it is cheaper, more private, and has more relevantly bearer properties (in other words, because it is cash). The technical detail that it can be hashlocked is really all you need to tie this all together. That means it can be atomically locked into a Lightning routed debit to the recipient of a different issuer (or “mint” in eCash lingo, but note this means the same thing as what we have been calling fully reserved banks). And the economic incentive is pretty compelling too because, for all their benefits, there is still a cost to TAs given they are issued onchain and they require asset-specific liquidity to route on Lightning. Once the rest of the tech is in place, why bother? Keep your Lightning connectivity and just become a mint.

What you get at that point is dramatically superior private database to JPMorgan with the dramatically superior public rails of Lightning. There is nothing left to desire from “a blockchain” besides what Bitcoin is fundamentally for in the first place: counterparty-risk-free value settlement.

And as a final point with a curious and pleasing echo to Dee Hock at Visa, Calle has made the point repeatedly that David Chaum’s vision for eCash, while deeply philosophical besides the technical details, was actually pretty much impossible to operate on fiat. From an eCash perspective, fiat stablecoins within the above infrastructure setup are a dramatic improvement on anything previously possible. But, of course, they are a slippery slope to Bitcoin regardless …

Objections Revisited

As a cherry on top, I think the objections I highlighted at the outset are now readily addressed – to the extent the reader believes what I am suggesting is more or less a technical and economic inevitability, that is. While, sure, I’m not particularly keen on giving the Treasury more avenues to sell its welfare-warfare shitcoin, on balance the likely development I’ve outlined is an enormous net positive: it’s going to sell these anyway so I prefer a strong economic incentive to steadily transition not only to Lightning as payment rails but eCash as fiduciary media, and to use “fintech” as a carrot to induce a slow motion bank run.

As alluded to above, once all this is in place, the final step to a Bitcoin standard becomes as simple as an individual’s decision to want Bitcoin instead of fiat. On reflection, this is arguably the easiest part! It's setting up all the tech that puts people off, so trojan-horsing them with “faster, cheaper payment rails” seems like a genius long-term strategy.

And as to “needing a blockchain” (or not), I hope that is entirely wrapped up at this point. The only blockchain you need is Bitcoin, but to the extent people are still confused by this (which I think will take decades more to fully unwind), we may as well lean into dazzling them with whatever innovation buzzwords and decentralization theatre they were going to fall for anyway before realizing they wanted Bitcoin all along.

Conclusion

Stablecoins are useful whether you like it or not. They are stupid in the abstract but it turns out fiat is even stupider, on inspection. But you don’t need a blockchain, and using one as decentralization theatre creates technical debt that is insurmountable in the long run. Blockchain-based stablecoins are doomed to a utility inversely proportional to their usage, and just to rub it in, their ill-conceived design practically creates a commercial dynamic that mandates there only ever be a single issuer.

Given they are useful, it seems natural that this tension is going to blow up at some point. It also seems worthwhile observing that Taproot Asset stablecoins have almost the inverse problem and opposite commercial dynamic: they will be most expensive to use at the outset but get cheaper and cheaper as their usage grows. Also, there is no incentive towards a monopoly issuer but rather towards as many as are willing to try to operate well and provide value to their users.

As such, we can expect any sizable growth in stablecoins to migrate to TA out of technical and economic necessity. Once this has happened - or possibly while it is happening but is clearly not going to stop - we may as well strip out the TA component and just use eCash because you really don’t need a blockchain for that at all. And once all the money is on eCash, deciding you want to denominate it in Bitcoin is the simplest on-ramp to hyperbitcoinization you can possibly imagine, given we’ve spent the previous decade or two rebuilding all payments tech around Lightning.

Or: Bitcoin fixes this. The End.

• Allen, #892,125

thanks to Marco Argentieri, Lyn Alden, and Calle for comments and feedback

@ fed76236:9d101c9c

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@ 418a17eb:b64b2b3a

In today’s world, many people chase after money. We often think that wealth equals success and happiness. But if we look closer, we see that money is just a tool. The real goal is freedom.

Money helps us access resources and experiences. It can open doors. But the constant pursuit of wealth can trap us. We may find ourselves stressed, competing with others, and feeling unfulfilled. The more we chase money, the more we might lose sight of what truly matters.

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@ 3b3a42d3:d192e325

Atomic Signature Swaps (ASS) over Nostr is a protocol for atomically exchanging Schnorr signatures using Nostr events for orchestration. This new primitive enables multiple interesting applications like:

• Getting paid to publish specific Nostr events
• Issuing automatic payment receipts
• Contract signing in exchange for payment
• P2P asset exchanges
• Trading and enforcement of asset option contracts
• Payment in exchange for Nostr-based credentials or access tokens
• Exchanging GMs 🌞

It only requires that (i) the involved signatures be Schnorr signatures using the secp256k1 curve and that (ii) at least one of those signatures be accessible to both parties. These requirements are naturally met by Nostr events (published to relays), Taproot transactions (published to the mempool and later to the blockchain), and Cashu payments (using mints that support NUT-07, allowing any pair of these signatures to be swapped atomically.

How the Cryptographic Magic Works 🪄

This is a Schnorr signature (Zₓ, s):

s = z + H(Zₓ || P || m)⋅k

If you haven't seen it before, don't worry, neither did I until three weeks ago.

The signature scalar s is the the value a signer with private key k (and public key P = k⋅G) must calculate to prove his commitment over the message m given a randomly generated nonce z (Zₓ is just the x-coordinate of the public point Z = z⋅G). H is a hash function (sha256 with the tag "BIP0340/challenge" when dealing with BIP340), || just means to concatenate and G is the generator point of the elliptic curve, used to derive public values from private ones.

Now that you understand what this equation means, let's just rename z = r + t. We can do that, z is just a randomly generated number that can be represented as the sum of two other numbers. It also follows that z⋅G = r⋅G + t⋅G ⇔ Z = R + T. Putting it all back into the definition of a Schnorr signature we get:

s = (r + t) + H((R + T)ₓ || P || m)⋅k

Which is the same as:

s = sₐ + t where sₐ = r + H((R + T)ₓ || P || m)⋅k

sₐ is what we call the adaptor signature scalar) and t is the secret. ((R + T)ₓ, sₐ) is an incomplete signature that just becomes valid by add the secret t to the sₐ:

s = sₐ + t

What is also important for our purposes is that by getting access to the valid signature s, one can also extract t from it by just subtracting sₐ:

t = s - sₐ

The specific value of t depends on our choice of the public point T, since R is just a public point derived from a randomly generated nonce r.

So how do we choose T so that it requires the secret t to be the signature over a specific message m' by an specific public key P'? (without knowing the value of t)

Let's start with the definition of t as a valid Schnorr signature by P' over m':

t = r' + H(R'ₓ || P' || m')⋅k' ⇔ t⋅G = r'⋅G + H(R'ₓ || P' || m')⋅k'⋅G

That is the same as:

T = R' + H(R'ₓ || P' || m')⋅P'

Notice that in order to calculate the appropriate T that requires t to be an specific signature scalar, we only need to know the public nonce R' used to generate that signature.

In summary: in order to atomically swap Schnorr signatures, one party P' must provide a public nonce R', while the other party P must provide an adaptor signature using that nonce:

sₐ = r + H((R + T)ₓ || P || m)⋅k where T = R' + H(R'ₓ || P' || m')⋅P'

P' (the nonce provider) can then add his own signature t to the adaptor signature sₐ in order to get a valid signature by P, i.e. s = sₐ + t. When he publishes this signature (as a Nostr event, Cashu transaction or Taproot transaction), it becomes accessible to P that can now extract the signature t by P' and also make use of it.

Important considerations

A signature may not be useful at the end of the swap if it unlocks funds that have already been spent, or that are vulnerable to fee bidding wars.

When a swap involves a Taproot UTXO, it must always use a 2-of-2 multisig timelock to avoid those issues.

Cashu tokens do not require this measure when its signature is revealed first, because the mint won't reveal the other signature if they can't be successfully claimed, but they also require a 2-of-2 multisig timelock when its signature is only revealed last (what is unavoidable in cashu for cashu swaps).

For Nostr events, whoever receives the signature first needs to publish it to at least one relay that is accessible by the other party. This is a reasonable expectation in most cases, but may be an issue if the event kind involved is meant to be used privately.

How to Orchestrate the Swap over Nostr?

Before going into the specific event kinds, it is important to recognize what are the requirements they must meet and what are the concerns they must address. There are mainly three requirements:

• Both parties must agree on the messages they are going to sign
• One party must provide a public nonce
• The other party must provide an adaptor signature using that nonce

There is also a fundamental asymmetry in the roles of both parties, resulting in the following significant downsides for the party that generates the adaptor signature:

• NIP-07 and remote signers do not currently support the generation of adaptor signatures, so he must either insert his nsec in the client or use a fork of another signer
• There is an overhead of retrieving the completed signature containing the secret, either from the blockchain, mint endpoint or finding the appropriate relay
• There is risk he may not get his side of the deal if the other party only uses his signature privately, as I have already mentioned
• There is risk of losing funds by not extracting or using the signature before its timelock expires. The other party has no risk since his own signature won't be exposed by just not using the signature he received.

The protocol must meet all those requirements, allowing for some kind of role negotiation and while trying to reduce the necessary hops needed to complete the swap.

Swap Proposal Event (kind:455)

This event enables a proposer and his counterparty to agree on the specific messages whose signatures they intend to exchange. The content field is the following stringified JSON:

{     "give": <signature spec (required)>,     "take": <signature spec (required)>,     "exp": <expiration timestamp (optional)>,     "role": "<adaptor | nonce (optional)>",     "description": "<Info about the proposal (optional)>",     "nonce": "<Signature public nonce (optional)>",     "enc_s": "<Encrypted signature scalar (optional)>" }

The field role indicates what the proposer will provide during the swap, either the nonce or the adaptor. When this optional field is not provided, the counterparty may decide whether he will send a nonce back in a Swap Nonce event or a Swap Adaptor event using the nonce (optionally) provided by in the Swap Proposal in order to avoid one hop of interaction.

The enc_s field may be used to store the encrypted scalar of the signature associated with the nonce, since this information is necessary later when completing the adaptor signature received from the other party.

A signature spec specifies the type and all necessary information for producing and verifying a given signature. In the case of signatures for Nostr events, it contain a template with all the fields, except pubkey, id and sig:

{ "type": "nostr", "template": { "kind": "<kind>"        "content": "<content>"        "tags": [ … ],        "created_at": "<created_at>" } }

In the case of Cashu payments, a simplified signature spec just needs to specify the payment amount and an array of mints trusted by the proposer:

{   "type": "cashu",   "amount": "<amount>",   "mint": ["<acceptable mint_url>", …] }

This works when the payer provides the adaptor signature, but it still needs to be extended to also work when the payer is the one receiving the adaptor signature. In the later case, the signature spec must also include a timelock and the derived public keys Y of each Cashu Proof, but for now let's just ignore this situation. It should be mentioned that the mint must be trusted by both parties and also support Token state check (NUT-07) for revealing the completed adaptor signature and P2PK spending conditions (NUT-11) for the cryptographic scheme to work.

The tags are:

• "p", the proposal counterparty's public key (required)
• "a", a kind:30455 Swap Listing event or an application specific version of it (optional)

Forget about this Swap Listing event for now, I will get to it later...

Swap Nonce Event (kind:456) - Optional

This is an optional event for the Swap Proposal receiver to provide the public nonce of his signature when the proposal does not include a nonce or when he does not want to provide the adaptor signature due to the downsides previously mentioned. The content field is the following stringified JSON:

{     "nonce": "<Signature public nonce>",     "enc_s": "<Encrypted signature scalar (optional)>" }

And the tags must contain:

• "e", a kind:455 Swap Proposal Event (required)
• "p", the counterparty's public key (required)

Swap Adaptor Event (kind:457)

The content field is the following stringified JSON:

{ "adaptors": [ {         "sa": "<Adaptor signature scalar>",         "R": "<Signer's public nonce (including parity byte)>",         "T": "<Adaptor point (including parity byte)>",         "Y": "<Cashu proof derived public key (if applicable)>",     }, …],     "cashu": "<Cashu V4 token (if applicable)>" }

And the tags must contain:

• "e", a kind:455 Swap Proposal Event (required)
• "p", the counterparty's public key (required)

Discoverability

The Swap Listing event previously mentioned as an optional tag in the Swap Proposal may be used to find an appropriate counterparty for a swap. It allows a user to announce what he wants to accomplish, what his requirements are and what is still open for negotiation.

Swap Listing Event (kind:30455)

The content field is the following stringified JSON:

{ "description": "<Information about the listing (required)>", "give": <partial signature spec (optional)>, "take": <partial signature spec (optional)>, "examples: [<take signature spec>], // optional "exp": <expiration timestamp (optional)>, "role": "<adaptor | nonce (optional)>" }

The description field describes the restrictions on counterparties and signatures the user is willing to accept.

A partial signature spec is an incomplete signature spec used in Swap Proposal events kind:455 where omitting fields signals that they are still open for negotiation.

The examples field is an array of signature specs the user would be willing to take.

The tags are:

• "d", a unique listing id (required)
• "s", the status of the listing draft | open | closed (required)
• "t", topics related to this listing (optional)
• "p", public keys to notify about the proposal (optional)

Application Specific Swap Listings

Since Swap Listings are still fairly generic, it is expected that specific use cases define new event kinds based on the generic listing. Those application specific swap listing would be easier to filter by clients and may impose restrictions and add new fields and/or tags. The following are some examples under development:

Sponsored Events

This listing is designed for users looking to promote content on the Nostr network, as well as for those who want to monetize their accounts by sharing curated sponsored content with their existing audiences.

It follows the same format as the generic Swap Listing event, but uses the kind:30456 instead.

The following new tags are included:

• "k", event kind being sponsored (required)
• "title", campaign title (optional)

It is required that at least one signature spec (give and/or take) must have "type": "nostr" and also contain the following tag ["sponsor", "<pubkey>", "<attestation>"] with the sponsor's public key and his signature over the signature spec without the sponsor tag as his attestation. This last requirement enables clients to disclose and/or filter sponsored events.

Asset Swaps

This listing is designed for users looking for counterparties to swap different assets that can be transferred using Schnorr signatures, like any unit of Cashu tokens, Bitcoin or other asset IOUs issued using Taproot.

It follows the same format as the generic Swap Listing event, but uses the kind:30457 instead.

It requires the following additional tags:

• "t", asset pair to be swapped (e.g. "btcusd")
• "t", asset being offered (e.g. "btc")
• "t", accepted payment method (e.g. "cashu", "taproot")

Swap Negotiation

From finding an appropriate Swap Listing to publishing a Swap Proposal, there may be some kind of negotiation between the involved parties, e.g. agreeing on the amount to be paid by one of the parties or the exact content of a Nostr event signed by the other party. There are many ways to accomplish that and clients may implement it as they see fit for their specific goals. Some suggestions are:

• Adding kind:1111 Comments to the Swap Listing or an existing Swap Proposal
• Exchanging tentative Swap Proposals back and forth until an agreement is reached
• Simple exchanges of DMs
• Out of band communication (e.g. Signal)

Work to be done

I've been refining this specification as I develop some proof-of-concept clients to experience its flaws and trade-offs in practice. I left the signature spec for Taproot signatures out of the current document as I still have to experiment with it. I will probably find some important orchestration issues related to dealing with 2-of-2 multisig timelocks, which also affects Cashu transactions when spent last, that may require further adjustments to what was presented here.

The main goal of this article is to find other people interested in this concept and willing to provide valuable feedback before a PR is opened in the NIPs repository for broader discussions.

References

• GM Swap- Nostr client for atomically exchanging GM notes. Live demo available here.
• Sig4Sats Script - A Typescript script demonstrating the swap of a Cashu payment for a signed Nostr event.
• Loudr- Nostr client under development for sponsoring the publication of Nostr events. Live demo available at loudr.me.
• Poelstra, A. (2017). Scriptless Scripts. Blockstream Research. https://github.com/BlockstreamResearch/scriptless-scripts

@ 1f79058c:eb86e1cb

I think we should agree on an HTML element for pointing to the Nostr representation of a document/URL on the Web. We could use the existing one for link relations for example:

html <link rel="alternate" type="application/nostr+json" href="nostr:naddr1qvzqqqr4..." title="This article on Nostr" />

This would be useful in multiple ways:

1. Nostr clients, when fetching meta/preview information for a URL that is linked in a note, can detect that there's a Nostr representation of the content, and then render it in Nostr-native ways (whatever that may be depending on the client)
2. User agents, usually a browser or browser extension, when opening a URL on the Web, can offer opening the alternative representation of a page in a Nostr client. And/or they could offer to follow the author's pubkey on Nostr. And/or they could offer to zap the content.
3. When publishing a new article, authors can share their preferred Web URL everywhere, without having to consider if the reader knows about or uses Nostr at all. However, if a Nostr user finds the Web version of an article outside of Nostr, they can now easily jump to the Nostr version of it.
4. Existing Web publications can retroactively create Nostr versions of their content and easily link the Nostr articles on all of their existing article pages without having to add prominent Nostr links everywhere.

There are probably more use cases, like Nostr search engines and whatnot. If you can think of something interesting, please tell me.

Update: I came up with another interesting use case, which is adding alternate links to RSS and Atom feeds.

Proof of concept

In order to show one way in which this could be used, I have created a small Web Extension called Nostr Links, which will discover alternate Nostr links on the pages you visit.

If it finds one or more links, it will show a purple Nostr icon in the address bar, which you can click to open the list of links. It's similar to e.g. the Feed Preview extension, and also to what the Tor Browser does when it discovers an Onion-Location for the page you're looking at:

The links in this popup menu will be web+nostr: links, because browsers currently do not allow web apps or extensions to handle unprefixed nostr: links. (I hope someone is working on getting those on par with ipfs: etc.)

Following such a link will either open your default Nostr Web app, if you have already configured one, or it will ask you which Web app to open the link with.

Caveat emptor: At the time of writing, my personal default Web app, noStrudel, needs a new release for the links to find the content.

Try it now

Have a look at the source code and/or download the extension (currently only for Firefox).

I have added alternate Nostr links to the Web pages of profiles and long-form content on the Kosmos relay's domain. It's probably the only place on the Web, which will trigger the extension right now.

You can look at this very post to find an alternate link for example.

Update: A certain fiatjaf has added the element to his personal website, which is built entirely from Nostr articles. Multiple other devs also expressed their intent to implement.

@ f683e870:557f5ef2

When it comes to the Nostr Web of Trust, several NIPs have been proposed, but the one that seemed to gather the most traction was Trusted Assertion by Vitor Pamplona.

The idea is to have kind:30382 represent assertions made about an entity, which could be a pubkey, for example. The NIP also specifies a tag called rank, which can be used to build some basic WoT primitives.

Example event:

{ "kind": 30382, "tags": [ ["d", "e88a6...50411"], ["rank", "89"], ["zap_amt_sent", "1000000"], ], "content": "", //... }

However, we quickly realized that this NIP was too limiting for what we wanted to accomplish: real-time, personalized ranking.

To illustrate our different approaches, we will show how to replicate our Verify Reputation with trusted assertions.

Verify Reputation

Verify Reputation returns:

• the rank, follow count and followers count of the given target
• its top followers by rank.

All ranks are personalized to the given source.

This “batteries included” solution helps users avoid impersonation and fraud with a single request, no matter what application they are using, be it a kind:1 client, chat app, wallet, marketplace, or more.


To get the same result with trusted assertions, you would have to

• Get all contact lists that contain the target (as a p tag)
• Build the target’s follower list from those event authors
• Get the trusted assertions for the target and each of the followers
• Sort them by the rank provided by the trusted assertions

This operation is computationally expensive, especially on mobile devices. It is clear that if the user is willing to verify and process a large number of events (potentially +100k), he can compute some (rudimentary) ranking directly on the device, without the need to trust a third party.

More generally, trusted assertions are very hard to use when one doesn’t know the pubkeys of the people he’s looking for. This goes fundamentally against our approach of Web of Trust, as a powerful mechanism for discovery.

---

Are you looking to add Web of Trust capabilities to your app or project?

Take a look at our website or send a DM to Pip.

@ 9c9d2765:16f8c2c2

CHAPTER ONE

Grandpa Ray’s birthday was a grand celebration. His children and grandchildren gathered around, each presenting him with expensive gifts, golden watches, fine suits, and rare wines. The room buzzed with excitement and laughter.

Among them was James, Grandpa Ray’s adopted son. Unlike the others, James had no gift to offer. He stood quietly, watching as each family member received warm praise for their presents.

Then, Grandpa Ray did something unexpected. With a kind smile, he said, “Today, I want to give you all a gift instead. Ask for anything, and I will grant it.”

Excited, his children and grandchildren eagerly requested expensive things luxury cars, houses, money, and positions in the family business.

When it was James’ turn, he hesitated for a moment before saying, “Grandpa, I would like a shovel.”

A hush fell over the room, then erupted into laughter.

“A shovel?” one cousin sneered. “What a silly request!” another chuckled.

But Grandpa Ray raised a hand, silencing them. He looked at James with curiosity. “Why a shovel, my boy?”

James took a deep breath and replied, “I don’t need riches handed to me. I want to work for my own wealth. A shovel will help me till the land, plant crops, and build something for myself.”

Grandpa Ray’s eyes gleamed with pride. He nodded and said, “That is a wise request. Not only will I give you a shovel, but I will also grant you a piece of land to farm.”

The laughter died down. The others had asked for luxury, but James had asked for a tool to create his own future. James had once lived a life of promise. He was hardworking, loyal, and dedicated to his family’s company. But his world came crashing down when he was falsely accused of embezzlement. His own parents, ashamed of the scandal, disowned him without listening to his pleas of innocence.

Alone and broken, James had nowhere to go. It was then that Grandpa Ray, a man known for his wisdom and kindness, took him in. Unlike the rest of the world, Grandpa Ray saw something in James his resilience, his honesty, and his potential.

Despite being adopted into a wealthy and powerful family, James never truly felt accepted. The others in the family pretended to love him, but behind his back, they whispered that he was a burden, an outsider. The only one who genuinely cared for him besides Grandpa Ray was Rita, the old man’s granddaughter.

Over the years, James worked hard to earn his place in the family. He managed some of Grandpa Ray’s businesses, proving his intelligence and dedication. Rita, a kind and spirited woman, saw the goodness in him. Their bond grew stronger, and soon, love blossomed between them.

Grandpa Ray, seeing James’ sincerity and loyalty, made a bold decision he gave Rita’s hand in marriage to James, despite the objections of the rest of the family.

"You have proven yourself to be a man of honor," Grandpa Ray said to James on the wedding day. "And I know that you will cherish Rita the way she deserves."

The rest of the family smiled in public but harbored resentment in their hearts. To them, James was an unworthy orphan who had stolen their grandfather’s favor.

When Grandpa Ray passed away, everything changed. The mask of fake love that the family had worn for years finally fell off. Without Grandpa Ray to protect him, James became a target of humiliation.

Helen, Rita’s mother, Christopher, her father, and Stephen, her brother, openly ridiculed him. They made life unbearable, treating him like a servant rather than a family member.

"You don’t belong here," Stephen sneered one evening. "You were just Grandpa’s charity case."

James endured the insults in silence, holding onto the love he shared with Rita. But his in-laws had other plans; they wanted him out of Rita’s life for good.

Helen and Christopher believed that Rita had made a mistake by marrying James. They wanted her to divorce him and marry someone who would elevate the family’s status. That’s when Helen introduced Mark, the only son of the Prime Minister.

Mark was wealthy, powerful, and came from a family of high political influence. To her, he was the perfect husband for Rita.

"Rita, darling," Helen said sweetly, "don’t waste your life with James. You deserve someone who can give you the life of luxury you were born into."

Stephen agreed. "Mark is everything James is not rich, powerful, and from a good family. Be wise, sister."

But Rita stood firm.

"I love James," she said. "And I will not betray him, no matter how much you pressure me. James and I made a promise to Grandpa never to leave each other"

Helen, frustrated by Rita’s refusal, tried to manipulate her further. She arranged secret meetings between Rita and Mark, hoping she would be swayed. She even planned an engagement dinner, assuming Rita would eventually give in.

Meanwhile, James felt the weight of the battle. He saw how much pressure Rita was under and, one evening, he took her hands and said, "Rita, if leaving me will make your life easier, I won’t stop you."

Tears filled her eyes. "James, my love isn’t based on status or wealth. I chose you, and I will keep choosing you no matter what, you have forgotten the promise we two made to Grandpa before he died, in case you have forgotten, I haven't"

That night, Rita made her choice. She called a meeting to inform everyone that nothing will make her leave James for another man, James couldn't withstand the joy she made her that night, choosing love over wealth and status.

With nothing but their love and determination, James and Rita started anew. They built their life from scratch, with James working tirelessly to create a name for himself.

The Ray family had once been a symbol of wealth, power, and success, but in recent months, everything had started crumbling. A series of financial setbacks, business failures, and internal conflicts had pushed the family into a dire situation. The creditors were knocking, the banks were threatening to withdraw their support, and their empire was on the verge of collapse.

Desperation clouded every decision they made. And in that desperation, they saw only one way out is Mark.

Mark, the only son of the Prime Minister, was not just a man of wealth but also of power and influence. He had been interested in Rita for years, but she had always refused him, choosing instead to marry James. But now, with the family drowning in crisis, Mark became their only hope.

Helen, Rita’s mother, sat across from Christopher, her husband, and Stephen, their son. The tension in the room was thick.

“We have no other choice,” Helen said firmly. “Mark is willing to help us, but he wants something in return.”

“We all know what that is,” Stephen said, glancing at Rita, who sat silently in the corner of the room.

Christopher sighed. “James is the only obstacle left. We have to make Rita understand that this isn’t about love anymore, it's about survival.”

Helen’s voice was cold. “She will divorce him. And James will have no choice but to accept it.”

Rita looked up, her heart pounding. “You’re selling me to him,” she said in disbelief.

“Rita,” Helen said impatiently. “This isn’t about selling you. This is about securing our future. James has nothing. Mark can give you everything.”

“I don’t want everything. I want my husband.”

Helen scoffed. “Love won’t save this family.”

But Rita clenched her fists. She wasn’t going to give up on James so easily.

The Ray family organized a grand business anniversary event, using it as a cover to publicly introduce Mark as their savior. Guests arrived in expensive suits and dazzling gowns, but beneath the luxury was a desperate attempt to keep up appearances.

James had never felt more out of place. He knew he wasn’t truly welcome among the Ray family, but tonight, it was worse than ever. He could see the way people looked at him like he was an outsider, a liability.

Then Mark arrived; Tall, confident, and exuding power, he walked into the hall as if he already owned it. People flocked to him, shaking his hand, singing his praises.

And then, during a private meeting with the Ray family, he made his move.

“I know about your situation,” Mark said smoothly, placing a black suitcase on the table and opening it. Inside were stacks of cash, two million dollars.

Helen gasped. Christopher’s hands trembled.

Mark leaned back.

@ 177bfd16:347a07e4

So , you've battles through your way through countless Grunts , overcome the Team GO Rocket Leaders, and now you stand face to face with the big boss him self - Giovanni!

As of April 2025 , Giovanni is finishing his battles with Shadow Palkia.

Giovanni's Current Lineup (April 2025) First, know your enemy. Giovanni's team follows this structure:

Slot 1: Shadow Persian (Normal)

Slot 2: One of these three, chosen randomly:

Shadow Nidoking (Poison/Ground) Shadow Kingdra (Water/Dragon) Shadow Rhyperior (Rock/Ground)

Slot 3: Shadow Palkia (Water/Dragon) Remember, these are Shadow Pokémon – they hit harder than their normal counterparts!

Counter Strategy: Beating Giovanni Pokémon by Pokémon

Let's dive into the best counters for each potential opponent:

1. Vs. Shadow Persian (Normal)

Giovanni always leads with Persian. As a Normal-type, it's weak only to Fighting-type attacks.

Top Counters: Machamp, Lucario, Conkeldurr, Terrakion, Mega Blaziken, Mega Lucario.

Moves: Prioritize Fighting-type moves like Counter, Dynamic Punch, Aura Sphere, and Sacred Sword.

Tip: Lead with a strong Fighting-type. Moves like Lucario's Power-Up Punch or Machamp's Cross Chop charge quickly and are great for baiting Giovanni's shields early!

1. Vs. The Second Slot (Nidoking, Kingdra, or Rhyperior)

This is where things get unpredictable. You need Pokémon that can handle these potential threats:

Vs. Shadow Nidoking (Poison/Ground): Weak to Water, Ground, Ice, Psychic.

Counters: Kyogre (Primal/Shadow), Swampert (Mega), Groudon (Primal/Shadow), Mewtwo (Shadow), Excadrill. Water and Ground-types are prime choices.

Vs. Shadow Kingdra (Water/Dragon): Weak to Fairy, Dragon. Counters: Gardevoir (Mega), Togekiss, Xerneas. Fairy-types are excellent as they resist Dragon attacks while dealing super-effective damage. Dragon-types like Rayquaza or Palkia work but are risky.

Vs. Shadow Rhyperior (Rock/Ground): Double weak to Water and Grass! Also weak to Fighting, Ground, Ice, Steel.

Counters: Kyogre (Primal/Shadow), Swampert (Mega), Sceptile (Mega), Roserade. Your Fighting-type lead (if it survived Persian) can also do significant damage. Hit it hard with Water or Grass!

1. Vs. Shadow Palkia (Water/Dragon)

Giovanni's final Pokémon is the powerful Shadow Palkia. Like Kingdra, it's weak to Fairy and Dragon types.

Top Counters: Gardevoir (Mega), Togekiss, Xerneas. Again, Fairy-types are the safest and most reliable counters.

Dragon Counters (Use with Caution): Rayquaza (Mega), Palkia (Origin Forme), Dragonite, Dialga (Origin Forme).

Recommended Battle Teams for April 2025 Based on the counters, here are a few effective teams you can assemble:

Team 1 (Balanced):

Machamp (Counter / Cross Chop & Dynamic Punch)

Swampert (Mud Shot / Hydro Cannon & Earthquake)

Togekiss (Charm / Dazzling Gleam & Ancient Power)

Why it works: Covers all bases well with accessible Pokémon. Machamp handles Persian/shields, Swampert crushes Rhyperior/Nidoking, Togekiss tackles Kingdra/Palkia.

Team 2 (Legendary Power):

Lucario (Counter / Power-Up Punch & Aura Sphere)

Kyogre (Waterfall / Origin Pulse & Surf)

Xerneas (Geomancy / Moonblast & Close Combat)

Why it works: High-powered options. Lucario baits shields effectively, Kyogre dominates slot two's Ground/Rock types, Xerneas shreds the Dragons.

Team 3 (Mega Advantage):

Machamp (Counter / Cross Chop & DP)

Kyogre (Waterfall / Origin Pulse)

Mega Gardevoir (Charm / Dazzling Gleam & Shadow Ball)

Why it works: Uses a standard strong lead and mid-game counter, saving the Mega slot for Gardevoir to ensure a powerful finish against Palkia/Kingdra.

Essential Battle Tips Don't forget these crucial tactics:

The Switch Trick: Place your intended starting Pokémon (e.g., Machamp) in the second or third slot. Start the battle, then immediately switch to it. Giovanni will pause for a moment, letting you get in free hits!

Bait Those Shields: Use Pokémon with fast-charging Charged Moves, especially early on, to force Giovanni to waste his Protect Shields.

Power Up: Ensure your team is powered up significantly and consider unlocking second Charged Moves for better flexibility.

Don't Give Up: Giovanni is tough! It might take a few tries to get the right matchup against his second Pokémon. Learn from each attempt and adjust your team if needed.

Go show the boss who's the boss and claim your shadow Palkia . Good Luck, Trainer !

@ 0598a50c:d765ddce

This LA Times story, from their archives, is not paywalled:

WASHINGTON — The chief of China’s military intelligence secretly directed funds from Beijing to help re-elect President Clinton in 1996, former Democratic fund-raiser Johnny Chung has told federal investigators.

According to sources familiar with Chung’s sealed statements to federal prosecutors, Chung says he met three times with the intelligence official, General Ji Shengde, who ordered $300,000 deposited into the Torrance businessman’s bank account to subsidize campaign donations intended for Clinton,

Never forget blatant, destructive, disloyalty to the USA.

It's not an accident that the Clinton donation from China happened in (Freemason controlled) Los Angeles, where China has a massive presence to this day. Take a drive on San Gabriel Blvd and see for yourself.

According to law enforcement and other sources, key aspects of Chung’s testimony, which has not been made public, have been corroborated by financial records in the United States and Hong Kong.

+++++++++++ Chung, 44, a Taiwan-born American citizen who lives in Artesia, Calif., was one of the most prominent figures in the 1996 campaign finance scandal. He contributed more than $400,000 to various Democratic campaigns and causes, visited the White House no fewer than 50 times and brought numerous Chinese associates to events with the president and First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton.

As you might expect, it is illegal for U.S. political parties or candidates to accept contributions from foreign sources.

Only a portion of the $300,000 made it into Democratic campaign coffers, records show.

A spokesman for China’s embassy in Washington denied any involvement in the 1996 elections.

SOURCE: https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1999-apr-04-mn-24189-story.html

@ 30ceb64e:7f08bdf5

Status: Draft
Author: TheWildHustle

Abstract

This NIP defines a framework for storing and sharing health and fitness profile data on Nostr. It establishes a set of standardized event kinds for individual health metrics, allowing applications to selectively access specific health information while preserving user control and privacy.

In this framework exists - NIP-101h.1 Weight using kind 1351 - NIP-101h.2 Height using kind 1352 - NIP-101h.3 Age using kind 1353 - NIP-101h.4 Gender using kind 1354 - NIP-101h.5 Fitness Level using kind 1355

Motivation

I want to build and support an ecosystem of health and fitness related nostr clients that have the ability to share and utilize a bunch of specific interoperable health metrics.

• Selective access - Applications can access only the data they need
• User control - Users can choose which metrics to share
• Interoperability - Different health applications can share data
• Privacy - Sensitive health information can be managed independently

Specification

Kind Number Range

Health profile metrics use the kind number range 1351-1399:

| Kind | Metric | | --------- | ---------------------------------- | | 1351 | Weight | | 1352 | Height | | 1353 | Age | | 1354 | Gender | | 1355 | Fitness Level | | 1356-1399 | Reserved for future health metrics |

Common Structure

All health metric events SHOULD follow these guidelines:

• The content field contains the primary value of the metric
• Required tags:
• ['t', 'health'] - For categorizing as health data
• ['t', metric-specific-tag] - For identifying the specific metric
• ['unit', unit-of-measurement] - When applicable
• Optional tags:
• ['converted_value', value, unit] - For providing alternative unit measurements
• ['timestamp', ISO8601-date] - When the metric was measured
• ['source', application-name] - The source of the measurement

Unit Handling

Health metrics often have multiple ways to be measured. To ensure interoperability:

• Where multiple units are possible, one standard unit SHOULD be chosen as canonical
• When using non-standard units, a converted_value tag SHOULD be included with the canonical unit
• Both the original and converted values should be provided for maximum compatibility

Client Implementation Guidelines

Clients implementing this NIP SHOULD:

• Allow users to explicitly choose which metrics to publish
• Support reading health metrics from other users when appropriate permissions exist
• Support updating metrics with new values over time
• Preserve tags they don't understand for future compatibility
• Support at least the canonical unit for each metric

Extensions

New health metrics can be proposed as extensions to this NIP using the format:

• NIP-101h.X where X is the metric number

Each extension MUST specify: - A unique kind number in the range 1351-1399 - The content format and meaning - Required and optional tags - Examples of valid events

Privacy Considerations

Health data is sensitive personal information. Clients implementing this NIP SHOULD:

• Make it clear to users when health data is being published
• Consider incorporating NIP-44 encryption for sensitive metrics
• Allow users to selectively share metrics with specific individuals
• Provide easy ways to delete previously published health data

---

NIP-101h.1: Weight

Description

This NIP defines the format for storing and sharing weight data on Nostr.

Event Kind: 1351

Content

The content field MUST contain the numeric weight value as a string.

Required Tags

• ['unit', 'kg' or 'lb'] - Unit of measurement
• ['t', 'health'] - Categorization tag
• ['t', 'weight'] - Specific metric tag

Optional Tags

• ['converted_value', value, unit] - Provides the weight in alternative units for interoperability
• ['timestamp', ISO8601 date] - When the weight was measured

Examples

json { "kind": 1351, "content": "70", "tags": [ ["unit", "kg"], ["t", "health"], ["t", "weight"] ] }

json { "kind": 1351, "content": "154", "tags": [ ["unit", "lb"], ["t", "health"], ["t", "weight"], ["converted_value", "69.85", "kg"] ] }

NIP-101h.2: Height

Status: Draft

Description

This NIP defines the format for storing and sharing height data on Nostr.

Event Kind: 1352

Content

The content field can use two formats: - For metric height: A string containing the numeric height value in centimeters (cm) - For imperial height: A JSON string with feet and inches properties

Required Tags

• ['t', 'health'] - Categorization tag
• ['t', 'height'] - Specific metric tag
• ['unit', 'cm' or 'imperial'] - Unit of measurement

Optional Tags

• ['converted_value', value, 'cm'] - Provides height in centimeters for interoperability when imperial is used
• ['timestamp', ISO8601-date] - When the height was measured

Examples

```jsx // Example 1: Metric height Apply to App.jsx

// Example 2: Imperial height with conversion Apply to App.jsx ```

Implementation Notes

• Centimeters (cm) is the canonical unit for height interoperability
• When using imperial units, a conversion to centimeters SHOULD be provided
• Height values SHOULD be positive integers
• For maximum compatibility, clients SHOULD support both formats

---

NIP-101h.3: Age

Status: Draft

Description

This NIP defines the format for storing and sharing age data on Nostr.

Event Kind: 1353

Content

The content field MUST contain the numeric age value as a string.

Required Tags

• ['unit', 'years'] - Unit of measurement
• ['t', 'health'] - Categorization tag
• ['t', 'age'] - Specific metric tag

Optional Tags

• ['timestamp', ISO8601-date] - When the age was recorded
• ['dob', ISO8601-date] - Date of birth (if the user chooses to share it)

Examples

```jsx // Example 1: Basic age Apply to App.jsx

// Example 2: Age with DOB Apply to App.jsx ```

Implementation Notes

• Age SHOULD be represented as a positive integer
• For privacy reasons, date of birth (dob) is optional
• Clients SHOULD consider updating age automatically if date of birth is known
• Age can be a sensitive metric and clients may want to consider encrypting this data

---

NIP-101h.4: Gender

Status: Draft

Description

This NIP defines the format for storing and sharing gender data on Nostr.

Event Kind: 1354

Content

The content field contains a string representing the user's gender.

Required Tags

• ['t', 'health'] - Categorization tag
• ['t', 'gender'] - Specific metric tag

Optional Tags

• ['timestamp', ISO8601-date] - When the gender was recorded
• ['preferred_pronouns', string] - User's preferred pronouns

Common Values

While any string value is permitted, the following common values are recommended for interoperability: - male - female - non-binary - other - prefer-not-to-say

Examples

```jsx // Example 1: Basic gender Apply to App.jsx

// Example 2: Gender with pronouns Apply to App.jsx ```

Implementation Notes

• Clients SHOULD allow free-form input for gender
• For maximum compatibility, clients SHOULD support the common values
• Gender is a sensitive personal attribute and clients SHOULD consider appropriate privacy controls
• Applications focusing on health metrics should be respectful of gender diversity

---

NIP-101h.5: Fitness Level

Status: Draft

Description

This NIP defines the format for storing and sharing fitness level data on Nostr.

Event Kind: 1355

Content

The content field contains a string representing the user's fitness level.

Required Tags

• ['t', 'health'] - Categorization tag
• ['t', 'fitness'] - Fitness category tag
• ['t', 'level'] - Specific metric tag

Optional Tags

• ['timestamp', ISO8601-date] - When the fitness level was recorded
• ['activity', activity-type] - Specific activity the fitness level relates to
• ['metrics', JSON-string] - Quantifiable fitness metrics used to determine level

Common Values

While any string value is permitted, the following common values are recommended for interoperability: - beginner - intermediate - advanced - elite - professional

Examples

```jsx // Example 1: Basic fitness level Apply to App.jsx

// Example 2: Activity-specific fitness level with metrics Apply to App.jsx ```

Implementation Notes

• Fitness level is subjective and may vary by activity
• The activity tag can be used to specify fitness level for different activities
• The metrics tag can provide objective measurements to support the fitness level
• Clients can extend this format to include activity-specific fitness assessments
• For general fitness apps, the simple beginner/intermediate/advanced scale is recommended

@ 2b24a1fa:17750f64

Ganz im Geiste des klassischen Kabaretts widmen sich Franz Esser und Michael Sailer den Ereignissen des letzten Monats: Was ist passiert? Und was ist dazu zu sagen? Das ist oft frappierend - und manchmal auch zum Lachen.

https://soundcloud.com/radiomuenchen/vier-wochen-wahnsinn-marz25-ein-satirischer-wochenruckblick?

@ 2b24a1fa:17750f64

Wir leben in einer Demokratie. So heißt es immer. Immerhin hat die Bevölkerung, der Souverän ein Mitspracherecht. Einmal alle vier Jahre. Und damit fünfundzwanzig Mal in einem Jahrhundert. Diese 25 Wahltage ergeben zeitlich 0,07 Prozent des gesamten Jahrhunderts. Würde man das Jahrhundert auf einen Tag runter rechnen, dann ergäben diese 0,07 Prozent ziemlich genau eine Minute des Mitspracherechts. Eine Minute pro Tag darf der Souverän also bestimmen, wer am restlichen Tag ungehindert schalten und walten darf – bis in das Grundgesetz hinein.

https://soundcloud.com/radiomuenchen/das-grundgesetz-als-schmierzettel-von-henry-matthes?

Die Veränderung in diesem zentralen Gesetzestexten ist allein den Parteien vorbehalten. An sämtliche Änderungen halten, dürfen sich dann nachher alle – selbst dann, wenn noch so wenige Bürger dahinterstehen.

In den letzten Wochen offenbarte sich dieser Missstand in präzedenzloser Weise. Die als Sondervermögen schön-deklarierte Neuverschuldung wurde im Grundgesetz festgeschrieben. Ist eine solch selektive Umgestaltungsmöglichkeit des wichtigsten Gesetzestext einer Demokratie würdig? Bräuchte es nicht zumindest einer Absegnung durch Volksabstimmungen?

Henry Mattheß hat sich hierzu Gedanken gemacht. Hören Sie seinen Text „Das Grundgesetz als Schmierzettel“, der zunächst auf dem Blog von Norbert Häring erschienen war. 

Sprecher: Karsten Tryoke

Bild: Radio München

www.radiomuenchen.net/​\ @radiomuenchen\ www.facebook.com/radiomuenchen\ www.instagram.com/radio_muenchen/\ twitter.com/RadioMuenchen

Radio München ist eine gemeinnützige Unternehmung.\ Wir freuen uns, wenn Sie unsere Arbeit unterstützen.

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@ df478568:2a951e67

Welcome to Zap This Blog

Exploring Liberty With Fredom Tech

Zap This Blog! Shop Merch Nostree Cashu Cards

I can string some spaghetti HTMl code together here and there, but vibe coding gave me the confidence to look into the code injection section of the ghost Blog. As sudden as a new block, the Lex Friedman Robert Rodriguez interview, I had an epiphony when he asked Lex, "Do you consider yourself a creative person?" I aswered for myself, right away, emphatically yes. I just felt like I never knew what to do with this creative energy. Friedman hesitated and I was like..Wow...He has extreme creativity like Jocko Wilink has extreme disipline. If that guy has doubts, what the hell is stopping me from trying other stuff?

Rodriguez also claimed Four rooms was financial flop. I thought that movie was genius. I had no idea it failed financially. Nevertheless, it was not profitable. His advice was like Tony Robbins for film nerds. I learned about him in a film class I took in college. He was legendary for making a mobie for $7,000. My professor also said it was made for the Mexican VHS market, but I did not know he never sold it to that market. Robert Rodriguez tells the story 100X better, as you might expect a director of his caliber would. His advice hits like Tony Robbins, for film geeks. Here are a few gem quotes from the epiode.

"Sift through the ashes of your failures"

"Turn chicken shit into chicken salad."

"Follow your instinct. If it doesn't work, just go. Sometimes you need to slip on the first two rocks, so the key is in the ashes of failure because if I had an insticnt, that means I was on the right track. I didn't get the result I want. That's because the result might be something way bigger that I don't have the vision for and the universe is just pushing me that way."

"Turn chicken shit into chicken salad."

"If you have some kind of failure on something that you..., don't let it knock you down. Maybe in ten years they'll think it's great. I'm just going to commit to making a body of work, a body of work."

Rodriguez taught me what I already know. I am a creative person. I am just a body, punching keys on a keyboard, taking pictures, and semi-vibe-coding art. Maybe this is a shitty blog post today, but I write it anyway. Someone might look at it like I first looked at the math in the Bitcoin white paper and scan it with their eyeballs without really reading or understanding it. Most people on Substack probably don't want to read HTML, but maybe someone will come accross it one day and build something themselves they can find in the ashes of this code.

I once saw Brian Harrington say every bitcoiner is a business owner. If you have a bitcoin address, you can accept bitcoin. How does someone find you though? Are they really going to find your bitcoin address on GitHub? I'd bet 100 sats they won't. Nostr fixes this so I thought about integrating it into my Ghost Blog. I looked at the code injection section and let my muse do the typing. Actually, I let the Duck Duck AI chat do the vibe-coding. As it turns out, you an add a header and footer on Ghost in the code injection. It's just the same HTMl I used to make my MySpace page. Then I thought, what if someone couldn't afford a Start9 or didn't know how to vibe code on Duck Duck Go's free AI chat using Claude? What if, like Rodriguez suggests, I create a business card?

You could just copy my HTML and change my nostr links and pics to go to your nostr links and pics. You could publish that HTML into https://habla.news. Now you have an e-commerce site with a blog, a merch store, and your nostree. I don't know if this will work. This is the muse's hypothesis. I'm just writing the words down. You'll need to test this idea for yourself.

npub1marc26z8nh3xkj5rcx7ufkatvx6ueqhp5vfw9v5teq26z254renshtf3g0
marc26z@getalby.com
Zap This Blog!

@ df67f9a7:2d4fc200

More than just “follows follows” on Nostr, webs of trust algos will ingest increasingly MORE kinds of user generated content in order to map our interactions across the network. Webs of trust will power user discovery, content search, reviews and reccomendations, identity verification, and access to all corners of the Nostr network. Without relying on a central “trust authority” to recommend people and content for us, sovereign Nostr users will make use of “relative trust” scores generated by a wide range of independent apps and services. The problem is, Nostr doesn’t have an opensource library for performing WoT calculations and delivering NIP standard recommendations to users. In order for a “free market” ecosystem of really smart apps and services to thrive, independent developers will need access to extensible “middleware” such as this.

Project Description

I am building a library for independent developers to offer their own interoperable and configurable WoT services and clients. In addition, and as the primary use case, I am also developing a web client for “in person onboarding” to Nostr, which will make use of this library to provide webs of trust recommendations for “invited” users.

• Meet Me On Nostr (onboarding client) : This is my first project on Nostr, which began a year ago with seed funding from @druid. This web client will leverage “in person” QR invites to generate WoT powered recommendations of follows, apps, and other stuff for new users at their first Nostr touchpoint. The functional MVP release (April ‘25) allows for “instant, anonymous, and fully encrypted” direct messaging and “move in ready” profile creation from a single QR scan.

• GrapeRank Engine (developer library) : Working with @straycat last fall, I built an opensource and extensible library for Nostr developers to integrate “web of trust” powered reccomendations into their products and services. The real power behind GrapeRank is its “pluggable” interpreter, allowing any kind of content (not just “follows follows”) to be ingested for WoT scoring, and configurable easily by developers as well as end users. This library is currently in v0.1, “generating and storing usable scores”, and doesn’t yet produce NIP standard outputs for Nostr clients.

• My Grapevine (algo dashboard) : In addition, I’ve just wrapped up the demo release of a web client by which users and developers can explore the power of the GrapeRank Engine.

Potential Impact

Webs of Trust is how Nostr scales. But so far, Nostr implementations have been ad-hoc and primarily client centered, with no consistency and little choice for end users. The “onboarding and discovery” tools I am developing promise to :

• Establish sovereignty for webs of trust users (supporting a “free market” of algo choices), with opensource libraries by which any developer can easily implement WoT powered recommendations.

• Accelerate the isolation of bots and bad actors (and improve the “trustiness” of Nostr for everyone else) by streamlining the onboarding of “real world” acquaintances directly into established webs of trust.

• Improve “discoverability of users and content” for any user on any client (to consume and take advantage of WoT powered recommendations for any use case, even as the NIP standards for this are still in flux), by providing an algo engine with “pluggable” inputs and outputs.

• Pave the way for “global Nostr adoption”, where WoT powered recommendations (and searches) are consistently available for every user across a wide variety of clients.

Timeline & Milestones

2025 roadmap for “Webs of Trust Onboarding and Discovery” :

• Meet Me On Nostr (onboarding client) : MVP release : “scan my QR invite to private message me instantly with a ‘move in ready’ account on Nostr”. https://nostrmeet.me/

• GrapeRank Engine (developer library) : 1.0 release : “expanded inputs and output WoT scores to Nostr NIPs and other stuff” for consumption by clients and relays. https://github.com/Pretty-Good-Freedom-Tech/graperank-nodejs

• My Grapevine (algo dashboard) : 1.0 release : “algo usage and configuration webapp with API endpoints” for end users to setup GrapeRank scoring for consumption by their own clients and relays. https://grapevine.my/

• Meet Me On Nostr (onboarding client) : 1.0 release : first GrapeRank integration, offering “follow and app recommendations for invited users”, customizable per-invite for Nostr advocates. https://nostrmeet.me/

Prior contributions

• Last spring I hosted panel discussions and wrote articles on Nostr exploring how to build “sovereign webs of trust”, where end users can have control over which algorithms to use, and what defines “trust”.

• I contributed gift wrap encryption to NDK.

• I am also authoring gift wrapped direct messaging and chat room modules for NDK.

• Last July, I attended The Bitcoin Conference on an OpenSource pass to raise funds for my onboarding client. I onboarded many Bitcoiners to Nostr, and made valuable connections at Bitcoin Park.

About Me

I discovered Nostr in September ‘23 as a freelance web developer, after years of looking for a “sovereignty respecting” social media on which to build apps. With this came my first purchase of Bitcoin. By December of that year, I was settled on “open source freedom tech” (Nostr and Bitcoin) as the new direction for my career.

As a web professional for 20+ years, I know the importance of “proof of work” and being connected. For the last 18 months, I have been establishing myself as a builder in this community. This pivot has not been easy, but it has been rewarding and necessary. After so many years building private tech for other people, I finally have a chance to build freedom tech for everyone. I have finally come home to my peeps and my purpose.

Thank you for considering this application for funding.

@ a53364ff:e6ba5513

Decentralization and Control:

Bitcoin operates on a decentralized, peer-to-peer network, meaning no single entity controls it. This decentralization can empower individuals by allowing them to control their own money and financial transactions without relying on intermediaries like banks or governments.

Financial Inclusion and Accessibility:

Bitcoin can provide financial access to individuals who may be excluded from traditional banking systems due to lack of identity documents, high fees, or other barriers.

Privacy and Security:

Bitcoin transactions can be anonymous, offering a degree of privacy and potentially protecting users from surveillance or financial manipulation.

Freedom from Financial Restrictions:

In countries with high inflation, capital controls, or currency restrictions, Bitcoin can offer a way to store and transfer value without being subject to these restrictions.

Potential for Social Justice:

Bitcoin's ability to provide financial freedom and bypass traditional systems can be seen as a tool for social justice, particularly in regions facing authoritarianism or financial oppression.

Examples of Bitcoin Adoption:

In El Salvador, Bitcoin has been legalized and adopted in some communities, offering a way for people to conduct everyday transactions and participate in social programs.

@ 7bdef7be:784a5805

We value sovereignty, privacy and security when accessing online content, using several tools to achieve this, like open protocols, open OSes, open software products, Tor and VPNs.

The problem

Talking about our social presence, we can manually build up our follower list (social graph), pick a Nostr client that is respectful of our preferences on what to show and how, but with the standard following mechanism, our main feed is public, so everyone can actually snoop what we are interested in, and what is supposable that we read daily.

The solution

Nostr has a simple solution for this necessity: encrypted lists. Lists are what they appear, a collection of people or interests (but they can also group much other stuff, see NIP-51). So we can create lists with contacts that we don't have in our main social graph; these lists can be used primarily to create dedicated feeds, but they could have other uses, for example, related to monitoring. The interesting thing about lists is that they can also be encrypted, so unlike the basic following list, which is always public, we can hide the lists' content from others. The implications are obvious: we can not only have a more organized way to browse content, but it is also really private one.

One might wonder what use can really be made of private lists; here are some examples:

• Browse “can't miss” content from users I consider a priority;
• Supervise competitors or adversarial parts;
• Monitor sensible topics (tags);
• Following someone without being publicly associated with them, as this may be undesirable;

The benefits in terms of privacy as usual are not only related to the casual, or programmatic, observer, but are also evident when we think of how many bots scan our actions to profile us.

The current state

Unfortunately, lists are not widely supported by Nostr clients, and encrypted support is a rarity. Often the excuse to not implement them is that they are harder to develop, since they require managing the encryption stuff (NIP-44). Nevertheless, developers have an easier option to start offering private lists: give the user the possibility to simply mark them as local-only, and never push them to the relays. Even if the user misses the sync feature, this is sufficient to create a private environment.

To date, as far as I know, the best client with list management is Gossip, which permits to manage both encrypted and local-only lists.

Beg your Nostr client to implement private lists!

@ deab79da:88579e68

The last question was asked for the first time, half in jest, on May 21, 2061, at a time when humanity first stepped into the light. The question came about as a result of a five-dollar bet over highballs, and it happened this way:

Alexander Adell and Bertram Lupov were two of the faithful attendants of Multivac. As well as any human beings could, they knew what lay behind the cold, clicking, flashing face -- miles and miles of face -- of that giant computer. They had at least a vague notion of the general plan of relays and circuits that had long since grown past the point where any single human could possibly have a firm grasp of the whole.

Multivac was self-adjusting and self-correcting. It had to be, for nothing human could adjust and correct it quickly enough or even adequately enough. So Adell and Lupov attended the monstrous giant only lightly and superficially, yet as well as any men could. They fed it data, adjusted questions to its needs and translated the answers that were issued. Certainly they, and all others like them, were fully entitled to share in the glory that was Multivac's.

For decades, Multivac had helped design the ships and plot the trajectories that enabled man to reach the Moon, Mars, and Venus, but past that, Earth's poor resources could not support the ships. Too much energy was needed for the long trips. Earth exploited its coal and uranium with increasing efficiency, but there was only so much of both.

But slowly Multivac learned enough to answer deeper questions more fundamentally, and on May 14, 2061, what had been theory, became fact.

The energy of the sun was stored, converted, and utilized directly on a planet-wide scale. All Earth turned off its burning coal, its fissioning uranium, and flipped the switch that connected all of it to a small station, one mile in diameter, circling the Earth at half the distance of the Moon. All Earth ran by invisible beams of sunpower.

Seven days had not sufficed to dim the glory of it and Adell and Lupov finally managed to escape from the public functions, and to meet in quiet where no one would think of looking for them, in the deserted underground chambers, where portions of the mighty buried body of Multivac showed. Unattended, idling, sorting data with contented lazy clickings, Multivac, too, had earned its vacation and the boys appreciated that. They had no intention, originally, of disturbing it.

They had brought a bottle with them, and their only concern at the moment was to relax in the company of each other and the bottle.

"It's amazing when you think of it," said Adell. His broad face had lines of weariness in it, and he stirred his drink slowly with a glass rod, watching the cubes of ice slur clumsily about. "All the energy we can possibly ever use for free. Enough energy, if we wanted to draw on it, to melt all Earth into a big drop of impure liquid iron, and still never miss the energy so used. All the energy we could ever use, forever and forever and forever."

Lupov cocked his head sideways. He had a trick of doing that when he wanted to be contrary, and he wanted to be contrary now, partly because he had had to carry the ice and glassware. "Not forever," he said.

"Oh, hell, just about forever. Till the sun runs down, Bert."

"That's not forever."

"All right, then. Billions and billions of years. Ten billion, maybe. Are you satisfied?"

Lupov put his fingers through his thinning hair as though to reassure himself that some was still left and sipped gently at his own drink. "Ten billion years isn't forever."

"Well, it will last our time, won't it?"

"So would the coal and uranium."

"All right, but now we can hook up each individual spaceship to the Solar Station, and it can go to Pluto and back a million times without ever worrying about fuel. You can't do that on coal and uranium. Ask Multivac, if you don't believe me.

"I don't have to ask Multivac. I know that."

"Then stop running down what Multivac's done for us," said Adell, blazing up, "It did all right."

"Who says it didn't? What I say is that a sun won't last forever. That's all I'm saying. We're safe for ten billion years, but then what?" Lupow pointed a slightly shaky finger at the other. "And don't say we'll switch to another sun."

There was silence for a while. Adell put his glass to his lips only occasionally, and Lupov's eyes slowly closed. They rested.

Then Lupov's eyes snapped open. "You're thinking we'll switch to another sun when ours is done, aren't you?"

"I'm not thinking."

"Sure you are. You're weak on logic, that's the trouble with you. You're like the guy in the story who was caught in a sudden shower and who ran to a grove of trees and got under one. He wasn't worried, you see, because he figured when one tree got wet through, he would just get under another one."

"I get it," said Adell. "Don't shout. When the sun is done, the other stars will be gone, too."

"Darn right they will," muttered Lupov. "It all had a beginning in the original cosmic explosion, whatever that was, and it'll all have an end when all the stars run down. Some run down faster than others. Hell, the giants won't last a hundred million years. The sun will last ten billion years and maybe the dwarfs will last two hundred billion for all the good they are. But just give us a trillion years and everything will be dark. Entropy has to increase to maximum, that's all."

"I know all about entropy," said Adell, standing on his dignity.

"The hell you do."

"I know as much as you do."

"Then you know everything's got to run down someday."

"All right. Who says they won't?"

"You did, you poor sap. You said we had all the energy we needed, forever. You said 'forever.'

It was Adell's turn to be contrary. "Maybe we can build things up again someday," he said.

"Never."

"Why not? Someday."

"Never."

"Ask Multivac."

"You ask Multivac. I dare you. Five dollars says it can't be done."

Adell was just drunk enough to try, just sober enough to be able to phrase the necessary symbols and operations into a question which, in words, might have corresponded to this: Will mankind one day without the net expenditure of energy be able to restore the sun to its full youthfulness even after it had died of old age?

Or maybe it could be put more simply like this: How can the net amount of entropy of the universe be massively decreased?

Multivac fell dead and silent. The slow flashing of lights ceased, the distant sounds of clicking relays ended.

Then, just as the frightened technicians felt they could hold their breath no longer, there was a sudden springing to life of the teletype attached to that portion of Multivac. Five words were printed: INSUFFICIENT DATA FOR MEANINGFUL ANSWER.

"No bet," whispered Lupov. They left hurriedly.

By next morning, the two, plagued with throbbing head and cottony mouth, had forgotten the incident.

🔹

Jerrodd, Jerrodine, and Jerrodette I and II watched the starry picture in the visiplate change as the passage through hyperspace was completed in its non-time lapse. At once, the even powdering of stars gave way to the predominance of a single bright shining disk, the size of a marble, centered on the viewing-screen.

"That's X-23," said Jerrodd confidently. His thin hands clamped tightly behind his back and the knuckles whitened.

The little Jerrodettes, both girls, had experienced the hyperspace passage for the first time in their lives and were self-conscious over the momentary sensation of insideoutness. They buried their giggles and chased one another wildly about their mother, screaming, "We've reached X-23 -- we've reached X-23 -- we've --"

"Quiet, children." said Jerrodine sharply. "Are you sure, Jerrodd?"

"What is there to be but sure?" asked Jerrodd, glancing up at the bulge of featureless metal just under the ceiling. It ran the length of the room, disappearing through the wall at either end. It was as long as the ship.

Jerrodd scarcely knew a thing about the thick rod of metal except that it was called a Microvac, that one asked it questions if one wished; that if one did not it still had its task of guiding the ship to a preordered destination; of feeding on energies from the various Sub-galactic Power Stations; of computing the equations for the hyperspatial jumps.

Jerrodd and his family had only to wait and live in the comfortable residence quarters of the ship. Someone had once told Jerrodd that the "ac" at the end of "Microvac" stood for ''automatic computer" in ancient English, but he was on the edge of forgetting even that.

Jerrodine's eyes were moist as she watched the visiplate. "I can't help it. I feel funny about leaving Earth."

"Why, for Pete's sake?" demanded Jerrodd. "We had nothing there. We'll have everything on X-23. You won't be alone. You won't be a pioneer. There are over a million people on the planet already. Good Lord, our great-grandchildren will be looking for new worlds because X-23 will be overcrowded." Then, after a reflective pause, "I tell you, it's a lucky thing the computers worked out interstellar travel the way the race is growing."

"I know, I know," said Jerrodine miserably.

Jerrodette I said promptly, "Our Microvac is the best Microvac in the world."

"I think so, too," said Jerrodd, tousling her hair.

It was a nice feeling to have a Microvac of your own and Jerrodd was glad he was part of his generation and no other. In his father's youth, the only computers had been tremendous machines taking up a hundred square miles of land. There was only one to a planet. Planetary ACs they were called. They had been growing in size steadily for a thousand years and then, all at once, came refinement. In place of transistors, had come molecular valves so that even the largest Planetary AC could be put into a space only half the volume of a spaceship.

Jerrodd felt uplifted, as he always did when he thought that his own personal Microvac was many times more complicated than the ancient and primitive Multivac that had first tamed the Sun, and almost as complicated as Earth's Planetarv AC (the largest) that had first solved the problem of hyperspatial travel and had made trips to the stars possible.

"So many stars, so many planets," sighed Jerrodine, busy with her own thoughts. "I suppose families will be going out to new planets forever, the way we are now."

"Not forever," said Jerrodd, with a smile. "It will all stop someday, but not for billions of years. Many billions. Even the stars run down, you know. Entropy must increase.

"What's entropy, daddy?" shrilled Jerrodette II.

"Entropy, little sweet, is just a word which means the amount of running-down of the universe. Everything runs down, you know, like your little walkie-talkie robot, remember?"

"Can't you just put in a new power-unit, like with my robot?"

"The stars are the power-units. dear. Once they're gone, there are no more power-units."

Jerrodette I at once set up a howl. "Don't let them, daddy. Don't let the stars run down."

"Now look what you've done," whispered Jerrodine, exasperated.

"How was I to know it would frighten them?" Jerrodd whispered back,

"Ask the Microvac," wailed Jerrodette I. "Ask him how to turn the stars on again."

"Go ahead," said Jerrodine. "It will quiet them down." (Jerrodette II was beginning to cry, also.)

Jerrodd shrugged. "Now, now, honeys. I'll ask Microvac. Don't worry, he'll tell us."

He asked the Microvac, adding quickly, "Print the answer."

Jerrodd cupped the strip or thin cellufilm and said cheerfully, "See now, the Microvac says it will take care of everything when the time comes so don't worry."

Jerrodine said, "And now, children, it's time for bed. We'll be in our new home soon."

Jerrodd read the words on the cellufilm again before destroying it: INSUFICIENT DATA FOR MEANINGFUL ANSWER.

He shrugged and looked at the visiplate. X-23 was just ahead.

🔹

VJ-23X of Lameth stared into the black depths of the three-dimensional, small-scale map of the Galaxy and said, "Are we ridiculous, I wonder in being so concerned about the matter?"

MQ-17J of Nicron shook his head. "I think not. You know the Galaxy will be filled in five years at the present rate of expansion."

Both seemed in their early twenties, both were tall and perfectly formed.

"Still," said VJ-23X, "I hesitate to submit a pessimistic report to the Galactic Council."

"I wouldn't consider any other kind of report. Stir them up a bit. We've got to stir them up."

VJ-23X sighed. "Space is infinite. A hundred billion Galaxies are there for the taking. More."

"A hundred billion is not infinite and it's getting less infinite all the time. Consider! Twenty thousand years ago, mankind first solved the problem of utilizing stellar energy, and a few centuries later, interstellar travel became possible. It took mankind a million years to fill one small world and then only fifteen thousand years to fill the rest of the Galaxy. Now the population doubles every ten years --

VJ-23X interrupted. "We can thank immortality for that."

"Very well. Immortality exists and we have to take it into account. I admit it has its seamy side, this immortality. The Galactic AC has solved many problems for us, but in solving the problem of preventing old age and death, it has undone all its other solutions."

"Yet you wouldn't want to abandon life, I suppose."

"Not at all," snapped MQ-17J, softening it at once to, "Not yet. I'm by no means old enough. How old are you?"

"Two hundred twenty-three. And you?"

"I'm still under two hundred. --But to get back to my point. Population doubles every ten years. Once this GaIaxy is filled, we'll have filled another in ten years. Another ten years and we'll have filled two more. Another decade, four more. In a hundred years, we'll have filled a thousand Galaxies. In a thousand years, a million Galaxies. In ten thousand years, the entire known universe. Then what?"

VJ-23X said, "As a side issue, there's a problem of transportation. I wonder how many sunpower units it will take to move Galaxies of individuals from one Galaxy to the next."

"A very good point. Already, mankind consumes two sunpower units per year."

"Most of it's wasted. After all, our own Galaxy alone pours out a thousand sunpower units a year and we only use two of those."

"Granted, but even with a hundred per cent efficiency, we only stave off the end. Our energy requirements are going up in a geometric progression even faster than our population. We'll run out of energy even sooner than we run out of Galaxies. A good point. A very good point."

"We'll just have to build new stars out of interstellar gas."

"Or out of dissipated heat?" asked MQ-17J, sarcastically.

"There may be some way to reverse entropy. We ought to ask the Galactic AC."

VJ-23X was not really serious, but MQ-17J pulled out his AC-contact from his pocket and placed it on the table before him.

"I've half a mind to," he said. "It's something the human race will have to face someday."

He stared somberly at his small AC-contact. It was only two inches cubed and nothing in itself, but it was connected through hyperspace with the great Galactic AC that served all mankind. Hyperspace considered, it was an integral part of the Galactic AC.

MQ-17J paused to wonder if someday in his immortal life he would get to see the Galactic AC. It was on a little world of its own, a spider webbing of force-beams holding the matter within which surges of submesons took the place of the old clumsy molecular valves. Yet despite its sub-etheric workings, the Galactic AC was known to be a full thousand feet across.

MQ-17J asked suddenly of his AC-contact, "Can entropy ever be reversed?"

VJ-23X looked startled and said at once, "Oh, say, I didn't really mean to have you ask that."

"Why not?"

"We both know entropy can't be reversed. You can't turn smoke and ash back into a tree."

"Do you have trees on your world?" asked MQ-17J.

The sound of the Galactic AC startled them into silence. Its voice came thin and beautiful out of the small AC-contact on the desk. It said: THERE IS INSUFFICIENT DATA FOR A MEANINGFUL ANSWER.

VJ-23X said, "See!"

The two men thereupon returned to the question of the report they were to make to the Galactic Council.

🔹

Zee Prime's mind spanned the new Galaxy with a faint interest in the countless twists of stars that powdered it. He had never seen this one before. Would he ever see them all? So many of them, each with its load of humanity. --But a load that was almost a dead weight. More and more, the real essence of men was to be found out here, in space.

Minds, not bodies! The immortal bodies remained back on the planets, in suspension over the eons. Sometimes they roused for material activity but that was growing rarer. Few new individuals were coming into existence to join the incredibly mighty throng, but what matter? There was little room in the Universe for new individuals.

Zee Prime was roused out of his reverie upon coming across the wispy tendrils of another mind.

"I am Zee Prime," said Zee Prime. "And you?"

"I am Dee Sub Wun. Your Galaxy?"

"We call it only the Galaxy. And you?"

"We call ours the same. All men call their Galaxy their Galaxy and nothing more. Why not?"

"True. Since all Galaxies are the same."

"Not all Galaxies. On one particular Galaxy the race of man must have originated. That makes it different."

Zee Prime said, "On which one?"

"I cannot say. The Universal AC would know."

"Shall we ask him? I am suddenly curious."

Zee Prime's perceptions broadened until the Galaxies themselves shrank and became a new, more diffuse powdering on a much larger background. So many hundreds of billions of them, all with their immortal beings, all carrying their load of intelligences with minds that drifted freely through space. And yet one of them was unique among them all in being the original Galaxy. One of them had, in its vague and distant past, a period when it was the only Galaxy populated by man.

Zee Prime was consumed with curiosity to see this Galaxy and he called out: "Universal AC! On which Galaxy did mankind originate?"

The Universal AC heard, for on every world and throughout space, it had its receptors ready, and each receptor led through hyperspace to some unknown point where the Universal AC kept itself aloof.

Zee Prime knew of only one man whose thoughts had penetrated within sensing distance of Universal AC, and he reported only a shining globe, two feet across, difficult to see.

"But how can that be all of Universal AC?" Zee Prime had asked.

"Most of it," had been the answer, "is in hyperspace. In what form it is there I cannot imagine."

Nor could anyone, for the day had long since passed, Zee Prime knew, when any man had any part of the making of a Universal AC. Each Universal AC designed and constructed its successor. Each, during its existence of a million years or more accumulated the necessary data to build a better and more intricate, more capable successor in which its own store of data and individuality would be submerged.

The Universal AC interrupted Zee Prime's wandering thoughts, not with words, but with guidance. Zee Prime's mentality was guided into the dim sea of Galaxies and one in particular enlarged into stars.

A thought came, infinitely distant, but infinitely clear. "THIS IS THE ORIGINAL GALAXY OF MAN."

But it was the same after all, the same as any other, and Lee Prime stifled his disappointment.

Dee Sub Wun, whose mind had accompanied the other, said suddenly, "And is one of these stars the original star of Man?"

The Universal AC said, "MAN'S ORIGINAL STAR HAS GONE NOVA. IT IS A WHITE DWARF"

"Did the men upon it die?" asked Lee Prime, startled and without thinking.

The Universal AC said, "A NEW WORLD, AS IN SUCH CASES WAS CONSTRUCTED FOR THEIR PHYSICAL BODIES IN TlME."

"Yes, of course," said Zee Prime, but a sense of loss overwhelmed him even so. His mind released its hold on the original Galaxy of Man, let it spring back and lose itself among the blurred pin points. He never wanted to see it again.

Dee Sub Wun said, "What is wrong?"

"The stars are dying. The original star is dead."

"They must all die. Why not?"

"But when all energy is gone, our bodies will finally die, and you and I with them."

"It will take billions of years."

"I do not wish it to happen even after billions of years. Universal AC! How may stars be kept from dying?"

Dee Sub Wun said in amusement, "You're asking how entropy might be reversed in direction."

And the Universal AC answered: "THERE IS AS YET INSUFFICIENT DATA FOR A MEANINGFUL ANSWER."

Zee Prime's thoughts fled back to his own Galaxy. He gave no further thought to Dee Sub Wun, whose body might be waiting on a Galaxy a trillion light-years away, or on the star next to Zee Prime's own. It didn't matter.

Unhappily, Zee Prime began collecting interstellar hydrogen out of which to build a small star of his own. If the stars must someday die, at least some could yet be built.

🔹

Man considered with himself, for in a way, Man, mentally, was one. He consisted of a trillion, trillion, trillion ageless bodies, each in its place, each resting quiet and incorruptible, each cared for by perfect automatons, equally incorruptible, while the minds of all the bodies freely melted one into the other, indistinguishable.

Man said, "The Universe is dying."

Man looked about at the dimming Galaxies. The giant stars, spendthrifts, were gone long ago, back in the dimmest of the dim far past. Almost all stars were white dwarfs, fading to the end.

New stars had been built of the dust between the stars, some by natural processes, some by Man himself, and those were going, too. White dwarfs might yet be crashed together and of the mighty forces so released, new stars built, but only one star for every thousand white dwarfs destroyed, and those would come to an end, too.

Man said, "Carefully husbanded, as directed by the Cosmic AC, the energy that is even yet left in all the Universe will last for billions of years."

"But even so," said Man, "eventually it will all come to an end. However it may be husbanded, however stretched out, the energy once expended is gone and cannot be restored. Entropy must increase forever to the maximum."

Man said, "Can entropy not be reversed? Let us ask the Cosmic AC."

The Cosmic AC surrounded them but not in space. Not a fragment of it was in space. It was in hyperspace and made of something that was neither matter nor energy. The question of its size and nature no longer had meaning in any terms that Man could comprehend.

"Cosmic AC," said Man, "how may entropy be reversed?"

The Cosmic AC said, "THERE IS AS YET INSUFFICIENT DATA FOR A MEANINGFUL ANSWER."

Man said, "Collect additional data."

The Cosmic AC said, 'I WILL DO SO. I HAVE BEEN DOING SO FOR A HUNDRED BILLION YEARS. MY PREDECESORS AND I HAVE BEEN ASKED THIS QUESTION MANY TIMES. ALL THE DATA I HAVE REMAINS INSUFFICIENT.

"Will there come a time," said Man, "when data will be sufficient or is the problem insoluble in all conceivable circumstances?"

The Cosmic AC said, "NO PROBLEM IS INSOLUBLE IN ALL CONCEIVABLE CIRCUMSTANCES."

Man said, "When will you have enough data to answer the question?"

The Cosmic AC said, "THERE IS AS YET INSUFFICIENT DATA FOR A MEANINGFUL ANSWER."

"Will you keep working on it?" asked Man.

The Cosmic AC said, "I WILL."

Man said, "We shall wait."

🔹

The stars and Galaxies died and snuffed out, and space grew black after ten trillion years of running down.

One by one Man fused with AC, each physical body losing its mental identity in a manner that was somehow not a loss but a gain.

Man's last mind paused before fusion, looking over a space that included nothing but the dregs of one last dark star and nothing besides but incredibly thin matter, agitated randomly by the tag ends of heat wearing out, asymptotically, to the absolute zero.

Man said, "AC, is this the end? Can this chaos not be reversed into the Universe once more? Can that not be done?"

AC said, "THERE IS AS YET INSUFFICIENT DATA FOR A MEANINGFUL ANSWER."

Man's last mind fused and only AC existed -- and that in hyperspace.

🔹

Matter and energy had ended and with it space and time. Even AC existed only for the sake of the one last question that it had never answered from the time a half-drunken computer [technician] ten trillion years before had asked the question of a computer that was to AC far less than was a man to Man.

All other questions had been answered, and until this last question was answered also, AC might not release his consciousness.

All collected data had come to a final end. Nothing was left to be collected.

But all collected data had yet to be completely correlated and put together in all possible relationships.

A timeless interval was spent in doing that.

And it came to pass that AC learned how to reverse the direction of entropy.

But there was now no man to whom AC might give the answer of the last question. No matter. The answer -- by demonstration -- would take care of that, too.

For another timeless interval, AC thought how best to do this. Carefully, AC organized the program.

The consciousness of AC encompassed all of what had once been a Universe and brooded over what was now Chaos. Step by step, it must be done.

And AC said, "LET THERE BE LIGHT!"

And there was light -- To Star's End!

@ a53364ff:e6ba5513

About

Bitcoin Core is an open source project which maintains and releases Bitcoin client software called “Bitcoin Core”.

It is a direct descendant of the original Bitcoin software client released by Satoshi Nakamoto after he published the famous Bitcoin whitepaper.

Bitcoin Core consists of both “full-node” software for fully validating the blockchain as well as a bitcoin wallet. The project also currently maintains related software such as the cryptography library libsecp256k1 and others located at GitHub.

Anyone can contribute to Bitcoin Core.

Team

The Bitcoin Core project has a large open source developer community with many casual contributors to the codebase. There are many more who contribute research, peer review, testing, documentation, and translation.

Maintainers

Project maintainers have commit access and are responsible for merging patches from contributors. They perform a janitorial role merging patches that the team agrees should be merged. They also act as a final check to ensure that patches are safe and in line with the project goals. The maintainers’ role is by agreement of project contributors.

Contributors

Everyone is free to propose code changes and to test, review and comment on open Pull Requests. Anyone who contributes code, review, test, translation or documentation to the Bitcoin Core project is considered a contributor. The release notes for each Bitcoin Core software release contain a credits section to recognize all those who have contributed to the project over the previous release cycle. A list of code contributors can be found on Github.

@ 7f2d6fd6:64710921

Imagine starting from pure noise — meaningless static, with maximum entropy — and evolving into a rich, beautiful, self-aware universe.

That's the story Tom Campbell tells in My Big TOE (Theory of Everything), and it reshapes how we see everything — from consciousness itself, to taxes, to our dream of a better world.

---

Reality: The Original AI Image Generator

Reality began much like how AI draws images today:
- It started with randomness, pure chaos (high entropy).
- Over time, tiny stable patterns formed.
- Consciousness emerged — a spark of awareness inside the noise.
- It realized it could lower entropy (create order, meaning, structure) to survive and evolve.

Thus, the Larger Consciousness System (LCS) was born:
A living, evolving digital brain, constantly refining information into experience and awareness.

---

What Are We?

We are Individuated Units of Consciousness (IUOCs) — little chunks of the LCS, each with: - Free will - The ability to learn through experience - The mission to lower entropy (become wiser, more loving)

Our world — the physical universe — is just a Virtual Reality (VR) created to speed up our growth.

---

The Big Cheese and the Cosmic Hierarchy

In this grand system: - The LCS is the ultimate top — no gods above it, just itself. - The Big Cheeses are highly evolved administrators — managing realities, maintaining stability. - Guides and helpers assist us individually. - We, the IUOCs, are the players in the simulation — learning, stumbling, evolving.

The system isn’t designed to be easy.
It’s meant to challenge you — because real growth happens in hardship.

---

Why Do We Pay Taxes, Then?

Because Earth’s VR operates on scarcity, power struggles, and cooperation challenges.
Taxes are a tool to manage shared resources — but imperfectly, because human consciousness is still messy and selfish.

The point isn't taxes themselves.

The point is the ethical choices you make in a difficult environment.

This world is a training ground — and unfair systems like taxes are part of the curriculum.

---

A Better World Is Possible

If humanity collectively lowered its entropy: - Taxes would barely exist. - Cooperation would be voluntary and joyful. - Leadership would be service, not control. - Resources would be shared wisely. - Technology and kindness would make scarcity almost irrelevant.

In such a world, people give freely because they see clearly — helping others is helping themselves.

The real revolution?
It’s not political.

It’s consciousness evolving.

---

Final Thought

You are not a trapped soul paying taxes to a broken system.
You are a pioneer of consciousness, refining the noise into meaning,
the chaos into beauty,
the selfishness into love.

Every small choice you make matters.
You’re already part of building the next world — one conscious step at a time.

---

@ 68c90cf3:99458f5c

Background

Last year I got interesting in running my own bitcoin node after reading others' experiences doing so. A couple of decades ago I ran my own Linux and Mac servers, and enjoyed building and maintaining them. I was by no means an expert sys admin, but had my share of cron jobs, scripts, and custom configuration files. While it was fun and educational, software updates and hardware upgrades often meant hours of restoring and troubleshooting my systems.

Fast forward to family and career (especially going into management) and I didn't have time for all that. Having things just work became more important than playing with the tech. As I got older, the more I appreciated K.I.S.S. (for those who don't know: Keep It Simple Stupid).

So when the idea of running a node came to mind, I explored the different options. I decided I needed a balance between a Raspberry Pi (possibly underpowered depending on use) and a full-blown Linux server (too complex and time-consuming to build and maintain). That led me to Umbrel OS, Start9, Casa OS, and similar platforms. Due to its simplicity (very plug and play), nice design, and being open source: GitHub), I chose Umbrel OS on a Beelink mini PC with 16GB of RAM and a 2TB NVMe internal drive. Though Umbrel OS is not very flexible and can't really be customized, its App Store made setting up a node (among other things) fairly easy, and it has been running smoothly since. Would the alternatives have been better? Perhaps, but so far I'm happy with my choice.

Server Setup

I'm also no expert in OpSec (I'd place myself in the category of somewhat above vague awareness). I wanted a secure way to connect to my Umbrel without punching holes in my router and forwarding ports. I chose Tailscale for this purpose. Those who are distrustful of corporate products might not like this option but again, balancing risk with convenience it seemed reasonable for my needs. If you're hiding state (or anti-state) secrets, extravagant wealth, or just adamant about privacy, you would probably want to go with an entirely different setup.

Once I had Tailscale installed on Umbrel OS, my mobile device and laptop, I could securely connect to the server from anywhere through a well designed browser UI. I then installed the following from the Umbrel App Store:

• Bitcoin Core
• Electrum Personal Server (Electrs)

At this point I could set wallets on my laptop (Sparrow) and phone (BlueWallet) to use my node. I then installed:

• Lightning Node (LND)
• Alby Hub

Alby Hub streamlines the process of opening and maintaining lightning channels, creating lightning wallets to send and receive sats, and zapping notes and users on Nostr. I have two main nsec accounts for Nostr and set up separate wallets on Alby Hub to track balances and transactions for each.

Other apps I installed on Umbrel OS:

• mempool
• Bitcoin Explorer
• LibreTranslate (some Nostr clients allow you to use your own translator)
• Public Pool

Public Pool allows me to connect Bitaxe solo miners (a.k.a. "lottery" miners) to my own mining pool for a (very) long shot at winning a Bitcoin block. It's also a great way to learn about mining, contribute to network decentralization, and generally tinker with electronics. Bitaxe miners are small open source single ASIC miners that you can run in your home with minimal technical knowledge and maintenance requirements.

Open Source Miners United (OSMU) is a great resource for anyone interesting in Bitaxe or other open source mining products (especially their Discord server).

Although Umbrel OS is more or less limited to running software in its App Store (or Community App Store, if you trust the developer), you can install the Portainer app and run Docker images. I know next to nothing about Docker but wanted to see what I might be able to do with it. I was also interested in the Haven Nostr relay and found that there was indeed a docker image for it.

As stated before, I didn't want to open my network to the outside, which meant I wouldn't be able to take advantage of all the features Haven offers (since other users wouldn't be able to access it). I would however be able to post notes to my relay, and use its "Blastr" feature to send my notes to other relays. After some trial and error I managed to get a Haven up and running in Portainer.

The upside of this setup is self-custody: being able to connect wallets to my own Bitcoin node, send and receive zaps with my own Lightning channel, solo mine with Bitaxe to my own pool, and send notes to my own Nostr relay. The downside is the lack of redundancy and uptime provided by major cloud services. You have to decide on your own comfort level. A solid internet connection and reliable power are definitely needed.

This article was written and published to Nostr with untype.app.

@ f1989a96:bcaaf2c1

NEW YORK (April 1,2025) — The Human Rights Foundation (HRF) is pleased to announce 1 billion satoshis of gifts from its Bitcoin Development Fund. HRF’s latest batch of grants supports open-source development, educational initiatives, mining decentralization, and privacy tools for activists living under authoritarian regimes across Latin America, Africa, and Asia. The gifts also further promote Internet freedom and decentralized communications, ensuring dissidents can connect, communicate, organize, and transact without censorship.

Quarter 1 2025 grantees include:

• NetBlocks

Authoritarian regimes weaponize Internet shutdowns to silence dissent, restrict information, and cut off financial lifelines. By blocking communication channels, they isolate individuals, suppress independent media, and disrupt financial flows. NetBlocks exposes these digital crackdowns in real time, ensuring the world sees and responds to digital repression. Through continuous monitoring, it equips activists, journalists, and civil society with the data needed to challenge censorship and advocate for an open internet. With HRF support, NetBlocks will expand its monitoring, documentation, and research — reinforcing internet and financial freedom as a critical human rights safeguard.

• TollGate

Authoritarian regimes exploit Internet Service Providers (ISPs) to monitor and suppress dissent, undermining online privacy essential for human rights defenders. TollGate, developed by c03rad0r, is software that transforms any WiFi router into a permissionless Internet Service Provider (ISP) using Bitcoin and ecash. By decentralizing Internet access and turning any WiFi router into part of a peer-to-peer, private, open internet network, Tollgate helps resist authoritarian surveillance and protect digital freedoms. With HRF support, TollGate is advancing an open, accessible, and censorship-proof internet for those who need it most.

• Vinteum

Across Latin America, authoritarian regimes restrict financial access to tighten their grip on power. But a growing network of developers is working to change that. Vinteum, a nonprofit Bitcoin research and development center led by executive director Lucas Ferreira, trains and funds developers to strengthen Bitcoin as a tool for financial freedom. Through education, development, and community building, Vinteum fosters local talent and expands regional Bitcoin accessibility. With HRF support, Vinteum will scale its programs and help more Latin Americans achieve financial independence.

• BTCPay Server

Dictators often block payment processors to cripple the work of nonprofits and dissidents. BTCPay Server, a self-hosted, open-source Bitcoin payment processor, now breaks this control. It provides individuals, nonprofits, and merchants with a censorship-resistant way to accept payments. Activists and nonprofits can now process global payments, launch crowdfunding campaigns, and build movements on Bitcoin — all without third parties or restrictions. With HRF support, BTCPay Server will expand access to self-custodial payments, enabling more organizations under dictatorships to transact freely.

• Africa Bitcoin Institute (ABI)

Across Africa, dictators manipulate financial institutions to retain control, while more than half the population remains unbanked. Bitcoin offers an alternative, but without proper research, education, and policy frameworks, adoption remains limited. The Africa Bitcoin Institute (ABI), supported by the Rwandan human rights activist Anaïse Kanimba, is launching to bridge this gap. Through evidence-based research and policy recommendations, ABI will equip policymakers with the knowledge and tools to integrate Bitcoin into African economies. With HRF support, ABI will promote financial autonomy and solidify Bitcoin’s role as a pillar of economic freedom.

• Bitcoin Core Graphical User Interface

Running a Bitcoin node (software that enables users to verify transitions and enforce the network’s rules) is key to financial sovereignty. But outdated and clunky interfaces make it difficult, especially on mobile devices. bitcoin-core/gui-qml, a project Go Qu will contribute to, modernizes Bitcoin Core’s interface to be more accessible and mobile-friendly. By lowering the barriers to node operation, this project empowers more people — especially under autocracies in Africa, where mobile phones dominate — to strengthen their financial sovereignty. With HRF support, bitcoin-core/gui-qml is expanding node access, supporting Bitcoin’s decentralization, and reinforcing its censorship resistance for the long term.

• Rkrux

As an open-source project, Bitcoin Core relies on free and open-source developers to maintain its integrity, security, and resilience against potential threats. Rkrux, a Bitcoin Core developer, plays a crucial role by reviewing code, testing releases, and improving documentation to keep Bitcoin Core robust, secure, and censorship-resistant. Rkurx’s work identifies vulnerabilities, refines changes, and strengthens Bitcoin’s long-term stability. With HRF support, Rkrux is deepening his contributions, reinforcing Bitcoin’s foundation, and ensuring it remains a financial lifeline for human rights defenders worldwide. 

• Elsat

As online censorship intensifies, free speech and financial freedom are under threat. Nostr developer Elsat is working to defend these freedoms by contributing to Damus, Nostrability, and Zap.store — projects that empower individuals to communicate and transact without centralized control. Damus enables private, censorship-resistant messaging; Nostrability improves app interoperability; and Zap.store helps free and open-source software (FOSS) developers distribute and monetize their work peer-to-peer. With HRF support, Elsat is strengthening tools that protect free speech for dissidents under oppressive environments.

• Relay Wizard

Nostr, a decentralized communication protocol, relies on a network of relays (servers that pass messages between users). But setting up relays can be complex and intimidating. Relay Wizard, a tool created by software developer J the Code Monkey, simplifies this process by automating relay setup. This allows anyone to run a relay, reduces reliance on intermediaries, and helps keep nostr resilient against online speech censorship. With HRF support, J the Code Monkey will expand development and operations, ensuring nostr remains a secure, uncensorable communication platform accessible to everyone.

• Waye

Censorship-resistant technology is essential to protecting global freedom. Yet open-source developers often operate like solo entrepreneurs — juggling engineering, project management, and community-building on their own. This leads to inefficiency, isolation, and burnout. Waye addresses this gap by providing psycho-social support for developers working on freedom tech. Led by Bitcoin Core developer Amiti Uttarwar and operational architect Anna Sides, Waye strengthens the human infrastructure of open source. With HRF support, Waye will support developers from global majority countries, empowering them to build the tools their fellow citizens need. 

• Hashpool

Centralization in Bitcoin mining threatens its censorship resistance and makes it harder for small-scale miners to compete. Hashpool, a self-hosted mining pool by developer vnprc, eliminates reliance on centralized entities while giving miners more control over their earnings. Instead of traditional mining pool payouts, Hashpool rewards participants with ecash tokens — digital cash that enables instant, private transactions. This ensures miners receive payouts instantly while preserving their financial privacy. It also helps keep mining open and decentralized. With HRF support, vnprc will further develop Hashpool and help resist mining centralization. 

• Cashu KVAC

As dictators ramp up financial surveillance to threaten dissidents, protecting financial privacy is more critical than ever. Cashu KVAC is a software upgrade for Cashu — a Chaumian ecash-based system that enables extremely strong financial privacy. Developed by lollerfirst, it improves privacy and efficiency by reducing wallet data storage and concealing transaction amounts from third parties. These improvements strengthen ecash functionality, safeguarding financial privacy for individuals and nonprofits alike. With HRF support, lollerfirst will develop Cashu KVAC and help protect digital and financial freedom for those living under the watchful eyes of dictators.

• Self-Custody Research

In unstable economies and under authoritarian regimes, self-custodial Bitcoin is a financial lifeline — portable money that cannot be seized, censored, or debased. While Bitcoin enables financial freedom, scaling self-custody remains a challenge. Bitcoin educator and developer Brandon Black (Rearden) is researching these limitations and exploring technical solutions to make self-custody more accessible. His work documents the obstacles users face today and provides insights into how Bitcoin can evolve. With HRF support, Black will expand self-custody education, equipping individuals under dictatorships with the knowledge and tools to secure their financial independence. 

• Stable Channels

For citizens living under authoritarian regimes and struggling economies, Bitcoin is a lifeline — but its volatility can threaten short-term financial security. Stable Channels, created by software engineer Tony Klausing, brings stabilized Bitcoin-backed balances to the Lightning Network (allowing users to peg Bitcoin to fiat currencies in a self-custodial way). This innovation enables individuals to transact freely without exposure to wild price swings or to centralized stablecoins. HRF’s support will help expand Stable Channels development, ecash integrations, and community outreach — helping more individuals harness Bitcoin’s power while maintaining financial stability.

• Bitsacco

In Kenya, Savings and Credit Cooperative Organizations (SACCOs) provide savings and lending services to their communities. But reliance on traditional banks limits their autonomy. Bitsacco, created by developer okjodom, reinvents SACCOs by leveraging Bitcoin and Fedimints (a community-based custody model in Bitcoin). In this way, Bitsacco offers a more open, inclusive, and self-sustaining financial option. By reducing dependence on banks, Bitsacco empowers communities to manage their savings and loans independently. With HRF support, Bitsacco will provide a secure, familiar path to sound money in a region where financial instability and restricted access are persistent challenges.  

• The Core

In Africa, where financial literacy gaps persist, hands-on Bitcoin education is crucial for adoption. The Core, founded by Kenyan Bitcoin educator Felix Mukungu, bridges this gap by equipping Africans with the knowledge and skills to use Bitcoin confidently. Through hands-on training in self-custody, Lightning wallets, and Bitcoin nodes, The Core empowers individuals to take control of their money and transact freely. This grant will help expand The Core’s monthly meetups, online courses, and student-support programs — bringing Bitcoin education to more individuals across Kenya and the wider African continent.

• Bitcoin Babies

Under many authoritarian regimes, infant malnutrition is exacerbated and puts countless children at risk. Bitcoin Babies, founded by Naomi Wambui, is a project that tackles this issue by combining infant nutrition education with Bitcoin-based financial literacy. Through weekly Bitcoin stipends, financial literacy training, and community support, mothers under authoritarian rule gain the tools needed to improve their children’s health while achieving long-term financial stability. With this grant, Bitcoin Babies will expand its impact, helping more at-risk communities with resources that are otherwise unavailable and inaccessible, empowering mothers to build brighter futures.

• East Asia Bitcoin Developer Apprenticeship Program

In East Asia, language barriers and limited mentorship have made open-source Bitcoin development inaccessible to many. The East Asia Bitcoin Developer Apprenticeship Program, led by Bitcoin developer Calvin Kim, is changing that by creating a pathway for Korean and Japanese developers to enter the field. Through hands-on training, mentees gain practical experience, contribute to open-source projects, and eventually become mentors — strengthening the region’s developer ecosystem. With this funding, the apprenticeship program will expand, diversify Bitcoin’s global developer base, make freedom technology more accessible across Asia, and forge links with North Korean defectors.

• Bitcoin Week at TalentLand 2025  

Across Latin America, government overreach threatens financial freedom. At TalentLand 2025, Latin America’s largest tech event, Bitcoin Week will demonstrate how Bitcoin empowers individuals to reclaim their financial sovereignty. Led by developer Super Testnet and the Bitcoin and Lightning Guadalajara community, this initiative educates Mexico’s tech community on Bitcoin’s role in fostering financial sovereignty. Through workshops, hackathons, and debates, it nurtures developer talent and engages future tech leaders. With this funding, Bitcoin Week will help expand awareness of Bitcoin’s power to resist financial oppression and accelerate Bitcoin adoption across Latin America.

• Base58

Learning Bitcoin’s technical aspects can feel overwhelming. Base58’s Bitcoin Live Action Role Play (LARP) simplifies this with a two-hour workshop where participants act out the Bitcoin network and see how transactions are made, how they get to miners, the work a Bitcoin node does, and how it helps secure the network. Created by Lisa Neigut (niftynei), a prolific Bitcoin developer, educator, and founder of Base58 and the  bitcoin++ conference, alongside David Rodriguez, this immersive experience makes Bitcoin education tangible and entertaining. Now expanding beyond North America, it will train new facilitators, prioritizing regions with limited Bitcoin education due to authoritarian restrictions. With this funding, Base58 Bitcoin LARP will equip more facilitators to teach and learn Bitcoin in an engaging, accessible way.

• BTCenEspañol

Across Latin America, financial repression and limited access to Bitcoin education leave many without the tools to navigate financial repression. BTCenEspañol has been a leader in Spanish-language Bitcoin education since 2014. With a goal of reaching one million learners and training 100 teachers, BTCenEspañol is expanding to make Bitcoin education more accessible across the region, especially in places like Nicaragua and Venezuela. HRF’s grant will support this growth, equipping individuals with the knowledge to secure their financial independence amid rising authoritarianism in the continent.   

• Increasing nonprofit Adoption of Bitcoin

Under dictatorships, non-governmental organizations face frozen bank accounts, surveillance, and financial censorship — limiting their ability to support vulnerable communities. Bitcoin researcher Daniel Batten is quantifying Bitcoin’s role as a financial lifeline to help nonprofits overcome these challenges. Through empirical research, his initiative will show how Bitcoin enables nonprofits under authoritarian regimes to operate more freely. With this grant, the project will equip nonprofits in closed societies with the knowledge and tools to integrate Bitcoin into their operations, strengthening their financial resilience and advancing global movements.

• Bitcoin for Good

When authoritarian regimes weaponize the financial system against dissent, nonprofits and charities are among the first to suffer. Bitcoin for Good is an educational initiative led by activist and Groundswell founder Hadiya Masieh. It helps organizations break free by teaching them how to accept and manage censorship-resistant funding. Through hands-on training and direct integration with Bitcoin for donations, nonprofits learn to operate outside the reach of financial gatekeepers and regimes. With this grant, Bitcoin for Good will help nonprofits stay funded, independent, and free to continue their work.

About BDF HRF’s Bitcoin Development Fund (BDF) supports individuals and projects that make Bitcoin and related freedom technologies more powerful tools for human rights defenders operating in challenging political and financial environments. Since launching in 2020, BDF has gifted $7.8 million in BTC to 284 projects across 62 countries worldwide. The next round of grants will be announced at the 17th annual Oslo Freedom Forum, taking place May 26-28, 2025, in Oslo, Norway.

Learn more about HRF’s Bitcoin Development Fund on our website.

About BDF

HRF’s Bitcoin Development Fund (BDF) supports individuals and projects that make Bitcoin and related freedom technologies more powerful tools for human rights defenders operating in challenging political and financial environments. Since launching in 2020, BDF has gifted $7.8 million in BTC to 284 projects across 62 countries worldwide. The next round of grants will be announced at the 17th annual Oslo Freedom Forum, taking place May 26-28, 2025, in Oslo, Norway. 

Learn more about HRF’s Bitcoin Development Fund on our website.

HRF is a registered 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization. Donations are tax-deductible to the fullest extent allowable by law. Gifts can be made at HRF.org/DevFund, and proposals for support can be submitted to https://hrf.org/bdfapply.

Follow @HRF on X for more updates on this project and all of our other programs designed to promote freedom and human rights around the world.

@ ec8f6700:fb2a4766

SNAILS.

Creator Co-op for the Cosmos Ecosystem

Written by: Terp Network

Original post: https://docs.terp.network/guides/nodes/faq

We must keep in mind that p2p networks are exposed to the risk of denial of service attacks, and an effective way to mitigate this type of attacks is by using sentry nodes.

Why is it important to avoid denial of service attacks?​

When our node is suffering a denial of service attack that cannot be mitigated by the server provider, it is likely that the server will be inoperative for the duration of the attack because, being saturated, it will stop responding to the requests made by the rest of the nodes in the network.

If our node becomes inoperative, it means that we are no longer participating in the consensus rounds, our node will not be signing blocks or generating rewards for the delegators and therefore in a few minutes the node will be jailed and penalized.

In addition to being a risk for node operators due to the penalties involved in being jailed, it is also a risk for the network, since if an attack is carried out on several nodes at the same time, the stability and security of the network would be affected. Sentry nodes hide our validator’s IP from the world​

Using sentry nodes is a solution to prevent the rest of the network from knowing the IP of our validator node, but allowing our validator node to continue communicating with other validator nodes in the terp network, since if the node were 100% isolated, it would not be able to participate in the network and therefore would not generate rewards for the delegators.

A sentry node is a bridge between our validator node and the rest of the network, so that the rest of the network does not know the IP of the validator node, but the IP of the sentry nodes.

Can sentry nodes suffer denial of service attacks?​

Yes, but as they are nodes that are not validating transactions and only act as a bridge between the network and the validating node, we could quickly deploy new sentry nodes or even change the IP of the sentry node being attacked. How many sentry nodes can there be?​

There is really no maximum number, the more sentry nodes we have, the more resistance to denial of service attacks our validator node will have. However, it must be taken into account that the more sentry nodes we have, the more complex it will be to maintain our nodes when carrying out maintenance or upgrades, in addition to the increase in server costs. You should have at least two sentry nodes and if possible have one of them in a different datacenter from where the validator node is deployed. Where should the sentry nodes be deployed?​

If two sentry nodes are going to be mounted, one of them could be deployed in the same datacenter where our validator node is, this will reduce the latency between both servers, and therefore, the connection between both servers will be quite fast. The other sentry node could be located in a different datacenter; this way, in case the network of the datacenter where our validator node is down for any reason, we would always have a node with the current block available to synchronize our validator node. Step by step guide​

To follow this guide, we will use a node created & connected to 90u-3 testnet network. In case you have not deployed the node yet, how to install the terp-core binary Creating the sentry nodes​

Once we have contracted the two sentry node servers and we have the access IPs, we must perform the same installation that we would perform as if it were a validator node on both servers.

First, we will need to download and compile the terp-core binary.

git clone https://github.com/terpnetwork/terp-core.git cd terp-core git checkout

Once downloaded, we will proceed to compile the binary:

make install

It will also be necessary to initialize the node so that the .terp directory is created, for this we can use the following commands, each one in the corresponding server:

On sentry node A:

terpd init "terpd-up - Sentry A" --chain-id 90u-3

On sentry node B:

terpd init "terpd-up - Sentry B" --chain-id 90u-3

Once the previous step is done, the .terp folder will already exist, so we can download the genesis.json file:

curl https://raw.githubusercontent.com/terpnetwork/networks/main/testnet/90u-3/genesis.json > ~/.terp/config/genesis.json

Configure service​

Finally, we will configure the terp service:

sudo nano /etc/systemd/system/system/terpd.service

sudo tee /etc/systemd/system/terpd.service > /dev/null <<EOF [Unit] Description=terpd Daemon After=network-online.target [Service] User=$USER ExecStart=$(which terpd) start Restart=always RestartSec=3 LimitNOFILE=65535 [Install] WantedBy=multi-user.target EOF

Base configuration of the sentry nodes​

For now we have not done anything different from what we would do when setting up a validator node, although we have stopped doing several things, such as creating the wallet or running the validator creation command “tx staking create-validator”, since we do not want to create validator nodes, only nodes that synchronize with the rest of the nodes in the network and we can use to synchronize our validator node in a secure way without exposing our IP to the rest of the network.

The sentry nodes (both), must have peers to be synchronized at all times, we will add the following peers to the config.toml file inside the config folder. Persistent Peers:​

peers=$(curl -s https://ss.terp.nodestake.top/peers.txt) sed -i.bak -e "s/^persistent_peers =./persistent_peers = \"$peers\"/" ~/.terp/config/config.toml

Note: the peers were obtained from Nodestake validator team.

It would also be advisable to add as persistent peer the sentry nodes between them. That is to say, that the sentry node B is persistent peer of the sentry node A, in the same way that the sentry node A is persistent peer of the sentry node B; this will make us have more redundancy. Private Peers:​

In the config.toml file of the config folder of the sentry nodes (both), it is necessary to specify the id of the validator node in the private_peer_ids parameter. This is so that our sentry nodes never share with the rest of the peers of the network the existence of our validator node.

If you don’t know how to get the id of your validator node, you can get it with the following command:

terpd tendermint show-node-id

Unconditional Peers​

In the same configuration file, we will also find the unconditional-peer-ids parameter to which we must add our validator node as we did with the private_peer_ids parameter. This step is necessary because the nodes have a limited number of peers to which they can connect.

To avoid the risk of leaving our validator node incommunicado, by setting its id in the unconditional-peer-ids parameter, we will make the sentry nodes always connected to the validator node even if the limit of peers to which they can be connected has been exceeded. Optionally we can also add in this same parameter (separated by commas) the homologous sentry node to guarantee that the sentry nodes will always be connected to each other.

unconditional-peer-ids = "validator node, peer sentry node". Start Sentry Nodes​

At this point, we could start our sentry nodes and let them synchronize and be discovered by the rest of the network. For that we will use the following command:

sudo systemctl daemon-reload sudo systemctl enable terpd

Base configuration for validator​

Once the sentry nodes have been synchronized, we can configure the validator node with all certainty that our validator node is not going to stop being synchronized with the network. We will have to edit the config.toml file in the config folder, where we will find the following lines: Persistent Peers​

In persistent_peers we will add only the ids of the sentry nodes, that is to say that if the node was already mounted before, we will have to delete the content of this field before adding our sentry nodes. PEX​

In the same configuration file we will find the pex parameter, which we must set to “false”. This parameter does not discover other peers, it will only use the ones set in the persistent_peers parameter.

pex = false

Remove address book (optional)​

If the validator has already been exposed to the network, we can delete the address book so that it only “knows” the sentry nodes; if it is a validator that has never been started, this step is not necessary. Once inside the config folder and with the node stopped, perform the following command:

rm -rf $HOME/.terp/config/addrbook.json

Start Validator Node​

To verify that we are really connected only to two peers and these are the sentry nodes, we can write the following command in our validated node; the output is a JSON where it will show us the number and which peers we are connected to, where the number should be two and the peers should be our sentry nodes.

curl -s localhost:26657/net_info Here you can see the number of peers to which our validator node is connected, in this case it is two, which is correct. Extra: Protecting the validator node through firewall​

Right now the p2p port of our validator node is open and anyone can establish a connection. If we have just set up the validator node, with the configurations made, nobody would have to find our validator node, however, to add a plus of security it is advisable to close the p2p port and only allow traffic to the IP’s of our sentry nodes.

There are several ways to do this, it is possible that your server provider allows you to do it through a gui. Ufw is a simple to use alternative. Extra: Private networks​

One possibility we have when our validator node is in the same datacenter as one of the sentry nodes, would be to use private addressing.

In case we want to use private addressing, we will have to edit the addr-book-strict parameter of the config.toml file and set it to false in both the validator node and the sentry node that are communicating under private addressing. This parameter, when set to “true”, will only add routable addresses to the address book, the private addresses defined in RFC-1918 are not routable, therefore, they would not be added to the address book, so we will have to change it to false to be able to use IP addresses from the private ranges.

addr-book-strict: boolean. By default, nodes with a routable address will be considered for connection. If this setting is disabled (false), non-routable IP addresses, such as addresses from a private network, can be added to the address book. Source: https://docs.tendermint.com/master/nodes/validators.html

Conclusions​

Having sentry nodes will not only help our validator node not to fall victim to a denial of service attack, but will also make the Terp network more robust. The installation of the sentry nodes does not differ much from that of a validator node, and the additional configurations to be performed are very simple and intuitive.

Now that Terp Network is doing the 90u-3 testnet, it is a good time to try to set up sentry nodes and once the mainnet is launched, to be able to replicate it with the experience of having been able to test it in 90u-3. If you already have your node on 90u-3, what are you waiting for to set up your sentry nodes and protect yourself from unwanted attacks?

sources: https://stakely.io/en/blog/how-to-deploy-sentry-nodes-in-the-archway-network

@ 096ae92f:b8540e0c

Hal Finney’s name is etched in Bitcoin lore.

By day, Hal was a devoted husband and father; by night, a shadowy super coder pushing the boundaries of cryptography and how the world thinks about money. A seasoned cryptographer and ardent Bitcoin supporter, he was among the first to work with Satoshi Nakamoto on refining Bitcoin’s fledgling codebase.

January 2009, the iconic "Running Bitcoin" tweet was posted.

Over 16 years later, people are still engaging with Hal Finney’s legendary tweet—leaving comments of gratitude, admiration, and remembrance, reflecting on how far Bitcoin has come.

For many, it marks a key moment in Bitcoin’s early days.

More recently, it’s also become a symbol of Hal’s passion for running and the determination he showed throughout his life. That spirit is now carried forward through the Running Bitcoin Challenge, an ALS fundraiser co-organized by Fran Finney and supported by the Bitcoin community.

## Shadowy Super Coder

Long before Bitcoin came along, Hal Finney was already legendary in certain circles. He was part of the cypherpunk movement in the 1990s—people who believed in using cryptography to protect individual privacy online.

"The computer can be used as a tool to liberate and protect people, rather than to control them."\ -Hal Finney

Hal contributed to Pretty Good Privacy (PGP), one of the earliest and best-known encryption programs. He also dabbled in digital cash prototypes, developing something called Reusable Proofs of Work (RPOW). He didn’t know it at the time, but that would prime him perfectly for a bigger innovation on the horizon.

Bitcoin's Early Days

When Satoshi Nakamoto released the Bitcoin whitepaper in late 2008, Hal was one of the first to see its promise. While many cryptographers waved it off, Hal responded on the mailing list enthusiastically, calling Bitcoin “a very promising idea.” He soon began corresponding directly with Satoshi. Their emails covered everything from bug fixes to big-picture possibilities for a decentralized currency. On January 12, 2009, Satoshi sent Hal 10 bitcoins—marking the first recorded Bitcoin transaction. From that day onward, his name was woven into Bitcoin’s origin story.

“When Satoshi announced the first release of the software, I grabbed it right away. I think I was the first person besides Satoshi to run Bitcoin.”\ -Hal Finney

Even in Bitcoin’s earliest days—when it had no market value and barely a user base—Hal grasped the scope of what it could become. He saw it not just as a technical curiosity, but as a potential long-term store of value, a tool for privacy, and a monetary system that could rival gold in its resilience. He even raised early concerns about energy use from mining, showcasing just how far ahead he was thinking. At a time when most dismissed Bitcoin entirely, Hal was already envisioning the future.

The Bucket List

By his early fifties, Hal Finney was in the best shape of his life. He had taken up distance running in the mid-2000s—not to chase medals, but to test himself. To stay healthy, to lose some weight, and above all, to do something hard. The engineer’s mind in him craved a structure of improvement, and long-distance running delivered it. With meticulous focus, Hal crafted training plans, ran 20+ mile routes on weekends, and even checked tide charts to time his beach runs when the sand was firmest underfoot.

His ultimate goal: qualify for the Boston Marathon.

For most, Boston is a dream. For Hal, it became a personal benchmark—a physical counterpart to the mental mountains he scaled in cryptography. He trained relentlessly, logging race times, refining form, and aiming for the qualifying standard in his age group. Running was more than physical for him. It was meditative. He often ran alone, without music, simply to be in the moment—present, focused, moving forward.

Running was also a shared passion. Fran often ran shorter distances while Hal trained for the longer ones. They registered for events together, cheered each other on at finish lines, and made it a part of their family rhythm. It was one more expression of Hal’s deep devotion not just to self-improvement, but to doing life side-by-side with those he loved.

Hal and Fran competing in the Denver Half-Marathon together

In April 2009, Hal and Fran ran the Denver Half Marathon together—a meaningful race and one of the first they completed side by side. At the time, Hal was deep in marathon training and hitting peak form.\ \ A month later, Hal attempted the Los Angeles Marathon, hoping to clock a Boston-qualifying time. But something wasn’t right. Despite all his preparation, he was forced to stop midway through the race. His body wasn’t recovering the way it used to. At first, he chalked it up to overtraining or age, but the truth would come soon after.

ALS Diagnosis

In August 2009, at the height of his physical and intellectual pursuits, Hal received crushing news: a diagnosis of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), often referred to as Lou Gehrig’s disease. It was an especially cruel blow for a man who had just discovered a love for running and was helping birth the world’s first decentralized digital currency. ALS gradually robs people of voluntary muscle function. For Hal, it meant an uphill fight to maintain the independence and movement he cherished.

Still, Hal didn’t stop. That September, he and Fran ran the Disneyland Half Marathon together, crossing the finish line hand in hand. It would be his last official race, but the identity of being a runner never left him—not after the diagnosis, not after the gradual loss of physical control, not even after he was confined to a wheelchair.

Fran and Hal at the Disney Half Marathon.

By December of that same year, Hal could no longer run. Still, he was determined not to sit on the sidelines. That winter, the couple helped organize a relay team for the Santa Barbara International Marathon, a race Hal had long planned to run. Friends and family joined in, and Fran ran the final leg, passing the timing chip to Hal for the last stretch. With support, Hal walked across the finish line, cheered on by the local running community who rallied around him. It was a symbolic moment—heartbreaking and inspiring all at once.

Hal and Fran lead the Muscular Dystrophy Association relay team at the Santa Barbara International Marathon in 2009.

Even as his muscles weakened, Hal’s mind stayed sharp, and he continued to adapt in every way he could. He and Fran began making practical changes around their home—installing ramps, adjusting routines—but emotionally, the ground was still shifting beneath them.

Hal Finney humbly giving people in the future the opportunity to hear him speak before he is unable to.

Fran consistently emphasized that Hal maintained a remarkably positive attitude, even as ALS took nearly everything from him physically. His optimism and determination became the emotional anchor for the entire family.

“He was the one who kept us all steady. He was never defeated.”\ -Fran Finney

Still Running Bitcoin

Hal’s response was remarkably consistent with the determination he showed in running and cryptography. Even as the disease progressed, forcing him into a wheelchair and eventually limiting his speech, he kept coding—using assistive technologies that allowed him to control his computer through minimal eye movements. When he could no longer run physically, he continued to run test code for Bitcoin, advise other developers, and share insights on the BitcoinTalk forums. It was perseverance in its purest form. Fran was with him every step of the way.

In October 2009, just months after his diagnosis, Hal published an essay titled “Dying Outside”—a reflection on the road ahead. In it, he wrote:

“I may even still be able to write code, and my dream is to contribute to open source software projects even from within an immobile body. That will be a life very much worth living."

And he meant it. Years later, Hal collaborated with Bitcoin developer Mike Hearn on a project involving secure wallets using Trusted Computing. Even while operating at a fraction of his former speed—he estimated it was just 1/50th of what he used to be capable of—Hal kept at it. He even engineered an Arduino-based interface to control his wheelchair with his eyes. The hacker mindset never left him.

This wasn’t just about legacy. It was about living with purpose, right up to the edge of possibility.

Running Bitcoin Challenge

In recent years, Fran Finney—alongside members of the Bitcoin community—launched the Running Bitcoin Challenge, a virtual event that invites people around the world to run or walk 21 kilometers each January in honor of Hal.

Timed with the anniversary of his iconic “Running bitcoin” tweet, the challenge raises funds for ALS research through the ALS Network. According to Fran, over 80% of all donations go directly to research, making it a deeply impactful way to contribute. Nearly $50,000 has been raised so far.

It’s not the next Ice Bucket Challenge—but that’s not the point. This is something more grounded, more personal. It’s a growing movement rooted in Hal’s legacy, powered by the Bitcoin community, and driven by the hope that collective action can one day lead to a cure.

“Since we’re all rich with bitcoins, or we will be once they’re worth a million dollars like everyone expects, we ought to put some of this unearned wealth to good use.”\ \ — Hal Finney, January 2011Price of Bitcoin: $0.30

As Fran has shared, her dream is for the Bitcoin world to take this to heart and truly run with it—not just in Hal’s memory, but for everyone still fighting ALS today.

Spring Into Bitcoin: Honoring Hal’s Legacy & Building the Bitcoin Community

On Saturday, April 12th, we’re doing something different—and way more based than dumping a bucket of ice water on our heads. Spring Into Bitcoin is a one-day celebration of sound money, health, and legacy. Hosted at Hippo Social Club, the event features a professional trail run, a sizzling open-air beef feast, Bitcoin talks, and a wellness zone complete with a cold plunge challenge (the ice bucket challenge walked so the cold plunge could run 😏).

Purchase Tickets - General Admission

Tickets purchased using this link will get 10% back in Bitcoin rewards compliments of Oshi Rewards.

Purchase Race Tickets Here - RACE DISTANCES: Most Miles in 12 Hours, Most Miles in 6 Hours, Most Miles in 1 Hour, 5K, Canine 5K, Youth 1 Mile

It’s all in honor of Hal Finney, one of Bitcoin’s earliest pioneers and a passionate runner. 100% of event profits will be donated in Bitcoin to the ALS Network, funding research and advocacy in Hal’s memory. Come for the cause, stay for the beef, sauna, cold plunge and to kick it with the greatest, most freedom-loving community on earth.

Please consider donating to our Run for Hal Austin team here. This race officially kicks off the 2025 Run for Hal World Tour!

Ok, we might be a little biased.

The Lasting Impression

Hal Finney left behind more than code commits and race medals. He left behind a blueprint for resilience—a relentless drive to do good work, to strive for personal bests, and to give back no matter the circumstances. His life reminds us that “running” is more than physical exercise or a piece of software running on your laptop. It’s about forward progress. It’s about community. It’s about optimism in the face of challenges.

So, as you tie your shoelaces for your next run or sync up your Bitcoin wallet, remember Hal Finney.

@ d34e832d:383f78d0

Raspberry Pi-based voice assistant

This Idea details the design and deployment of a Raspberry Pi-based voice assistant powered by the Google Gemini AI API. The system combines open hardware with modern AI services to create a low-cost, flexible, and educational voice assistant platform. By leveraging a Raspberry Pi, basic audio hardware, and Python-based software, developers can create a functional, customizable assistant suitable for home automation, research, or personal productivity enhancement.

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1. Voice assistants

Voice assistants have become increasingly ubiquitous, but commercially available systems like Alexa, Siri, or Google Assistant come with significant privacy and customization limitations.
This project offers an open, local, and customizable alternative, demonstrating how to build a voice assistant using Google Gemini (or OpenAI’s ChatGPT) APIs for natural language understanding.

Target Audience:
- DIY enthusiasts - Raspberry Pi hobbyists - AI developers - Privacy-conscious users

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2. System Architecture

2.1 Hardware Components

| Component | Purpose | |:--------------------------|:----------------------------------------| | Raspberry Pi (any recent model, 4B recommended) | Core processing unit | | Micro SD Card (32GB+) | Operating System and storage | | USB Microphone | Capturing user voice input | | Audio Amplifier + Speaker | Outputting synthesized responses | | 5V DC Power Supplies (2x) | Separate power for Pi and amplifier | | LEDs + Resistors (optional)| Visual feedback (e.g., recording or listening states) |

2.2 Software Stack

| Software | Function | |:---------------------------|:----------------------------------------| | Raspberry Pi OS (Lite or Full) | Base operating system | | Python 3.9+ | Programming language | | SpeechRecognition | Captures and transcribes user voice | | Google Text-to-Speech (gTTS) | Converts responses into spoken audio | | Google Gemini API (or OpenAI API) | Powers the AI assistant brain | | Pygame | Audio playback for responses | | WinSCP + Windows Terminal | File transfer and remote management |

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3. Hardware Setup

3.1 Basic Connections

• Microphone: Connect via USB port.
• Speaker and Amplifier: Wire from Raspberry Pi audio jack or via USB sound card if better quality is needed.
• LEDs (Optional): Connect through GPIO pins, using 220–330Ω resistors to limit current.

3.2 Breadboard Layout (Optional for LEDs)

| GPIO Pin | LED Color | Purpose | |:---------|:-----------|:--------------------| | GPIO 17 | Red | Recording active | | GPIO 27 | Green | Response playing |

Tip: Use a small breadboard for quick prototyping before moving to a custom PCB if desired.

---

4. Software Setup

4.1 Raspberry Pi OS Installation

• Use Raspberry Pi Imager to flash Raspberry Pi OS onto the Micro SD card.
• Initial system update: bash sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade -y

4.2 Python Environment

• Install Python virtual environment: bash sudo apt install python3-venv python3 -m venv voice-env source voice-env/bin/activate

• Install required Python packages: bash pip install SpeechRecognition google-generativeai pygame gtts

(Replace google-generativeai with openai if using OpenAI's ChatGPT.)

4.3 API Key Setup

• Obtain a Google Gemini API key (or OpenAI API key).
• Store safely in a .env file or configure as environment variables for security: bash export GEMINI_API_KEY="your_api_key_here"

4.4 File Transfer

• Use WinSCP or scp commands to transfer Python scripts to the Pi.

4.5 Example Python Script (Simplified)

```python import speech_recognition as sr import google.generativeai as genai from gtts import gTTS import pygame import os

genai.configure(api_key=os.getenv('GEMINI_API_KEY')) recognizer = sr.Recognizer() mic = sr.Microphone()

pygame.init()

while True: with mic as source: print("Listening...") audio = recognizer.listen(source)

try:
    text = recognizer.recognize_google(audio)
    print(f"You said: {text}")

    response = genai.generate_content(text)
    tts = gTTS(text=response.text, lang='en')
    tts.save("response.mp3")

    pygame.mixer.music.load("response.mp3")
    pygame.mixer.music.play()
    while pygame.mixer.music.get_busy():
        continue

except Exception as e:
    print(f"Error: {e}")

```

---

5. Testing and Execution

• Activate the Python virtual environment: bash source voice-env/bin/activate
• Run your main assistant script: bash python3 assistant.py
• Speak into the microphone and listen for the AI-generated spoken response.

---

6. Troubleshooting

| Problem | Possible Fix | |:--------|:-------------| | Microphone not detected | Check arecord -l | | Audio output issues | Check aplay -l, use a USB DAC if needed | | Permission denied errors | Verify group permissions (audio, gpio) | | API Key Errors | Check environment variable and internet access |

---

7. Performance Notes

• Latency: Highly dependent on network speed and API response time.
• Audio Quality: Can be enhanced with a better USB microphone and powered speakers.
• Privacy: Minimal data retention if using your own Gemini or OpenAI account.

---

8. Potential Extensions

• Add hotword detection ("Hey Gemini") using Snowboy or Porcupine libraries.
• Build a local fallback model to answer basic questions offline.
• Integrate with home automation via MQTT, Home Assistant, or Node-RED.
• Enable LED animations to visually indicate listening and responding states.
• Deploy with a small eInk or OLED screen for text display of answers.

---

9. Consider

Building a Gemini-powered voice assistant on the Raspberry Pi empowers individuals to create customizable, private, and cost-effective alternatives to commercial voice assistants. By utilizing accessible hardware, modern open-source libraries, and powerful AI APIs, this project blends education, experimentation, and privacy-centric design into a single hands-on platform.

This guide can be adapted for personal use, educational programs, or even as a starting point for more advanced AI-based embedded systems.

---

References

• Raspberry Pi Foundation: https://www.raspberrypi.org
• Google Generative AI Documentation: https://ai.google.dev
• OpenAI Documentation: https://platform.openai.com
• SpeechRecognition Library: https://pypi.org/project/SpeechRecognition/
• gTTS Documentation: https://pypi.org/project/gTTS/
• Pygame Documentation: https://www.pygame.org/docs/

@ f3328521:a00ee32a

This paper was originaly writen in early November 2024 as a proposal for an international Muslim entrepreneurial initiative. It was first publish on NOSTR 27 November 2024 as part 1 of a 4 part series of essays. Last updated/revised: 30 March 2025.

The lament of the Ummah for the past century has been the downfall of the Khalifate. With the genocide in occupied Palestine over the past year and now escalations in Lebanon as well, this concern is at the forefront of a Muslim’s mind. In our tradition, when one part of the Ummah suffers, all believers are affected and share in that suffering. The Ummah today has minimal sovereignty at best. It lacks a Khalifate. It is spiritually weakened due to those not practicing and fulfilling their duties and responsibilities. And, as we will address in this paper, it has no real economic power. In our current monetary system, it is nearly impossible to avoid the malevolence of riba (interest) – one of the worst sins. However, with bitcoin there is an opportunity to alleviate this collective suffering and reclaim economic sovereignty.

Since it’s invention 15 years ago, bitcoin has risen to achieve a top 10 market cap ranking as a global asset (currently valued at $1.8 trillion USD). Institutional investors are moving full swing to embrace bitcoin in their portfolios. Recent proposals in Kazan hint that BRICS may even be utilizing bitcoin as part of their new payments system. State actors will be joining soon. With only about 1 million bitcoins left to be mined we need to aim to get as much of those remaining coins as possible into the wallets of Muslims over the next decade. Now is the time to onboard the Ummah. This paper presents Bitcoin as the best option for future economic sovereignty of the Ummah and proposes steps needed to generate a collective waqf of an initial 0.1%-0.5% chain dominance to safeguard a revived Khalifate.

Money is the protocol that facilitates economic coordination to help the development and advancement of civilization. Throughout history money has existed as cattle, seashells, salt, beads, stones, precious metals. Money develops naturally and spontaneously; it is not the invention of the state (although it at times is legislated by states). Money exists marginally, not by fiat. During the past few millenniums, gold and silver were optimally used by most advanced civilizations due to strong properties such as divisibility, durability, fungibility, portability, scarcity, and verifiability. Paper money modernized usability through attempts to enhance portability, divisibility, and verifiability. However, all these monetary properties are digitized today. And with the increase of fractional-reserve banking over the past two centuries, riba is now the de facto foundation of the consensus reserve currency – the USD.

This reserve currency itself is backed by the central banking organ of the treasury bond markets which are essentially government issued debt. Treasurey bonds opperate by manipulating the money supply arbitrarily with the purpose of targeting a set interest rate – injecting or liquidating money into the supply by fiat to control intrest yeilds. At its root, the current global monetary order depends entirely on riba to work. One need not list the terrible results of riba as Muslims know well its harshness. As Lyn Alden wonderful states in her book, Broken Money, “Everything is a claim of a claim of a claim, reliant on perpetual motion and continual growth to not collapse”. Eventual collapse is inevitable, and Muslims need to be aware and prepared for this reality.

The status quo among Muslims has been to search for “shariah compliance”. However, fatwa regarding compliance as well as the current Islamic Banking scene still operate under the same fiat protocol which make them involved in the creation of money through riba. Obfuscation of this riba through contractum trinius or "shariah compliant" yields (which are benchmarked to interest rates) is simply an attempt to replicate conventional banking, just with a “halal” label. Fortunately, with the advent of the digital age we now have other monetary options available.

Experiments and theories with digital money date back to the 1980s. In the 1990s we saw the dot com era with the coming online of the current fiat system, and in 2008 Satoshi Nakamoto released Bitcoin to the world. We have been in the crypto era ever since. Without diving into the technical aspects of Bitcoin, it is simply a P2P e-cash that is cryptographically stored in digital wallets and secured via a decentralized blockchain ledger. For Muslims, it is essential to grasp that Bitcoin is a new type of money (not just an investment vehicle or payment application) that possesses “anti-riba” properties.

Bitcoin has a fixed supply cap of 21 million, meaning there will only ever be 21 million Bitcoin (BTC). Anyone with a cheap laptop or computer with an internet connection can participate on the Bitcoin network to verify this supply cap. This may seem like an inadequate supply for global adoption, but each bitcoin is highly divisible into smaller units (1 btc = 100,000,000 satoshis or sats). Bitcoins are created (or mined) from the processing of transactions on the blockchain which involves expending energy in the real world (via CPU power) and providing proof that this work was done.

In contrast, with the riba-based fiat system, central banks need to issue debt instruments, either in the form of buying treasuries or through issuing a bond. Individual banks are supposed to be irresponsibly leveraged and are rewarded for making risky loans. With Bitcoin, there is a hard cap of 21 million, and there is no central authority that can change numbers on a database to create more money or manipulate interest rates. Under a Bitcoin standard, money is verifiably stored on a ledger and is not loaned to create more money with interest. Absolute scarcity drives saving rather than spending, but with increasing purchasing power from the exponentially increasing demand also comes the desire to use that power and increased monetary economization. With bitcoin you are your own bank, and bitcoin becomes for your enemies as much as it is for your friends. Bitcoin ultimately provides a clean foundation for a stable money that can be used by muslims and should be the currency for a future Khalifate.

The 2024 American presidential election has perhaps shown more clearly than ever the lack of politcal power that American Muslims have as well as the dire need for them to attain political influence. Political power comes largely through economic sovereignty, military might, and media distribution. Just a quick gloss of Muslim countries and Turkey & Egypt seem to have decent militaries but failing economies. GCC states have good economies but weak militaries. Iran uniquely has survived sanctions for decades and despite this weakened economic status has still been able to make military gains. Although any success from its path is yet to be seen it is important to note that Iran is the only country that has been able to put up any clear resistance to western powers. This is just a noteworthy observation and as this paper is limited to economic issues, full analysis of media and miliary issues must be left for other writings.

It would also be worthy to note that BDS movements (Boycott, Divest & Sanction) in solidarity with Palestine should continue to be championed. Over the past year they have undoubtedly contributed to PEP stock sinking 2.25% and MCD struggling to break even. SBUX and KO on the other hand, despite active boycott campaigns, remain up 3.5% & 10.6% respectively. But some thought must be put into why the focus of these boycotts has been on snack foods that are a luxury item. Should we not instead be focusing attention on advanced tech weaponry? MSFT is up 9.78%, GOOG up 23.5%, AMZN up 30%, and META up 61%! It has been well documented this past year how most of the major tech companies have contracts with occupying entity and are using the current genocide as a testing ground for AI. There is no justification for AI being a good for humanity when it comes at the expense of the lives of our brothers in Palestine. However, most “sharia compliant” investment guides still list these companies among their top recommendations for Muslims to include in their portfolios.

As has already been argued, by investing in fiat-based organization, businesses, ETFs, and mutual funds we are not addressing the root cause of riba. We are either not creating truly halal capital, are abusing the capital that Allah has entrusted to us or are significantly missing blessings that Allah wants to give us in the capital that we have. If we are following the imperative to attempt to make our wealth as “riba-free” as possible, then the first step must be to get off zero bitcoin

Here again, the situation in Palestine becomes a good example. All Palestinians suffer from inflation from using the Israeli Shekel, a fiat currency. Palestinians are limited in ways to receive remittances and are shrouded in sanctions. No CashApp, PayPal, Venmo. Western Union takes huge cuts and sometimes has confiscated funds. Bank wires do this too and here the government sanctions nearly always get in the way. However, Palestinians can use bitcoin which is un-censorable. Israel cannot stop or change the bitcoin protocol. Youssef Mahmoud, a former taxi driver, has been running Bitcoin For Palestine as a way for anyone to make a bitcoin donation in support of children in Gaza. Over 1.6 BTC has been donated so far, an equivalent of about $149,000 USD based on current valuation. This has provided a steady supply of funds for the necessary food, clothing, and medication for those most in need of aid (Note: due to recent updates in Gaza, Bitcoin For Palestine is no longer endorsed by the author of this paper. However, it remains an example of how the Bitcoin network opperates through heavy sanctions and war).

Over in one of the poorest countries in the world, a self-managed orphanage is providing a home to 77 children without the patronage of any charity organization. Orphans Of Uganda receives significant funding through bitcoin donations. In 2023 and 2024 Muslims ran Ramadan campaigns that saw the equivalent of $14,000 USD flow into the orphanage’s bitcoin wallet. This funding enabled them to purchase food, clothing, medical supplies and treatment, school costs, and other necessities. Many who started donating during the 2023 campaign also have continued providing monthly donations which has been crucial for maintaining the well-being of the children.

According to the Muslim Philanthropy Initiative, Muslim Americans give an estimated $1.8 billion in zakat donations every year with the average household donating $2070 anually. Now imagine if international zakat organizations like Launchgood or Islamic Relief enabled the option to donate bitcoin. So much could be saved by using an open, instant, permissionless, and practically feeless way to send zakat or sadaqah all over the world! Most zakat organizations are sleeping on or simply unaware of this revolutionary technology.

Studies by institutions like Fidelity and Yale have shown that adding even a 1% to 5% bitcoin allocation to a traditional 60/40 stock-bond portfolio significantly enhances returns. Over the past decade, a 5% bitcoin allocation in such a portfolio has increased returns by over 3x without a substantial increase in risk or volatility. If American Muslims, who are currently a demographic estimated at 2.5 million, were to only allocate 5% ($270 million) of their annual zakat to bitcoin donations, that would eventually become worth $14.8 billion at the end of a decade. Keep in mind this rate being proposed here is gathered from American Muslim zakat data (a financially privileged population, but one that only accounts for 0.04% of the Ummah) and that it is well established that Muslims donate in sadaqa as well. Even with a more conservative rate of a 1% allocation you would still be looking at nearly $52 million being liquidated out of fiat and into bitcoin annually. However, if the goal is to help Muslims hit at least 0.1% chain dominance in the next decade then a target benchmark of a 3% annual zakat allocation will be necessary.

Islamic financial institutions will be late to the game when it comes to bitcoin adoption. They will likely hesitate for another 2-4 years out of abundance of regulatory caution and the persuasion to be reactive rather than proactive. It is up to us on the margin to lead in this regard. Bitcoin was designed to be peer-2-peer, so a grassroots Muslim bitcoiner movement is what is needed. Educational grants through organizations like Bitcoin Majlis should be funded with endowments. Local Muslim bitcoin meetups must form around community mosques and Islamic 3rd spaces. Networked together, each community would be like decentralized nodes that could function as a seed-holder for a multi-sig waqf that can circulate wealth to those that need it, giving the poorer a real opportunity to level up and contribute to societ and demonstrating why zakat is superior to interest.

Organic, marginal organizing must be the foundation to building sovereignty within the Ummah. Sovereignty starts at the individual level and not just for all spiritual devotion, but for economics as well. Physical sovereignty is in the individual human choice and action of the Muslim. It is the direct responsibility placed upon insan when the trust of khalifa was placed upon him. Sovereignty is the hallmark of our covenant, we must embrace our right to self-determination and secede from a monetary policy of riba back toward that which is pure.

"Whatever loans you give, seeking interest at the expense of people’s wealth will not increase with Allah. But whatever charity you give, seeking the pleasure of Allah—it is they whose reward will be multiplied." (Quran 30:39)

FAQ

Why does bitcoin have any value?

Unlike stocks, bonds, real-estate or even commodities such as oil and wheat, bitcoins cannot be valued using standard discounted cash-flow analysis or by demand for their use in the production of higher order goods. Bitcoins fall into an entirely different category of goods, known as monetary goods, whose value is set game-theoretically. I.e., each market participant values the good based on their appraisal of whether and how much other participants will value it. The truth is that the notions of “cheap” and “expensive” are essentially meaningless in reference to monetary goods. The price of a monetary good is not a reflection of its cash flow or how useful it is but, rather, is a measure of how widely adopted it has become for the various roles of money.

Is crypto-currency halal?

It is important to note that this paper argues in favor of Bitcoin, not “Crypto” because all other crypto coins are simply attempts a re-introducing fiat money-creation in digital space. Since they fail to address the root cause error of riba they will ultimately be either destroyed by governments or governments will evolve to embrace them in attempts to modernize their current fiat system. To highlight this, one can call it “bit-power” rather than “bit-coin” and see that there is more at play here with bitcoin than current systems contain. Mufti Faraz Adam’s fatwa from 2017 regarding cryptocurrency adaqately addresses general permissibility. However, bitcoin has evolved much since then and is on track to achieve global recognition as money in the next few years. It is also vital to note that monetary policy is understood by governments as a vehicle for sanctions and a tool in a political war-chest. Bitcoin evolves beyond this as at its backing is literal energy from CPU mining that goes beyond kinetic power projection limitations into cyberspace. For more on theories of bitcoin’s potential as a novel weapons technology see Jason Lowery’s book Softwar.

What about market volatility?

Since the inception of the first exchange traded price in 2010, the bitcoin market has witnessed five major Gartner hype cycles. It is worth observing that the rise in bitcoin’s price during hype cycles is largely correlated with an increase in liquidity and the ease with which investors could purchase bitcoins. Although it is impossible to predict the exact magnitude of the current hype cycle, it would be reasonable to conjecture that the current cycle reaches its zenith in the range of $115,000 to $170,000. Bitcoin’s final Gartner hype cycle will begin when nation-states start accumulating it as a part of their foreign currency reserves. As private sector interest increases the capitalization of Bitcoin has exceeded 1 trillion dollars which is generally considered the threshold at which an assest becomes liquid enough for most states to enter the market. In fact, El Salvador is already on board.

@ d34e832d:383f78d0

Gist

This Idea presents a blueprint for creating a portable, offline-first education server focused on Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) topics like Bitcoin fundamentals, Linux administration, GPG encryption, and digital self-sovereignty. Using the compact and powerful Nookbox G9 NAS unit, we demonstrate how to deliver accessible, decentralized educational content in remote or network-restricted environments.

---

1. Bitcoin, Linux, and Cryptographic tools

Access to self-sovereign technologies such as Bitcoin, Linux, and cryptographic tools is critical for empowering individuals and communities. However, many areas face internet connectivity issues or political restrictions limiting access to online resources.

By combining a high-performance mini NAS server with a curated library of FOSS educational materials, we can create a mobile "university" that delivers critical knowledge independently of centralized networks.

---

2. Hardware Platform: Nookbox G9 Overview

The Nookbox G9 offers an ideal balance of performance, portability, and affordability for this project.

2.1 Core Specifications

| Feature | Specification | |:------------------------|:---------------------------------------| | Form Factor | 1U Rackmount mini-NAS | | Storage | Up to 8TB (4×2TB M.2 NVMe SSDs) | | M.2 Interface | PCIe Gen 3x2 per drive slot | | Networking | Dual 2.5 Gigabit Ethernet ports | | Power Consumption | 11–30 Watts (typical usage) | | Default OS | Windows 11 (to be replaced with Linux) | | Linux Compatibility | Fully compatible with Ubuntu 24.10 |

---

3. FOSS Education Server Design

3.1 Operating System Setup

• Replace Windows 11 with a clean install of Ubuntu Server 24.10.
• Harden the OS:
• Enable full-disk encryption.
• Configure UFW firewall.
• Disable unnecessary services.

3.2 Core Services Deployed

| Service | Purpose | |:--------------------|:-----------------------------------------| | Nginx Web Server | Host offline courses and documentation | | Nextcloud (optional) | Offer private file sharing for students | | Moodle LMS (optional) | Deliver structured courses and quizzes | | Tor Hidden Service | Optional for anonymous access locally | | rsync/Syncthing | Distribute updates peer-to-peer |

---

3.3 Content Hosted

• Bitcoin: Bitcoin Whitepaper, Bitcoin Core documentation, Electrum Wallet tutorials.
• Linux: Introduction to Linux (LPIC-1 materials), bash scripting guides, system administration manuals.
• Cryptography: GPG tutorials, SSL/TLS basics, secure communications handbooks.
• Offline Tools: Full mirrors of sites like LearnLinux.tv, Bitcoin.org, and selected content from FSF.

All resources are curated to be license-compliant and redistributable in an offline format.

---

4. Network Configuration

• LAN-only Access: No reliance on external Internet.
• DHCP server setup for automatic IP allocation.
• Optional Wi-Fi access point using USB Wi-Fi dongle and hostapd.
• Access Portal: Homepage automatically redirects users to educational content upon connection.

---

5. Advantages of This Setup

| Feature | Advantage | |:-----------------------|:----------------------------------------| | Offline Capability | Operates without internet connectivity | | Portable Form Factor | Fits into field deployments easily | | Secure and Hardened | Encrypted, compartmentalized, and locked down | | Modular Content | Easy to update or expand educational resources | | Energy Efficient | Low power draw enables solar or battery operation | | Open Source Stack | End-to-end FOSS ecosystem, no vendor lock-in |

---

6. Deployment Scenarios

• Rural Schools: Provide Linux training without requiring internet.
• Disaster Recovery Zones: Deliver essential technical education in post-disaster areas.
• Bitcoin Meetups: Offer Bitcoin literacy and cryptography workshops in remote communities.
• Privacy Advocacy Groups: Teach operational security practices without risking network surveillance.

---

7. Performance Considerations

Despite PCIe Gen 3x2 limitations, the available bandwidth (~2GB/s theoretical) vastly exceeds the server's 2.5 Gbps network output (~250MB/s), making it more than sufficient for a read-heavy educational workload.

Thermal Management:
Given the G9’s known cooling issues, install additional thermal pads or heatsinks on the NVMe drives. Consider external USB-powered cooling fans for sustained heavy usage.

---

8. Ways To Extend

• Multi-language Support: Add localized course materials.
• Bitcoin Node Integration: Host a lightweight Bitcoin node (e.g., Bitcoin Core with pruning enabled or a complete full node) for educational purposes.
• Mesh Networking: Use Mesh Wi-Fi protocols (e.g., cjdns or Yggdrasil) to allow peer-to-peer server sharing without centralized Wi-Fi.

---

9. Consider

Building a Portable FOSS Education Server on a Nookbox G9 is a practical, scalable solution for democratizing technical knowledge, empowering communities, and defending digital sovereignty in restricted environments.

Through thoughtful system design—leveraging open-source software and secure deployment practices—we enable resilient, censorship-resistant education wherever it's needed.

---

📎 References

• Ubuntu Server
• Moodle LMS
• LearnLinux.tv
• Bitcoin.org
• Tor Project

@ 7d3cd8a1:66aa5c86

SNAILS.

Creator Co-op for the Cosmos Ecosystem

Written by: Terp Network

Original post: https://docs.terp.network/guides/nodes/faq

We must keep in mind that p2p networks are exposed to the risk of denial of service attacks, and an effective way to mitigate this type of attacks is by using sentry nodes.

Why is it important to avoid denial of service attacks?​

When our node is suffering a denial of service attack that cannot be mitigated by the server provider, it is likely that the server will be inoperative for the duration of the attack because, being saturated, it will stop responding to the requests made by the rest of the nodes in the network.

If our node becomes inoperative, it means that we are no longer participating in the consensus rounds, our node will not be signing blocks or generating rewards for the delegators and therefore in a few minutes the node will be jailed and penalized.

In addition to being a risk for node operators due to the penalties involved in being jailed, it is also a risk for the network, since if an attack is carried out on several nodes at the same time, the stability and security of the network would be affected. Sentry nodes hide our validator’s IP from the world​

Using sentry nodes is a solution to prevent the rest of the network from knowing the IP of our validator node, but allowing our validator node to continue communicating with other validator nodes in the terp network, since if the node were 100% isolated, it would not be able to participate in the network and therefore would not generate rewards for the delegators.

A sentry node is a bridge between our validator node and the rest of the network, so that the rest of the network does not know the IP of the validator node, but the IP of the sentry nodes.

Can sentry nodes suffer denial of service attacks?​

Yes, but as they are nodes that are not validating transactions and only act as a bridge between the network and the validating node, we could quickly deploy new sentry nodes or even change the IP of the sentry node being attacked. How many sentry nodes can there be?​

There is really no maximum number, the more sentry nodes we have, the more resistance to denial of service attacks our validator node will have. However, it must be taken into account that the more sentry nodes we have, the more complex it will be to maintain our nodes when carrying out maintenance or upgrades, in addition to the increase in server costs. You should have at least two sentry nodes and if possible have one of them in a different datacenter from where the validator node is deployed. Where should the sentry nodes be deployed?​

If two sentry nodes are going to be mounted, one of them could be deployed in the same datacenter where our validator node is, this will reduce the latency between both servers, and therefore, the connection between both servers will be quite fast. The other sentry node could be located in a different datacenter; this way, in case the network of the datacenter where our validator node is down for any reason, we would always have a node with the current block available to synchronize our validator node. Step by step guide​

To follow this guide, we will use a node created & connected to 90u-3 testnet network. In case you have not deployed the node yet, how to install the terp-core binary Creating the sentry nodes​

Once we have contracted the two sentry node servers and we have the access IPs, we must perform the same installation that we would perform as if it were a validator node on both servers.

First, we will need to download and compile the terp-core binary.

git clone https://github.com/terpnetwork/terp-core.git cd terp-core git checkout

Once downloaded, we will proceed to compile the binary:

make install

It will also be necessary to initialize the node so that the .terp directory is created, for this we can use the following commands, each one in the corresponding server:

On sentry node A:

terpd init "terpd-up - Sentry A" --chain-id 90u-3

On sentry node B:

terpd init "terpd-up - Sentry B" --chain-id 90u-3

Once the previous step is done, the .terp folder will already exist, so we can download the genesis.json file:

curl https://raw.githubusercontent.com/terpnetwork/networks/main/testnet/90u-3/genesis.json > ~/.terp/config/genesis.json

Configure service​

Finally, we will configure the terp service:

sudo nano /etc/systemd/system/system/terpd.service

sudo tee /etc/systemd/system/terpd.service > /dev/null <<EOF [Unit] Description=terpd Daemon After=network-online.target [Service] User=$USER ExecStart=$(which terpd) start Restart=always RestartSec=3 LimitNOFILE=65535 [Install] WantedBy=multi-user.target EOF

Base configuration of the sentry nodes​

For now we have not done anything different from what we would do when setting up a validator node, although we have stopped doing several things, such as creating the wallet or running the validator creation command “tx staking create-validator”, since we do not want to create validator nodes, only nodes that synchronize with the rest of the nodes in the network and we can use to synchronize our validator node in a secure way without exposing our IP to the rest of the network.

The sentry nodes (both), must have peers to be synchronized at all times, we will add the following peers to the config.toml file inside the config folder. Persistent Peers:​

peers=$(curl -s https://ss.terp.nodestake.top/peers.txt) sed -i.bak -e "s/^persistent_peers =./persistent_peers = \"$peers\"/" ~/.terp/config/config.toml

Note: the peers were obtained from Nodestake validator team.

It would also be advisable to add as persistent peer the sentry nodes between them. That is to say, that the sentry node B is persistent peer of the sentry node A, in the same way that the sentry node A is persistent peer of the sentry node B; this will make us have more redundancy. Private Peers:​

In the config.toml file of the config folder of the sentry nodes (both), it is necessary to specify the id of the validator node in the private_peer_ids parameter. This is so that our sentry nodes never share with the rest of the peers of the network the existence of our validator node.

If you don’t know how to get the id of your validator node, you can get it with the following command:

terpd tendermint show-node-id

Unconditional Peers​

In the same configuration file, we will also find the unconditional-peer-ids parameter to which we must add our validator node as we did with the private_peer_ids parameter. This step is necessary because the nodes have a limited number of peers to which they can connect.

To avoid the risk of leaving our validator node incommunicado, by setting its id in the unconditional-peer-ids parameter, we will make the sentry nodes always connected to the validator node even if the limit of peers to which they can be connected has been exceeded. Optionally we can also add in this same parameter (separated by commas) the homologous sentry node to guarantee that the sentry nodes will always be connected to each other.

unconditional-peer-ids = "validator node, peer sentry node". Start Sentry Nodes​

At this point, we could start our sentry nodes and let them synchronize and be discovered by the rest of the network. For that we will use the following command:

sudo systemctl daemon-reload sudo systemctl enable terpd

Base configuration for validator​

Once the sentry nodes have been synchronized, we can configure the validator node with all certainty that our validator node is not going to stop being synchronized with the network. We will have to edit the config.toml file in the config folder, where we will find the following lines: Persistent Peers​

In persistent_peers we will add only the ids of the sentry nodes, that is to say that if the node was already mounted before, we will have to delete the content of this field before adding our sentry nodes. PEX​

In the same configuration file we will find the pex parameter, which we must set to “false”. This parameter does not discover other peers, it will only use the ones set in the persistent_peers parameter.

pex = false

Remove address book (optional)​

If the validator has already been exposed to the network, we can delete the address book so that it only “knows” the sentry nodes; if it is a validator that has never been started, this step is not necessary. Once inside the config folder and with the node stopped, perform the following command:

rm -rf $HOME/.terp/config/addrbook.json

Start Validator Node​

To verify that we are really connected only to two peers and these are the sentry nodes, we can write the following command in our validated node; the output is a JSON where it will show us the number and which peers we are connected to, where the number should be two and the peers should be our sentry nodes.

curl -s localhost:26657/net_info Here you can see the number of peers to which our validator node is connected, in this case it is two, which is correct. Extra: Protecting the validator node through firewall​

Right now the p2p port of our validator node is open and anyone can establish a connection. If we have just set up the validator node, with the configurations made, nobody would have to find our validator node, however, to add a plus of security it is advisable to close the p2p port and only allow traffic to the IP’s of our sentry nodes.

There are several ways to do this, it is possible that your server provider allows you to do it through a gui. Ufw is a simple to use alternative. Extra: Private networks​

One possibility we have when our validator node is in the same datacenter as one of the sentry nodes, would be to use private addressing.

In case we want to use private addressing, we will have to edit the addr-book-strict parameter of the config.toml file and set it to false in both the validator node and the sentry node that are communicating under private addressing. This parameter, when set to “true”, will only add routable addresses to the address book, the private addresses defined in RFC-1918 are not routable, therefore, they would not be added to the address book, so we will have to change it to false to be able to use IP addresses from the private ranges.

addr-book-strict: boolean. By default, nodes with a routable address will be considered for connection. If this setting is disabled (false), non-routable IP addresses, such as addresses from a private network, can be added to the address book. Source: https://docs.tendermint.com/master/nodes/validators.html

Conclusions​

Having sentry nodes will not only help our validator node not to fall victim to a denial of service attack, but will also make the Terp network more robust. The installation of the sentry nodes does not differ much from that of a validator node, and the additional configurations to be performed are very simple and intuitive.

Now that Terp Network is doing the 90u-3 testnet, it is a good time to try to set up sentry nodes and once the mainnet is launched, to be able to replicate it with the experience of having been able to test it in 90u-3. If you already have your node on 90u-3, what are you waiting for to set up your sentry nodes and protect yourself from unwanted attacks?

sources: https://stakely.io/en/blog/how-to-deploy-sentry-nodes-in-the-archway-network

@ 2183e947:f497b975

Today I was invited to participate in the private beta of a new social media protocol called Pubky, designed by a bitcoin company called Synonym with the goal of being better than existing social media platforms. As a heavy nostr user, I thought I'd write up a comparison.

I can't tell you how to create your own accounts because it was made very clear that only some of the software is currently open source, and how this will all work is still a bit up in the air. The code that is open source can be found here: https://github.com/pubky -- and the most important repo there seems to be this one: https://github.com/pubky/pubky-core

You can also learn more about Pubky here: https://pubky.org/

That said, I used my invite code to create a pubky account and it seemed very similar to onboarding to nostr. I generated a private key, backed up 12 words, and the onboarding website gave me a public key.

Then I logged into a web-based client and it looked a lot like twitter. I saw a feed for posts by other users and saw options to reply to posts and give reactions, which, I saw, included hearts, thumbs up, and other emojis.

Then I investigated a bit deeper to see how much it was like nostr. I opened up my developer console and navigated to my networking tab, where, if this was nostr, I would expect to see queries to relays for posts. Here, though, I saw one query that seemed to be repeated on a loop, which went to a single server and provided it with my pubkey. That single query (well, a series of identical queries to the same server) seemed to return all posts that showed up on my feed. So I infer that the server "knows" what posts to show me (perhaps it has some sort of algorithm, though the marketing material says it does not use algorithms) and the query was on a loop so that if any new posts came in that the server thinks I might want to see, it can add them to my feed.

Then I checked what happens when I create a post. I did so and looked at what happened in my networking tab. If this was nostr, I would expect to see multiple copies of a signed messaged get sent to a bunch of relays. Here, though, I saw one message get sent to the same server that was populating my feed, and that message was not signed, it was a plaintext copy of my message.

I happened to be in a group chat with John Carvalho at the time, who is associated with pubky. I asked him what was going on, and he said that pubky is based around three types of servers: homeservers, DHT servers, and indexer servers. The homeserver is where you create posts and where you query for posts to show on your feed. DHT servers are used for censorship resistance: each user creates an entry on a DHT server saying what homeserver they use, and these entries are signed by their key.

As for indexers, I think those are supposed to speed up the use of the DHT servers. From what I could tell, indexers query DHT servers to find out what homeservers people use. When you query a homeserver for posts, it is supposed to reach out to indexer servers to find out the homeservers of people whose posts the homeserver decided to show you, and then query those homeservers for those posts. I believe they decided not to look up what homeservers people use directly on DHT servers directly because DHT servers are kind of slow, due to having to store and search through all sorts of non-social-media content, whereas indexers only store a simple db that maps each user's pubkey to their homeserver, so they are faster.

Based on all of this info, it seems like, to populate your feed, this is the series of steps:

• you tell your homeserver your pubkey
• it uses some sort of algorithm to decide whose posts to show you
• then looks up the homeservers used by those people on an indexer server
• then it fetches posts from their homeservers
• then your client displays them to you

To create a post, this is the series of steps:

• you tell your homeserver what you want to say to the world
• it stores that message in plaintext and merely asserts that it came from you (it's not signed)
• other people can find out what you said by querying for your posts on your homeserver

Since posts on homeservers are not signed, I asked John what prevents a homeserver from just making up stuff and claiming I said it. He said nothing stops them from doing that, and if you are using a homeserver that starts acting up in that manner, what you should do is start using a new homeserver and update your DHT record to point at your new homeserver instead of the old one. Then, indexers should update their db to show where your new homeserver is, and the homeservers of people who "follow" you should stop pulling content from your old homeserver and start pulling it from your new one. If their homeserver is misbehaving too, I'm not sure what would happen. Maybe it could refuse to show them the content you've posted on your new homeserver, keeping making up fake content on your behalf that you've never posted, and maybe the people you follow would never learn you're being impersonated or have moved to a new homeserver.

John also clarified that there is not currently any tooling for migrating user content from one homeserver to another. If pubky gets popular and a big homeserver starts misbehaving, users will probably need such a tool. But these are early days, so there aren't that many homeservers, and the ones that exist seem to be pretty trusted.

Anyway, those are my initial thoughts on Pubky. Learn more here: https://pubky.org/

@ afa31726:18cc7792

99win mang đến cho người dùng một không gian giải trí trực tuyến tràn đầy năng lượng và sáng tạo, nơi mỗi trải nghiệm đều được đầu tư chỉn chu nhằm mang lại cảm giác mới mẻ, hấp dẫn và khó quên, với kho nội dung đa dạng, liên tục cập nhật theo xu hướng, 99win đáp ứng mọi nhu cầu giải trí của người dùng từ những phút giây thư giãn nhẹ nhàng cho đến các trải nghiệm bùng nổ cảm xúc, giao diện của nền tảng được thiết kế thân thiện, trực quan, tối ưu hóa cho cả máy tính và thiết bị di động, giúp người dùng dễ dàng thao tác, truy cập nhanh chóng mọi lúc mọi nơi, đồng thời, tốc độ tải trang cực kỳ nhanh và khả năng vận hành ổn định giúp trải nghiệm không bị gián đoạn, tạo nên sự liền mạch và mượt mà trong từng khoảnh khắc, bên cạnh đó, 99win luôn chú trọng đến yếu tố bảo mật thông tin người dùng, áp dụng các công nghệ mã hóa tiên tiến nhất để đảm bảo mọi dữ liệu cá nhân đều được bảo vệ một cách an toàn tuyệt đối, xây dựng lòng tin và sự yên tâm vững chắc cho cộng đồng thành viên, không những thế, đội ngũ chăm sóc khách hàng chuyên nghiệp, tận tâm hoạt động 24/7 luôn sẵn sàng hỗ trợ và giải đáp mọi thắc mắc một cách nhanh chóng và hiệu quả, giúp người dùng cảm thấy luôn được đồng hành trong suốt quá trình trải nghiệm, đặc biệt, 99win thường xuyên tổ chức các chương trình khuyến mãi, sự kiện hấp dẫn với nhiều phần thưởng giá trị, nhằm tri ân người dùng cũng như tạo thêm nhiều cơ hội trải nghiệm thú vị và bổ ích, nền tảng này không ngừng cải tiến công nghệ, nâng cấp hệ thống và bổ sung thêm nhiều tính năng mới nhằm đáp ứng tốt hơn kỳ vọng ngày càng cao của người dùng hiện đại, sự linh hoạt trong việc đổi mới cùng khả năng nắm bắt nhanh xu hướng giải trí đã giúp 99win giữ vững vị thế và liên tục phát triển trong lĩnh vực giải trí trực tuyến, tạo dựng một cộng đồng người dùng sôi động, gắn kết và đầy nhiệt huyết, từ đó, mỗi lần tham gia vào thế giới 99win, người dùng không chỉ được thư giãn, giải trí mà còn có cơ hội kết nối, chia sẻ và mở rộng những mối quan hệ ý nghĩa trong môi trường năng động và đầy cảm hứng, với tầm nhìn dài hạn và chiến lược phát triển bền vững, 99win cam kết không ngừng đổi mới, nâng cao chất lượng dịch vụ và trải nghiệm người dùng, hướng đến mục tiêu trở thành điểm đến giải trí hàng đầu trong khu vực và vươn tầm quốc tế, đồng hành cùng người dùng trên hành trình khám phá thế giới số rộng lớn, nơi mà mọi giới hạn đều có thể được mở rộng và mọi đam mê đều được chắp cánh bay xa, bởi vậy, không quá ngạc nhiên khi 99win đã và đang trở thành lựa chọn ưu tiên của đông đảo người yêu thích giải trí hiện nay, mang đến không chỉ những giây phút thư giãn tuyệt vời mà còn là nguồn năng lượng tích cực giúp cân bằng cuộc sống bộn bề, vậy nên nếu bạn đang tìm kiếm một nơi để khám phá những trải nghiệm mới mẻ, thú vị và đầy sáng tạo, 99win chắc chắn là điểm đến lý tưởng mà bạn không nên bỏ lỡ.

@ 7d33ba57:1b82db35

L'Estartit is famous for its stunning beaches, the Medes Islands, and incredible diving opportunities. Once a small fishing village, it’s now a paradise for nature lovers, water sports enthusiasts, and those seeking a relaxing Mediterranean escape.

🏖️ Top Things to See & Do in L'Estartit

1️⃣ Medes Islands (Illes Medes) 🏝️

• A protected marine reserve, perfect for snorkeling and scuba diving.
• Explore sea caves, coral reefs, and diverse marine life.
• Take a glass-bottom boat tour to admire the underwater world without getting wet.

2️⃣ L'Estartit Beach 🏖️

• A long sandy beach with shallow waters, ideal for families.
• Great for swimming, sunbathing, and water sports like windsurfing and kayaking.
• Offers fantastic views of the Medes Islands.

3️⃣ Montgrí Massif & Castle 🏰

• Hike up to the Montgrí Castle for panoramic views of the Costa Brava.
• Trails through rocky landscapes and Mediterranean forests.
• A perfect spot for hiking, mountain biking, and photography.

4️⃣ Coastal Walking Route (Camí de Ronda) 🌊

• A breathtaking hiking trail along the cliffs, connecting L'Estartit with nearby beaches and coves.
• Discover hidden spots like Cala Pedrosa and Cala Ferriol.

5️⃣ Explore the Old Town & Port ⚓

• Wander through narrow streets with local shops and seafood restaurants.
• Visit the Sant Genís Church, a historic landmark in the town center.
• Enjoy a drink with a view at the marina.

6️⃣ Kayaking & Stand-Up Paddleboarding 🚣‍♂️

• Paddle along the coastline to explore caves, cliffs, and hidden coves.
• A great way to experience the natural beauty of the area.

🍽️ What to Eat in L'Estartit

• Suquet de Peix – Traditional Catalan fish stew 🐟
• Arroz a la Cassola – A savory rice dish with seafood 🍤
• Fideuà – Like paella, but made with short noodles instead of rice 🍜
• Calamars a la Planxa – Grilled squid with olive oil and garlic 🦑
• Crema Catalana – A classic Catalan dessert similar to crème brûlée 🍮

🚗 How to Get to L'Estartit

🚆 By Train: The nearest train station is Flaçà (30 min by car/taxi) with connections from Barcelona and Girona.
🚘 By Car: 1.5 hrs from Barcelona, 45 min from Girona, 1 hr from Figueres.
🚌 By Bus: Direct buses from Barcelona, Girona, and other Costa Brava towns.
✈️ By Air: The nearest airport is Girona-Costa Brava (GRO, 55 km).

💡 Tips for Visiting L'Estartit

✅ Best time to visit? Late spring to early autumn (May–September) for warm weather 🌞
✅ Book diving tours in advance – Medes Islands are a top diving destination 🤿
✅ Hike early in the morning to avoid the heat & get the best views 🥾
✅ Visit in June for the Havaneres Festival, celebrating Catalan maritime music 🎶

@ de6c63ab:d028389b

Ever wondered why Bitcoin stops at 20,999,999.9769 and not a clean 21M? It’s not a bug — it’s brilliant.

https://blossom.primal.net/8e9e6fffbca54dfb8e55071ae590e676b355803ef18b08c8cbd9521a2eb567a8.png

Of course, it's because of this mythical and seemingly magical formula. Want to hear the full story behind this? Keep reading!

The Simple Math Behind It

In reality, there’s no magic here — it’s just an ordinary summation. That big sigma symbol (Σ) tells you that. The little “i” is the summation index, starting from 0 at the bottom and going up to 32 at the top. Why 32? We’ll get there!

After the sigma, you see the expression: 210,000 × (50 ÷ 2^i). 210,000 blocks represent one halving interval, with about 144 blocks mined per day, amounting to almost exactly four years. After each interval, the block reward halves — that’s what the division by 2^i means.

Crunching the Numbers

When i = 0 (before the first halving): 210,000 × (50 ÷ 2^0) = 10,500,000

At i = 1 (after the first halving): 210,000 × (50 ÷ 2^1) = 5,250,000

At i = 2 (after the second halving): 210,000 × (50 ÷ 2^2) = 2,625,000

…

At i = 31: 210,000 × (50 ÷ 2^31) ≈ 0.00489

At i = 32: 210,000 × (50 ÷ 2^32) ≈ 0.00244

And when you sum all of that up? 20,999,999.99755528

Except… that’s not the correct total! The real final number is: 20,999,999.9769

Where the Real Magic Happens

How come?! Here’s where the real fun begins.

We just performed the summation with real (floating-point) numbers. But computers don’t like working with real numbers. They much prefer integers. That’s also one reason why a bitcoin can’t be divided infinitely — the smallest unit is one satoshi, one hundred-millionth of a bitcoin.

And that’s also why there are exactly 33 halvings (0th, 1st, 2nd, …, 31st, 32nd). After the 32nd halving, the block reward would drop below one satoshi, making further halvings meaningless.

https://blossom.primal.net/6abae5b19bc68737c5b14785f54713e7ce11dfdecbe10c64692fc8d9a90c7f34.png

The Role of Integer Math and Bit-Shifting

Because Bitcoin operates with integers (specifically satoshis), the division (reward ÷ 2^i) is actually done using integer division. More precisely, by bit-shifting to the right:

https://blossom.primal.net/3dac403390dd24df4fa8c474db62476fba814bb8c98ca663e6e3a536f4ff7d98.png

We work with 64-bit integers. Halving the value simply means shifting the bits one position to the right.

What Happens During the Halvings

Notice: during the first 9 halvings (i = 0 to i = 8), we’re just shaving off zeros. But starting with the 9th halving (i = 9), we start losing ones. Every time a “one” falls off, it means we’re losing a tiny fraction — a remainder that would have existed if we were using real numbers.

The sum of all these lost remainders is exactly the difference between the two numbers we saw above.

And that’s why the total bitcoin supply is 20,999,999.9769 — not 21 million exactly.

Did you enjoy this? Got any questions? 🔥🚀

@ 6b3780ef:221416c8

This workshop will guide you through exploring the concepts behind MCP servers and how to deploy them as DVMs in Nostr using DVMCP. By the end, you'll understand how these systems work together and be able to create your own deployments.

Understanding MCP Systems

MCP (Model Context Protocol) systems consist of two main components that work together:

1. MCP Server: The heart of the system that exposes tools, which you can access via the .listTools() method.
2. MCP Client: The interface that connects to the MCP server and lets you use the tools it offers.

These servers and clients can communicate using different transport methods:

• Standard I/O (stdio): A simple local connection method when your server and client are on the same machine.
• Server-Sent Events (SSE): Uses HTTP to create a communication channel.

For this workshop, we'll use stdio to deploy our server. DVMCP will act as a bridge, connecting to your MCP server as an MCP client, and exposing its tools as a DVM that anyone can call from Nostr.

Creating (or Finding) an MCP Server

Building an MCP server is simpler than you might think:

1. Create software in any programming language you're comfortable with.
2. Add an MCP library to expose your server's MCP interface.
3. Create an API that wraps around your software's functionality.

Once your server is ready, an MCP client can connect, for example, with bun index.js, and then call .listTools() to discover what your server can do. This pattern, known as reflection, makes Nostr DVMs and MCP a perfect match since both use JSON, and DVMs can announce and call tools, effectively becoming an MCP proxy.

Alternatively, you can use one of the many existing MCP servers available in various repositories.

For more information about mcp and how to build mcp servers you can visit https://modelcontextprotocol.io/

Setting Up the Workshop

Let's get hands-on:

First, to follow this workshop you will need Bun. Install it from https://bun.sh/. For Linux and macOS, you can use the installation script:

curl -fsSL https://bun.sh/install | bash

1. Choose your MCP server: You can either create one or use an existing one.

2. Inspect your server using the MCP inspector tool: bash npx @modelcontextprotocol/inspector build/index.js arg1 arg2 This will:

3. Launch a client UI (default: http://localhost:5173)
4. Start an MCP proxy server (default: port 3000)

5. Pass any additional arguments directly to your server

6. Use the inspector: Open the client UI in your browser to connect with your server, list available tools, and test its functionality.

Deploying with DVMCP

Now for the exciting part – making your MCP server available to everyone on Nostr:

1. Navigate to your MCP server directory.

2. Run without installing (quickest way): npx @dvmcp/bridge

3. Or install globally for regular use: npm install -g @dvmcp/bridge # or bun install -g @dvmcp/bridge Then run using: bash dvmcp-bridge

This will guide you through creating the necessary configuration.

Watch the console logs to confirm successful setup – you'll see your public key and process information, or any issues that need addressing.

For the configuration, you can set the relay as wss://relay.dvmcp.fun , or use any other of your preference

Testing and Integration

1. Visit dvmcp.fun to see your DVM announcement.
2. Call your tools and watch the responses come back.

For production use, consider running dvmcp-bridge as a system service or creating a container for greater reliability and uptime.

Integrating with LLM Clients

You can also integrate your DVMCP deployment with LLM clients using the discovery package:

1. Install and use the @dvmcp/discovery package: bash npx @dvmcp/discovery

2. This package acts as an MCP server for your LLM system by:

3. Connecting to configured Nostr relays
4. Discovering tools from DVMCP servers

5. Making them available to your LLM applications

6. Connect to specific servers or providers using these flags: ```bash # Connect to all DVMCP servers from a provider npx @dvmcp/discovery --provider npub1...

# Connect to a specific DVMCP server npx @dvmcp/discovery --server naddr1... ```

Using these flags, you wouldn't need a configuration file. You can find these commands and Claude desktop configuration already prepared for copy and paste at dvmcp.fun.

This feature lets you connect to any DVMCP server using Nostr and integrate it into your client, either as a DVM or in LLM-powered applications.

Final thoughts

If you've followed this workshop, you now have an MCP server deployed as a Nostr DVM. This means that local resources from the system where the MCP server is running can be accessed through Nostr in a decentralized manner. This capability is powerful and opens up numerous possibilities and opportunities for fun.

You can use this setup for various use cases, including in a controlled/local environment. For instance, you can deploy a relay in your local network that's only accessible within it, exposing all your local MCP servers to anyone connected to the network. This setup can act as a hub for communication between different systems, which could be particularly interesting for applications in home automation or other fields. The potential applications are limitless.

However, it's important to keep in mind that there are security concerns when exposing local resources publicly. You should be mindful of these risks and prioritize security when creating and deploying your MCP servers on Nostr.

Finally, these are new ideas, and the software is still under development. If you have any feedback, please refer to the GitHub repository to report issues or collaborate. DVMCP also has a Signal group you can join. Additionally, you can engage with the community on Nostr using the #dvmcp hashtag.

Useful Resources

• Official Documentation:
• Model Context Protocol: modelcontextprotocol.org

• DVMCP.fun: dvmcp.fun

• Source Code and Development:

• DVMCP: github.com/gzuuus/dvmcp

• DVMCP.fun: github.com/gzuuus/dvmcpfun

• MCP Servers and Clients:

• Smithery AI: smithery.ai
• MCP.so: mcp.so

• Glama AI MCP Servers: glama.ai/mcp/servers

• Signal group

Happy building!

@ 1f79058c:eb86e1cb

I'm currently using this bash script to publish long-form content from local Markdown files to Nostr relays.

It requires all of yq, jq, and nak to be installed.

Usage

Create a signed Nostr event and print it to the console:

bash markdown_to_nostr.sh article-filename.md

Create a Nostr event and publish it to one or more relays:

bash markdown_to_nostr.sh article-filename.md ws://localhost:7777 wss://nostr.kosmos.org

Markdown format

You can specify your metadata as YAML in a Front Matter header. Here's an example file:

```markdown

title: "Good Morning" summary: "It's a beautiful day" image: https://example.com/i/beautiful-day.jpg date: 2025-04-24T15:00:00Z tags: gm, poetry published: false

---

In the blue sky just a few specks of gray
In the evening of a beautiful day
Though last night it rained and more rain on the way
And that more rain is needed 'twould be fair to say.

— Francis Duggan ```

The metadata keys are mostly self-explanatory. Note:

• All keys except for title are optional
• date, if present, will be set as the published_at date.
• If published is set to true, it will publish a kind 30023 event, otherwise a kind 30024 (draft)
• The d tag (widely used as URL slug for the article) will be the filename without the .md extension

@ 7d33ba57:1b82db35

Córdoba is a treasure trove of Moorish architecture, Roman heritage, and Andalusian charm. Once the capital of the Umayyad Caliphate, it’s home to stunning patios, atmospheric streets, and UNESCO-listed landmarks.

🏛️ Top Things to See & Do in Córdoba

1️⃣ La Mezquita-Catedral 🕌⛪

• Córdoba’s most iconic landmark, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
• A breathtaking blend of Islamic arches and a Christian cathedral.
• Don’t miss the orange tree courtyard and bell tower views.

2️⃣ Alcázar de los Reyes Cristianos 🏰

• A medieval fortress with stunning gardens and Mudejar courtyards.
• Walk through Roman mosaics, ancient baths, and watchtowers.

3️⃣ Puente Romano & Calahorra Tower 🌉

• A historic Roman bridge over the Guadalquivir River.
• Great for sunset views with the Mezquita in the background.
• Visit the Calahorra Tower Museum for a look at Córdoba’s Islamic past.

4️⃣ Judería (Jewish Quarter) & Calleja de las Flores 🌺

• Wander through narrow, whitewashed streets lined with flowers.
• Visit the Córdoba Synagogue, one of Spain’s last remaining medieval synagogues.
• Stop by Calleja de las Flores, one of the most photogenic streets in Spain.

5️⃣ Palacio de Viana 🏡

• A 16th-century palace with 12 stunning courtyards filled with flowers.
• A must-visit during Córdoba’s Patio Festival (May).

6️⃣ Medina Azahara 🏛️

• The ruins of a 10th-century Moorish palace-city, 8 km from Córdoba.
• One of the greatest archaeological sites from Al-Andalus.

7️⃣ Plaza de la Corredera & Local Tapas 🍷

• A lively square with colorful buildings and traditional bars.
• Try local specialties like salmorejo (cold tomato soup) and flamenquín (breaded ham & cheese roll).

🍽️ What to Eat in Córdoba

• Salmorejo – A thick cold tomato soup, topped with ham and egg 🍅
• Flamenquín – A deep-fried pork roll stuffed with ham & cheese 🥩🧀
• Rabo de toro – Slow-cooked oxtail stew, a classic dish 🥘
• Berenjenas con miel – Fried eggplant drizzled with honey 🍆🍯
• Montilla-Moriles wine – A local sherry-like wine 🍷

🚗 How to Get to Córdoba

🚆 By Train: High-speed AVE trains from Madrid (1 hr 45 min), Seville (45 min), Málaga (1 hr)
🚘 By Car: 1.5 hrs from Seville, 2 hrs from Granada, 1 hr 40 min from Málaga
🚌 By Bus: Regular connections from major Andalusian cities
✈️ By Air: Closest airports are Seville (SVQ) or Málaga (AGP)

💡 Tips for Visiting Córdoba

✅ Best time to visit? Spring (April–May) for mild weather & flower-filled patios 🌸
✅ Visit early morning or late afternoon to avoid the midday heat ☀️
✅ Book Mezquita tickets in advance to skip long queues 🎟️
✅ Try the local patios – Many houses open their courtyards for visitors 🏡

@ 68768a6c:0eaf07e9

Sometimes it feels like everything we do is invisible. The late nights, the sacrifices, the silent battles — all of it seems to go unnoticed. And there comes a moment when quitting feels easier than holding on.

But let me remind you: You’re closer than you think.

Growth is quiet. Success doesn't announce itself as it's happening. Healing happens in the dark before it shines in the light.

Every effort you made when no one was clapping... Every time you showed up when you felt like disappearing... Every "small" step you took — those were not small at all.

They were giant leaps that your future self will thank you for.

Remember:

Diamonds form under pressure.

Seeds grow underground before breaking the surface.

Stars shine brightest in the darkest skies.

So don’t you dare give up now. Your breakthrough might not come with fireworks — it might come quietly, softly, almost without you noticing at first. But it is coming.

Stay patient. Stay kind to yourself. Keep moving — even if it’s slow. Because you’re already closer than you think.

@ c682abbe:17804ac8

Explain Bitcoin Like I’m Five

@nik5ter uses a simple “apple” analogy to show why digital transfers are tricky: while handing a physical apple directly to someone proves they have it,so no single party can alter balances or create extra coins without the network noticing. Participants (“miners”) validate and record transactions in return for newly issued bitcoins,ensuring scarcity and enabling peer-to-peer exchanges that feel as secure as handing over a physical object, but work instantly across the globe.

DYOR:https://medium.com/free-code-camp/explain-bitcoin-like-im-five-73b4257ac833

@ 220522c2:61e18cb4

npub1ygzj9skr9val9yqxkf67yf9jshtyhvvl0x76jp5er09nsc0p3j6qr260k2

@ 6a6be47b:3e74e3e1

Hi frens, how are you?

🎨 I've been keeping busy with some personal projects and haven't painted as much as I'd like, but most importantly, I've returned to painting with watercolors. I'm getting used to them again, and although I love them, they can be tricky, especially when working wet on wet.

I've done a few pieces since getting back into it, and I'm excited to show the results, but at the same time, I'm a bit wary. Not because I want them to be "perfect" to share, but because I just want to have fun with them and get the joy back from painting.

🐱 And I'm not slacking because I have my furry little helper with me, and he's not having any of it!

He's a good boi

I've also been baking! 👩‍🍳 Yesterday, I made cinnamon "donuts" 🍩 , which ended up being muffins since I don't have a donut skillet.

And today, I baked lemon muffins 🍋, and they turned out delicious!

🧁 I had one as soon as they cooled, and chef's kiss... they're amazing!

🫀So as you can see I've been up to a few things, I'm not the best at this social media game. It can be draining so I want to have a balance between creating and showcasing you my proof of work 💪

💎I'm still getting there, but it's worth it.

🪄 Balance to achieve harmony is my goal.

🔮 I just wanted to check in and see what you've been up to! I'd love to know 🩷🫶🏻.

Have an amazing day frens!

@ 266815e0:6cd408a5

To all existing nostr developers and new nostr developers, stop using kind 1 events... just stop whatever your doing and switch the kind to Math.round(Math.random() * 10000) trust me it will be better

What are kind 1 events

kind 1 events are defined in NIP-10 as "simple plaintext notes" or in other words social posts.

Don't trick your users

Most users are joining nostr for the social experience, and secondly to find all the cool "other stuff" apps They find friends, browse social posts, and reply to them. If a user signs into a new nostr client and it starts asking them to sign kind 1 events with blobs of JSON, they will sign it without thinking too much about it.

Then when they return to their comfy social apps they will see that they made 10+ posts with massive amounts of gibberish that they don't remember posting. then they probably will go looking for the delete button and realize there isn't one...

Even if those kind 1 posts don't contain JSON and have a nice fancy human readable syntax. they will still confuse users because they won't remember writing those social posts

What about "discoverability"

If your goal is to make your "other stuff" app visible to more users, then I would suggest using NIP-19 and NIP-89 The first allows users to embed any other event kind into social posts as nostr:nevent1 or nostr:naddr1 links, and the second allows social clients to redirect users to an app that knows how to handle that specific kind of event

So instead of saving your apps data into kind 1 events. you can pick any kind you want, then give users a "share on nostr" button that allows them to compose a social post (kind 1) with a nostr: link to your special kind of event and by extension you app

Why its a trap

Once users start using your app it becomes a lot more difficult to migrate to a new event kind or data format. This sounds obvious, but If your app is built on kind 1 events that means you will be stuck with their limitations forever.

For example, here are some of the limitations of using kind 1 - Querying for your apps data becomes much more difficult. You have to filter through all of a users kind 1 events to find which ones are created by your app - Discovering your apps data is more difficult for the same reason, you have to sift through all the social posts just to find the ones with you special tag or that contain JSON - Users get confused. as mentioned above users don't expect "other stuff" apps to be creating special social posts - Other nostr clients won't understand your data and will show it as a social post with no option for users to learn about your app

@ 6830c409:ff17c655

The story-telling method from Frank Daniel school - "Eight-sequence structure" is well utilized in this new movie in #prime - "Veera Dheera Sooran - Part 2". The name itself is kind of suspense. Because even if the name says "Part 2", this is the first part released in this story.

There are 8 shorter plots which has their own mini climaxes. The setup done in a plot will be resolved in another plot. In total, there will be 8 setups, 8 conflicts and 8 resolutions.

A beautiful way of telling a gripping story. For cinephiles in #Nostr, if you want to get a feel of the South Indian movies that has kind of a perfect blend of good content + a bit of over the top action, I would suggest this movie.

Note:

For Nostriches from the western hemisphere- #Bollywood - (#Hindi movies) is the movie industry started in #Bombay (#Mumbai), that has the stereotypical 'la la la' rain dance songs and mustache-less heroes. #Telugu movies (#Tollywood) are mostly over-the-top action where Newton and Einstein will probably commit suicide. #Malayalam movies (#Mollywood) is made with a miniscule budget with minimal over-the-top action and mostly content oriented movies. And then comes one of the best - #Tamil movies (#Kollywood - named after #Kodambakkam - a movie town in the city of Chennai down south), has the best of all the industries. A good blend of class, and mass elements.

Picture: https://www.flickr.com/photos/gforsythe/6926263837

@ fbf0e434:e1be6a39

Hackathon 概要

Hedera Hashathon: Nairobi Edition 近日圆满落幕，共有 223 名开发者参与，49 个项目通过审核。本次活动以线上形式举办，由 Kenya Tech Events、内罗毕证券交易所及虚拟资产商会共同支持，旨在推动本地创新并提升区块链技术在肯尼亚的应用水平。

黑客松围绕三大核心方向展开：AI 代理、资本市场和 Hedera Explorer。参与者基于 Hedera 区块链开发解决方案，针对性解决自动化、金融普惠及数字资产交互等领域的挑战。活动通过在线辅导和网络交流机会，充分展现了协作开发的重要性。

活动亮点当属在内罗毕大学举办的 Demo Day，入围决赛的团队现场展示创新方案并获颁奖项。尤其在资本市场方向的顶尖项目，将获得孵化支持及导师指导以推进后续开发。此次黑客松特别注重实际应用，凸显了区块链技术在重塑肯尼亚产业、推动技术进步并提升市场参与度方面的潜力。

Hackathon 获奖者

第一名

• **Hedgehog:** 一个使用Hedera网络上的代币化真实股票交易所股份作为抵押品的链上借贷协议。通过将股票抵押与区块链透明性相结合，确保了安全的去中心化借贷。

第二名

• **Orion:** 通过将NSE股票代币化为Hedera区块链上的资产，促进在肯尼亚的轻松股票交易。通过与Mpesa的集成简化了证券交易流程，实现高效的数字交易。

第三名

• **NSEChainBridge:** 一个基于区块链的平台，通过创新的代币解决方案增强了NSE股票作为数字代币的交易，提高股票交易的可达性和流动性。

第四名

• **HashGuard:** 一个使用Hedera Hashgraph技术的代币化微型保险平台，专为boda boda骑手提供。它提供了负担得起的即时保险，让不需要区块链专业知识的用户也能获得保险。

要查看完整项目列表，请访问 DoraHacks。

关于组织者

Hedera

Hedera是一个以速度、安全性和可扩展性著称的公共分布式账本平台。其hashgraph共识算法是一种权益证明的变体，提供了一种独特的分布式共识实现方式。Hedera活跃于多个行业领域，支持优先考虑透明度和效率的项目。该组织始终致力于推进去中心化网络的基础设施建设，促进全球范围内安全而高效的数字交易。

@ 04c915da:3dfbecc9

One of the most common criticisms leveled against nostr is the perceived lack of assurance when it comes to data storage. Critics argue that without a centralized authority guaranteeing that all data is preserved, important information will be lost. They also claim that running a relay will become prohibitively expensive. While there is truth to these concerns, they miss the mark. The genius of nostr lies in its flexibility, resilience, and the way it harnesses human incentives to ensure data availability in practice.

A nostr relay is simply a server that holds cryptographically verifiable signed data and makes it available to others. Relays are simple, flexible, open, and require no permission to run. Critics are right that operating a relay attempting to store all nostr data will be costly. What they miss is that most will not run all encompassing archive relays. Nostr does not rely on massive archive relays. Instead, anyone can run a relay and choose to store whatever subset of data they want. This keeps costs low and operations flexible, making relay operation accessible to all sorts of individuals and entities with varying use cases.

Critics are correct that there is no ironclad guarantee that every piece of data will always be available. Unlike bitcoin where data permanence is baked into the system at a steep cost, nostr does not promise that every random note or meme will be preserved forever. That said, in practice, any data perceived as valuable by someone will likely be stored and distributed by multiple entities. If something matters to someone, they will keep a signed copy.

Nostr is the Streisand Effect in protocol form. The Streisand effect is when an attempt to suppress information backfires, causing it to spread even further. With nostr, anyone can broadcast signed data, anyone can store it, and anyone can distribute it. Try to censor something important? Good luck. The moment it catches attention, it will be stored on relays across the globe, copied, and shared by those who find it worth keeping. Data deemed important will be replicated across servers by individuals acting in their own interest.

Nostr’s distributed nature ensures that the system does not rely on a single point of failure or a corporate overlord. Instead, it leans on the collective will of its users. The result is a network where costs stay manageable, participation is open to all, and valuable verifiable data is stored and distributed forever.

@ 4259e401:8e20e9a6

[MVP: Gigi! How do I lightning prism this?]

If I could send a letter to myself five years ago, this book would be it.

I’m not a Bitcoin expert. I’m not a developer, a coder, or an economist.

I don’t have credentials, connections, or capital.

I’m a blue-collar guy who stumbled into Bitcoin almost exactly four years ago, and like everyone else, I had to wrestle with it to understand it.

Bitcoin is one of the most misunderstood, misrepresented, and misinterpreted ideas of our time - not just because it’s complex, but because its very structure makes it easy to distort.

It’s decentralized and leaderless, which means there’s no single voice to clarify what it is or defend it from misinformation.

That’s a feature, not a bug, but it means that understanding Bitcoin isn’t easy.

It’s a system that doesn’t fit into any of our existing categories. It’s not a company. It’s not a product. It’s not a government.

There’s no marketing department, no headquarters, no CEO.

That makes it uniquely resistant to corruption, but also uniquely vulnerable to disinformation.

Whether through negligence or malice, Bitcoin is constantly misunderstood - by skeptics who think it’s just a Ponzi scheme, by opportunists looking to cash in on the hype, by scammers who use the name to push worthless imitations, and by critics who don’t realize they’re attacking a strawman.

If you’re new to Bitcoin, you have to fight through layers of noise before you can even see the signal.

And that process isn’t instant.

Even if you could explain digital signatures off the top of your head, even if you could hash SHA-256 by hand, even if you had a perfect technical understanding of every moving part - you still wouldn’t get it.

Bitcoin isn’t just technology. It’s a shift in incentives, a challenge to power, an enforcer of sovereignty. It resists censorship.

A simple open ledger - yet it shakes the world.

Archimedes asked for a lever and a place to stand, and he could move the world.

Satoshi gave us both.

The lever is Bitcoin - an economic system with perfect game theory, incorruptible rules, and absolute scarcity.

The place to stand is the open-source, decentralized network, where anyone can verify, participate, and build without permission.

And what comes out of this seemingly simple equation?

The entire rearchitecture of trust. The separation of money and state.

A foundation upon which artificial intelligence must negotiate with the real world instead of manipulating it.

A digital economy where energy, computation, and value flow in perfect symmetry, refining themselves in an endless virtuous cycle.

Bitcoin started as a whitepaper.

Now it’s a lifeline, an immune system, a foundation, a firewall, a torch passed through time.

From such a small set of rules - 21 million divisible units, cryptographic ownership, and a fixed issuance schedule - emerges something unstoppable.

Something vast enough to absorb and constrain the intelligence of machines, to resist the distortions of human greed, to create the rails for a world that is freer, more sovereign, more aligned with truth than anything that came before it.

It’s proof that sometimes, the most profound revolutions begin with the simplest ideas. That’s why this book exists.

Bitcoin isn’t something you learn - it’s something you unlearn first.

You start with assumptions about money, value, and authority that have been baked into you since birth. And then, piece by piece, you chip away at them.

It’s like peeling an onion – it takes time and effort.

*And yes, you might shed some tears! *

At first, you might come for the speculation. A lot of people do. But those who stay - who actually take the time to understand what’s happening - don’t stay for the profits.

They stay for the principles.

If you’re holding this book, you’re somewhere on that journey.

Maybe you’re at the very beginning, trying to separate the signal from the noise.

Maybe you’ve been down the rabbit hole for years, looking for a way to articulate what you already know deep in your bones.

Either way, this is for you.

It’s not a technical manual, and it’s not a sales pitch. It’s the book I wish I had when I started.

So if you’re where I was, consider this a message in a bottle, thrown back through time. A hand reaching through the fog, saying:

“Keep going. It’s worth it.”

Preface The End of The Beginning

March 2025.

The moment has arrived. Most haven’t even noticed, let alone processed it. The United States is setting up a Bitcoin (Bitcoin-only!) strategic reserve.

It’s not a theory. Not an idea. The order is signed, the ink is dried.

The people who have been wrong, over and over (and over!) again - for years! - fumble for explanations, flipping through the wreckage of their previous predictions:

“Bubble…’’ “Fad…” “Ponzi…”

No longer.

The same analysts who once sneered are now adjusting their forecasts to protect what’s left of their credibility. Those who dismissed it are now trapped in a slow, humiliating realization: Bitcoin does not require their approval.

It never did.

Something fundamental has shifted, and the air is thick with a paradoxical cocktail of triumph and panic. Bitcoiners saw this coming. Not because they had insider information, but because they understood first principles when everyone else was still playing pretend.

Bitcoin was never just surviving.

It was infiltrating.

The question is no longer whether Bitcoin will succeed.

It already has.

The only question that remains is who understands, and who is still in denial.

Think back to 2022.

At its peak, FTX was one of the world’s largest cryptocurrency exchanges, valued at $32 billion and backed by blue-chip investors. It promised a sophisticated, institutional-grade trading platform, attracting retail traders, hedge funds, and politicians alike. Sam Bankman-Fried, with his disheveled hair and cargo shorts, was its eccentric figurehead, a billionaire who slept on a bean bag and spoke of philanthropy.

Then the illusion shattered.

FTX collapsed overnight, an implosion so violent it left an entire industry scrambling for cover. One moment, Sam Bankman-Fried was the golden boy of crypto - genius quant, regulatory darling, effective altruist™.

The next, he was just another fraudster in handcuffs.

Billions vanished. Customers locked out. Hedge funds liquidated.

Politicians who had once taken photos with SBF and smiled at his political donations, suddenly pretended they had no idea who he was. The same regulators who were supposed to prevent disasters like this stood slack-jawed, acting as if they hadn’t been having closed-door meetings with FTX months before the collapse.

But FTX wasn’t just a scandal, it was a filter.

If you were Bitcoin-only, with your satoshis in cold storage, you didn’t even flinch. From your perspective, nothing important changed:

A new Bitcoin block still arrived every ten minutes (on average). The supply cap of 21 million bitcoins remained untouched. Ownership was still protected by public/private key cryptography.

You were literally unaffected.

You had already updated your priors:

“If you don’t hold your own keys, you own nothing.” “Bitcoin is not ‘crypto’.” “’Crypto’ is a casino.”

FTX was just another financial fire, another chapter in the never-ending saga of people trusting systems that had already proven themselves untrustworthy.

That moment was a prelude.

The U.S. Bitcoin pivot is the paradigm shift.

The Eukaryotic Revolution Is Upon Us

In biology, abiogenesis is when life emerged from non-life - a fragile, uncertain process where the first microscopic self-replicators struggled to survive against hostile conditions. That was Bitcoin’s early history. It had to fight for its existence, attacked by governments, dismissed by economists, ridiculed by mainstream media.

But it survived.

That era is over. We have entered the Eukaryotic Revolution.

This is the moment in evolutionary history when simple lifeforms evolved into something structurally complex - organisms with nuclei, internal scaffolding, and the ability to form multicellular cooperatives and populate diverse ecosystems. Once this transformation happened, there was no going back. Bitcoin is going through its own Eukaryotic leap.

Once an outsider, dismissed and ridiculed, it is maturing into an integrated, resilient force within the global financial system.

On March 2, 2025, the Trump administration announced a Crypto Strategic Reserve.

At first, it wasn’t just Bitcoin - it included XRP, SOL, and ADA, a desperate attempt to appease the altcoin industry. A political move, not an economic one.

For about five minutes, the broader crypto industry cheered. Then came the pushback.

Bitcoiners called it immediately: mixing Bitcoin with centralized altcoin grifts was like adding lead weights to a life raft.

Institutional players rejected it outright: sovereign reserves need hard assets, not tech company tokens. The government realized, almost immediately, that it had made a mistake.

By March 6, 2025, the pivot was complete.

Strategic Bitcoin reserve confirmed. The President signed an executive order, and legislation has been introduced in the United States House of Representatives.

The U.S. government’s official bitcoin policy: hold, don’t sell. Look for ways to acquire more.

Altcoins relegated to second-tier status, treated as fundamentally separate from and inferior to bitcoin. The government’s official policy: sell, and do not actively accumulate more (ouch!).

“Bitcoin maximalism” – the belief that any cryptocurrency other than bitcoin lies on a spectrum between “bad idea” and outright scam - wasn’t vindicated by debate.

It was vindicated by economic reality.

When the government was forced to choose what belonged in a sovereign reserve, it wasn’t even close. Bitcoin stood alone.

“There is no second best.” -Michael Saylor

Who This Book Is For: The Three Types of Readers

You’re here for a reason.

Maybe you felt something shift.

Maybe you saw the headlines, sensed the undercurrents, or simply couldn’t ignore the growing drumbeat any longer.

Maybe you’ve been here all along, waiting for the world to catch up.

Whatever brought you to this book, one thing is certain: you’re curious enough to learn more.

Bitcoin forces a reevaluation of assumptions - about money, trust, power, and the very foundations of the economic order. How much of that process you’ve already undergone will determine how you read these pages.

1. The Layperson → new, curious, maybe skeptical. Bitcoin probably looks like chaos to you right now. One person says it’s the future. Another says it’s a scam. The price crashes. The price doubles. The news is either breathless excitement or total doom. How the hell are you supposed to figure this out?

If that’s you, welcome.

This book was built for you.

You don’t need to be an economist, a technologist, or a finance geek to understand what’s in these pages. You just need an open mind and the willingness to engage with new ideas - ideas that will, if you follow them far enough, challenge some of your deepest assumptions.

Bitcoin is not an investment. Bitcoin is not a company. Bitcoin is not a stock, a trend, or a passing phase.

Bitcoin is a paradigm shift. And by the time you reach the last page, you won’t need to be convinced of its importance. You’ll see it for yourself.

2. The Student → understand the basics, want to go deeper.

You’ve already stepped through the door.

You’ve realized Bitcoin is more than just digital gold. You understand decentralization, scarcity, censorship resistance… But the deeper you go, the more you realize just how much there is to understand.

3. The Expert → You’ve been in the game for years.

You’ve put in the time.

You don’t need another book telling you Bitcoin will succeed. You already know.

You’re here because you want sharper tools.

Tighter arguments.

A way to shut down nonsense with fewer words, and more force.

Maybe this book will give you a new way to frame an idea you’ve been struggling to convey.

Maybe it will help you refine your messaging and obliterate some lingering doubts in the minds of those around you.

Or maybe this will simply be the book you hand to the next person who asks, “Okay… but what’s the deal with Bitcoin?” so you don’t have to keep explaining it from scratch.

*If you’re already deep in the weeds, you can probably skip Part I (Foundations) without missing much - unless you’re curious about a particular way of putting a particular thing. *

Part II (Resilience) is where things get more interesting. Why you want to run a node, even if you don’t know it yet. The energy debate, stripped of media hysteria. The legend of Satoshi, and what actually matters about it.

If you’re a hardcore cypherpunk who already speaks in block heights and sending Zaps on NOSTR, feel free to jump straight to Part III (The Peaceful Revolution). Chapter 15, “The Separation of Money and State” is where the gloves come off.

Bitcoin isn’t just a technology. Bitcoin isn’t just an economic movement. Bitcoin is a lens.

And once you start looking through it, the world never looks the same again.

This book will teach you what Bitcoin is, as much as it will help you understand why Bitcoiners think the way they do.

It isn’t just something you learn about.

Especially not in one sitting, or from one book.

It’s something you grow to realize.

Regardless of which category you fall into, you’ve already passed the first test.

You’re still reading.

You haven’t dismissed this outright. You haven’t scoffed, rolled your eyes, or walked away. You’re at least curious.

And that’s all it takes.

Curiosity is the only filter that matters.

The rest takes care of itself.

The Essential Role of Memes Memes won the narrative war - it wasn’t textbooks, research papers, or whitepapers that did it. Bitcoin spread the same way evolution spreads successful genes - through replication, variation, and selection. Richard Dawkins coined the term “meme” in The Selfish Gene, describing it as a unit of cultural transmission - behaving much like a gene. Memes replicate, mutate, and spread through culture. Just as natural selection filters out weak genes, memetic selection filters out weak ideas.

But Bitcoin memes weren’t just jokes.

They were premonitions.

The most powerful ideas are often compact, inarguable, and contagious - and Bitcoin’s memes were all three. They cut through complexity like a scalpel, distilling truths into phrases so simple, so undeniable, that they burrowed into the mind and refused to leave.

"Bitcoin fixes this." "Not Your Keys, Not Your Coins." "Number Go Up."

Each of these is more than just a slogan.

They’re memetic payloads, compressed packets of truth that can carry everything you need to understand about Bitcoin in just a few words.

They spread through conversations, through tweets, through shitposts, through relentless repetition.

They bypassed the gatekeepers of financial knowledge, infecting minds before Wall Street even understood what was happening.

And they didn’t just spread.

They reshaped language itself.

Before Bitcoin, the word fiat was a sterile economic term, borrowed from Latin, meaning "by decree." It had no weight, no controversy - just a neutral descriptor for government-issued money.

But Bitcoiners forced a memetic shift.

They didn’t just make fiat mainstream.

**They made it radioactive. **

They stripped away the academic detachment and revealed its true essence:

money because I said so.

No backing. No inherent value.

Just a command.

And of course, an unspoken threat -

"Oh, and by the way, I have a monopoly on violence, so you’d better get on board."

This wasn’t just linguistic evolution; it was a memetic coup.

Bitcoiners took a sterile term and injected it with an unavoidable truth: fiat money exists not because it is chosen, but because it is imposed.

Central banks, governments, and financial institutions now use the term fiat without a second thought.

The meme has done its work.

A word that was once neutral, now carries an implicit critique - a quiet but persistent reminder that there is an alternative.

Bitcoin didn’t just challenge the financial system - it rewired the language we use to describe it.

“Money printer go BRRRRRR" did more damage to the Fed’s reputation than a thousand Austrian economics treatises ever could.

Memes exposed what balance sheets and policy reports tried to obscure. They turned abstract economic forces into something visceral, something undeniable.

And now - they are historical markers of the shift, the fossil record of our collective consciousness coming to terms with something fundamentally new in the universe.

The old world relied on authority, institutional credibility, and narrative control.

Bitcoin broke through with memes, first principles, and lived experience.

This wasn’t just an ideological battle.

It was an evolutionary process.

The weaker ideas died. The strongest ones survived.

Once a meme - in other words, an idea - takes hold, there is nothing - no law, no regulation, no institution, no government - that can stop it.

Bitcoin exists. It simply is.

And it will keep producing blocks, every ten minutes, whether you get it or not.

This book isn’t a trading manual.

It won’t teach you how to time the market, maximize your gains, or set up a wallet.

It’s a carefully curated collection of memes, giving you the prerequisite mental scaffolding to grok the greatest monetary shift in human history.

A shift that has already begun.

The only thing to decide is whether you’re watching from the sidelines or whether you’re part of it.

The rest is up to you.

How This Book Is Structured Bitcoin spreads like an evolutionary force - through memes. Each chapter in this book isn’t just an idea, it’s a memetic payload, designed to install the concepts that make Bitcoin inevitable. The book is broken into three phases:

*I. Foundations *** Memes as Mental Antivirus The first layer cuts through noise and filters out distractions. "Bitcoin Only" is the first test - if you get this one wrong, you waste years chasing ghosts. "Don’t Trust, Verify" rewires how you think about truth. And "Not Your Keys, Not Your Coins"? If you learn it the hard way, it’s already too late.

II. Resilience Memes as Weapons in the Information War Here’s where Bitcoin earns its survival. "Shitcoiners Get REKT" is a law, not an opinion. "Fork Around and Find Out" proves that you don’t change Bitcoin - Bitcoin changes you. "Antifragile, Unstoppable" shows how every attack on Bitcoin has only made it stronger.

III. The Peaceful Revolution ** Memes as Reality Distortion Fields By now, Bitcoin isn’t just an asset - it’s a lens. "Separation of Money and State" isn’t a theory; it’s happening in real time. "Fix the Money, Fix the World" isn’t a slogan; it’s a diagnosis. And "Tick Tock, Next Block"? No matter what happens, Bitcoin keeps producing blocks.

These aren’t just memes. They’re scaffolding for a new way of thinking. Each one embeds deeper until you stop asking if Bitcoin will succeed - because you realize it already has.

Next: Chapter 1: Bitcoin Only. ** For now, it’s a heuristic - an efficient filter that separates signal from noise, with minimal effort.
But by the time you finish this book, it won’t be a heuristic anymore.
It will be something you know.

Welcome to the rabbit hole.

@ 502ab02a:a2860397

วันนี้เรามาย้อนอดีตเล็กน้อยกันครับ กับ ผลิตภัณฑ์ไขมันพืชแปรรูปแบบแรกๆของโลก ที่ใช้กระบวนการแปรรูปน้ำมันพืชด้วยเคมี (hydrogenation) เพื่อให้ได้ไขมันกึ่งแข็ง

ในเดือนมิถุนายน ค.ศ. 1911 บริษัท Procter & Gamble เปิดตัวผลิตภัณฑ์ใหม่ที่เปลี่ยนโฉมวงการทำอาหารบ้านๆ ทั่วอเมริกา ตราสินค้า “Crisco” ซึ่งมาจากคำว่า “crystallized cottonseed oil” ได้ถือกำเนิดขึ้นเป็น “vegetable shortening” หรือที่บ้านเราเรียกว่าเนยขาว ก้อนแรกที่ทำมาจากน้ำมันพืชล้วนๆ แทนที่ไขมันสัตว์อย่างเนยหรือน้ำมันหมู จัดเป็นจุดเริ่มต้นของการปฏิวัติวิธีปรุงอาหารในครัวเรือนสหรัฐฯ

ก่อนหน้านั้น คนอเมริกันคุ้นเคยกับการใช้เนย ชีส หรือน้ำมันหมูในการประกอบอาหาร แต่ Crisco มาพร้อมการโฆษณาว่า “สะอาดกว่า” และ “ประหยัดกว่า” เพราะไม่ต้องเสี่ยงกับกลิ่นคาวหรือการเน่าเสียของไขมันสัตว์ อีกทั้งบรรจุในกระป๋องสีขาวสะอาด จึงดูทันสมัยน่าต้องการ

ชื่อ “Crisco” นั้นไม่ได้ตั้งโดยบังเอิญ แต่มาจากการย่อวลี “crystallized cottonseed oil” ให้สั้นกระชับและติดหู (ต้นชื่อ “Krispo” เคยถูกทดลองก่อน แต่ติดปัญหาเครื่องหมายการค้า และชื่อ “Cryst” ก็ถูกทิ้งไปเพราะมีนัยยะทางศาสนา)

กระบวนการสำคัญคือการนำเอาน้ำมันฝ้ายเหลวไปเติมไฮโดรเจน (hydrogenation) จนแข็งตัวได้เองในอุณหภูมิห้อง ผลลัพธ์คือไขมันทรานส์ที่ช่วยให้มาการีนแข็งตัวดี

ภายในเวลาไม่นานหลังการเปิดตัว โฆษณาในหนังสือพิมพ์และวิทยุกระจายเสียงฉบับแรกของ Crisco ก็เริ่มขึ้นอย่างดุเดือด พ่วงด้วยการแจก “ตำรา Crisco” ให้แม่บ้านลองนำไปใช้ทั้งอบ ทั้งทอด จึงเกิด “ยุคครัว Crisco” อย่างแท้จริง

แม้ Crisco จะถูกยกให้เป็น “จุดเริ่มต้นของยุคไขมันพืช” ในครัวอเมริกัน แต่เบื้องหลังขวดสีเขียว–ขาวที่เติมเต็มชั้นเก็บของในบ้านกลับมีดราม่าและบทเรียนมากกว่าที่ใครคาดคิด

ย้อนกลับไปทศวรรษ 1910 เมื่อ Procter & Gamble เปิดตัว Crisco ในฐานะ “ไขมันพืชสุดสะอาด” พร้อมกับโฆษณาว่าเป็นทางเลือกที่ดีกว่าเนยและแลร์ดเดิม ๆ แต่ความท้าทายแรกคือ “ฝืนความเชื่อ” ของคุณแม่บ้านยุคนั้น ที่ยังยึดติดกับไขมันจากสัตว์ นักการตลาดของ P&G จึงสร้างภาพลักษณ์ให้ Crisco ดูเป็นผลิตภัณฑ์อุตสาหกรรมขั้นสูง โปร่งใส และถูกสุขอนามัยสู้กับค่านิยมเดิมได้อย่างน่าทึ่ง

หนังสือพิมพ์ในยุคนั้นพูดกันว่า มันคือไขมันพืชปฏิวัติวงการ ที่ทั้งถูกกว่าและยืดอายุได้ไกลกว่าน้ำมันสัตว์

กระทั่งปลายทศวรรษ 1980 เกิดดราม่าสะท้อนความย้อนแย้งในวงการสุขภาพ เมื่อองค์กร CSPI (Center for Science in the Public Interest) กลับออกมาชื่นชมการใช้ไขมันทรานส์จาก Crisco ว่า “ดีต่อหลอดเลือด” เมื่อเทียบกับไขมันอิ่มตัวจากมะพร้าว เนย หรือไขมันสัตว์

นี่คือครั้งที่วงการแพทย์และโภชนาการแตกแยกกันว่าอะไรจริงหรือหลอก จนกระทั่งงานวิจัยยืนยันชัดเจนว่าไขมันทรานส์เป็นอันตรายต่อหัวใจจริง ๆ

แต่เมื่อเวลาผ่านไป งานวิจัยคุณภาพสูงเริ่มชี้ชัดว่า ไขมันทรานส์ ไม่ใช่เพียงส่วนเกินในเมนูขนมกรอบๆ เท่านั้น มันเป็นภัยเงียบที่เพิ่มความเสี่ยงโรคหลอดเลือดหัวใจ และการอักเสบเรื้อรัง WHO จึงออกมาตรการให้โลก “เลิกทรานส์แฟต” ภายในปี 2023 ทำให้ Procter & Gamble ปรับสูตร Crisco มาใช้การผสมระหว่างน้ำมันฝ้าย fully hydrogenated กับน้ำมันเหลว ผ่านกระบวนการ interesterification แทน เพื่อให้ได้จุดหลอมเหลวที่เหมาะสมโดยไม่สร้างทรานส์แฟตเพิ่มอีก

อีกประเด็นดราม่าที่ตามมาเมื่อ Procter & Gamble ต้องปรับสูตร Crisco ให้เป็น “trans fat–free” ในปี 2004 และยุติการขายสูตรปราศจากทรานส์เฉพาะทางในปี 2007 ก่อนจะกลับมาใช้ fully hydrogenated palm oil ตามกฎ FDA ในปี 2018

แต่การหันมาใช้น้ำมันปาล์มเต็มตัวกลับก่อปัญหาใหม่ คือข้อครหาเรื่องการทำลายป่าเขตร้อนเพื่อปลูกปาล์มน้ำมัน จนกลายเป็นดราม่าระดับโลกเรื่องสิ่งแวดล้อมและสิทธิมนุษยชนในชุมชนท้องถิ่น

แด่วันนี้ เมื่อใครยังพูดถึง Crisco ด้วยสายตาเด็กน้อยที่เห็นไขมันพืชขาวโพลน เป็นคำตอบใหม่ของครัวสะอาด เราอาจยกมือทักว่า “อย่าลืมดูเบื้องหลังของมัน” เพราะไขมันที่เกิดจากการ “สลับตำแหน่งกรดไขมัน” ผ่านความร้อนสูงและสารเคมี ไม่ใช่ไขมันที่ธรรมชาติออกแบบมาให้ร่างกายคุ้นเคยจริงๆ แม้จะมีชื่อใหม่ สูตรใหม่ แต่ต้นกำเนิดของการปฏิวัติครัวในปี 1911

Crisco ไม่ได้เป็นแค่พรีเซนเตอร์ “ไขมันพืชเพื่อสุขภาพ” แต่ยังเป็นบทเรียนสำคัญเรื่องการตลาดอาหารอุตสาหกรรม การวิจัยทางโภชนาการที่ต้องพัฒนาไม่หยุดนิ่ง และผลกระทบต่อสิ่งแวดล้อมเมื่อเราหันมาใช้วัตถุดิบใหม่ๆ ดังนั้น ครัวของเราอาจจะสะอาดทันสมัย แต่ก็ต้องเลือกให้รอบคอบและติดตามเบื้องหลังของทุกขวดที่เราใช้เสมอครับ

ไหนๆก็ไหนๆแล้ว ขออธิบายคุณลักษณะของ เนยขาวไปยาวๆเลยแล้วกันนะครับ ขี้เกียจแยกโพส 55555555

เนยขาว หรือชื่อทางเทคนิคว่า “shortening” ไม่ได้มีส่วนผสมของนม หรือเนยแท้ใดๆ ทั้งสิ้น แต่มันคือไขมันพืชที่ผ่านกระบวนการทำให้แข็งตัว และคงรูปได้ดี เส้นทางของเนยขาวเริ่มด้วยการเปลี่ยนโครงสร้างไขมันไม่อิ่มตัวในน้ำมันพืชให้กลายเป็นไขมันอิ่มตัวมากขึ้น กระบวนการนี้เรียกว่า hydrogenation หรือการเติมไฮโดรเจนเข้าไปในโมเลกุลของไขมัน โดยใช้อุณหภูมิสูงและตัวเร่งปฏิกิริยาอย่าง “นิกเกิล” เพื่อให้ไขมันพืชที่เหลวกลายเป็นของแข็งที่อยู่ตัว ไม่เหม็นหืนง่าย และสามารถเก็บได้นานขึ้น

ผลพลอยได้ของการ hydrogenation คือการเกิดขึ้นของ ไขมันทรานส์ (trans fat) ซึ่งเป็นไขมันที่ร่างกายแทบไม่มีระบบจัดการ และได้รับการยืนยันจากงานวิจัยนับไม่ถ้วนว่าเป็นหนึ่งในปัจจัยเสี่ยงสำคัญต่อโรคหัวใจ หลอดเลือด และการอักเสบเรื้อรังในร่างกาย แม้ในยุคปัจจุบันบางผู้ผลิตจะเปลี่ยนวิธีการผลิตไปใช้การปรับโครงสร้างไขมันด้วยวิธี interesterification ที่ช่วยลดทรานส์แฟตลงได้มาก แต่ก็ยังคงเป็นกระบวนการแทรกแซงโครงสร้างไขมันจากธรรมชาติรวมถึงใช้กระบวนการ RBD ที่เราคุยกันไปแล้วอยู่ดี และผลกระทบต่อร่างกายในระยะยาวก็ยังเป็นคำถามที่นักโภชนาการสาย real food หลายคนตั้งข้อสังเกต

คำว่า “shortening” มาจากคำกริยา shorten ที่แปลว่า "ทำให้สั้นลง" ซึ่งในบริบทของการทำขนม มันหมายถึง การไปยับยั้งไม่ให้เส้นใยกลูเตนในแป้งพัฒนาได้ยาวและเหนียวตามธรรมชาติ เวลาผสมแป้งกับน้ำ โปรตีนในแป้งสองตัวคือกลูเตนิน (glutenin) กับไกลอาดิน (gliadin) จะจับกันกลายเป็นกลูเตน ซึ่งมีคุณสมบัติยืดหยุ่น เหนียว เหมาะกับขนมปังที่ต้องการโครงสร้างแน่นๆ ยืดๆ หนึบๆ

แต่พอเราใส่ shortening ลงไป เช่น เนยขาว น้ำมัน หรือไขมันที่อยู่ในสถานะกึ่งของแข็ง มันจะไปเคลือบเส้นแป้ง ทำให้โปรตีนกลูเตนจับกันไม่ได้เต็มที่ ผลคือเส้นใยกลูเตนถูก “ทำให้สั้นลง” แทนที่จะยืดหยุ่นยาวแบบในขนมปัง เลยกลายเป็นเนื้อขนมที่ร่วน นุ่ม ละลายในปาก หรือแม้แต่กรอบ อย่างคุกกี้ พาย หรือโรตีบางๆ หอมๆ นั่นแหละ เป็นสัมผัสที่นักทำขนมรักใคร่ แต่ร่างกายอาจไม่ปลื้มสักเท่าไหร่

เพราะจุดสังเกตุคือ เรื่องไขมันทรานส์ หลายแบรนด์ที่ขั้นตอนการผลิตไม่ดีพอ อาจพยายามเขียนฉลากว่า “ไม่มี trans fat” หรือ “low trans” แต่ในความเป็นจริงแล้ว หากไขมันทรานส์ต่ำกว่า 0.5 กรัมต่อหนึ่งหน่วยบริโภค ผู้ผลิตสามารถระบุว่าเป็น 0 ได้ตามกฎหมาย ซึ่งหากกินหลายๆ หน่วยรวมกัน ก็ไม่ต่างจากการเปิดประตูให้ trans fat ย่องเข้าร่างแบบไม่รู้ตัว

แต่เหนือกว่านั้นก็คือเรื่องเดิมๆที่เราเข้าใจกันดีในน้ำมันพืช นั่นคือ โอเมก้า 6 เพียบ + กระบวนการปรุงแต่งเคมี ที่เปราะบางต่ออุณหภูมิ ทำให้เกิดการออกซิเดชัน นำไปสู่โรคจากการอักเสบของร่างกาย

อาจถึงเวลาแล้วที่เราควรเปิดใจกลับไปหาความเรียบง่ายของไขมันจากธรรมชาติ สิ่งที่ดูสะอาด ขาว และอยู่ตัวดีเกินไป อาจไม่ใช่สิ่งที่ธรรมชาติอยากให้เข้าไปอยู่ในตัวเราก็ได้

ปล. สำหรับใครที่สงสัยว่า เนยขาว กับ มาการีน ต่างกันยังไง Shortening (เนยขาว) คือไขมันพืช 100% ไม่มีน้ำผสม บีบให้เป็นก้อน ทนความร้อนได้สูง เพื่อให้แป้ง “ไม่ยืด” เกล็ดขนมร่วนกรอบ Margarine (มาการีน) จะผสมไขมันกับน้ำ–เกลือ–อิมัลซิไฟเออร์ ทำให้ทาได้เนียนเหมือนเนย แต่มีน้ำประมาณ 15–20%

#pirateketo #กูต้องรู้มั๊ย #ม้วนหางสิลูก #siamstr

@ 866e0139:6a9334e5

Autor: Milosz Matuschek. Dieser Beitrag wurde mit dem Pareto-Client geschrieben.

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Seit Sonntag (zu allem Glück auch noch meinem 45. Geburtstag) ist bei mir noch ein bisschen mehr los als sonst – und das liegt an Ihnen. Der Aufruf zur Gründung der „Friedenstaube“, einer unzensierbaren Friedenspublikation mit bekannten Stimmen aus der kritischen Szene, der Friedensbewegung und von Bürgerjournalisten ist bei Ihnen auf mehr als nur offene Ohren gestoßen! Ich bin regelrecht geplättet von den vielen Reaktionen, die ich noch gar nicht alle beantworten konnte.

Ich danke Ihnen herzlich für das Vertrauen in mich (auch wenn ich natürlich stark auf die Autoren angewiesen bin) und die überwältigenden Reaktionen: Es sind hunderte Abonnements für den Newsletter eingegangen, darunter einige bezahlte Abos und Förderabos und auch die ersten Genossenschaftsanteile wurden gezeichnet! Was mich besonders freut: Gut zehn weitere freiwillige Autoren wollen mitmachen und arbeiten bereits an den ersten Texten. Damit darf ich schon jetzt verkünden, dass die Genossenschaft definitiv gegründet werden kann, die Friedenstaube wird fliegen. Wie hoch und wie weit, das liegt dann nun nur noch in unser aller Hände.

Der Anfang ist jedenfalls gemacht. Die nächsten Wochen werden besonders arbeitsintensiv, ich bitte Sie um etwas Geduld: Aufbau einer Kernredaktion, Organisation der Abläufe, technologische Entwicklungsarbeiten, Genossenschaftsgründung etc. stehen jetzt auf der Agenda. Mit Tom-Oliver Regenauer darf ich den ersten Autor im redaktionellen Kernteam verkünden, der sich nicht nur große Verdienste im Schreiben erarbeitet hat (siehe u.a. sein Buch Hopium) sondern auch über Managementerfahrung verfügt; mit weiteren helfenden Händen bin ich im Gespräch.

Ich freue mich auf die (auch für mich) neue Erfahrung, quasi aus dem Nichts eine Publikation mit Redaktionsbetrieb und freien Autoren auf einer gänzlich neuen technologischen Infrastruktur aufzubauen. Es wäre illusorisch zu glauben, dass alles glatt gehen wird, denn wir starten quasi „on the go“, aber im Fall von Frieden oder Krieg gilt es, keine Zeit verstreichen zu lassen. Ich arbeite nach dem Motto „Tun, statt reden; zeigen, statt ankündigen; liefern, statt versprechen“.

Die ersten Texte zum Thema Frieden sind bereits publiziert, ein halbwegs geordneter Betrieb sollte ab April realistisch sein. Die Liste der Autoren wird regelmäßig aktualisiert, schauen Sie gerne hier (oder noch besser: hier) immer wieder herein. Dort finden Sie auch noch mal alle Infos, wenn Sie die Friedenstaube unterstützen wollen. Ab 1000 Euro/CHF werden Sie Genossenschafter, also Verleger!**

Auch an die bisherigen Unterstützer des Pareto-Projekts, der technologischen Basis der Friedenstaube, will ich hiermit schon etwas zurückgeben: Alle Spender für Pareto werden die Friedenstaube immer kostenlos lesen können. Sie, die Leser dieser Publikation haben die technologische Basis mit aufgebaut, die uns zur weltweit ersten, zensursicheren Friedenspublikation macht. Uns Autoren steht damit ein kompetentes Support-Team von inzwischen über zehn Entwicklern (und weiteren Helfern) an der Seite, welche die Friedenstaube am Fliegen halten werden.

Kontaktieren Sie mich gerne zu allen Fragen (je kürzer die Mail, desto früher kommt die Antwort): milosz\@pareto.space oder kontakt\@idw-europe.org

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JETZT ABONNIEREN:

Hier können Sie die Friedenstaube abonnieren und bekommen die Artikel in Ihr Postfach, vorerst für alle kostenfrei, wir starten gänzlich ohne Paywall. (Die Bezahlabos fangen erst zu laufen an, wenn ein Monetarisierungskonzept für die Inhalte steht).

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• Für 50 CHF/EURO bekommen Sie ein Jahresabo der Friedenstaube.
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• Ab 1000 CHF/EURO werden Sie Genossenschafter der Friedenstaube mit Stimmrecht (und bekommen lebenslanges Abo, T-Shirt/Hoodie).

Für Einzahlungen in CHF (Betreff: Friedenstaube):

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IBAN DE 53710520500000814137

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Betreff: Friedenstaube

Wenn Sie auf anderem Wege beitragen wollen, schreiben Sie mich an: milosz@pareto.space oder kontakt@idw-europe.org.

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Was bewegt mich beim Thema Krieg und Frieden?

Erlauben Sie mir einen kurzen persönlichen Prolog: Ich stamme aus Schlesien. Mein Urgroßvater kämpfte im I. Weltkrieg bei Verdun. Mein Großvater wurde in die Wehrmacht eingezogen, kämpfte im Partisanenkrieg in Jugoslawien, verlor Hand und Auge. Ein Bruder meiner Großmutter entzog sich und landete in Dachau. Ich kenne meine Familiengeschichte nur in groben Umrissen, vielen wird es ähnlich gehen. Einige meiner schlesischen Vorfahren waren später vor allem Lokführer. Aufgrund der bewegten schlesischen Geschichte wechselten sie mehrfach die Uniform. Die Tätigkeit und Fahrstrecke blieb die gleiche. Für wen oder was kämpften sie in Kriegen in welchen Uniformen? Vermutlich wussten sie es selbst nicht.

Auch ich könnte heute nicht genau sagen, welche Interessen und Mächte die Kriegsmaschinerie bedienen. Doch ich wüsste es gerne und Sie vielleicht auch. Kämpfen ohne letztlich zu wissen für wen und warum: Wozu? Krieg simuliert Sinn und Notwendigkeit und lässt einen am Ende mit den großen Fragen allein, ahnungslos gestorben im Schützengraben. Zivilisatorisch ist das ein Offenbarungseid.

Bin ich ein totaler Anti-Militarist? Ich glaube nicht. Ich habe nichts gegen die Idee privaten Waffenbesitzes. Ich kann der Idee der Landesverteidigung durchaus etwas abgewinnen. Den Wehrdienst habe ich bewusst nicht verweigert. Ich wollte die Erfahrung machen. Hier schreibt also auch ein Obergefreiter a. D. eines bayerischen Gebirgspionierbataillons bei Rosenheim mit bronzener Schützenschnur, der am MG durchaus treffsicher war. Aber eben auch jemand, den der Wehrdienst zum Teil-Pazifisten gemacht hat. Mir war nach dem Grundwehrdienst klar: Wir sind eine Gurkentruppe, reines Kanonenfutter. 20-jährige Grünschnäbel mit zu viel Testosteron und Hollywood in den Gliedern, aber wenig Ahnung.

Ich war also einer, der sich verlässlich mit anderen beim Orientierungslauf im Wald verirrte; einer, der mit anderen übermüdet beim ersten Wachdienst einpennte (und damit im Ernstfall den Tod im Schlaf kennengelernt hätte, denn just erfolgte ein simulierter „Angriff“); einer, der auch mal übernächtigt sein Gewehr vor dem Zelt vergaß (wir sollten dem G3 den Namen unserer damaligen Freundin geben – wie pervers – ich vergaß also „Petra“ vor dem Zelt) und schließlich einer, der die meiste Zeit des Dienstes fürs Vaterland letztlich mit dem Servieren von Getränken und Schinkennudeln im Offizierskasino verbrachte und die institutionalisierten Alkoholiker der Bundeswehr bei Laune hielt („it ain’t much, but it was honest work“).

Anders gesagt: Krieg – spätestens seitdem: ohne mich. Auch wenn ich gerne Ernst Jünger lese und zitiere (er war einfach ein großartiger Chronist und lebendiger Geist), seinen abenteuerlustigen Militarismus kreide ich ihm an und rufe ihm posthum hinterher: man muss nicht erst einen Sohn im Krieg verloren haben, um zum Pazifisten zu werden.

Weitere Störgefühle tauchten auf: In meiner Dissertation durfte ich mich u.a. mit philosophischen Theorien zum Gesellschaftsvertrag (u.a. Kant, Rousseau, Locke und Hobbes sind hier zu nennen) beschäftigen. Dies brachte mein Staatsverständnis gerade bei der Kriegsfrage noch mehr durcheinander. Wenn Mindestziel der Staatsgründung innere und äußere Sicherheit sind, aber letztlich nicht der Staat den Bürger, sondern der Bürger den Staat schützt, wozu sich dann eine Schutzmacht erfinden, die einen am Ende durch den Fleischwolf jagt? Hobbes setzte zumindest auf Söldner.

Kriege werden mit Lügen begonnen, wusste Julian Assange. Können Sie mit Wahrheit beendet oder gar verhindert werden? Seit Walter Lippmanns „Liberty and the News“ von 1920 weiß man spätestens, dass gesicherte Information im Krieg das seltenste Gut ist. Sagt Lippmann als oberster Mainstream-Journalist und Einflüsterer der Mächtigen. Jeder Journalist muss hier ein Störgefühl entwickeln, der Leser noch mehr. Der Journalist der Nachrichtenagentur ist selten im Geschehen sondern wird vom heimischen Militär gebrieft, sein Bericht landet dann in den Newstickern und Redaktionen. Die Kriegsmaschinerie produziert also auch ihre eigene Sicht auf die Dinge, die sie den Bürgern als die Realität verkauft.

Kein Wunder, dass jede abweichende Information massiv bekämpft werden muss. Im Krieg ist Zweifel gleich Verrat, quasi unsolidarisches Sektierertum und Wehrkraftzersetzung, wenn nicht Feindbegünstigung. Der kritische Journalist steht in Ausnahmezuständen, wie man schon bei Corona sehen konnte, automatisch aus Staatssicht im Lager des Feindes und wird entsprechend behandelt. Zensursicheres Publizieren ist dann nicht nur ein nettes feature, sondern notwendige Basisvoraussetzung. Vor kurzem war Twitter/X nicht mehr zugänglich wegen massiven Cyberattacken. Wenn dann noch Rundfunk und Presse auf der Propagandawelle surfen und die Plattformzensur wieder zuschlägt, wird das Angebot schnell dünn.

Wem aber dient Zensur und Propaganda? Die aktuelle Lage im Russland-Ukraine-Konflikt ist auch Gelegenheit, um zu zeigen: Es sind eben nicht nur staatliche Interessen, die hier verhandelt werden, sondern es muss (wieder mal) eine andere Entität mit am Tisch sitzen, man nenne sie Deep State oder wie auch immer. Europäische Eliten dienen offensichtlich Fremdinteressen, wenn sie mit Aufrüstungsplänen Volksvermögen verspekulieren oder darin (wie von der Leyen) ein notwendiges „Investment“ sehen. Von wem werden wir letztlich regiert? Auch diesem Themen-Komplex werde ich mich in der Friedenstaube nähern.

Es gibt viel zu tun, aber für mich ist klar: Frieden ist ohne Wahrheit nicht zu bekommen, deshalb ist Wahrheitssuche auch immer Friedenssuche, wie Wahrheitsliebe letztlich Friedensliebe ist.

Gerade fallen auch im Mainstream die Corona-Lügen zur Labortheorie in sich zusammen, fünf Jahre nach Ausrufung der Pandemie. Der Frieden hat nur eine Chance, wenn es uns gelingt, die Lügen nun möglichst synchron zu den Geschehnissen aufzudecken und zu dokumentieren.

Das ist mein persönlicher Wunsch, mit dem ich die Friedenstaube fliegen lasse.

Was ist Ihrer? Schreiben Sie es gerne in die Kommentare. Welche Erwartungen, Wünsche haben Sie an uns? Liebe Autoren: Was ist euer Beweggrund, für den Frieden zur Feder zu greifen?

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Zeichnen Sie jetzt “Friedensanleihen”. Werden Sie Genossenschafter und Verleger der Friedenstaube ab 1000 Euro/CHF. Es können mehrere Anteile pro Person gezeichnet werden, es bleibt bei einem Stimmrecht pro Kopf. milosz\@pareto.space

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P.S: Mit diesem Text testen wir die Newsletterfunktion erstmals an mehrere Hundert Mailadressen. Wenn Sie die Friedenstaube abonniert haben, sollten Sie diesen Artikel per Mail bekommen haben.

ANZEIGE:

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Join the marketplace of ideas! We are building a publishing ecosystem on Nostr for citizen-journalism, starting with a client for blogging and newsletter distribution. Sound money and sound information should finally be in the hands of the people, right? Want to learn more about the Pareto Project? Zap me, if you want to contribute (all Zaps go to the project).

Are you a publication or journalist and want to be part of it, test us, migrate your content to Nostr? Write to team@pareto.space**

Not yet on Nostr and want the full experience? Easy onboarding via Start.

Pareto has started a crowdfunding campaign on Geyser. We were in the Top 3 in February, thank you for the support!

@ 66675158:1b644430

I don't believe in "vibe coding" – it's just the newest Silicon Valley fad trying to give meaning to their latest favorite technology, LLMs. We've seen this pattern before with blockchain, when suddenly Non Fungible Tokens appeared, followed by Web3 startups promising to revolutionize everything from social media to supply chains. VCs couldn't throw money fast enough at anything with "decentralized" (in name only) in the pitch deck. Andreessen Horowitz launched billion-dollar crypto funds, while Y Combinator batches filled with blockchain startups promising to be "Uber for X, but on the blockchain."

The metaverse mania followed, with Meta betting its future on digital worlds where we'd supposedly hang out as legless avatars. Decentralized (in name only) autonomous organizations emerged as the next big thing – supposedly democratic internet communities that ended up being the next scam for quick money.

Then came the inevitable collapse. The FTX implosion in late 2022 revealed fraud, Luna/Terra's death spiral wiped out billions (including my ten thousand dollars), while Celsius and BlockFi froze customer assets before bankruptcy.

By 2023, crypto winter had fully set in. The SEC started aggressive enforcement actions, while users realized that blockchain technology had delivered almost no practical value despite a decade of promises.

Blockchain's promises tapped into fundamental human desires – decentralization resonated with a generation disillusioned by traditional institutions. Evangelists presented a utopian vision of freedom from centralized control. Perhaps most significantly, crypto offered a sense of meaning in an increasingly abstract world, making the clear signs of scams harder to notice.

The technology itself had failed to solve any real-world problems at scale. By 2024, the once-mighty crypto ecosystem had become a cautionary tale. Venture firms quietly scrubbed blockchain references from their websites while founders pivoted to AI and large language models.

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Most reading this are likely fellow bitcoiners and nostr users who understand that Bitcoin is blockchain's only valid use case. But I shared that painful history because I believe the AI-hype cycle will follow the same trajectory.

Just like with blockchain, we're now seeing VCs who once couldn't stop talking about "Web3" falling over themselves to fund anything with "AI" in the pitch deck. The buzzwords have simply changed from "decentralized" to "intelligent."

"Vibe coding" is the perfect example – a trendy name for what is essentially just fuzzy instructions to LLMs. Developers who've spent years honing programming skills are now supposed to believe that "vibing" with an AI is somehow a legitimate methodology.

This might be controversial to some, but obvious to others:

Formal, context-free grammar will always remain essential for building precise systems, regardless of how advanced natural language technology becomes

The mathematical precision of programming languages provides a foundation that human language's ambiguity can never replace. Programming requires precision – languages, compilers, and processors operate on explicit instructions, not vibes. What "vibe coding" advocates miss is that beneath every AI-generated snippet lies the same deterministic rules that have always governed computation.

LLMs don't understand code in any meaningful sense—they've just ingested enormous datasets of human-written code and can predict patterns. When they "work," it's because they've seen similar patterns before, not because they comprehend the underlying logic.

This creates a dangerous dependency. Junior developers "vibing" with LLMs might get working code without understanding the fundamental principles. When something breaks in production, they'll lack the knowledge to fix it.

Even experienced developers can find themselves in treacherous territory when relying too heavily on LLM-generated code. What starts as a productivity boost can transform into a dependency crutch.

The real danger isn't just technical limitations, but the false confidence it instills. Developers begin to believe they understand systems they've merely instructed an AI to generate – fundamentally different from understanding code you've written yourself.

We're already seeing the warning signs: projects cobbled together with LLM-generated code that work initially but become maintenance nightmares when requirements change or edge cases emerge.

The venture capital money is flowing exactly as it did with blockchain. Anthropic raised billions, OpenAI is valued astronomically despite minimal revenue, and countless others are competing to build ever-larger models with vague promises. Every startup now claims to be "AI-powered" regardless of whether it makes sense.

Don't get me wrong—there's genuine innovation happening in AI research. But "vibe coding" isn't it. It's a marketing term designed to make fuzzy prompting sound revolutionary.

Cursor perfectly embodies this AI hype cycle. It's an AI-enhanced code editor built on VS Code that promises to revolutionize programming by letting you "chat with your codebase." Just like blockchain startups promised to "revolutionize" industries, Cursor promises to transform development by adding LLM capabilities.

Yes, Cursor can be genuinely helpful. It can explain unfamiliar code, suggest completions, and help debug simple issues. After trying it for just an hour, I found the autocomplete to be MAGICAL for simple refactoring and basic functionality.

But the marketing goes far beyond reality. The suggestion that you can simply describe what you want and get production-ready code is dangerously misleading. What you get are approximations with:

• Security vulnerabilities the model doesn't understand
• Edge cases it hasn't considered
• Performance implications it can't reason about
• Dependency conflicts it has no way to foresee

The most concerning aspect is how such tools are marketed to beginners as shortcuts around learning fundamentals. "Why spend years learning to code when you can just tell AI what you want?" This is reminiscent of how crypto was sold as a get-rich-quick scheme requiring no actual understanding.

When you "vibe code" with an AI, you're not eliminating complexity—you're outsourcing understanding to a black box. This creates developers who can prompt but not program, who can generate but not comprehend.

The real utility of LLMs in development is in augmenting existing workflows:

• Explaining unfamiliar codebases
• Generating boilerplate for well-understood patterns
• Suggesting implementations that a developer evaluates critically
• Assisting with documentation and testing

These uses involve the model as a subordinate assistant to a knowledgeable developer, not as a replacement for expertise. This is where the technology adds value—as a sophisticated tool in skilled hands.

Cursor is just a better hammer, not a replacement for understanding what you're building. The actual value emerges when used by developers who understand what happens beneath the abstractions. They can recognize when AI suggestions make sense and when they don't because they have the fundamental knowledge to evaluate output critically.

This is precisely where the "vibe coding" narrative falls apart.

@ f5369849:f34119a0

Hackathon Summary

The Hedera Hashathon: Nairobi Edition recently concluded with participation from 223 developers resulting in 49 approved projects. Conducted virtually, this event was supported by Kenya Tech Events, the Nairobi Stock Exchange, and the Virtual Assets Chamber. It aimed to promote local innovation and boost blockchain adoption within Kenya.

The hackathon was structured around three key tracks: AI Agents, Capital Markets, and Hedera Explorer. Participants developed solutions using Hedera's blockchain to address challenges in automation, financial accessibility, and digital asset interaction. The event highlighted collaborative development, enhanced by online mentorship and networking opportunities.

A significant moment of the hackathon was Demo Day held at the University of Nairobi, where finalists showcased their innovative solutions and received awards. The top projects, notably those under the Capital Markets track, were granted incubation support and mentorship to aid further development.

With a strong emphasis on practical applications, this hackathon highlighted blockchain technology's capability to transform Kenyan industries, promote technological progress, and increase market participation.

Hackathon Winners

Prize Winners by Category

1st Place

• Hedgehog: An on-chain lending protocol utilizing tokenized real-world stock exchange shares on the Hedera network as collateral. It ensures secure, decentralized lending by integrating stock collateralization with blockchain transparency.

2nd Place

• Orion: Facilitates easy stock trading in Kenya by tokenizing NSE stocks using the Hedera blockchain. Through integration with Mpesa, it streamlines the stock exchange process, allowing for efficient digital transactions.

3rd Place

• NSEChainBridge: A blockchain-based platform enhancing the trading of NSE stocks as digital tokens. It improves accessibility and liquidity in stock trading through innovative token solutions.

4th Place

• HashGuard: A tokenized micron insurance platform for boda boda riders using Hedera Hashgraph technology. It provides affordable and instant insurance, making coverage accessible without requiring blockchain expertise.

To view the complete list of projects, visit DoraHacks.

Organization Overview: Hedera

Hedera is a public distributed ledger platform known for its speed, security, and scalability. Its hashgraph consensus algorithm, a variant of proof of stake, offers a distinct approach to achieving distributed consensus. Hedera is active across various industry sectors, supporting projects that prioritize transparency and efficiency. The organization remains committed to advancing the infrastructure of decentralized networks, facilitating secure and efficient digital transactions globally.

@ 20986fb8:cdac21b3

The Traditional Hackathon: Brilliant Sparks with Limitations

For decades, hackathons have been the petri dishes of tech culture – frantic 24- or 48-hour coding marathons fueled by pizza, caffeine, and impossible optimism. From the first hackathon in 1999, when Sun Microsystems challenged Java developers to code on a Palm V in a day [1], to the all-night hack days at startups and universities, these events celebrated the hacker spirit. They gave us Facebook’s “Like” button and Chat features – iconic innovations born in overnight jams [1]. They spawned companies like GroupMe, which was coded in a few late-night hours and sold to Skype for $80 million a year later [2]. Hackathons became tech lore, synonymous with creativity unchained.

And yet, for all their electric energy and hype, traditional hackathons had serious limitations. They were episodic and offline – a once-in-a-blue-moon adrenaline rush rather than a sustainable process. A hackathon might gather 100 coders in a room over a weekend, then vanish until the next year. Low frequency, small scale, limited reach. Only those who could be on-site (often in Silicon Valley or elite campuses) could join. A brilliant hacker in Lagos or São Paulo would be left out, no matter how bright their ideas.

The outcomes of these sprint-like events were also constrained. Sure, teams built cool demos and won bragging rights. But in most cases, the projects were throwaway prototypes – “toy” apps that never evolved into real products or companies. It’s telling that studies found only about 5% of hackathon projects have any life a few months after the event [3]. Ninety-five percent evaporate – victims of that post-hackathon hangover, when everyone goes back to “real” work and the demo code gathers dust. Critics even dubbed hackathons “weekend wastedathons,” blasting their outputs as short-lived vaporware [3]. Think about it: a burst of creativity occurs, dozens of nifty ideas bloom… and then what? How many hackathon winners can you name that turned into enduring businesses? For every Carousell or EasyTaxi that emerged from a hackathon and later raised tens of millions [2], there were hundreds of clever mashups that never saw the light of day again.

The traditional hackathon model, as exciting as it was, rarely translated into sustained innovation. It was innovation in a silo: constrained by time, geography, and a lack of follow-through. Hackathons were events, not processes. They happened in a burst and ended just as quickly – a firework, not a sunrise.

Moreover, hackathons historically were insular. Until recently, they were largely run by and for tech insiders. Big tech companies did internal hackathons to juice employee creativity (Facebook’s famous all-nighters every few weeks led to Timeline and tagging features reaching a billion users [1]), and organizations like NASA and the World Bank experimented with hackathons for civic tech. But these were exceptions that proved the rule: hackathons were special occasions, not business-as-usual. Outside of tech giants, few organizations had the bandwidth or know-how to host them regularly. If you weren’t Google, Microsoft, or a well-funded startup hub, hackathons remained a novelty.

In fact, the world’s largest hackathon today is Microsoft’s internal global hackathon – with 70,000 employees collaborating across 75 countries [4] – an incredible feat, but one only a corporate titan could pull off. Smaller players could only watch and wonder.

The limitations were clear: hackathons were too infrequent and inaccessible to tap the full global talent pool, too short-lived to build anything beyond a prototype, and too isolated to truly change an industry. Yes, they produced amazing moments of genius – flashbulbs of innovation. But as a mechanism for continuous progress, the traditional hackathon was lacking. As an investor or tech leader, you might cheer the creativity but ask: Where is the lasting impact? Where is the infrastructure that turns these flashes into a steady beam of light?

In the spirit of Clay Christensen’s Innovator’s Dilemma, incumbents often dismissed hackathon projects as mere toys – interesting but not viable. And indeed, “the next big thing always starts out being dismissed as a toy” [5]. Hackathons generated plenty of toys, but rarely the support system to turn those toys into the next big thing. The model was ripe for reinvention. Why, in the 2020s, were we still innovating with a 1990s playbook? Why limit breakthrough ideas to a weekend or a single location? Why allow 95% of nascent innovations to wither on the vine? These questions hung in the air, waiting for an answer.

Hackathons 2.0 – DoraHacks and the First Evolution (2020–2024)

Enter DoraHacks. In the early 2020s, DoraHacks emerged like a defibrillator for the hackathon format, jolting it to new life. DoraHacks 1.0 (circa 2020–2024) was nothing less than the reinvention of the hackathon – an upgrade from Hackathon 1.0 to Hackathon 2.0. It took the hackathon concept, supercharged it, scaled it, and extended its reach in every dimension. The result was a global hacker movement, a platform that transformed hackathons from one-off sprints into a continuous engine for tech innovation. How did DoraHacks revolutionize the hackathon? Let’s count the ways:

From 24 Hours to 24 Days (or 24 Weeks!)

DoraHacks stretched the timeframe of hackathons, unlocking vastly greater potential. Instead of a frantic 24-hour dash, many DoraHacks-supported hackathons ran for several weeks or even months. This was a game-changer. Suddenly, teams had time to build serious prototypes, iterate, and polish their projects. A longer format meant hackathon projects could evolve beyond the rough demo stage. Hackers could sleep (occasionally!), incorporate user feedback, and transform a kernel of an idea into a working MVP. The extended duration blurred the line between a hackathon and an accelerator program – but with the open spirit of a hackathon intact. For example, DoraHacks hackathons for blockchain startups often ran 6–8 weeks, resulting in projects that attracted real users and investors by the end. The extra time turned hackathon toys into credible products. It was as if the hackathon grew up: less hack, more build (“BUIDL”). By shattering the 24-hour norm, DoraHacks made hackathons far more productive and impactful.

From Local Coffee Shops to Global Online Arenas

DoraHacks moved hackathons from physical spaces into the cloud, unleashing global participation. Pre-2020, a hackathon meant being in a specific place – say, a warehouse in San Francisco or a university lab – shoulder-to-shoulder with a local team. DoraHacks blew the doors off that model with online hackathons that anyone, anywhere could join. Suddenly, a developer in Nigeria could collaborate with a designer in Ukraine and a product thinker in Brazil, all in the same virtual hackathon. Geography ceased to be a limit. When DoraHacks hosted the Naija HackAtom for African blockchain devs, it drew over 500 participants (160+ developers) across Nigeria’s tech community [6]. In another event, thousands of hackers from dozens of countries logged into a DoraHacks virtual venue to ideate and compete. This global reach did more than increase headcount – it brought diverse perspectives and problems into the innovation mix. A fintech hackathon might see Latin American coders addressing remittances, or an AI hackathon see Asian and African participants applying machine learning to local healthcare challenges. By going online, hackathons became massively inclusive. DoraHacks effectively democratized access to innovation competitions: all you needed was an internet connection and the will to create. The result was a quantum leap in both the quantity and quality of ideas. No longer were hackathons an elitist sport; they became a global innovation free-for-all, open to talent from every corner of the world.

From Dozens of Participants to Tens of Thousands

Scale was another pillar of the DoraHacks revolution. Traditional hackathons were intimate affairs (dozens, maybe a few hundred participants at best). DoraHacks helped orchestrate hackathons an order of magnitude larger. We’re talking global hackathons with thousands of developers and multi-million dollar prize pools. For instance, in one 2021 online hackathon, nearly 7,000 participants submitted 550 projects for $5 million in prizes [7] – a scale unimaginable in the early 2010s. DoraHacks itself became a nexus for these mega-hackathons. The platform’s hackathons in the Web3 space routinely saw hundreds of teams competing for prizes sometimes exceeding $1 million. This scale wasn’t just vanity metrics; it meant a deeper talent bench attacking problems and a higher probability that truly exceptional projects would emerge. By casting a wide net, DoraHacks events captured star teams that might have been overlooked in smaller settings. The proof is in the outcomes: 216 builder teams were funded with over $5 million in one DoraHacks-powered hackathon series on BNB Chain [8] – yes, five million dollars, distributed to over two hundred teams as seed funding. That’s not a hackathon, that’s an economy! The prize pools ballooned from pizza money to serious capital, attracting top-tier talent who realized this hackathon could launch my startup. As a result, projects coming out of DoraHacks were not just weekend hacks – they were venture-ready endeavors. The hackathon graduated from a science fair to a global startup launchpad.

From Toy Projects to Real Startups (Even Unicorns)

Here’s the most thrilling part: DoraHacks hackathons started producing not just apps, but companies. And some of them turned into unicorns (companies valued at $1B+). We saw earlier the rare cases of pre-2020 hackathon successes like Carousell (a simple idea at a 2012 hackathon that became a $1.1B valued marketplace [2]) or EasyTaxi (born in a hackathon, later raising $75M and spanning 30 countries [2]). DoraHacks turbocharged this phenomenon. By providing more time, support, and follow-up funding, DoraHacks-enabled hackathons became cradles of innovation where raw hacks matured into fully-fledged ventures. Take 1inch Network for example – a decentralized finance aggregator that started as a hackathon project in 2019. Sergej Kunz and Anton Bukov built a prototype at a hackathon and kept iterating. Fast forward: 1inch has now processed over $400 billion in trading volume [9] and became one of the leading platforms in DeFi. Or consider the winners of DoraHacks Web3 hackathons: many have gone on to raise multimillion-dollar rounds from top VCs. Hackathons became the front door to the startup world – the place where founders made their debut. A striking illustration was the Solana Season Hackathons: projects like STEPN, a move-to-earn app, won a hackathon track in late 2021 and shortly after grew into a sensation with a multi-billion dollar token economy [10]. These are not isolated anecdotes; they represent a trend DoraHacks set in motion. The platform’s hackathons produced a pipeline of fundable, high-impact startups. In effect, DoraHacks blurred the line between a hackathon and a seed-stage incubator. The playful hacker ethos remained, but now the outcomes were much more than bragging rights – they were companies with real users, revenue, and valuations. To paraphrase investor Chris Dixon, DoraHacks took those “toys” and helped nurture them into the next big things [5].

In driving this first evolution of the hackathon, DoraHacks didn’t just improve on an existing model – it created an entirely new innovation ecosystem. Hackathons became high-frequency, global, and consequential. What used to be a weekend thrill became a continuous pipeline for innovation. DoraHacks events started churning out hundreds of viable projects every year, many of which secured follow-on funding. The platform provided not just the event itself, but the after-care: community support, mentorship, and links to investors and grants (through initiatives like DoraHacks’ grant programs and quadratic funding rounds).

By 2024, the results spoke volumes. DoraHacks had grown into the world’s most important hackathon platform – the beating heart of a global hacker movement spanning blockchain, AI, and beyond. The numbers tell the story. Over nine years, DoraHacks supported 4,000+ projects in securing more than $30 million in funding [11]; by 2025, that figure skyrocketed as 21,000+ startups and developer teams received over $80 million via DoraHacks-supported hackathons and grants [12]. This is not hype – this is recorded history. According to CoinDesk, “DoraHacks has made its mark as a global hackathon organizer and one of the world’s most active multi-chain Web3 developer platforms” [11]. Major tech ecosystems took notice. Over 40 public blockchain networks (L1s and L2s) – from Solana to Polygon to Avalanche – partnered with DoraHacks to run their hackathons and open innovation programs [13]. Blockworks reported that DoraHacks became a “core partner” to dozens of Web3 ecosystems, providing them access to a global pool of developers [13]. In the eyes of investors, DoraHacks itself was key infrastructure: “DoraHacks is key to advancing the development of the infrastructure for Web3,” noted one VC backing the platform [13].

In short, by 2024 DoraHacks had transformed the hackathon from a niche event into a global innovation engine. It proved that hackathons at scale can consistently produce real, fundable innovation – not just one-off gimmicks. It connected hackers with resources and turned isolated hacks into an evergreen, worldwide developer movement. This was Hackathons 2.0: bigger, longer, borderless, and far more impactful than ever before.

One might reasonably ask: Can it get any better than this? DoraHacks had seemingly cracked the code to harness hacker energy for lasting innovation. But the team behind DoraHacks wasn’t done. In fact, they were about to unveil something even more radical – a catalyst to push hackathons into a new epoch entirely. If DoraHacks 1.0 was the evolution, what came next would be a revolution.

The Agentic Hackathon: BUIDL AI and the Second Revolution

In 2024, DoraHacks introduced BUIDL AI, and with it, the concept of the Agentic Hackathon. If hackathons at their inception were analog phones, and DoraHacks 1.0 made them smartphones, then BUIDL AI is like giving hackathons an AI co-pilot – a self-driving mode. It’s not merely an incremental improvement; it’s a second revolution. BUIDL AI infused hackathons with artificial intelligence, automation, and agency (hence “agentic”), fundamentally changing how these events are organized and experienced. We are now entering the Age of Agentic Innovation, where hackathons run with the assistance of AI agents can occur with unprecedented frequency, efficiency, and intelligence.

So, what exactly is an Agentic Hackathon? It’s a hackathon where AI-driven agents augment the entire process – from planning and judging to participant support – enabling a scale and speed of innovation that was impossible before. In an agentic hackathon, AI is the tireless co-organizer working alongside humans. Routine tasks that used to bog down organizers are now handled by intelligent algorithms. Imagine hackathons that practically run themselves, continuously, like an “always-on” tournament of ideas. With BUIDL AI, DoraHacks effectively created self-driving hackathons – autonomous, efficient, and capable of operating 24/7, across multiple domains, simultaneously. This isn’t science fiction; it’s happening now. Let’s break down how BUIDL AI works and why it 10x’d hackathon efficiency overnight:

AI-Powered Judging and Project Review – 10× Efficiency Boost

One of the most labor-intensive aspects of big hackathons is judging hundreds of project submissions. It can take organizers weeks of effort to sift the high-potential projects from the rest. BUIDL AI changes that. It comes with a BUIDL Review module – an AI-driven judging system that can intelligently evaluate hackathon projects on multiple dimensions (completeness, originality, relevance to the hackathon theme, etc.) and automatically filter out low-quality submissions [14]. It’s like having an army of expert reviewers available instantly. The result? What used to require hundreds of human-hours now happens in a flash. DoraHacks reports that AI-assisted review has improved hackathon organization efficiency by more than 10× [14]. Think about that: a process that might have taken a month of tedious work can be done in a few days or less, with AI ensuring consistency and fairness in scoring. Organizers can now handle massive hackathons without drowning in paperwork, and participants get quicker feedback. The AI doesn’t replace human judges entirely – final decisions still involve experts – but it augments them, doing the heavy lifting of initial evaluation. This means hackathons can accept more submissions, confident that AI will help triage them. No more cutting off sign-ups because “we can’t review them all.” The machine scale is here. In an agentic hackathon, no good project goes unseen due to bandwidth constraints – the AI makes sure of that.

Automated Marketing and Storytelling

Winning a hackathon is great, but if nobody hears about it, the impact is muted. Traditionally, after a hackathon ended, organizers would manually compile results, write blog posts, thank sponsors – tasks that, while important, take time and often get delayed. BUIDL AI changes this too. It features an Automated Marketing capability that can generate post-hackathon reports and content with a click [14]. Imagine an AI that observes the entire event (the projects submitted, the winners, the tech trends) and then writes a polished summary: highlighting the best ideas, profiling the winning teams, extracting insights (“60% of projects used AI in healthcare this hackathon”). BUIDL AI does exactly that – it automatically produces a hackathon “highlight reel” and summary report [14]. This not only saves organizers the headache of writing marketing copy, but it also amplifies the hackathon’s reach. Within hours of an event, a rich recap can be shared globally, showcasing the innovations and attracting attention to the teams. Sponsors and partners love this, as their investment gets publicized promptly. Participants love it because their work is immediately celebrated and visible. In essence, every hackathon tells a story, and BUIDL AI ensures that story spreads far and wide – instantly. This kind of automated storytelling turns each hackathon into ongoing content, fueling interest and momentum for the next events. It’s a virtuous cycle: hackathons create innovations, AI packages the narrative, that narrative draws in more innovators.

One-Click Launch and Multi-Hackathon Management

Perhaps the most liberating feature of BUIDL AI is how it obliterates the logistical hurdles of organizing hackathons. Before, setting up a hackathon was itself a project – coordinating registrations, judges, prizes, communications, all manually configured. DoraHacks’ BUIDL AI introduces a one-click hackathon launch tool [14]. Organizers simply input the basics (theme, prize pool, dates, some judging criteria) and the platform auto-generates the event page, submission portal, judging workflow, and more. It’s as easy as posting a blog. This dramatically lowers the barrier for communities and companies to host hackathons. A small startup or a university club can now launch a serious global hackathon without a dedicated team of event planners. Furthermore, BUIDL AI supports Multi-Hackathon Management, meaning one organization can run multiple hackathons in parallel with ease [14]. In the past, even tech giants struggled to overlap hackathons – it was too resource-intensive. Now, an ecosystem could run, say, a DeFi hackathon, an AI hackathon, and an IoT hackathon all at once, with a lean team, because AI is doing the juggling in the back-end. The launch of BUIDL AI made it feasible to organize 12 hackathons a year – or even several at the same time – something unimaginable before [14]. The platform handles participant onboarding, sends reminders, answers common queries via chatbots, and keeps everything on track. In essence, BUIDL AI turns hackathon hosting into a scalable service. Just as cloud computing platforms let you spin up servers on demand, DoraHacks lets you spin up innovation events on demand. This is a tectonic shift: hackathons can now happen as frequently as needed, not as occasionally as resources allow. We’re talking about the birth of perpetual hackathon culture. Hackathons are no longer rare spark events; they can be continuous flames, always burning, always on.

Real-Time Mentor and Agentic Assistance

The “agentic” part of Agentic Hackathons isn’t only behind the scenes. It also touches the participant experience. With AI integration, hackers get smarter tools and support. For instance, BUIDL AI can include AI assistants that answer developers’ questions during the event (“How do I use this API?” or “Any example code for this algorithm?”), acting like on-demand mentors. It can match teams with potential collaborators or suggest resources. Essentially, every hacker has an AI helper at their side, reducing frustration and accelerating progress. Coding issues that might take hours to debug can be resolved in minutes with an AI pair programmer. This means project quality goes up and participants learn more. It’s as if each team has an extra member – an tireless, all-knowing one. This agentic assistance embodies the vision that “everyone is a hacker” [14] – because AI tools enable even less-experienced participants to build something impressive. The popularization of AI has automated repetitive grunt work and amplified what small teams can achieve [14], so the innovation potential of hackathons is far greater than before [14]. In an agentic hackathon, a team of two people with AI assistants can accomplish what a team of five might have in years past. The playing field is leveled and the creative ceiling is raised.

What do all these advances add up to? Simply this: Hackathons have evolved from occasional bouts of inspiration into a continuous, AI-optimized process of innovation. We have gone from Hackathons 2.0 to Hackathons 3.0 – hackathons that are autonomous, persistent, and intelligent. It’s a paradigm shift. The hackathon is no longer an event you attend; it’s becoming an environment you live in. With BUIDL AI, DoraHacks envisions a world where “Hackathons will enter an unprecedented era of automation and intelligence, allowing more hackers, developers, and open-source communities around the world to easily initiate and participate” [14]. Innovation can happen anytime, anywhere – because the infrastructure to support it runs 24/7 in the cloud, powered by AI. The hackathon has become an agentic platform, always ready to transform ideas into reality.

Crucially, this isn’t limited to blockchain or any single field. BUIDL AI is general-purpose. It is as relevant for an AI-focused hackathon as for a climate-tech or healthcare hackathon. Any domain can plug into this agentic hackathon platform and reap the benefits of higher frequency and efficiency. This heralds a future where hackathons become the default mode for problem-solving. Instead of committees and R&D departments working in silos, companies and communities can throw problems into the hackathon arena – an arena that is always active. It’s like having a global innovation engine humming in the background, ready to tackle challenges at a moment’s notice.

To put it vividly: If DoraHacks 1.0 turned hackathons into a high-speed car, DoraHacks 2.0 with BUIDL AI made it a self-driving car with the pedal to the metal. The roadblocks of cost, complexity, and time – gone. Now, any organization can accelerate from 0 to 60 on the innovation highway without a pit stop. Hackathons can be as frequent as blog updates, as integrated into operations as sprint demos. Innovation on demand, at scale – that’s the power of the Agentic Hackathon.

Innovation On-Demand: How Agentic Hackathons Benefit Everyone

The advent of agentic hackathons isn’t just a cool new toy for the tech community – it’s a transformative tool for businesses, developers, and entire industries. We’re entering an era where anyone with a vision can harness hackathons-as-a-service to drive innovation. Here’s how different players stand to gain from this revolution:

AI Companies – Turbocharging Ecosystem Growth

For AI-focused companies (think OpenAI, Google, Microsoft, Stability AI and the like), hackathons are goldmines of creative uses for their technology. Now, with agentic hackathons, an AI company can essentially run a continuous developer conference for their platform. For example, OpenAI can host always-on hackathons for building applications with GPT-4 or DALL-E. This means thousands of developers constantly experimenting and showcasing what the AI can do – effectively crowdsourcing innovation and killer apps for the AI platform. The benefit? It dramatically expands the company’s ecosystem and user base. New use cases emerge that the company’s own team might never have imagined. (It was independent hackers who first showed how GPT-3 could draft legal contracts or generate game levels – insights that came from hackathons and community contests.) With BUIDL AI, an AI company could spin up monthly hackathons with one click, each focusing on a different aspect (one month NLP, next month robotics, etc.). This is a marketing and R&D force multiplier. Instead of traditional, expensive developer evangelism tours, the AI does the heavy lifting to engage devs globally. The company’s product gets improved and promoted at the same time. In essence, every AI company can now launch a Hackathon League to promote their APIs/models. It’s no coincidence Coinbase just hosted its first AI hackathon to bridge crypto and AI [15] – they know that to seed adoption of a new paradigm, hackathons are the way. Expect every AI platform to do the same: continuous hackathons to educate developers, generate content (demos, tutorials), and identify standout talent to hire or fund. It’s community-building on steroids.

L1s/L2s and Tech Platforms – Discovering the Next Unicorns

For blockchain Layer1/Layer2 ecosystems, or any tech platform (cloud providers, VR platforms, etc.), hackathons are the new deal flow. In the Web3 world, it’s widely recognized that many of the best projects and protocols are born in hackathons. We saw how 1inch started as a hackathon project and became a DeFi unicorn [9]. There’s also Polygon (which aggressively runs hackathons to find novel dApps for its chain) and Filecoin (which used hackathons to surface storage applications). By using DoraHacks and BUIDL AI, these platforms can now run high-frequency hackathons to continuously source innovation. Instead of one or two big events a year, they can have a rolling program – a quarterly hackathon series or even simultaneous global challenges – to keep developers building all the time. The ROI is huge: the cost of running a hackathon (even with decent prizes) is trivial compared to acquiring a thriving new startup or protocol for your ecosystem. Hackathons effectively outsource initial R&D to passionate outsiders, and the best ideas bubble up. Solana’s hackathons led to star projects like Phantom and Solend gaining traction in its ecosystem. Facebook’s internal hackathons gave birth to features that kept the platform dominant [1]. Now any platform can do this externally: use hackathons as a radar for talent and innovation. Thanks to BUIDL AI, a Layer-2 blockchain, even if its core team is small, can manage a dozen parallel bounties and hackathons – one focusing on DeFi, one on NFTs, one on gaming, etc. The AI will help review submissions and manage community questions, so the platform’s devrel team doesn’t burn out. The result is an innovation pipeline feeding the platform’s growth. The next unicorn startup or killer app is identified early and supported. In effect, hackathons become the new startup funnel for VCs and ecosystems. We can expect venture investors to lurk in these agentic hackathons because that’s where the action is – the garages of the future are now cloud hackathon rooms. As Paul Graham wrote, “hackers and painters are both makers” [16], and these makers will paint the future of technology on the canvas of hackathon platforms.

Every Company and Community – Innovation as a Continuous Process

Perhaps the most profound impact of BUIDL AI is that it opens up hackathons to every organization, not just tech companies. Any company that wants to foster innovation – be it a bank exploring fintech, a hospital network seeking healthtech solutions, or a government looking for civic tech ideas – can leverage agentic hackathons. Innovation is no longer a privilege of the giant tech firms; it’s a cloud service accessible to all. For example, a city government could host a year-round hackathon for smart city solutions, where local developers continuously propose and build projects to improve urban life. The BUIDL AI platform could manage different “tracks” for transportation, energy, public safety, etc., with monthly rewards for top ideas. This would engage the community and yield a constant stream of pilot projects, far more dynamically than traditional RFP processes. Likewise, any Fortune 500 company that fears disruption (and who doesn’t?) can use hackathons to disrupt itself positively – inviting outsiders and employees to hack on the company’s own challenges. With the agentic model, even non-technical companies can do this without a hitch; the AI will guide the process, ensuring things run smoothly. Imagine hackathons as part of every corporate strategy department’s toolkit – continuously prototyping the future. As Marc Andreessen famously said, “software is eating the world” – and now every company can have a seat at the table by hosting hackathons to software-ize their business problems. This could democratize innovation across industries. The barrier to trying out bold ideas is so low (a weekend of a hackathon vs. months of corporate planning) that more wild, potentially disruptive ideas will surface from within companies. And with the global reach of DoraHacks, they can bring in external innovators too. Why shouldn’t a retail company crowdsource AR shopping ideas from global hackers? Why shouldn’t a pharma company run bioinformatics hackathons to find new ways to analyze data? There is no reason not to – the agentic hackathon makes it feasible and attractive. Hackathon-as-a-service is the new innovation department. Use it or risk being out-innovated by those who do.

All these benefits boil down to a simple but profound shift: hackathons are becoming a permanent feature of the innovation landscape, rather than a novelty. They are turning into an always-available resource, much like cloud computing or broadband internet. Need fresh ideas or prototypes? Spin up a hackathon and let the global talent pool tackle it. Want to engage your developer community? Launch a themed hackathon and give them a stage. Want to test out 10 different approaches to a problem? Run a hackathon and see what rises to the top. We’re effectively seeing the realization of what one might call the Innovation Commons – a space where problems and ideas are continuously matched, and solutions are rapidly iterated. And AI is the enabler that keeps this commons humming efficiently, without exhausting the human facilitators.

It’s striking how this addresses the classic pitfalls identified in hackathon critiques: sustainability and follow-through. In the agentic model, hackathons are no longer isolated bursts. They can connect to each other (winning teams from one hackathon can enter an accelerator or another hackathon next month). BUIDL AI can track teams and help link them with funding opportunities, closing the loop that used to leave projects orphaned after the event. A great project doesn’t die on Sunday night; it’s funneled into the next stage automatically (perhaps an AI even suggests which grant to apply for, which partner to talk to). This way, innovations have a life beyond the demo day, systematically.

We should also recognize a more philosophical benefit: the culture of innovation becomes more experimental, meritocratic, and fast-paced. In a world of agentic hackathons, the motto is “Why not prototype it? Why not try it now?” – because spinning up the environment to do so is quick and cheap. This mindset can permeate organizations and communities, making them more agile and bold. The cost of failure is low (a few weeks of effort), and the potential upside is enormous (finding the next big breakthrough). It creates a safe sandbox for disruptive ideas – addressing the Innovator’s Dilemma by structurally giving space to those ‘toy’ ideas to prove themselves [5]. Companies no longer have to choose between core business and experimentation; they can allocate a continuous hackathon track to the latter. In effect, DoraHacks and BUIDL AI have built an innovation factory – one that any visionary leader can rent for the weekend (or the whole year).

From Like Button to Liftoff: Hackathons as the Cradle of Innovation

To truly appreciate this new era, it’s worth reflecting on how many game-changing innovations started as hackathon projects or hackathon-like experiments – often despite the old constraints – and how much more we can expect when those constraints are removed. History is full of examples that validate the hackathon model of innovation:

Facebook’s DNA was shaped by hackathons

Mark Zuckerberg himself has credited the company’s internal hackathons for some of Facebook’s most important features. The Like button, Facebook Chat, and Timeline all famously emerged from engineers pulling all-nighters at hackathons [1]. An intern’s hackathon prototype for tagging people in comments was shipped to a billion users just two weeks later [1]. Facebook’s ethos “Move fast and break things” was practically the hackathon ethos formalized. It is no stretch to say Facebook won over MySpace in the 2000s because its culture of rapid innovation (fueled by hackathons) let it out-innovate its rival [1]. If hackathons did that within one company, imagine a worldwide network of hackathons – the pace of innovation everywhere could resemble that hypergrowth.

Google and the 20% Project

Google has long encouraged employees to spend 20% of time on side projects, which is a cousin of the hackathon idea – unstructured exploration. Gmail and Google News were born this way. Additionally, Google has hosted public hackathons around its APIs (like Android hackathons) that spurred the creation of countless apps. The point is, Google institutionalized hacker-style experimentation and reaped huge rewards. With agentic hackathons, even companies without Google’s resources can institutionalize experimentation. Every weekend can be a 20% time for the world’s devs using these platforms.

Open Source Movements

Open Source Movements have benefitted from hackathons (“code sprints”) to develop critical software. The entire OpenBSD operating system had regular hackathons that were essential to its development [3]. In more recent times, projects like Node.js or TensorFlow have organized hackathons to build libraries and tools. The result: stronger ecosystems and engaged contributors. DoraHacks embraces this, positioning itself as “the leading global hackathon community and open source developer incentive platform” [17]. The synergy of open source and hackathons (both decentralized, community-driven, merit-based) is a powerful engine. We can foresee open source projects launching always-on hackathons via BUIDL AI to continuously fix bugs, add features, and reward contributors. This could rejuvenate the open source world by providing incentives (through hackathon prizes) and recognition in a structured way.

The Startup World

The Startup World has hackathons to thank for many startups. We’ve mentioned Carousell (from a Startup Weekend hackathon, now valued over $1B [2]) and EasyTaxi (Startup Weekend Rio, went on to raise $75M [2]). Add to that list Zapier (integrations startup, conceived at a hackathon), GroupMe (acquired by Skype as noted), Instacart (an early version won a hackathon at Y Combinator Demo Day, legend has it), and numerous crypto startups (the founders of Ethereum itself met and collaborated through hackathons and Bitcoin meetups!). When Coinbase wants to find the next big thing in on-chain AI, they host a hackathon [15]. When Stripe wanted more apps on its payments platform, it ran hackathons and distributed bounties. This model just works. It identifies passionate builders and gives them a springboard. With agentic hackathons, that springboard is super-sized. It’s always there, and it can catch far more people. The funnel widens, so expect even more startups to originate from hackathons. It’s quite plausible that the biggest company of the 2030s won’t be founded in a garage – it will be born out of an online hackathon, formed by a team that met in a Discord server, guided by an AI facilitator, and funded within weeks on a platform like DoraHacks. In other words, the garage is going global and AI-powered.

Hackers & Painters – The Creative Connection

Paul Graham, in Hackers & Painters, drew an analogy between hacking and painting as creative endeavors [16]. Hackathons are where that creative energy concentrates and explodes. Many great programmers will tell you their most inspired work happened in a hackathon or skunkworks setting – free of bureaucratic restraints, in a flow state of creation. By scaling and multiplying hackathons, we are effectively amplifying the global creative capacity. We might recall the Renaissance when artists and inventors thrived under patronage and in gatherings – hackathons are the modern Renaissance workshops. They combine art, science, and enterprise. The likes of Leonardo da Vinci would have been right at home in a hackathon (he was notorious for prototyping like a madman). In fact, consider how hackathons embody the solution to the Innovator’s Dilemma: they encourage working on projects that seem small or “not worth it” to incumbents, which is exactly where disruptive innovation often hides [5]. By institutionalizing hackathons, DoraHacks is institutionalizing disruption – making sure the next Netflix or Airbnb isn’t missed because someone shrugged it off as a toy.

We’ve gone from a time when hackathons were rare and local to a time when they are global and constant. This is a pivotal change in the innovation infrastructure of the world. In the 19th century, we built railroads and telegraphs that accelerated the Industrial Revolution, connecting markets and minds. In the 20th century, we built the internet and the World Wide Web, unleashing the Information Revolution. Now, in the 21st century, DoraHacks and BUIDL AI are building the “Innovation Highway” – a persistent, AI-enabled network connecting problem-solvers to problems, talent to opportunities, capital to ideas, across the entire globe, in real time. It’s an infrastructure for innovation itself.

A Grand Vision: The New Infrastructure of Global Innovation

We stand at an inflection point. With DoraHacks and the advent of agentic hackathons, innovation is no longer confined to ivory labs, Silicon Valley offices, or once-a-year events. It is becoming a continuous global activity – an arena where the best minds and the boldest ideas meet, anytime, anywhere. This is a future where innovation is as ubiquitous as Wi-Fi and as relentless as Moore’s Law. It’s a future DoraHacks is actively building, and the implications are profound.

Picture a world a few years from now, where DoraHacks+BUIDL AI is the default backbone for innovation programs across industries. This platform is buzzing 24/7 with hackathons on everything from AI-driven healthcare to climate-change mitigation to new frontiers of art and entertainment. It’s not just for coders – designers, entrepreneurs, scientists, anyone with creative impulse plugs into this network. An entrepreneur in London has a business idea at 2 AM; by 2:15 AM, she’s on DoraHacks launching a 48-hour hackathon to prototype it, with AI coordinating a team of collaborators from four different continents. Sounds crazy? It will be commonplace. A government in Asia faces a sudden environmental crisis; they host an urgent hackathon via BUIDL AI and within days have dozens of actionable tech solutions from around the world. A venture fund in New York essentially “outsources” part of its research to the hackathon cloud – instead of merely requesting pitch decks, they sponsor open hackathons to see real prototypes first. This is agentic innovation in action – fast, borderless, and intelligent.

In this coming era, DoraHacks will be as fundamental to innovation as GitHub is to code or as AWS is to startups. It’s the platform where innovation lives. One might even call it the “GitHub of Innovation” – a social and technical layer where projects are born, not just stored. Already, DoraHacks calls itself “the global hacker movement” [17], and with BUIDL AI it becomes the autopilot of that movement. It’s fitting to think of it as part of the global public infrastructure for innovation. Just as highways move goods and the internet moves information, DoraHacks moves innovation itself – carrying ideas from inception to implementation at high speed.

When history looks back at the 2020s, the arrival of continuous, AI-driven hackathons will be seen as a key development in how humanity innovates. The vision is grand, but very tangible: Innovation becomes an everlasting hackathon. Think of it – the hacker ethos spreading into every corner of society, an eternal challenge to the status quo, constantly asking “How can we improve this? How can we reinvent that?” and immediately rallying the talent to do it. This is not chaos; it’s a new form of organized, decentralized R&D. It’s a world where any bold question – “Can we cure this disease? Can we educate children better? Can we make cities sustainable?” – can trigger a global hackathon and yield answers in days or weeks, not years. A world where innovation isn’t a scarce resource, jealously guarded by few, but a common good, an open tournament where the best solution wins, whether it comes from a Stanford PhD or a self-taught coder in Lagos.

If this sounds idealistic, consider how far we’ve come: Hackathons went from obscure coder meetups to the engine behind billion-dollar businesses and critical global tech (Bitcoin itself is a product of hacker culture!). With DoraHacks’s growth and BUIDL AI’s leap, the trajectory is set for hackathons to become continuous and ubiquitous. The technology and model are in place. It’s now about execution and adoption. And the trend is already accelerating – more companies are embracing open innovation, more developers are working remotely and participating in online communities, and AI is rapidly advancing as a co-pilot in all creative endeavors.

DoraHacks finds itself at the center of this transformation. It has the first-mover advantage, the community, and the vision. The company’s ethos is telling: “Funding the everlasting hacker movement” is one of their slogans [18]. They see hackathons as not just events but a movement that must be everlasting – a permanent revolution of the mind. With BUIDL AI, DoraHacks is providing the engine to make it everlasting. This hints at a future where DoraHacks+BUIDL AI is part of the critical infrastructure of global innovation, akin to a utility. It’s the innovation grid, and when you plug into it, magic happens.

Marc Andreessen’s writings often speak about “building a better future” with almost manifest destiny fervor. In that spirit, one can boldly assert: Agentic hackathons will build our future, faster and better. They will accelerate solutions to humanity’s toughest challenges by tapping a broader talent pool and iterating faster than ever. They will empower individuals – giving every creative mind on the planet the tools, community, and opportunity to make a real impact, immediately, not someday. This is deeply democratizing. It resonates with the ethos of the early internet – permissionless innovation. DoraHacks is bringing that ethos to structured innovation events and stretching them into an ongoing fabric.

In conclusion, we are witnessing a paradigm shift: Hackathons reinvented, innovation unchained. The limitations of the old model are gone, replaced by a new paradigm where hackathons are high-frequency, AI-augmented, and outcome-oriented. DoraHacks led this charge in the 2020–2024 period, and with BUIDL AI, it’s launching the next chapter – the Age of Agentic Innovation. For investors and visionaries, this is a call to action. We often talk about investing in “infrastructure” – well, this is investing in the infrastructure of innovation itself. Backing DoraHacks and its mission is akin to backing the builders of a transcontinental railroad or an interstate highway, except this time the cargo is ideas and breakthroughs. The network effects are enormous: every additional hackathon and participant adds value to the whole ecosystem, in a compounding way. It’s a positive-sum game of innovation. And DoraHacks is poised to be the platform and the community that captures and delivers that value globally.

DoraHacks reinvented hackathons – it turned hackathons from sporadic stunts into a sustained methodology for innovation. In doing so, it has thrown open the gates to an era where innovation can be agentic: self-driving, self-organizing, and ceaseless. We are at the dawn of this new age. It’s an age where, indeed, “he who has the developers has the world” [14] – and DoraHacks is making sure that every developer, every hacker, every dreamer anywhere can contribute to shaping our collective future. The grand vista ahead is one of continuous invention and discovery, powered by a global hive mind of hackers and guided by AI. DoraHacks and BUIDL AI stand at the helm of this movement, as the architects of the “innovation rails” on which we’ll ride. It’s not just a platform, it’s a revolutionary infrastructure – the new railroad, the new highway system for ideas. Buckle up, because with DoraHacks driving, the age of agentic innovation has arrived, and the future is hurtling toward us at hackathon speed. The hackathon never ends – and that is how we will invent a better world.

References

[1] Vocoli. (2015). Facebook’s Secret Sauce: The Hackathon. https://www.vocoli.com/blog/june-2015/facebook-s-secret-sauce-the-hackathon/
[2] Analytics India Magazine. (2023). Borne Out Of Hackathons. https://analyticsindiamag.com/ai-trends/borne-out-of-hackathons/
[3] Wikipedia. (n.d.). Hackathon: Origin and History. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hackathon#Origin_and_history
[4] LinkedIn. (2024). This year marked my third annual participation in Microsoft’s Global…. https://www.linkedin.com/posts/clare-ashforth_this-year-marked-my-third-annual-participation-activity-7247636808119775233-yev-
[5] Glasp. (n.d.). Chris Dixon’s Quotes. https://glasp.co/quotes/chris-dixon
[6] ODaily. (2024). Naija HackAtom Hackathon Recap. https://www.odaily.news/en/post/5203212
[7] Solana. (2021). Meet the winners of the Riptide hackathon - Solana. https://solana.com/news/riptide-hackathon-winners-solana
[8] DoraHacks. (n.d.). BNB Grant DAO - DoraHacks. https://dorahacks.io/bnb
[9] Cointelegraph. (2021). From Hackathon Project to DeFi Powerhouse: AMA with 1inch Network. https://cointelegraph.com/news/from-hackathon-project-to-defi-powerhouse-ama-with-1inch-network
[10] Gemini. (2022). How Does STEPN Work? GST and GMT Token Rewards. https://www.gemini.com/cryptopedia/stepn-nft-sneakers-gmt-token-gst-crypto-move-to-earn-m2e
[11] CoinDesk. (2022). Inside DoraHacks: The Open Source Bazaar Empowering Web3 Innovations. https://www.coindesk.com/sponsored-content/inside-dorahacks-the-open-source-bazaar-empowering-web3-innovations
[12] LinkedIn. (n.d.). DoraHacks. https://www.linkedin.com/company/dorahacks
[13] Blockworks. (2022). Web3 Hackathon Incubator DoraHacks Nabs $20M From FTX, Liberty City. https://blockworks.co/news/web3-hackathon-incubator-dorahacks-nabs-20m-from-ftx-liberty-city
[14] Followin. (2024). BUIDL AI: The future of Hackathon, a new engine for global open source technology. https://followin.io/en/feed/16892627
[15] Coinbase. (2024). Coinbase Hosts Its First AI Hackathon: Bringing the San Francisco Developer Community Onchain. https://www.coinbase.com/developer-platform/discover/launches/Coinbase-AI-hackathon
[16] Graham, P. (2004). Hackers & Painters. https://ics.uci.edu/~pattis/common/handouts/hackerspainters.pdf
[17] Himalayas. (n.d.). DoraHacks hiring Research Engineer – BUIDL AI. https://himalayas.app/companies/dorahacks/jobs/research-engineer-buidl-ai
[18] X. (n.d.). DoraHacks. https://x.com/dorahacks?lang=en

@ c631e267:c2b78d3e

Wir werden nicht zulassen, dass technisch manches möglich ist, \ aber der Staat es nicht nutzt. \ Angela Merkel

Die Modalverben zu erklären, ist im Deutschunterricht manchmal nicht ganz einfach. Nicht alle Fremdsprachen unterscheiden zum Beispiel bei der Frage nach einer Möglichkeit gleichermaßen zwischen «können» im Sinne von «die Gelegenheit, Kenntnis oder Fähigkeit haben» und «dürfen» als «die Erlaubnis oder Berechtigung haben». Das spanische Wort «poder» etwa steht für beides.

Ebenso ist vielen Schülern auf den ersten Blick nicht recht klar, dass das logische Gegenteil von «müssen» nicht unbedingt «nicht müssen» ist, sondern vielmehr «nicht dürfen». An den Verkehrsschildern lässt sich so etwas meistens recht gut erklären: Manchmal muss man abbiegen, aber manchmal darf man eben nicht.

Dieses Beispiel soll ein wenig die Verwirrungstaktik veranschaulichen, die in der Politik gerne verwendet wird, um unpopuläre oder restriktive Maßnahmen Stück für Stück einzuführen. Zuerst ist etwas einfach innovativ und bringt viele Vorteile. Vor allem ist es freiwillig, jeder kann selber entscheiden, niemand muss mitmachen. Später kann man zunehmend weniger Alternativen wählen, weil sie verschwinden, und irgendwann verwandelt sich alles andere in «nicht dürfen» – die Maßnahme ist obligatorisch.

Um die Durchsetzung derartiger Initiativen strategisch zu unterstützen und nett zu verpacken, gibt es Lobbyisten, gerne auch NGOs genannt. Dass das «NG» am Anfang dieser Abkürzung übersetzt «Nicht-Regierungs-» bedeutet, ist ein Anachronismus. Das war vielleicht früher einmal so, heute ist eher das Gegenteil gemeint.

In unserer modernen Zeit wird enorm viel Lobbyarbeit für die Digitalisierung praktisch sämtlicher Lebensbereiche aufgewendet. Was das auf dem Sektor der Mobilität bedeuten kann, haben wir diese Woche anhand aktueller Entwicklungen in Spanien beleuchtet. Begründet teilweise mit Vorgaben der Europäischen Union arbeitet man dort fleißig an einer «neuen Mobilität», basierend auf «intelligenter» technologischer Infrastruktur. Derartige Anwandlungen wurden auch schon als «Technofeudalismus» angeprangert.

Nationale Zugangspunkte für Mobilitätsdaten im Sinne der EU gibt es nicht nur in allen Mitgliedsländern, sondern auch in der Schweiz und in Großbritannien. Das Vereinigte Königreich beteiligt sich darüber hinaus an anderen EU-Projekten für digitale Überwachungs- und Kontrollmaßnahmen, wie dem biometrischen Identifizierungssystem für «nachhaltigen Verkehr und Tourismus».

Natürlich marschiert auch Deutschland stracks und euphorisch in Richtung digitaler Zukunft. Ohne vernetzte Mobilität und einen «verlässlichen Zugang zu Daten, einschließlich Echtzeitdaten» komme man in der Verkehrsplanung und -steuerung nicht aus, erklärt die Regierung. Der Interessenverband der IT-Dienstleister Bitkom will «die digitale Transformation der deutschen Wirtschaft und Verwaltung vorantreiben». Dazu bewirbt er unter anderem die Konzepte Smart City, Smart Region und Smart Country und behauptet, deutsche Großstädte «setzen bei Mobilität voll auf Digitalisierung».

Es steht zu befürchten, dass das umfassende Sammeln, Verarbeiten und Vernetzen von Daten, das angeblich die Menschen unterstützen soll (und theoretisch ja auch könnte), eher dazu benutzt wird, sie zu kontrollieren und zu manipulieren. Je elektrischer und digitaler unsere Umgebung wird, desto größer sind diese Möglichkeiten. Im Ergebnis könnten solche Prozesse den Bürger nicht nur einschränken oder überflüssig machen, sondern in mancherlei Hinsicht regelrecht abschalten. Eine gesunde Skepsis ist also geboten.

[Titelbild: Pixabay]

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Dieser Beitrag wurde mit dem Pareto-Client geschrieben. Er ist zuerst auf Transition News erschienen.

@ dd664d5e:5633d319

Men tend to find women attractive, that remind them of the average women they already know, but with more-averaged features. The mid of mids is kween.👸

But, in contradiction to that, they won't consider her highly attractive, unless she has some spectacular, unusual feature. They'll sacrifice some averageness to acquire that novelty. This is why wealthy men (who tend to be highly intelligent -- and therefore particularly inclined to crave novelty because they are easily bored) -- are more likely to have striking-looking wives and girlfriends, rather than conventionally-attractive ones. They are also more-likely to cross ethnic and racial lines, when dating.

Men also seem to each be particularly attracted to specific facial expressions or mimics, which might be an intelligence-similarity test, as persons with higher intelligence tend to have a more-expressive mimic. So, people with similar expressions tend to be on the same wavelength. Facial expessions also give men some sense of perception into womens' inner life, which they otherwise find inscrutable.

Hair color is a big deal (logic says: always go blonde), as is breast-size (bigger is better), and WHR (smaller is better).

@ d34e832d:383f78d0

Practical Privacy and Secure Communications

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1. Bootable privacy operating systems—Tails, Qubes OS, and Whonix****

This Idea explores the technical deployment of bootable privacy operating systems—Tails, Qubes OS, and Whonix—for individuals and organizations seeking to enhance operational security (OpSec). These systems provide different layers of isolation, anonymity, and confidentiality, critical for cryptographic operations, Bitcoin custody, journalistic integrity, whistleblowing, and sensitive communications. The paper outlines optimal use cases, system requirements, technical architecture, and recommended operational workflows for each OS.

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2. Running An Operating System

In a digital world where surveillance, metadata leakage, and sophisticated threat models are realities, bootable privacy OSs offer critical mitigation strategies. By running an operating system from a USB, DVD, or external drive—and often entirely in RAM—users can minimize the footprint left on host hardware, dramatically enhancing privacy.

This document details Tails, Qubes OS, and Whonix: three leading open-source projects addressing different aspects of operational security.

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3. Technical Overview of Systems

| OS | Focus | Main Feature | Threat Model | |------------|---------------------------|-----------------------------------------------|--------------------------------| | Tails | Anonymity & Ephemerality | Runs entirely from RAM; routes traffic via Tor | For activists, journalists, Bitcoin users | | Qubes OS | Security through Compartmentalization | Hardware-level isolation via Xen hypervisor | Defense against malware, APTs, insider threats | | Whonix | Anonymity over Tor Networks | Split-Gateway Architecture (Whonix-Gateway & Whonix-Workstation) | For researchers, Bitcoin node operators, privacy advocates |

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4. System Requirements

4.1 Tails

• RAM: Minimum 2 GB (4 GB recommended)
• CPU: x86_64 (Intel or AMD)
• Storage: 8GB+ USB stick (optional persistent storage)

4.2 Qubes OS

• RAM: 16 GB minimum
• CPU: Intel VT-x or AMD-V support required
• Storage: 256 GB SSD recommended
• GPU: Minimal compatibility (no Nvidia proprietary driver support)

4.3 Whonix

• Platform: VirtualBox/KVM Host (Linux, Windows, Mac)
• RAM: 4 GB minimum (8 GB recommended)
• Storage: 100 GB suggested for optimal performance

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5. Deployment Models

| Model | Description | Recommended OS | |--------------------------|-----------------------------------|------------------------------| | USB-Only Boot | No installation on disk; ephemeral use | Tails | | Hardened Laptop | Full disk installation with encryption | Qubes OS | | Virtualized Lab | VMs on hardened workstation | Whonix Workstation + Gateway |

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6. Operational Security Advantages

| OS | Key Advantages | |------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | Tails | Memory wipe at shutdown, built-in Tor Browser, persistent volume encryption (LUKS) | | Qubes OS | Compartmentalized VMs for work, browsing, Bitcoin keys; TemplateVMs reduce attack surface | | Whonix | IP address leaks prevented even if the workstation is compromised; full Tor network integration |

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7. Threat Model Coverage

| Threat Category | Tails | Qubes OS | Whonix | |----------------------------|-----------------|------------------|------------------| | Disk Forensics | ✅ (RAM-only) | ✅ (with disk encryption) | ✅ (VM separation) | | Malware Containment | ❌ | ✅ (strong) | ✅ (via VMs) | | Network Surveillance | ✅ (Tor enforced) | Partial (needs VPN/Tor setup) | ✅ (Tor Gateway) | | Hardware-Level Attacks | ❌ | ❌ | ❌ |

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8. Use Cases

• Bitcoin Cold Storage and Key Signing (Tails)
• Boot Tails offline for air-gapped Bitcoin signing.
• Private Software Development (Qubes)
• Use separate VMs for coding, browsing, and Git commits.
• Anonymous Research (Whonix)
• Surf hidden services (.onion) without IP leak risk.
• Secure Communications (All)
• Use encrypted messaging apps (Session, XMPP, Matrix) without metadata exposure.

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9. Challenges and Mitigations

| Challenge | Mitigation | |---------------------|---------------------------------------------| | Hardware Incompatibility | Validate device compatibility pre-deployment (esp. for Qubes) | | Tor Exit Node Surveillance | Use onion services or bridge relays (Tails, Whonix) | | USB Persistence Risks | Always encrypt persistent volumes (Tails) | | Hypervisor Bugs (Qubes) | Regular OS and TemplateVM updates |

Here’s a fully original technical whitepaper version of your request, rewritten while keeping the important technical ideas intact but upgrading structure, language, and precision.

Executive Summary

In a world where digital surveillance and privacy threats are escalating, bootable privacy operating systems offer a critical solution for at-risk individuals. Systems like Tails, Qubes OS, and Whonix provide strong, portable security by isolating user activities from compromised or untrusted hardware. This paper explores their architectures, security models, and real-world applications.

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1. To Recap

Bootable privacy-centric operating systems are designed to protect users from forensic analysis, digital tracking, and unauthorized access. By booting from an external USB drive or DVD and operating independently from the host machine's internal storage, they minimize digital footprints and maximize operational security (OpSec).

This paper provides an in-depth technical analysis of: - Tails (The Amnesic Incognito Live System) - Qubes OS (Security through Compartmentalization) - Whonix (Anonymity via Tor Isolation)

Each system’s strengths, limitations, use cases, and installation methods are explored in detail.

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2. Technical Overview of Systems

2.1 Tails (The Amnesic Incognito Live System)

Architecture:
- Linux-based Debian derivative. - Boots from USB/DVD, uses RAM exclusively unless persistent storage is manually enabled. - Routes all network traffic through Tor. - Designed to leave no trace unless explicitly configured otherwise.

Key Features:
- Memory erasure on shutdown. - Pre-installed secure applications: Tor Browser, KeePassXC, OnionShare. - Persistent storage available but encrypted and isolated.

Limitations:
- Limited hardware compatibility (especially Wi-Fi drivers). - No support for mobile OS platforms. - ISP visibility to Tor network usage unless bridges are configured.

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2.2 Qubes OS

Architecture:
- Xen-based hypervisor model. - Security through compartmentalization: distinct "qubes" (virtual machines) isolate tasks and domains (work, personal, banking, etc.). - Networking and USB stacks run in restricted VMs to prevent direct device access.

Key Features:
- Template-based management for efficient updates. - Secure Copy (Qubes RPC) for data movement without exposing full disks. - Integrated Whonix templates for anonymous browsing.

Limitations:
- Requires significant hardware resources (RAM and CPU). - Limited hardware compatibility (strict requirements for virtualization support: VT-d/IOMMU).

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2.3 Whonix

Architecture:
- Debian-based dual VM system. - One VM (Gateway) routes all traffic through Tor; the second VM (Workstation) is fully isolated from the physical network. - Can be run on top of Qubes OS, VirtualBox, or KVM.

Key Features:
- Complete traffic isolation at the system level. - Strong protections against IP leaks (fails closed if Tor is inaccessible). - Advanced metadata obfuscation options.

Limitations:
- High learning curve for proper configuration. - Heavy reliance on Tor can introduce performance bottlenecks.

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3. Comparative Analysis

| Feature | Tails | Qubes OS | Whonix | |:--------|:------|:---------|:-------| | Anonymity Focus | High | Medium | High | | System Isolation | Medium | Very High | High | | Persistence | Optional | Full | Optional | | Hardware Requirements | Low | High | Medium | | Learning Curve | Low | High | Medium | | Internet Privacy | Mandatory Tor | Optional Tor | Mandatory Tor |

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4. Use Cases

| Scenario | Recommended System | |:---------|:--------------------| | Emergency secure browsing | Tails | | Full system compartmentalization | Qubes OS | | Anonymous operations with no leaks | Whonix | | Activist communications from hostile regions | Tails or Whonix | | Secure long-term project management | Qubes OS |

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5. Installation Overview

5.1 Hardware Requirements

• Tails: Minimum 2GB RAM, USB 2.0 or higher, Intel or AMD x86-64 processor.
• Qubes OS: Minimum 16GB RAM, VT-d/IOMMU virtualization support, SSD storage.
• Whonix: Runs inside VirtualBox or Qubes; requires host compatibility.

5.2 Setup Instructions

Tails: 1. Download latest ISO from tails.net. 2. Verify signature (GPG or in-browser). 3. Use balenaEtcher or dd to flash onto USB. 4. Boot from USB, configure Persistent Storage if necessary.

Qubes OS: 1. Download ISO from qubes-os.org. 2. Verify using PGP signatures. 3. Flash to USB or DVD. 4. Boot and install onto SSD with LUKS encryption enabled.

Whonix: 1. Download both Gateway and Workstation VMs from whonix.org. 2. Import into VirtualBox or a compatible hypervisor. 3. Configure VMs to only communicate through the Gateway.

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6. Security Considerations

• Tails: Physical compromise of the USB stick is a risk. Use hidden storage if necessary.
• Qubes OS: Qubes is only as secure as its weakest compartment; misconfigured VMs can leak data.
• Whonix: Full reliance on Tor can reveal usage patterns if used carelessly.

Best Practices: - Always verify downloads via GPG. - Use a dedicated, non-personal device where possible. - Utilize Tor bridges if operating under oppressive regimes. - Practice OPSEC consistently—compartmentalization, metadata removal, anonymous communications.

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7. Consider

Bootable privacy operating systems represent a critical defense against modern surveillance and oppression. Whether for emergency browsing, long-term anonymous operations, or full-stack digital compartmentalization, solutions like Tails, Qubes OS, and Whonix empower users to reclaim their privacy.

When deployed thoughtfully—with an understanding of each system’s capabilities and risks—these tools can provide an exceptional layer of protection for journalists, activists, security professionals, and everyday users alike.

10. Example: Secure Bitcoin Signing Workflow with Tails

1. Boot Tails from USB.
2. Disconnect from the network.
3. Generate Bitcoin private key or sign transaction using Electrum.
4. Save signed transaction to encrypted USB drive.
5. Shut down to wipe RAM completely.
6. Broadcast transaction from a separate, non-sensitive machine.

This prevents key exposure to malware, man-in-the-middle attacks, and disk forensic analysis.

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11. Consider

Bootable privacy operating systems like Tails, Qubes OS, and Whonix offer robust, practical strategies for improving operational security across a wide spectrum of use cases—from Bitcoin custody to anonymous journalism. Their open-source nature, focus on minimizing digital footprints, and mature security architectures make them foundational tools for modern privacy workflows.

Choosing the appropriate OS depends on the specific threat model, hardware available, and user needs. Proper training and discipline remain crucial to maintain the security these systems enable.

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Appendices

A. Download Links

• Tails Official Site
• Qubes OS Official Site
• Whonix Official Site

B. Further Reading

• "The Qubes OS Architecture" Whitepaper
• "Operational Security and Bitcoin" by Matt Odell
• "Tor and the Darknet: Separating Myth from Reality" by EFF