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Originalni tekst na medium.com

07.10.2019 / Autor: LuxBTC

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Uvod

U ovom članku osvrnut ćemo se na razine informiranosti o bitcoinu s kojim se pojedinac susreće i znanja koja bi trebao usvojiti za dublje razumijevanje bitcoina. Mnogi su već čuli za bitcoin, ali površno razumijevanje može dovesti do potpuno krive percepcije pogotovo ako se za izvor informacija koriste neobjektivni i tehnički netočni medijski članci. Proces razumijevanja bitcoina iziskuje puno vremena i novih informacija koje na prvu nisu lako dostupne stoga ćemo pokušati dati uvid u tijek i izvore informiranja kao i pitanja koja bismo trebali postavljati.

Razina I - Prvi kontakt

Čuli smo od poznanika da je kupio bitcoine i zaradio na njima. Znamo iz medija da je bitcoin digitalna kriptovaluta i da ju najčešće koriste kriminalci za drogu i pranje novca. Oni koji su uspjeli zaraditi na bitcoinu, imali su sreće jer su ga uspjeli prodati na vrijeme i dobiti novac za njega jer je bitcoin vjerojatno neki oblik piramidalne sheme.

Informacije koje posjedujemo:

• bitcoin je digitalna kriptovaluta
• bitcoin koriste kriminalci
• na bitcoinu se može zaraditi ako imamo sreće i uspijemo ga prodati za novac
• bitcoin je neki oblik piramidalne sheme

Pitanja koja bismo trebali postaviti:

• što je to digitalna kriptovaluta?
• zašto bitcoin koriste kriminalci?
• kako izgleda kupnja i prodaja bitcoina?
• što je to piramidalna shema?

Mnogi će ostati na ovoj razini i prihvatiti negativno mišljenje o bitcoinu. Svaka nova informacija iz medija, koja je najčešće vezana za nagli pad cijene ili napad hakera na kripto-mjenjačnice, bit će dodatna potvrda da se bitcoina treba kloniti. U mnoštvu ljudi koji će se prikloniti tom mišljenju naći će se pojedinci koji će htjeti saznati nešto više o njemu, najčešće privučeni onim dijelom gdje se na bitcoinu može zaraditi.

Razina II - Špekulacija i brza zarada

Čuli smo da cijena bitcoina naglo raste i pada te je vrlo nepredvidljiv. Ljudi se vole kockati i špekulirati s cijenom pa zašto ne isprobati sreću na njemu prije nego što cijena padne na nulu.

Još uvijek ne znamo kako bitcoin funkcionira, ali saznali smo da možemo uplatiti novac na neke od kripto-mjenjačnica te na njima kupiti bitcoin i njime špekulirati. Kupili smo dio od jednog bitcoina (npr. 0.01 BTC) u vrijednosti od 200 eura. Cijena mu je kroz idućih nekoliko tjedana porasla te smo u dobitku 20%. Očekivali smo nastavak rasta pa ga nismo prodavali, ali cijena je oštro pala te smo sada u minusu 30%. U strahu da nam se gubitak ne poveća, prodajemo 0.01 BTC natrag u eure, naravno uz gubitak jer bitcoin trenutno vrijedi manje nego kad smo ga kupili. Kockali smo se i izgubili dok je naš prijatelj bio manje pohlepan te je iskoristio dobitak od 10%.

Informacije koje posjedujemo:

• na kripto-mjenjačnicama (burzama) možemo kupiti bitcoine
• ne moramo nužno kupiti cijeli bitcoin s obzirom da se može dijeliti na decimale
• cijena bitcoina je vrlo volatilna i nepredvidljiva
• bitcoinom se špekulira pa se ne razlikuje od kockanja

Pitanja koja bismo trebali postaviti:

• zašto bitcoin ima cijenu?
• zašto je cijena bitcoina volatilna i nepredvidljiva?
• koliko su kripto-mjenjačnice sigurne?

Nekima se posrećilo s bitcoinom, nekima nije. Sigurno je da takva internetska valuta ne može imati vrijednost jer ne postoji nikakav razlog zašto joj cijena toliko skače i pada. Najbolje se onda kloniti takvog oblika zarade.

Razina III - Odakle Bitcoinu vrijednost

Mnogi koji su čuli za bitcoin reći će — bitcoin nema vrijednost jer ne služi ničemu. Također, bitcoin je samo digitalni zapis koji nije opipljiv te je jedini razlog zašto još uvijek ima cijenu taj što je cijena potpuno umjetna te se još nije našla zadnja naivčina koja će ga otkupiti i neće više moći prodati jer ga više nitko neće htjeti kupiti. Tada će balon puknuti.

Informacije koje posjedujemo:

• bitcoin je digitalni zapis koji ne služi ničemu
• cijena bitcoina je umjetna jer bitcoin nema vrijednost
• sustav će se urušiti kad više nitko ne bude htio otkupiti bitcoine

Pitanja koja bismo trebali postaviti:

• kako izgleda i funkcionira struktura bitcoina kao digitalni zapis?
• kako se kretala cijena bitcoina od početka njegovog izuma i što nam to govori?

Razina IV - Više strana Bitcoina

Do sada smo se dotakli osnovnog ekonomskog dijela bitcoina iz kojeg smo saznali da bitcoin posjeduje tržišnu cijenu te da se njime može trgovati kao i s ostalim tržišnim instrumentima poput dionica, zlata, valuta itd. Bitcoin također ima tržišnu kapitalizaciju jer je poznat ukupan broj bitcoina u cirkulaciji kao i cijena jednog bitcoina.

No, razumijevanje bitcoina i odgovore na naša pitanja nećemo dobiti kroz njegovu osnovnu ekonomiju koja nam trenutno jedino govori da tržište bitcoina postoji jer postoji njegova ponuda i potražnja. Da bismo naučili što je bitcoin i kako funkcionira, moramo zaviriti u njegovu povijest, tehničku stranu i detalje ekonomije bitcoina koje otvaraju stotine pitanja koja za sobom povlače mrežu mnogih drugih. U tom procesu traženja odgovora nesvjesno ćemo se dotaknuti povijesti samog novca te njegove evolucije kroz tisućljeća, razvoja ljudskog društva i stvaranja monetarne politike, izuma interneta i njegovog utjecaja na društvo te slobodu pojedinca, izuma kriptografije i njezine važnosti te pojavu cypherpunk pokreta, austrijske škole ekonomije, svjetske financijske krize, blockchain tehnologije i njene primjene te još mnogih drugih tema.

Nastanak Bitcoina

Bitcoin je vrlo mlada tehnologija koja nije nastala preko noći nego je produkt rada koji se proteže nekoliko desetljeća u prošlost. Tehnički članak Bitcoina [1] objavio je njegov tvorac 31.10.2008. pod pseudonimom Satoshi Nakamoto, uoči svjetske financijske krize, a prvu verziju Bitcoin softvera objavljuje 3.1.2009. u kojem ostavlja poruku s naslovnice novina The Times, toga dana.

U nastavku slijedi hrvatski prijevod uvodnog poglavlja knjige “Mastering Bitcoin” autora Andreasa Antonopoulosa. [2]

Što je Bitcoin?

Bitcoin je skup koncepata i tehnologija koji čine osnovu ekosustava digitalnog novca. Jedinice valute nazvane bitcoin koriste se za pohranu i prijenos vrijednosti među sudionicima bitcoin mreže. Korisnici bitcoina međusobno komuniciraju putem bitcoin protokola prvenstveno putem interneta, mada se mogu koristiti i druge prijenosne mreže. Bitcoin protokol, dostupan kao softver otvorenog koda, može se izvršavati na širokom rasponu računalnih uređaja, uključujući prijenosna računala i pametne telefone, čineći tehnologiju lako dostupnom.

Korisnici mogu prenositi bitcoin preko mreže i njime ostvariti gotovo sve što se može ostvariti s uobičajenim valutama, uključujući kupovinu i prodaju robe, slanje novca ljudima ili organizacijama itd. Bitcoin se može kupiti, prodati i zamijeniti za druge valute na specijaliziranim burzama. Bitcoin je u određenom smislu savršen oblik novca za internet jer je brz, siguran i bez granica.

Za razliku od tradicionalnih valuta, bitcoini su potpuno virtualni. Ne postoje u fizičkom obliku, pa čak ni digitalnom. Kovanice su obuhvaćene u transakcijama koje prenose vrijednost s pošiljatelja na primatelja. Korisnici bitcoina posjeduju ključeve koji im omogućuju da dokažu vlasništvo nad bitcoinom u bitcoin mreži. Pomoću ovih ključeva mogu potpisati transakcije kako bi otključali vrijednost i potrošili je prijenosom na novog vlasnika. Ključevi se često pohranjuju u digitalnom novčaniku na računalu ili pametnom telefonu korisnika. Posjedovanje ključa koji može potpisati transakciju jedini je preduvjet trošenja bitcoina, čime je kontrola u potpunosti u rukama pojedinog korisnika.

Bitcoin je distribuirani, peer-to-peer (svaki sa svakim) sustav. Kao takav ne postoji središnji poslužitelj ili točka kontrole. Bitcoin se stvara kroz proces nazvan “rudarenje”, koji uključuje nadmetanje u pronalaženju rješenja za matematički problem tijekom obrade bitcoin transakcija. Svaki sudionik u bitcoin mreži (tj. svatko tko koristi uređaj koji pokreće čitav niz bitcoin protokola) može raditi kao rudar, koristeći procesorsku snagu svog računala za provjeru i zapisivanje transakcija. Svakih 10 minuta, u prosjeku, bitcoin rudar može validirati transakcije ostvarene posljednjih 10 minuta te je nagrađen s potpuno novim bitcoinom. U osnovi, rudarenje bitcoina decentralizira izdavanje novih kovanica i funkcije odobrenja središnje banke te zamjenjuje potrebu za bilo kojom središnjom bankom.

Bitcoin protokol uključuje ugrađene algoritme koji reguliraju funkciju rudarenja na mreži. Težina zadatka obrade koju rudari moraju obaviti prilagođava se dinamički tako da u prosjeku svakih 10 minuta netko uspije izvršiti zadatak bez obzira na to koliko se rudara (i koliko procesne snage) natječe u bilo kojem trenutku. Protokol također prepolavlja brzinu stvaranja novih bitcoina svake 4 godine i ograničava ukupni broj bitcoina koji će se stvoriti na fiksni ukupni iznos od 21 milijun kovanica. Rezultat je da broj bitcoina u optjecaju pomno slijedi lako predvidljivu krivulju koja se približava 21 milijunu do 2140. godine. Zbog smanjujuće stope izdavanja bitcoina, dugoročno, bitcoin valuta je deflacijska. Bitcoin se ne može razvodniti printanjem novog novca iznad očekivane stope izdavanja.

Bitcoin je ujedno i naziv protokola, peer-to-peer mreže te distribuirane računalne inovacije. Bitcoin valuta je samo prva primjena ovog izuma. Bitcoin predstavlja vrhunac dugogodišnjeg istraživanja kriptografije i distribuiranih sustava te uključuje četiri ključne inovacije okupljene u jedinstvenu i moćnu kombinaciju. Bitcoin se sastoji od:

• Decentralizirana peer-to-peer mreža (bitcoin protokol)
• Knjiga javnih transakcija (blockchain)
• Skup pravila za neovisnu provjeru transakcija i izdavanje valute (pravila konsenzusa)
• Mehanizam za postizanje globalnog decentraliziranog konsenzusa na važećem blockchainu (Proof-of-Work algoritam )

(…)

Digitalne valute prije bitcoina

Pojava digitalnog novca usko je povezan s razvojem kriptografije. To nije iznenađujuće kada se razmotre temeljni izazovi korištenja bitova koji predstavljaju vrijednost koja se može zamijeniti za robu i usluge. Tri su osnovna pitanja za svakoga tko prihvaća digitalni novac:

• Mogu li vjerovati da je novac autentičan i da nije krivotvoren?
• Mogu li vjerovati da se digitalni novac može potrošiti samo jednom (poznat kao problem “dvostruke potrošnje”)?
• Mogu li biti siguran da nitko drugi ne može tvrditi da taj novac pripada njima, a ne meni?

Izdavači papirnog novca stalno se suočavaju s problemom krivotvorenja koristeći sve sofisticiranije papire i tehnologiju printanja. Fizički novac lako rješava problem dvostruke potrošnje jer ista novčanica ne može biti na dva mjesta odjednom. Naravno, konvencionalni novac također se često pohranjuje i prenosi digitalno. U tim se slučajevima problemi s krivotvorenjem i dvostrukom potrošnjom rješavaju odobravanjem svih elektroničkih transakcija putem središnjih vlasti koje imaju globalni uvid u valutu u optjecaju. Za digitalni novac, koji ne može iskoristiti takvu vrstu provjere, kriptografija pruža osnovu za povjerenje u legitimnost zahtjeva korisnika. Konkretno, kriptografski digitalni potpisi omogućuju korisniku da potpiše digitalnu imovinu ili transakciju čime dokazuje vlasništvo nad tom imovinom. Uz odgovarajuću arhitekturu, digitalni potpisi također se mogu koristiti za rješavanje problema s dvostrukom potrošnjom.

Kada je kriptografija počela postajati široko dostupna i shvaćena u kasnim 80-ima, mnogi su istraživači pokušali koristiti kriptografiju za konstrukciju digitalnih valuta. Ti rani projekti digitalne valute izdavali su digitalni novac, obično s pokrićem u nacionalnoj valuti ili plemenitim metalom poput zlata.

Iako su te ranije digitalne valute funkcionirale, bile su centralizirane i kao rezultat toga, vlade država i hakeri su ih lako napadali. Rane digitalne valute koristile su središnji zavod zbirnog vođenja računa za podmirivanje svih transakcija u pravilnim intervalima, baš kao i tradicionalni bankarski sustav. Nažalost, u većini slučajeva ove novonastale digitalne valute bile su na meti zabrinutih vlada i na kraju su kroz sudske sporove uklonjene. Neke su propale u spektakularnim padovima kada je matična tvrtka naglo likvidirana. Za otpornost protiv intervencija protivnika, bilo da su legitimne vlade ili kriminalni elementi u pitanju, bila je potrebna decentralizirana digitalna valuta kako bi se izbjegla jedna točka napada. Bitcoin je takav sustav, koji je dizajniran decentralizirano, bez ikakvih središnjih autoriteta ili točke kontrole koji mogu biti napadnuti ili oštećeni.

Povijest Bitcoina

Bitcoin je izumljen 2008. godine objavljivanjem rada pod naslovom „Bitcoin: Peer-to-peer elektronički gotovinski sustav“,[1] napisanog pod pseudonimom Satoshi Nakamoto. Nakamoto je kombinirao nekoliko prethodnih izuma kao što su b-money i HashCash kako bi stvorio potpuno decentralizirani elektronički gotovinski sustav koji se ne oslanja na središnje tijelo za izdavanje valute i potvrđivanje transakcija. Ključna inovacija bila je upotreba distribuiranog sustava izračunavanja (nazvanog algoritam Proof-of-Work) za provođenje globalnih „izbora“ svakih 10 minuta, omogućujući decentraliziranoj mreži da postigne konsenzus o stanju transakcija. Time se elegantno rješava problem dvostruke potrošnje u kojem se jedna valuta može potrošiti dva puta. Prije toga, problem s dvostrukom potrošnjom predstavljao je slabost digitalne valute, a riješen je provjerom svih transakcija putem središnjeg zavoda zbirnog vođenja računa.

Bitcoin mreža pokrenuta je 2009. godine, koju je objavio Nakamoto i koju su tada revidirali mnogi drugi programeri. Procesna snaga algoritma Proof-of-Work (rudarenje), koji pruža sigurnost i otpornost bitcoina, povećala se eksponencijalno te sada nadmašuje kombiniranu procesnu snagu najboljih svjetskih super-računala. Ukupna tržišna vrijednost bitcoina već je premašila 135 milijardi američkih dolara. Najveća transakcija koju je mreža do sada procesuirala bila je 400 milijuna američkih dolara, koja je poslana odmah i obrađena za naknadu od 1 dolara.

Satoshi Nakamoto povukao se iz javnosti u travnju 2011., prepuštajući odgovornost za razvijanje koda i mreže skupini dobrovoljaca. Još uvijek nije poznat identitet osobe ili ljudi koji stoje iza bitcoina. No, ni Satoshi Nakamoto, niti bilo tko drugi ne vrši individualnu kontrolu nad bitcoin sustavom, koji djeluje na temelju potpuno transparentnih matematičkih principa, otvorenog koda i konsenzusa među sudionicima. Sam izum je revolucionaran i već je pokrenuo novu znanost na područjima distribuiranog računalstva, ekonomije i ekonometrije.

[…]

Knjiga “Mastering Bitcoin” pruža detaljan opis tehničkih pojmova, strukture i rada bitcoina te bitcoin mreže. Daje odgovore na mnoga tehnička pitanja i prednosti koje bitcoin pruža. Njen autor, Andreas Antonopoulos najpoznatiji je edukator u Bitcoin zajednici koji dugi niz godina održava brojne govore i edukacijske seminare o važnosti bitcoina diljem svijeta. Sudjelovao je u nekoliko parlamentarnih saslušanja na kojima je educirao političke državne vrhove o novonastaloj bitcoin tehnologiji. Njegovi brojni govori mogu se naći na Youtube kanalu aantonop [3], a neki od njih sakupljeni su u knjige “The Internet of Money (Vol. I, Vol. II)” [4]

Stvaranje šire slike

Nakon usvajanja novih informacija i tehničkih pojmova počet ćemo dobivati širu sliku o bitcoinu. Možda nam i dalje neće biti jasni pojmovi poput rudarenja, 51% napada, Problem bizantinskih generala, kreiranje privatnih i javnih ključeva itd., ali postoje mnogi Youtube videi koji to na slikovit način vrlo dobro objašnjavaju.

Potkovani tehničkim znanjem o bitcoinu, možemo krenuti postavljati pitanja što novcu daje vrijednost, zašto zlato ima vrijednost, koja je sličnost između zlata i bitcoina, zašto su standardne valute inflacijske, kako bitcoin kao deflacijska valuta funkcionira, kako funkcionira monetarna ekonomija i koje su mane današnjeg monetarnog sustava.

Odgovore na ova bitna ekonomska pitanja možemo pronaći u knjizi “The Bitcoin Standard: The Decentralized Alternative to Central Banking” autora Saifedeana Ammousa [5] koja će uskoro biti prevedena na hrvatski jezik u nakladništvu Mate d.o.o.

Saifedean Ammous u svojoj knjizi govori o rijetkosti u pogledu omjera Stock-to-Flow (zaliha i proizvodnje). Objašnjava zašto se zlato i bitcoin razlikuju od ostalih metala poput bakra, cinka, nikl. Zbog toga što imaju visok Stock-to-Flow omjer (SF).

„Za bilo koju potrošnu robu (…) udvostručenje proizvodnje značajno će umanjiti sve postojeće zalihe, što će srušiti cijenu i naštetiti vlasnicima. Skok cijene zlata, koji bi uzrokovao udvostručenje godišnje proizvodnje, bio bi neznatan, povećavajući zalihe za 3% umjesto 1,5%.”

„Upravo je ta konstantno niska stopa stvaranja zaliha zlata temeljni razlog zašto je zlato zadržalo svoju novčanu ulogu kroz ljudsku povijest.”

„Visoka vrijednost stock-to-flow omjera zlata čini ga robom čija tržišna ponuda ima najnižu elastičnost cijene.”

„Postojeće zalihe bitcoina u 2017. bile su oko 25 puta veće od novih bitcoina proizvedenih u toj godini. Taj omjer je upola manji u usporedbi s omjerom za zlato, ali oko 2022. stock-to-flow bitcoina nadmašit će zlato”- Saifedean Ammous

Stock-to-Flow pristup kao pokretač ekonomske analize Bitcoina

Nakon objavljivanja knjige “The Bitcoin Standard”, Stock-To-Flow pristup koji ima porijeklo u analizi tržišta robe, počeo se koristiti kao alat za analizu Bitcoina. Pristup je u skladu s osnovnom idejom koja stoji iza Bitcoina koji je izričito zamišljen kao novo monetarno dobro i usmjeren prema formi novca plemenitih metala. Prema tome novi se bitcoini ne mogu rudariti proizvoljno. Bitcoin je potpuno digitalan stoga se često naziva digitalnim zlatom.

Postoji snažna povezanost između tržišne vrijednosti bitcoina i Stock-To-Flow omjera. Model koji pokazuje ovaj statistički značajan odnos prvi je napravio autor PlanB i iznio rezultate u članku pod nazivom Modeling Bitcoin’s Value with Scarcity.[6]

Iako statistički modeli poput ovoga mogu ukazivati na snažnu zavisnu korelaciju, ne mogu uzeti u obzir utjecaje mnogih drugih, najčešće nepredvidljivih faktora, stoga uvijek postoji šansa da u potpunosti krivo prognoziraju budućnost.

Rana faza

Bitcoin je vrlo mlada tehnologija nastala tijekom svjetske financijske krize. U prvih 10 godina postojanja prošao je kroz mnoge faze. Od uporabe na crnom tržištu, trgovanja na nereguliranim burzama i hakerskih napada na njih do reguliranog trgovanja bitcoin terminskim ugovorima (futures contract), teme rasprava i korištenja u financijskim analizama poznatih svjetskih banaka te ostalih financijskih institucija itd.

Zbog povijesnog dugoročnog rasta cijene bitcoina te njegovog velikog potencijala kao nove tehnologije, mnogi se odlučuju ne koristiti ga još kao platno sredstvo nego ga nakon kupnje čuvaju. Do sada se pokazao kao dugoročno dobar instrument očuvanja vrijednosti osobne imovine, poput zlata, no idući pravi test za bitcoin bit će pojavom nove financijske krize.

Razvoj bitcoina podsjeća na razvoj interneta ranih 90-ih godina. Mnogi nisu razumjeli što internet predstavlja, korporacije čije je poslove ugrožavao, predviđale su mu propast te su smatrale da kućanstva neće imati potrebu za njime, stvorena je medijska slika da se internetom služe samo kriminalci, pedofili, ljubitelji pornografije. Danas se struktura interneta uvelike razlikuje u odnosu na njegovu ranu fazu te je neizostavan dio naših života koji je pokrenuo digitalnu revoluciju i unaprijedio životni standard ljudi diljem svijeta. Bitcoin se danas naziva i internetom novca.

Lightning network

Drugi sloj protokola na bitcoin mreži pod nazivom Lightning network, predstavljen je 2016. godine kao potencijalno rješenje za problem skalabilnost bitcoin mreže. Skalabilnost trenutno ne predstavlja problem, ali ako uporaba bitcoina postane široko rasprostranjena tj. ako se bitcoin počne koristiti u budućnosti kao svakodnevno platno sredstvo, iznimno je važno da mreža može podržati i obraditi veliki broj transakcija po sekundi. Lightning network je trenutno u beta fazi razvoja te preostaje vidjeti hoće li zaživjeti ili će se možda pojaviti neko drugo naprednije rješenje.

Zaključak

U ovom članku osvrnuli smo se na razine informiranosti o bitcoinu i znanja koja bismo trebali usvojiti za dublje razumijevanje bitcoina. Naveli smo izvore za tehničku i ekonomsku stranu bitcoina pomoću kojih možemo doći do odgovora na mnoga pitanja i dobiti širu sliku o bitcoinu.

Nitko ne zna što budućnost donosi i u kojem smjeru će se bitcoin razvijati — hoće li nadmašiti zlato u ulozi očuvanja vrijednosti osobne imovine, hoće li postati uvaženo globalno platno sredstvo te smanjiti monetarnu moć centralnih banaka ili nešto sasvim treće. Jedino što je sigurno da se svijest o trenutnom velikom nesrazmjeru bogatstva i moći širi, kao i zlouporaba moći za vlastite političke interese pojedinaca, na štetu naroda kojem se oduzimaju privatnost, sloboda, mogućnost izbora te da su u društvu potrebne mnoge promjene.

“The central bank must be trusted not to debase the currency, but the history of fiat currencies is full of breaches of that trust. Banks must be trusted to hold our money and transfer it electronically, but they lend it out in waves of credit bubbles with barely a fraction in reserve.” — Satoshi Nakamoto

Reference

[1] https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf — Satoshi Nakamoto, 2008

[2] Mastering Bitcoin: Programming the Open Blockchain — Andreas A. Antonopoulos, 2016

[3] https://www.youtube.com/user/aantonop

[4] The Internet of Money (Vol. I, Vol. II) — Andreas A. Antonopoulos, 2016-2017

[5] The Bitcoin Standard: The Decentralized Alternative to Central Banking — Saifedean Ammous, 2018

[6] Modeling Bitcoin’s Value with Scarcity — PlanB @100trillionUSD, 2019

@ 2e8970de:63345c7a

Besides the obvious nonsensical unlabeled Y-axis: It's an interesting narrative for sure but I do find it quite weird. I never saw robotics ("physical AI") as an evolution or the next step of other AI disciplines. Also "perception AI" like classification or regression as a lower evolutionary step of this field. I rather see it as another category to the side of it.

It also implies that all work on robotics before next gen chatbots are work in their infancy or stuff humankind wasted their time on because we weren't ready for it yet?

Curious - what do you think about this narrative?

originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/840769

@ bf47c19e:c3d2573b

Originalni tekst na luxb.substack.com.

27.10.2022 / Autor: Lux Bitcoin

---

Najosnovniji način prijenosa vrijednosti je trampa.

Trampa, međutim, ima tri glavna ograničenja: zahtijeva podudarnost razmjera, prostora i vremena.

Podudarnost razmjera: ono što želite možda nema istu vrijednost kao ono što želite dati.

Podudarnost prostora: ono što želite može biti na različitim mjestima od onoga što želite dati.

Podudarnost vremena: ono što želite možda nema istu kvarljivost kao ono što želite dati.

Kako bi se prevladala ova ograničenja, pokušalo se koristiti intermedijarni dobra, s funkcijom novca.

Ta su dobra morala biti lako djeljiva, lako prenosiva, lako prepoznatljiva i nekvarljiva. Stoga su morala biti potrošna u razmjeru, prostoru i vremenu.

Potrošnost kroz vrijeme je najzanimljivije svojstvo.

Neko dobro se može potrošiti kroz vrijeme ako je fizički nepromjenjivo. Ali nepromjenjivost materijala nije dovoljna za očuvanje vrijednosti, potrebno je i održavati stabilnom količinu dostupnu na tržištu.

Da bismo razumjeli ovaj koncept, uzmimo primjer RAI kamenja, koje se koristilo kao valuta na otoku Yap.

Izvorno je nabaviti ovo kamenje bilo vrlo teško, pa nije bilo načina da se ih se previše inflacionira, ali iskrcavanjem kapetana O'Keefea 1871. situacija se promijenila. Zahvaljujući tehnološki naprednijim alatima kapetan je bio u stanju nabaviti nebrojeno kamenje, stvorivši inflaciju i uzrokovao da RAI izgubi status valute.

Inflacija nekog dobra uzrokuje mu gubitak vrijednosti.

Gubitak vrijednosti dobra otežava njegovu trošnost.

Povijest novca

Nakon pokušaja sa stokom, kamenjem, školjkama, žitaricama i solju, odlučeno je da se metalima pripiše funkciju novca, budući da ih se moglo modelirati u jednakim jedinicama.

Među metalima koji su se koristili kao novac, zlato je postalo dominantno zbog svoje nepromjenjivosti i iznimne teškoće u pronalaženju. Ove dvije karakteristike omogućile su mu da zadrži svoju vrijednost tijekom godina.

Novac koji ne zadržava svoju vrijednost tijekom vremena uzrokuje ogromnu štetu zajednicama. Uzmimo primjer Rimskog carstva.

Uvođenje Aureusa od strane Julija Cezara omogućilo je ogromno i uspješno tržište koje se širilo diljem Europe i Mediterana.

Međutim, Neron je, u nedostatku sredstava, počeo kovati novac sa sve manjom količinom plemenitog metala. S ovim trikom mogao je računati na mnogo više sredstava da ugodi narodu, primjerice davanjem kruha i igara.

Što su financije bile lošije, to se više metala oduzimalo. Od 8 grama Cezarovog Aureusa, sa godinama se prešlo na novčić sa samo 4,5 grama zlata. To je omogućilo carevima da troše iznad svojih mogućnosti, stvarajući osnove za ekonomsku propast carstva.

Kraj Carigrada također se poklopio sa devalvacijom novca. Sa novčanim padom dogodio se i kulturni, financijski i vojni pad.

Pad rimskog carstva i stalna devalvacija novca stvorili su ozbiljne prepreke trgovini i naveli stanovništvo da se organizira u male samodostatne zajednice nepovjerljive jedna prema drugoj.

Preporod nakon razdoblja ratova i gladi koincidirao je s usvajanjem novog novčanog standarda. Sve je počelo u Firenci 1252. godine kada je grad uveo florin, zlatnik s fiksnom težinom. Zahvaljujući svojoj stabilnosti, florin je postupno zamijenio sve bakrene i brončane kovanice koje se lako inflatiralo i predstavljao je uzor cijeloj Europi. Venecija je bila prva koja je slijedila primjer Firence kujući Dukat, ali još 150 drugih gradova prilagodilo se novom standardu.

S procvatom trgovine Europa, a posebno Italija, doživjeli su veliki gospodarski i kulturni procvat.

Usvajanje jakog novca kroz povijest uvijek je bilo nagrađeno rastom i prosperitetom. Drugi primjer je Britansko Carstvo, najveće u ljudskoj povijesti, koje je usvojilo moderni zlatni standard 1717. Iako se zlatom nije više trgovalo u malim transakcijama, ono je i dalje ostalo kao referenca za novčanice.

Zemlje poput Indije i Kine skupo su platile izbor kasnije prilagodbe zlatnom standardu.

Dok je veći dio planeta usvajao zlatno standard, stigla je La Belle Epoque, jedno od najprosperitetnijih razdoblja u ljudskoj povijesti. Uz jaki novac zajednički svim zemljama poticana je trgovina, a stabilnost novca tijekom vremena omogućila je akumulaciju kapitala potrebnog za ulaganja.

Godine 1914., s Prvim svjetskim ratom, zlatni standard je suspendiran.

Ako su sa jakim novcem ratovi završavali kad je državi nedostajalo novca, sa slabim novcem to više nije bio problem. Skriveni porez, inflacija, omogućio je nastavak ratova sve dok cjelokupno nacionalno bogatstvo nije erodirano.

Nakon rata, Sjedinjene Države doživjele su najgoru gospodarsku krizu ikada zabilježenu: Veliku depresiju. Uvriježeneo je mišljenje da se iz depresije izašlo zahvaljujući povećanju javne potrošnje (New Deal). Zapravo, kreditna ekspanzija 1920-ih je to uzrokovala, a New Deal je samo pogoršao situaciju.

U 1930-ima države su nastavile napuhavati valute.

Totalitarni režimi imali su svaki interes financirati se bez ubiranja poreza.

Keynes, ekonomist koji je rat smatrao učinkovitim načinom borbe protiv nezaposlenosti, teoretizirao je izlazak iz zlatnog standarda.

Drugi svjetski rat doista nije kasnio.

Godine 1971. Sjedinjene države definitivno napuštaju zlatni standard, započevši neobuzdanu monetarnu ekspanziju koja traje sve do danas. Za predodžbu: ako je 1971. unca zlata vrijedila 35 dolara, danas vrijedi 1500.

Korištenjem lako inflatornih valuta riskira se hiperinflaciju, odnosno drastičan gubitak kupovne moći u kratkom vremenu.

Primjeri hiperinflacije su Njemačka 1920-ih s dnevnom inflacijom od 20%, te Mađarska 1940-ih s dnevnom inflacijom od 207%.

U Mađarskoj su se cijene udvostručavale svakih 15 sati, što je učinilo apsolutno nemogućim uštedu i prijenos vrijednosti tijekom vremena.

Očigledno sve to ne bi bilo moguće s novcem koji teško podliježe inflaciji.

Bitcoin

Prije Bitcoina bile su moguće samo dvije vrste plaćanja:

• Gotovinska plaćanja bez posrednika

• Elektronička plaćanja putem posrednika

Gotovinska plaćanja su trenutna, ali zahtijevaju fizičku prisutnost obiju strana. Elektronička plaćanja mogu se izvršiti i na daljinu, ali za to je potreban posrednik koji ovjerava plaćanje i naplatu.

Bitcoin je prvi oblik novca koji omogućuje elektronička plaćanja bez uključivanja posrednika kao što su države ili banke, a to ga također čini prvom valutom koja nije podložna inflaciji, koja se ne može zaplijeniti, koja se ne može cenzurirati, koja može prenijeti vrijednost bolje od bilo čega kroz redove veličine, prostor i vrijeme.

Ako zlato ima inflaciju koja fluktuira oko 2%, Bitcoin ima inflaciju koja se prepolovi svake 4 godine sve dok ne dosegne nulu i ostane tamo zauvijek. Bitcoin je, dakle, prva valuta u povijesti koja će imati nultu inflaciju.

Prednosti Bitcoina u odnosu na zlato su ogromne: lakše ga je prenositi, omogućuje veću transparentnost i jamči manju inflaciju.

S manje inflacije:

1 - čuva se vrijednost tijekom vremena;

2 - olakšava se trgovanje;

3 - olakšava se ekonomska računica;

4 - jamči se sloboda pojedincima neovisno od središta moći.

Vremenska preferencija

Racionalnim pojedincima je uvijek bolje odmah pristupiti nekom dobru nego to odgađati tijekom vremena. Upravo zato se čekanje u gospodarstvu uvijek mora nagraditi.

Vrednovanje budućnosti u odnosu na sadašnjost omogućuje proizvodnju kapitalnih dobara, odnosno dobara stvorenih ne za potrošnju, već korisnih za proizvodnju budućih dobara.

Primjer: s čamcem se ulovi više ribe nego golim rukama, ali da bi se izgradio čamac potrebno je žrtvovati vrijeme i energiju bez istančane nagrade.

Zamislimo dvije individue na pustom otoku.

Laura budućnost shvaća vrlo ozbiljno;

Mario preferira trenutačno zadovoljstvo.

Mario provodi 8 sati dnevno kako bi golim rukama ulovio potrebnu ribu. Laura čini isto, ali nakon pecanja još dva sata posvećuje izradi štapa za pecanje. Nakon tjedan dana Laura je dovršila štap za pecanje i time može pokriti svoje dnevne potrebe u pola vremena koliko je potrebno Mariu. Sljedećih mjeseci, radeći isto sati kao i Mario, Laura ima vremena izgraditi čamac, mrežu i druge alate koji joj omogućuju da u jednom satu ulovi puno više ribe nego što Mario ulovi kroz cijele dane.

Na Stanfordu, 1960. napravljen je eksperiment.

Djeci je ponuđen slatkiš uz obećanje da će dobiti još jedan ako izdrže 15 minuta da ga ne pojedu. Djeca su stoga morala birati hoće li odmah dobiti jedan slatkiš ili dva nakon 15 minuta. Godinama kasnije, pronađena je korelacija između onih koji su uspjeli odgoditi zadovoljstvo i onih koji su postigli veće akademske i sportske rezultate.

Odgađanje zadovoljstva omogućuje štednju.

Štednja omogućuje investicije.

Investicije povećavaju produktivnost.

Štednja se općenito potiče u sigurnim društvima, gdje su porezi niski i gdje je vlasništvo zaštićeno. Temeljni čimbenik u jamčenju štednje je imati jaku valutu, koju se ne može lako napuhati. Ako valuta stalno gubi vrijednost, više se potiče da je se potroši nego da je se sačuva.

Prijelaz s valute koja gubi vrijednost na valutu koja svoju vrijednost zadržava stoga je ključno na duge staze, jer to može činiti razliku izmađu rasta ili pada jednog društva.

Valuta koja s vremenom gubi vrijednost obeshrabruje štednju u korist potrošnje, rizičnih ulaganja i zaduživanja.

Jaka valuta, osim što pogoduje štednji, poboljšava i ekonomsku računicu, odnosno omogućuje mjerenje iskusnosti resursa i donošenje racionalnih odluka o proizvodnji i potrošnji.

Npr: ako je roba za kojom postoji velika potražnja oskudna, povećanje cijene potiče njezinu proizvodnju i obeshrabruje potrošnju.

Obrnuto, ako dobra za kojim nema potražnje ima puno, pad cijene obeshrabruje njegovu proizvodnju i potiče potrošnju.

Ista dinamika vrijedi i za novac čija se cijena naziva “kamatna stopa”.

Trošak zajmova trebao bi se smanjiti ako je štednje puno, a porasti ako je štednje malo, kako bi uvijek postojala ispravna ravnoteža i ispravni poticaji.

Ponovimo koncept: ako malo tko posuđuje, kamate bi trebale pasti, tako da olakšava posuđivanje novca. Ako pak mnogi traže posudbe, kamate bi trebale porasti, kako bi se destimuliralo traženje kredita i poticala štednja.

Sa slabom valutom događa se umjesto toga da kamatne stope ne odražavaju ravnotežu između štednje i ulaganja. Centralne banke stvaraju kamatne stope koje su niže od tržišnih, potičući potrošnju i ulaganja čak i kad je štednja oskudna.

Uz investicije koje zahtijevaju više sredstava nego što su stvarno dostupna, sistemske krize su neizbježne.

Djeluje ovako:

• Stvori se nova valuta

• Povećaju se investicije

• Smanjuje se štednja

• Pokreće se više ulaganja nego što ima raspoloživih sredstava

• Investicije propadaju

Valute koje gube vrijednost ne dopuštaju cijenama da signaliziraju stvarnu oskudicu resursa, dakle da koordiniraju proizvodnju i potrošnju.

Loše investicije, nastale zbog niskih kamata i gubitka vrijednosti valute, glavni su uzrok gospodarskih kriza.

Cilj centralnih banaka je “jamčiti stabilnost cijena” povećanjem i smanjenjem količine novca. Ali osigurati stabilnost cijena promjenom mjerne jedinice je apsurdno. Mjerna jedinica je fiksna po definiciji, ne može se mijenjati ovisno o mjerenom objektu.

Stalno mijenjanje mjernih jedinica samo stvara zbunjenost, otežava ekonomsku kalkulaciju i onemogućuje pravilnu raspodjelu resursa.

Primjer: tvrtka kojoj su trebale godine da stekne konkurentsku prednost može gledati kako ona nestaje u nekoliko minuta ako je valuta zemlje dobavljača precijenjena, a valuta kupca devalvira. Tvrtka će stoga biti prisiljena zatvoriti se unatoč činjenici da realno proizvodi veliku vrijednost.

Postojanje stotina različitih valuta čija se vrijednost stalno mijenja stvara ekonomsku štetu, ne samo za resurse koji se koriste u razmjeni, već prije svega zbog nemogućnosti ekonomske kalkulacije.

Vjerujući da favoriziraju izvoz, države teže devalviranju valuta, ne shvaćajući da zapravo favoriziraju strane kupce. Novčana devalvacija nije ništa drugo nego javno financiranje izvoza, odnosno prodaja vlastite robe ispod cijene.

Ovi bi problemi nestali kad bi se koristila jedna globalna referentna valuta sa sigurnom vrijednošću.

Najveća iluzija suvremenog svijeta je ideja da vlada mora upravljati valutom.

Po Keynesu, vlada je morala poticati potrošnju u sadašnjosti i obeshrabrivati štednju za budućnost. Onima koji su mu isticali da su te politike dugoročno pogubne odgovarao bi da smo “dugoročno svi mrtvi”. Ali dugoročno, prije ili kasnije, stigne.

Jaku valutu po Keynesu je trebalo izbjegavati jer je obeshrabrivala potrošnju. Ono što nije razumio je da samo štednja dugoročno omogućuje održiva ulaganja.

Slabe valute i ratovi

Postoje tri faktora koji povezuju slabe valute i ratove:

1. Tečajne razlike i konkurentske devalvacije su prepreke slobodnoj trgovini koje se često rješavaju vojnim intervencijama. Jaka transnacionalna valuta olakšava trgovinu, ako prolazi roba nema potrebe za prolaskom vojske.

2. Ako su sa jakom valutom resursi za rat ograničeni na poreze, s inflatornom valutom država može izvlačiti bogatstvo bez ograničenja. Mogućnost stvaranja novca stoga omogućuje državama nastavak ratova i nakon što im ponestane sredstava u proračunu, sve do potpune erozije nacionalnog bogatstva.

3. Jaka valuta potiče suradnju i obeshrabruje sukobe koji bi mogli biti korisni samo kratkoročno. Što je više suradnje, što je veće tržište, to je više mogućnosti za specijalizaciju, a što je veća podjela rada, to je veća produktivnost.

Imati neinflatornu valutu također je jamstvo slobode protiv tirana.

Ako tiranin ne može stvarati novac, prisiljen ga je tražiti u obliku poreza ili posudbi, a ako se građani ne slažu sa suludom politikom tiranina mogu ga prestati financirati ili mu barem zagorčati život.

Slaba valuta, s druge strane, daje vladama mogućnost neograničene potrošnje i kupovanja pristanka stanovništva kratkoročnim ulaganjima.

Sposobnost stvaranja novca znači potencijalno neograničenu moć, a povijest je puna primjera u kojima je ta moć korištena na razorne načine.

Nije slučajnost da su svi najgori tirani u povijesti (Lenjin, Staljin, Mao, Hitler, Robespierre, Pol Pot, Mussolini, Kim Jon Il itd.) operirali sa slabom valutom koju su mogli stvarati po svom nahođenju. Jer izvlastiti je puno lakše nego naplatiti porez.

Bitcoin omogućuje prijenos novca i njegovo pohranjivanje bez potrebe za traženjem bilo čijeg dopuštenja.

Bitcoin se ne može uništiti, ne može se konfiscirati, ne može se krivotvoriti. Zbog toga je i osiguranje od pretjerane moći vlada i banaka.

Bitcoin je ekstremno učinkovit kao sredstvo razmjene budući da je digitalan, a iznimno je učinkovit kao pohrana vrijednosti imajući inflaciju koja teži ka nuli. Još uvijek je prevolatilan da bi bio obračunska jedinica, ali ima sve karakteristike da postane najbolja obračunska jedinica u povijesti.

Prevedeno s talijanskog lux_vitae@ln.tips ili lux@blink.sv

@ 2e8970de:63345c7a

https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/project-digits/

What do you think? I can't help but notice how the form factor is super similar to the new Mac Mini. Which is weird because the development time for such a project should be longer than between these two announcements. Also why are we seeing a comeback in desktops in 2024?

I can't help but feel like something is happening behind the scenes. Is this coordinated for something in the future to happen where desktops are needed again? Or a common reason instead of coordinated? Maybe this something is as simple as locally hosted chatbots. But then again: didn't desktops unambiguously move on to the iMac & Surface-Studio form factor? Is there some huge innovation in display tech just around the corner that they aren't telling us about yet? Are they planning on selling VR to the world?

I'm probably overthinking here, isn't it? On the other hand I cannot think of any reason why Nvidia would waste their time with desktop PCs now.

originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/840717

@ dfc7c785:4c3c6174

For many years I’ve been researching my family tree. I’ve always been intrigued by my middle name of Brewster which many of you (perhaps) might associate with William Brewster of the pilgrim fathers who settled in America some 400 years ago, after a treacherous journey across the Atlantic that lasted weeks; scary to think I crossed it in just 10 hours not so long ago much like tens of thousands do year upon year.

My grandmother was convinced he was a direct ancestor of ours. My Grandad disagreed on the basis that they set sail childless, their first born entering the world once they had settled on American shores. So how could it be possible that we were descendants?

Anyway I inherited my middle name from hers and was thus christened Nicholas Euan Brewster in 1972.

During my school years other kids found it amusing and being a bespectacled nerd, they teased me no end. I instead learnt to love it because for me, as I’ve learnt over the years, it represents bravery, ingenuity, leadership and a general resilience to the world around me. Surviving against all the odds.

I’ve never been able to draw a direct connection between myself and William, other than to learn about a city of the same name on Cape Cod, that I flew over recently on that same flight but still have never visited to this day. Not far from there in the American version of Plymouth they came ashore, some distance from their intended destination of Virginia. Weather prevented them from making their way down the coast, so Massachusetts became their new settlement point.

Many years ago I was researching the Brewsters and spoke to a fellow Brewster in the USA via Compuserve, who sent me a massive box of DVDs with genealogical data on them; holy Moses, I was overwhelmed and came to realise there were perhaps zillions of us. The information was interesting but I had no real way of making that link, even if there ever was one to be found.

In the end I turned back to reading the bundle of notes my late grandmother had left us, including a family tree and some papers on another man who became just as interesting to me. His name was Alfred Berry Brewster born of Victorian London.

The following was sourced from - https://www.soldiersofthequeen.com/softheq-nile-valley

Egypt, the Nile Valley & Sudan

In Khedival Service

What was the [[Khedival Service]]?

Alfred Berry Brewster was born in London, England on 7 November 1856.

Whereabouts in London was he born?

Brewster Bey entered Egyptian Service in 1877 (aged 21) in the Customs Administration and Coastguard Service. In 1879 he was appointed to the position of Director of Customs at [[Suakin]] by [[General Gordon]]. He served in the Commissariat staff during the Egyptian Campaign and was awarded the Egypt Medal w/Clasp as well as the Khedive's Star. He returned to Suakin and in 1883 did duty in Valentine Baker Pasha's Intelligence Department (1884).

In 1885 he served under General Graham at Suakin as Chief Interpreter and Secretary to the Intelligence Department.

He took part in several engagements and received a Mention in Despatches from General Graham (30 May 1885). Most notably Brewster entered the Dervish camp alone before a planned attack on Saukin and convinced a large number of the enemy to come over to the British side. These same men later served in the capture of Tamai.

Brewster remained Director of Customs for Saukin until 1890 when he transferred to the Coastguard Service as Secretary and Controller. He was chosen as Private Secretary by both Khedive Mohammed Tewfik and Abbas II.

![[Pasted image 20241229083331.png]] Further reading

https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG121543

https://www.soldiersofthequeen.com/alfredberrybrewsterbey

https://www.soldiersofthequeen.com/alfredberrybrewsterbey

@ dd81a8ba:3eb298a5

it's better to read 100 books 10 times than 1,000 books once

I don't know who originated this concept. I've heard it said by Naval. the idea is to go deep on a narrower slice of possible books than to be spread so thin. this isn't so much an algorithm as a heuristic, a tactic for filtering the kinds of books you read, and also a way to measure your own growth over time. I've had the experience of getting something different from reading the same book at different points in my life. deliberately checking in with different books regularly over time is a good way to get an informative but different perspective on your own mentality.

this is my list. I'll be short of 100 for a while, the point is to make a tangible artifact out of it, and update it over time. let me know if you have or make a similar list and I'll add a link to your list here.

update 2/24

since I created the 100 books page and started shaping my reading around it, I have reached 100 books, and now in order to add one to the list I must first evict one already on the list.

I have also encountered a different way to refer to this project, and a sharper take on what I’m doing. it comes from an author with one book on my list already and more to come, Italo Calvino. the introduction to his book “Why Read the Classics?” is a quick read, and well worth it.

A classic is a book that has never finished saying what it has to say.

first, he defines “classic” to mean any book that once read, you return to again and again, and continue finding new takes, new value, fresh perspectives on. actually he lists many criteria, but that’s roughly what it boils down to, books that have meaning to you, which you read repeatedly at different stages in your life, a through-line to return to.

The ranks of the old titles have been decimated, while new ones have proliferated in all modern literatures and cultures. There is nothing for it but for all of us to invent our own ideal libraries of classics. I would say that such a library ought to be composed half of books we have read and that have really counted for us, and half of books we propose to read and presume will come to count—leaving a section of empty shelves for surprises and occasional discoveries.

consider any of these books a welcomed topic of conversation.

the list was last updated on Jan 7th, 2025

| title | Author | Genre | |-------|--------|-------| | "The Myth of Sisyphus" | Albert Camus | philosophy | | "Brave New World" | Aldous Huxley | distopian science fiction | | "The Doors of Perception" | Aldous Huxley | non-fiction | | "The Civil War Short Stories of Ambrose Bierce" | Ambrose Bierce | supernatural horror | | "The Little Prince" | Antoine De Saint Exuprey | children's | | "Nichomachean Ethics" | Aristotle | philosophy | | "Rendezvous With Rama" | Arthur C Clarke | science fiction | | "Atlas Shrugged" | Ayn Rand | fiction | | "The Fountainhead" | Ayn Rand | fiction | | "The Fractal Geometry of Nature" | Benoit Mandelbrot | maths | | "The History of Western Philosophy" | Betrand Russell | philosophy | | "Four Archetypes: Mother/Rebirth/Spirit/Trickster" | Carl Jung | philosophy | | "The Undiscovered Self" | Carl Jung | philosophy | | "Roadside Geology of Missouri" | Charles Spencer | non-fiction | | "A Pattern Language" | Christopher Alexander | non-fiction | | "On the Good Life" | Cicero | philosophy | | "All the Pretty Horses" | Cormac McCarthy | fiction | | "Blood Meridian" | Cormac McCarthy | fiction | | "No Country for Old Men" | Cormac McCarthy | fiction | | "Stella Maris" | Cormac McCarthy | fiction | | "the crossing" | Cormac McCarthy | fiction | | "The Passenger" | Cormac McCarthy | fiction | | "The Road" | Cormac McCarthy | fiction | | "Flowers for Algernon" | Daniel Keyes | fiction | | "The Beginning of Infinity" | David Deutsch | non-fiction | | "Forty Tales From the Afterlives" | David Eagleman | magical realism | | "Networks, Crowds, and Markets: Reasoning about a Highly Connected World" | David Easley and John Kleinberg | non-fiction | | "We Are Legion [We Are Bob]" | Dennis Taylor | science fiction | | "Godel, Escher, Bach" | Douglas Hofstadter | philosophy | | "The Discourses" | Epictetus | philosophy | | "The Revelations" | Erik Hoel | fiction | | "Kafka the Complete Stories" | Franz Kafka | fiction | | "The Mythical Man-Month" | Fred Brooks | non-fiction | | "Thus Spake Zarathustra" | Friedrich Nietzsche | philosophy | | "Crossing the Chasm: Marketing and Selling Disruptive Products to Mainstream Customers" | Geoffrey A. Moore | non-fiction | | "Nineteen Eighty-Four" | George Orwell | distopian science fiction | | "A Swim in a Pond in the Rain" | George Saunders | literature | | "Eon" | Greg Bear | science fiction | | "On Bullshit" | Harry G Frankfurt | philosophy | | "Walden and Other Writings" | Henry David Thoreau | non-fiction | | "Moby Dick" | Herman Melville | fiction | | "Siddhartha" | Hermann Hesse | philosophy | | "I, Roboot" | Isaac Asimov | science fiction | | "The Foundation" | Isaac Asimov | science fiction | | "The Naked Sun" | Isaac Asimov | science fiction | | "The Proper Study of Mankind" | Isaiah Berlin | philosophy | | "Invisible Cities" | Italo Calvino | magical realism | | "The Perigrine" | J A Baker | non-fiction | | "Chaos: Making a New Science" | James Gleick | non-fiction | | "Finite and Infinite Games: A Vision of Life as Play and Possibility" | James P. Carse | philosophy | | "Fancies and Goodnights" | John Collier | fantasy | | "The Dictionary of Obscure Sorrows" | John Koenig | fiction | | "Annals of the Former World: " | John McPhee | non-fiction | | "The Curve of Binding Energy" | John McPhee | non-fiction | | "Collected Fictions" | Jorge Luis Borges | fantasy | | "Hero With a Thousand Faces: The Collected Works of Joseph Campbell" | Joseph Campbell | philosophy | | "Heart of Darkness" | Joseph Conrad | fiction | | "The Death of Ivan Illych and Other Stories" | Leo Tolstoy | literature | | "The Mandibles" | Lionel Schriver | fiction | | "A Wrinkle in Time" | Madeleine L'Engle | young adult | | "M.C. Escher: His Life and Complete Graphic Work" | many | non-fiction | | "Meditations" | Marcus Aurelius | philosophy | | "Genome: The Autobiography of a Species in 23 Chapters" | Matt Ridley | science | | "Prey" | Michael Crichton | science fiction | | "Sphere" | Michael Crichton | fiction | | "Personal Knowledge: Towards a Post-Critical Philosophy" | Michael Polanyi | philosophy | | "Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience: Steps Toward Enhancing the Quality of Life" | Mihaly Csikszentmihaly | non-fiction | | "The Epic of Gilgamesh" | N. K. Sandars | legendary fiction | | "An Introduction to Population Genetics" | Nielson and Slatkin | non-fiction | | "Ender's Game" | Orson Scott Card | science fiction | | "Alas Babylon" | Pat Frank | science fiction | | "Hackers and Painters: Big Ideas from the Computer Age" | Paul Graham | non-fiction | | "The Alchemist" | Paulo Coelho | magical realism | | "Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep" | Philip K Dick | science fiction | | "The Collected Stories of Philip K Dick Volume 5" | Philip K Dick | science fiction | | "The Trial and Death of Socrates" | Plato | philosophy | | "The Soundscape" | R. Murray Schafer | non-fiction | | "Dandelion Wine" | Ray Bradbury | fiction | | "Fahrenheit 451" | Ray Bradbury | fiction | | "Something Wicked This Way Comes" | Ray Bradbury | fiction | | "The Martian Chronicles" | Ray Bradbury | science fiction | | "The Selfish Gene" | Richard Dawkins | non-fiction | | "Surely You're Joking, Mr Feynman" | Richard Feynman | biography | | "The Creative Act: A Way of Living" | Rick Rubin | self-help | | "Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance: An Inquiry Into Values" | Robert Persig | fiction | | "Letters From a Stoic" | Seneca | philosophy | | "The Art of Living" | Sharon Lebell | philosophy | | "The Dark Tower" | Stephen King | fiction | | "Piranesi" | Susanna Clarke | magical realism | | "Stories of Your Life and Others" | Ted Chiang | science fiction | | "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions" | Thomas Kuhn | non-fiction | | "Common Sense" | Thomas Paine | philosophy | | "The Kon-Tiki Expedition: A Raft Across the South Seas" | Thor Heyerdahl | non-fiction | | "The Kingdom of Speech" | Tom Wolf | non-fiction | | "The Right Stuff" | Tom Wolf | historic fiction | | "True Names: and the Opening of the Cyberspace Frontier" | Vernor Vinge | cyberpunk | | "Man's Search for Meaning" | Viktor Frankl | philosophy | | "The Shape of Things" | Vilem Flusser | non-fiction | | "The Twilight World" | Werner Herzog | historic fiction | | "Neuromancer" | William Gibson | cyberpunk |

@ ed84ce10:cccf4c2a

Hackathon Summary

The HackPrinceton Fall 2024 hackathon was held from November 8th to 10th at Princeton University. It attracted 238 developers who registered 99 projects, engaging participants in workshops, mentorship sessions, and presentations throughout the 36-hour event. The hackathon featured four main tracks: Education + Interaction, Healthcare, Finance, and Sustainability, which encouraged diverse and innovative ideas.

In addition to the main tracks, seventeen sponsored challenges were offered as bounties, adding a competitive element to the event. Participants submitted their projects via a public GitHub repository and showcased their work in two-minute presentations to judges on the final day. Notable outcomes included effective project demonstrations under time constraints, which enhanced the visibility of substantial ideas across different sectors.

Prizes were a significant motivator, with the grand overall prize being a set of AirPod Max for each member of the top team, while the second-place team received Xbox Series S consoles. HackPrinceton Fall 2024 facilitated skill development, collaboration, and creative solutions, showcasing robust engagement from both seasoned and first-time participants.

Hackathon Winners

Healthcare Prize Winners

• Bartimaeus: Stealing Vision Back - This project aids blind individuals in spatial navigation using audio guidance from a smartphone's camera, YOLO, and OpenCV, innovatively employing AI for precise pathfinding and object identification.

• PillPal Pro - A smart box solution ensures elderly patients adhere to medication routines through an ESP32 microcontroller, which facilitates tracking and notifications, complemented by a 3D-printed casing and Firebase integration.

• ReCall.ai - This project uses AI and wearable tech to recognize faces for individuals with cognitive impairments, supporting social interaction and providing cognitive health insights across various facilities.

• HealthSync - Enhances hospital coordination by assigning patient urgency scores and facilitating secure, real-time information exchange using a peer-to-peer network and advanced data security.

• Medbank - Offers a personalized health wallet that manages medical information and insurance details, utilizing AI for intelligent insurance processing and provider matching through geospatial analysis.

• HormoniQ - Addresses PCOS diagnosis challenges with a machine learning tool that analyzes hormonal patterns from health records, providing early intervention likelihoods to healthcare providers.

• World Translationator 5000 - This translation tool tackles language barriers in healthcare by employing quantum natural language processing for accurate translations of medical terminology.

Education and Interaction Prize Winners

• CrystalMath - An AI-driven platform for visualizing math problems through step-by-step animations and voiceovers, supported by Claude model computations and AWS hosting.

Finance Prize Winners

• Stratify - Democratizes investment by offering an AI-powered stock backtesting tool to optimize strategies through detailed analyses and user-friendly simulations.

• Asteroid Audit - Educates about taxes through a gamified experience, integrating Unity for game development and custom algorithms for visual tax estimation.

• Orbital Finance - Utilizes AI voice assistant technology for real-time customer interactions, offering advanced data analyses leveraging MATLAB and NLP for business growth.

Sustainability Prize Winners

• WasteWise - Analyzes waste data using computer vision and GPT-4 API to guide sustainable consumer habits through brand and recyclability evaluation.

• SustainAI - An AI-powered platform providing personalized sustainable lifestyle recommendations based on user data, integrating MATLAB for contextual data personalization.

Developer Tool Prize Winners

• Scraply - Simplifies deep learning education with a drag-and-drop interface for building neural networks, featuring algorithm suggestions and gamified learning.

Financial Innovation Prize Winners

• Chama - Facilitates crypto education with a real-time insights platform offering sentiment analysis and actionable recommendations, integrating OnChainKit for secure transactions.

• HackAwards - Empowers hackathon participation with NFTs via project ownership and contribution tracking, implemented using VerbWire API and Base Blockchain for efficient processing.

Explore all projects and further details at HackPrinceton Fall 2024.

About the Organizer:

HackPrinceton

HackPrinceton unites hackers globally to collaborate and innovate. Renowned for its immersive events, the organization provides workshops, lectures, and mentorship programs that foster skill development and inventive thinking. These sessions equip participants with the essential tools to create impactful projects, even for those without prior team or project ideas. HackPrinceton's dedication to nurturing creativity is evident in its comprehensive support for aspiring innovators, aligning with its mission to inspire the development of impactful, innovative ideas. More information is available at HackPrinceton's website.

@ fbf0e434:e1be6a39

Hackathon 总结

HackPrinceton Fall 2024 Hackathon 于 11 月 8 日至 10 日在普林斯顿大学举行。活动吸引了 238 名开发人员，他们注册了 99 个项目，参与者在为期 36 小时的活动中参与了研讨会、指导会议和展示。Hackathon 设有四个主要方向：教育 + 互动、医疗保健、金融和可持续性，鼓励多样化和创新的想法。

除了主要方向外，还提供了十七个由赞助商提供的挑战作为赏金，为活动增添了竞争元素。参与者通过公开的 GitHub 存储库提交他们的项目，并在最后一天向评委展示了两分钟展示。其中一个亮点是有效的项目"demo"，在时间限制下展示了不同行业的重大创意，提升了项目的可见度。

奖品是一个重要的激励因素，整体冠军奖是一套 AirPod Max，将颁发给获胜团队的每位成员，第二名团队将获得 Xbox Series S 游戏机。HackPrinceton Fall 2024 在技能发展、协作和创造性解决方案方面发挥了重要作用，展示了经验丰富和新手参与者的积极参与。

Hackathon 获奖者

Healthcare Prize Winners

• Bartimaeus: Stealing Vision Back - 该项目通过使用智能手机摄像头、YOLO 和 OpenCV 提供音频导航，帮助盲人进行空间导航，创新性地利用 AI 实现精准路径规划和物体识别。

• PillPal Pro - 一款智能盒子解决方案，通过 ESP32 微控制器确保老年患者遵循用药习惯，实现跟踪和通知功能，整合了 3D 打印外壳和 Firebase 功能。

• ReCall.ai - 该项目利用 AI 和可穿戴技术为认知障碍人士识别人脸，支持社交互动，并提供跨多种设施的认知健康洞察。

• HealthSync - 通过分配患者紧急程度评分并利用点对点网络和高级数据安全进行安全的实时信息交换，增强医院协调。

• Medbank - 提供个性化健康钱包，实现医疗信息和保险详情的管理，利用 AI 进行智能保险处理和地理空间分析实现供应商匹配。

• HormoniQ - 通过一款机器学习工具分析健康记录中的激素模式，解决 PCOS 诊断挑战，为医疗保健提供者提供早期干预可能性。

• World Translationator 5000 - 使用量子自然语言处理技术进行准确翻译，以解决医疗中的语言障碍。

Education and Interaction Prize Winners

• CrystalMath - 一个通过分步动画和语音解说可视化数学问题的 AI 驱动平台，使用 Claude 模型计算和 AWS 托管。

Finance Prize Winners

• Stratify - 提供一个 AI 驱动的股票回溯测试工具，通过详细分析和用户友好的模拟优化投资策略。

• Asteroid Audit - 通过游戏化的体验提供税务教育，整合 Unity 进行游戏开发，并使用自定义算法进行视觉税务估算。

• Orbital Finance - 使用 AI 语音助手技术进行实时客户互动，通过 MATLAB 和 NLP 提供深入的数据分析，助力业务增长。

Sustainability Prize Winners

• WasteWise - 使用计算机视觉和 GPT-4 API 分析垃圾数据，通过品牌和可回收性评价引导可持续的消费者习惯。

• SustainAI - 一个 AI 驱动的平台，根据用户数据提供个性化的可持续生活方式建议，利用 MATLAB 进行上下文数据个性化。

Developer Tool Prize Winners

• Scraply - 提供一个拖放界面简化深度学习教育，用于构建神经网络，具有算法建议和游戏化学习功能。

Financial Innovation Prize Winners

• Chama - 提供实时洞察平台，通过情感分析和可操作建议促进加密货币教育，整合 OnChainKit 进行安全交易。

• HackAwards - 通过项目所有权和贡献跟踪，使用 VerbWire API 和 Base Blockchain 实现高效处理，促进 Hackathon 参与。

浏览所有项目及更多详情请访问 HackPrinceton Fall 2024。

关于主办方：

HackPrinceton

HackPrinceton 将全球的黑客聚集在一起进行合作和创新。以沉浸式活动闻名，该组织提供研讨会、讲座和指导项目，促进技能发展和创新思维。这些活动为参与者提供了创造有影响力项目的必要工具，即使对那些没有初步团队或项目想法的人也是如此。HackPrinceton 致力于培养创造力，通过其全面支持为有抱负的创新者提供帮助，其使命是激发有影响力和创新性想法的生成。更多信息请访问 HackPrinceton 的网站。

@ 9e69e420:d12360c2

How to Make a Peanut Butter Sandwich Step by Step

Are you looking for a quick and easy snack? Look no further than the classic peanut butter sandwich! This how-to guide will walk you through the simple steps to make a delicious peanut butter sandwich.

Things you'll need:

• 2 slices of bread
• Peanut butter
• A knife

Instructions

1. Choose your bread: Start by selecting your favorite type of bread. White, wheat, or sourdough are all great options.
2. Spread the peanut butter: Take one slice of bread and evenly spread a generous amount of peanut butter on it. You can use as much or as little as you like, depending on your preference.
3. Add the second slice of bread: Place the second slice of bread on top of the peanut butter, with the bread side facing down.
4. Press down gently: Press down gently on the sandwich to make sure the bread slices stick together.
5. Cut the sandwich (optional): If you prefer your sandwich cut in half, use the knife to carefully cut it down the middle.

And there you have it! A delicious peanut butter sandwich that's ready to enjoy. Whether you're packing it for lunch or enjoying it as a snack, this classic sandwich is sure to hit the spot.

@ 6e24af77:b3f1350b

test

@ 0b14a03f:3f0257c2

In 1925, someone said, "Let's stop making light bulbs that last 2,500 hours; let's make them last 1,000 instead so we can grow our profits."

Then the internet was created, and what happened? Everything on it was commercialized, even ourselves.

After that, Bitcoin appeared. What did we do? We treated it as a fiat currency and created the same old financial vehicles around it.

What today is Wall Street, in the past, it was located in Holland. After that, something similar was in France. They both disappeared, but humans replicated it in the US. We're now seeing how it will collapse.. once again.

Thus, repeating the same things and thinking that we will obtain different results is a bit childish.

It takes much more energy to create something -new.

A lot of energy from the brain to create new neurological patterns, as well as, a lot of energy from the reality to manifest it.

However, aren't we sick of the same old things already?

@ bf47c19e:c3d2573b

bitcoinstandard.rs

---

PREUZMITE ODLOMAK

KUPITE KNJIGU

Autor Bitkoin standarda, ekonomista Sajfedin Amus, vešto uvodi svakog čitaoca u svet digitalnog novca pokazujući da bitkoin može da postane dominantni čuvar vrednosti u budućnosti, a jedna od glavnih snaga knjige je njena sposobnost da objasni kompleksne ekonomske i tehničke aspekte bitkoina na razumljiv i jednostavan način.

Sajfedin Amus prvo prikazuje fascinantnu istoriju tehnologija novca i istražuje šta je tim tehnologijama dalo njihovu monetarnu ulogu, kako su je izgubile, šta nas to uči o poželjnim osobinama novca i kako je bitkoin osmišljen da unapredi te tehnologije. Amus zatim objašnjava ekonomske, društvene, kulturne i političke prednosti zdravog novca u odnosu na nezdrav novac kako bi omogućio relevantnu raspravu o ulozi koju bi bitkoin mogao imati u digitalnoj ekonomiji budućnosti. Umesto kao valuta za kriminalce ili jeftina masovna mreža za plaćanja, ova knjiga pokazuje kako bitkoin izrasta kao decentralizovana, politički neutralna, slobodnotržišna alternativa nacionalnim centralnim bankama, sa potencijalno ogromnim implikacijama za individualnu slobodu i prosperitet.

Sa ovim osnovama, knjiga prelazi na objašnjenje funkcionisanja bitkoina na lak i intuitivan način. Bitkoin je decentralizovani, distribuirani softver koji omogućava svojim korisnicima da koriste internet za obavljanje tradicionalnih funkcija novca bez oslanjanja na bilo kakve autoritete ili infrastrukturu u fizičkom svetu. Bitkoin se tako najbolje razume kao prvi uspešno implementirani oblik digitalne gotovine i digitalnog tvrdog novca – digitalni oblik zlata.

Amusovo čvrsto razumevanje tehnoloških mogućnosti kao i istorijskih realnosti evolucije novca omogućava istraživanje posledica dobrovoljnog slobodnog tržišta novca. Izazivajući najsvetije državne monopole, bitkoin pomera klatno suvereniteta od vlada ka pojedincima, nudeći nam primamljivu mogućnost sveta u kojem je novac potpuno odvojen od politike i nesputan granicama.

Završno poglavlje knjige istražuje neka od najčešćih pitanja u vezi sa bitkoinom: Da li je rudarenje bitkoina rasipanje energije? Da li je bitkoin za kriminalce? Ko kontroliše bitkoin i mogu li ga promeniti ako žele? Kako se bitkoin može uništiti? I šta misliti o svim hiljadama kopija bitkoina i mnogim navodnim primenama bitkoinove „blockchain tehnologije“?

@ 953c0602:01aba028

（21-06-28） 今天要来讲“主义主义”的（3-1-1-4），代表人物是the young Derrida，年轻的德里达，就是学生时代、巴黎高师、法国……嗯？他哪个学校的？没得文化嘞——巴黎高师的。他当时大学二年级的水准……这个老哥算比较天才，肯定比我聪明。 （这一主义的内容）是大学时期的德里达的毕业论文，文凭的论文，巴黎高师的。那个时候，他是一个调和的先验现象学家，甚至是一个想要挽救——但是也不叫挽救吧——想要去使得先验像学的计划能够辩证法化。他的目的是使先验现象学辩证法化，然后（先验现象学）就活了，从源头处拯救（先验现象学）。特别是从晚年胡塞尔的那个“时间手稿”叫什么呢？什么瑙，玛瑙的瑙，我他妈的没文化，是《贝尔瑙手稿》……但是，这本书里面，

[1]这里指的是德里达的《胡塞尔哲学中的发生问题》（即前文提到的“毕业论文”），而非前文提到的胡塞尔的《贝尔瑙手稿》。

我没看完，我跟你说……那个时候《贝尔瑙手稿》有没有出版？我不知道。因为我这本书没看完，我不知道他讨论这些东西的时候是怎么讨论的。

[2]未明子试图将德里达的《胡塞尔哲学中的发生问题》（1954定稿），与胡塞尔生前未发表的被称为“贝尔瑙手稿”的一部分手稿联系起来，然而，此时，未明子忽然意识到，他不清楚“贝尔瑙手稿”整理出版的时间，因此打住了表述。“贝尔瑙手稿”于1969年被E.芬克移交给鲁汶的胡塞尔档案馆，2001年才出版。因此，德里达不仅在撰写《胡塞尔哲学中的发生问题》时，没有见过“贝尔瑙手稿”；到了他出版《胡塞尔哲学的发生问题》的1990年，他仍然未见过“贝尔瑙手稿”。德里达所利用的胡塞尔著作，在《胡塞尔哲学中的发生问题》的第二章附录和参考书目均有列出。 我只看了它的一个导论，但是，他在导论里面说，他说胡塞尔晚年的时候，不停地想要通过在时间的现象学里面去引入一种辩证的结构。

[3]参考德里达《胡塞尔哲学中的发生问题》“前言”：“被视为综合的发生问题的趣味和困难恰在于此：发生的意义或发生之存在的绝对原初基础，何以能包含在发生之中，并且经历发生呢？既然整个综合真是都建立于验前综合之上，发生问题便是验前综合的意义问题；如果验前综合为全部可能判断和全部可能经验的源头与基础，那么，难道我们不被移向一种不确定的辩证法吗？基础的原初性如何能够是验前综合？所有的东西怎么能够都始于复杂？如果全部发生与综合都通过验前综合而指向其构成，那么验前综合本身明现于构成的、先验的、所谓最初的经验之中时，难道不总是“已经”获得意义了吗？难道不总是从定义上就“已经”被另一种综合无止境地构成吗？如果现象学的原初性之前有人们称之为历史的“原发性”，那么，它如何能够企求意义的原始构成呢？我们应当说这种原发性只有透过原初构成才如此“明现出来”。在这种辩证法的全部超越中，难道不存在骗局吗？难道人们不会重新陷人形式论吗？人们企图通过使这种辩证法的哲学主题化求助于其先验构成的原初性、意向性和知觉而超越的形式论？现象学的、先验的和原初的时间性，难道不是只是在表面上且从“自然的”时间出发“时间化”和构成的吗？而此时间与先验意识无关，，且先于和包含现象学的、先验的和原初的时间性。胡塞尔，尤其在晚年，也许没有绝对就这一时间性提出异议；也许他最后全部的努力是通过把这种新关系融入到现象学中来拯救现象学。” 有一种先验现象学，但是它又能够构造出一种辩论法，这种辩证法呢，就可以去支撑一种元逻各斯，然后可以支撑一种先验逻辑，就可以挽救整个先验现象学。 （3-1-1-4的）代表人物是德里达，但是，是在大学时期的德里达，从大二开始做的毕业论文。这个位置的参考文献，就是这本书，叫做《胡塞尔哲学中的发生问题》。 读这本书，其实，不需要啥前置内容。

[4]《胡塞尔哲学中的发生问题》分为四个部分，每个部分均围绕一些胡塞尔著作展开探讨，第一部分围绕《算术哲学——心理学研究与逻辑学研究》（现海牙版胡塞尔全集第12卷）和《逻辑研究》第一卷（现海牙版胡塞尔全集第18卷）；第二部分围绕《逻辑研究》第二卷（1现海牙版胡塞尔全集19-20卷）、《内时间意识现象学讲座》（现海牙版胡塞尔全集第10卷）和《观念I》（即《纯粹现象学和现象哲学的观念》第一卷，现海牙版胡塞尔全集第3卷）；第三部分围绕《经验与判断——逻辑谱系学研究》（尚不在海牙版43卷胡塞尔全集之列，约当于全集第17卷的《形式逻辑和先验逻辑》）和《笛卡尔式沉思》（现海牙版胡塞尔全集第1卷）；第四部分围绕《欧洲科学与先验现象学危机》以及《几何学的起源》等讲座（现海牙版胡塞尔全集第6卷和第29卷）。 稍微了解黑格尔辩证法，稍微了解一些康德的先验哲学，然后还有《观念I》和《观念II》，

[5]如前注4所言，德里达的《胡塞尔哲学中的发生问题》中没有探讨《观念II》，正如本书中译者于奇智在“参考书目”中所指出的，《观念II》的法文本是1982年出版的。 还稍微了解一些胡塞尔的本质心理学和他的先验逻辑……这些都是稍微了解一些（就可以）。你主要就是要知道胡塞尔的主要的（目的），他想要干啥，然后，德里达想要拯救什么。 那么，这个主义的话，我把它叫做……哎呀，我在想呀，其实我现在还在想，我要把它叫做什么genesis……我在想，哎，这个东西其实很烦，你知道吗？因为大部分人说在这种状态下，它是类先验的，但是，我觉得，其实这里的姿态就是先验性的姿态。就是说，我他妈要不要给前面加quasi-，quasi-transcendental？要不要说类先验？然后，后面加是“辩证法”呢，还是加“历史主义”？ 我觉得在这里，他主要用到的还是辩证法，所以我就叫Quasi-transcendental dialecticism，准先验的辩证主义。（为什么）把它叫辩证主义，而不叫历史主义呢？因为它要和那些区分开来，它要和比较矬的一些……就是，他这个准先验……就是如果我把quasi去掉的话，那么这个transcendental dialecticism，它就有点像谢林，你知道吗？就是，我不好这样说，所以，我要可以前面要加一个quasi，“准”先验。 那么，德里达破局用的一个概念，就是genesis，我们一般把它翻译成“起源”，但在哲学里面它有个很简单的就叫“发生”。发生，就是时间开始的起点。但是，德里达告诉你，发生问题，它有二重性，相互矛盾的。一个是作为originarity，

[6]德里达《胡塞尔哲学中的发生问题》使用的就是“originarity”，而非更常见的“originality”。参考《胡塞尔哲学中的发生问题》玛丽安·霍布森英译本“前言”中的脚注：“本英译本在两个术语上尤其贴近德里达参考了胡塞尔的德语所使用的法语，即‘起源性’（originarity）和‘生成’（becoming）。德里达接受了保罗·利科的法译本，这一法译本没有自然地把这两个词对译为‘originality’和‘development’。” 一个作为起源性，它是一个绝对开端；还有一个是，所有的发生都是anticipated，它都是被预料、被预期到的，也就是，所有的发生都是置于一个背景性框架的。

[7]（1/4）德里达所指出的胡塞尔哲学中的“发生”问题的二元对立的矛盾，是 “先验发生”（transcendental genesis）和“经验发生”（empirical genesis）的对立。而不是未明子所说的所谓的“originarity”和“anticipation”的对立。事实上，“绝对起源”和“预期”（anticipation）是统一于“先验发生”的。未明子说“发生问题，它有二重性……一个是绝对开端……还有一个是作为所有的发生都是被预期到的”，开口便错。

[7]（2/4）关于德里达所谈论的发生的“二元性”，参考德里达《胡塞尔哲学中的发生问题》“前言”：“ 一言以蔽之，如果先验发生主题在某个时刻明现，以便理解和建立经验发生主题，经验发生主题在自然时间上先于先验发生主题，那么，我们应该自问这种进化的意义。先验发生何以可能？”

[7]（3/4）关于德里达此处的“起源”概念关乎先验发生，参考前引书“前言”：“首先，受到如实检视且形式上最有可能的发生，在其概念层面，兼具两种矛盾的意义：起源意义和生成意义。……全部发生的存在的意义好像在于超验与内在之间的这种张力。”

[7]（4/4）关于德里达此处的“预期”概念关乎先验发生，参考前引书“前言”：“某种预期忠实于所有发生的意义：一切革新都是证实；一切创造都是实现；一切涌现都是传统。” 所有的发生都是被预料到的，都是在一个过去和未来之流当中的一个发生，

[8]（1/2）“（所有发生）都是在一个过去和未来之流当中的一个发生”谈论的是“经验发生”的情况，它不应该和前一个分句（“所有的发生都是被预料到的”）一起被“所以”引导。未明子此处的表述——在谈论“预期”问题时引入了关乎“经验发生”的表述，印证了我们在前注7所揭示的，未明子并未清晰地把握德里达所谈论的“经验发生”与“先验发生”的二元对立。

[8]（2/2）关于“时间之流中的发生”关乎“经验发生”，参考德里达《胡塞尔哲学中的发生问题》“前言”：首先，受到如实检视且形式上最有可能的发生，在其概念层面，兼具两种矛盾的意义：起源意义和生成意义。……然而，在同一时刻，发生只出现于存在学的和时间的全体之中，该全体包含着发生；一切发生品都是由异乎自身者产生出来的，由过去孕育，由将来选定和定向。 在一个相互关系当中的一个发生。然后，它发生到什么时候，本身是不确定的。所以说可能是萌发，但是我们anticipating it，我们在预料着它。专门有一门发生学，这个东西是可以看成是……发生学这个东西，哦呦，这国内讲的人太多了，但实际上它是一个现象学论。 也就是说，你只有通过现象学的先验直观，才能把握一个纯粹的发生学。就是说，你如果没有现象学先验直观、现象学先验还原作为基础的话，你去研究什么屌发生学，全在放屁。 因为发生学有一个前提，就是说，它对于发生的一个辩证结构的揭示，是为时间做奠基的。这种发生学，它是可以去建构时间性理论的——“为时间做奠基”。 但是在德里达这里，他可能是年比较年轻，他的志愿是希望通过一种辩证法来拯救先验现象学。因为在德里达看来，先验现象学是遭遇了一个不可避免的内在的、辩证性、二重性的一个僵局。这种僵局会使得先验直观本身，变成一种死亡的，death，僵死的，窒息断裂的，呃，里面nothing is living，没有活的东西。 那么我强烈的推荐大家去阅读，就是有能力的——我在说的（3-1-1），你走过前面三步骤之后，前面一、二、三这步骤，你都领会了——主要文本就读……哎呀，《纯粹现象学通论》，我觉得你只要读到第三编读完，就差不多了，还有把它后记读了。 《观念I》其是很短的，没有你想象中的长。而且，这个东西可以并行着来读，它们并不是冲突的。《观念II》的话就是我昨天讲的那一部分。然后，就可以读这本《胡塞尔哲学中的发生问题》，以及德里达另外一本（术），《声音与现象》，但是这一本显然是更幼稚，更天真的，我们甚至可以说，他认为可以通过某种方式去…… 哎呀，我觉得这本书（《胡塞尔哲学中的发生问题》）也不长，它里面有一半是附录和导言、前言。

[9]在录制本期视频的时候，未明子手中有一本《胡塞尔哲学中的发生问题》的纸质书入镜。此处画面中，未明子晃动手中书的动作。因此，知道这句话指的是这本书，而非承上文所说的《声音与现象》。 可能会在下个月，我会看（情况）把这本书讲完，讲它的英文版，因为中文版的话，中文还是有问题，在讨论这些东西的时候，它的语法结构太简单了，容易导致歧义啊，还是要看英文版。法文，我看不懂，这时候你不能怪我了，他用法语写的。 你要想，（英语和法语）它们是可以对译的呀，它们的词可以对译的。我用一个我会的语言，英语，我来讲，我觉得没有什么问题。你中文和它的很多大量术语是不对译的。你看这本书（《胡塞尔哲学中的发生问题》），是谁翻译的？于奇智翻译的这本书，他的术语，什么“物论”……我操，什么“理项” ……

[10]“物论”，即materialism，即通常所说的“唯物主义”“唯物论”。所谓“理项”，这里未明子可能是想说“相型论”，即idealism，即通常所说的“唯心主义”“观念论”。恰恰是这两个词，于奇智译本有别于传统的哲学著作的翻译。 是，它里面有一些术语翻译，他自己都加注了，但是，你读到后面会很磕绊。 然后，我在这一格（3-1-1-4）里面，就出乎很多同样研究现象学的人意料，我刻意不把那个什么《生活世界现象学》放在这里面。《生活世界现象学》本身蛇皮没用的，它还是（3-1-1-3），它没有本质区别，它还是一种反思性的主观主义。 然后，德里达的这个姿态，quasi- 准先验的辩证主义，可以看成是通用哲学思考模型。就是说，在现象学，而且是在先验现象学的这个问题域和这个术语体系下，然后，你怎么来进行突破呢？就是，引入辩证法来进行突破。辩证法就是一个概念具有二重性，相互对立的。这最简单的。这是通用哲学思考模型。 我觉得不是我来背书吧，德里达本人来背书吧。德里达自己在读大学的时候，就是这个通用模型。在先验现象学的问题域和术语体系之下引入辩证法，这是比较好的一个（模型）。 那么，我们回过头去看，发生问题，genesis。发生问题的二重性，一个就是他自己冒出来嘛，绝对原始性，就是，这个东西他自己冒出来，没有其他东西帮它冒出来。如果在现象学当中，可以用叫invention。

[11]（1/3）“Invention”是一个“现象学范畴”吗？这是个问题。我们发现，不仅于奇智所译的《胡塞尔哲学中的发生问题》一书后附的“术语表”中没有收录以“invent”为词根的词汇；李幼蒸等译的《观念I》一书后附的“德、法、英、中现象学用语对照表”中也没有收录以“invent”为词根的词汇。

[11]（2/3）德里达在《胡塞尔哲学中的发生问题》中确实使用过“invention”一词（英语、法语均作“invention”，于奇智译为“发明”，没有括注。）让我们来看看德里达是怎样使用这个“范畴”的，参考德里达《胡塞尔哲学中的发生问题》“前言”（英文括注是我们补入的）：“一种无证实的发明（An invention without verification）不可现解，它是纯粹适应，说到底，它甚至不能是‘对于某种意识的’。意识把一切意义都领会为‘自为’意义，这种‘自为’是先验而非心理的主体性自为。全部意义都为意识而在，且不能陌生于‘先验自我’和意向自我，它总是显露为‘已经’存在。说到底，一种未经证实的发明（an invention without verification）将否定意识的意向性；它不是虚无“的”发明或者‘经由’它自身的自身‘的’发明，它自身摧毁作为综合意义的一切发明的原意。先验意向性悖论与奇异性重现于一切发明即发生的象征（every invention， symbol of genesis）的中心：生成与时间行为正是依据‘综合’价值而为证实的和最终是分析的。但是，正如未经证实的发明只有在如下的幻想中才可以设想：无意向性的意识的幻想、脱离了世界和时间的幻想。同样，无发明的证实不是虚无对虚无的证实，不是纯粹同义反复、空洞而形式的同一、意识(的)否定、世界(的)否定、时间(的)否定，全部真理都在其中显现。……在某种意义上，在康德那里，经验与验前互不相容。所有发生的意义都是现象意义。发明不是绝对的证实。因而，它不是实在的发明（Invention is not absolute verification. Hence it is not real invention.）。”

[11]（3/3）原来，“发明”（invention）是一个康德哲学的概念。从前引文可以看出，德里达通过引入“证实”(英语：verification，法语：vérification；德语：Bewährung。)概念，康德哲学中的“发明”（invention）概念从胡塞尔现象学中排除了。 it's invention，他这种，就是说，你在现象学上，比如说，我们在日常话语中，我说一个idea is invention，

[12]胡塞尔哲学中的发生问题，不是关于“idea”在头脑中的发生问题，而是现象的“物界”（worldly）发生的问题。参考德里达《胡塞尔哲学中的发生问题》“前言”：“‘先验还原’(该运动的术语和原则)在此术语的通常或‘物界’意义上，就是还原，即历史发生。但是，在这种退回到相型论风格的哲学纯粹性之后，一幅回复与广阔的收复图显露出来:这就是先验发生概念。此概念在原则上抵拒全面还原，并且也许是被所有被恰当地理解的还原所揭示，它将主宰一种历史的哲学回复，并且有可能调和现象学与‘物界’科学。现象学将建立‘物界’科学。胡塞尔学术生涯一开始便提出了这种综合要求。” 它是个invention，就是，它是凭空冒出来的，它自己作为自己的起点。然后另外一方面，它又不仅仅是个invention，它还得是一个“vertification” ，

[13]此处，未明子将“verification”（“证实”）说成“vertification”，并在写字板上就写成“vertification”。值得注意的是，如前注11所言，invention是一个康德哲学的概念，而非胡塞尔现象学的概念，未明子却在此作了一大段含混的论述。而对于真正属于胡塞尔的概念——“证实”（verification）被收录于前注11所提到的两种术语表中，未明子却拼错了。 它又得被验证。也就是说，它一方面它具有绝对原始性；另外一方面，它又具有一个相对的……我们可以说是，一个在境遇当中的，它是在一个背景当中的，相对的一种，就是一种……我操，我怎么说呢？……结构性，可以说是一种结构性，这样说比较好吧，它就有相对的结构性。 德里达会告诉你，你比如说，一个idea或者说任何意向性，任何一个intention，任何意向，intentionality或者意向性，

[14]在未明子的表述中，“意识”和“意向性”被用作同义词，这不符合德里达所介绍的胡塞尔现象学，详见后注17。 它要么是凭空冒出来的……就是，这两个东西（invention和verification）同时都得有都得有。你不可能光有一个intention而没有一个“vetification”。他用的词是vetification吗？我看一下……我没有那么多时间给你们（核查词汇）……verification，我每次都（写错）……verification，我操……也可以不用那个词，搜不到。verification，这个t多出来的。

[15]未明子至此才修正了自己对于“verification”的拼读与拼写。未明子围绕本不存在于胡塞尔现象学的“invention”概念展开了一些含混的论述，而对于确实存在于胡塞尔现象学的“verification”概念的把我则出现了偏差。 Verify，这个词我写错很多遍，你不需要管我，你自己知道这个词就行了。Verification是“验证”。 就是说，你有一个意向性，或者，你有一个念头，或者一个意识，有一个consciousness，它产生出来，something，某个东西，浮现出来，你会有一个辩证性的结构，这就是一个起源的辩证性结构。

[16]（1/2）注意，此处未明子说的是“起源的辩证性结构”，但他意指的是“发生的辩证结构”，并在画布中画了一个从“Genesis”出发的箭头。然而，如前注7、注8所指出的，未明子错误地将“先验发生”与“经验发生”的二元对立误认为是“起源性”和“预期”的二元对立。进而，他又将“发明”和“意向性”对应于“起源性”和“预期”。正如前注11所指出的，“发明”不是胡塞尔现象学概念，因此，走到“发明”和“意向性”二元对立的结构，可以说已经偏离了由德里达所介绍的胡塞尔现象学，它至多只是表明一种关于“先验发生”的理解。

[16]（2/2）这里尤其应该注意的是，根据德里达所介绍的胡塞尔现象学，“意向性”在先验发生的结构中发挥作用。为了避免回到布伦塔诺，胡塞尔将“意向性”范畴维持在先验发生的结构中，于是，先验发生与经验发生的对立，在意向性方面就表现为“意向性”和“意识的时间性”的对立。关于这一点，参考德里达《胡塞尔哲学中的发生问题》第三部分第一章：“现象学明见的绝对基础，即全部语言、整个逻辑、整个哲学论说的最后诉求，就是意向性与意识的时间性合二为一。” 你就会发现always there，它总是在那边，it has been always there。 [17]这一段表述也是混淆了“意识”和“意象性”的表述，从前文“你有一个意向性，或者，你有一个念头，或者一个意识，有一个consciousness，它产生出来”可以看出。当我们产生一个“念头”，到底是什么“has been there”了呢？当我们区分了“意识”和“意向性”两个概念，这一表述就清楚了：当我们产生一个念头，我们就已经能够确认存在一种先验意向性已经在那里。 比如说，哎，我在想一件事情，我在想吃饭。当你开始想这件事情的时候，你同时就可以确认、验证它的存在。就是说，任何一个被布置出来的一个东西，特别是意向性—— [18]再次强调，被布置出来的只能是“念头”而非“意向性”。 这个辩证结构，对于那个先验主体性的自我把握，先验主体性的反思性的自我朝向是致命的，因为它使得这个结构发生了裂痕，你知道吗？ 我们昨天不是讲了吗？在先验主体性，或者说，在这种反思性的主观主义里面，先验主体、先验我思的自我把握。它在每一个意向性里面都可以看到他自己，都会看到朝向，或者重新找到一个东西在里面。但是，它找东西在里面的时候，你说它是创造了一个先验自我在里面呢，这是个同义的，还是说it has always been there，它总是在那边？这就是变成一个非常致命一击的（问题）。实际上如果我们用齐泽克，或者是用拉康，或者是用黑格尔的逻辑，这是回溯性建构。 德里达自己在“序言”里面，不是他当时写这篇论文的（时候），而是在他出版（时候）的一个“序言”里面，他说：胡塞尔的先验哲学计划，就好像一种condomination，就好像是一种感染一样，无处不在，污染……contamination，这个词，像一种污染，一种感染一样，传染一样。 [19]此处，未明子翻阅了这本书，找到他想要谈论的文本，纠正了“contamination”的拼写。注意此处的“污染、感染、传染”是在书中的原文和译注中出现的词语。参见德里达《胡塞尔哲学中的发生问题》“致读者”（1990年）：在此以扫描仪那样冷静而冒失的方式掠过胡塞尔全部著作的这种全景式的解读依赖于一种法律，而这种法律的稳定性在我现在看来更加令人惊讶，因为自从那时以来，甚至在其字面表达中，这种法律就一直地在支配着我曾试图证明的一切，就好像是一种特性已经以自身方式议定一种必然性，而这种必然性总是超越特性并且必须被不断地重新占有。这是什么样的必然性呢？这涉及的总是起源的原初的复杂、简单的初始的污染（contamination，一译“感染”、“传染”。——汉译者注）、发端的偏差。没有任何一种分析能够在其现象中呈现这种发端偏差，并使之出现，或者将它归于要素的瞬时且自身同一的时刻。实际控制整个旅程的问题已经是:“基础的原初性如何能够是验前综合？所有的东西怎么能够都始于复杂？”因而，现象学论说所构建于其上的一切边界，从“污染”的致命性必然性出发被检验。未觉察到的一些蕴含或者隐匿的污染·存在于如下两大对立性边缘之间:先验的/“物界的”本相的/经验的、意向的/非意向的、主动的/被动的、在场的/不在场的、局部的/非局部的、原初的/派生的、纯粹的/不纯粹的，等等。每一边缘震动在其他所有边缘蔓延。差别污染律将其逻辑加之于全书；我感到很奇怪的是:“污染”这个词本身为什么没有从此不断强加于我。 他在每一个辩证性二元对立的结构的缝隙上面都……这种先验计划，它其实总是想要抵抗辩证法，抵抗这个概念二重性的辩证法，dualism，二元对立的辩证法。在抵抗二元对立的辩证法的时候，他总有一种想要看清楚这个二元对立，比如说自然的和观念的，现实的和本质的，还有比如说形式的和real的…… [20]此处未明子所举出的三组二元对立没有一组和前注19所引用的德里达原文所列举的八组二元对立对得上——它们更像是所谓“2”字头的、形而上学的二元对立，而非现象学的二元对立。并且，我们注意到，未明子说“现实的和本质的”“形式的和real的”，“现实的”和“real的”哪怕在未明子的观念里是可区分的，这两者也应该在一律的位置上，然而，它们其中的一个在列举中作为前项，而另一个在列举中作为后项，说明，这三组列举在两项的先后排列上也是不一律的，体现出一种混乱。 这些它的那个板块的间隙上， [21]如前注20所言，未明子所列举的根本不是德里达所介绍的胡塞尔现象学的板块。 总会有一种先验直观的或者先验还原的一种contamination，一种感染，德里达本人用这个词。目光所及，他总会看到有这样的感染，总会有一种还原的欲望啊，reduction，有一种想要看出这种对抗性的架构，它的来源到底是在哪里？那么，这种意识本身，就是一种现象学还原的意向性本身。 所以，我们回过头来，可以这样说，在这个意义上现象学的直观和它的还原，它有一个点是同一件事情，就是在朝向纯粹自我的时候，你在看到这个纯粹自我的时候，你的直观和你的还原是一件事情，it's the same thing。你很难说清楚他到底是直观到的，还是还原到的，它是后撤出来的？创造出来的？是拉开这个距离呢，还是这个距离本身就存在？因为，当你拉开这个主体性后撤的距离的时候……你不拉开，你永远说你没有，你永远不能说你有这个距离；你一旦拉开这个距离，你就总是可以说这个距离本就在那边，本就有个更纯粹的自我在看着这个行动着的自我，并且支配着这个行动着的自我——这个意识行动的我，这个是意识的行动。 [22]此处未明子强调“是意识的行动”，就回到了我们在前注12中所指出的问题。 比如说，你正在回忆“我刚刚脚踩了一下地板”这件事情。然后，你可以在你的回忆里面看到，有一个纯粹自我在回忆，但是，这个时候，当你去这样去判断的时候，一个回忆着的我，和那个观看回忆者的那个纯粹自我之间，就是，我作为回忆者、进行回忆的这么一个行动着的我，还有我作为一个纯粹自我，这个时候，其实，这是个三元关系…… [23]（1/7）我们在此主要援引胡塞尔的《经验与判断》来说明这个问题。如前注4所指出的，《经验与判断》是德里达的《胡塞尔哲学中的发生问题》的第三部分所围绕的文本之一，并且，德里达指出，《经验与判断》是胡塞尔去世前夕所同意出版的文本。

[23]（2/7）如何理解“我回忆‘我刚刚脚踩了一下地板’”是一个“三元关系”？实际上很简单。“回忆着的我”是第一元，而回忆的内容（“我脚踩了一下地板”）的发生具有二重性，即回忆内容的先验发生是第二元，回忆内容的经验发生是第三元。

[23]（3/7）关于回忆内容的先验发生，参考德里达《胡塞尔哲学中的发生问题》第三部分第一章：“存在者，即认识目标，总是应当‘被预先给予’。但是，它不应以任何原来的方式被给予。它必须在‘自身被给予’的明见中，而不是在想象或回忆的简单‘再现’中被给予。”

[23]（4/7）我们只需要换一个例子，让回忆的内容不关涉所谓的“我”，问题就变成了现象学认识论中的“回忆”问题，回忆内容的先验发生与经验发生的二元对立问题。胡塞尔以“另一张桌子”为例，参考胡塞尔《经验与判断》第三章§37：紧接着的一个问题将首先涉及到知觉与作为设定性浮想之回忆的关系，涉及到这种回忆的直观统一性的种类，这种统一性也是当那些相互关联着被统一起来的对象并非在一个知觉中被同时给予，而是一部分在知觉中、一部分在回想中被给予出来以后，才能够存在的。举例来说：我根据知觉看见了我面前的一张桌子，并同时直观地回忆起了先前放在这同一个位置的另一张桌子……

[23]（5/7）……无疑，关于所知觉的东西与所回忆的东西被分离的说法是有一定的道理的。如果我生活在回忆中，那我就具有一种回忆的直观的统一性;所回忆的东西在其中是先于所有比较、区别、联系而存在着的一种“感性地”、在流逝着的各个部分中“直观地”统一起来的东西和自身封闭的东西——只要我恰好生活在一个未中断地保持着的回忆性直观中，只要我不在“一闪念”的混乱中从回忆到回忆地“跳跃”。任何统一的回忆都是自身连续地统一的，并且都在自身中建构起诸对象性的一个有意识的统一性，这是一种直观一感性的统一性：一种我们所说过的，在流逝着的诸部分中的直观性。这就是说，在回忆中对一个长时间绵延着的过程的浏览就像在原初知觉中对这过程的把握一样，也恰好具有相同的结构。正如在后者这里，直观地被意识到的总只是原初的一个阶段，而这个阶段随即又被下一个阶段所取代，并通过保持在手而与下一阶段综合统一起来、同样，在对某个过程的回忆中也是如此，虽然整个过程是统一的、直观的，也就是以其所有阶段而被意指着的，即使永远只有这个过程的一个流逝着的延伸是“真正直观的”……

[23]（7/7）……当然，回忆的封闭性原则是恰好如同刚才我们对知觉所强调的那样的原则，就是说，它是基于时间绵延的某种统一性之上的。这种统一性不仅仅关系到揪出一个被知觉到的单个物或过程并对之作主题性观察，而且已经关系到为这种主动性提供根据的统一现象即“印象”，在印象中，对象性(即使它也可能是多项式的)的某种统一性是感性地被预先给予我们的，是对我们来说被动地在此的。这个原则是一个原初地建构起来的、流而去的构成物。这个构成物，不管它是知觉（原初的感性被给予性）的构成物还是回忆的构成物，它从来都是独立的，并且只有那些视域意向才赋予它与超出其上的客观性、与它作为其中一部分的那个客观世界的关联。（引文止）

[23]（7/7）“一部分在知觉中、一部分在回想中”即“一部分在现象学直观中，一部分在现象学还原中”。“直观统一性”云云关乎回忆内容的经验发生，而“封闭性原则”则关乎回忆内容的先验发生。 好像说，我通过现象学先验直观先验往后撤一步，然后，看到这个之前在回忆着的我的那个里面，回忆的行动里面，有一个纯粹的我在回忆。这是个我，我把它同义成我。但是问题就是说，你在这样做的时候，这是可以无限后撤的，你知道吗？但是，如果现象学给的答案，这就是同一个我。This is the same one，and the only one。这是同一个我。那为什么说它是有三个我呢？因为，你看到那个回忆着的回忆者，他就是纯粹自我，但是，这个时候，你又有一个自我在看他，也就是说，一个纯粹自我在一个先前的看这么一个回忆者的……或者说，就是当下正在回忆着这么一个回忆者的自我的时候，他，看到他自己。这个东西的话，其实就是，你在这里面始终，你观看这个……在这种情况下，你就要说，我操，这个自我是我还原出来呢，还是我直观出来的呢？因为在这个意义上讲的话，我看到回忆者的那个中间的那个意向性的发起者是纯粹自我的话，那么这意味着它本来就在那边，对不对？It’s always there。他本来就是那边，但是，显然他不在那边呀。就是说，回忆者中的那个自我，它是结构性的，在一个和我回忆的内容和我这个回忆行动本身缘结起来的一个主体集，对不对？它是一个处在场景中的，处在行动中的，它是一个缘结起来的。然后，我作为纯粹自我去看这么一个回忆，回忆的意向活动，看到其中有纯粹自我在里面，又会发现，这个纯粹自我是一个绝对原始性的，他是这个回忆的绝对的发起者，他不是回忆当中的一个参与者，他是回忆的发起者，他是使得这个回忆出现的一个力量，明白吗？就是，在这里，有这个genesis的这么一个问题。就是说，这么一个纯粹自我，在一个意向活动当中，他发起意向性，他是个绝对的发起者呢，还是被现象学还原（才）会看到他是……你在现象学直观会看到他是一个……我操，我他妈醉了，你的现象学还原会发现它……就是，在这种情况下，直观性和还原性两个东西短路了。 因为在这个点上，你就会看到这个……畜生啊，一点五阶的那种感觉，你知道吗？我只能说，（这是）一点五阶的。因为，现象学的直观截然单纯的给到你一个实事的看，看到你刚刚正在回忆，你刚刚正在看；而现象学还原则意味着，把你刚刚那个看，包括你刚刚那个看本身的那个还原，也给它放到这个还原里面本身当中去，把它罗列开来。还原，意味着把还原本身和它所还原的对象（都还原出来）……还原本身是零阶的，它所还原的对象是一阶的，然后，它所还原对象内部，对于，比如说，他是一个回忆活动，对于其他东西的回忆是二阶的。然后，这一整个阶次，都会被按照阶次，提供给这个现象学还原。而现象学直观的时候呢，可能则没有这么明显的去获得里面的阶次，因为还原它触及了很多本质性的一些架构在里面。 呃，我要说的就是……我他妈又扯远了，我操，我醉了。我要说的就是说，这么一个genesis的一个问题呢，它使得现象学在它的起点，在纯粹的现象学直观和现象学还原，这两个起点上就出现了问题，在意向性的一个发起当中就出现了问题。那么，如果对于我们普通人要去思考这个问题的话，我觉得下面这个问题是值得被思考的。就是说，我昨天一直举的一个（例子）：纯粹我思，纯粹主体，纯粹先验主体，在胡塞尔看来，或者说其实对于我们所有人来说，如果我们是一个严格的唯我论主体的话，我们得到的只有纯粹的先验主体，然后这个纯粹的先验主体，可以自己发起他自己，自己产生他自己。除此之外，这个纯粹先验主体啊，甚至可以说他什么都没有。但是，我们说可以说（他）有一种微弱的内时间意识，内时间的意向性。这个东西的话，可能对于主体性是必要的，除此之外，基本上，主体性的架构是非常单薄的。 [24](1/2)其实，德里达已经指出，“先验意向性”是不必要的，参考德里达《胡塞尔哲学中的发生问题》第一部分第二章：存在的客观意义完全可以不需要这种心理意向性。但是，存在不是也不需要先验意向性吗？

[24](2/2)值得注意的是，未明子将德里达的这部《胡塞尔哲学中的发生问题》视为对胡塞尔现象学的“拯救”的努力，但其实德里达并未就此“努力”。这部作品作为德里达的毕业论文，它总的来说是一部综述作品。如前注4所指出的，德里达在本书按照时间线索探讨了数部胡塞尔著作，最终宣布了胡塞尔在先验现象学方面的努力的失败。而未明子则由于未读完此书，未能注意到德里达对胡塞尔现象学的宣判，详见后注45。 我举个例子，比如说颜色……我说颜色可能有点，太他妈的……哪一个（例子）会好一点？比如说，对于你的肢体的控制，比如说对你转动眼珠的这么一个控制力，就是眼的运动觉，我为什么要举眼的运动觉？因为普通人大家都可以直接体验到眼的运动觉。然后，下面现象学分析不是非常严格的，我也没有那个能力做到那种严格性，我也不想做到那种严格性。因为我要把这个东西讲的，让大家听得懂。

[25]结果是这些表述既不严格，又没令人听懂。 眼珠转动的这种运动觉，你会觉得它是无条件的吗？你的意识跟上你眼睛转，你会觉得……will you think it's……它不是无条件的呀，它是被给予的，对不对？当然，它可以看成是一种原初被给予性，对不对？它是一种原初被给与，但是，就是说，它是一个原始在那边，原始呈现，原始的给出，它是个“原现前”，它一直在那边，然后，我们能够感觉到我的眼动能力是一直在这边，哪怕我把我眼睛给它剪掉……就是说，眼动能力，它是要，它基本上是在意识当中是没什么痕迹的，对不对？你闭上眼睛，它会有晕眩感……其他身体的运动觉——有很多运动觉，听觉也是运动觉，也包括你的重力觉，如果我们有可能会倾倒……这些身体的运动觉，都会包括在里面。 眼动，你怎么来判断你的眼睛动呢？在很多情况下，我们是感受不到我们的眼睛在动的，这不会作为一个明显的感觉在里面。但是，我们非常自信，对不对？主体是非常自信的。哪怕我像霍金那样全身都瘫痪了，但是我眼珠子能动。什么时候眼珠不能动？你把我眼珠子挖掉，眼珠子不能动了。眼珠子动，会（被）看成和主体非常紧密，好像就仿佛是他天生的，固有的一种能力。但是，问题是，它是被给予的，它可以没有的。可能对一些盲人或者说摘取眼球那些（人），控制这个眼珠转动的那些肌肉，那些神经全部萎缩掉，或者全部摘除掉之后，你没有任何就是结构化的，其他的身体运动觉来验证你的眼动，你也没有其他结构化的视觉本身来验证你的（眼动）。因为我们的视觉的这种晃动，以及视定位的一些变化，可以用来去验证有眼睛的运动觉，眼珠在动，可以反过来……然后，当然我们也对眼珠本身也会有一个结构性的一个把握，但这些都是次要的，都是后面的，高阶的，派生出来的，不管。 我们要说的就是说，眼珠动，或者说，任何一个纯粹的肢体的动，这种东西都会被看成是一个天生固有的东西，都被看成是魔法，你懂吗？it's magic。其实这是魔法，你们没有意识到，就是可以控制身体动啊，特别是眼珠动或者可以控制你的肢体的某部分动，光凭意念就可以让它动。it's magic，it’s magical，它是魔法性的。它是有一种，有一些运动觉的一些意向性给你。然后，你把注意力集中到它，然后你在一个范围谱系里面去调整你的意向注意的这个方式和能力。 比如说你的眼睛要从左动到右边，但问题就是说，你没有控制台呀，你知道吗？

[26]（1/3）于未明子错误地将“绝对起源”与“预期”引为二元对立，并将它来替代“先验发生”和“经验发生”这组二元对立（见前注7、前注8），以及由于他未能区分意向性（intentionality）与意向、意图（intention）（见前注16），导致他把这个例子讲得很含混。

[26]（2/3）在德里达所介绍的胡塞尔现象学中，先验意向性预料着经验发生，即当人的眼珠从左到右转动的时候，是以预料着眼珠如此从左到右转动的先验意向性为内容的先验发生，与物界的（worldly）、经验发生的辩证统一。这就是前注7引文“一切创造都是实现”的一个例证。

[26]（3/3）“控制台”这一比喻就是先验现象学的实际情况——说它“不存在”，是从今天来看的，是从现象学之外来看的。先验意向性对眼球如此从左到右的转动，就好像在游戏手柄中如此操作，而经验发生的眼球从左到右转动就好像游戏的画面内容如此发生。人们如何对“控制台”取得认识？其方法就是“先验直观”与“先验还原”，然而先验直观和先验还原的具体机制是怎样的？这一问题就是未明子前文所说的“致命一击（的问题）”。 这是非常神奇的一件事情。那不说魔法性吧，它是个非常神奇的一件事情。 比如说，我们就说让你的眼珠从左动到右，但是问题是，为什么你脑子里面设想了一个左右的这么一个方向性——这么一个对于方向转动的一个意向性，肢体控制的一个意向性，他就自然而然从左到右了，你的眼珠真的就从左到右了，他反馈的这个视觉，还有他反馈的其他一系列的其他的这些，就验证了他是从左到右的，为什么会如此的神秘呢？为什么我的一个纯意识活动，我的一个纯粹的意向性的方向性的指向，然后，一个定位，这个意识本身它作为焦点定位，在他的整个身体的不同器官上的某一个接口，好像真的有这些接口存在。 所以，这个时候，我们要说真的是有这些定位性的，还有这些控制性的接口存在？只不过，这个控制——不能简简单单把握成控制，它的模式很复杂，它不是说，让我眼睛从左到右，不是这么简单的，还有你的眼睛的定位性，和它的偏转性，偏转的意向性，我们只能体验到他的…… [27]这里说的是，起初，我们在眼球转动后，对这一动作的发生的把握是简单的：“眼球从左到右转动”，然而，我们的认识是可以深化的，我们可以进一步认识到刚才的眼球转动，比如说，是在水平方向转动了10°（即未明子提到的“定位”和“偏转”云云），那么，先验意向性是如何预料着我们对眼球转动的经验发生的深入把握的？我们应该认为先验意向性在哪怕我们对经验发生的把握还没有深入的觉察的情况下就已经包含了一切的在我们所能把握的深度内的丰富信息（现象学直观），还是应该认为先验意向性是随着我们对经验发生的把握的深入，而恰到好处地揭示自身（现象学还原）？这是德里达所提出的问题，参考前注3引文：“所有的东西怎么能够都始于复杂？” 就是说，我们真的要做现象学直观的话，我们只能体验到我们发出的命令是非常简小的，非常简单的，一瞬间的前反（思）的，甚至是下意识、不反思的，就是，我们头脑当中只有一些符号性的东西浮现了：一个声音——“从左到右”，只有一个符号性的意向性，“眼睛从左到右”。当然，这个“眼珠子”这两个字可能没冒在你心里，但是肯定是冒在我跟你对话的时候，我说出这个符号，你的听觉听到了，然后它转化的一种内听觉。当然你可能在动眼珠的时候，你不需要想到这个内听觉，这些声音已经延宕到后面去了。 但是，一直有个意向性，随时准备控制你的眼睛，而且定位好你的眼睛，什么叫定位好你眼睛？是你的整个意识焦点已经定在你的眼珠的控制接口上，准备去控制它的时候。 那么，你要知道，就是说，这个时候的那种发起本身不是我们要讨论，不是我们要把握这个genesis的地方。Genesis（问题）不是要讨论一种纯我性的一种发起，我们要讨论的不是这个，这东西没啥好讨论的，这个东西很空。 我们要讨论的就是说，这些定位框架，就整个身体的定位框架，还有整个这个方向性。它和这个框架的适配，就是这些东西作为他们相互之间确实这样配置的，这些肌肉，这些眼球的那些运动模式，它确实是这样配置好了的。就是，他们之间这种配置关系，就是我脑子里面想，然后我脑子里面把眼珠从左定位到右一个意向性，把它定位一下，然后真的去实施这个定位性之后，它恰恰正好就真的是和他的运动的发起，完全是，你不需要去调这个软件，你不需要去写这个软件，这里面这些接口和它的这个框架之间的一个对应关系——这个意识接口是你想你朝它用力，它就能……就是——这种对应关系，是一直在的，你知道吗？一直在的。就是叫“原现前的”，一直在那边的。甚至，我们的意向性会觉得，它比我的纯粹我思的存在都要在先。好像他妈的在我尚未会控制我的眼球之前，眼球的控制就已经会了。眼球在我的主动的符号性的思维和我的这种注意力集中到让我的眼球动之前，这个意向性之前，还有这种有意识的去控制我的眼球的这种学习性的行为之前。 外面的，比如说，我想要吃东西的意向性，我想要去听到声响，我想要去注意的这些意向性，就已经会操纵我的眼球了，它就已经会定位我的身体，已经会协调我的这种定位的和这个事实上的和它的运动模式的左右关系方位关系的，它已经先协调好了，这东西早就在那边了，它早就在里面了。 所以我要讲的就是说，在这种情况下，当你说一种纯粹自我，他可以通过一系列复杂的机制，把这整个这个体系给它建构出来，其实是蛮没有说服力的，你知道吗？你说他是完全是genesis，一种发生学，纯粹自我发生，然后在这个意义上构造出的所有整个这些，控制性的结构，或者是支配性的结构，而且都是恰到好处的，天然的连接好的这结构，不像那么回事。而且很明显，这里面没有一些反思性的过程去建构这些东西。你说他是被动综合？就是说，在这里，会使得这个genesis向现象学提出一个非常重大的一个问题，它的问题其实还是来自于康德a priori synthesis，就是先天综合问题。

[28]（1/2）未明子说：“它的问题其实还是来自于康德‘a priori synthesis’，就是先天综合问题。”这一说法四平八稳地正确，也四平八稳地没有说出任何进一步的内容。对于德里达而言，重要的是发展或者改造这个“来自于康德”的“先天综合”概念（“验前综合”，a priori synethesis）。德里达指出：“在康德那里，经验与先天（验前）互不相容。”而在黑格尔和胡塞尔那里，“是先天综合（验前综合）使全部经验和全部经验意义成为可能。”

[28]（2/2）参考德里达《胡塞尔哲学中的发生问题》“前言”：“康德在驳斥休谟时曾经很好地指出，没有知性的验前形式的作用，整个判断就会失去其必然性特征。我们不由此进人某些历史分析，而简单指出康德只称数学范畴判断为‘验前综合判断’。这些判断确切地说是那些规避发生的判断。它们的综合不是‘实在的’，至少在康德心目中是这样。就它们不诞生于实际历史经验之中，它们不是被经验构成的而言，它们是验前的。在某种意义上，在康德那里，经验与验前互不相容。所有发生的意义都是现象意义。发明不是绝对的证实。因而，它不是实在的发明。所有经验发生判断的意义都是建构的对象，因此，从本质上说是不确定的。起码在这一点上，我们会对黑格尔的康德批判准确地预示着胡塞尔的观点感到吃惊：远不是被称为‘现象’的排除了验前综合的实在的经验，而是验前综合（例如且很一般地讲，思想的与实在的，意义的与感性的）使全部经验和全部经验意义成为可能。”（在《胡塞尔哲学中的发生问题》的于奇智译本中，“transcendental”被翻译为“先验的”、“先验性的”或“先验论的”；“a priori”被翻译为“验前的”，意为“在经验之先的”“不来自经验的”。） 虽然现象学看上去像一种经验主义，像一种实证主义。虽然现象学试图用一种纯粹我思，然后以一种反思性的方式去观察所有的结构，然后去验证这里面所有的这些它的建构性的一些环节。但是问题就是说，一种意向性，它必须在某种意义上它是一种先天综合，而这种先天综合，则被视为是没有起源的。

[29]关于先天综合的起源，参考胡塞尔《经验与判断》第一章§8：“世界对于我们总是已经有知识以各种各样的方式在其中起过作用的世界；因而毫无疑问，没有任何经验是在某种物的经验的最初素朴的意义上给出的，那种最初把握这个物、将它纳入知识中来的经验，关于这个物所已经‘知道’的仅止于它进入了知识而已。任何在本来意义上总是有所经验的经验，即当某物自身被观看时的经验，都不言而喻地、必然地具有正是对于此物的某种知识和共识，也就是对于此物的这样一种在经验尚未观看到它时即为它所固有的特性的某种知识和共识。这种前识在内容上是未规定的或未完全规完的 但决不是完会空洞的，如果不同时承认这一点，那么一般经验就不会是有关一物和有关此物的经验了。” 你在这些定位关系，你说我可以看到他们一直在那边。但是，你可以看到你，包括你可以看到你对他们的一直在那边的那种看里面，可以看到一个现象学主体这个身影。但是，这些东西本身它是没有起源的，这结果本身是没有起源的。 所以，我觉得你要把握何为起源，你不是说：“哎呀，比如说，我可以发起我的眼动，我可以发起我的内听觉，我可以发起我的身体的定位。”他妈的，这不算什么，我也可以，我也可以现在发起让我的右脚的这个小拇指动一动，我也可以发起这个定位，怎么怎么样，我一直会在里面看到一个我思，一个行动着、活动的一个主动，一个我思。但是，这并没有办法让你把握起源。 什么东西可以让你把握起源？就是没有起源，起源的缺失，起源的不在场。那先天综合的结构在身体心里面。其实这种先天综合是很容易被发现的。你的眼动和外部视觉的这种，注意力的这种意向性，它们之间的这种综合关系，我操，它可以说是先天综合，它没有一个你可以发现它的起源。You can't find its genesis，you're unable to find its genesis。你可以说，他们就是这样连接的，他们就是视觉和眼动之间，眼动觉和视注意觉之间，就是他妈的无脑就是连接起来，然后他就是这些里面的必然性啊，就都是先天的，就那边就有必然性。 那问题就来了，就是说，当然，这种在康德那边被看成是没有起源的结构……

[30]这里指的是在康德哲学中，发生没有康德意义上的“先天综合”的基础。见前注11所引文：“在康德那里，经验与验前互不相容。所有发生的意义都是现象意义。”另外参考德里达《胡塞尔哲学中的发生问题》：“我们简单指出，康德只称数学范畴判断为“验前综合判断”。这些判断确切地说是那些规避发生的判断。它们的综合不是“实在的”，至少在康德心目中是这样。” 这种没有起源的先天综合的这些意向性，如何能够被再重新整合到胡塞尔现象学的那个框架体系里面去的呢？ 也就是，说在这个意义上讲，这些东西的起源，就是说，他们起源了他们自己，你知道吗？ 就是，这些东西，他们起源了他们自己，他们同时也解释了他们自己，of itself by itself。就是set off of itself and by itself，或者用他自己的话说就是说， an invention ‘itself’ itself，它两个介词都框起来了。

[31]未明子原话如此。未明子将“itself”介词化了，“两个介词”指前文的“of and by”。两个介词框起来，就是说，itself介词化了，意义为“of and by”。 在这种情况下的话，你必须要去为先验象学置入一个辩证的起源的结构，否则你就没有办法为这个现象主体和这些我们说可以说意识结构，或者说它一直有的这些结构之间的一个关系，做出有真正的一个先验还原，或者说现象学还原，一个哲学性的界说。 在这种情况下的话，你必须要去为先验象学置入一个辩证的起源的结构，否则你就没有办法为这个现象主体和这些我们说可以说意识结构，或者说它一直有的这些结构之间的一个关系，做出有真正的一个先验还原，或者说现象学还原，一个哲学性的界说。 就是有定位力。你了解吗？而且，它是靠一个纯符号学机制哦，纯符号性的机制。你有意识的要控制某个身体，你一定要靠符号性的一个网络去获得定位呀，而这个符号学网络和身体本身的那个定位的那个因果域，它们又不是同一个网络，they are not the same one。也就是说，在这个意义上讲，符号学对于身体的阉割是得到可以被得到把握的。 那么，这个阉割的一个起点，或者缝合点，就是这个genesis。genesis最后被缝在主体性上面，genesis最后再被缝到主体上面，被缝到先验我思上面啊，以及实际上是被缝到主体的时间性体验上。他的自我时间的一个，我一直在这边，我在这边就一直在这边，你发现自我存在，其实就发现他一直存在。 但是，实际上它只是临时创造出它自己，但是，它临时创造出他自己和发现自己一直存在，这个东西就是个辩证性的。就是他的自我的genesis。他可以说是实时不停的生成自己，也可以说是他已经一直是在那边，他是在一个符号性背景性的一个时间性网络里面，是这个temporary order里面一直在那边。 所以，德里达就需要帮助胡塞尔说把一种辩证主义引入到他的整个结构里面。第一章是把它引入到意识对象“诺伊玛”的时间性，

[32]“诺伊玛”（英文、德文同：Noema），在《胡塞尔哲学中的发生问题》的于奇智译本后附的“术语表”中译为“意识对象”，在前注11所提及的《观念I》后附的“对照表”译为“意象对象”。在德里达本书中，“意识对象”的时间性是在第二部分被讨论的，第二部分第一章的标题就叫“意识对象的时间性与发生的时间性”。 然后又引入到“发生的时间性”。讨论什么“最初印象““验前综合”这些东西，其实就我刚刚讲的那些东西，只不过他讲的更他妈更精确，更精道吧，更抽象。然后还有一点，就是“悬置”和“发生”本身就不可被还原了，悬置本身不能被还原。然后，最后再尝试着去做一种先验逻辑学。那么，这本书我没有读。最后是“自我的发生构成与向新的先验的观念论形式过渡” ，

[33]（1/3）此处，未明子作低头看书状，“自我的发生构成与向新的先验的观念论形式过渡”是他所读出的《胡塞尔哲学中的发生问题》的第三部分第二章的标题（于奇智译本将“观念论”翻译为“相型论”，未明子将之还原为通常的说法）。

[33]（2/3）未明子说这一章是“最后”的，他在前文也说“最后，再尝试着做一种先验逻辑学”，指的也是第三部分的内容。如前注4所言，德里达其书有四部分，但未明子在打开了目录照着念章节标题的情况下，依然始终将第三部分的内容称为“最后”的，这一点令人在意而又费解。我们推测，这是因为第四部分的章节标题较少使用现象学概念（但并非不使用），并且出现了“哲学史”字样，显得不那么“高大上”，如果讲出来，反而难以取得虚张声势的效果。

[33]（3/3）本书第四部分的章节标题如下：第四部分 目的学——历史的意义与意义的历史；第一章 哲学的诞生与危机；第二章 哲学的首要任务：发生的再激活；第三章 哲学史与先验动机。 他最后又补充了一个新的先验观论形式，

[34]（1/2）德里达所阐述的“新的观念论形式”即“目的学观念论”。它在第三部分第二章被揭示出来，并在第四部分被深入表述。正是由于没有阅读全书，因此，未明子难以识别出第四部分的大标题“目的学”这一概念的重要性。然而，考虑到未明子将“目的论”作为“主义主义”四大维度的一个维度的理论取向，此处未明子对“目的学”一词的忽视仍然是令人震惊的。

[34]（2/2）关于德里达在其书第三部分第二章所提及的“新的观念论形式”，参考德里达《胡塞尔哲学中的发生问题》第三部分第二章：“我们对下面这一点不要感到惊讶，在《笛卡尔式沉思》中，当胡塞尔把现象学表达为绝对科学，表达为所有可能科学的基础、存在于历史上和在文化中被构成的所有的科学的基础时，他意指着新的“相型”即目的学相型。目的学相型将为他提供生成意义，而生成意义自身不为任何生成所构成。”

我他妈没看完，所以我不知道他到底在做什么。有机会可以把这本书读完。 好的，那么我要讲的就是，他试图通过这种方式来拯救胡塞尔的整个现象学的一个大厦。 我的学术，现象学能力是有限的，我必须在这里要承认。关键是我没时间，。其实，我也不后悔我没有投入很多时间在里面，我也不后悔我没有特别擅长这方面。然后，按照我的一个基本理解，就是说现象学，后面算是有人给他擦屁股，那就是德里达给他擦屁股，就是年轻时候德里达。 虽然他把没有了这个verification的那种纯粹的invention，或者innovation，纯粹的发起，纯粹的凭空出现，一个纯粹的后撤，或者说纯粹的悬置，他把这些通通通叫“死亡”，death。因为这些东西没有被置入一个符号系统里面，它不是活的，它没有置入一个背景框架里面，它没有和其他前后东西发生关联、连接。 然后，这本书里面，其实有很多讨论是非常有意思的……还有的人要笑了，我操，你竟然认为这个德里达早期不成熟的一个作品是非常有意思。我觉得，关键点在于就是说，这是个桥梁，它能够使得黑格尔和胡塞尔能够连起来，（借由）发生问题。

[35]参考前注22引文：“起码在这一点上，我们会对黑格尔的康德批判准确地预示着胡塞尔的观点感到吃惊：远不是被称为‘现象’的排除了验前综合的实在的经验，而是验前综合（例如且很一般地讲，思想的与实在的，意义的与感性的）使全部经验和全部经验意义成为可能。” 就是说，我觉得，对于一个就是智力高峰差不多在二十二岁左右，读这本书的话，我觉得是很“轻悄悄”的。

[36]未明子原话如此，应为“轻飘飘”的口误。“轻飘飘”的“飘飘”和“静悄悄”的“悄悄”具有同样的声调和韵母，而与“轻”搭配表达相关语义的词汇还有“轻巧”、“轻俏”等借由声母q表达的词语，两相结合从而产生这一口误。 但是我很抱歉，我蹉跎了几年岁月，然后去他妈研究什么……哎，我也不知道我自己去研究啥去了，可能学了很多杂学，这个东西学的不够精深。 但是，让我去读这本书的话，我也可以差不多花两个星期帮你们讲完。就是让我再上手，其实没什么技术含量。但是，我在想的一件事情是……好吧，他使得现象学被敞开了，但是这是最后一次，据我所知，严肃的努力，其他人都不是很严肃的。先验现象学的计划，我要说的就是，对于先验现象学的一个拯救。因为，他实际上是用这个辩证法。当然，辩证法在这里是作为一种形式逻辑，形式逻辑是个垃圾东西，形式逻辑在胡塞尔那边是个low逼东西，因为这个东西它意味着它是某种worldly，你是某种natural something natural but it's formal，但是它是形式性。it's formal。也就是说在这个意义上，你可以看称是it's structural啊，它是结构化的形式逻辑辩证法。它作为一个formal的这个形式逻辑，它其实是站在worldly和natural这一边的，它是站在生活世界，或者站在矬的，不行的，俗的那种，跳跃性的，偶然的，凡俗的那一边的。德里达想用这种辩证法去拯救先验辩证法。他想用这种辩证法去拯救先验逻辑，或者说想要通过这种方式取消先验逻辑，想要去把先验罗格斯，或者叫罗格斯，就是元罗格斯，罗格斯中心主义取消掉。然后保留胡塞尔的一些方法和胡塞尔的一些主体性本体论上的一些假设。就是，换一个核，用这个形式逻辑的辩证法。这种辩证法大体是一种历史主义的一种辩证法，然后，生成论的，genetic，生成论的，生成性的一种辩论法，然后呃就是辩证法本身。但这个辩证法只有形式是一个非常干枯的辩证法。但是，这种非常就是这里很有意思，这种非常干枯的辩证法，它是关于formal and real的辩证法。但是它本身是站在它是一种formal的辩证法。 你自己去看这本书吧，你不感兴趣，我跟你讲了也没有意义，对不对？你自己去看这个《胡塞尔哲学中的发生问题》。我说了，他就是要拯救胡塞尔，

[37]见后注45引文。

就是要使得胡塞尔的遗产可以换个内核，还能跑，跑起来之后，大家能去吸收里面的有用的东西。并且试图把胡塞尔晚年对于时间意识和对于这个，用时间性、时间意识，想要去调和先验逻辑的这种努力，由那我直接把你现象学逻辑删掉，然后换个形式逻辑去。就相当于是那个本来这个叫什么，本来他是钢铁侠之间转的一个什么很挫的一个东西，是一个核动力的。

[38]指的是钢铁侠胸前的“方舟反应堆”。 然后，就像德里达自己说，他在这个努力尝试当中，他看到的是一种青年学生的热忱，青年学生的一个哲学世界的一个抉择，一个志愿。

[39]见后注40引文。 他的抉择志愿就是，他不认为胡塞尔的先验主义，就是一种彻头彻尾脱离整个历史情境的先验主义。他认为胡塞尔先验主义本身是一种生活性的，历史性的，是一个事件，但是，是一个宣称和历史本身断裂的事件，这个事件是rooted in history，在是在历史当中的。但是，它是as rootless，它作为无根的东西，奠基在历史当中，它是历史自身的断裂。 就是，先验现象学，本身是历史自身的断裂，所以，德里达他在导论里面让我印象深刻的，就是说，我们要对于这个genesis，你要获得一个philosophy of genesis，你要就要反过来，要得到一个，你要得到这个，你必须要得到genesis of philosophy。对于我们刚刚所说的那个起源问题或者是发生问题的一个哲学，你必须自创一门哲学。但是这个philsop op genecial philosophy它本身是历史性的。但是这个历史本身它是会断裂的，不一致的。 但是这个计划是个幼稚的计划，德里达自己回过头去。过了几十年之后，看了，他发现这是个幼稚计划。it's a naive project，它是个注定失败的计划。但是它是个计划哦，但是他没有铺延得很深。我不知道后来他有没有写关于这些东西的文本。

[40]（1/2）关于后续的文本，德里达提到两部著作，即《胡塞尔<几何学的起源>引论》（1962）和《声音与现象》（1967）。参考德里达《胡塞尔哲学中的发生问题》“致读者”（1990）：“数年后，乃至在《胡塞尔<几何学的起源》引论》(1962)和《声音与现象》(1967)中，我追随着如此的解读；那么，‘辩证法’这个词要么以彻底消失，要么甚至以指示这样一种东西而结束，而延异、起源增补和踪迹就必须以没有或远离这种东西而得到思考，这也许正是一种信号：在哲学的与政治的版图上，在50年代的法国，一个哲学大学生力图选定其志业方向。”

[40]（2/2）值得一提的是，未明子是读到过这一1990年“序言”的，例如他关于“污染”的论述，见前注15处原文，以及关于“一个青年学生的选择”的论述，见前注32处原文。并且，后者就出自这段话。此外，他在本篇前文中也提及了《声音与现象》这部书。为什么此处却又不知道了呢？ 我对德里达的文本……但是我知道德里达后面所谓的解构主义，他里面他说了，他自己中了这个毒嘛，先验现象学是毒嘛，到处都会有这种辩证性的涌出。但这种辩证法是一种准现象学的辩证法。它可以说是一个年轻的灵魂，在一个干枯的身体上长出来的新生命。他的自己的哲学，德里达自己后期的哲学里面，他也追求超语言，他也希望一种准现象学的，准先验的那种方法，用辩证式的一些讨论，得到一种超语言，他自己俨然就获得一个超语言，俨然就好像可以用某种神妙的，奇异的辩证法去捕捉那个不可能的历史瞬间，或者说不叫瞬间了，就是瞬间的痕迹，或者残余，或者是，whatever他的延异啊，他的还有是那个什么起源的增补啊，他妈的，类似这些概念。

[41]见前注40引文。 这是一个不成熟的计划。然后，这本小书的一半，其实只有一半，你把它导言和他的那个和他的最后的那个后记去掉，可能只有一百多页，只有一百页出头，你就可以了解这个计划。

[42]（1/2）德里达这本《胡塞尔哲学中的发生问题》没有“后记”，“后记”大概指的是1990年前言，无论是中文版还是英文版，它都作为前言（Preface）出现。 关于本书篇幅，以中文版（2019年）而言，1953-54年前言“发生主题与主题发生”有40页。正文“引论”从41页开始，末章至291页止，约250页；以英文版而言，英文版将1953-54年前言另编页码，而其正文有214页。无论如何这都是一本二百多页的书，而不是“一百多页”的书。

[42]（2/2）另外，1953-54年前言“发生主题与主题发生”是相当关键的文本。事实上，我们可以看到，未明子主要依据了这40页的文本讲录了本期视频。未明子怎么能够劝别人读这本书的时候“去掉”它呢？ 但是，我建议你去读英文版，因为中文版翻的时候他的语序排列，还有各种词的那种，你看不出他的那个词性啊，就很烦，阅读起来体验非常差。我看了五页中文版之后……这本书我买了两本，我竟然买了两本——我看了五页之后，我还是去下pdf看英文版了，它是蛮值得学习的一本书。 有人会耻笑我说，讲胡塞尔讲这么多期。我要重复一遍，我知道他的先验计划是失败的，我立场本来不是这个。当然，我小时候是读这个东西启蒙的，或者说，适配这种思维习惯，思维方式。但是，后来我自己基本上完全抛弃这个处理体系。我也自己后边去转向某种实用主义姿态的，然后又转向，最后又转向辩证法和精神分析了。所以说，我并不是说特别就觉得先验哲学，它一定会成功啊，你看它的起点处都要用一种准先验的一个这个辩论法来取代的。 那么，最后我们来谈一下它的格，前面三个都基本上不变。在场域论上，稍微要变一下，就是形而上versus形而下。 （形而下这边的）词就比如说worldly， history ，

[43]（1/5）未明子将“历史”（history）列在“形而上VS形而下”场域论矛盾的“形而下”一端，这不符合德里达所介绍的胡塞尔现象学的情况。将“历史”列在“形而下”一端，意味着“反历史哲学”。然而，这不符合德里达所介绍的胡塞尔现象学的情况。

[43]（2/5）未明子自己已经说过“（《胡塞尔哲学中的发生问题》这本书）它能够使得黑格尔和胡塞尔能够连起来”，见前注35处原文。而历史哲学观念正是二者所得以联系的结点之一。我们已经引及德里达认为胡塞尔哲学与黑格尔哲学之间具有相似性的文本，参考前注22。此处，我们再引用德里达《胡塞尔哲学中的发生问题》的一些段落。比如“前言”：“发生哲学将在方法上和习惯上向我们显露哲学史与历史哲学这两个含义世界固有的不可分割性的根本蕴含。”

[43]（3/5）再比如第四部分第三章的第一句话：“历史的全部意义都从意向合理性得来，而意向合理性秘密推动着该意义。哲学相型,即对该合理性的模糊揭示,闯人欧洲人性之中。先验现象学在其规划中与此相型生活本身是为一体的。”

[43]（4/5）将“历史”划分在“形而下”的一端，反映出未明子对德里达这部书的观点的深刻误解。这一误解固然由于——如未明子自己所声称的那样，他没有读完德里达的这本书。然而，它恐怕也部分地由于，未明子对于自己所声称自己所“转向”的黑格尔的辩证法和历史哲学的把握，有着某种深层次的误解。

[43]（5/5）正如我们在前注33注意到的，未明子在翻到《胡塞尔哲学中的发生问题》这本书的目录时，对包含“目的学”“历史哲学”字样的第四部分视而不见这件事，它和未明子将“history”划分在“形而下”的一端这件事之间，有着一个未明子是如何看待“历史哲学”这一概念的共同基础。 这边右边形而上的呢，就是 transcendental，还有idea，观念这个维度。那么，这个时候，先验“我思”这个subject，主体，站到这边（形而上）来了。而life，生命站在这里（形而下），那么调和它的是dialectic，辩证法，甚至可以说是一种结构主义，其实是辩证法，其实更精确讲辩证法，但是这个辩证法有点结构主义化的倾向。因为这个辩证法会看成是纯形式的。当然，说他是纯形式的，就是说，如果我们对辩证法用现象学……这里就在于就是说，只有在先验现象学的视角下的辩证法会变成结构主义，在先验现象学的那个本质直观，本质还原之下，辩证法本身会变成一种空洞无物的一种本质，一种结构，结构主义。一种很挫的一种东西，一个，他妈的，只是变戏法，换词项的一种纯粹游戏，非常没有原初自所予的那种东西，一种把戏，一种垃圾玩意，没有本质的一个蛇皮东西。 嗯，你们的讨论辩证法的本质the essence of dialectics，是有点，Is ridiculous。妈的，如果胡塞尔而活着的话，因为它的本质addols这个东西你你不太有矛盾性，你知道吗？ 我们辩证法本身的本质是一个ridiculous，但是，德里达就用辩证法过来，来调和这两者，然后调和的方式就是建构一种发生学——“gensis”……”genesisology” 吧？

[44]板书如此（“发生”的正确拼写是“genesis”）。随后，由于拼不出带“-ology”词根的“发生学”一词，未明子在板书上划掉了这个词。按，德里达其书中没有借助“-ology”词根的“发生学”一词。被于奇智译为“发生学”字样的词，在英译本中，名词使用的是“genetics”，副词使用的是“genetically”。 我不知道怎么说，我不知道“发生学”怎么拼——建构一种发生学，它是通过辩证法。但这个辩证法实际上它除了是符号性的……就是，这个辩证法。他可以看成是一个历史，就是，这断裂的历史，一个断裂的，不断生成的一个历史。但实际上这个东西也也是主体性，它除了主体性之外，它又是什么呢？只不过它不再是个先验的主体性，它不再是个先验主体性。因为断裂的历史性，断裂的历史，这个东西可以在理论姿态里面不停的给予这种断裂性的是什么呢？还是“我思”啊，还是一个不停思考着的“我思”。只不过这个主体，我甚至可以说，它是一个主体化的一个机制，历史性的主体化机制。这个主体化机制意味着，使得空泛的，空洞的这个符号性的二元对立中，可以散逸出一种生命和死亡的一种……就是它可以这个生命和死亡，然后它可以牵出很多充足的问题域或者什么。 但是，它最后还是会是空洞的。这个计划是失败的。我不想去看完它。因为这个计划肯定是失败的，

[45]德里达的这部《胡塞尔哲学中的发生问题》，是一部“综述”式的著作。它并没有为胡塞尔建构什么。由于未明子未能读完这本书，因此他以为德里达在“拯救”胡塞尔现象学（未明子多次提到“拯救”，我们仅注出一处，见前注37处原文），并宣判德里达的失败。然而，德里达只是综述了胡塞尔现象学，并由德里达自己宣判了胡塞尔现象学的失败。参考德里达《胡塞尔哲学中的发生问题》第三部分第一章：“此哲学反思没有完成，不论胡塞尔说什么，朝向原初的行程好像注定要失败。” 最后肯定是空洞的。然后你只能用一些时间性的一些结构啊，或者是用一些什么……一些兜了一个网，再兜一个网，再报一个网，最后没东西给它扎起来，妈的手一松全散掉了，还是这屌样的。我的个人判断。因为我这本书没读完，所以，我给他最后目的论上就给一个“4”。其它两个不变，然后，在目的论上就是“4”。 就是，什么来摧毁的他们之间那个三元关系呢？就是原初运动。因为这个辩证法其实就是很空洞一个辩证法，然后它就是原初运动。那么，德里达自己在这本书里面就是一种就是那种客观的先验现象学姿态，他是不能够去承认，在纯粹，就先验的纯粹的这个直观现象学直观和现象学还原当中，他看到最后可以看到一种原初运动，他不会承认的。他不会承认他会断裂的，他不会承认这里面有一种原初运动在场。 这种原初运动，它是去主体化的，它会认识论化，但是它本身是本体性的，它是将会认识论化，它能够会让你体验到的，没错，但是，这个原初运动或者这种原初差异，它是先于符号学注册的，就这么简单，或者说，它是使得符号学注册的过程当中一定会出现二元对立的，没办法，这种原初运动会使得二元对立不可避免，然后才会使得你在先验现象学的根基上要制入一种辩证法。这个辩证法置入的话，胡塞尔说，我操天塌了，没了，一切都毁了，完了，大清完了啊，我大现象学完了，这种原初差异、原初运动是无条件的，它会在最底层是种绝对运动，而且这种自在的绝对运动。 那么，所以，从这一项从这个底色来看，它是一种唯物主义啊，它是种唯物主义改造，唯物主义尝试，

[45]德里达相信自己的这部著作是一种唯心主义的尝试。他提到他的同学、越南哲学家陈德草的著作《现象学与辩证唯物主义》（Phenomenology and Dialectical Materialism，1951）。德里达认为自己的这部作品中的“辩证法”概念是超越“唯物辩证法”的。参考德里达《胡塞尔哲学中的发生问题》“致读者”（1990）：“辩证法，一种‘原初辩证法’。该词一页又一页地再三重现。不断高涨的‘辩证法’企图超越辩证物论（例如常常被引用且未经充分判断的陈德草辩证法，仍是‘形而上学的囚徒’）。”

因为它承认一种原初差异，原初运动。他当然我们不会说他有任何载体，因为他自己就是他自己在他自在的，itself，这东西本身就是会被说成……如果他会被符号化的话，他如果参与符号化，在符号化当中，以符号性的差异产生的话，那就是延异，说试延异如果可以试的话啊，他当然不能够试延异了，他没办法试延异啊。 那么要进一步去探讨，这目的论就是四，因为他把他那个调和，那个不断的反思性的自我把握的获得绝对确定性的那个调和，而且绝对本质性的确定性的那个调和给他催败掉了。没办法，你的自我的统握，反思性的自我把握，他把不住的，你hold不住，水太深，你hold不住，你知道吗？这是虚假的。这是死亡。你这样去反思性的统握住你自己的这么一瞬间，其实你是不在生命的，you are dead。You are not alive从一种原初运动角度来说，你的主体性在此刻是死的。你这种纯粹，在这个意义上讲，就使得胡塞尔的先验哲学先验现象学变成一种恋尸癖。他所说的那种原初目光，自我直视，自我澄明的澄清的那种自我看自己，看自己，是死。it's dead，直到你要把它说的时候，你说，为什么你会说他是清澈的澄明的。其实因为他是恐怖的，他是可怕的，他是恶心的，他是令你逃避的，你的意识把真正看的东西全部清空压抑掉了，这种原初运动。（其失败）不可避免的。 好吧，那就讲到这边。我觉得就是说，现象学的话，在我的心路历程里面，就是德里达给他收尾的。所以说，这本书我买回来没看，但是我小时候看过他的前言部分的一半，我买两本嘛都没看。在我看来，而且，据我看了好多那个期刊论文，还包括我自己对哲学史了解，先验现象学是失败的计划，是failed，但是可以用来锻炼你的哲学思维能力啊，其实门槛不高，它的术语体系行话体系，你掌握了之后跟你讨论我装机器，装什么CPU，其实什么差不多的，什么总线啊，什么PCIE啊，妈的，差不多，这玩意。你只要愿意花个几十个小时去把这几本胡塞尔的书看一看。德里达拉这本书，其实也可以看一看。胡塞尔的思维是拒斥辩证法，当然，德里达说在胡塞尔（现象学的）底层是把握到一种辩证法的。好的，那就讲到这里。

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笺注参考文献： [德]胡塞尔 著； 李幼蒸 译. 纯粹现象学通论[M]. 北京：商务印书馆，1992. [德]胡塞尔 著；[德]兰德格雷贝 编；邓晓芒 等译. 经验与判断——逻辑谱系学研究[M]. 北京：生活·读书·新知三联书店，1999. [法]雅克·德里达 著；于奇智 译. 胡塞尔哲学中的发生问题[M]. 北京：商务印书馆，2019. Jacques Derrida； translated by Marian Hobson. The Problem of Genesis in Husserl’s Philosophy[M]. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. 2003.

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Originalni tekst na net.hr

05.12.2024 / Autor: Katarina Plantak

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Vrijednost Bitcoina po prvi put je premašila 100.000 dolara. Ova kriptovaluta svoj masovni rast može na neki način zahvaliti reizboru Donalda Trumpa za američkog predsjednika. On je najavio blaži regulatorni pristup kripto industriji.

Što je Bitcoin?

Bitcoin (BTC) je kriptovaluta (virtualna valuta) dizajnirana da djeluje kao novac i oblik plaćanja izvan kontrole bilo koje osobe, grupe ili entiteta. Time nema potrebe za sudjelovanjem pouzdane treće strane npr. kovnice novca ili banke u financijskim transakcijama. Osoba ili grupa pod pseudonimom Satoshi Nakamoto 31. listopada 2008. objavila je tehnički dokument pod nazivom "Bitcoin: Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System". Taj je dokument distribuiran na kriptografsku mailing listu, samo mjesec dana nakon što je investicijska banka Lehman Brothers podnijela zahtjev za najveći bankrot u povijesti SAD-a, a vlada odobrila financijsku pomoć od 700 milijardi dolara.

Nekoliko mjeseci kasnije, 3. siječnja 2009., Bitcoin mreža pokrenula se, uvodeći novi sustav decentralizirane digitalne valute bez središnjeg posrednika.

Tko su osnivači Bitcoina?

Bitcoin je rezultat desetljeća razvoja kriptografije i ideja Cypherpunka iz 1970-ih, s projektima poput B-money, Bit Gold, eCash i HashCash.

Godine 2006., osoba ili grupa pod pseudonimom Satoshi Nakamoto započela je rad na Bitcoinu. Iako su kriptografi poput Hal Finneya, Nicka Szaba, Weija Daija i Adama Backa povezivani sa Satoshijem, svi su to negirali.

Satoshi je surađivao s programerima do 2010., kada je predao kontrolu nad izvornim kodom i 2011. nestao iz javnosti. Danas stotine programera razvijaju Bitcoin, koji ima zajednicu od milijun korisnika.

Kako funkcionira Bitcoin?

Bitcoin se može brzo i sigurno prenijeti na svakoga s Bitcoin adresom poput računa bilo gdje u svijetu, bez potrebe za dopuštenjem ili plaćanjem nepotrebnih naknada. BTC je jedinica valute u Bitcoin sustavu za koju postoji ograničena količina od 21 milijun. Svaki je Bitcoin djeljiv na 100 milijuna "satoshis" ili "sats" – najmanja jedinica Bitcoina, poput centa u dolaru. Bitcoini djeluju kao elektronički novac, omogućujući vam da izvršite plaćanje s univerzalnom valutom bilo gdje. Nalazi se u tzv. novčanicima u digitalnoj verziji. On funkcionira slično kao bankovni račun. Transakcije su moguće zahvaljujući peer-to-peer mreži. Osigurane su sustavom kriptografije javnog i privatnog ključa, objašnjava Kriptomat.

Bitcoin koristi kriptografiju javnog i privatnog ključa za sigurne transakcije. Javna adresa, izvedena iz "hasha" javnog ključa, koristi se za primanje sredstava. Privatni ključ služi kao digitalni potpis odnosno svojevrsna lozinka za autorizaciju transakcija i omogućava pristup sredstvima, pa ga treba čuvati u tajnosti.

Korisnik pokreće transakciju unosom javne adrese primatelja u svoj novčanik. Novčanik koristi privatni ključ za stvaranje digitalnog potpisa, čime se transakcija ovjerava i šalje na Bitcoin mrežu. Transakcija prvo ulazi u "mempool", gdje čeka potvrdu. Svakih desetak minuta, transakcije se grupiraju u blokove, koji se dodaju na blockchain, stvarajući neprekinuti lanac sigurnih zapisa.

Sigurnost sustava je toliko snažna da bi hakiranje jedne adrese trajalo milijardama godina.

Blockchain

Bitcoin je revolucionarno riješio problem dvostruke potrošnje, omogućujući prijenos sredstava izravno između korisnika bez posrednika. Zamislite mrežu stranaca, gdje svaki vodi vlastitu knjigu računa. Kada netko prenese 1 BTC, svi zapisuju transakciju i uspoređuju bilješke. Ako se sve podudaraju, transakcija se potvrđuje. Ako netko pokuša prevariti, njegova bilješka se odbacuje.

Ovaj sustav knjiga računa, distribuiran na globalnoj mreži, čini osnovu Bitcoin blockchaina. Svaki čvor ima identičnu kopiju koja javno i pseudonimno bilježi sve transakcije, osiguravajući točnost i sigurnost bez potrebe za skupim posrednicima.

Zašto je Bitcoin jedinstven i što mu daje vrijednost?

Bitcoin je revolucionirao digitalni novac stvaranjem decentraliziranog, sigurnog i otpornog sustava bez potrebe za posrednicima. Njegov kod omogućuje daljnje inovacije, a povremeno dolazi do "račvanja" koje stvara nove kriptovalute temeljene na Bitcoinu, iako one nikada ne mogu biti isti Bitcoin.

Njegova ključna snaga leži u decentralizaciji – nema središnje figure niti točke neuspjeha. Bitcoin se pokazao kao otporan na izazove, uključujući državne zabrane i snažna račvanja, što dodatno učvršćuje njegovu dugovječnost prema Lindyjevom efektu. Mrežni učinak potiče sve više korisnika da ga prihvate kao sredstvo za pohranu vrijednosti i razmjenu.

Njegova ograničena ponuda od 21 milijun BTC-a stvara oskudicu, čime se suprotstavlja inflacijskim valutama. Bitcoin je zamjenjiv, djeljiv na 100 milijuna dijelova, izdržljiv i prenosiv, što ga čini praktičnijim od zlata. S rastućim prihvaćanjem od strane tvrtki diljem svijeta, njegova vrijednost i korisnost nastavljaju rasti.

Blokovi, rudarenje i nagrade

Prvi Bitcoinblock izrudiran je 3. siječnja 2009. godine. Nazvan je Blok 0. Rudarenje Bitcoina je utrka između rudara za raspršivanje specifičnih vrijednosti i drugih informacija o bloku kako bi se pronašlo rješenje za problem raspršivanja i dodalo blok u blockchain. Pobjednički rudar nagrađen je Bitcoinima. Bitcoin nagrade se prepolovljuju svakih 210.000 blokova. Na primjer, nagrada za blok bila je 50 novih bitcoina u 2009. godini, a 11. svibnja 2020. kad se dogodilo treće prepolovljenje nagrada za svaki blok smanjena je na 6.25 bitcoina. Četvrto prepolovljenje dogodilo se u travnju 2024. i smanjilo je nagradu na 3.125 Bitcoina. Sljedeće prepolovljavanje trebalo bi se dogoditi sredinom 2028. i smanjiti nagradu na 1.5625 BTC.

Do 2140. godine, nakon 32. prepolovljenja, nagrada za rudarenje Bitcoina smanjit će se na nulu, dosegnuvši ukupnu ponudu od 21 milijun BTC-a. Tada će se rudari oslanjati isključivo na naknade za transakcije kako bi pokrili svoje troškove.

Svako prepolovljenje smanjuje količinu novih BTC-a, što povijesno dovodi do porasta cijene zbog smanjene ponude i povećane potražnje. Iako će se učinak budućih prepolovljenja možda smanjivati zbog sve manjih količina nove ponude, do sada su ta prepolovljenja bila ključni pokretači triju glavnih tržišnih ciklusa Bitcoina.

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Originalni tekst na antenam.net

31.10.2024 / Autor: Ana Nives Radović

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Godišnjica objavljivanja revolucionarnog dokumenta nije samo podsjetnik na nastanak Bitcoina, već i na značajnu promjenu koju je donio u načinu na koji razmišljamo o novcu i ekonomskom suverenitetu. Njegov značaj premašuje ideju o zaradi na promjeni njegove vrijednosti, jer otvara vrata širem razumijevanju digitalne imovine i decentralizovanih finansija koje inspirišu moderno bankarstvo i platne sisteme da se razvijaju u drugačijem smjeru, povećavajući svijest o sigurnosti i dostupnosti.

Šesnaest je godina od objavljivanja dokumenta naslovljenog kao "Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System", poznatog i kao „biijeli papir“ (white paper) u kojem su izloženi koncept i svrha novog sistema digitalne valute – sistema koji bi funkcionisao nezavisno od bilo koje vlade ili finansijske institucije. Bijeli papir, kojeg je 31. oktobra 2008. objavio pojedinac ili tim ljudi pod imenom Satoši Nakamoto ponudio je smjelo rješenje za sve veći problem – kontrolu valute centralnih banaka i sve veće poteškoće u prenošenju vrijednosti preko interneta bez posrednika. Ovaj trenutak označio je nastanak Bitcoina, revolucionarne digitalne valute i prve kriptovalute na svijetu koja je kasnije lansirana 3. januara 2009. godine.

Bitcoin je nastao u vrijeme finansijske krize 2008. godine, u periodu kada je povjerenje u tradicionalne finansijske sisteme bilo na izuzetno niskom nivou. Ljudi su počeli da se pitaju da li postoji način za upravljanje novcem koji ne zavisi od banaka, koje, kao što su tadašnji događaji pokazali, mogu propasti ili djelovati na načine koji nijesu u najboljem interesu javnosti. Nakamotova inovacija, Bitcoin, bila je zamišljena kao sistem u kojem korisnici mogu direktno slati i primati novac, zaobilazeći potrebu za bankama. U tom procesu, Nakamoto je svijetu predstavio novu tehnologiju kojoj je kasnije američki naučnik i programer Harold Fini dao naziv blockchain – decentralizovan i otporan na manipulacije način za evidentiranje transakcija.

Šta je Bitcoin?

Bitcoin je vrsta digitalne valute koja omogućava ljudima da direktno jedni drugima šalju i primaju vrijednost putem interneta. Za razliku od tradicionalnih valuta, kao što je euro ili dolar, koje kontrolišu vlade i banke, Bitcoin funkcioniše bez centralne vlasti. To znači da nema nikoga ko je zadužen za njega i nema banke koja odlučuje kako se može koristiti. Umjesto toga, Bitcoin se oslanja na veliku mrežu računara širom svijeta koja ga održava i bilježi njegove transakcije. Ova mreža je poznata kao „Bitcoin mreža“.

Kako Bitcoin funkcioniše?

U suštini, Bitcoin funkcioniše kao „decentralizovana digitalna valuta“. Kada kažemo decentralizovana, mislimo da nijedna osoba, kompanija ili vlada ne kontroliše Bitcoin. Umjesto toga, svaka transakcija se bilježi na zajedničkoj knjizi, nazvanoj blockchain, koju održava mreža računara širom svijeta. Svaki put kada neko pošalje ili primi Bitcoin, transakcija se grupiše sa drugima i dodaje u ovaj lanac blokova. Budući da je ovaj lanac kopiran i dijeljen među brojnim računarima, gotovo je neizvodljivo izmijeniti ili hakovati ga, čime se osigurava da Bitcoin transakcije budu bezbjedne i pouzdane.

Još jedan interesantan aspekt je da Bitcoin ima ograničenu ponudu. Kreiran je samo 21 milion bitcoina, što ga čini rijetkom imovinom i sprečava inflaciju na način na koji to može biti slučaj sa tradicionalnim valutama koje se „doštampavaju“. Bitcoin transakcije su omogućene kroz skup kriptografskih pravila, koja ljudima omogućavaju da potvrde svaku transakciju kao legitimnu bez potrebe da vjeruju trećoj strani. Ovaj skup pravila je poznat kao kriptografija, zbog čega se Bitcoin naziva kriptovalutom – prvom koja je ikada stvorena i jedinom koja u potpunosti ima sve karakteristike onoga što je istinska ideja i svrha postojanja kriptovaluta.

Razumijevanje finansijske revolucije Bitcoina

Bitcoin, predstavljen 2008. godine, privukao je globalnu pažnju kao decentralizovana digitalna valuta koja funkcioniše nezavisno od banaka i vlada, ali pored svoje peer-to-peer arhitekture i decentralizovane infrastrukture, on ima jedinstvenu finansijsku karakteristiku – inherentno je deflatoran. Za razliku od fiat valuta poput dolara ili eura, koje centralne banke mogu štampati kada procijene da je to potrebno, ponuda Bitcoina je ograničena, fiksirana i ne povećava se. Ova deflatorna osobina navela je mnoge da ga vide kao revolucionarni finansijski instrument, „digitalno zlato“ koje bi moglo da preoblikuje koncepte vrijednosti, očuvanja bogatstva i monetarne politike.

Fiksna ponuda – limit od 21 miliona

Najkarakterističnija odlika Bitcoina je njegova ograničena ponuda. Kada je Satoši Nakamoto kreirao Bitcoin, postavio je ograničenje na ukupan broj bitcoina koji će ikada postojati – 21 milion. Ovo ograničenje se oštro razlikuje od tradicionalnih fiat valuta, gdje centralne banke mogu povećavati ponudu novca štampanjem dodatne količine. Postavljanjem ovog ograničenja, Nakamoto je osigurao da Bitcoin postane sve rjeđi vremenom, karakteristika koja je dizajnirana za očuvanje vrijednosti kako potražnja raste.

U tradicionalnim finansijama, valute mogu izgubiti vrijednost kada se previše štampaju, što se može vidjeti u slučajevima inflacije. Bitcoinov dizajn, međutim, znači da, kada se posljednji Bitcoin izrudari (što se predviđa oko 2140. godine), novi novčići neće ulaziti u cirkulaciju, što ga efektivno čini prvom deflatornom valutom u velikom obimu.

Mehanizam smanjenje ponude tokom vremena

Oskudica Bitcoina dodatno se pojačava procesom nazvanim „halving“ (prepolovljenje), koji smanjuje stopu stvaranja novih bitcoina. Približno svake četiri godine nagrada koju „rudari“ dobijaju za dodavanje novih blokova u blockchain se prepolovi. Ovaj mehanizam smanjuje mogućnost inflacije Bitcoina tokom vremena, stvarajući predvidivo, postepeno smanjenje ponude.

U početku su rudari dobijali 50 bitcoina po bloku. Nakon prvog halvinga 2012. godine, nagrada je pala na 25, a do 2020. smanjila se na 6,25 bitcoina po bloku. Ovaj proces halvinga će se nastaviti sve do približno 2140. godine, kada će svih 21 milion bitcoina biti u cirkulaciji, a rudari će biti podstaknuti isključivo transakcionim naknadama, umjesto novim novčićima. Halving ima dva osnovna učinka – usporava rast ponude Bitcoina i stvara predvidivu oskudicu koja može podstaći tražnju, jer učesnici na tržištu znaju da će sa svakim ciklusom biti sve manje dostupnih bitcoina.

Zašto je Bitcoin važan?

Većina tradicionalnih valuta je inflaciona po dizajnu. Centralne banke teže kontrolisanoj stopi inflacije, često oko 2%, kako bi podstakle ekonomski rast, ohrabrile potrošnju i pružile fleksibilnost u odgovoru na ekonomske krize. Međutim, ova inflacija može potkopati kupovnu moć fiat valuta vremenom, što je zabrinjavajuće tokom perioda prekomjernog štampanja novca, kao što su mjere i programi kvantitativnog popuštanja viđene posljednjih godina.

Bitcoinov deflatorni dizajn je revolucionaran u ovom kontekstu jer nudi potencijalnu zaštitu od inflacije. Sa fiksnom ponudom, Bitcoin može da dobija na vrijednosti tokom vremena, posebno ako potražnja raste jer postaje rjeđi. Za mnoge, deflatorni model Bitcoina čini ga privlačnim sredstvom za očuvanje bogatstva na način koji tradicionalne valute i imovina ne mogu da ponude.

Pored toga, ovaj model izazvao je promjenu čitave filozofije u načinu na koji ljudi razmišljaju o novcu, investiranju i štednji. Dok tradicionalne finansije podstiču potrošnju i investicije kroz inflaciju, deflatorna priroda Bitcoina može podstaći štednju, jer bi njegova vrijednost mogla da raste u budućnosti. Ovaj kvalitet „čuvara vrijednosti“ naveo je mnoge da Bitcoinu daju naziv „digitalno zlato“.

Ekonomija oskudice – ono što Bitcoinu daje vrijednost

U ekonomiji, oskudica obično povećava vrijednost, jer tražnja za ograničenim resursom može povećati njegovu cijenu. Zlato je, na primjer, dugo bilo čuvar vrijednosti zbog svoje oskudice i poteškoća u vađenju. Bitcoin odražava ovaj koncept u digitalnom svijetu. Inherentno je rijedak zbog ograničenja od 21 milion, i, kao zlato, zahtijeva trud (kroz digitalno rudarenje) da bi ušao u cirkulaciju.

Pored toga, oskudica Bitcoina postaje sve izraženija kako raste interesovanje institucija i pojedinaca. Mnogi investitori privučeni su Bitcoinom kao dugoročnom imovinom upravo zbog ove fiksne ponude, oslanjajući se na to da će rastuća tražnja naspram ograničene ponude povećati njegovu vrijednost tokom vremena. Ova privlačnost je pojačana u regionima sa brzom inflacijom ili ekonomskom nestabilnošću, gdje rizik od devalvacije čini Bitcoin privlačnom alternativom za očuvanje bogatstva.

Bitcoin kao globalni čuvar vrijednosti

Osim što je sredstvo razmjene, deflatorna priroda Bitcoina pozicionira ga kao potencijalni globalni čuvar vrijednosti. Zlato je istorijski imalo ovu ulogu, jer su ga koristili pojedinci, institucije i vlade kao zaštitu od ekonomske nestabilnosti i inflacije. Bitcoin postaje moderni pandan tome, posebno privlačan mlađim generacijama i investitorima sklonim tehnologiji, koji ga vide kao superiornu alternativu.

Deflatorni dizajn takođe omogućava Bitcoinu da prelazi međunarodne granice i nadilazi lokalne ekonomske uslove. U zemljama koje prolaze kroz valutne krize, Bitcoin nudi alternativu koja je bez granica i nezavisna od politika centralne banke. Ova sposobnost da djeluje kao čuvar vrijednosti posebno je značajna na tržištima i ekonomijama u razvoju, gdje je valutna nestabilnost učestalija.

Može li oskudica Bitcoina predstavljati rizik?

Iako deflatorni model Bitcoina ima svoje prednosti, nije bez kritika. Jedna od zabrinutosti je da ekstremna deflacija može obeshrabriti potrošnju. U sistemu gdje vrijednost valute raste tokom vremena, ljudi mogu preferirati štednju umjesto potrošnje ili investiranja, što može dovesti do smanjenja ekonomske aktivnosti. Ekonomisti brinu da bi, ako Bitcoin postane široko prihvaćena valuta, njegova deflatorna priroda mogla ugroziti ekonomski rast podsticanjem „gomilanja“ umesto cirkulacije.

Još jedna kritika se odnosi na fiksnu ponudu Bitcoina u ekonomiji koja stalno raste. Tradicionalne valute su inflatorne kako bi pratile rast populacije, ekonomije i produktivnosti. Sa ograničenom ponudom, Bitcoin ne može da raste u skladu sa ekonomskim razvojem, što bi u teoriji moglo izazvati probleme sa likvidnošću u ekonomiji zasnovanoj na Bitcoinu. Ipak, kako ideja nije da Bitcoin bude jedino sredstvo plaćanja, strah od takvog scenarija je neutemeljen, budući da ekosistem u kojem funkcioniše koegzistira sa nizom drugih platnih sistemna koji su na raspolaganju širom svijeta.

Eliminiše problem dvostrukog trošenja

U svijetu novca postoji veliki problem koji se naziva „dvostruko trošenje“. Zamislite da možete potrošiti iste eure dvaput – platite jedan proizvod ili uslugu, a zatim, nekako, uspijete da ga ponovo potrošite na nešto drugo. U fizičkom svijetu ovo nije problem, ali u računovodstvenom jeste. Ako kao fizičku valutu u gotovini platite nešto, ta količina novca odlazi iz vašeg novčanika, ali u bankovnim transakcijama stvari funkcionišu drugačije.

Da bi se osiguralo da Bitcoin ne može biti kopiran ili potrošen dvaput, koristi se tehnologija zvana blockchain. Nakamotov Bijeli papir još nije pomenuo taj izraz, jer mu je naziv dat nekoliko dana kasnije, no umjesto toga, opisao je koncept „lanca blokova“, postavljajući sistem za evidentiranje transakcija u blokovima koji su međusobno povezani. Ovaj koncept je kasnije postao poznat kao blockchain, termin koji je nastao nakon izdavanja Bitcoina dok su ljudi pokušavali da imenuju osnovnu tehnologiju. Fokus Bijelog papira bio je na tome kako Bitcoin može bezbjedno pratiti i potvrđivati transakcije, koristeći ovaj povezani lanac blokova kao neku vrstu digitalne knjige.

Pristup iz Bijelog papira uveo je revolucionarnu ideju – zajedničku, otpornu na manipulacije evidenciju koja se nije oslanjala na centralnu vlast za ažuriranje ili verifikaciju. Ovaj sistem povezanih blokova (ono što sada nazivamo blockchain) postao je osnova Bitcoina i, kasnije, bezbroj drugih primjena u finansijama, tehnologiji i brojnim drugim oblastima.

Ova baza je poput ogromne digitalne knjige, ili evidencije, u kojoj je svaka Bitcoin transakcija (prenosa novca od jednog do drugog korisnika) zabilježena. Ono što ovu digitalnu evidenciju čini posebnom jeste to što nije smještena na jednom mjestu, niti je pod kontrolom jedne osobe ili institucije – ona je u potpunosti decentralizovana, što znači da se kopije ove knjige čuvaju na hiljadama računara širom svijeta, a svi oni moraju da se saglase oko toga koje transakcije su validne.

Svaki put kada neko pošalje Bitcoin drugoj osobi, ova transakcija se dodaje u blockchain. Da bi se dodala, grupa računara (nazvana „rudari“) mora da verifikuje da je ova transakcija stvarna, što znači da Bitcoin koji se troši već nije korišćen drugdje. Ovi rudari rade zajedno, koristeći složene matematičke operacije, kako bi potvrdili transakcije. Kada se verifikuje, transakcija se dodaje u blockchain, a cijela mreža se ažurira kako bi prepoznala ovu transakciju kao legitimnu. Ovaj proces osigurava da nijedan Bitcoin ne može biti potrošen dvaput, rješavajući problem dvostrukog trošenja.

Peer-to-Peer transakcije bez posrednika

Još jedan veliki razlog zašto je Bitcoin važan je taj što omogućava ljudima da šalju novac direktno jedni drugima bez potrebe za posrednikom. Recimo da želite da pošaljete novac prijatelju koji živi u drugoj zemlji. Obično biste otišli u svoju banku, koja bi se povezala s drugom bankom u toj zemlji, što može trajati danima i uključivati različite naknade.

Međutim, Bitcoin je omogućio da se direktno pošalju sredstva, bez obzira na to gdje se nalazite u svijetu. Pošto je u pitanju peer-to-peer (P2P) način razmjene, nema potrebe za posrednikom da upravlja transakcijom. To može učiniti transakcije bržim i ponekad jeftinijim, posebno kada se sredstva šalju međunarodno. Ova P2P struktura je jedan od glavnih razloga zbog kojih ljudi se na ovaj oblik imovine gleda kao na alternativu složenim transakcijama, posebno važnim za društva i sredine u kojima je dostupnost finansijskih usluga niska.

Transparentnost i sigurnost

U svijetu tradicionalnog bankarstva, ljudi se oslanjaju na banke koje drže novac sigurnim i omogućavaju da transakcije budu poštene i sigurne. Međutim, s Bitcoinom, povjerenje nije smešteno u centralnu banku ili kompaniju, već u samu Bitcoin mrežu, koju održavaju svi računari koji prate blockchain. Pošto je blockchain javan i može ga provjeriti bilo ko, on je veoma transparentan. Svaka transakcija koja je ikada obavljena Bitcoinom zabilježena je u ovoj javnoj knjizi, tako da ako neko pokuša da prevari sistem, to bi bilo očigledno svima.

Transparentnost Bitcoina takođe ga čini veoma sigurnim. Pošto svi u mreži imaju kopiju blockchaina, bilo bi gotovo nemoguće da jedna osoba ili čak grupa ljudi izmijeni ili preuzme kontrolu nad njim. Da biste promijenili blockchain, morali biste kontrolisati više od polovine svih računara širom svijeta u Bitcoin mreži, što je izuzetno teško. Ovaj nivo sigurnosti, u kombinaciji s transparentnošću, pomaže ljudima da se osjećaju sigurno koristeći Bitcoin.

Značaj za razvoj finansija

Tokom godina, Bitcoin je postao više od eksperimenta u digitalnom novcu. Inspirisao je hiljade drugih kreatora latnih rješenja i pokrenuo važne razgovore o budućnosti novca, povjerenja i tehnologije. Kako sve više ljudi počinje da preispituje kako tradicionalne banke funkcionišu i traži nove načine za upravljanje svojim finansijama, Bitcoin ostaje snažna opcija ne samo u smislu alternative, već mogućnosti povezivanja njegove funkcionalnosti sa onim što već postoji u finansijskoj tehnologiji. Njegov značaj je u tome što predstavlja potpuno novi način razmišljanja o novcu i njegovom korišćenju i što rješava neke od ključnih problema koji su karakteristični finansijske sisteme.

Ideja decentralizacije

U mnogim sistemima koje danas koristimo postoji centralna vlast – banka, vlada ili kompanija – koja ima kontrolu i koja donosi pravila, odlučuje ko ima pristup i odobrava aktivnosti, što je prilično spor i skup proces u cjelini. Koncept Bitcoina je drugačiji jer je decentralizovan, a to znači da ne postoji jedna osoba, banka ili organizacija koja donosi odluke, već je to prepušteno mreži koju čine milioni korisničkih uređaja na mreži koji održavaju sistem u funkciji.

Pored toga, decentralizacija onemogućava cenzurisanje, jer niko ne može da interveniše i blokira nečiji pristup ili transakcije. To čini sistem demokratskijim, omogućavajući ljudima širom svijeta da se pridruže bez traženja dozvole.

Kriptografski dokazi – vjerovanje u matematiku, a ne u ljude

Kada nešto kupite koristeći Bitcoin, ne morate se oslanjati na posrednika da verifikuje vašu transakciju. Umjesto toga, Bitcoin koristi nešto što se naziva „kriptografskim dokazom. Kriptografski dokazi su poput digitalnog ključa i brave koji čuvaju informacije sigurnima, jer se oslanjaju na složenu matematiku koja osigurava da se samo validne transakcije dodaju u blockchain, onemogućavajući falsifikovanje ili prevaru.

Kriptografski dokazi funkcionišu tako što kreiraju heš (hash) – dug i jedinstven broj, za svaki blok transakcija. Svaki heš je povezan s prethodnim, što pomaže u obezbjeđivanju cijelog lanca. Matematika iza ovog procesa je toliko složena da bi zahtijevala ogromnu računarsku moć kada bi i pokušala da je razbije. Koristeći kriptografske dokaze, Bitcoin ne zahtijeva povjerenje u ljude, već se umjesto toga, oslanja na neprobojne matematičke algoritme da osigura svaku transakciju.

Proof of Work – digitalna zagonetka koja štiti Bitcoin

Bitcoinova mreža je osigurana procesom koji se naziva Proof of Work (dokaz o radu), koji je najjednostavnije razumjeti ako ga zamislite kao izazovnu zagonetku koju računari, poznati kao „rudari“, moraju da riješe da bi dodali novi blok u blockchain. Prvi računar koji riješi zagonetku dobija priliku da doda blok i dobija nagradu u bitcoinima. Ova zagonetka je izuzetno složena i zahtijeva od rudara da koristi veliku količinu mnogo računarske snage, što je skupo u smislu vremena i energije.

U tom smislu Proof of Work čuva mrežu sigurnom, jer kad bi neko pokušao da prevari sistem ponovnim pisanjem blockchaina, morao ponovo da uradi svako izračunavanja dokaza o radu za svaki blok koji želi da izmijeni, što je praktično nemoguće. Na ovaj način Bitcoin kreira mrežni sistem u kojem je prevara previše skupa i previše složena da bi se bilo kome isplatila.

Šesnaest godina kasnije...

Bitcoin je za ovo vrijeme postao mnogo više od digitalne valute – on je simbol finansijske nezavisnosti i pokretačka snaga nove finansijske tehnologije i ekonomskih koncepata. Pokrenuo je diskusije o budućnosti novca, a inspirisao je brojne pružaoce platnih usluga, uključujući brojne banke širom svijeta i FinTech kompanije, da unapređuju poslovni model.

Zbog količine koja je u opticaju njegova upotreba kao valute ostaje ograničena u poređenju s tradicionalnim novcem, dok njegova cijena nastavlja da fluktuira u zavisnosti od tržišnih okolnosti. U tom smislu uticaj Bitcoina na finansije, tehnologiju i društvo u cjelini već je dubok, navodeći promišljenije i kreativnije istraživanje kako se vrednostima može upravljati i razmenjivati u savremenom svijetu, podstičući značaj decentralizacije i svijest o zaštiti podataka.

Iako često predstavljan kao sredstvo za „brzo bogaćenje“ ili sresdstvo za obavljanje anonimnih transakcija, motivi za njegovo kreiranje, kao i njegova uloga u finansijskom i tehnološkom svijetu potpuno se razlikuju od toga. Bitcoin je prva, najstarija, najvrednija i – u najširem smislu – po svim parametrima jedina prava, potpuno decenztralizovana kriptovaluta koja je transformisala način na koji razmišljamo o novcu, povjerenju i bezbednosti u digitalnoj eri.

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Der gut informierte Bürger denkt bei der Pandemie sofort an Intensivstationen, an die Bilder aus Bergamo und erinnert sich an die Berichterstattung damals – also muss es wohl ein Maximum gewesen sein. Manche Skeptiker behaupten jedoch das Gegenteil. Klarheit sollte ein Blick nach Wiesbaden, zum Statistischen Bundesamt, schaffen. Schließlich sitzen dort gut bezahlte Profis, die seit vielen Jahrzehnten die Sterbestatistik pflegen und veröffentlichen. Jeder Todesfall wird in Deutschland über die Standesämter exakt erfasst.

Doch die Überraschung: Das Statistische Bundesamt liefert uns auf diese einfache Frage zwei extrem unterschiedliche Antworten – ein Minimum und ein Maximum. Das Ergebnis hängt davon ab, wie tief man in die Veröffentlichungen des Bundesamtes eintaucht. Betrachtet man nur die Webseiten und Pressemitteilungen, erhält man den Eindruck eines Maximums. Schaut man jedoch etwas tiefer in die Tabellen und Rohdaten, zeigt sich plötzlich ein Minimum. Aber wie kann das sein? Beides gleichzeitig geht ja wohl kaum. Wer lügt hier – die Tabellen des Amtes oder die Pressemitteilungen? Gehen wir dieser Frage Schritt für Schritt auf den Grund.

2020: Ein historisches Maximum?

Schauen wir uns die vielen Hundert Veröffentlichungen des Statistischen Bundesamtes aus dieser Zeit an. Oder wir kürzen ab und fragen ChatGPT, da die KI auf diesen Daten trainiert wurde und das gesamte Material kennt. Die Frage an ChatGPT lautet also: Wie war das Sterbegeschehen im Jahr 2020 im Vergleich zu den Vorjahren?

ChatGPT antwortet: »Im Jahr 2020 war die Sterblichkeit in Deutschland höher als in den Jahren zuvor. Es gab eine Übersterblichkeit von etwa 982.000 Todesfällen, das sind rund 46.000 mehr als der Durchschnitt der Vorjahre (2016 bis 2019). Dieser Anstieg wurde überwiegend im Zusammenhang mit der COVID-19-Pandemie gesehen. Während die Sterbezahlen in den Vorjahren schwankten, war ein solch signifikanter Anstieg wie 2020 bisher nicht zu beobachten.«

Wir fragen konkreter: Ist es ein Fakt, dass wir eine so ernste Lage im Sterbegeschehen wie im Frühjahr 2020 noch nie erlebt haben?

ChatGPT bestätigt: »Ja, die COVID-19-Pandemie führte im Frühjahr 2020 zu einer außergewöhnlichen Situation im Sterbegeschehen in Deutschland. Die dramatische Übersterblichkeit, die ab der 13. Kalenderwoche auftrat, veranlasste das Statistische Bundesamt, besonders eindringliche Warnungen zu veröffentlichen. Der damalige Vizepräsident des Amtes und andere führende Stimmen wiesen öffentlich darauf hin, dass die Todesfallzahlen stark vom Durchschnitt abwichen. Diese klare Warnung richtete sich an die Öffentlichkeit und die Politik gleichermaßen. Die Medien berichteten intensiv über diese Warnungen, was das Bewusstsein für die Schwere der Pandemie erheblich schärfte. In den vergangenen Jahrzehnten hatte es keine vergleichbare Übersterblichkeit gegeben, die eine solch umfangreiche Kommunikation durch das Statistische Bundesamt erforderlich gemacht hätte.«

Ein gut informierter Zeitungsleser wird sich an dieser Stelle bestätigt fühlen: Ja, so war es damals. Ein Maximum im Sterbegeschehen – wegen der Pandemie. Oder etwa nicht?

2020: Ein historisches Minimum?

Tauchen wir in die Rohdaten des Statistischen Bundesamtes ein. Die Tabellen, die das Amt seit Jahrzehnten verlässlich veröffentlicht, nennen sich Sterbetafeln. Diese werden jährlich bereitgestellt und stehen auf der Website des Bundesamtes zum Download bereit. Ein erster Blick in die Sterbetafeln mag den Laien abschrecken, doch mit einer kurzen Erklärung wird alles verständlich. Wir gehen schrittweise vor.

Nehmen wir die Sterbetafel des Jahres 2017. Sie enthält zwei große Tabellen – eine für Männer und eine für Frauen. Jede Zeile der Tabelle steht für einen Jahrgang, zum Beispiel zeigt die Zeile 79 die Daten der 79-jährigen Männer. Besonders wichtig ist nun die zweite Spalte, in der der Wert 0,05 eingetragen ist. Das bedeutet, dass 5 Prozent der 79-jährigen Männer im Jahr 2017 verstorben sind. Das ist die wichtige Kennzahl. Wenn wir diesen exakten Wert, den man auch als Sterberate bezeichnet, nun in ein Säulendiagramm eintragen, erhalten wir eine leicht verständliche visuelle Darstellung (Grafik 1).

Es ist wichtig zu betonen, dass dieser Wert weder ein Schätzwert noch eine Modellrechnung oder Prognose ist, sondern ein exakter Messwert, basierend auf einer zuverlässigen Zählung. Sterberaten (für die Fachleute auch Sterbewahrscheinlichkeiten qx) sind seit Johann Peter Süßmilch (1707–1767) der Goldstandard der Sterbestatistik. Jeder Aktuar wird das bestätigen. Fügen wir nun die Sterberaten der 79-jährigen Männer aus den Jahren davor und danach hinzu, um das Gesamtbild zu sehen (Grafik 2). Und nun die entscheidende Frage: Zeigt das Jahr 2020 ein Maximum oder ein Minimum?

Ein kritischer Leser könnte vermuten, dass die 79-jährigen Männer eine Ausnahme darstellen und andere Jahrgänge im Jahr 2020 ein Maximum zeigen würden. Doch das trifft nicht zu. Kein einziger Jahrgang verzeichnete im Jahr 2020 ein Maximum. Im Gegenteil: Auch die 1-Jährigen, 2-Jährigen, 3-Jährigen, 9-Jährigen, 10-Jährigen, 15-Jährigen, 18-Jährigen und viele weitere männliche Jahrgänge hatten ihr Minimum im Jahr 2020. Dasselbe gilt bei den Frauen. Insgesamt hatten 31 Jahrgänge ihr Minimum im Jahr 2020. Wenn wir schließlich alle Jahrgänge in einer einzigen Grafik zusammenfassen, ergibt sich ein klares Bild: Das Minimum im Sterbegeschehen lag im Jahr 2020 (Grafik 3).

Ein kritischer Leser könnte nun wiederum vermuten, dass es innerhalb des Jahres 2020 möglicherweise starke Ausschläge nach oben bei einzelnen Jahrgängen gegeben haben könnte, die später durch Ausschläge nach unten ausgeglichen wurden – und dass diese Schwankungen in der jährlichen Übersicht nicht sichtbar sind. Doch auch das trifft nicht zu. Ein Blick auf die wöchentlichen Sterberaten zeigt, dass die ersten acht Monate der Pandemie keine nennenswerten Auffälligkeiten aufweisen. Es bleibt dabei: Die Rohdaten des Statistischen Bundesamtes bestätigen zweifelsfrei, dass die ersten acht Monate der Pandemie das historische Minimum im Sterbegeschehen darstellen. (Für die Fachleute sei angemerkt, dass im gleichen Zeitraum die Lebenserwartung die historischen Höchststände erreicht hatte – Grafik 4.)

So konstruierte das Amt aus einem Minimum ein Maximum:

Zur Erinnerung: Die Rohdaten des Statistischen Bundesamtes, die in den jährlichen Sterbetafeln zweifelsfrei dokumentiert sind, zeigen für das Jahr 2020 eindeutig ein Minimum im Sterbegeschehen. Aus diesen »in Stein gemeißelten« Zahlen ein Maximum zu »konstruieren«, ohne die Rohdaten selbst zu verändern, scheint auf den ersten Blick eine unlösbare Aufgabe. Jeder Student würde an einer solchen Herausforderung scheitern. Doch das Statistische Bundesamt hat einen kreativen Weg gefunden - ein Meisterstück gezielter Manipulation. In fünf Schritten zeigt sich, wie diese Täuschung der Öffentlichkeit umgesetzt wurde:

(1) Ignorieren der Sterberaten: Die präzisen, objektiven und leicht verständlichen Sterberaten aus den eigenen Sterbetafeln wurden konsequent ignoriert und verschwiegen. Diese Daten widersprachen dem gewünschten Narrativ und wurden daher gezielt ausgeklammert.

(2) Fokus auf absolute Todeszahlen: Die Aufmerksamkeit wurde stattdessen auf die absolute Zahl der Todesfälle gelenkt. Diese wirkt allein durch ihre schiere Größe dramatisch und emotionalisiert die Diskussion. Ein entscheidender Faktor wurde dabei ignoriert: Die absolute Zahl der Todesfälle steigt aufgrund der demografischen Entwicklung jedes Jahr an. Viele Menschen verstehen diesen Zusammenhang nicht und verbinden die steigenden Zahlen fälschlicherweise mit der vermeintlichen Pandemie.

(3) Einführung der Übersterblichkeit als neue Kennzahl: Erst ab Beginn der „Pandemie“ wurde die Kennzahl "Übersterblichkeit" eingeführt – und dies mit einer fragwürdigen Methode, die systematisch überhöhte Werte lieferte. Diese Kennzahl wurde regelmäßig, oft monatlich oder sogar wöchentlich, berechnet und diente als ständige Grundlage für alarmierende Schlagzeilen.

(4) Intensive Öffentlichkeitsarbeit: Durch eine breit angelegte Kampagne wurden die manipulativen Kennzahlen gezielt in den Fokus gerückt. Pressemitteilungen, Podcasts und öffentliche Auftritte konzentrierten sich fast ausschließlich auf die absoluten Todeszahlen und die Übersterblichkeit. Ziel war es, den Eindruck einer dramatischen Situation in der Öffentlichkeit zu verstärken.

(5) Bekämpfen kritischer Stimmen: Kritiker, die die Schwächen und manipulativen Aspekte dieser Methoden aufdeckten, wurden systematisch diskreditiert. Ihre Glaubwürdigkeit und Kompetenz wurden öffentlich infrage gestellt, um das sorgsam konstruierte Narrativ zu schützen.

Ohne diesen begleitenden Statistik-Betrug wäre das gesamte Pandemie-Theater meiner Meinung nach nicht möglich gewesen. Wer aus einem faktischen Minimum ein scheinbares Maximum "erschafft", handelt betrügerisch. Die Folgen dieses Betruges sind gravierend. Denken wir an die Angst, die in der Bevölkerung geschürt wurde – die Angst, bald sterben zu müssen. Denken wir an Masken, Abstandsregeln, isolierte ältere Menschen, Kinderimpfungen und all die Maßnahmen, die unter anderem auf diese falsche Statistik zurückgehen.

Wollen wir Bürger uns das gefallen lassen?

Wenn wir als Bürger zulassen, dass ein derart offensichtlicher und nachprüfbarer Täuschungsversuch ohne Konsequenzen bleibt, dann gefährdet das nicht nur die Integrität unserer Institutionen – es untergräbt das Fundament unserer Gesellschaft. In der DDR feierte man öffentlich Planerfüllung und Übererfüllung, während die Regale leer blieben. Damals wusste jeder: Statistik war ein Propagandainstrument. Niemand traute den Zahlen, die das Staatsfernsehen verkündete.

Während der Pandemie war es anders. Die Menschen vertrauten den Mitteilungen des Statistischen Bundesamtes und des RKI – blind. Die Enthüllungen durch den "RKI-Leak" haben gezeigt, dass auch das Robert-Koch-Institut nicht der Wissenschaft, sondern den Weisungen des Gesundheitsministers und militärischen Vorgaben folgte. Warum sollte es beim Statistischen Bundesamt anders gewesen sein? Diese Behörde ist dem Innenministerium unterstellt und somit ebenfalls weisungsgebunden.

Die Beweise für Täuschung liegen offen zutage. Es braucht keinen Whistleblower, keine geheimen Enthüllungen: Die Rohdaten des Statistischen Bundesamtes sprechen für sich. Sie sind öffentlich einsehbar – klar und unmissverständlich. Die Daten, die Tabellen, die Veröffentlichungen des Amtes selbst – sie sind die Anklageschrift. Sie zeigen, was wirklich war. Nicht mehr und nicht weniger.

Und wir? Was tun wir? Schweigen wir? Oder fordern wir endlich ein, was unser Recht ist? Wir Bürger dürfen das nicht hinnehmen. Es ist Zeit, unsere Behörden zur Rechenschaft zu ziehen. Diese Institutionen arbeiten nicht für sich – sie arbeiten für uns. Wir finanzieren sie, und wir haben das Recht, Transparenz und Verantwortung einzufordern. Manipulationen wie diese müssen aufgearbeitet werden und dürfen nie wieder geschehen. Die Strukturen, die solche Fehlentwicklungen in unseren Behörden ermöglicht haben, müssen offengelegt werden. Denn eine Demokratie lebt von Vertrauen – und Vertrauen muss verdient werden. Jeden Tag aufs Neue.

.

.

MARCEL BARZ, Jahrgang 1975, war Offizier der Bundeswehr und studierte Wirtschafts- und Organisationswissenschaften sowie Wirtschaftsinformatik. Er war Gründer und Geschäftsführer einer Softwarefirma, die sich auf Datenanalyse und Softwareentwicklung spezialisiert hatte. Im August 2021 veröffentlichte Barz den Videovortrag »Die Pandemie in den Rohdaten«, der über eine Million Aufrufe erzielte. Seitdem macht er als "Erbsenzähler" auf Widersprüche in amtlichen Statistiken aufmerksam.

@ bc8a4b4f:112ce9c4

El Mirador San Nicolás es el espacio correcto para iniciar la previa al tour por Granada, en España. Con un par de flamencos cantando con una buena guitarra acústica, se armoniza la experiencia de mi primer atardecer en la ciudad y para todos los turistas que estamos en pleno diciembre, frente a la cordillera de Sierra Nevada.

El Mirador San Nicolás es el espacio correcto para iniciar la previa al tour por Granada, en España. Con un par de flamencos cantando con una buena guitarra acústica, se armoniza la experiencia de mi primer atardecer en la ciudad y para todos los turistas que estamos en pleno diciembre, frente a la cordillera de Sierra Nevada.

\ Recordemos que Granada fue habitada en sus tiempos mozos por los árabes en el siglo VIII, durante la conquista musulmana de la Península Ibérica. Tras la fragmentación del Califato de Córdoba, en 1238, Muhammad I fundó la dinastía nazarí, dando inicio a uno de los períodos más destacados de la ciudad.

Durante la dominación nazarí, Granada floreció como un centro cultural, económico y artístico. Se construyó la majestuosa Alhambra, un espectáculo arquitectónico e ingenieril que simboliza la cumbre del arte islámico en España. Además, la ciudad destacó por ser un cosmo religioso, siendo hogar de comunidades musulmanas, cristianas y judías.

Fue así que en la reconquista, en 1492, los Reyes Católicos, Isabel y Fernando, pusieron fin a casi 800 años de dominio musulmán en la región, que incluyó la expulsión de judíos y musulmanes o su conversión al cristianismo. Aunque el dominio musulmán terminó, su legado perdura de manera viva en la ciudad con la arquitectura, la gastronomía y la cultura de Granada. La Alhambra, el Generalife y el Albaicín son testigos vivos de este pasado glorioso y constituyen un patrimonio invaluable que atrae a millones de visitantes de todo el mundo.

Ya cayendo la noche, bajando por el Albaicín, se aprecian las calles estrechas y de adoquines, con distintas puertas interesantes y entradas que hacen vivir la experiencia de un autóctono barrio árabe. Entre medio, el Balcón de San Nicolás, que te invita a ser parte del espectáculo que es ver la Alhambra de noche, que desde afuera son la invitación perfecta para disfrutar con café o un buen trago, esa postal que parece pintada por algún artista desconocido del 1.900.

Mezquita Mayor de Granada. Café en el Balcón San Nicolás. Luego del café y con un poco de calor en el cuerpo, continúa la caminata camino al centro hasta donde vas encontrando por el camino una serie de vestigios del mundo árabe que permiten reforzar que Granada seguirá siendo centro del reino nazarí. Su arquitectura es un recuerdo vivo y un encuentro con los particulares mercados que ofrecen menaje, lámparas, zapatillas y una serie de artículos que me transportan a oriente, incluyendo centros de estudios que me instan a querer volver.

Finalmente, logro llegar al centro de Granada y como bien escribió Federico García Lorca, orgulloso Granadino; «Granada está indefensa ante la gente, porque ante los halagos, nada ni nadie tiene modo de defenderse», y esta es tan solo la primera parte de un viaje en el tiempo y espacio en la grandiosa España.

Continuará…Recordemos que Granada fue habitada en sus tiempos mozos por los árabes en el siglo VIII, durante la conquista musulmana de la Península Ibérica. Tras la fragmentación del Califato de Córdoba, en 1238, Muhammad I fundó la dinastía nazarí, dando inicio a uno de los períodos más destacados de la ciudad.

Durante la dominación nazarí, Granada floreció como un centro cultural, económico y artístico. Se construyó la majestuosa Alhambra, un espectáculo arquitectónico e ingenieril que simboliza la cumbre del arte islámico en España. Además, la ciudad destacó por ser un cosmo religioso, siendo hogar de comunidades musulmanas, cristianas y judías.

Fue así que en la reconquista, en 1492, los Reyes Católicos, Isabel y Fernando, pusieron fin a casi 800 años de dominio musulmán en la región, que incluyó la expulsión de judíos y musulmanes o su conversión al cristianismo.

Aunque el dominio musulmán terminó, su legado perdura de manera viva en la ciudad con la arquitectura, la gastronomía y la cultura de Granada. La Alhambra, el Generalife y el Albaicín son testigos vivos de este pasado glorioso y constituyen un patrimonio invaluable que atrae a millones de visitantes de todo el mundo.

Ya cayendo la noche, bajando por el Albaicín, se aprecian las calles estrechas y de adoquines, con distintas puertas interesantes y entradas que hacen vivir la experiencia de un autóctono barrio árabe. Entre medio, el Balcón de San Nicolás, que te invita a ser parte del espectáculo que es ver la Alhambra de noche, que desde afuera son la invitación perfecta para disfrutar con café o un buen trago, esa postal que parece pintada por algún artista desconocido del 1.900.

Luego del café y con un poco de calor en el cuerpo, continúa la caminata camino al centro hasta donde vas encontrando por el camino una serie de vestigios del mundo árabe que permiten reforzar que Granada seguirá siendo centro del reino nazarí. Su arquitectura es un recuerdo vivo y un encuentro con los particulares mercados que ofrecen menaje, lámparas, zapatillas y una serie de artículos que me transportan a oriente, incluyendo centros de estudios que me instan a querer volver.

Finalmente, logro llegar al centro de Granada y como bien escribió Federico García Lorca, orgulloso Granadino; «Granada está indefensa ante la gente, porque ante los halagos, nada ni nadie tiene modo de defenderse», y esta es tan solo la primera parte de un viaje en el tiempo y espacio en la grandiosa España.

Continuará…

@ bf47c19e:c3d2573b

Originalni tekst na antenam.net

18.12.2024 / Autor: Ana Nives Radović

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Ako ste makar djelić vremena proveli u svijetu digitalnog novca, vjerovatno ste naišli na termin HODL – uvijek napisan velikim slovima tako da na prvi pogled djeluje kao riječ sa slovnom greškom. Zapravo i jeste riječ o slovnoj grešci i to onoj koja je nastala na današnji dan prije 11 godina, a koja je uspjela ne samo da obezbijedi mjesto u istoriji svijeta novca, već i da postane naziv za jedan potpuno drugačiji pristup sredstvima koja posjedujemo.

Nespretno napisana riječ „hold“ (eng. držati, zadržati) u poruci na jednom forumu evoluirala je u akronim HODL – akronim za Hold On for Dear Life (doslovno – drži se za život, tj. drži se kao da ti život zavisi od toga), predstavlja poziv na akciju – ili, tačnije, „neakciju“ za vlasnike kriptovaluta da odole iskušenju prodaje tokom tržišnih padova. Riječ je o shvatanju da je ovaj oblik digitalne imovine bolje vremenski što duže imati u vlasništvu, kako bi se sačekao mnogo povoljniji trenutak za prodaju nego prodati ih u vremenu kada je situacija na tržištu loša.

Greška koja je postala pokret

Priča počinje 18. decembra 2013. godine, kada je cijena bitcoina tada počela da pada, a samo tokom toga dana se sa 682 na 522 dolara. Korisnik foruma pod imenom GameKyuubi objavio je sada već legendarni post pod naslovom „I AM HODLING“. Bila je to greška u kucanju, jer se na osnovu sadržaja poruke vidi da je krenuo da napiše „holding“ (držim), ali umjesto da se ispravi sebe, prigrlio je grešku, šaljivo govoreći o svom nedostatku vještina za trgovanje i zašto „bez obzira na sve“.

Bitcoin zajednica brzo je prihvatila ovaj izraz kao dio slenga. Pogrešno napisana riječ odjeknula je internet prostranstvima, a vremenom je prerasla u simbol šire filozofije – ne paniči, ne prodaj i ne dozvoli da kratkoročna nestabilnost poljulja tvoje uvjerenje. Od kasnonoćnog posta na forumu, HODL je postao poklič za vlasnike bitcoina (i drugih, u to vrijeme malobrojnih digitalnih valuta zanemarive vrijednosti) širom svijeta.

HODL-ovanje i HODL-eri

U suštini, HODL-ovanje je strategija zadržavanja kriptovaluta tokom tržišnih uspona i padova, zasnovana na uvjerenju da će cijene vremenom rasti. Umjesto impulsivnog reagovanja na tržišne fluktuacije, HODL-eri se posvećuju svojim investicijama na duže staze.

Ovaj pristup posebno je koristan za početnike, koji možda nemaju dovoljno stručnosti ili hrabrosti da se nose sa svakodnevnim trgovanjem (u čemu su često neuspješni i dugogodišnji vlasnici digitalnih novčića). Sam GameKyuubi u svom originalnom postu priznao je da samo najvještiji trgovci treba da pokušaju da „igraju igru“ tokom tržišnih padova. Za ostale, HODL-ovanje nije samo sigurnije, već je često i pametnije.

Filozofija HODL-ovanja zasnovana je na povjerenju – u budućnost kriptovaluta, u eventualni oporavak tržišta i u korist koju donosi strpljenje. To je odbijanje da se prodaje kada cijene naglo padnu – nepokolebljivo uvjerenje da su padovi privremeni i da nakon njih slijedi rast.

Zakon tržišta pokazuje da što drže HODL-ujete to se ova strategija više isplati, a cijena bitcoina u njegovoj šesnaestogodišnjoj istoriji je nesumnjivo najbolji dokaz za to. Trgovanje zahtijeva mnogo učenja, truda, vremena provedenog u praćenju svakog mogućeg signala, dok je kod HODL-ovanja važno samo da se „ne predate“.

Ako ste prethodnih godina nešto platili bitcoinom (a trgovci širom svijeta su to omogućili upravo da bi vas naveli da ih umjerite ka njima) vjerovatno ste zažalili, jer danas dok je njegova vrijednost i u dolarima i u eurima šestocifrena, ono na što ste ih potrošili ipak izgleda kao nešto što je trebalo platiti fizičkim novcem (kojeg je svakako „pojela inflacija“).

Pouzdane kriptovalute, a tu se prije svega misli na bitcoin, iako veoma volatilne bilježe trend rasta na duge staze, pa HODL-ovanje znači strpljenje u vremenu neizvjesnosti s idejom o koristi na duži rok, čak i kada su godine loše, kao što su bile 2014, 2017. i 2022. Na primjer, u periodu od 20. maja do 20. juna cijena bitcoina kliznula je sa 29.000 na 18.000 dolara, a upravo u tom trenutku mnogi su odlučili da količinu koju posjeduju prodaju ili je potroše plaćajući ovom digitalnom valutom (i pokajali se zbog toga).

HODL naspram drugih strategija

HODL-ovanje se razlikuje od aktivnijih strategija, poput kupovine po niskoj cijeni i prodaje po visokoj, jer dok trgovci pokušavaju da tempiraju tržište radi brze zarade, HODL-eri ostaju dosljedni svojoj odluci da se ne oslobađaju svoje imovine ni u najnoepovoljnijim trenucima. HODL-eri ne pokušavaju da predvide kretanje cijena – jednostavno čuvaju svoja sredstva, svjesni toga da će strpljenje na kraju donijeti rezultat.

Naravno, HODL-ovanje ima i svoje nedostatke. Za razliku od trgovaca koji mogu da povećaju svoj kapital kroz stratešku kupovinu i prodaju, HODL-eri zavise od vremena provedenog u čekanju na dugoročne rezultate. Pored toga, masovno HODL-ovanje može usporiti cirkulaciju kriptovaluta na tržištu, smanjujući ukupnu ekonomsku aktivnost – drugim riječima, kada bismo svi bili HODL-eri odnos ponude i tražnje bi bio veoma destimulišući i to bi oborilo cijenu.

Na sreću, trgovaca ima mnogo – dovoljno da tržište stalno bude aktivno i dinamično, no za one koji nemaju vremena, vještine ili sklonost ka riziku koji nosi trgovanje, HODL-ovanje ostaje jednostavan, ali veoma efikasan pristup.

Filozofija HODL-ovanja

HODL-ovanje je više od investicione strategije – to je način razmišljanja koji obuhvata otpornost, strpljenje i vjerovanje da su kratkotrajno suzdržavanje i nepokolebljivost u odluci da se sredstva sačuvaju vrijedna dugoročnog dobitka. Bilo da cijena bitcoina raste ili pada je, filozofija HODL-ovanja ostaje ista – ostanimo dosljedni, vjerujmo procesu i gledajmo u budućnost.

Jedan od ključnih razloga zašto većini ljudi ovakav pristup dugo nije bio razumljiv je zbog toga što su čitav sistem novca prihvatili u uvjerenju da on vremenom devalvira. Vjerovatno ste makar jednom razmatrali ponudu oročene štednje i procijenili da vam količina novca koju želite da položite neće donijeti onaj prinos koji će očuvati njegovu kupovnu moć nakon određenog broja godina, jer je kontinuirano doštampavanje novca podupiralo tu tvrdnju.

Dakle, ne treba da vas zavara sve ono što znate o novcu kao takvom, budući da bitcoin (na kojem je u ovom serijalu poseban fokus, jer mnoge druge kriptovalute ipak češće razočaraju nego što oduševe) nije novac, već samo ima neka svojstva novca. Posmatrajte ga radije kao imovinu – npr. kao nekretninu za koju sigurno želite da prodate onda kada je situacija stabilnija i kada su mnogo veće šanse da pronađete kupca kojem ćete je prodati po višoj cijeni.

U svakom slučaju, ako se u vašem digitalnom novčaniku već nalazi poneki satoshi (stomilioniti djelić bitcoina), kada tržište ponovo uđe u nepovoljnu fazu i zavlada prolazna panika, sjetite se onoga što je napisao GameKyuubi. HODL nije samo izraz – to je način da se prebrode oluje i izazovi koje nestabilno tržište nosi.

@ d5c3d063:4d1159b3

โพสที่อาจารย์พิริยะ บอกว่า “If you are angry at something... maybe it's just you.”

เป็นคำกล่าวที่เตือนให้เรามองกลับเข้ามาในตัวเองว่า "ความโกรธ" มีต้นกำเนิดจากจิตใจของเราเอง การใช้สติและการตระหนักถึงความคาดหวังที่เรามีต่อผู้อื่นจะช่วยให้เราสามารถจัดการกับความโกรธได้อย่างสร้างสรรค์และมีเหตุผล แนวคิดของอริยสัจ ๔ ช่วยให้เราเข้าใจถึงต้นเหตุและวิธีการดับทุกข์ และผมนำแนวคิดอิสรนิยมมาช่วยเสริมให้เราได้ตระหนักถึงความรับผิดชอบในชีวิตของตนเองและการเคารพเสรีภาพของผู้อื่นในการนำไปใช้ทางโลกได้จริง

เมื่อเราฝึกเดินด้วยเมตตา ปล่อยวางโทสะ และไม่หลงด้วยโมหะ เราจะสามารถสร้างความสงบสุขในจิตใจและในความสัมพันธ์กับผู้อื่นได้อย่างแท้จริง ทั้งหมดนี้นำไปสู่ชีวิตที่มีความสุขและเสรีภาพอย่างสมดุลในทุกมิติของการดำรงอยู่

เริ่มจาก...อริยสัจ ๔ คือการค้นหาต้นเหตุแห่งทุกข์ในจิตใจ

พระพุทธศาสนาสอนว่าความโกรธไม่ได้เกิดจากสิ่งภายนอกโดยตรง แต่มีรากฐานมาจาก สมุทัยหรือ "เหตุแห่งทุกข์" ที่เกิดจากภายในจิตใจของเราเอง เช่น - ตัณหา (ความยึดมั่นถือมั่น) ที่ทำให้เราคาดหวังว่าสิ่งต่าง ๆ จะต้องเป็นไปตามใจเรา - อวิชชา (ความไม่รู้) ทำให้เรามองไม่เห็นว่าความโกรธไม่ได้ทำให้ปัญหาแก้ไขได้ แต่กลับเผาผลาญจิตใจเราเอง การดับความโกรธ (นิโรธ) จึงเริ่มต้นจากการมีสติรู้ตัวและปล่อยวางความยึดมั่น โดยการฝึกสมาธิและการเจริญเมตตาเป็นเครื่องมือสำคัญที่ช่วยให้เรามองเห็นความเป็นจริงและลดทอนพลังทำลายของความโกรธ

...ต่อมาคือแนวคิดอิสรนิยม ที่เน้นถึงการรับผิดชอบต่อตนเองและเสรีภาพในการเลือก ปัจเจกบุคคลต้องรับผิดชอบต่อชีวิตของตนเองและไม่พึ่งพิงปัจจัยภายนอกเกินไป ความโกรธในมุมมองนี้สามารถมองได้ว่าเป็นผลลัพธ์ของการละเลยความรับผิดชอบต่ออารมณ์ของตัวเองและการพึ่งพิงสิ่งภายนอกเกินไป เช่น การโกรธที่ผู้อื่นไม่ทำตามที่เราต้องการ สะท้อนถึงการพยายามควบคุมสิ่งที่อยู่นอกเหนืออำนาจของเรา ซึ่งขัดกับหลักการเสรีภาพส่วนบุคคลของอิสรนิยม หลักการสำคัญของอิสรนิยมคือ Non-Aggression Principle (หลักการไม่รุกราน) ที่สอนว่าความรุนแรงและการบีบบังคับผู้อื่นเป็นสิ่งที่ควรหลีกเลี่ยง ความโกรธจึงถือเป็นการรุกรานจิตใจของเราเองก่อน เพราะเป็นการสร้างภาระให้กับจิตใจโดยไม่จำเป็น

แนวทางการปฏิบัติที่อาจารย์ได้ใส่ # ไว้ 1. #เดินด้วยเมตตา - มุมมองจากอริยสัจ ๔ #เมตตา คือการยอมรับและปรารถนาดีต่อทั้งตัวเองและผู้อื่น การให้ความรักและความปรารถนาดีจะช่วยลดพลังของโทสะในจิตใจ ทำให้เรามีมุมมองที่เปิดกว้างและมีความสุขที่แท้จริง - การเชื่อมโยงในอิสรนิยม เสรีภาพของแต่ละบุคคลรวมถึงการเคารพเสรีภาพของผู้อื่น เมตตาได้ช่วยส่งเสริมการอยู่ร่วมกันในสังคมโดยไม่ก้าวก่ายสิทธิและเสรีภาพของกันและกัน เมตตาในแง่นี้จึงเป็นการสร้างสมดุลระหว่างเสรีภาพของเราและของผู้อื่น เช่น การเคารพในความคิดหรือการกระทำของผู้อื่น แม้จะเขาจะเห็นต่างจากเรา 2. #อย่าเดินด้วยโทสะ - มุมมองจากอริยสัจ ๔ #โทสะ เป็นเหมือนยาพิษที่เราดื่มเองและทำให้เราเป็นทุกข์ ความโกรธไม่ได้ทำร้ายผู้อื่นเท่าที่มันทำลายจิตใจและร่างกายของเราเอง การฝึกเจริญสติช่วยให้เราเห็นถึงอารมณ์โกรธตั้งแต่เริ่มต้น และตัดวงจรของความคิดและการกระทำที่เป็นพิษ - การเชื่อมโยงในอิสรนิยม ความโกรธหรือการใช้อารมณ์ ไม่ควรเป็นเหตุผลในการละเมิดสิทธิหรือเสรีภาพของผู้อื่น หลักการ Non-Aggression Principle (NAP) ของอิสรนิยมเตือนเราว่าการใช้อารมณ์รุนแรงหรือโทสะมักนำไปสู่การบีบบังคับหรือทำร้ายผู้อื่น ซึ่งเป็นสิ่งที่ขัดแย้งกับความเคารพในเสรีภาพของทุกคน การไม่เดินด้วยโทสะจึงเป็นการเคารพในเสรีภาพของทั้งตัวเราและผู้อื่น 3. #อย่าหลงด้วยโมหะ - มุมมองจากอริยสัจ ๔ #โมหะ หรือความหลง ทำให้เรามองสิ่งต่าง ๆ อย่างผิดเพี้ยนและติดอยู่ในภาพลวงตา เช่น การโทษผู้อื่นว่าเป็นต้นเหตุของความทุกข์ทั้งหมด ทั้งที่แท้จริงแล้วความทุกข์มักเกิดจากจิตใจและความคาดหวังของเราเอง - การเชื่อมโยงกับอิสรนิยม สอนว่าความสุขและความสงบในชีวิต ไม่ได้ขึ้นอยู่กับสิ่งภายนอก แต่ขึ้นอยู่กับเสรีภาพในการเลือกและการรับผิดชอบชีวิตของตนเอง การหลุดพ้นจากโมหะเป็นการยอมรับว่าเราไม่สามารถควบคุมผู้อื่นหรือโลกภายนอกได้ แต่สามารถควบคุมปฏิกิริยาและการตอบสนองของเราได้ การไม่หลงด้วยโมหะจึงช่วยให้เราเป็นอิสระจากความยึดมั่นในสิ่งที่อยู่นอกเหนือการควบคุม

ทีนี้มาลองดูตัวอย่างในชีวิตประจำวันกันดูบ้าง

1. เดินด้วยเมตตา หากเราพยายามอธิบายเรื่องบิตคอยน์ให้คนอื่นเข้าใจ แต่เขายังเชื่อมั่นในระบบการเงินของรัฐ การใช้เมตตาจะช่วยให้เราเข้าใจว่าการเปลี่ยนแปลงความคิดต้องใช้เวลาและกระบวนการขั้นตอน ไม่ใช่ทุกคนจะพร้อมเปิดรับแนวคิดใหม่ในทันที การพูดคุยด้วยความรักและปรารถนาดีแทนการตำหนิ จะช่วยสร้างบทสนทนาที่สร้างสรรค์

2. อย่าเดินด้วยโทสะ หากเรารู้สึกโกรธเมื่อคนอื่นยังคงเชื่อในระบบเศรษฐกิจแบบเคนส์หรือสังคมนิยม อาจใช้โอกาสนี้แหละ ในการฝึกเจริญสติและตระหนักว่าเราควบคุมความเชื่อของผู้อื่นไม่ได้ แต่สามารถเลือกอธิบายด้วยเหตุผลและความเคารพ หรือเลือกที่จะปล่อยวางเมื่อสถานการณ์ไม่เอื้ออำนวย

3. อย่าหลงด้วยโมหะ หากเราหงุดหงิดที่ผู้อื่นไม่ยอมรับแนวคิดของบิตคอยน์ การตระหนักว่าความคาดหวังของเราที่ต้องการให้ผู้อื่นเข้าใจในทันทีนั้นเป็นภาพลวงตา มันก็จะช่วยให้เรามองเห็นความจริงที่ว่า การเปลี่ยนแปลงทางความคิด เป็นกระบวนการที่ต้องใช้เวลาและเกิดจากเสรีภาพในการตัดสินใจของแต่ละบุคคล

……..……..……..

ความโกรธ เป็นหนึ่งในอารมณ์พื้นฐานที่มนุษย์ทุกคนต้องเผชิญในชีวิต แต่การจัดการความโกรธนั้นไม่ใช่เพียงเรื่องของการควบคุมอารมณ์ หากยังสะท้อนถึงการทำความเข้าใจตัวตนและธรรมชาติของสิ่งต่าง ๆ รอบตัวเรา ประโยคที่อาจารย์พิริยะบอกว่า “If you are angry at something... maybe it's just you.” ไม่ได้เป็นเพียงคำกล่าวเตือนใจ แต่ยังเป็นการเชื้อเชิญให้เราไตร่ตรองถึงรากฐานของความโกรธ ซึ่งซุปขอเชื่อมโยงเข้ากับหลักอริยสัจ ๔ ในพระพุทธศาสนาและแนวคิดอิสรนิยม (#Libertarianism) ที่เน้นความรับผิดชอบส่วนบุคคลและเสรีภาพในชีวิต

Siamstr

@ 2355757c:5ad3e04d

You’ve heard it for some time now, incandescent lightbulbs will officially be banned for sale by retailers in the U.S. However it officially goes into fully effect NEXT WEEK. Americans will only be able to purchase LED lights from retailers across the country. The government began warnings in January, and has since officially rolled out the ban on manufacturing and sale of incandescent bulbs. WHY? LED lights provide more “light” using 75% less energy and last 25 times longer than incandescents. Sounds like a no brainer switch then right? WRONG. LED lights are significantly worse for your health, here’s why.

Our light environment is one of the most underrated, overlooked aspects of health. I will write plenty more about this topic in the future. It is complex at the surface, but in reality the takeaway is simple. Our light environment is one if not THE most important inputs to our biology. It dictates our body’s “clock” or circadian rhythm. When you disrupt your circadian rhythm frequently, you are significantly more at risk to ALL CHRONIC DISEASES. Why? Your are inherently destroying your ability to get restorative sleep, keeping your body in a sympathetic state, creating dysfunctional mitochondria, and increasing oxidative stress + inflammation. Just from light? YES.

“We summarize recent evidence suggesting that circadian disruption may also be a predisposing factor for the development of age-related neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and Huntington's disease (HD).”

“... inappropriate environmental conditions such as Artificial Light at Night (ALAN) can cause circadian disruption or chronodisruption (CD) which can result in a variety of pathological diseases , including premature aging .” -STUDY LINK

Blue light stimulates cortisol production, the “stress” hormone that everyone has the knickers in a bunch about in the health community about mitigating through the use of supplements like Ashwaghanda. Here’s the deal, you don’t need to “mitigate” cortisol, you need to regulate its rhythm. Cortisol is the antithesis of melatonin, and the two hormones are meant to perform a dance everyday where one rises as the other falls…in accordance with the light cycles. However, that dance, that rhythm has been disrupted by artificial light. 

Melatonin warrants five newsletters just on its own, but know that the same blue light that stimulates cortisol production also suppresses melatonin production. If you do not produce sufficient melatonin, your body is missing out on a whole host of anti-oxidant, anti-cancer benefits. Melatonin is driven by light, and is the composer of our mitochondria (dictates mito fusion/fission, mitophagy, etc.).

LED (light emitting diode) lighting has a much “more artificial” light spectrum profile than incandescent bulbs. Full spectrum sunlight is the only light that would have existed for hundred’s of thousands of years of human existence. Then came the discovery/ability to use fire as a light source. Although full spectrum sunlight contains the entire visible light spectrum + UV + infrared, each of these wavelengths come through at different angles of the sun. This is the NUANCE that matters:

• There is no UV present at sunrise/sunset

• UVA appears when the sun is >10 degrees above horizon. UVB at sun angle > 30 degrees

• At dusk/dawn and sunrise/sunset, blue light wavelengths are scattered while red light remains intact (longer wavelength). Why sunrises/sunsets are more red/orange than blue

• Blue light is NEVER present in natural sunlight without accompanying red/infrared wavelengths.

If you look at the light spectrum of LEDs, you will see a VERY high concentration of blue wavelengths, green to yellow wavelengths, and very little red/infrared wavelengths. Conversely, incandescent bulbs have NO blue light, little to no green/yellow and is majority red/infrared. This is why incandescent bulbs are so inefficient, because they dissipate so much heat in the form of infrared light (we can’t see infrared). Red and infrared (especially NIR), are very healing/low energy wavelengths. They are beneficial for mitochondrial health, especially the 650-800nm range. Sunlight is predominantly Red/infrared (40-50%) and these wavelengths are always present when the sun is up. 

When you use LEDs you are creating a VERY artificial light environment with a lot of isolated blue, green, yellow light wavelengths and almost no red/infrared. This is extremely different from sunlight. This is especially problematic when using LEDs at NIGHT, because as stated…blue light suppresses melatonin production. Incandescent bulbs are a far better option since they are nearly all red/infrared light. This has a much less pronounced effect on melatonin, and is more in line with natural sunlight. It is also far lower in temperature, which again is a safer bet at night time.

Before Edison invented the light bulb, humans only used fire for light at night (or early morning). Incandescent bulbs are inherently FAR MORE similar in light spectrum profile to fire and have a much less harmful effect on melatonin. The estimates for suppression of melatonin in the graph below are certainly estimates, i think incandescent bulbs would actually be a bit lower but it depends on quantity and brightness as well. 

TLDR: LEDs are shitcoins for light. They are far more artificial in terms of light spectrum. They are stealing your melatonin away from you. Avoid at all costs (especially at night), or wear blue light blocking glasses if you must. You can buy “red or warmer LEDs” but they aren’t really a true red light source because most just put phosphorous over a white LED to alter the warmth of the light. 

STOCK UP on incandescent bulbs (good for keeping your house warm in the winter) before they are $100/pop. The government does NOT CARE about your health. 

BlockBlueLight Glasses + Red Bulbs (Code TRISTAN10) 

Stay Sovereign,

Tristan

p.s. the movement is growing.

Originally published JUL 31, 2023

@ bf47c19e:c3d2573b

Originalni tekst na linkedin.com

07.12.2016 / Autor: Aleksandar Matanović

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Kažu da su svi generali pametni posle bitke. Međutim, pošto sam se i pre „bitke“ pokazao kao dobar general (moj intervju u članku objavljenom 2 meseca pre „bitke“), daću sebi za pravo da pokušam da objasnim šta se desilo i zašto se desilo. Koga mrzi da čita članak, evo ukratko o čemu se radilo: Početkom maja sam bio zamoljen da prokomentarišem kako će prepolovljavanje nagrade za rudare u julu uticati na cenu bitkoina. Rekao sam tada da mislim da će cena do prepolovljavanja (između tačke „A“ i tačke „B“ na grafikonu) rasti, da će posle prepolovljavanja (od tačke „B“ pa na dalje) kratkoročno cena pasti, pa da će nakon toga dugoročno rasti. Upravo tako nešto se i desilo. Ipak, moram da naglasim da cena bitkoina zavisi od mnogih faktora i zaista je teško izolovati uticaj nekog pojedinačnog faktora na cenu, tako da se svaka ovakva analiza mora uzeti sa dosta rezerve.

Ovog jula desilo se nešto što se dešava jednom u 4 godine... a nisu Olimpijske igre ili 29-ti februar. Nagrada za bitkoin rudare se prepolovila i sada iznosi 12.5 bitkoina po bloku (uz to naravno ide i zbir provizija svih transakcija u bloku, ali taj iznos je i dalje bitno manji od 12.5 btc). Mnogi su mislili da će taj događaj vinuti cenu bitkoina u nebesa, verovatno i zbog toga što je nakon prethodnog prepolovljavanja nagrade krenuo rast koji je za manje od godinu dana rezultirao u povećanju cene od preko 10.000%. Ipak, prepolovljanje nagrade nije, barem kratkoročno, donelo očekivani skok cene. Objašnjenje za to se može tražiti u Hipotezi Efikasnog Tržišta.

Hipoteza Efikasnog Tržišta (HET), u svom jačem obliku, tvrdi da se sve javno dostupne informacije o nečemu (u ovom slučaju – o bitkoinu) već ogledaju u ceni tog nečega. Zbog toga, analizom tih javno dostupnih informacija nije moguće „pobediti“ tržište. Možemo diskutovati o tome koliko je tržište bitkoina efikasno i u kojoj meri je ova hipoteza na njega primenjiva, kao i tome koliko je i sama HET valjana, ali meni je početkom maja baš ta hipoteza pomogla da predvidim kretanje cene pre i posle prepolovljavanja.

Da bi cena nečega rasla, mora da postoji povećan broj onih koji to žele da kupe u odnosu na broj onih koji to žele da prodaju. Hajde da na trenutak zamislimo da se prepolovljavanje nagrade dogodilo potpuno neočekivano, to jest da niko nije znao da će se dogoditi. Špekulanti bi brzo shvatili da će se zbog smanjenog tempa generisanja novih bitkoina verovatno poremetiti odnos ponude i potražnje (u korist potražnje) i krenuli bi da kupuju nadajući se da će kasnije prodati po većoj ceni. Nesumljivo, to bi dovelo do rasta cene bitkoina, verovatno naglog.

Međutim, pošto se za prepolovljavanje unapred znalo da će se dogoditi i kada će se dogoditi, po HET ta, javno dostupna, informacija se već reflektovala na cenu pre prepolovljavanja. Prostim jezikom rečeno, pošto su ljudi očekivali rast cene posle prepolovljavanja, oni su mesecima unapred kupovali bitkoine, nadajući se da će da profitiraju posle rasta. Sva ta silna kupovina pred prepolovljavanje je povećela potražnju pa samim tim i cenu bitkoina. Ali, baš zato što su svi pokupovali bitkoine pred prepolovljavanje, kad se prepolovljavanje dogodilo – više nije imao ko da kupuje. A cena ne može da raste dalje ako nema dovoljno potražnje da tu cenu gura na gore. Baš zbog te smanjene potražnje, cena bitkoina je mesecima posle prepolovljavanja stagnirala, čak je imala i jedan ozbiljan pad, zbog BitFinex-a.

Dugoročno, naravno da je logično da prepolovljavanje nagrade ipak donese rast cene. Najpre, tempo generisanja novih bitkoina se smanjuje, a ako potražnja nastavi da raste sličnom brzinom kao i ranije, cena mora da raste. Takođe, prepolovljavanje nagrade je prepolovilo profit rudarima, koji će sada želeti da prodaju bitkoine po višoj ceni da bi zadržali sličan nivo prihoda kao ranije. Videćemo da li je jesenji rast cene upravo početak tog dugoročnog trenda rasta koji sam u članku prognozirao ili samo privremena stvar. Ipak, tu je još dosta drugih faktora, pre svih pitanje kako će bitkoin zajednica odgovoriti na problem skaliranja - što će biti jedna od narednih tema.

Napomena: Ova analiza predstavlja moje lično viđenje situacije. Nisam ekspert za analizu kretanja cene, tako da ovde navedene informacije ne treba uzimati kao relevantne pri eventualnim odlukama o kupovini ili prodaji kriptovaluta.

@ b2caa9b3:9eab0fb5

The year had barely begun when we, a group of four from the hostel, decided to explore Moshi's Uhuru Park. Located conveniently in the city center, it was just a short walk away, making it an easy and inviting destination.

A Stroll Through Uhuru Park

We entered through the main gate and began to wander around the park. The first area we encountered was small buildings with stores, restaurants, and a cozy beer garden. After some browsing, we ventured further into the heart of the park and stumbled upon a playground. It was a bit run-down — a place I wouldn’t let my kids play, especially not on the slide — but that didn’t stop us. As adults, we unleashed our inner children, playing on the equipment and snapping countless photos.

In the middle of our playground adventure, we spotted a tree with a ladder and a sign requesting payment to use the playground. Surprisingly, they accepted Mastercard and Visa! Yet, given the state of the equipment, I couldn’t imagine parents willingly paying for such a risky setup.

Unexpected Sights and Big Discoveries

As we moved on, the park began to reveal its quirky charm. We admired creatively maintained corners and came across a unique “Christmas tree”. Unlike traditional evergreens, this local tree earned its festive name because it only blooms during the holiday season. Nearby, we marveled at massive termite hills — some taller than me — that left me feeling small. While I was curious, I didn’t dig around to confirm if any termites were home.

A Smoothie Haven: The Wishing Tree

We eventually reached a cluster of houses within the park. One spot stood out to me — The Wishing Tree. I’d discovered it one evening during a failed attempt to attend a BBQ festival when the police turned me away. The Wishing Tree seemed like an oasis, but it was closed at night, so I promised myself I’d return.

That day, I kept my promise. The Wishing Tree lived up to its name, offering a serene, green space with soft music perfect for meditation. The smoothies were freshly made, organic, and worth the wait. With my first sip, I was blown away — absolutely delicious, even if a bit pricey. We lingered there, savoring every moment and every drop.

Chipsiei and Colonial Echoes

After leaving the oasis, we wandered back to the beer garden. One of my companions, a man from Switzerland, ordered Chipsiei. It’s a local dish of fries and eggs, with “Ei” (the German word for egg) being a linguistic remnant of Tanzania’s time as German East Africa. Traces of this colonial past still linger in buildings, language, and even some food traditions.

I opted for a beer with lemon, similar to a Radler, while others chose soda or beer. After finishing our drinks, we continued our walk, eventually passing the bus station. Here, the Swiss traveler bought a ticket for his next destination, though not without encountering the infamous “mzungu price” — a common overcharge for foreigners. Despite having the correct price from the internet, he couldn’t negotiate it down.

A Market Adventure

Back at the hostel, I decided to visit the market, and the Swiss man joined me. I needed bananas, while he sought natural baobab fruit. Unlike the colored and sugary versions sold on the street, market baobab is organic and white. It was the perfect place to find fresh, unaltered produce.

Wrapping Up the Day

After the market, we returned to the hostel to relax at the bar, reflecting on our day. While writing this, I realized I captured so many interesting photos. I’ll share a few here and save the rest for my upcoming online gallery — stay tuned for updates!

Moving On

Tomorrow, I’ll check out and continue my journey through Africa. After nearly two months in Moshi, my foot has healed, and it’s time to move forward. Along the way, I’ll need to replace my GoPro battery (the old one blew up) and get a power bank after my Google Pixel met its end with a faulty one. I also need to pick up a hat to protect myself from the increasingly harsh sun and maybe a sheet to use as a multi sheet (Towel, Beach Towel and other things).

The road ahead promises new adventures, stories, and photos. Stay tuned to follow my travels as I explore more of this beautiful continent!

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AE789 là một trong những nền tảng giải trí trực tuyến được ưa chuộng, mang đến cho người tham gia một không gian giải trí đầy hấp dẫn và thú vị. Với giao diện dễ sử dụng, dễ tiếp cận, AE789 nhanh chóng chiếm được lòng tin của người tham gia nhờ vào sự đa dạng trong các trò chơi cũng như cam kết bảo mật tuyệt đối. Nền tảng này không chỉ cung cấp các trò chơi phong phú mà còn tạo ra một môi trường an toàn và bảo mật cho người dùng.

Một trong những điểm mạnh lớn nhất của AE789 chính là sự đa dạng trong các trò chơi mà nền tảng này cung cấp. Người tham gia có thể dễ dàng tìm thấy một loạt các trò chơi từ đơn giản đến phức tạp, đáp ứng nhu cầu giải trí của nhiều đối tượng khác nhau. Các trò chơi trên AE789 không chỉ về mặt thể loại mà còn có sự đầu tư mạnh mẽ vào đồ họa và âm thanh. Những trò chơi được thiết kế đẹp mắt và có gameplay mượt mà, mang lại cảm giác chân thực, như thể người chơi đang tham gia vào một thế giới thực tế. Điều này tạo nên một trải nghiệm thú vị và không thể thiếu đối với những ai tìm kiếm một nền tảng giải trí chất lượng.

Bên cạnh các trò chơi phong phú, ae666 còn thu hút người tham gia với các chương trình khuyến mãi và sự kiện đặc biệt. Các sự kiện này mang đến cơ hội cho người tham gia nhận được những phần thưởng hấp dẫn và khám phá thêm nhiều tính năng mới của nền tảng. Đặc biệt, những chương trình khuyến mãi của AE789 không chỉ dành cho người tham gia mới mà còn áp dụng cho người chơi lâu dài, giúp duy trì sự hào hứng và thúc đẩy người chơi quay lại với nền tảng này. Các sự kiện này không chỉ tạo ra những cơ hội mới mẻ mà còn giúp người tham gia kết nối và giao lưu với cộng đồng giải trí sôi động trên AE789.

Bảo mật là yếu tố quan trọng được AE789 đặt lên hàng đầu. Nền tảng này sử dụng các công nghệ bảo mật tiên tiến nhất để bảo vệ thông tin cá nhân và giao dịch của người tham gia. Mọi dữ liệu đều được mã hóa và lưu trữ an toàn, giúp người tham gia hoàn toàn yên tâm khi sử dụng dịch vụ. AE789 cam kết cung cấp một môi trường bảo mật tuyệt đối, giúp người dùng không phải lo lắng về các rủi ro về thông tin cá nhân. Điều này tạo ra niềm tin vững chắc cho người tham gia, từ đó tăng cường sự trung thành và mức độ hài lòng với nền tảng.

Cuối cùng, AE789 cũng nổi bật với dịch vụ chăm sóc khách hàng tận tâm và chuyên nghiệp. Đội ngũ hỗ trợ khách hàng của nền tảng luôn sẵn sàng giải đáp mọi thắc mắc và hỗ trợ người tham gia trong suốt quá trình sử dụng dịch vụ. Với sự nhiệt tình và chuyên nghiệp, đội ngũ chăm sóc khách hàng của AE789 giúp người tham gia giải quyết nhanh chóng các vấn đề phát sinh, từ đó nâng cao trải nghiệm sử dụng nền tảng. Sự hỗ trợ chu đáo này cũng là một trong những yếu tố quan trọng giúp AE789 trở thành một nền tảng giải trí trực tuyến được yêu thích và tin tưởng.

Với tất cả những yếu tố trên, AE789 xứng đáng là lựa chọn hàng đầu cho những ai tìm kiếm một không gian giải trí trực tuyến chất lượng và an toàn. Với sự đa dạng trong các trò chơi, chương trình khuyến mãi hấp dẫn, bảo mật tuyệt đối và dịch vụ hỗ trợ khách hàng tận tâm, AE789 cam kết mang đến cho người tham gia một trải nghiệm giải trí trọn vẹn và tuyệt vời.

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88Club là một nền tảng giải trí trực tuyến đang ngày càng thu hút sự chú ý của người dùng nhờ vào những dịch vụ đa dạng, chất lượng cao và tính bảo mật tuyệt đối. Với giao diện thân thiện, dễ sử dụng và các trò chơi phong phú, 88Club mang đến một không gian giải trí lý tưởng cho tất cả mọi người. Nền tảng này cam kết mang lại trải nghiệm tuyệt vời, từ các trò chơi giải trí đơn giản đến những trò chơi đòi hỏi kỹ năng cao, luôn đáp ứng nhu cầu đa dạng của người tham gia.

Điều làm nên sự khác biệt của 88Club chính là sự đa dạng trong các trò chơi và dịch vụ mà nó cung cấp. Người tham gia có thể dễ dàng tìm thấy một loạt các trò chơi hấp dẫn, từ những trò chơi giải trí nhẹ nhàng đến những trò chơi yêu cầu sự tính toán và chiến lược. Các trò chơi trên 88Club đều được thiết kế với đồ họa đẹp mắt, âm thanh sống động và gameplay mượt mà, mang đến cho người chơi những trải nghiệm chân thực và đầy hấp dẫn. Đặc biệt, 88Club không ngừng cập nhật các trò chơi mới, tạo ra một không gian giải trí không bao giờ bị nhàm chán.

Bên cạnh các trò chơi thú vị, 88club còn tổ chức các sự kiện và chương trình khuyến mãi hấp dẫn, mang đến cho người tham gia cơ hội nhận được những phần thưởng giá trị. Những sự kiện này không chỉ tạo cơ hội để người tham gia thể hiện tài năng mà còn giúp họ giao lưu và kết nối với cộng đồng. Với những chương trình khuyến mãi đặc biệt, người tham gia sẽ có cơ hội trải nghiệm những trò chơi mới mẻ và nhận những phần thưởng hấp dẫn, tạo nên một môi trường giải trí sôi động và phong phú.

Bảo mật là yếu tố mà 88Club đặc biệt chú trọng. Nền tảng này sử dụng các công nghệ bảo mật tiên tiến để bảo vệ thông tin cá nhân và các giao dịch của người tham gia. Mọi thông tin người dùng được mã hóa và bảo vệ an toàn tuyệt đối. Với hệ thống bảo mật mạnh mẽ, người tham gia có thể yên tâm khi tham gia vào các trò chơi và sự kiện mà không lo ngại về các vấn đề bảo mật. Điều này giúp 88Club xây dựng được lòng tin vững chắc trong cộng đồng người tham gia.

Một yếu tố quan trọng khác giúp 88Club trở thành lựa chọn hàng đầu chính là dịch vụ hỗ trợ khách hàng tận tình và chuyên nghiệp. Nền tảng này có đội ngũ hỗ trợ khách hàng luôn sẵn sàng giải đáp mọi thắc mắc và hỗ trợ người tham gia trong quá trình sử dụng dịch vụ. Với thái độ thân thiện, nhiệt tình và chuyên môn cao, đội ngũ hỗ trợ khách hàng của 88Club cam kết mang lại dịch vụ hỗ trợ tốt nhất, giúp người tham gia có thể tận hưởng những trải nghiệm giải trí tuyệt vời nhất mà không gặp phải bất kỳ rào cản nào.

Với tất cả những yếu tố trên, 88Club xứng đáng là một trong những nền tảng giải trí trực tuyến hàng đầu hiện nay. Không chỉ cung cấp các trò chơi hấp dẫn và đa dạng, 88Club còn tạo ra một không gian giải trí an toàn và bảo mật cho người tham gia. Với sự phát triển không ngừng và cam kết mang lại trải nghiệm giải trí chất lượng, 88Club chắc chắn sẽ tiếp tục là lựa chọn lý tưởng cho những ai yêu thích không gian giải trí trực tuyến đầy thú vị và sáng tạo.

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Originalni tekst na ecd.rs

29.04.2020. / Autor: Aleksandar Matanović

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U poslednjih par meseci smo naučili da mnoge stvari koje deluju sigurno i nepromenljivo zapravo ne moraju da budu takve. Ove godine nećemo gledati tenis na Vimbldonu, a olimpijske igre su odložene za sledeću godinu. Ipak, i u ovim ludim vremenima postoje stvari za koje možemo biti sigurni da će se dogoditi tačno kada su bile i planirane. Jedna od njih je prepolovljavanje nagrade za rudare bitkoina, poznatije kao „bitcoin halving“ u ovom slučaju u doba korone.

Za one kojima je ova tematika nova, samo par rečenica o halving-u. „Rudari“ su ljudi koji svoj hardver koriste za održavanje bitkoin mreže. Za svaki novi blok transakcija koji se doda u blokčejn, neko od rudara dobije 12.5 BTC, a to se deševa otprilike na svakih 10 minuta. Nakon prepolovljavanja nagrade, rudari će dobijati 6.25 BTC po bloku.

„Bitcoin halving“ je planiran za 11.05., možda bude dan-dva pre ili kasnije, ali neće odstupiti više od toga. To je inače nešto što je predviđeno da se dešava na svake 4 godine, ali se zbog skoro neprekidnog rasta procesorske snage rudara do sada dešavalo u intervalima koji su nešto kraći od 4 godine (prethodno prepolovljavanje nagrade se desilo u julu 2016.).

Pre 4 godine sam pisao na ovu temu kada sam od strane Cointelegraph-a bio zamoljen da prognoziram uticaj halvinga na cenu. Par meseci kasnije sam napisao i članak u kojem sam objasnio kako sam uspeo da pogodim kretanje cene.

Da nema korone, moja prognoza se u principu ne bi razlikovala od prognoze koju sam dao pre 4 godine. Sa koronom, pokazalo se da je teško bilo šta prognozirati. Često sam govorio da bi bitkoin eksplodirao (u pozitivnom smislu) da je postojao 2008. godine tokom ekonomske krize. I dalje to mislim. Međutim, kriza sa kojom se sad suočavamo nije ista kao ona od pre 12 godina. Tada smo imali krah finansijskog sistema koji je ozbiljno uzdrmao čak i najveće svetske banke, samim tim i poverenje u bankarski sistem. Alternativa u vidu kriptovaluta bi u tim okolnostima mnogima bila vrlo zanimljiva. Ipak, sada nemamo krizu finansijskog sistema, barem ne još uvek. Iako mnogi prognoziraju da nas čeka kriza koja će biti ozbiljnija od one iz 2008. godine, mislim da malo ko razmišlja o dugoročnim posledicama u ovom trenutku i o tome koje investicije će dugoročno biti najisplativije.

Dugoročno planiranje je u ovim okolnostima luksuz koji retko ko može sebi da priušti. U situciji kad su ljudi zabrinuti za svoj život i život svojih bližnjih, kad su ostali bez posla ili se plaše da mogu ostati (ili se plaše da li će im biznis preživeti, ako su vlasnici biznisa), verovatno da retko ko razmišlja o tome da li je pametnije investirati u zlato ili digitalno zlato (kako mnogi nazivaju bitkoin) i šta će za 5 ili 10 godina doneti veći profit.

Zbog činjenice da je ceo svet zaokupljen virusom, mislim da će prepolovljavanje nagrade za rudare proći relativno neopaženo, pogotovo u mejnstrim medijima. Od početka krize, cena kriptovaluta se kretala slično kao i indeksi na svetskim berzama, što je čudno, barem gledajući istoriju… mada, u svojoj relativno kratkoj istoriji bitkoin se još nije susreo sa koronom, niti bilo čime sličnim. Kratkoročno, mislim da će na cenu bitkoina mnogo više uticati talasi osećaja panike i optimizma koji će se na globalnom nivou smenjivati kao posledica daljih dešavanja vezano za koronu, nego prepolovljavanje nagrade za rudare ili bilo šta drugo što se dešava unutar same kripto industrije. Zbog toga, ne bih se usudio da dam bilo kakvu procenu kad je u pitanju kratkoročno kretanje cene bitkoina.

Dugoročno gledano, ja sam već oko 8 godina optimista (uz par kratkotrajnih kriza) kad je bitkoin u pitanju i to korona neće promeniti. Kao što sve pandemije prolaze, proći će i korona, pa će svet morati da se suoči sa dugoročnim posledicama svojih kratkoročnih odluka koje su donete i koje će biti donete tokom narednih meseci. Ovde ni na koji način ne želim da te odluke dovodim u pitanje, jer u ovakvim situacijama ne postoje dobra rešenja, samo manje ili više loša. I samo vreme može da pokaže koja su bila kakva. Ipak, koliko god neke odluke bile opravdane ili iznuđene, one će imati posledice.

Ekonomija je stala i mnoge države su već najavile ozbiljno doštampavanje novca kako bi ponovo pokrenule privredu. Imajući u vidu da su i pre tog doštampavanja, države mahom bile ozbiljno zadužene, postavlja se pitanje koliko dodatnog zaduživanja može da se podnese. Ovo će biti ozbiljan izazov čak i za najjače svetske ekomije, a posebno za one slabije. Iznenadilo bi me da ova kriza ne prouzrokuje ozbiljne nivoe inflacije i devalvacije valuta, pa čak i potpuni bankrot u nekim od zemalja u razvoju. Nikako ne isključujem mogućnost da se tako nešto desi i u nekoj od razvijenih zemalja. Valuta koja se ne može nekontrolisano doštampavati i time obezvređivati može biti vrlo simpatična alternativa u tim okolnostima.

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Časopis studenata Ekonomskog fakulteta - "Monopolist", oktobar 2013. / Autor: Nikola Nikitović

Da li ćemo, uz pomoć interneta, uspeti da zaobiđemo banke u procesu novčanih transakcija i tako učinimo sebe bogatijim?

Slobodno tržište tera svakog učesnika da popravi performanse svog proizvoda ili usluge, smanji troškove, eliminiše nepotrebne aktivnosti i sve to u cilju profi ta. Zato ne čudi što zbog pojave savremenih tehnologija mnoga zanimanja nestaju. Tako danas skoro da više i nemamo daktilografe, limare, časovničare i slično. Međutim, delatnost koja je izložena konkurenciji, ali vekovima opstaje i tradicionalno pravi velike profi te je bankarstvo. Iste godine kad je svet zahvatila svetska ekonomska kriza, te čuvene 2008, osoba ili grupa ljudi pod pseudonimom „Satoši Nakamoto” izbacuje „bitkoin protokol”. Idejni tvorac bitkoina izabrao je da ostane anoniman, što je otvorilo prostor za istražitelje koji su pokušali da otkriju identitet Satoši Nakamota. Izneti su i dokazi koji povezuju troje ljudi sa identitetom Nakamota, ali ništa više od onoga što obični demanti ne mogu osporiti.

ŠTA JE, U STVARI, „BITKOIN”?

Jedna od ideja tvoraca bitkoina je da se dizajnira nova ekonomija u kojoj digitalni domen ima primarnu ulogu. Bitkoin je prva decentralizovana digitalna valuta. Za razliku od evra, dolara, dinara ili bilo koje druge valute, bitkoinom ne upravlja nijedna institucija - ni centralna banka, ni vlada, niti bilo ko drugi. To su digitalni novčići koji se mogu slati putem interneta. Šaljemo ih neposredno, dakle, bez učešća banaka, što znači da su troškovi slanja, ako ne nulti, onda svakako manji nego do sada. Geografski faktori ne predstavljaju ograničenje, pa, na kojoj god lokaciji da se nalazimo, moći ćemo da primamo ili šaljemo ovaj digitalni novac. Takođe, jedna od važnih osobina bitkoina je ta da nam račun ni u jednom trenutku ne može biti zamrznut.

Urednik „Bitkoin magazina” kaže da je bitkoin upravo ono što bi novac trebalo da bude. Ove transakcije ne liče na klasične novčane transakcije. Kako njima ne upravlja centralna banka, infl acija nije moguća, što u slučaju Srbije, zemlje s tradicionalno visokom infl acijom i drugom najvećom hiperinfl acijom, dosta znači. Bitkoini se generišu u procesu zvanom „mining”. Kompjuter nam zadaje kompleksan matematički problem, a cilj je šezdesetčetvorocifreni broj. Ukoliko kompjuter uspešno reši ovaj algoritam, postajemo vlasnici pedeset bitkoina. Mreža je programirana tako da povećava ponudu novca prema predodređenom rasporedu sve dok ukupan broj bitkoina ne dostigne 21 milion. Trenutno se u proseku izbacuje oko dvadeset pet novčića na svakih deset minuta. Ovaj broj biće prepolovljen do 2017, i tako svake četiri godine dok ne dostigne limit. Novembra 2012. kreirana je polovina ukupne ponude bitkoina od 21 milion, a oko 2140. bi trebalo i cela ponuda.

Vrednost bitkoina u odnosu na dolar rapidno se uvećava - od svega trideset centi januara 2011. do 125 dolara marta 2013. Iz tog razloga ljudi koriste bitkoin radije kao investiciju, nego kao sredstvo plaćanja.

Mt.Gox je najveća svetska bitkoin berza (eng. exchange) gde ljudi mogu da trguju bitkoinima bilo s kim u svetu, mogu da ih kupuju lokalnom valutom, a mogu čak i da ih skladište. Ipak, ni ovo nije bez rizika: hakeri mogu da upadnu u sistem i da ga ozbiljno ugroze. Bitkoin je, takođe, poznat po tome što je moguće, uz određeni softver, kupovati nelegalne proizvode poput droge, što skeptici vide kao negativnu stranu ove valute. Ali, ako znamo da nož može da ubije čoveka, ali i da iseče hleb, da li to onda znači da treba da zabranimo proizvodnju noževa?

Najveći interes za novu digitalnu valutu pokazuju zemlje koje nemaju tako jak bankarski sektor kao Kina, Rusija, zemlje Latinske Amerike i Afrika. Postoje dva aspekta bitkoina koja izazivaju sumnju u naše razumevanje novca: on je istovremeno i valuta i način plaćanja (nešto kao „pejpal” sa svojom valutom). Svakako da se vladama i ostalim regulatornim telima ovaj koncept ne sviđa. Oni vole kad akademci razmišljaju o monetarnoj politici, pišu radove i predaju svoje ideje nadležnima, koji ih prihvate ili odbace. Satoši Nakamoto, tvorac bitkoina, nije tako razmišljao: on je napravio valutu i pustio je u upotrebu, pa ko hoće, može da je koristi. Ovo je prvi put u istoriji da jedan čovek može da šalje i prima novac bez učešća ijedne druge osobe, bilo gde na planeti. Nije bitno da li ima bankovni račun, nije bitno da li ima kreditne kartice, ako ima kompjuter i pristup internetu, može da šalje novac odakle god želi i niko ga ne može sprečiti u tome. Neki idu i toliko daleko da kažu da je ovo i najveći izum posle interneta. Ako je tako, to znači da će tražnja rasti, a kako je ponuda predvidiva i ograničena, znači da će i cena da raste. Ako je zaista tako, hajdemo onda svi po bitkoine.

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@ 6bae33c8:607272e8

It was a so-so year for me. I won one Beat Chris Liss league, didn’t cash in the other two or the Primetime. I got bounced in the first round of the Steak League playoffs and finished as a self buyer. I didn’t make the Dynasty League playoffs (even though I had the fourth most points and would have won the league based on my scores in the playoffs), and I didn’t do anything in Survivor or Circa Millions. It certainly could have been better.

Had I known in August what I know now, here’s what I would have done:

1.12 Saquon Barkley — This is chalk here, but I love older running backs this year, and Saquon should go off on the Eagles. No, I’m not worried that Jalen Hurts might score 14 rushing TDs in 15 games.

2.1 Jahmyr Gibbs — Also chalk, but I want to build a RB-heavy foundation with all these zero-RB midwits. You love your Tyreek Hill-Jaylen Waddle build? Sidebet?

3.1 Derrick Henry — Whew, glad he fell to me. I love starting out with three straight RBs, so nutless monkeys can criticize my poor draft structure!

4.12 Josh Allen — I like to get a stud QB early, you guys can wait on Kirk Cousins and Caleb Williams if you want.

5.1 Lamar Jackson — I know it’s early to double up, but I don’t want anyone snagging this value from me. Always punish the room even if it costs you! Sidebets anyone?

6.12 Brian Thomas — Receiver is definitely a position you can piece together if you know what you’re doing, and with Thomas I have an every week starter no matter how bad the quarterback play in Jacksonville.

7.1 Courtland Sutton — I want to buy into the Sean Payton Denver passing game. Russell Wilson, not Payton, was the problem, and Bo Nix is a stud.

8.12 Jordan Addison — I expect Sam Darnold to unlock Addison this year.

9.1 Brock Bowers — He’s no Kyle Pitts (who you took in Round 6), that’s for sure.

10.12 Rashid Shaheed — He’s liable to get hurt, but I need some early-season WR production from someone, and he’s better than Chris Olave.

11.1 Bucky Irving — I’m too thin at RB, needed some depth.

12.12 Jalen McMillan — In case I need some WR depth for the stretch run.

13.1 Adam Thielen — If a white receiver is still in the league at 34, he must be doing something right!

14.12 Cowboys Kicker — Always be the first to take the obvious stud kicker.

15.1 Broncos Defense — beasts.

16.12 Vikings Defense — beasts.

17.1 Steelers Kicker — Always draft a second stud kicker to back up your first one.

18.12 Zach Ertz — Need some TE depth, and Ertz could be useful in my Week 17 title game.

19.1 Jonnu Smith — You can never have too much TE depth. Controversial take: Smith will outproduce Waddle and Hill this year.

20.12 Sam Darnold — Who knows? He could be useful in the playoffs.

This obviously isn’t the ideal team, but it would win every league and generate plenty of action in side bets too.

And here’s some September 3-5 ADP to show this build was possible:

@ d830ee7b:4e61cd62

จุดเริ่มต้นของสงครามบล็อกไซส์

ลองนึกภาพร้านอาหารเล็ก ๆ ที่มีแค่สิบโต๊ะ แต่ลูกค้ากลับล้นหลามจนพนักงานวิ่งวุ่นตลอดวัน เราอาจเห็นภาพชัดว่าปัญหาต้องตามมาแน่ ๆ ถ้าจำนวนโต๊ะไม่พอกับลูกค้าที่ต่อแถวกันยาวเหยียด

บางคนหัวเสียจนยอมจ่ายเงินเพิ่มเพื่อรีบได้โต๊ะนั่ง ในขณะที่อีกหลายคนก็ยืนรอจนหมดอารมณ์กิน สุดท้ายก็ต้องถามกันว่า

“จะทำยังไงดี ถึงจะไม่เสียเอกลักษณ์ร้าน และไม่ปล่อยให้ลูกค้าต้องหงุดหงิดมากมายขนาดนี้?”

บรรยากาศตรงนี้เปรียบได้กับสภาพของบิตคอยน์ช่วงราวปี 2015 ซึ่งเดิมทีเคยรองรับธุรกรรมได้สบาย ๆ แต่จู่ ๆ ก็ต้องแบกรับภาระธุรกรรมมหาศาลจน “คิวยาวเป็นหางว่าว”

ทั้งหมดนี้มาจากข้อกำหนดตั้งต้นว่า แต่ละบล็อกมีขนาดเพียง 1 เมกะไบต์ และบล็อกจะถูกสร้างทุก ๆ ประมาณ 10 นาที ทีนี้พอผู้ใช้หลั่งไหลเข้ามาไม่หยุด พื้นที่เล็ก ๆ ที่ว่าเลยเอาไม่อยู่ ใครอยากให้ธุรกรรมติดบล็อกก่อนก็ควักกระเป๋าจ่ายค่าธรรมเนียมเพิ่ม ถ้าไม่จ่าย ธุรกรรมอาจรอข้ามวันข้ามคืน แถมยังเสี่ยงค้างเติ่งไปเลย

ความไม่พอใจจึงปะทุขึ้นเป็นเสียงดังลั่นว่า

“แก้ปัญหานี้ยังไงดี จะขยายบล็อกกันเลยไหม หรือปรับซอฟต์แวร์ให้ฉลาดขึ้นโดยไม่เพิ่มขนาดจริง ๆ?”

เมื่อสองแนวคิดนี้ตั้งฉากกัน คนในแวดวงบิตคอยน์จึงแตกเป็นสองฝั่งหลัก ๆ

ฝั่งแรกเสนอ “เพิ่ม Blocksize” โดยบอกว่าต้องแก้ให้จบตรงจุด เหมือนเพิ่มโต๊ะเข้าไปในร้าน จะได้รองรับลูกค้าได้มากขึ้น เพราะเชื่อว่า Bitcoin ต้องพร้อมสำหรับการใช้งานทั่วโลก การขยายจาก 1 MB เป็น 2 MB หรือ 4 MB หรือมากกว่านั้น จึงตอบโจทย์ผู้ใช้หลากหลายตั้งแต่รายเล็กไปจนถึงธุรกิจใหญ่

แกนนำฝ่ายนี้คือ Roger Ver หรือ “Bitcoin Jesus” ที่ผลักดันแนวคิดนี้สุดตัวร่วมกับทีมขุดอย่าง Bitmain ซึ่งไม่อยากเห็นใครต้องยืนรอนานหรือจ่ายแพงเวอร์

อีกฝ่ายคือทีมพัฒนา “Bitcoin Core” ที่มี Greg Maxwell และ Peter Wuille เป็นหัวขบวน พวกเขายืนยันว่าถ้ายิ่งเพิ่มขนาดบล็อกให้ใหญ่โต ก็จะยิ่งเก็บข้อมูลมากจนโหนดรายเล็ก ๆ ต้องใช้ทรัพยากรสูงขึ้น สุดท้ายอาจเหลือแค่รายใหญ่ที่รันโหนดไหว แล้ว Decentralization ก็จะถูกบั่นทอน

ฝ่ายบิตคอยน์คอร์จึงเสนอทางแก้แบบ Segregated Witness (SegWit) ซึ่งเปรียบได้กับการจัดโต๊ะใหม่ให้แยบยล—ย้ายข้อมูลลายเซ็นธุรกรรมไปไว้นอกบล็อกหลัก ทำให้ในบล็อกมีพื้นที่ใส่ธุรกรรมได้อีกเยอะขึ้นโดยไม่ต้องทุบผนังขยายร้าน

ความขัดแย้งไม่ได้จำกัดอยู่ในเว็บบอร์ดหรือฟอรัม แต่ลุกลามไปจนถึงเวทีระดับโลกอย่าง Consensus Conference ปี 2016 และ 2017 ฝ่ายหนุนเพิ่มขนาดบล็อกก็โหวกเหวกว่า “นี่แหละถูกจุดที่สุด”

ส่วนทีมบิตคอยน์คอร์ก็โต้กลับว่า “ขืนบล็อกใหญ่ไป ระบบก็เสี่ยงรวมศูนย์ เพราะใครจะมีทุนซื้ออุปกรณ์แพง ๆ และเน็ตแรง ๆ ตลอด” จึงไม่ใช่แค่ถกเถียงทางเทคนิค แต่สะท้อนมุมมองปรัชญาด้วยว่าบิตคอยน์ควรเป็นระบบ “กระจาย” หรือ “รวมศูนย์” กันแน่

ยิ่งถกก็ยิ่งมองไม่เห็นทางออก.. บ้างก็เสนอให้ Fork แยกเครือข่ายไปเลย เหมือนเปิดสาขาร้านใหม่ ใครไม่โอเคแนวไหนก็ไปอีกสาขาหนึ่ง

Roger Ver กับสายขุดยักษ์ใหญ่ก็บอกว่าถ้าไม่เพิ่ม Blocksize ต่อไปค่าธรรมเนียมสูง และคนจะเข้าถึงยากขึ้น เหมือนร้านที่โต๊ะแน่นจนคนล้น

ฝั่งบิตคอยน์คอร์ย้ำว่าจะพัฒนา SegWit กับ Lightning Network เพื่อขนธุรกรรมส่วนใหญ่ไปทำงานนอกบล็อกหลัก แม้อาจต้องรอให้เทคโนโลยีสุกงอม แต่คงไม่กระทบโหนดรายเล็กมากนัก

ในโลกออนไลน์ สงครามโซเชียลก็เริ่มเดือด ตั้งกระทู้กันทุกวัน บางคนต่อว่านักขุดว่าเอากำไรเป็นหลัก บ้างบอกทีมบิตคอยน์คอร์ไม่เข้าใจปัญหาฝั่งธุรกิจจนชาวเน็ตแบ่งเป็นหลายค่าย คำถามใหญ่จึงดังขึ้น

“ตกลงบิตคอยน์จะเป็น ‘อาวุธทางการเงิน’ ของคนหมู่มากได้จริงเหรอ ถ้าไม่มีพื้นที่ในบล็อกมากพอ?”

หรือ..

“ถ้าผลุนผลันขยายบล็อกไปเรื่อย ๆ จนเหลือแต่รายใหญ่ที่รันโหนดได้ แบบนั้นยังถือว่าเป็น บิตคอยน์ในอุดมการณ์ของ Satoshi Nakamoto ไหม?”

พอหลายฝ่ายพยายามประนีประนอมกันหลายเวที สุดท้ายก็ไม่ประสบผล Roger Ver มั่นใจว่าต้องเพิ่ม Blocksize เท่านั้นจึงพาบิตคอยน์รอด

ส่วนทีม Core ไม่ยอมเปิดทางง่าย ๆ เพราะกลัวระบบเสียหลักการกระจายอำนาจไป

ด้วยเหตุผลทั้งคู่จึงทำให้สงครามนี้ยืดเยื้อ กลุ่มขุดและพัฒนาในแวดวงเริ่มจับตากันเครียด บ้างเสนอทางผสม เช่น เพิ่ม Blocksize นิดหน่อย แล้วเปิด SegWit ควบคู่ บ้างเสนอว่าให้เลื่อนตัดสินใจออกไปก่อนก็ยังดี

ไม่มีใครรู้ว่าจะลงเอยอย่างไร.. และหากเรื่องนี้พลั้งพลาดบิตคอยน์อาจแตกเป็นสองสายจนผู้ใช้หรือนักลงทุนสับสน

สถานการณ์ช่วงแรกเหมือน “ไฟที่กำลังคุ” เพราะยังไม่ปะทุเต็มที่แต่ก็แรงพอจะยกครัวไปตลอดทั้งวงการ คนพัฒนาก็ทำ SegWit และ Lightning Network ไป ฝ่ายหนุน Blocksize ก็เดินสายผลักดันให้เต็มที่ ถึงขั้นยอมเสี่ยง Fork ถ้าจำเป็นจริง ๆ

นี่แหละคือจุดเริ่มต้นของความตึงเครียดที่ไม่ใช่แค่ “ขนาดบล็อก” แต่หมายถึงอนาคตของบิตคอยน์ที่อาจพลิกโฉมไปตลอดกาล..

คิดง่าย ๆ ก็เหมือนร้านอาหารเล็ก ๆ ที่กำลังจะก้าวสู่ภัตตาคารใหญ่ระดับท็อป เมื่อแขกเหรื่อมาไม่หยุดหย่อน แน่นอนว่าเสียงเรียกร้องให้ทุบกำแพงขยายร้านย่อมมีบ้าง แต่บางคนอาจบอก “เปลี่ยนวิธีจัดโต๊ะแทนได้ไหม?” ทุกแนวทางต่างมีทั้งโอกาสและความเสี่ยง

ที่สำคัญคือ บิตคอยน์เป็นสินทรัพย์อันดับหนึ่งของโลกคริปโตฯ หากก้าวพลาดเพียงเล็กน้อย อาจสะเทือนไปทั่วโลกด้วย

เนื้อหาถัดไปผมจะชวนมาดูว่า ใครกันแน่ที่อยู่เบื้องหลังการขับเคลื่อนสงคราม Blocksize ครั้งนี้?

พวกเขามีแรงจูงใจอะไรกันบ้าง? และจะนำพาบิตคอยน์ไปในทิศทางใด?

ขอทิ้งท้ายส่วนนี้ให้คิดเล่น ๆ

“ถ้าเพิ่ม Blocksize สุด ๆ แต่โหนดรายเล็กหายหมด สุดท้ายยังเรียกว่ากระจายอำนาจอยู่ไหม?”

“หรือจะรักษาบล็อกขนาดเล็กไว้อย่างเดิม แล้วปรับเทคโนโลยีเสริมให้ฉลาดขึ้นดีกว่า?”

ทั้งหมดที่เล่ามายังเป็นแค่บทโหมโรงนะครับ สงครามนี้เพิ่งปะทุเท่านั้น ยังมีอะไรเข้มข้นอีกมาก ติดตามต่อว่าฝั่งไหนจะงัดไม้เด็ดอะไรออกมาเพื่อรักษา “ร้านอาหาร” แห่งนี้ให้เดินหน้าต่อไปได้โดยไม่เสียตัวตน..

ใครคือผู้ขับเคลื่อนสงคราม Blocksize?

พาร์ทที่แล้ว เราได้เห็นภาพรวมของปัญหาที่ดูเหมือนจะเล็กนิดเดียวอย่าง “บล็อกใหญ่หรือเล็ก?” แต่กลับแผ่ขยายจนกลายเป็นมหากาพย์ความขัดแย้งในชุมชนบิตคอยน์ เสมือนเดิมพันอนาคตของสกุลเงินดิจิทัลอันดับหนึ่งบนโลกใบนี้

พอตอนนี้ถึงเวลาแล้วที่เราจะก้าวลึกลงไปในเบื้องหลังของสงครามอันร้อนแรงนี้ ใครอยู่ในเงามืด? ใครลากสายอยู่หลังเวที? และใครโดดขึ้นมาเดินลุยบนสนามเปิดเพื่อต่อสู้แย่งชิงฉันทามติของเครือข่าย?

มีคนชอบเปรียบเทียบว่าศึก Blocksize ครั้งนี้คือ “สนามรบดิจิทัล” ซึ่งไม่ได้ยิงกระสุนห้ำหั่นแต่ใช้โค้ดแทน ขับเคลื่อนด้วย “Hashrate” ที่เปรียบเสมือนอาวุธหนัก ฝ่ายไหนถือกำลังขุดสูงกว่าก็เหมือนมีกองทัพเบิ้ม ๆ อยู่ในมือ

ด้านนักพัฒนาและผู้ใช้ทั่วไปก็คล้ายประชากรพลเรือนที่บางทีก็ต้องยอมรับชะตา แต่บางทีก็รวมตัวประท้วงสร้างพลังของตัวเองให้โลกได้เห็น ทุกฝีก้าวมีคนจ้องดูว่าจะเกิด “Hard Fork” หรือ “Soft Fork” เมื่อไหร่ และกฎใดจะถูกประกาศเป็น “กฎใหม่” ให้ทุกคนต้องปฏิบัติตาม

ในมุมของคนอยาก “เพิ่ม Blocksize” เห็นชื่อของ Roger Ver โผล่โดดเด่นสุด ๆ เขาคือ “Bitcoin Jesus” แห่งยุคบุกเบิก ที่ครั้งหนึ่งทุ่มทุนโปรโมตบิตคอยน์แบบไม่กลัวเจ๊ง ด้วยความเชื่อว่าบิตคอยน์ควรเป็น “เงินสดดิจิทัล” ลื่นไหลจ่ายคล่อง สลัดค่าธรรมเนียมแพง ๆ ทิ้งไปให้หมด

ในสายตาเขา การคงบล็อกเล็กแค่ 1 MB ยิ่งทำให้คนใช้แล้วปวดหัว ค่าธรรมเนียมสูงปรี๊ด ธุรกรรมอืดอาดเกินจะทน เลยต้องขยายขนาดบล็อกแบบจัดเต็ม เหมือนขยายถนนให้รถวิ่งง่าย ไม่งั้นก็ต้องมุดเข้าอุโมงค์แคบ ๆ จอดติดกันยาว

และ “Bitmain” บริษัทเครื่องขุดเบอร์ใหญ่สุดในโลกก็เข้ามาเสริมพลังแบบเต็มขั้น ขับเคลื่อนโดย Jihan Wu ที่เล็งเห็นว่าพอยิ่งขยายบล็อก ธุรกรรมก็จะยิ่งทะลัก ค่าธรรมเนียมก็จะเพิ่มขึ้น นักขุดจะได้เงินดี สร้างแรงดึงดูดให้คนหันมาหาบิตคอยน์มากขึ้นไปอีก

Bitmain ถือ Hashrate มหาศาล จึงไม่ต่างจากมีทัพใหญ่พร้อมยกพลบุก เพื่อดันแนวคิด “Fork” ได้ตลอดเวลา ถ้าฝั่งเพิ่ม Blocksize อยากจะเล่นเกมสายไหนก็เดินได้เลย

อีกฟากสนาม คือทีม “Bitcoin Core” ถือเป็นแกนกลางที่คุมซอฟต์แวร์หลัก

นำโดย *Greg Maxwell, Peter Wuille และ Wladimir van der Laan***

พวกเขาห่วงว่าถ้าบล็อกใหญ่ขึ้นมาก คงจะมีแค่นายทุนใหญ่เท่านั้นที่รันโหนดไหว ประชาชนตัวเล็ก ๆ หรือคนไม่มีทรัพยากรเยอะก็ยิ่งถูกกันออกจากเครือข่าย กลายเป็นระบบกึ่งรวมศูนย์ ซึ่งสวนกับหลักการเดิมที่ Satoshi Nakamoto เคยวางไว้

พวกเขาจึงเสนอ Segregated Witness (SegWit) เพื่อตัดข้อมูลลายเซ็น (Witness Data) ทิ้งไปนอกบล็อก ทำให้มีพื้นที่รองรับธุรกรรมได้เยอะขึ้นแบบไม่ต้องขยาย “เลนหลัก” และจะต่อยอดด้วย Lightning Network เพื่อยกธุรกรรมส่วนใหญ่ไปอยู่นอกบล็อกอีกชั้น

ฝั่งนักพัฒนาเหล่านี้ไม่ได้สู้อย่างโดดเดี่ยว แต่มีผู้ใช้รวมพลังกันในนาม UASF (User-Activated Soft Fork) มองว่า

“ใครว่าขุดเยอะแล้วสั่งการได้หมด? ผู้ใช้ทั่ว ๆ ไปก็ออกแบบกติกาได้เหมือนกัน?”

พวกเขาบอกเลยว่า “ถ้าไม่หนุน SegWit พวกฉันไม่เอาด้วยนะ”

การเคลื่อนไหวแบบนี้สร้างแรงกดดันให้นักขุดต้องรีบตามน้ำ ไม่งั้นเสี่ยงโดนผู้ใช้ปฏิเสธบล็อกกันถ้วนหน้า

ปี 2016-2017 กลายเป็นช่วงร้อนระอุสุด ๆ Roger Ver ลุกขึ้นพูดเมื่อไหร่ มักกล่าวหาทีม Core ว่าปิดประตูโอกาสทองของบิตคอยน์

ส่วนทีม Core ก็ตีโต้กลับว่า “ถ้าเพิ่มบล็อกเร็วไป มีแต่จะทำให้บิ๊กทุนไม่กี่เจ้าเข้ามาผูกขาด!”

พอยิ่งเถียงกันในงานใหญ่ เช่น Consensus Conference 2017 ประเด็นก็ยิ่งเดือด บางฝ่ายอยาก “Fork” แตกสายไปเลย บางฝ่ายยังคอยประนีประนอม แต่ก็ไม่มีใครลงรอยกันได้

Roger Ver และ Bitmain เร่งเครื่องดัน Hard Fork

ทีม Core ไม่ยอมถอย ยืนกราน SegWit ก่อน แล้วใช้ Lightning Network ปิดเกม

ผลคือ...

ทุกคนเริ่มกลัวว่า “Bitcoin จะแตกเป็นสองสายจริง ๆ หรือ?”

จะเป็นบล็อกใหญ่ หรือจะอยู่ 1 MB พร้อม SegWit?

กลางปี 2017 สงครามนี้จึงคลอด “Bitcoin Cash” เครือข่ายใหม่ที่กลุ่ม Roger Ver ผลักดัน บอกว่านี่คือ “Bitcoin ตัวจริง” ที่ค่าธรรมเนียมถูกกว่า ธุรกรรมไวกว่า รองรับคนจำนวนมากได้

ในขณะเดียวกัน เครือข่ายหลัก BTC ก็เปิดใช้ SegWit ไป พร้อมมุ่งหน้าเปิดทาง Lightning Network ทำให้ครึ่งหนึ่งของชุมชนยังเชื่อมั่นว่าการรักษาบล็อกเล็ก คือหัวใจสำคัญของกระจายอำนาจ

Blocksize War ครั้งนี้ เกินกว่าจะเรียกว่า “ดีเบตเชิงเทคนิค”

มันคล้ายการปะทะอุดมการณ์ของ “กระจายอำนาจอย่างเคร่งครัด” ปะทะ “ขยายบล็อกให้ใช้งานจริงในชีวิตประจำวัน”

ทั้งสองฝ่ายต่างยิงวาทะกันเดือดในโซเชียลมีเดีย คนฝ่ายหนึ่งบอกอีกฝ่าย “ล้าหลังไม่รู้จักปรับตัว” อีกฝ่ายก็ยันกลับว่า “คิดแค่กำไรระยะสั้น ไม่รักษาอัตลักษณ์บิตคอยน์” บน Reddit, Twitter, ฟอรัมต่าง ๆ เหล่าผู้เคยเป็นเพื่อนร่วมทางต้องแยกค่ายกันเพราะมองต่างว่าควรเพิ่มบล็อกหรือเปล่า

ที่สุดแล้ว...

เมื่อสองอุดมการณ์สวนทางกันระดับราก แทบไม่มีพื้นที่ประนีประนอม บ้างเชื่อว่าถ้าไม่เพิ่มบล็อกบิตคอยน์จะใช้งานลำบากเกิน บ้างยึดมั่นว่าถ้าบล็อกใหญ่มากโหนดเล็ก ๆ ก็จะหายไปหมด ระบบจะตกในมือไม่กี่คน.. ซึ่งขัดเจตนารมณ์ตั้งต้นของ Satoshi แบบสุด ๆ

ผลลัพธ์จึงลงเอยด้วยการเกิด “Bitcoin Cash” (BCH) แยกเครือข่าย และเปิดศึกโฆษณาว่า “ตนต่างหากที่เป็นผู้สืบทอดแนวคิด Satoshi ของจริง”

เมื่อ Bitcoin Cash ถือกำเนิดพร้อมขนาดบล็อกใหญ่ “มหาศึก” ครั้งนี้ก็ไม่ได้จบลง แต่เปลี่ยนหน้าฉากไปสู่การตลาดและความชอบธรรม

ใคร ๆ ก็ตั้งคำถามว่า “Bitcoin Cash ต่างจาก Bitcoin ยังไง?” หรือ “ใครสืบทอดเจตนารมณ์ Satoshi อย่างแท้จริงกันแน่?”

นักพัฒนา ฝั่ง BTC ยังเหนียวแน่นว่ารักษาเครือข่ายให้เบา ๆ แล้วใช้ทริคอย่าง SegWit, Lightning Network เสริม คือทางออกป้องกันการรวมศูนย์

ฝ่าย BCH ก็บอกว่าบล็อกใหญ่เลยดีกว่า ทุกคนจะได้เทรดกันเพลินโดยไม่ต้องแย่งพื้นที่

ในภาพใหญ่.. สงครามครั้งนี้ส่งคลื่นกระเพื่อมไปทั่วโลกคริปโตฯ หลายคนกลัวว่าถ้ายังแยกแตกกันแบบนี้ต่อ ราคาจะผันผวนจนคนขยาด แต่ก็มีอีกฝ่ายที่มองว่า

“ดีสิ มีการแข่งขันแล้วเกิดนวัตกรรมใหม่ ๆ”

เพราะในโลกโอเพนซอร์ส ไม่มีใครหยุดการแยกตัวได้ถ้าคนบางกลุ่มอยากลองแนวทางใหม่

คำถามสำคัญคือ..

“ใครขับเคลื่อนสงคราม Blocksize?”

คำตอบก็หนีไม่พ้น Roger Ver, Bitmain และทีม Bitcoin Core รวมถึงกลุ่ม UASF

พวกเขาต่างมีพลังในมิติต่าง ๆ

Roger Ver มีแรงสนับสนุนจากนักขุดสายทุนจัด Bitmain มีกองทัพ Hashrate มหาศาล ทีม Bitcoin Core คุมซอฟต์แวร์ และ UASF ก็มีอำนาจ ‘No Node, No Vote’ ที่ปัดบล็อกไม่พอใจทิ้งได้หมด

นี่ไม่ใช่การรบระหว่าง “อำนาจกับผู้อ่อนแอ” แต่เป็นสมรภูมิที่ทุกขั้วมี “พลัง” อยู่คนละแบบ ทำให้การประนีประนอมเป็นเพียงอุดมคติ

จนที่สุดจึงแตกเป็นสองสาย เหมือนเป็นสปิริตของโอเพนซอร์สที่แค่ Fork ก็พาเดินไปคนละทิศ ใครอยากกดเครื่องขุดก็ขุด ใครอยากตามซอฟต์แวร์ Core ก็จัดไป

นึกภาพอนาคตสิครับ.. ถ้ามีเทคโนโลยีใหม่เข้ามาอีก จะมีสงคราม “Blocksize 2.0” หรือเปล่า? ถ้าเจอเงื่อนไขใหญ่ ๆ ในการเปลี่ยนระบบ ย่อมต้องเข้าสู่วงจรดีเบตเดือดปุดเหมือนเคย

เพราะบิตคอยน์เป็นระบบไร้ผู้นำสูงสุด ทุกฝ่ายจึงมีสิทธิชูมือคัดค้านหรือสนับสนุนอย่างอิสระ

ฉากในเนื้อหาส่วนนี้คือด้านหน้าฉากของสงคราม Blocksize และเหล่าคนขับเคลื่อนที่ทำให้เกิดการแตกแยกครั้งประวัติศาสตร์ในโลกบิตคอยน์ ส่วนต่อไปเราจะได้เห็นเทคนิคล้ำ ๆ และจุดชนวนสุดเฉพาะหน้าที่ทำให้สองฝ่ายยิ่งปะทะกันอีก

แต่ก่อนจะไปรอนั้น..

ขอสรุปให้คิดกันแบบง่าย ๆ ว่า… ในโลกอันไร้ศูนย์กลางที่ต่างคนต่างตะโกนว่า

“ฉันคือเจ้าของบิตคอยน์!”

สุดท้าย “ใครกันแน่เป็นผู้ตัดสินทิศทาง?” หรือแท้จริง “ชัยชนะ–ความพ่ายแพ้” ก็ไม่มีอยู่จริงในสงครามแบบนี้...

เอาจริง ๆ การตัดสินใจของไม่กี่คน หรือการร่วมตัวของยูสเซอร์กระจัดกระจาย ก็ล้วนมีสิทธิเปลี่ยนอนาคตของเงินดิจิทัลได้ทั้งสิ้น จึงเป็นเสน่ห์และความโกลาหลของ “decentralization” ที่น่าหลงใหล

ไม่มีใครสั่งใครได้เต็มร้อย แต่ก็ไม่มีใครจะหยุดคนอื่นได้หมดเช่นกัน

เมื่อมองย้อนกลับไป.. นี่แหละเป็นบทเรียนสำคัญว่าบิตคอยน์ไม่ได้เป็นของใครคนเดียว และถ้าวันหนึ่งไฟสงครามลุกลามขึ้นอีกรอบ เราทุกคนจะรับมือกันยังไง?

ตอนนี้สงครามอาจดูเงียบ ๆ แต่ก็ไม่ได้ปิดฉากสนิท เพราะคลื่นใต้น้ำยังพร้อมระอุขึ้นได้ตลอด

เวลาเท่านั้นที่จะบอกว่า SegWit จะพิสูจน์ตัวเองได้ไหม หรือฝ่าย Hard Fork จะกลับมาโดดเด่นอีกครั้ง

จึงมีแต่คำถามค้างคาว่า.. อีกหน่อยบิตคอยน์จะยังเป็นบิตคอยน์ในแบบที่เรารู้จัก? หรือจะเปลี่ยนโฉมตามรอยแผลที่สงคราม Blocksize ทิ้งไว้?

คอยติดตามกันต่อไปในบทความตอนที่ 2

เพราะนี่อาจเป็นวัฏจักรที่ยังไม่รู้วันสิ้นสุดจริง ๆ ก็ได้ครับ...

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[Ismism] (3-1-1-4) Quasi-Transcendental Dialecticism: Early Derrida

(2021-06-28)

Today, we’re discussing the Ismism (3-1-1-4), represented by the young Derrida, that is, Derrida during his student years at the École Normale Supérieure in Paris. Wait……which school was it again? Oh, right——the École Normale Supérieure. Back then, he was at the level of a second-year university student…… This guy was quite a genius, definitely smarter than me.

(The content of this "Ismism") refers to Derrida’s undergraduate thesis, his diploma dissertation at the École Normale Supérieure. At that time, he was a reconciliatory transcendental phenomenologist——perhaps even someone who sought to rescue (though "rescue" might not be the right word) or rather to make the transcendental phenomenological project dialectical. His goal was to dialecticize transcendental phenomenology so that it could be revitalized and saved from its very origins. Specifically, he drew inspiration from Husserl’s late work, particularly the “Time Manuscripts”. What were they called again? Something like “Nau“——dame it, how uncultured I am—— oh, Bernau! That’s it——The Bernau Manuscripts. But honestly, I haven’t finished reading that book1. Let me tell you……was The Bernau Manuscripts even published at that time? I don’t know2. Because I haven’t finished reading it, I’m not sure how Derrida discussed these things.

I’ve only read its introduction, but in that introduction, Derrida mentions that in Husserl’s later years, he constantly tried to introduce a dialectical structure into the phenomenology of time3. This involved a kind of transcendental phenomenology that could construct a form of dialectics. This dialectics could then support a meta-logos, which in turn could uphold a transcendental logic capable of saving the entire project of transcendental phenomenology.

The representative figure for (3-1-1-4) is Jacques Derrida, specifically the Derrida of his university years, starting with his second year, when he began working on his graduation thesis. The key reference for this position is Derrida's work titled The Problem of Genesis in Husserl's Philosophy.

To engage with this text, one does not need extensive prior knowledge4. A basic understanding of Hegelian dialectics, Kant’s transcendental philosophy, and Husserl’s works like Ideas I and Ideas II5 is sufficient. Additionally, a rudimentary grasp of Husserl’s eidetic psychology and transcendental logic will help…… The essential requirement is to comprehend Husserl’s main objectives and what Derrida aimed to "rescue" within transcendental phenomenology.

So, this “Ism” ——let's call it…… ah, I’m still thinking about it, actually. I’m still wondering what I should call it. Genesis…… I’m thinking, ah, this thing is actually quite annoying, you know? Because most people would say that in this state, it’s quasi-transcendental. But I think, actually, the stance here is purely transcendental. That is to say——damn it——should I add a “quasi-” in front? Quasi-transcendental? Should I call it quasi-transcendental? And then at the end, should I add “dialecticism” or “historicism”?

I think here, what’s primarily being used is still dialecticism. So I’ll call it Quasi-transcendental dialecticism. Why call it dialecticism instead of historicism? Because it has to be distinguished from those others——it has to be separated from some of the more mediocre ones…… You see, this quasi-transcendental……If I remove the “quasi,” then this transcendental dialecticism starts to resemble Schelling’s ideas, you know? And I can’t quite put it that way. So I have to add a “quasi” in front——a “quasi-transcendental.”

Now, Derrida uses a concept to break through this framework: genesis. We usually translate it as “origin,” but in philosophy, there’s a simpler term for it: “emergence.” Emergence refers to the starting point of time itself. But Derrida tells us that the problem of emergence has a duality——it’s inherently contradictory. On one hand, as originarity6, as an absolute beginning; on the other hand, all emergence is anticipated——it’s always foreseen or prefigured. That is to say, all emergence exists within a contextual framework7. Every instance of emergence is anticipated; it happens within the flow of past and future——it’s relational8. And when exactly it emerges is itself uncertain. So you might say it’s germinating, but we’re anticipating it—we’re expecting it. There’s even an entire field called genesis. This thing——oh man——there are so many people talking about it in China these days. But in reality, it’s just a phenomenological theory.

In other words, only through phenomenological transcendental intuition can you grasp a pure genetic phenomenology. That is to say, if you don’t have phenomenological transcendental intuition or transcendental reduction as your foundation, then whatever so-called genetic phenomenology you’re studying—it’s all nonsense.

Because genesis has a premise, which is to say, its revelation of the dialectical structure of genesis lays the foundation for time. This genesis is capable of constructing a theory of temporality——“laying the foundation for time”.

However, in Derrida’s case, perhaps because he was relatively young at the time, his aspiration was to rescue transcendental phenomenology through a form of dialectics. For Derrida, transcendental phenomenology faced an inevitable internal impasse——one that was dialectical and dualistic in nature. This impasse rendered transcendental intuition itself into something dead—— stagnant, suffocating, fractured, where nothing is living, nothing alive exists within it.

So I strongly recommend that everyone read——those who are capable of doing so (I’m referring to the "3-1-1" ). After you’ve gone through the first three steps——the first(3-1-1-1), second(3-1-1-2), and third(3-1-1-3) steps——and grasped them, you can move on to reading the main texts. Ah, Logical Investigations——I think as long as you finish the third part and its postscript, that should suffice. Ideas I is actually very short, not as long as you might imagine. Moreover, this text can be read in parallel with others; they are not in conflict. As for Ideas II, that’s what I discussed yesterday. Afterward, you can move on to The Problem of Genesis in Husserl’s Philosophy and another work by Derrida, Speech and Phenomena. However, the latter is clearly more immature and naïve. We could even say that Derrida believed it was possible to…… ah, I think this book9 isn’t very long either. Half of it consists of appendices, introductions, and prefaces.

Perhaps next month, depending on the situation, I will discuss about this book——its English version. As for the Chinese translation, there are still issues with it; when discussing these topics, its grammatical structure is too simple and prone to ambiguity. It’s better to read the English version. As for French——I don’t understand French. You can’t blame me for that; he wrote it in French.

You need to think about this: (English and French) they can be directly translated into each other, their terms can correspond. Using a language I know——English——to explain, I don’t think there’s any issue. But between Chinese and these languages, many of the terms are not directly translatable. Look at this book (The Problem of Genesis in Husserl’s Philosophy), who translated it? It was translated by Yu Qizhi. His terminology——things like “物论” (materialism)…… oh my, and “理项”10 (idealism)……Some of the terms he translated even come with his own annotations, but when you read further, it becomes jarring and disruptive.

Then, in this position (3-1-1-4), I deliberately left out Phenomenology of the Life-World, which surprised many who also study phenomenology. Phenomenology of the Life-World itself is practically useless——it still belongs to (3-1-1-3). There’s no essential difference; it remains a form of reflective subjectivism.

As for Derrida’s stance——this quasi-transcendental dialecticism——it can be seen as a general philosophical model of thought. That is to say, within phenomenology——and specifically within the domain and terminological system of transcendental phenomenology——how do you achieve a breakthrough? The answer lies in introducing dialectics as a way forward. Dialectics is simply the idea that a concept possesses duality, mutual opposition. This is the simplest explanation——it’s a general philosophical model of thought.

I think it’s not for me to endorse this; let Derrida himself vouch for it. When Derrida was in university, this was his general model: introducing dialectics into the domain and terminological system of transcendental phenomenology. This was quite an effective model.

Let's look back at the problem of genesis. The duality of the genesis problem has two aspects: first, it emerges by itself, with absolute originality——something that emerges entirely on its own, without any other thing helping it emerge. In phenomenology, this can be called "invention"11. It's an invention, such that in phenomenological terms, in everyday language, when I say an idea12 is an invention, it means it emerges out of nowhere, establishing itself as its own starting point. On the other hand, it's not just an invention; it must also undergo "vertification"13 and be verified. In other words, on one side it possesses absolute originality; on the other side, it has a relative…… we can say, a situational, a background-based relative... fuck, how do I say this?…… structural quality. It can be said to have a relative structural quality.

Derrida would tell you that an idea, or any intention, or intentionality14, either emerges out of nowhere…… that is, these two things (invention and verification) must simultaneously exist. You can't just have an intention without a "vetification". Was the word he used vetification? Let me check……I don't have time to verify vocabulary……verification, I always (misspell it) …… verification, fuck……I can also not use that word, can't find it. Verification, that 't' is extra15. Verify, I've misspelled this word many times, you don't need to care about me, just know the word yourself.

That is to say, you have an intentionality, or a thought, or a consciousness, something emerges, something surfaces, you'll have a dialectical structure16, this is a dialectical structure of origin. You'll discover it's always there, it's always been there17. For example, when I'm thinking about something, I'm thinking about eating. When you start thinking about this thing, you can simultaneously confirm and verify its existence. That is to say, any arranged thing, especially intentionality18——this dialectical structure is fatal to the self-grasp of transcendental subjectivity, to the reflective self-orientation of transcendental subjectivity, because it causes a crack in this structure, you know?

Didn't we discuss this yesterday? In transcendental subjectivity, or in this reflective subjectivism, the self-grasp of transcendental subject, transcendental cogito. In every intentionality, it can see itself, can see orientation, or find something again inside. But when it finds something inside, do you say it created a transcendental self inside, is this synonymous, or do you say it has always been there? This becomes a fatal blow. Actually, if we use Žižek, or Lacan, or Hegel's logic, this is a retrospective construction.

Derrida himself, in the "preface"——not when he wrote this paper, but when he published it——said: Husserl's transcendental philosophical project is like a kind of condomination, like an infection, everywhere, contamination, like a pollution, like an infection, like a transmission19.

He traverses every gap in the dialectical binary oppositional structure……This transcendental project always wants to resist dialectics, resist the concept's duality, dualism, the dialectics of binary opposition. While resisting the dialectics of binary opposition, he always wants to see clearly these binary oppositions, such as natural and ideal, real and essential, formal and real20 …… across the gaps of these sections21, there will always be a transcendental intuition or transcendental reduction's contamination, an infection, as Derrida himself uses this term. Wherever his gaze reaches, he will always see such an infection, always have a reduction desire, reduction, always wanting to see the origin of this confrontational structure. This consciousness itself is a phenomenological reduction's intentionality itself.

So, we can say in this sense that phenomenological intuition and its reduction are the same thing——when facing the pure self, when you see this pure self, your intuition and your reduction are the same thing, it's the same thing. You can hardly distinguish whether it's intuitively perceived or reduced, whether it's retreated or created, whether this distance is pulled apart or the distance itself already exists. Because when you pull apart this subjective retreat distance…… if you don't pull it apart, you'll never say you have it; once you pull apart this distance, you can always say this distance was already there, with a purer self watching this acting self, and moreover dominating this acting self——this consciousness action's self, this is consciousness's action22.

For instance, you're remembering "I just stepped on the floor". Then in your memory, you can see a pure self remembering. But at this moment, when you judge like this, between the remembering me and that pure self watching the memory——I as the rememberer, the acting me performing remembrance, and I as a pure self——actually, this is a tripartite relationship23……It seems I've phenomenologically transcendentally intuitively retreated a step back, then seen within the previously remembering me, within the remembrance action, a pure self remembering. This is a me, I synonymize it with me. But the problem is, when you do this, this can infinitely retreat, you know? But the answer phenomenology gives is: this is the same me. This is the same one, and the only one. So, why say there are three selves? Because you see the remembering rememberer, he is the pure self. But at this moment, you also have a self watching him——that is, a pure self watching a previous rememberer…… or say, a self currently remembering a rememberer, seeing himself. In this case, you're always watching this…… In this situation, you'll say, fuck, is this self reduced or intuitively perceived? Because in this sense, if the intentionality's initiator in the middle of the rememberer is a pure self, then it means it was originally there, right? It's always there. He was originally there, but obviously he's not there. The self within the rememberer is structural, a subject set connected with my remembrance content and my remembrance action itself, right? It's situated in the scene, in the action, it's connected. Then, as a pure self, I watch such a memory, the intentional memory activity, and see a pure self within it, and discover that this pure self is of absolute originality——he's the absolute initiator of this memory, not a participant in the memory, but the memory's initiator, the force that makes this memory appear, understand? Here's the genesis problem. Is this pure self an absolute initiator in an intentional activity, or is he only seen through phenomenological reduction…… you'll see in phenomenological intuition that he is…… fuck, your phenomenological reduction will discover it…… At this point, intuition and reduction short-circuit.

Because at this point, you'll see…… damn, that 1.5-order feeling, you know? I can only say it's 1.5-order. Because phenomenological intuition purely gives you a factual view, seeing you just remembering, just watching; while phenomenological reduction means putting that watching, including the reduction of that watching itself, into the reduction itself, listing it out. Reduction means reducing the reduction itself and its reduced object…… Reduction itself is zero-order, its reduced object is first-order, and within its reduced object, for instance, a memory activity towards other memories is second-order. This entire order will be provided according to its order through phenomenological reduction. While phenomenological intuition might not so obviously obtain its internal orders, because reduction touches many essential structures within.

Uh, what I want to say…… I've rambled far again, fuck, I'm so drunk. What I want to say is, this genesis problem makes phenomenology problematic at its starting point, in pure phenomenological intuition and phenomenological reduction, problematic in the initiation of intentionality. So, for us ordinary people thinking about this problem, I think the following is worth considering: Yesterday I kept giving an example——pure cogito, pure subject, pure transcendental subject. In Husserl's view, or actually for all of us, if we're a strictly solipsistic subject, we only get the pure transcendental subject, and this pure transcendental subject can initiate itself, produce itself. Beyond this, this pure transcendental subject can even be said to have nothing. But we can say it has a weak internal time-consciousness, internal temporal intentionality. This might be necessary for subjectivity24; beyond this, the subjectivity structure is extremely thin.

I'll give an example, such as color…… I say color might be a bit too…… which example would be better? For instance, your bodily control, like controlling the rotation of your eyeballs, the eye's motor sense—— why do I use eye motor sense? Because ordinary people can directly experience eye motor sense. Then, the following phenomenological analysis isn't very strict, and I don't have the ability to achieve that strictness, nor do I want to. Because I want to explain this so everyone can understand25.

Will the eye movement's motor sense feel unconditional to you? Your conscious keeps up your eye rolling, will you think it's…… it's not unconditional, it's given, right? Of course, it can be seen as an original givenness, right? It's an original giving, but it's primitive there, primitive presentation, primitive giving, it's "original pre-presence", always there, and we can feel our eye movement ability is always here, even if I cut my eyes off…… that is, eye movement ability is basically traceless in consciousness, right? You close your eyes, and there's a dizzy feeling……Other bodily motor senses——many motor senses, hearing is also a motor sense, including gravity sense, if we might topple…… these bodily motor senses are all included.

How do you judge your eyes moving? In many cases, we can't feel our eyes moving; it won't be an obvious sensation. But we're very confident, right? The subject is very confident. Even if I'm completely paralyzed like Hawking, my eyeballs can still move. When can eyeballs not move? When you gouge out my eyeballs, they can't move. Eye movement seems very closely connected to the subject, as if it's a naturally inherent ability. But the problem is, it's given, it can (exist, or) not exist. For some blind people or those who've had eyeballs removed, the muscles controlling eye rotation, those nerves might all atrophy or be completely removed. You have no structured bodily motor sense to verify your eye movement, no structured vision itself to verify it. Because our visual shaking and visual positioning changes can be used to verify eye motor sense, eye rotation can conversely…… then, of course, we'll have a structural grasp of the eyeball itself, but these are secondary, later, high-order, derivative——never mind.

What we want to say is that eye movement, or any pure bodily movement, will be seen as an innate thing, seen as magic, you understand? It's magic. You're unaware that you can control body movement, especially eye movement or controlling part of your limbs, just by mental intention. It's magic, it's magical, it has a magical quality. It gives you some intentionality of motor sense. Then you concentrate your attention on it, adjusting your intentional attention's method and ability within a spectrum.

For example, your eyes move from left to right, but the problem is, you have no control panel, you know?26 It's an incredibly mysterious thing. Let's not call it magical, but it's an incredibly mysterious thing.

Say you want your eyeball to move from left to right——but why, when you conceive a directional movement in your brain, this intentionality of directional rotation, this bodily control intentionality, it naturally goes from left to right, your eyeball truly moves from left to right, its visual feedback and other series of feedbacks verify it moved from left to right——why is this so mysterious? Why does my pure consciousness activity, my pure intentionality's directional orientation, then a positioning, this consciousness itself as a focal positioning on some interface of different bodily organs, seem to truly have these interfaces?

So, at this moment, do we say these positioning and control interfaces truly exist? Except, this control——can't be simply grasped as control, its mode is complex. It's not just "move my eye from left to right", it also involves eye positioning and its deflection27, deflection's intentionality. We can only experience…… that is, if we truly do phenomenological intuition, we can only experience that our issued commands are extremely tiny, simple, an instant pre-reflective, even unconscious, subconscious. Only some symbolic things emerge in our brain: a voice——"from left to right", only a symbolic intentionality, "eyes from left to right". Of course, the words "eyeball" might not emerge in your mind, but they definitely emerge when I'm talking to you, I say the symbol, your auditory hearing catches it, then transforms into an inner hearing. Of course, when moving your eyeball, you might not need to think about this inner hearing; these sounds have already been delayed.

But there's always an intentionality, always ready to control your eyes, and position your eyes. What does positioning your eyes mean? Your entire consciousness focus is already positioned on your eyeball's control interface, prepared to control it.

So, you should know that the initiation itself is not what we want to discuss, not where we want to grasp this genesis. Genesis isn't discussing a pure-self initiation; there's nothing to discuss about that, it's pretty empty.

What we want to discuss is these positioning frameworks, the entire body's positioning framework, and this directionality. Its adaptation to this framework, how these things are indeed configured between each other——these muscles, these eyeball movement patterns are indeed configured this way. That is, their configurational relationship: I think in my brain, then position my eyeball from left to right with an intentionality, position it, then truly implement this positioning, and it precisely matches its movement initiation. You don't need to adjust this software, don't need to write this software. The correspondence between these interfaces and its framework——this consciousness interface is that you think, you exert force on it, and it can... this correspondence is always there, you know? Always there. It's called "original pre-presence", always there. Even our intentionality feels it exists prior to my pure cogito. It's as if, before I could control my eyeball, eyeball control already existed. The movement of my eyeball exists prior to my active semiotic thinking, prior to my intentional focus that directs my attention to move my eyeball, prior to this intentionality, and even prior to the learned, conscious act of controlling the movement of my eyeball.

External intentionalities——like wanting to eat, wanting to hear sounds, wanting to pay attention——can already manipulate my eyeball, already position my body, already coordinate the positional and factual left-right directional spatial relationships of its movement patterns. It's already coordinated, this thing was long there, long inside.

So, what I want to say is, in this situation, when you say a pure self can construct this entire system through a series of complex mechanisms, it's actually not very convincing, you know? Saying it's completely genesis, a genesis of pure self, constructing all these control structures or dominating structures, perfectly and naturally connected——it doesn't seem right. Moreover, clearly, there's no reflective process constructing these things. You say it's passive synthesis? Here, genesis will pose a very significant question to phenomenology. Its problem actually comes from Kant's a priori synthesis, the problem of synthetic a priori28.

Although phenomenology appears like empiricism or positivism, and attempts to observe all structures through a pure cogito in a reflective manner and verify its constructive elements, the fundamental problem is that intentionality must, in some sense, be a priori synthesis——and this a priori synthesis is viewed as originless29.

You can see these positional relationships and claim they have always been there. You can see yourself, including seeing your perception of their perpetual existence, and glimpse the phenomenological subject's silhouette. However, these things themselves are originless, and this result is itself without origin.

I believe grasping origin is not about saying, "Oh, I can initiate my eye movement, my inner hearing, my body's positioning." Damn, that's nothing. I can also initiate my right foot's little toe moving, I can initiate positioning. I'll always see a cogito, an active, moving subject within. But this cannot help you grasp origin.

What can help you grasp origin? It is the absence of origin, the origin's lack, the origin's non-presence. The a priori synthetic structure exists within body and mind. This a priori synthesis is easily discovered. The synthetic relationship between your eye movement and external visual intentionality——fuck, it can be called a priori synthesis. You cannot find its genesis, you're unable to find its genesis. You can say they are simply connected, that visual and eye movement, eye motor sense and visual attention sense, are mindlessly linked, with an inherent necessity that is a priori.

The problem then becomes: how can these originless structure30 considered by Kant…… this kind of originless a priori synthetic intentionalities be reintegrated into Husserl's phenomenological framework?

In this sense, their origin is that they originate themselves, you understand?

These things originate themselves, and simultaneously explain themselves, of itself by itself. Set off of itself and by itself, or in his own words, an invention 'itself' itself——with both prepositions framing it31. In this situation, you must introduce a dialectical origin structure into transcendental phenomenology. Otherwise, you cannot truly perform a transcendental reduction or phenomenological reduction, or provide a philosophical delineation of the relationship between the phenomenological subject and these consciousness structures that seemingly always exist.

In this sense, regarding this origin——this self-originless origin in the phenomenological sense——this origin is an invention. Simultaneously, we can even say the "cogito" verbally claims to have invented, to have initiated, but actually, it merely verifies. I continuously verify my body's control, my positioning power, my internal sensory or sensory positioning power. I can move my tongue.

I have positioning power. You know? And this occurs through a pure semiotic mechanism. To consciously control a body, you must rely on a semiotic network for positioning. And this semiotic network and the body's positional causal domain are not the same network.

Thus, the starting point, or the suturing point, of this castration is genesis. Genesis ultimately becomes sutured onto subjectivity; it is eventually stitched onto the subject, onto the transcendental cogito, and, more specifically, onto the subject’s temporal experience. The discovery of self-temporality——this sense of “I have always been here” —— is precisely the discovery of self-existence, the realization that “I have always existed.

However, in truth, this self is only temporarily creating itself. Yet, this temporary creation of itself and the simultaneous discovery that it has “always existed” is inherently dialectical. This is the genesis of the self. It can be said that the self is continuously generating itself in real-time, but it can also be said that it has always been there. It exists within a semiotic, backgrounded temporal network——a temporary order——in which it has always already been present.

Thus, Derrida needed to assist Husserl by introducing a form of dialecticism into his entire structure. The first chapter involves integrating this dialecticism into the temporality of the intentional object, the "noema"32, and then into the "temporality of genesis". Discussions about concepts like "initial impression" and "pre-experiential synthesis" essentially cover what I just mentioned, except Derrida's treatment is more precise, refined, and abstract. Another point is that "epoché" (suspension) and "genesis" themselves are irreducible——suspension itself cannot be reduced. Finally, he attempts to construct a transcendental logic. I haven't read this book. The final section is titled “The Genesis of the Self and the Transition to a New Transcendental Idealism”33, where he supplements a new form of transcendental idealism34. I didn’t finish reading it, so I don’t know exactly what he’s doing there. Perhaps someday I’ll have the chance to complete this book.

What I want to say is that Derrida attempts to save Husserl’s grand phenomenological edifice through this approach. I must admit that my academic and phenomenological abilities are limited——I simply don’t have the time. Honestly, I don’t regret not dedicating much time to it or not being particularly skilled in this area. Based on my basic understanding, phenomenology eventually had someone clean up its mess——that someone was young Derrida.

Derrida labeled the pure "invention" or "innovation"——the pure initiation, pure emergence from nothing, pure retreat, or pure suspension——as "death." Why? Because these elements were not placed within a symbolic system; they were not alive. They lacked integration into a contextual framework and were disconnected from preceding and succeeding elements.

There are many fascinating discussions in this book…… Some may laugh at me for finding Derrida's early, immature work interesting. But the key point is that this book serves as a bridge——it connects Hegel and Husserl through the problem of genesis35.

I believe that for someone at their intellectual peak around age 22, reading this book would feel quite “light(qingqiaoqiao)”36. But I’m really sorry, I’ve wasted a few years of my life, and then, damn it, I went off to study…… Well, honestly, I don’t even know what I ended up studying. Maybe I dabbled in a lot of miscellaneous fields, I didn’t study this subject deep enough.

However, if you asked me to read this book, I could probably spend about two weeks explaining it to you. Honestly, getting back into it wouldn’t be particularly challenging——it’s not technically demanding. But what I’ve been pondering is this: well, Derrida opened up phenomenology, but as far as I know, this was the last serious effort. Others didn’t take it as seriously. What I want to talk about is the attempt to rescue transcendental phenomenology. Because what Derrida actually did was use dialectics——but here, dialectics functions as a kind of formal logic. Formal logic is garbage, it is a rather lowly thing in Husserl’s framework. It’s “low” because it belongs to something worldly or natural——it’s something natural but formal. It’s structural; it’s a structured form of dialectics. As a formal logic, it stands on the side of the worldly and the natural——it aligns with the lifeworld, with the mundane, the accidental, the trivial, and the profane. Derrida wanted to use this kind of dialectics to rescue transcendental phenomenology. He sought to use it to either salvage transcendental logic or abolish it altogether——to dismantle the logos of transcendental logos, or what we call logocentrism, while preserving some of Husserl’s methods and certain ontological assumptions about subjectivity. In essence, swap out the core of transcendental phenomenology using this formal dialectics. This dialectical approach is broadly historicist and genetic——it’s a generative dialectic focused on processes of becoming. Yet this dialectic is extremely dry and skeletal in form. And here lies something fascinating: this very dryness makes it a dialectic of both the formal and the real. But fundamentally, it remains a formal dialectic.

You should read this book yourself——The Problem of Genesis in Husserl’s Philosophy. If you’re not interested, there’s no point in me explaining it to you, right? In this book, Derrida essentially tries to rescue Husserl37——to give Husserl’s legacy a new core so that it can keep running and allow people to extract useful elements from it. He attempts to reconcile Husserl’s late work on time-consciousness with transcendental logic——efforts that Husserl himself made late in his career using temporality and time-consciousness. Derrida’s approach can be likened to replacing an outdated power source with something more vital. Imagine Iron Man’s whatever rolling inside his chest——a clunky nuclear-powered device[38]——being swapped out by someone more skilled for an energy gem fueled by life itself. From Iron Man’s perspective, this life-based energy source might seem inferior compared to his pure mechanical core. But in reality, it’s more powerful, more vital——it has greater life force. Similarly, Derrida’s dialectics carry more vitality——they breathe new life into phenomenology.

As Derrida himself stated, in this effort he saw the enthusiasm of a young student, a philosophical choice made within the world of a young philosopher, and a commitment to a philosophical vocation39. His choice was rooted in the belief that Husserl’s transcendentalism was not a purely detached transcendentalism divorced from historical context. Instead, Derrida viewed Husserl’s transcendentalism as something fundamentally tied to life, historical in nature——a kind of event. However, it is an event that claims to break away from history while simultaneously being rooted in history. It is both rooted and rootless, grounded in history while representing a rupture within history itself.

Transcendental phenomenology, therefore, is itself a rupture within history. What struck me most in Derrida's introduction is his assertion that to achieve a philosophy of genesis, one must also achieve the genesis of philosophy. In other words, to develop a philosophy addressing the problem of origin or genesis, one must create an entirely new philosophy. However, this "philosophy of genesis" is inherently historical, though this history itself is fractured and inconsistent.

Derrida later reflected on this project and deemed it immature——a naive project, as he called it. He saw it as a doomed endeavor from the start. While it was indeed a project, it did not delve deeply enough. I am unsure whether Derrida later wrote further texts on these ideas40. My knowledge of Derrida’s writings is limited in this regard. However, I do know that in his later deconstructionist works, Derrida admitted that he had been "poisoned" by transcendental phenomenology——it was like a toxin that caused dialectical eruptions everywhere. Yet this dialectic was what he described as a quasi-phenomenological dialectic: something akin to new life growing out of a withered body. In his later philosophy, Derrida pursued something beyond language——a quasi-phenomenological and quasi-transcendental method. Using dialectical discussions, he sought to achieve something beyond language itself. He seemed to believe he had attained such a "beyond," capturing impossible historical moments——or rather their traces, residues, or whatever his différance, also his supplement of genesis, damn, these kind of things41——through his peculiar and enigmatic dialectical methods.

This was an immature plan. The book itself is short——if you exclude the introduction and postscript, it’s just over 100 pages. By reading it, you can understand this project42.

I recommend reading the English version because the Chinese translation suffers from poor syntax and awkward terminology, making it frustrating to read. After reading five pages of the Chinese version——I bought two copies of this book, I even bought two copies——I switched to the English PDF version instead. It’s quite a worthwhile book to study.

Some might mock me, saying, “Why spend so many sessions talking about Husserl?” Let me reiterate: I am fully aware that his transcendental project is a failure. That has never been my position to begin with. Of course, when I was younger, I was introduced to philosophy through this framework——it shaped my habits of thought and ways of thinking. But later, I essentially abandoned this system of reasoning altogether. Over time, I shifted toward a kind of pragmatist stance, and eventually moved further toward dialectics and psychoanalysis. So, it’s not as if I’m particularly convinced that transcendental philosophy is destined to succeed. From the outset, you can see that even its starting point requires being replaced by a quasi-transcendental dialectical method.

Let us now, finally, discuss its positions. The first three positions remain essentially unchanged. However, in the field theory, there needs to be a slight adjustment: the metaphysical versus the physical or empirical.

On the side of the empirical, we might place terms like “worldly” and “history”43. On the metaphysical side, we find terms like “transcendental” and “idea,” representing the dimension of concepts and ideals. In this framework, the transcendental cogito——the subject ——is positioned on the metaphysical side, while life is placed on the empirical side. The mediating force between these two poles is dialectics, or perhaps even structuralism——though more precisely, it remains dialectics. However, this dialectics has a tendency toward structuralist formalization. Because this structuralist inclination stems from how dialectics can be reduced to pure formality under a phenomenological lens. Within transcendental phenomenology——through essential intuition and reduction——dialectics risks becoming hollowed out into a mere essence or structure, something stripped of its original givenness. In such a state, dialectics transforms into a shallow construct——a kind of trickery or wordplay, an empty game devoid of substance or genuine essence. It becomes nothing more than a superficial gimmick——a worthless shell lacking any fundamental grounding.

Your discussions about the essence of dialectics are somewhat ridiculous. If Husserl were alive today, he might say that your understanding lacks true contradiction at its core “Addols”. Do you understand?

Dialectics itself is inherently ridiculous, but Derrida uses dialectics to reconcile these elements. The way he reconciles them is by constructing a theory of genesis44——let’s call it "genesisology"? I’m not sure how to spell "genesisology" in English. This theory of genesis is constructed through dialectics. However, this dialectics is primarily semiotic. It can also be seen as historical——a fractured history, a history that is constantly rupturing and generating itself. But fundamentally, this history is tied to subjectivity. Beyond subjectivity, what else could it be? It’s just that it’s no longer transcendental subjectivity. The fractured history——this ruptured history——continues to provide this rupture within theoretical frameworks. And what provides this rupture? It’s still the cogito, a constantly thinking “cogito”. But this subjectivity can also be described as a mechanism of subjectivization——a historical mechanism of subjectivization. This mechanism allows something vital——something related to life and death——to emerge from the empty, hollow semiotic binary oppositions. It can draw out many rich problem domains or other issues.

Yet ultimately, it remains hollow. This project is doomed to fail. I don’t want to finish reading it because I know it will fail in the end45——it will be hollow. You can try to structure it with temporal frameworks or weave one net after another, but in the end, there’s nothing to hold it together. Once you loosen your grip, everything falls apart——it’s still just that same mess. That’s my personal judgment. Since I haven’t finished reading this book, I’ll give its teleology a 4(X-X-X-4). The other two (position) remain unchanged, but in terms of teleology, it’s 4.

What destroys the triadic relationship between these elements? It’s primordial motion. This dialectics is an empty one——it’s just primordial motion. In this book, Derrida adopts an objective transcendental-phenomenological stance and refuses to acknowledge that within pure transcendental phenomenological intuition and reduction, one can ultimately find a primordial motion. He won’t admit it. He won’t admit that there’s a rupture here or that there’s a primordial motion present.

This primordial motion is de-subjectivized——it becomes epistemologized——but it is ontological in itself. While it may become epistemologized and allow you to experience it, this primordial motion or primordial difference precedes semiotic registration——it’s as simple as that. Or rather, it ensures that binary oppositions inevitably arise during the process of semiotic registration. This primordial motion makes binary oppositions unavoidable and necessitates introducing dialectics into the foundation of transcendental phenomenology. If such dialectics were introduced, Husserl would exclaim: "The sky has fallen! Everything is ruined! Phenomenology is over!" This primordial difference or primordial motion is unconditional——it exists at the most fundamental level as an absolute motion, an absolute motion in itself.

From this perspective, this represents a materialist transformation or attempt at materialism46 because it acknowledges a primordial difference and primordial motion. Of course, we wouldn’t say this has any specific substrate because it exists in itself——itself as itself. If this were to participate in semiotic registration and generate semiotic differences within that process, then we might call it différance (if différance could even be tested). But différance cannot truly be tested——it cannot be experienced directly as différance.

To explore further: teleology here is 4(X-X-X-4), because its attempt at reconciliation——its effort to achieve absolute certainty through reflective self-grasping——ultimately collapses into failure. There’s no way for reflective self-grasping to hold onto itself; you can’t hold onto it——the waters are too deep; you simply can’t hold on. It’s illusory; it’s death. In that fleeting moment when you attempt reflective self-grasping, you are not alive——you are dead. From the perspective of primordial motion, your subjectivity at that moment is dead. In this sense, Husserl’s transcendental phenomenology becomes a kind of necrophilia——a fixation on death. That so-called original gaze——the self looking at itself in absolute clarity——is death; it’s dead. And when you describe it as clear and transparent clarity? That’s because it’s terrifying——it’s horrifying, disgusting, something you instinctively want to avoid. Your consciousness represses and empties out what it truly sees through this original motion. Its failure was inevitable.

Alright then, that concludes my thoughts here. In my intellectual journey, phenomenology came to an end with Derrida tying up its loose ends. That’s why I bought this book but never read it fully——though I did read half of its introduction when I was younger (I bought two copies). From my perspective——and based on my reading of many journal articles and my understanding of philosophical history——transcendental phenomenology was a failed project. However, studying it can train your philosophical thinking skills——it doesn’t have a high entry barrier. Once you grasp its terminological system and jargon framework, discussing it feels no different from assembling computer components——installing CPUs or PCIe buses——it’s all quite similar. If you’re willing to spend dozens of hours reading Husserl's books and Derrida's book on him (The Problem of Genesis in Husserl's Philosophy), they’re worth reading too. Husserl rejected dialectics outright——but Derrida argued that at phenomenology's foundation lies an implicit grasp of dialectics. That concludes my thoughts here!

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Der letzte Artikel stand ganz im Zeichen von Mempool, Transaktionsgebühren, Ordinals, BRC-20 Tokens (aka Shitcoins auf Bitcoin) und Mining-Rewards. Der Mempool ist voller als der Hyde-Park in London am einzigen Sommertag mit Sonne im Jahr. Doch weil ich mich in letzter Zeit zu Genüge mit den vorgenannten Themen beschäftigt habe und man zur Zeit an jeder Ecke den Status des Mempools ungefragt eingeflößt bekommt, möchte ich mich diese Woche mit zwei Standpunkten beschäftigen, die entweder gegenläufig oder komplementär zueinander stehen (gibt es wirklich kein Antonym zum Wort komplementär?).

Ausschlaggebend für den Gedankengang, der mich zu dieswöchigem Artikel bewegt hat waren ein Artikel und eine Podcast-Episode, über die ich letzte Woche gestolpert bin. Bei dem Artikel handelt es sich um Jimmy Songs "How Fiat Money Broke the World" aus seiner Fixing the Incentives-Reihe im Bitcoin Magazine und bei der Podcast-Episode wurde ich von den Ausführungen von Peruvian Bull im TFTC Podcast Ausgabe 414: The Dollar Endgame von Marty Bent zum Nachdenken angeregt.

Prinzipiell stellt sich im Großen und Ganzen die Frage, wie eine großflächige Adaption von Bitcoin vonstatten gehen könnte. Hyperbitcoinization oder auch Bitcoin als gesetzliches Zahlungsmittel (wie z.B. in El Salvador, oder bald sogar in Indonesien und Mexiko (!)) sind dabei mögliche Szenarien. Der Nicht-Ghandi-Spruch “First they ignore you, then they laugh at you, then they fight you, then you win.” wird oft genutzt, um die soziologische Entwicklungsstufe, bzw. die öffentliche Wahrnehmung einer Idee, einer Erfindung oder eines Produkts in gewisse Entwicklungsstufen einzuordnen. Genauso wie bei Bitcoin. WIR SIND IN DER "THEN THEY FIGHT YOU" STUFE!!!11! kann man überall auf Bitcoin-Twitter, Nostr oder Reddit lesen.

Doch wer ist "THEY"? Wenn man nur von Nationalstaaten ausgeht und offizielle und inoffizielle (konspirative) multinationale Interessensgruppen außen vor lässt, stellt sich mir die Frage, welches Land / welcher Staat die meisten Gründe (politischer oder wirtschaftlicher Natur) hätte, Bitcoin zu adaptieren, bzw. zu bekämpfen. Natürlich kommen einem dabei als erstes die USA in den Sinn, immerhin das Land mit der höchsten kombinierten Bitcoin-Hashrate, mit den meisten Bitcoin-Infrastruktur-Anbietern, mit den größten Börsen (nach Handelsvolumen) und den meisten Bitcoin-Nutzer//innen in der Bevölkerung.

Doch macht das die USA zum größten potentiellen Gegner oder zum größten potentiellen Befürworter und Begünstigten von Bitcoin?

Jimmy Song "How Fiat Money Broke the World"

Jimmy Song baut seinen Artikel chronologisch auf. Es geht um die Entstehung des Fiat-Geld-Systems nach dem zweiten Weltkrieg und die damit einhergehende Abschaffung des Goldstandards. Mit der Errichtung des Bretton-Woods-Systems wurde eine neue Währungsordnung geschaffen, die den US Dollar als Ankerwährung bestimmte, der wiederum an Goldreserven gekoppelt werden sollte. So sollten flexible Wechselkurse innerhalb der verschiedenen Landeswährungen gewährleistet werden, während gleichzeitig die Sicherheit von Goldreserven existiert. Doch statt Gold für die internationale Handelsabwicklung zu verwenden, wurde nun der Dollar die Abwicklungswährung. Diese Entscheidung verhalf den USA zu einer hegemonialen Wirtschaftsmacht zu werden, denn die Fähigkeit, das Geld zu drucken, mit dem jedes andere Land seinen Handel abwickelte, gab den USA mehr Macht über den Rest der Welt.

Diese Dollar-Hegemonie begünstigte die USA deutlich im internationalen Handel, da sie zur Zentralbank für alle anderen Zentralbanken wurden. Nicht-US-Banken geben sogar Verbindlichkeiten in Dollar, und zwar nicht nur in Europa, sondern in vielen anderen Teilen der Welt. Infolgedessen halten andere Zentralbanken US Dollar als Reserve, die dann auf der Basis von Teilreserven verwendet werden können, um noch mehr Geld in Form von Krediten zu schaffen (das sogenannte Eurodollar-System).

Diese Position der Stärke nutzten die USA weiter aus und erschufen, was heute als das Petrodollar-System bekannt ist. Dank einem Abkommen zwischen Saudi-Arabien und den USA in den 1970ern wird das von allen Mitgliedsstaaten der OPEC geförderte Öl in US Dollar gehandelt, im Gegenzug für militärischen Schutz durch die USA. Das sogenannte Petrodollar-System hat dem US Dollar somit einen enormen Wert und hohe Liquidität verliehen.

Die war auch nötig, denn teure Sozialprogramme wie Medicare und Medicaid als auch das Social Security Programm wurden gestartet. Aber auch sehr teure Stellvertreterkriege, wie z.B. in Korea und Vietnam, wollten finanziert werden. Dies taten die USA, indem sie das Geld hierfür einfach druckten, was wiederum die Zentralbanken der anderen Länder nervös machte und dazu brachte, mit dem Abzug ihrer Goldeinlagen bei der US-Notenbank zu drohen. Der damalige Präsident Tricky Dick (Richard Nixon) reagierte darauf, indem er die Goldbindung des US Dollar zunächst nur temporär für immer aufhob. Damit hatte er den Dollar vom Gold ent- und an das Öl der Saudis (bzw. an den militärisch-industriellen Komplex der USA) gekoppelt.

Die USA haben also das exorbitante Privileg, das Geld drucken zu können, das die Welt für die Abwicklung von Handel verwendet. Dies bedeutet unter anderem, dass die USA ihre gedruckten Dollars exportieren und Waren und Dienstleistungen aus anderen Ländern importieren können. Somit wird das gedruckte Geld im Allgemeinen zuerst in den USA ausgegeben (Cantillon-Effekt in Reinform), was dazu führt, dass Geschäftserfolg in den USA zu einer viel höheren monetären Belohnung führt, als in anderen Ländern. Vereinfacht gesagt: In den USA schwimmt mehr Geld umher und somit wird Erfolg besser belohnt. Folglich wollen mehr Menschen in die USA ziehen, und die USA können auswählen, wer hineinkommt und wer nicht. Gut für die USA - schlecht für die anderen.

Die ehrgeizigsten Menschen aus anderen Ländern immigrieren in die USA und verdienen mehr Geld und leben ein viel besseres Leben als in ihren Heimatländern. Der Braindrain bedeutet, dass andere Länder unterm Strich verlieren. Menschen im Allgemeinen versuchen immer in Länder einzuwandern, die in der Cantillon-Hierarchie höher stehen. Die reichen Länder werden somit reicher an Humankapital, während die armen Länder an Humankapital ärmer werden.

Die USA schaffen es, ihre Stellung als Neuzeit-Kolonialist vor allem mit Hilfe von Sonderorganisationen, internationalen Finanzinstitutionen und anderen Stiftungen wie dem IWF, der BIZ, des WEF oder der Weltbank zu zementieren. Diese supranationalen Banken und Organisationen leihen Entwicklungsländern und "Ländern des globalen Südens" Geld für den (Wieder-) Aufbau und andere Struktur-relevante Tätigkeiten, aber nur unter strengen Auflagen, die noch strenger werden, wenn diese Kredite nicht zurückgezahlt werden können. In diesen Fällen werden diese Länder dann von den Banken "gerettet", unter der Auflage, noch mehr Kontrolle über die eigene Finanzsuveränität abzugeben.

Im Wesentlichen tauschen sie dabei Kredite und längere Laufzeiten gegen organisatorische Kontrolle über den Staatshaushalt. Solche Beschränkungen können Punkte beinhalten, wie z.B. wieviel des nationalen Budgets für Infrastruktur ausgegeben werden kann. Oft müssen diese verschuldeten Regierungen eine eigene unabhängige Zentralbank gründen, die dazu verwendet werden kann, die Notwendigkeit einer staatlichen Genehmigung zu umgehen. So werden Länder dazu gebracht Staats-Ressourcen, wie Schürfrechte oder Ländereien an ausländische Unternehmen zu verkaufen.

Jimmy Song führt seinen Artikel noch etwas fort, doch die mir wichtigsten Punkte habe ich erwähnt. Kurz zusammengefasst: Die USA haben durch die de facto Kontrolle über das Geld eine Sonderposition in der Welt. Nicht nur sitzen sie am Gelddrucker - Geld drucken kann jeder, klappt eben nur unter bestimmten Voraussetzungen (zumindest zeitweise) - sondern haben durch diese Kontrollsituation weitere Vorteile: 1) Das größte Exportgut der USA ist der US Dollar. 2) Die US-Wirtschaft hat einen klaren Vorteil anderen Wirtschaften gegenüber, da das Unternehmertum dort besser belohnt wird. 3) Viele ehrgeizige und talentierte Menschen der ganzen Welt strömen in die USA, um von dieser Belohnung zu profitieren. 4) Die internationalen Buchstabensuppen-Finanzinstitutionen stärken den USA den Rücken.

Die USA haben also ein sehr großes (das gröte) Interesse daran, das globale Finanzmonopol in der aktuellen Form aufrechtzuerhalten.

Peruvian Bull "The Dollar Endgame"

Die Ausgangsthese von Peruvian Bull, einem Autor, der ein gleichnamiges Buch veröffentlicht hat (The Dollar Endgame) ist, dass viele Zeichen darauf hindeuten, dass der US Dollar als Leitwährung der Welt seine letzten Atemzüge macht. Er ist dabei recht pessimistisch und glaubt, dass wir schon in den nächten fünf bis sieben Jahren eine große Veränderung erleben werden.

Allerdings sieht er eine große Chance für die USA, Bitcoin zu nutzen, um diesem Untergang entgegenzuwirken. Viele Länder und Institutionen außerhalb der westlichen Welt sehen den US Dollar kritisch und sind nicht besonders glücklich über die Vormachtstellung, die der Dollar den USA auf dem internationalen Finanzmarkt, dem globalen Handel und der geopolitischen Weltordnung verleiht. Die US-Notenbank wird immer mehr in die Ecke gedrängt und der einzige Ausweg aus der momentanen Schuldenspirale ist Hyperinflation.

Meine zwei Sats sind, dass eine Wahrscheinlichkeit natürlich immer besteht, allerdings bin ich persönlich davon überzeugt, dass der US Dollar, wenn überhaupt, die letzte Währung sein wird, die eine Hyperinflation erlebt, da vorher ganz andere Währungen das Zeitliche segnen müssten.

Doch um bei der These zu bleiben, bietet Bitcoin eine alternative Lösung zur Hyperinflation. Denn die USA könnten ihre Verluste reduzieren, indem sie auf eine Bitcoin-gestützte Leitwährung wechseln. Dazu sind die USA auch bestens aufgestellt: Die von Minern aufgebrachte Hashrate ist nirgendwo größer, als in den USA, Bitcoin-Bestände in Wallets sind nirgendwo größer als in den USA und die größten Bitcoin-Unternehmen, Unternehmen die Bitcoin fördern, oder Technologie entwickeln, die Bitcoin zugute kommt, sitzen in den USA.

Würden die USA, bzw. die US-Notenbank, zu einem Bitcoin-gestützten Währungssystem wechseln, müssten alle anderen Länder der Welt nachziehen, solange die USA diese (oben beschriebene) globale Vormachtstellung in der Weltwirtschaft noch innehaben. Dies würde den USA einen gewaltigen First-Mover-Vorteil bescheren, da nirgendwo sonst die Infrastruktur und der Zugang zu Bitcoin so stark ausgeprägt sind.

Es ist also nur eine politische Entscheidung, ob dieser First-Mover-Vorteil ausgenutzt wird oder nicht. Indem die Nutzung (institutioneller oder privater Art, Mining, Innovation, etc.) eingeschränkt wird, z.B. durch Verbote, Besteuerung, oder andere ungünstige Gesetze, wird die gesamte Branche und damit das technische Wissen, die Innovation und das damit verbundene Kapital ins Ausland verdrängt und die USA schießen sich ins eigene Bein.

Es wird sicherlich institutionellen Widerstand geben, da die derzeitigen institutionellen Akteure stark vom aktuellen System profitieren und daher nicht zu einem Bitcoin-Währungssystem wechseln wollen, in dem sie keine Zensurrechte und keine exklusiven Übertragungsrechte haben. Daher werden US-Institutionen wie die Notenbank und das Finanzministerium von diesem Ansatz nicht allzu begeistert sein, doch wenn sie es ernsthaft genug betrachten und erkennen, dass es sich hierbei um eine Form der geopolitischen, strategischen Kriegsführung handelt, könnten sie gezwungen sein, ihre Meinung zu ändern und sich auf ein neues System vorzubereiten, das den Idealen, wie Freiheit, Redefreiheit, Eigentumsrechten und solides Geld, treu bleibt, auf denen die USA gegründet wurden.

Peruvian Bull und Marty Bent führen in dieser Episode noch weitere Punkte aus, doch die mir wichtigsten Punkte habe ich wieder erwähnt. Kurz zusammengefasst: Die USA stehen davor, ihre globale Vormachtstellung zu verlieren. Ein Ausweg könnte die Adaption von Bitcoin als Retter des US Dollar sein. Die USA haben den fruchtbarsten Nährboden für eine solche Änderung des Systems, da sie heute schon die meiste Hashrate, das größte geistige Eigentum und Innovation, als auch das meiste Kapital bündeln.

Die USA hätten also in der Theorie ein sehr großes Interesse daran, Bitcoin als Lösung und zur Stützung ihres globalen Finanzmonopols zu adaptieren.

Zwei Theorien in zwei entgegengesetzte Richtungen 👈👉

Auf der einen Seite sehen wir ein Argument, weshalb den USA daran gelegen wäre, das aktuelle System so lange wie möglich aufrechtzuerhalten und dem alten Mann auf Krücken unter die Arme zu greifen. Auf der anderen Seite besteht ein Argument dafür, dass die USA ein gesteigertes Interesse daran haben sollten, das alte System so schnell wie möglich hinter sich zu lassen und die Pole Position, die die USA im Bereich Bitcoin haben - ohne Regierungs-seitig was dafür getan zu haben - für sich zu nutzen, um dem alten Mann auf Krücken zu einer Verjüngung zu verhelfen.

Es ist schwierig einzuschätzen, welchen Weg die USA gehen werden, da es immer noch keinen allgemeinen Konsens darüber gibt, wie Bitcoin zu betrachten ist. Der kürzlich vorgestellte DAME-Gesetzesentwurf (Digital Asset Mining Energy excise tax), also eine Verbrauchssteuer für Miner, der Biden-Regierung, würde von Bitcoin-Mining-Unternehmen verlangen, eine 30% Steuer auf die Stromkosten zu zahlen, die für das Mining von Bitcoin verwendet werden. Ein solches Gesetz würde die Mining Industrie aus dem Land drängen, da Miner heute schon auf sehr knappen Margen operieren und somit unprofitabel würden. Dies gleicht einer Bestrafung von Unternehmen für das Streben nach Innovation und technologischem Fortschritt.

Auf der anderen Seite gibt es aber auch die Ansicht, Bitcoin müsse ins Land geholt werden, da man es dort am besten kontrollieren kann, ganz nach dem Motto "Halte deine Freunde nah und deine Feinde noch näher". So z.B. Carole House, ehemalige Direktorin für Cybersicherheit des Nationalen Sicherheitsrates des Weißen Hauses. Sie sprach bei einem Event an der Universität von Princeton und sagte "sie würde lieber mehr Hashrate in den USA sehen, damit sie Miner zwingen können, das Netzwerk zu zensieren" und dass es "nicht nur darum ginge, Minern zu sagen, dass sie bestimmte Transaktionen nicht in Blöcke einbauen, sondern auch nicht auf Blöcken mit nicht konformen Transaktionen aufzubauen, damit diese Transaktionen nirgendwo in der Kette ankommen".

Wir sehen also, dass es selbst zwischen den Gegnern von Bitcoin keinen endgültigen Konsens gibt, wie das Thema in Zukunft angegangen werden soll. Da ist esnicht verwunderlich, dass auf Ebene eines Paradigmenwechsels, den die Adaption von Bitcoin von Seiten der Notenbank bedeuten würde, noch unklarer ist. Für mich sind beide Erklärungen logisch. Allerdings wissen wir nur zu gut, dass Regierungen es manchmal nicht so mit Logik und Vernunft haben.

🫳🎤

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In diesem Sinne, 2... 1... Risiko!‌

@ 953c0602:01aba028

[1] This refers to Derrida’s The Problem of Genesis in Husserl’s Philosophy (i.e., the “doctoral thesis” mentioned earlier), rather than Husserl’s Bernau Manuscripts referenced previously.

[2] Weimingzi attempted to connect Derrida’s The Problem of Genesis in Husserl’s Philosophy (finalized in 1954) with a portion of Husserl’s unpublished manuscripts known as the Bernau Manuscripts. However, at that moment, Weimingzi suddenly realized that he was unsure of the timeline for the editing and publication of the Bernau Manuscripts, so he halted his discussion. The Bernau Manuscripts were handed over to the Husserl Archives in Leuven by Eugen Fink in 1969 and were not published until 2001. Thus, not only had Derrida not seen the Bernau Manuscripts while writing The Problem of Genesis in Husserl’s Philosophy, but even by the time of its publication in 1990, he still had not encountered them. The Husserl texts Derrida utilized are listed in the appendix and bibliography of the second chapter of The Problem of Genesis in Husserl’s Philosophy.

[3] Referring to the “preface” of Derrida’s The Problem of Genesis in Husserl’s Philosophy:

“This is the interest and the difficulty of the problem of genesis, considered as synthesis: How can the absolutely originary foundation of sense and of being of a genesis be comprehended in and by this genesis? For if it is true that any synthesis is founded on an a priori synthesis, the problem of genesis is that of the sense of this a priori synthesis; if an a priori synthesis is at the source and foundation of any possible judgment and any experience， are we not referred to an indefnite dialectic？ How can the originarity of a foundation be an a priori synthesis？ How can everything start with a complication？ If any genesis and any synthesis refer to their constitution through an a priori synthesis，then has not the a priori synthesis itself，when it appears to itself in a constituting，transcendental and supposedly originary experience，already taken on sense，is it not always by defnition "already" constituted by another synthesis，and so on infnitely？ How can a phenomenological originarity lay absolute claim to the first constitution of sense if it is preceded by what could be called a historical "primitiveness"？ A primitiveness which，it has to be said，only "appears" as such through an originary constitution. Is there not some trick in any going beyond of this dialectic？ Does one not fall back into the formalism that one claims to be going beyond，by referring the philosophical thematization of this dialectic to the originarity of its transcendental constitution，to intentionality，to perception？ Is not phenomenological temporality，at once transcendental and originary，"temporalizing”，constituting，only in appearance and starting from a "natural" time，indifferent to transcendental consciousness itself，preceding it, enveloping it？ Husserl，especially in the last years of his life，would not perhaps have absolutely disputed this; perhaps all his last efforts were for saving phenomenology by assimilating to it this new relation.”

[4] The Problem of Genesis in Husserl’s Philosophy is structured into four parts, each centered on an in-depth exploration of specific works by Husserl, Part I focuses on Philosophy of Arithmetic: Psychological and Logical Investigations (now included in Volume 12 of the Hague edition of Husserl’s Collected Works) and the first volume of Logical Investigations (Volume 18 of the Hague edition); Part II examines the second volume of Logical Investigations (Volumes 19–20 of the Hague edition), Lectures on the Phenomenology of Internal Time-Consciousness (Volume 10), and Ideas I (Ideas Pertaining to a Pure Phenomenology and to a Phenomenological Philosophy, Volume 3); Part III revolves around Experience and Judgment: Investigations in a Genealogy of Logic (not yet included in the Hague edition but roughly corresponding to Volume 17, Formal and Transcendental Logic) and Cartesian Meditations (Volume 1);Part IV engages with The Crisis of European Sciences and Transcendental Phenomenology and related lectures, such as The Origin of Geometry (Volumes 6 and 29).

[5] As noted in footnote 4, Derrida’s The Problem of Genesis in Husserl’s Philosophy does not address Ideas II. As the Chinese translator of the book, Yu Qizhi, points out in the “Bibliography,” the French edition of Ideas II was published only in 1982.

[6] In The Problem of Genesis in Husserl’s Philosophy, Derrida employs the term “originarity” rather than the more commonly used “originality.” This distinction is noted in a footnote within the “Preface” of Marian Hobson’s English translation of the work:

“The present translation keeps particularly close to Derrida's French in two cases, ‘originarity’ and ‘becoming’，which both refer to Husserl's German. Derrida has adopted the translations used by Paul Ricoeur，which deliberately do not naturalize the terms into the mere straightforward ‘originality’ and ‘development’.”

[7] The contradiction in the binary opposition within the “problem of genesis” in Husserl’s philosophy, as pointed out by Derrida, lies in the tension between transcendental genesis and empirical genesis. It is not, as Weimingzi suggests, a supposed opposition between “originarity” and “anticipation.” In fact, “absolute origin” and “anticipation” are unified within the concept of transcendental genesis. Weimingzi’s claim that “the problem of genesis has a dual nature……one being the absolute beginning…… and the other being that all genesis is anticipated” is mistaken from the outset.

For a discussion of the “duality” of genesis as addressed by Derrida, refer to the “Preface” of The Problem of Genesis in Husserl’s Philosophy:

“In a word, if the theme of transcendental genesis appeared at a certain moment in order to understand and found the theme of empirical genesis that preceded it in natural time， we need to ask ourselves about the meaning of this evolution. How was it possible？”

For the concept of “origin” referred here by Derrida is about transcendental genesis, refer to the “Preface” of the book mentioned above:

“First of all, genesis, when it is examined naively and in the most formal way possible， brings together two contradictory meanings in its concept: one of origin, one of becoming…… The existence of any genesis seems to have this tension between a transcendence and an immanence as its sense and direction.”

For the concept of “anticipation” referred here by Derrida is about transcendental genesis, refer to the “Preface” of the book mentioned above:

“A certain anticipation is thus faithful to the sense of every genesis: every innovation is a verification, every creation is a fulfilling, every emergence is tradition.”

[8] “(All genesis) occurs within a flow of past and future” refers to the context of empirical genesis and should not be linked with the previous clause (“all genesis is anticipated”) under the conjunction “therefore”. Weimingzi’s statement here——introducing a description related to empirical genesis while discussing the issue of “anticipation” —— further confirms what we revealed in footnote 7: Weimingzi has not clearly grasped the binary opposition between empirical genesis and transcendental genesis discussed by Derrida.

For the connection between “genesis within the flow of time” and empirical genesis, refer to the “Preface” of Derrida’s The Problem of Genesis in Husserl’s Philosophy:

“First of all, genesis, when it is examined naively and in the most formal way possible， brings together two contradictory meanings in its concept: one of origin, one of becoming…… But at the same stage, there is no genesis except within a temporal and ontological totality which encloses it; every genetic product is produced by something other than itself, it is carried by a past, called forth and oriented by a future.”

[9] During the recording of this video, Weimingzi held a physical copy of The Problem of Genesis in Husserl’s Philosophy, which appeared on screen. In this particular scene, Weimingzi shakes the book in his hand. Therefore, it is clear that the sentence refers to this book, rather than Speech and Phenomena mentioned earlier.

[10] “物论,” meaning materialism, refers to what is commonly known as dialectical materialism or philosophical materialism. The term “理项” here likely refers to what Weimingzi intended to denote as “相型论,” meaning idealism, which is often translated as subjective idealism or philosophical idealism. Notably, these two terms in Yu Qizhi’s translation differ from traditional renderings in philosophical works.

[11] Is “invention” a “phenomenological category”? This is a question. We find that not only does the “Glossary” appended to Yu Qizhi’s translation of The Problem of Genesis in Husserl’s Philosophy fail to include any vocabulary rooted in the term “invent”, but also the “German-French-English-Chinese Phenomenological Terminology Comparison Table” appended to Youzheng Li’s translation of Ideas I similarly omits any terms derived from the root “invent.”

Derrida does indeed use the term “invention” in The Problem of Genesis in Husserl’s Philosophy (in both English and French as “invention,” translated by Yu Qizhi as “发明” invention without any explanatory parentheses). Let us examine how Derrida employs this “category”, with reference to the “Preface” of Derrida’s The Problem of Genesis in Husserl’s Philosophy:

“An invention without verification could not be assimilated; it would be pure accommodation, at the limit, it would not even be ‘for a consciousness’. There is no consciousness that does not perceive every sense as a sense ‘for self’ (this ‘for self’ being one of a transcendental subjectivity, not a psychological one). Every sense being for a consciousness， by definition not being able to make itself a stranger to a ‘transcendental ego’, an intentional ego, it always reveals itself as ‘already’ present. At the limit, an invention without verification would deny the intentionality of consciousness, it would be invention ‘of’ nothing or invention (of) itself(by) itself, which would destroy the very sense of any inventions, which is a synthetic sense. The paradox and strangeness of transcendental intentionality reappear at the core of every invention, symbol of genesis: it is through a ‘synthetic’ value that a becoming and a temporal act are acts of verification and at the limit analytic. But just as invention without verification is only conceivable in the myth of consciousness without intentionality, of thinking torn from the world and from time, so verification without invention is not verifying anything by anything. It is a pure tautology, an empty and merely formal identity, a negation (of)consciousness, (of) world, (of) time, where every truth appears; it is thus through the “analytic” essence of every verification, of every aiming at sense, that this latter must refer out in a synthetic act to something other than itself…… In a sense, for Kant, the empirical and the a priori are mutually exclusive. The sense of every genesis is a phenomenal one. Invention is not absolute verification. Hence it is not real invention.”

It turns out that “invention” is a concept rooted in Kantian philosophy. From the referenced text, it is evident that Derrida, by introducing the concept of “verification” (French: vérification; German: Bewährung), effectively excludes the Kantian concept of “invention” from Husserlian phenomenology.

[12] The problem of genesis in Husserl’s philosophy is not concerned with the genesis of “ideas” within the mind, but rather with the genesis of phenomena in their worldly manifestation. Refer to Derrida’s “Preface” in The Problem of Genesis in Husserl’s Philosophy:

“The ‘transcendental’ reduction, end and principle of this movement, is the reduction, the farewell to every historical genesis, in the classical and ‘worldly’ sense of the term. But after this retreat to a philosophical purity of an idealist style, there are announced a kind of return, the outlines of a movement of broad reconquest: it is the notion of transcendental genesis which， resistant in principle to every reduction, revealed perhaps by every reduction properly understood, will oversee a kind of philosophical recuperation of history and allow a reconciliation of phenomenology and ‘worldly’ sciences. The first will be the foundation of the latter. For from the beginning of his career, Husserl had formulated the demand for such a synthesis.”

[13] Here, Weimingzi refers to “verification” as “vertification” and even writes it as “vertification” on the writing board. It is worth noting that, as mentioned in footnote 11, “invention” is a concept from Kantian philosophy rather than Husserlian phenomenology. Yet, Weimingzi provides an extended and ambiguous discussion on this matter. Meanwhile, the concept that truly belongs to Husserl—— “verification” ——is included in the two glossaries mentioned in footnote 11, but Weimingzi misspells it.

[14] In Weimingzi’s account, “consciousness” and “intentionality” are used as synonyms, which does not align with the Husserlian phenomenology introduced by Derrida. For further details, see footnote 17.

[15] It is only at this point that Weimingzi corrected their pronunciation and spelling of “verification.”

Weimingzi engaged in some ambiguous discussions surrounding the concept of “invention”, which does not exist in Husserlian phenomenology, while his grasp of the concept of “verification”, which does indeed belong to Husserlian phenomenology, proved to be flawed.

[16] Note that here, Weimingzi refers to the “dialectical structure of origin”, but what they actually mean is the “dialectical structure of genesis”, as evidenced by an arrow drawn on the canvas originating from “Genesis”.

However, as pointed out in footnotes 7 and 8, Weimingzi mistakenly conflates the binary opposition of “transcendental genesis” and “empirical genesis” with the binary opposition of “originarity” and “anticipation”. Furthermore, they align “invention” and “intentionality” with “originarity” and “anticipation”, respectively. As noted in footnote 11, “invention” is not a concept within Husserlian phenomenology. Consequently, constructing a binary opposition between “invention” and “intentionality” deviates from the Husserlian phenomenology introduced by Derrida. At most, it reflects a particular interpretation of “transcendental genesis”.

It is particularly important to note that, according to the Husserlian phenomenology introduced by Derrida, “intentionality” plays a role within the structure of transcendental genesis. To avoid reverting to Brentano’s framework, Husserl maintains the category of “intentionality” within the structure of transcendental genesis. Thus, the opposition between transcendental genesis and empirical genesis manifests in terms of intentionality as a contrast between “intentionality” and “the temporality of consciousness.” For further details on this point, refer to Chapter 1 of Part III in Derrida’s The Problem of Genesis in Husserl’s Philosophy:

“Now, the absolute foundation of phenomenological clear evidence, the last authority for all language, all logic, all philosophical discourse, is that intentionality is merged with the temporality of consciousness.”

[17] This passage also confuses the concepts of “consciousness” and “intentionality”, as evidenced by the earlier statement: “You have an intentionality, or you have a thought, or a consciousness, which arises.” When we generate a “thought,” what exactly “has been there”? Once we distinguish between the concepts of “consciousness” and “intentionality,” this statement becomes clear: when we generate a thought, we can already confirm the existence of a transcendental intentionality that has been present all along.

[18] It must be emphasized once again that what is brought forth can only be a “thought,” not “intentionality.”

[19] At this point, Weimingzi flipped through the book, located the text they intended to discuss, and corrected the spelling of “contamination”. It is important to note that the term “contamination” appear in both the original text and its annotations in the book. For reference, see Derrida’s The Problem of Genesis in Husserl’s Philosophy, “To the Reader” (1990 edition):

“This panoramic reading, which here sweeps across the whole work of Husserl with the imperturbable impudence of a scanner, refers to a sort of law whose stability seems to me today all the more astonishing because, since then, even in its literal formulation, this law will not have stopped commanding everything l have tried to prove, as if a sort of idiosyncrasy was already negotiating in its own way a necessity that would always overtake it and that would have to be interminably reappropriated. What necessity？It is always a question of an originary complication of the origin, of an initial contamination of the simple, of an inaugural divergence that no analysis could present, make present in its phenomenon or reduce to the point like nature of the element, instantaneous and identical to itself. In fact the question that governs the whole trajectory is already: ‘How can the originarity of a foundation be an a priori synthesis？ How can everything start with a complication?’ All the limits on which phenomenological discourse is constructed are examined from the standpoint of the fatal necessity of a ‘contamination’ (‘unperceived entailment or dissimulated contamination’ between the two edges of the opposition: transcendental/‘worldly’, eidetic/empirical, intentional/ nonintentional, active/passive, present/nonpresent, pointlike/non-pointlike, originary / derived, pure/impure, etc.), the quaking of each border coming to propagate itself onto all the others. A law of differential contamination imposes its logic from one end of the book to the other; and I ask myself why the very word ‘contamination’ has not stopped imposing itself on me from thence forward.”

[20] The three sets of binary oppositions presented by Weimingzi do not correspond to any of the eight sets of binary oppositions listed in Derrida’s original text cited in footnote 19. Instead, they resemble the so-called “metaphysical” binary oppositions, often associated with hierarchical thinking, rather than phenomenological binary oppositions.

Moreover, it is worth noting that Weimingzi mentions “the real and the essential,” “the formal and the real.” Even if “the real” and “the actual” (or “real” in another sense) are distinguishable within Weimingzi’s framework, these two terms should occupy equivalent positions. However, in their enumeration, one appears as the first term in a pair while the other appears as the second term in another pair. This inconsistency in the ordering of the terms within these pairs reflects a certain confusion.

[21] As noted in footnote 20, the frameworks listed by Weimingzi are fundamentally not those introduced by Derrida within the context of Husserlian phenomenology.

[22] Here, Weimingzi emphasizes “the action of consciousness”, which reverts to the issue pointed out in footnote 12.

[23] In this discussion, we primarily draw upon Husserl’s Experience and Judgment to elucidate this issue. As noted in footnote 4, Experience and Judgment is one of the key texts around which Derrida’s The Problem of Genesis in Husserl’s Philosophy revolves. Moreover, Derrida points out that Experience and Judgment is a work Husserl agreed to publish shortly before his death.

How should we understand the statement “I recall that I just stepped on the floor” as a “ternary relation”? In fact, it is quite simple. The “I who is recalling” constitutes the first element, while the occurrence of the content being recalled (“I stepped on the floor”) has a dual nature: the transcendental genesis of the recalled content forms the second element, and the empirical genesis of the recalled content forms the third element.

Regarding the transcendental genesis of the recalled content, refer to Chapter 1 of Part III in Derrida’s The Problem of Genesis in Husserl’s Philosophy:

“The existent, aim of knowledge, must always be ‘pregiven’. But it must not be given in any old fashion. It must be given in the evidence of the ‘self givenness’ [given in person] and not in a simple ‘presentification’ of imagination or of memory.”

We only need to change the example so that the content of recollection does not involve the so-called “I”, and then the issue transforms into the phenomenological epistemological problem of “recollection”. Specifically, it becomes a problem concerning the binary opposition between the transcendental genesis and empirical genesis of the content being recalled. Husserl uses “another table” as an example; see §37 in Chapter 3 of Husserl’s Experience and Judgment:

“The most immediate question will concern above all the connection of perception with memory as positional [setzender] presentification and the mode of their intuitive unity, of a unity, therefore, which can also appear when the unifed objects, which are in reciprocal relation, are not given simultaneously in a perception but are given partly in perceptions, partly in presentifcations.

The following serves as an example: through perception I see a table before me, and at the same time I am reminded of another table, which formerly was in its place……

Certainly, there is a legitimacy to talking about the separate-ness of the perceived and the remembered, If I live in memory I have a unity of intuition of memory; what is remembered is there before all acts of comparing, distinguishing, relating; there membered is ‘sensuous’ and made of flowing parts, ‘intuitive’, unitary, and self-enclosed just as long as I live in one intuition of memory which persists uninterrupted, as long as I don't ‘leap’ from memory to memory in a chaos of sudden ‘whims’. Every uniform memory is in itself continuously uniform and in itself constitutes for consciousness a unity of objectivities, which is an intuitive-sensuous unity: intuitive in flowing parts, we said, That is, the running-through in memory of an event of sufficiently long duration has exactly the same structure as its apprehension in original perception. Just as in perception there is always only a single phase intuitively present to consciousness in the original, which phase, immediately detached from the next and retained in grasp, is united synthetically with it, so, in the memory of the event, the whole event is, to be sure, intuitively intended in its unity, namely, in all of its phases, although always only a single stretch of its flowing temporality is ‘really intuitive’.

The principle of the closed nature [Geschlossenheit] of memory is naturally exactly the same as that which we have determined previously for perception, namely, it is based on a unity of temporal duration. It is a unity, not only in relation to the extraction and thematic contemplation of a perceived individual thing or event, but in relation to the unitary phenomenon of the “impression" which founds this activity, a phenomenon in which a unity of objectivity(however numerous its components may be )is sensuously pregiven to us, is already passively there for us. It is an originally constituted structure which flows along continuously. This structure, whether of perception (firsthand sensuous givenness) or of memory，is always for itself, and only the horizon-intentions give it a connection with the objectivity which extends beyond it, with the objective world of which it is a constituent part.”

“Partly in perception, partly in recollection” means “partly in phenomenological intuition, partly in phenomenological reduction.” The so-called “intuitive unity” pertains to the empirical genesis of the content of recollection, whereas the “principle of closure” pertains to the transcendental genesis of the content of recollection.

[24] In fact, Derrida has already pointed out that “transcendental intentionality” is unnecessary. Refer to Chapter 2 of Part I in Derrida’s The Problem of Genesis in Husserl’s Philosophy:

“The objective sense of being can well do without. But will being not also do without a transcendental intentionality?”

It is worth noting that Weimingzi regards Derrida’s The Problem of Genesis in Husserl’s Philosophy as an effort to “rescue” Husserlian phenomenology. However, Derrida did not actually make such an “effort”. As Derrida’s doctoral dissertation, this work is, overall, a review-oriented piece. As noted in footnote 4, Derrida examines several of Husserl’s works in this book along a chronological trajectory and ultimately declares the failure of Husserl’s efforts in transcendental phenomenology. Weimingzi, having not finished reading the book, failed to notice Derrida’s judgment on Husserlian phenomenology. For details, see footnote 45.

[25] The result is that these statements are neither rigorous nor comprehensible.

[26] Due to Weimingzi’s erroneous framing of “absolute origin” and “anticipation” as a binary opposition, using it to replace the binary opposition of “transcendental genesis” and “empirical genesis” (see footnotes 7 and 8), as well as his failure to distinguish between intentionality (Intentionalität) and intention (see footnote 16), he ended up presenting this example in a very ambiguous manner.

In the Husserlian phenomenology introduced by Derrida, transcendental intentionality anticipates empirical genesis. For instance, when a person’s eyes move from left to right, this movement involves a dialectical unity between the transcendental genesis——whose content is the anticipation of the eyes moving from left to right——and the worldly, empirical genesis of this movement. This serves as an example of the quotation in footnote 7: “All creation is realization.”

The metaphor of a “console” aptly illustrates the actual situation of transcendental phenomenology. To say it “does not exist” is to view it from today’s perspective, or from outside phenomenology. Transcendental intentionality anticipating the movement of the eyes from left to right is akin to operating a game controller, while the empirical genesis of the eyes moving from left to right resembles the unfolding content on a game screen. How, then, do people gain knowledge of this “console”? The method lies in “transcendental intuition” and “transcendental reduction”. However, what are the specific mechanisms of transcendental intuition and transcendental reduction? This question aligns with what Weimingzi previously referred to as the “fatal blow (to phenomenology)”.

[27] The point here is that initially, our grasp of the occurrence of eye movement is simple: “the eyes moved from left to right”. However, our understanding can deepen. For example, we may further recognize that the eyes moved horizontally by 10° (as Weimingzi mentions in terms like “positioning” and “deflection”). How, then, does transcendental intentionality anticipate our deeper grasp of the empirical genesis of eye movement? Should we believe that transcendental intentionality already contains all the rich information within the depth we can comprehend——even before we consciously deepen our grasp (phenomenological intuition)? Or should we think that transcendental intentionality reveals itself progressively and appropriately as our understanding deepens (phenomenological reduction)?

This is precisely the question Derrida raises. Refer to the quotation in footnote 3: “How can everything begin with complexity?”

[28] Weimingzi stated: “Its problem ultimately still originates from Kant’s ‘a priori synthesis,’ that is, the problem of synthetic a priori.” This statement is steady and correct but equally steady in failing to provide any further insight. For Derrida, what is crucial is to develop or transform this concept of “a priori synthesis” (or “pre-experiential synthesis”) that “originates from Kant.” Derrida points out: “In Kant, experience and the a priori (pre-experiential) are mutually incompatible.” However, in Hegel and Husserl, “it is the a priori synthesis (pre-experiential synthesis) that makes all experience and all experiential meaning possible.”

Refer to the Preface of Derrida’s The Problem of Genesis in Husserl’s Philosophy:

“Kant, in refuting Hume, showed convincingly that without the intervention of an a priori form of the understanding, any judgment loses its necessary character. We will not here go into historical analyses, let us just note that Kant called ‘synthetic a priori’ judgments only those of a mathematical order. These judgments are precisely those which escape from genesis. Their synthesis is not ‘real’, at least not in the eyes of Kant. Insofar as they are not born in effective historical experience, insofar as they are not ‘constituted’ by this, they are a priori. In a sense， for Kant, the empirical and the a priori are mutually exclusive. The sense of every genesis is a phenomenal one. Invention is not absolute verification. Hence it is not real invention. The sense of every empirical-genetic judgment is the object of a construction, thus by definition dubious. On this point at least, it is surprising to see the precision with which Hegel's criticism of Kant points to Husserl's perspective: far from the experience of the real which is called “phenomenal”, excluding a priori synthesis, it is a priori synthesis (of thought and the real, of sense and of the sensible, for example, and in a very general way) which makes experience possible, and every meaning of experience.”

[29] Considering the origin of a priori synthesis, refer to §8 in Chapter 1 of Husserl’s Experience and Judgment:

“For us the world is always a world in which cognition in the most diverse ways has already done its work. Thus it is not open to doubt that there is no experience, in the simple and primary sense of an experience of things, which, grasping a thing for the first time and bringing cognition to bear on it, does not already “know” more about the thing than is in this cognitional one. Every act of experience, whatever it may be that is experienced in the proper sense as it comes into view, has eo ipso necessarily, a knowledge and a potential knowledge [Mitwissenhaving] reference to precisely this thing, namely, to something of it which has not yet come into view， 'This preknowledge [Vorwissen]is indeterminate as to content, or not completely deter-mined， but it is never completely empty; and were it not already manifest, the experience would not at all be experience of this one, this particular, thing.”

[30] This refers to the fact that, in Kantian philosophy, genesis lacks the foundation of “a priori synthesis” in Kant’s sense. See the quotation in footnote 11: “In Kant, experience and the pre-experiential are mutually incompatible. All the meaning of genesis is the meaning of phenomena.”

Additionally, refer to Derrida’s The Problem of Genesis in Husserl’s Philosophy:

“Let us just note that Kant called ‘synthetic a priori judgments’ only those of a mathematical order. These judgments are precisely those which escape from genesis. Their synthesis is not ‘real’, at least not in the eyes of Kant.

[31] The original words of Weimingzi are as follows: Weimingzi turned “itself” into a preposition. The “two prepositions” refer to the previously mentioned “of and by.” Framing these two prepositions together means that “itself” has been prepositionalized, carrying the meaning of “of and by.”

[32] The term “Noema” (German: Noema), translated as “object of consciousness” in the glossary appended to Yu Qizhi’s translation of The Problem of Genesis in Husserl’s Philosophy, is rendered as “intentional object” in the comparative table appended to Ideas I referenced in Note 11.

In Derrida’s work, the temporality of the “object of consciousness” is discussed in the second part, with the title of its first chapter being “Noematic Temporality and Genetic Temporality”.

[33] Here, Weimingzi assumed a posture of reading a book. “The Genetic Constitution of the Ego and the Passage to a New Form of Transcendental Idealism” is the title he read from Chapter 2 of Part III in The Problem of Genesis in Husserl’s Philosophy.

Weimingzi referred to this chapter as the “final” one. Earlier, he also mentioned, “Finally, attempting to undertake a transcendental logic,” which likewise referred to the content of Part III. As noted in Footnote 4, Derrida’s book consists of four parts. However, even while reading aloud the chapter titles from the table of contents, Weimingzi consistently referred to the content of Part III as “final.” This peculiarity is both intriguing and puzzling. We speculate that this might be because the chapter titles in Part IV make less frequent use of phenomenological concepts (though not entirely absent) and include terms like “philosophical history,” which seem less “lofty.” If articulated explicitly, it might fail to achieve an effect of ostentation.

The chapter titles in Part IV are as follows:

Part IV: Teleology——The Sense of History and the History of Sense

1.The Birth and Crisis of Philosophy

2.The First Task of Philosophy: The Reactivation of Genesis

3.The History of Philosophy and the Transcendental Motive

[34] The “new form of idealism” articulated by Derrida is precisely what he terms “teleological idealism.” This concept is unveiled in Chapter 2 of Part III of The Problem of Genesis in Husserl’s Philosophy and is further elaborated upon in Part IV. Due to his incomplete reading of the book, Weimingzi failed to recognize the significance of the concept of “teleology,” which is prominently featured in the title of Part IV.

However, considering that Weimingzi identifies “teleology” as one of the theoretical orientations within the four dimensions of his “Ismism” framework, his neglect of the term “teleology” here remains striking.

For reference, Derrida’s discussion of the “new form of idealism” in Chapter 2 of Part III:

“Therefore let us not be surprised when in Cartesian Meditations, presenting phenomenology as absolute science, as the foundation of every possible science of every science that is existent in history and constituted in a culture, Husserl alludes to a new "idea"; a teleological idea that will give him a sense of the becoming which in itself and as such is not constituted by any becoming.”

[35] Referencing the quotation from Footnote 22: “At least on this point, we are struck by how Hegel’s critique of Kant accurately foreshadows Husserl’s perspective: it is far from being the so-called ‘phenomena’—— the reality of experience that excludes a priori synthesis——that makes all experience and the meaning of all experience possible. Rather, it is the a priori synthesis (for example, and generally speaking, between thought and reality, meaning and sensibility) that constitutes the very possibility of all experience and all experiential meaning.”

[36] The original words of Weimingzi were as follows, though it should be considered a slip of the tongue involving “light and airy” (qingpiaopiao). The “piaopiao” in qingpiaopiao (“light and airy”) shares the same tone and rhyme as the “qiaoqiao” in jingqiaoqiao (“quiet and still”). Additionally, words such as qingqiao (“light and nimble”) and qingqiao (“light and graceful”), which convey related meanings, also use the initial consonant q. The combination of these factors likely led to this slip of the tongue.

[37] Refer to the quotation in Footnote 45.

[38] This refers to the “Arc Reactor” on Iron Man’s chest.

[39] Refer to the quotation in Footnote 40.

[40] Regarding the subsequent text, Derrida mentions two works: Introduction to Husserl’s “The Origin of Geometry” (1962) and Speech and Phenomena (1967).

For reference, see Derrida’s “To the Reader” in The Problem of Genesis in Husserl’s Philosophy (1990):

“that several years later, even when in the introduction to Edmund Husserl's Origin of Geometry (1962) and in Speech and Phenomena (1967), I was pursuing the reading started in this way, the word "dialectic" finished either by totally disappearing or even by designating that without which or separate from which difference, originary supplement, and traces had to be thought, all these are perhaps a kind of road sign: about the philosophical and political map according to which a student of philosophy tried to find his bearings in 1950s France.”

It is worth noting that Weimingzi had indeed read the 1990 “Preface” to The Problem of Genesis in Husserl’s Philosophy. For instance, his discussion of “contamination” can be found in the original text cited in Footnote 15, and his commentary on “the choice of a young student” is referenced in Footnote 32, with the latter originating from this very section.

Moreover, he also mentioned Speech and Phenomena earlier in this text. Why, then, does he appear unaware of it here?

[41] Refer to the quotation in Footnote 40.

[42] Derrida’s The Problem of Genesis in Husserl’s Philosophy does not include a “Postscript.” The so-called “Postscript” likely refers to the 1990 Preface, which is labeled as such in both the Chinese and English editions.

Regarding the book’s length, the Chinese edition (2019) spans approximately 250 pages: the 1953–54 Preface, titled “The Theme of Genesis and the Genesis of Themes,” occupies 40 pages, while the main text begins on page 41 and ends on page 291. The English edition treats the 1953–54 Preface as separately paginated, with its main text totaling 214 pages. In any case, this is a book of over 200 pages, not merely “a little over 100 pages.”

Additionally, the 1953–54 Preface, “The Theme of Genesis and the Genesis of Themes”, is a highly significant text. In fact, it is evident that Weimingzi primarily relied on these 40 pages for his lecture in this video. How could Weimingzi possibly advise others to omit this section when recommending the book?

As we noted earlier in footnote 33, when Weimingzi glanced through the table of contents of The Problem of Genesis in Husserl’s Philosophy, he overlooked the fourth section, which includes terms such as “teleology” and “philosophy of history.” This act of omission shares a common foundation with his classification of “history” as part of the “realm of the physical”: namely, how Weimingzi conceptualizes the notion of “philosophy of history.

[43] Weimingzi places “history” on the “metaphysical vs. physical” spectrum as belonging to the “physical” side, which does not align with the phenomenology of Husserl as introduced by Derrida. Categorizing “history” on the “physical” side implies an “anti-philosophy of history”, a stance that contradicts Derrida's interpretation of Husserlian phenomenology.

Weimingzi himself has stated that The Problem of Genesis in Husserl's Philosophy “enables a connection between Hegel and Husserl” (see footnote 35). The concept of the philosophy of history is precisely one of the key points that links the two. We have already referenced texts where Derrida identifies similarities between Husserl's and Hegel's philosophies (see footnote 22). Here, we further cite passages from Derrida's The Problem of Genesis in Husserl's Philosophy. For instance, in the "Preface," Derrida writes:

“Both through its conventions and its method, this philosophy will reveal to us [what are] the radical implications of this essential inseparability of these two worlds of meanings: history of philosophy and philosophy of history.”

Additionally, in Chapter 3 of Part IV, Derrida begins with the following statement:

“History borrows all its sense from the intentional rationality which thus secretly animates it; the idea of philosophy, indefinite unveiling of this ratio, burst into European humanity. Transcendental phenomenology, in its project, is one with this analogous life itself.”

Placing “history” on the “physical” side reflects a profound misunderstanding on Weimingzi's part regarding Derrida's perspective in this book. This misunderstanding is partly due to Weimingzi’s own admission that he did not finish reading Derrida’s work. However, it likely also stems from a deeper misapprehension of Hegelian dialectics and the philosophy of history—concepts Weimingzi claims to have "turned toward."

As noted earlier (see footnote 33), Weimingzi overlooked references to "teleology" and "philosophy of history" in Part IV when browsing the table of contents of The Problem of Genesis in Husserl's Philosophy. This oversight shares a common foundation with his decision to categorize “history” as belonging to the “physical” realm: namely, how Weimingzi conceptualizes the idea of “philosophy of history”.

[44] The blackboard writing proceeded as follows (“The correct spelling of ‘发生’ is ‘genesis’”). Subsequently, unable to spell the word for “genetics” with the root “-ology,” Weimingzi crossed out this term on the blackboard.

It should be noted that Derrida’s book does not employ the term for “发生学” derived from the root “-ology.” The term translated by Yu Qizhi as “genetics” appears in the English version as “genetics” when used as a noun and “genetically” when used as an adverb.

[45] Derrida’s The Problem of Genesis in Husserl’s Philosophy is a work of “synthesis” or “overview”. It does not construct anything on behalf of Husserl. Because Weimingzi did not finish reading this book, he assumed that Derrida was attempting to “rescue” Husserlian phenomenology (Weimingzi repeatedly mentioned “rescue”; we cite just one instance in the original text referenced in footnote 37) and declared Derrida’s failure. However, Derrida merely provided an overview of Husserlian phenomenology and, in fact, declared its failure himself.

For reference, see Chapter 1 of Part III in The Problem of Genesis in Husserl’s Philosophy:

This philosophical refection being always unfinished, it seems that, in spite of what Husserl says, the race toward the originary is permanently and essentially condemned to failure.

[46] Derrida regarded his work The Problem of Genesis in Husserl’s Philosophy as an idealist endeavor. He referenced the work of his classmate, the Vietnamese philosopher Tran Duc Thao, titled Phenomenology and Dialectical Materialism (1951). Derrida believed that the concept of “dialectics” in his own work transcended “dialectical materialism.” For reference, see the “To the Reader” section in the 1990 edition of The Problem of Genesis in Husserl’s Philosophy:

“dialectic, an ‘originary dialectic’. The word comes back insistently, page after page. A ‘dialectical’ escalation claims to go farther than dialectical materialism (that of Tran Duc Thao， for example，often quoted and deemed insufficiently dialectical, still a ‘prisoner … of a meta-physics’.”

References:

Husserl, Edmund. Translated by Li Youzheng. General Introduction to Pure Phenomenology M. Beijing: The Commercial Press, 1992.

Husserl, Edmund. Edited by Ludwig Landgrebe. Translated by Deng Xiaomang et al. Experience and Judgment: Investigations in a Genealogy of Logic M. Beijing: SDX Joint Publishing Company, 1999.

Derrida, Jacques. Translated by Yu Qizhi. The Problem of Genesis in Husserl’s Philosophy M. Beijing: The Commercial Press, 2019.

@ 207ad2a0:e7cca7b0

Quick context: I wanted to check out Nostr's longform posts and this blog post seemed like a good one to try and mirror. It's originally from my free to read/share attempt to write a novel, but this post here is completely standalone - just describing how I used AI image generation to make a small piece of the work.

Hold on, put your pitchforks down - outside of using Grammerly & Emacs for grammatical corrections - not a single character was generated or modified by computers; a non-insignificant portion of my first draft originating on pen & paper. No AI is ~~weird and crazy~~ imaginative enough to write like I do. The only successful AI contribution you'll find is a single image, the map, which I heavily edited. This post will go over how I generated and modified an image using AI, which I believe brought some value to the work, and cover a few quick thoughts about AI towards the end.

Let's be clear, I can't draw, but I wanted a map which I believed would improve the story I was working on. After getting abysmal results by prompting AI with text only I decided to use "Diffuse the Rest," a Stable Diffusion tool that allows you to provide a reference image + description to fine tune what you're looking for. I gave it this Microsoft Paint looking drawing:

and after a number of outputs, selected this one to work on:

The image is way better than the one I provided, but had I used it as is, I still feel it would have decreased the quality of my work instead of increasing it. After firing up Gimp I cropped out the top and bottom, expanded the ocean and separated the landmasses, then copied the top right corner of the large landmass to replace the bottom left that got cut off. Now we've got something that looks like concept art: not horrible, and gets the basic idea across, but it's still due for a lot more detail.

The next thing I did was add some texture to make it look more map like. I duplicated the layer in Gimp and applied the "Cartoon" filter to both for some texture. The top layer had a much lower effect strength to give it a more textured look, while the lower layer had a higher effect strength that looked a lot like mountains or other terrain features. Creating a layer mask allowed me to brush over spots to display the lower layer in certain areas, giving it some much needed features.

At this point I'd made it to where I felt it may improve the work instead of detracting from it - at least after labels and borders were added, but the colors seemed artificial and out of place. Luckily, however, this is when PhotoFunia could step in and apply a sketch effect to the image.

At this point I was pretty happy with how it was looking, it was close to what I envisioned and looked very visually appealing while still being a good way to portray information. All that was left was to make the white background transparent, add some minor details, and add the labels and borders. Below is the exact image I wound up using:

Overall, I'm very satisfied with how it turned out, and if you're working on a creative project, I'd recommend attempting something like this. It's not a central part of the work, but it improved the chapter a fair bit, and was doable despite lacking the talent and not intending to allocate a budget to my making of a free to read and share story.

The AI Generated Elephant in the Room

If you've read my non-fiction writing before, you'll know that I think AI will find its place around the skill floor as opposed to the skill ceiling. As you saw with my input, I have absolutely zero drawing talent, but with some elbow grease and an existing creative direction before and after generating an image I was able to get something well above what I could have otherwise accomplished. Outside of the lowest common denominators like stock photos for the sole purpose of a link preview being eye catching, however, I doubt AI will be wholesale replacing most creative works anytime soon. I can assure you that I tried numerous times to describe the map without providing a reference image, and if I used one of those outputs (or even just the unedited output after providing the reference image) it would have decreased the quality of my work instead of improving it.

I'm going to go out on a limb and expect that AI image, text, and video is all going to find its place in slop & generic content (such as AI generated slop replacing article spinners and stock photos respectively) and otherwise be used in a supporting role for various creative endeavors. For people working on projects like I'm working on (e.g. intended budget $0) it's helpful to have an AI capable of doing legwork - enabling projects to exist or be improved in ways they otherwise wouldn't have. I'm also guessing it'll find its way into more professional settings for grunt work - think a picture frame or fake TV show that would exist in the background of an animated project - likely a detail most people probably wouldn't notice, but that would save the creators time and money and/or allow them to focus more on the essential aspects of said work. Beyond that, as I've predicted before: I expect plenty of emails will be generated from a short list of bullet points, only to be summarized by the recipient's AI back into bullet points.

I will also make a prediction counter to what seems mainstream: AI is about to peak for a while. The start of AI image generation was with Google's DeepDream in 2015 - image recognition software that could be run in reverse to "recognize" patterns where there were none, effectively generating an image from digital noise or an unrelated image. While I'm not an expert by any means, I don't think we're too far off from that a decade later, just using very fine tuned tools that develop more coherent images. I guess that we're close to maxing out how efficiently we're able to generate images and video in that manner, and the hard caps on how much creative direction we can have when using AI - as well as the limits to how long we can keep it coherent (e.g. long videos or a chronologically consistent set of images) - will prevent AI from progressing too far beyond what it is currently unless/until another breakthrough occurs.

@ 4dffec17:4c4cbd48

Satoshi Nakamoto, the creator of Bitcoin, not only developed the groundbreaking technology but also mined a significant number of bitcoins in Bitcoin's early days. However, these bitcoins, estimated to be worth billions today, remain untouched—deepening the mystery surrounding Satoshi’s identity and intentions.

How Many Bitcoins Does Satoshi Own?

It is widely believed that Satoshi mined around 1 million bitcoins during Bitcoin’s early days, primarily between 2009 and 2010. These coins are spread across thousands of wallet addresses, yet none have ever been spent or transferred.

Why Are Satoshi’s Wallets Significant?

1. Unprecedented Wealth: With Bitcoin’s price fluctuating in the tens of thousands per BTC, Satoshi’s holdings are valued at over $40 billion today, making the creator one of the wealthiest individuals—if they are still alive.

2. Symbol of Integrity: The fact that Satoshi has never moved or sold these coins adds to the perception that Bitcoin was created for technological revolution, not personal gain.

3. Network Stability: If Satoshi’s coins were suddenly moved, it could significantly impact Bitcoin’s price and cause speculation or fear within the community due to the massive supply entering circulation.

Theories Behind the Untouched Wallets

Lost Access: Some speculate Satoshi lost access to the private keys, making the coins permanently inaccessible.

Deliberate Silence: Satoshi may have chosen to keep the wallets untouched to avoid influencing the market or compromising Bitcoin’s decentralization.

Satoshi is Deceased: Another theory is that Satoshi may have passed away, leaving the wallets dormant forever.

Final Thoughts

The untouched fortune in Satoshi Nakamoto’s wallets remains a powerful symbol of Bitcoin’s core values—decentralization, trustlessness, and financial freedom. Whether out of principle, lost keys, or mystery, the silence of these wallets only deepens the legend of Bitcoin’s creator.

satoshi

bitcoin

freedom

finance

Nastr

economy

@ a012dc82:6458a70d

Table Of Content

• The Lazarus Group's Cryptocurrency Holdings

• A Significant Drop in Holdings

• No Privacy Coins in Sight

• Underreported Holdings?

• Previous Attacks and Thefts

• Warnings and Threats

• Conclusion

• FAQ

In the ever-evolving world of cryptocurrencies, security breaches and cyber heists have become alarmingly common. One name that frequently emerges in relation to these digital thefts is the Lazarus Group. This North Korean hacking collective has been linked to a series of high-profile cyber-attacks, amassing a significant amount of cryptocurrency in the process. This article delves deep into the group's activities, their holdings, and the implications of their actions on the crypto world.

The Lazarus Group's Cryptocurrency Holdings

The Lazarus Group, originating from North Korea, has made headlines with its vast cryptocurrency holdings. Recent reports suggest that this hacking collective has a digital treasure chest worth around $47 million. Bitcoin, the most popular and valuable cryptocurrency, forms the bulk of their holdings, with an estimated value of $42.5 million. In addition to Bitcoin, the group has diversified its holdings with Ether (ETH) valued at $1.9 million, BNB (BNB) worth $1.1 million, and a mix of stablecoins, primarily Binance USD (BUSD), which amounts to approximately $640,000.

A Significant Drop in Holdings

While the current figures are staggering, there has been a noticeable decline in the Lazarus Group's cryptocurrency assets. Data indicates that their holdings were valued at $86 million as of September 6. This value plummeted in the aftermath of the Stake.com hack, an event that saw the Lazarus Group as a prime suspect. Dune Analytics, a data monitoring platform, has been keeping a close eye on the group's activities. They have identified 295 wallets associated with the Lazarus Group, information corroborated by agencies like the FBI and the OFAC.

No Privacy Coins in Sight

For a hacking group that thrives on anonymity, it's surprising to note the absence of privacy coins in their portfolio. Coins such as Monero (XMR), Dash (DASH), and Zcash (ZEC), known for their enhanced privacy features, are conspicuously missing from their holdings. However, this hasn't deterred the group from continuing their operations. Their crypto wallets, devoid of privacy coins, have seen consistent activity, with the latest transaction recorded on September 20.

Underreported Holdings?

The figures mentioned might just be the tip of the iceberg. According to 21.co, the Lazarus Group's actual cryptocurrency holdings could be much higher than what's currently reported. This assertion is based on the data available to the public, suggesting that the group might have undisclosed assets hidden away.

Previous Attacks and Thefts

The Lazarus Group's foray into the crypto world has been marked by a series of attacks and thefts. They were the masterminds behind the CoinEx exchange hack, which resulted in losses exceeding $55 million. Their nefarious activities don't end there. The FBI has linked them to other significant breaches, including those targeting Alphapo, CoinsPaid, and Atomic Wallet. These attacks, in 2023 alone, saw the group walking away with more than $200 million. However, there's a silver lining. Chainalysis reports indicate a decline in crypto thefts by hackers associated with North Korea, with an 80% drop recorded from 2022.

Warnings and Threats The digital realm remains under the shadow of the Lazarus Group. Recent alerts from U.S. federal authorities have highlighted the group's potential to target critical sectors, including the U.S. healthcare and public health domains. These warnings underscore the group's capabilities and the persistent threat they pose.

Conclusion

The Lazarus Group's activities serve as a stark reminder of the vulnerabilities inherent in the digital space. Their vast cryptocurrency holdings, accumulated through a series of hacks and breaches, highlight the need for enhanced security measures in the crypto world. As the digital landscape continues to evolve, it's imperative for stakeholders to remain vigilant, ensuring that their assets are protected from such sophisticated threats. The story of the Lazarus Group is not just about a hacking collective's exploits but a call to action for the broader crypto community.

FAQ

Who is the Lazarus Group? The Lazarus Group is a North Korean hacking collective known for its high-profile cyber-attacks and significant cryptocurrency holdings.

How much cryptocurrency does the Lazarus Group hold? The group is reported to have amassed around $47 million in cryptocurrency, with Bitcoin forming the majority of their holdings.

Were there any recent significant drops in their holdings? Yes, their holdings saw a decline from $86 million as of September 6, especially after the Stake.com hack.

Does the Lazarus Group hold any privacy coins? Surprisingly, the group does not hold any known privacy coins like Monero, Dash, or Zcash.

Have there been any warnings about the Lazarus Group's activities? U.S. federal authorities have issued warnings about the group's potential to target sectors like U.S. healthcare and public health.

That's all for today

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DISCLAIMER: None of this is financial advice. This newsletter is strictly educational and is not investment advice or a solicitation to buy or sell any assets or to make any financial decisions. Please be careful and do your own research.

@ 662f9bff:8960f6b2

Folks - it really is time to wake up. How many more wars do we need? War on the Virus, War on Terror, War in Afghanistan, War in the Middle East, War in Vietnam - now War in Ukraine and who knows where else?

I grew up in Belfast in the 1970s and lived through the proxy war fought in my hometown. More recently I lived through a remarkably similar situation here in HK during 2019 and observed it happening too in Bangkok with some of the same participants spotted in media clips who had travelled from HK, presumably to orchestrate it there too. For years the motto of Belfast was "Belfast Says No" and it was prominent in a huge banner on the City Hall. Bitterness and resentment reigned for years until "Peace Broke Out", led by the women of Belfast insisting that people "Stop Fighting". Remember the Peace People?

Bottom line - war is never good. Benefits to society only ever emerge at times when people are working together, trading and collaborating for the better good.

In such situations you have "Voice or Exit" - you can speak up (if you are allowed) or exit (if you are allowed). That is why I left Northern Ireland (exit); the mess continued for 25 more years after that.

Concerning "Exit" - did you ever wonder why governments are now restricting the rights to travel? Or if/how you can preserve wealth if/when war develops?

The perpetual war footing that we find ourselves in was clearly warned about in George Orwell's 1984 - drumbeat of hostile distant foreign empires and their aggressions and victories. Sound familiar to anyone? Strangely, this was the conclusion of the "Report from Iron Mountain" from a 1967 US government panel which concluded that war, or a credible substitute for war, is necessary if governments are to maintain power. Search and ye shall find (still). Link here in case you cannot find it or are lazy!

Will you or your family benefit from what they say they are doing in your name?

By the way - the American People knew all this when they rebelled against the British and wrote their Constitution,

For those who prefer a more structured reading list, take your pick below:

• The Creature from Jekyll Island - The untold history of the FED...
• Sovereign Individual - written in 1997 they did predict personal computers, mobile phones, cryptocurrencies and even the current pandemic situation..
• The Fourth Turning - we have been here before
• The Fiat Standard - How it works - what you were never taught at school
• When Money Dies - The Nightmare of Deficit Spending, Devaluation, and Hyperinflation in Weimar, Germany
• The Price of Tomorrow - The key to an abundant future is not what you have been told
• One of the best interviews of the year: Peter and Lyn discuss Currency wars
• Report from Iron Mountain - On the Possibility and Desirability of Peace

That's it!

No one can be told what The Matrix is. \ You have to see it for yourself.

Do share this newsletter with any of your friends and family who might be interested.

You can also email me at: LetterFrom@rogerprice.me

💡Enjoy the newsletters in your own language : Dutch, French, German, Serbian, Chinese Traditional & Simplified, Thai and Burmese.

@ 554ab6fe:c6cbc27e

Time is the most precious. Spending time with those we love, relaxing and enjoying peace of mind, and finding time for simple pleasures that warm our hearts are all examples of why we value time over everything else. We all want more time and know how finite it is.

In a previous article, I discussed how a better name for Bitcoin could be the Entropy Engine. In brief, Bitcoin is the Entropy Engine because system users rely upon entropic processes, either through private key generation or the mining process, to benefit from the system. Additionally, considering that life on earth is the consequence of the second law of thermodynamics, it is evident that Bitcoin accelerates our entropic purpose by monetizing energy production in a way never seen in human history. Bitcoin is all things entropy.

After writing the previous article, it slowly dawned on me that Bitcoin is valuable precisely because of its constraints related to entropy. Being an Entropy Engine gives Bitcoin the property of being scarce, and scarcity alongside utility brings value. These properties stem from the relationship between entropy and time. This article will discuss the relationship between entropy, time, and scarcity. These concepts will then help explain economic principles and pave the way to explaining why Bitcoin is a fascinating invention that brought economic value to the digital world.

Entropy is a measure of the disorder or randomness in a system. Essentially, entropy reflects the number of ways a system can be arranged, with higher entropy indicating more possible arrangements and more significant disorder. In an isolated system, entropy tends to increase over time, articulated through the second law of thermodynamics, which states that natural processes move towards a state of maximum entropy1. Our everyday experience with entropy can best be explained through heat. When energy is used to perform work, some of it gets released as heat, increasing the system's entropy by making the energy more dispersed and less useful.

Another impact entropy has on our daily lives is through the experience of time. As previously stated, the second law of thermodynamics states that, in a closed system, entropy always increases over time. Therefore, there is this dynamic where entropy is continuously growing, and our participation in a universe with such a law gives rise to the experience of an arrow of time1. In other words, time is a psychological experience resulting from interacting with a universe governed by the second law of thermodynamics1. It may seem intuitive to anyone reading this, but it is worth highlighting that time is always moving forward because entropy is continually increasing. No human can get any time back. From the point of view of a human, time is finite. Like energy and matter, which, according to the first law of thermodynamics, can neither be created nor destroyed, time is one of the universe's most limited resources.

Understanding the finite nature of time, energy, and matter is fundamental in economics. In his treatise on economics Man, Economy, and State with Power and Markets, Murray Rothbard states that "A man's time is always scarce. […] Therefore, time is a means that man must use to arrive at his ends. It is a means that is omnipresent in all human action"2. He goes on to state that "[…][i]n the first place, all means are scarce, i.e., limited with respect to the ends that they could possibly serve. […] Secondly, these scarce means must be allocated by the actor to serve certain ends and leave other ends unsatisfied. This act of choice may be called economizing the means to serve the most desired ends"2. Economics is fundamentally the study of how human beings make choices that allocate resources to satisfy their desires. Rothbard here highlights how because both time and the planet's resources are finite, human beings must choose how to allocate those resources. On aggregate, these individual decisions lead to the flourishing of human society as it develops and grows by becoming more and more efficient in resource allocation.

We all live on this one planet together. The resources on this earth are finite, which raises the question of how best to allocate these resources to satisfy everyone's needs and desires peacefully. The study of economics shows that free markets, which facilitate the free decision-making process of every human being, are the best way for all the resources to be allocated to maximize human flourishing if it is done so under the principle of non-aggression2,3. Notably, markets are needed because time and matter/energy are finite in the first place and are the necessary means to satisfy our ends. Put another way, economic value exists because of the scarce and useful nature of resources.

Consider now the vital relationship between the laws of thermodynamics and economics. The first law of thermodynamics, which states that matter and energy cannot be created nor destroyed, gives rise to the fact that resources are scarce on earth, which fuels economic decision-making amongst human beings. Additionally, the second law of thermodynamics, which highlights the universe's entropic nature, indicates that time is also scarce, valuable, and an integral aspect of economic decision-making, as all economic actions must use time. Most importantly, as described in more detail in the previous article, biological life can be viewed as the consequence of the entropic process of the universe. Life formed to help accelerate the increase in entropy. The process by which humans utilize energy and help accelerate the increase in entropy can also be viewed from an economic lens: economic decision-making helps drive the pursuit and innovation of energy production and usage. If economics is the study of the process by which human beings collectively make decisions, through individual action, that drive our societal progress forward. Then it is also the study of how human beings further accelerate their role in the entropic process of the universe. Entropy is the reason why we have economic markets, and economic markets help accelerate the entropic process. It is impossible to separate the laws of thermodynamics from the existence of the economic process within human society.

What is also appropriate to consider is the necessary properties of money. Nick Szabo, in his work "Shelling Out: The Origins of Money," provides an anthropological interpretation of how the use of money developed4. In trade, two potentially untrusting parties must find a way to trust one another. To do so, we can rely upon tokens of record governed by the laws of nature, which we all can trust. A commodity can be a helpful medium of exchange when it is scarce and hard to reproduce to the degree that people understand the extreme amount of energy and effort it would take to counterfeit one. Scarcity is how homo-sapiens detect the energy required to obtain a given object, giving it trust and validity as a unit of record. In this way, the first law of thermodynamics, which expresses matter as finite, provides a condition from which human beings can benefit by using it to trust one another. Not only is scarcity an underlying property that is the cause for economics, but the scarcer commodities, or at least those with the highest stock-to-flow ratio, are used as a medium of exchange that allows for more productive exchange within the economy5. In other words, most of a certain kind of scarcity is an underlying property in what makes high-quality money.

What is then interesting to ponder is the concept of the most scarce. One of the scarcest things we value, that which is most scarce, is time. Due to the second law of thermodynamics, time is the most finite and scarce resource. There is no way of 'recovering' or 'creating' more time. In that same vein, money can be conceptualized as an economic abstraction of time. I work now to receive money, which I can use to satisfy an end later. Similarly, I invest some money now so that it may grow, and I can benefit even more from that money later. Money and time are linked. Therefore, it stands to reason that the soundest form of money will be related to time in some fundamental sense. The better a money can store time, the more attractive that money is to use.

One significant component that contributes to the considerable innovation of Bitcoin is the difficulty adjustment. The difficulty adjustment in Bitcoin ensures that the time to mine a block remains close to 10 minutes, regardless of changes in the total mining power (the amount of energy being contributed to the network). This adjustment is crucial because it prevents blocks from being mined too quickly or slowly as miners join or leave the network. By recalibrating every 2016 blocks, the network maintains a certain rhythm, creating a new block every 10 minutes. It isn't easy to design a circuit board that can track time accurately and autonomously without relying on external time sources. However, creating a computer network that emulates the laws of thermodynamics via the mining process while simultaneously including the difficulty adjustment to give the machine a sense of time allowed it to adopt properties that were unique to nature itself. In this case, it is the first digital software that fully inherited the properties of scarcity.

Judging the correct ending for an article that blends so many disciplines is difficult. Perhaps the best way is to go full circle. The works of Donald Hoffman suggest that time is a consequence of human consciousness, not fundamental to the universe, that serves a positive utility towards our evolutionary pursuit of survival6. The predecessor article to this one highlighted how life is a consequence of the entropic nature of the universe. Perhaps time and our perceived relationship between time and entropy are helpful for life in pursuing its nature in this regard. Human beings gravitate towards scarce money like mosquitos gravitate toward light because it can be beneficial in the economic pursuit, which drives us toward the efficiency of furthering the production of entropy. This is potentially why those studying Bitcoin tend to view it as a technology of freedom, peace, prosperity, and more because money is a fundamental tool at which we are allowed to pursue such inherent purpose.

References

1. Grünbaum A. TIME AND ENTROPY. Am Sci. Published online 1996.

2. Rothbard MN. Man, Economy, and State with Power and Markets. Second Edition. Ludwig von Mises Institute; 1977.

3. Mises L von. Human Action: A Treatise on Economics. Ludwig von Mises Institute; 1940.

4. Szabo N. Shelling Out: The Origins of Money. Satoshi Nakamoto Institute. Published 2002. Accessed April 19, 2023. https://nakamotoinstitute.org/shelling-out/

5. Ammous S. The Bitcoin Standard. Wiley; 2018.

6. Hoffman DD, Prakash C. Objects of consciousness. Front Psychol. 2014;5(JUN). doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00577

@ 662f9bff:8960f6b2

Still pleasant weather in HK but it is cooling down and in a few days we will likely shift in to the cold and cloudy January/February that is HK winter.

A shorter update from me this week as I think the more important things are in the links below. Read, watch, listen and DYOR. Maybe time to wake up?

Reading

I have now started on When Money Dies - The Nightmare of Deficit Spending, Devaluation, and Hyperinflation in Weimar, Germany. Those who do not learn from history are doomed to repeat it. Once aware of them you will see signs all around you. FYI quite apparent now in Turkey.

Interesting also: I think it is not linked on their website but still accessible if you know where to look (maybe download and safestore it before it disappears): The Bank of England 1914-21 (Unpublished War History). This corroborates and elaborates on what you can read in The Creature from Jeckyll Island.

Watching

Just a few things to watch this week - in the order that I watched them. They are long but rather important - so I am pushing this out early in the weekend so you have time.

Mattias Desmet on Our Grave Situation

Professor Mattias Desmet (from Ghent, Belgium) talks about his work that connects past historical episodes of what is called “Mass Formation” (aka Mass Psychosis) and current events. The risks are as grave as they come. Unless a few brave and courageous people are willing to stand up and say “I don’t agree!” history suggests that we will end up with a fully totalitarian outcome. That is a dark path. It inevitably leads to mass casualties and atrocities. Eventually all totalitarian systems end in their own destruction.

Dr Robert Malone on Joe Rogan Experience

Its a looong interview but there are timestamps below if you want to dip in. \ Dr. Robert Malone is the inventor of the nine original mRNA vaccine patents, which were originally filed in 1989 (including both the idea of mRNA vaccines and the original proof of principle experiments) and RNA transfection. Dr. Malone, has close to 100 peer-reviewed publications which have been cited over 12,000 times. Since January 2020, Dr. Malone has been leading a large team focused on clinical research design, drug development, computer modeling and mechanisms of action of repurposed drugs for the treatment of COVID-19. Dr. Malone is the Medical Director of The Unity Project, a group of 300 organizations across the US standing against mandated COVID vaccines for children. He is also the President of the Global Covid Summit, an organization of over 16,000 doctors and scientists committed to speaking truth to power about COVID pandemic research and treatment.

Here are some of the key points discussed with time codes:

• 24:19: An estimated 500,000 COVID Deaths resulted from the suppression of Ivermectin and Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ).
• 25:39: Former head of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Dr. Janet Woodcock, intentionally prevented doctors from using HCQ outside of the hospital setting (HCQ is one of the few antiviral medications safe in pregnancy and is largely ineffective once a person has been hospitalized).
• 31:10: Pharma industry’s systematic efforts to discredit ivermectin.
• 32:40: COVID deaths in the Indian State of Uttar Pradesh plummeted soon after packets of medicines were distributed to their population. It is suspected these packets included Ivermectin but this was never formally disclosed. This puzzling policy went into effect soon after a meeting between President Biden and Prime Minister Modi.
• 36:28: Increased risk of adverse events from vaccinating after SARS-COV2 infection.
• 38:40: 140 studies demonstrate natural immunity is superior to vaccine-induced immunity. Natural immunity is 6- to 13-fold better than vaccination in preventing hospitalization.
• 43:44: The Trusted News Initiative employed to protect western elections from foreign influence was used to justify the suppression of “misinformation” around the pandemic.
• 50:15: Emails between NIH Director Francis Collins and Fauci demonstrate an intention to launch a smear campaign against the founders of the Great Barrington Declaration.
• 54:00: How is Israel (highly vaccinated) faring in comparison to Palestine (poorly vaccinated)?
• 57:00: Why is good data nearly impossible to find?
• 1:06:00: The regulatory process is broken because vaccine manufacturers are responsible for their own data (FDA is not doing its job as a regulatory body).
• 1:14:50: Arguably the best clinicians of our day are having their medical licensure attacked.
• 1:22:50: Hong Kong study demonstrates that 1 in 2,700 boys getting hospitalized with myocarditis after vaccination.
• 1:27:00: Lipid nanoparticles pose danger to ovaries.
• 1:46:30: Long COVID and post-vaccination syndrome are impossible to differentiate.
• 1:49:00: Dysregulation of T-cells after vaccination may be causing latent virus reactivation (e.g., shingles).
• 1:59:00: Omicron and the possible negative efficacy of vaccines.
• 2:06:20: What is Original Antigenic Sin?
• 2:20:00: Monoclonal antibody therapies are still important but have been limited by our authorities.
• 2:22:10: Vaccine mandates are illegal.
• 2:35:50: Pfizer is one of the most criminal pharmaceutical organizations in the world.
• 2:37:00: What are mass formation psychosis and tribalism?
• 2:53:00: We are having a worldwide epidemic of suicide in children.

That's it!

No one can be told what The Matrix is. \ You have to see it for yourself.

Do share this newsletter with any of your friends and family who might be interested.

You can also email me at: LetterFrom@rogerprice.me

💡Enjoy the newsletters in your own language : Dutch, French, German, Serbian, Chinese Traditional & Simplified, Thai and Burmese.

@ d34e832d:383f78d0

Lets explore three key aspects of Bitcoin technology to enhance your engagement with the ecosystem:

1. Running an Alby Hub Cloud Instance
2. Setting Up a Nutshell Ecash Mint on an Affordable VPS
3. Integrating Nostr Wallet Connect for Seamless Tipping

These components empower users to manage transactions, ensure privacy, and facilitate smooth interactions within the Bitcoin and Nostr communities.

1. Running an Alby Hub Cloud Instance

Purpose and Benefits:

Alby Hub is a self-custodial Lightning wallet that allows you to manage Bitcoin transactions efficiently. By running an Alby Hub instance in the cloud, you gain 24/7 online access to receive payments via a Lightning address, integrate with various applications, and maintain control over your funds without the need for personal hardware.

Setting Up Alby Hub in the Cloud:

• Choose Alby Cloud: For a hassle-free setup, Alby offers a cloud service where you can start your own hub in just 2 minutes. Give it A Try: Alby Cloud

• Subscription Benefits: Subscribing to Alby Cloud provides you with a self-custodial Lightning wallet, 24/7 online access, exclusive partner deals, priority support, and access to a subscriber community.

• Self-custodial Lightning wallet

• Getting Started: Visit the Alby Cloud page, select the subscription that suits you, and follow the guided setup process to have your hub up and running quickly.

• Alby Cloud page

For a visual guide on setting up Alby Hub, you can watch the following tutorial:

2. Setting Up a Nutshell Ecash Mint on an Affordable VPS

Purpose and Benefits:

Nutshell is an implementation of Ecash, a digital cash system that prioritizes privacy and anonymity. Setting up a Nutshell Ecash mint on a Virtual Private Server (VPS) allows you to operate your own mint, enhancing transaction privacy and providing a backup system for your Bitcoin transactions.

Setting Up on a $5 VPS:

• Select a VPS Provider: Choose an affordable VPS provider that supports Bitcoin and Nostr communities. For instance, SatoshiHost offers VPS services tailored for such needs.

• Install Nutshell: After setting up your VPS, install the Nutshell software by following the official installation guide.

• Nutshell

• Full Cashu Implementation

• Configure the Mint: Set up the mint parameters, including denomination and security settings, to suit your requirements.

• Secure the Server: Implement security measures such as firewalls and regular updates to protect your mint from potential threats.

• Recommendations
• Server Tips

3. Integrating Nostr Wallet Connect for Seamless Tipping

Purpose and Benefits:

Nostr Wallet Connect (NWC) is an open protocol that enables applications to interact with Bitcoin Lightning wallets. Integrating NWC allows for seamless tipping and payments within Nostr apps, enhancing user experience and promoting engagement.

Integration Steps:

• Choose a Supporting App: Select a Nostr app that supports NWC, such as Amythystor Damus.

• Connect Your Wallet: Use NWC to link your preferred Lightning wallet to the Nostr app. This connection facilitates seamless payments without the need to switch between applications.

• Test the Integration: Perform a test transaction to ensure that the tipping functionality works as intended.

• Maintain Security: Regularly update your wallet and Nostr app to incorporate the latest security features and improvements.

For a deeper understanding of Nostr Wallet Connect and its significance, you can watch the following discussion:

Final Thoughts On Setup

Implementing these components enhances your interaction with the Bitcoin ecosystem by providing efficient transaction management, improved privacy, and seamless integration with Nostr applications. By running an Alby Hub cloud instance, setting up a Nutshell Ecash mint on an affordable VPS, and integrating Nostr Wallet Connect, you contribute to a more robust and user-friendly Bitcoin environment.

Invitation for Feedback

I encourage you to share any questions or feedback regarding these topics. Let's continue the conversation to explore how we can further engage with and improve upon these technologies.

@ 3ffac3a6:2d656657

Prologue: The Last Trade

Ethan Nakamura was a 29-year-old software engineer and crypto enthusiast who had spent years building his life around Bitcoin. Obsessed with the idea of financial sovereignty, he had amassed a small fortune trading cryptocurrencies, all while dreaming of a world where decentralized systems ruled over centralized power.

One night, while debugging a particularly thorny piece of code for a smart contract, Ethan stumbled across an obscure, encrypted message hidden in the blockchain. It read:

"The key to true freedom lies beyond. Burn it all to unlock the gate."

Intrigued and half-convinced it was an elaborate ARG (Alternate Reality Game), Ethan decided to follow the cryptic instruction. He loaded his entire Bitcoin wallet into a single transaction and sent it to an untraceable address tied to the message. The moment the transaction was confirmed, his laptop screen began to glitch, flooding with strange symbols and hash codes.

Before he could react, a flash of light engulfed him.

---

Chapter 1: A New Ledger

Ethan awoke in a dense forest bathed in ethereal light. The first thing he noticed was the HUD floating in front of him—a sleek, transparent interface that displayed his "Crypto Balance": 21 million BTC.

“What the…” Ethan muttered. He blinked, hoping it was a dream, but the numbers stayed. The HUD also showed other metrics:

• Hash Power: 1,000,000 TH/s
• Mining Efficiency: 120%
• Transaction Speed: Instant

Before he could process, a notification pinged on the HUD:

"Welcome to the Decentralized Kingdom. Your mining rig is active. Begin accumulating resources to survive."

Confused and a little terrified, Ethan stood and surveyed his surroundings. As he moved, the HUD expanded, revealing a map of the area. His new world looked like a cross between a medieval fantasy realm and a cyberpunk dystopia, with glowing neon towers visible on the horizon and villagers dressed in tunics carrying strange, glowing "crypto shards."

Suddenly, a shadow loomed over him. A towering beast, part wolf, part machine, snarled, its eyes glowing red. Above its head was the name "Feral Node" and a strange sigil resembling a corrupted block.

Instinct kicked in. Ethan raised his hands defensively, and to his shock, the HUD offered an option:

"Execute Smart Contract Attack? (Cost: 0.001 BTC)"

He selected it without hesitation. A glowing glyph appeared in the air, releasing a wave of light that froze the Feral Node mid-lunge. Moments later, it dissolved into a cascade of shimmering data, leaving behind a pile of "Crypto Shards" and an item labeled "Node Fragment."

---

Chapter 2: The Decentralized Kingdom

Ethan discovered that the world he had entered was built entirely on blockchain-like principles. The land was divided into regions, each governed by a Consensus Council—groups of powerful beings called Validators who maintained the balance of the world. However, a dark force known as The Central Authority sought to consolidate power, turning decentralized regions into tightly controlled fiefdoms.

Ethan’s newfound abilities made him a unique entity in this world. Unlike its inhabitants, who earned wealth through mining or trading physical crypto shards, Ethan could generate and spend Bitcoin directly—making him both a target and a potential savior.

---

Chapter 3: Allies and Adversaries

Ethan soon met a colorful cast of characters:

• Luna, a fiery rogue and self-proclaimed "Crypto Thief," who hacked into ledgers to redistribute wealth to oppressed villages. She was skeptical of Ethan's "magical Bitcoin" but saw potential in him.

• Hal, an aging miner who ran an underground resistance against the Central Authority. He wielded an ancient "ASIC Hammer" capable of shattering corrupted nodes.

• Oracle Satoshi, a mysterious AI-like entity who guided Ethan with cryptic advice, often referencing real-world crypto principles like decentralization, trustless systems, and private keys.

Ethan also gained enemies, chief among them the Ledger Lords, a cabal of Validators allied with the Central Authority. They sought to capture Ethan and seize his Bitcoin, believing it could tip the balance of power.

---

Chapter 4: Proof of Existence

As Ethan delved deeper into the world, he learned that his Bitcoin balance was finite. To survive and grow stronger, he had to "mine" resources by solving problems for the people of the Decentralized Kingdom. From repairing broken smart contracts in towns to defending miners from feral nodes, every task rewarded him with shards and upgrades.

He also uncovered the truth about his arrival: the blockchain Ethan had used in his world was a prototype for this one. The encrypted message had been a failsafe created by its original developers—a desperate attempt to summon someone who could break the growing centralization threatening to destroy the world.

---

Chapter 5: The Final Fork

As the Central Authority's grip tightened, Ethan and his allies prepared for a final battle at the Genesis Block, the origin of the world's blockchain. Here, Ethan would face the Central Authority's leader, an amalgamation of corrupted code and human ambition known as The Miner King.

The battle was a clash of philosophies as much as strength. Using everything he had learned, Ethan deployed a daring Hard Fork, splitting the world’s blockchain and decentralizing power once again. The process drained nearly all of his Bitcoin, leaving him with a single satoshi—a symbolic reminder of his purpose.

---

Epilogue: Building the Future

With the Central Authority defeated, the Decentralized Kingdom entered a new era. Ethan chose to remain in the world, helping its inhabitants build fairer systems and teaching them the principles of trustless cooperation.

As he gazed at the sunrise over the rebuilt Genesis Block, Ethan smiled. He had dreamed of a world where Bitcoin could change everything. Now, he was living it.

@ 6bae33c8:607272e8

I didn’t have much at stake this weekend, only my home picking pool — I finished second this week, so no $70 payout — and not becoming a buyer in the Steak League. Jonnu Smith did just enough in the late games to keep me in fifth place out of eight, which is self-buyer status, perfect if I don’t make it back to LA this summer. The reason you want to be the self-buyer if you don’t show for the dinner is you neither have to pay, nor do you let one of the NLMs who should have had to foot your tab off the hook! If I go to LA, I’ll be happy to pay for my own steak.

I also went 4-1 ATS in Circa to finish at 48-41-1, not nearly good enough to cash, but at least respectable.

• I laid the 18 with the Ravens, and it was easy. DTR is the worst QB of all time, and Bailey Zappe is maybe the 60th best in the league. Rashod Bateman came through big time for me in Steak and will be important if Zay Flowers isn’t ready for the playoffs.

• I would give Lamar Jackson the MVP — his numbers are off the charts (8.8 YPA, 41:4 TD/INT, 915 rushing yards, 6.6 YPC) — and the Ravens are still the No. 3 seed. He led the league in YPA and YPC! But it’s Josh Allen’s “turn”, and his teammates weren’t as good, so he’ll probably win.

• Derrick Henry led all RBs with 5.9 YPC on 325 carries including short yardage. He just turned 31 the other day too.

• It’s too bad the Bengals missed the playoffs. A bad call Week 1 against the Pats cost them that game (and my Survivor entry.)

• Ja’Marr Chase had a fantasy season for the ages — not just a triple crown, but one where he had a 12-175-4 lead over the second best performers in every category (ARSB, Justin Jefferson and Terry McLaurin, respectively.)

• The Steelers have zero upside, even if they are ever-so-slightly dangerous to their division rival in Round 1.

• The Bucs really struggled with a garbage Saints team. I didn’t think they’d have to force-feed Mike Evans the record and his bonus at the minute risk of nuking their season, but they did.

• The Eagles backups were better than the Giants starters, who knew? Malik Nabers had 109 catches in 15 games with garbage QB play. He’s a first-rounder next year.

• The Giants get the No. 3 pick which is great because they might avoid the QB minefield and get Travis Hunter.

• Someone made a good point about Saquon Barkley potentially getting the rushing record in 17 games — he’d still have done it in fewer carries than Eric Dickerson. Moot point, obviously.

• Think the Broncos have a puncher’s chance against the Bills.

• Jonathan Taylor sure had some big games after his fantasy owners were eliminated from the playoffs. He’ll go in the second round again next year.

• Josh Downs has 100-catch upside if he stays healthy and the Colts get passable QB play. Not sure what they’ll do with Anthony Richardson though — maybe going down the Trey Lance career path.

• Brian Thomas is going early to mid-second round next year, and I’ll be in.

• Circa Survivor had some insane sweats with the Packers and Falcons. Ten people out of 18 went down on those two games. The Packers one was especially bad as the Bears had it locked up, fumbled, got the Packers a miracle reprieve, only to win the game on their own last-second 50-plus FG.

• I guess the Packers went all-out because they really didn’t want to have to play in Philly next week, but now Jordan Love is banged up, Christian Watson tore his ACL and they’re going to Philly anyway.

• Bryce Young made one of the biggest comebacks I’ve ever seen. To be as bad as he was his rookie year, then so bad his second year he lost his job to Andy Dalton, only to finish this strong is amazing. The Panthers probably would still prefer C.J. Stroud, but it’s much less egregious than it was.

• Bijan Robinson had one of the quietest monster RB years I can remember. He was a quasi-bust at cost early on but finished with 61 catches, 15 TDs and 1,887 YFS.

• I didn’t see much of 12-inch, but the Falcons put up 38 points, and Drake London went off. London will go late first-early second again next year.

• Of course Kyler Murray has his monster game when it doesn’t matter. Actually, I was going against him in Steak, and the guy behind me (Josh Ross) nearly caught me for self-buyer, so it almost mattered.

• I nearly cost myself steak by starting Aaron Rodgers over Joe Flacco last week, and this week I started Flacco. Lineup setting is the worst part of fantasy football — you will be wrong at least 40 percent of the time when it’s close. I think the Dolphins were No. 1 in stinginess against opposing fantasy QBs too.

• I’m happy Rodgers likely finished his career with a good game and a win. People can ding him for his personality, but the signal is he stood up to unimaginable vitriol and hate and did the right thing for his health. He makes for a 10x better role model than the “class-acts” who complied.

• Jonnu Smith was such a beast for me in the second half of the year. He’s got to be a top-five TE on next year’s boards as he always showed flashes of this, and Tyreek Hill isn’t getting any younger.

• The Rams host the Vikings instead of the Killer Redskins as a result of their loss. That sounds bad, but given how poorly Sam Darnold played in the biggest game of the year and how the teams have suffered the subsequent week after playing the physical Lions, it might work out in their favor. The Rams are a sleeper in the NFC.

• I thought the Chargers might rest people, but I was wrong. I guess playing the Texans rather than the Ravens is kind of a big deal. I was also going against Quentin Johnston in Steak, which only worked out for me because it’s half PPR, and he didn’t score.

• Brock Bowers broke Malik Nabers’ briefly held rookie catch record. I probably wouldn’t take Bowers in Round 1, but there’s a case for it.

• I had Wil Lutz in Steak, and I was pleading for the Broncos not to keep scoring TDs. Usually in blowouts, you get lots of FGs in the second half.

• Bo Nix, Courtland Sutton and Marvin Mims are entertaining in Sean Payton’s offense. They’ll probably get crushed by the Bills, but if you’re Buffalo you’d rather draw the Texans or Steelers than a young team with this kind of energy.

• Another reason I’m not buying in Steak is Ross started based Harrison Butker who missed his only kick and got a zero.

• Remember all those midwits who said you always draft a QB early, and running backs don’t matter? The Lions took a washed up, unwanted Jared Goff, surrounded him with a first-round offensive tackle and running back and decisively secured the No. 1 seed depsite losing half their defense.

• So much for Sam Darnold as a dark horse MVP. He couldn’t deal with the Lions pressure and didn’t see the field well. What a change in trajectory from last week. If the Rams knock out the Vikings, and Darnold plays poorly, who knows whether the Vikings will commit to him?

• Gibbs is such a beast. He took a nasty hit early in that game too.

• The Lions deserved the top seed. They were the best team in the NFL all year, lost a ton of defensive players to injury, but seem to be coming together again at the right time.

@ a24d0c86:ec0f47ce

It's been nearly two years since I generated my Nostr npub, and I'm still blown away by its impact. Nostr has been THE catalyst for my rabbit hole journey, opening doors to new worlds and experiences.

Back when I was trying to figure out how to handle my nsec, I was stuck in a rut. I'd founded and run a business for over a decade, but my passion had fizzled out along with it's revenues. Compound that with the accelerating decline in fiat and it was a depressing situation. It was time for a change, but I wasn't ready to burn the boat without a clear (or even general) direction.

Fast forward to today, and I've officially closed that chapter. I'm beyond excited to embark on this new journey into FOSS product, and 2025 marks the year I'm fully committed to this new path. It's taken longer than I wanted, but good things come to those who wait, right? And if I'm being honest, I have much more clarity, support and 100k never hurts as I start down this pursuit!

My journey from 2023 to 2025 has been a wild ride and I wouldn't change all that I had to slog through to get here. Recently as I've gotten back into the habit of checking in on Nostr I'm reminded why I fell in love so quickly, with its unique blend of humor, creativity, and innovation.

Nostr is a gateway for me to better understanding software engineers especially. It's incredible the amount of knowledge and PoW so many devs on Nostr have and it's humbling to even bounce around with you on this wonky protocol.

That constant experience made me want to put the effort and sats into attending the Lightning Summit at Bitcoin Park in the summer of 2023. And it didn't disappoint. I got to see up close so many talented devs tackling complex technical challenges with fearlessness and ingenuity. These pioneers are paving the way for future adoption, and I'm ready to dive in and help push the ecosystem forward with the skillset I have today and what I'm building in my toolbox for the future.

Meeting fellow Nostr enthusiasts at Nosterville took my enthusiasm to another level in November 2023. It's like reigniting the excitement I felt when I first discovered the internet. It's mind-blowing to think about the potential this new protocol has to remake the web. 2024 I was much less active on Nostr as I was planning and taking the steps needed to move on in 2025. And now I'm finally ready to rock and roll.

As a product enthusiast, I'm stoked to help engineers get their projects ready for the masses. Let's make open source awesome, and let's get a ton of plebs on board!

To better contribute and build with developers, I'm committed to expanding my technical knowledge too. This includes learning the basics with GitHub to Python, Rust, AI, and ML. I'm also going to be switching to GrapheneOS as my daily driver and learning Linux. I'm eager to bring my product experience to the table and collaborate with others.

Going forward, I'm focusing specifically on helping build the Cashu protocol and how it intersects with Nostr and Lightning.

If you're a developer, especially one working on Cashu, I'd love to hear from you!

How can I assist with product-related tasks?

I'm here to build and contribute to the growth of the freedom tech ecosystem.

LFG.

@ 2355757c:5ad3e04d

Grounding or Earthing, names for getting your good ole bare feet on the surface of the earth. Sounds simple because it is simple, but are the benefits really that profound? Short answer: YES

Grounding is really only so a modern health hack because we are so disconnected. Until the invention of modern footwear with insulated rubber/plastic soles, we were connected to the surface of the earth pretty much 24/7. Why does this matter? The Earth’s surface is a POOL of free electrons waiting for us to tap into. Electrons? Why do those matter. Electrons are the true currency of energy and the input to our energy production system (Electron Transport Chain) that produces ATP. The human body, like all other living things is electromagnetic. We use electrical signaling to operate our biology. Without a sufficient amount of electrons and sufficient voltage potential, our body will not function properly. However, it is not so simple to say more electrons = more health. If that were the case then we’d all be hooked up to copper wires absorbing current to level up our biology. 

TOO MUCH of anything is bad. Our skin has resistance to protect us from shocks and lightning strikes (absorbing too much electrical current at once). However, our hands and feet (with thousands of nerve endings) have lower skin resistance. Lower resistance = better ability to conduct electricity. That is not a mistake. Through contact of our feet or hands on the ground, we are able to sustain a voltage differential up to a few hundred millivolts (depending on the surface). These electrons on the surface of the earth are willing to move to a less negatively charge area (us), and thus we are able to absorb a small amount of free flowing electrons into our body through our semi-conductive tissue on our hands and feet. Sounds cool, right? Now what are the actual benefits?

1. Managing Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and/or free radicals

2. Maintaining Proper Blood Flow & Pressure 

3. Regulating Cortisol & Circadian Rhythm

Oxidative stress. Anti-oxidants. Free radicals. These are all terms you MAY be familiar with, but what do they actually mean? If you read my newsletter from last week on Travel, you will know a bit more about oxidative stress and the function of anti-oxidants (if not, I will link it HERE). The TLDR is that our energy production process in our mitochondria, otherwise known as the Electron Transport Chain (ETC), is not perfect. As a result of this, free radicals are generated. Free radicals are typically oxygen molecules or molecules that contain oxygen (aka reactive oxygen species) that have an unpaired electron in their valence shell. O2 is supposed to be converted into metabolic water (H2O), but as mentioned the efficiency is not 100%. Therefore you get molecules like superoxide (O2-) or hydroxyl radical (OH) that are hungry to fill the unpaired electron and go back to stability. “Anti-oxidants” combat these radicals by attempting to supply an electron before they steal one from elsewhere in the cell and cause damage. Enter in newly absorbed electrons from grounding. These free electrons absorbed from the earth can help combat the free radicals/ROS by acting as an anti-oxidant. This will in turn help your body get back to redox homeostasis and not suffer cellular damage from oxidative stress. Grounding, in turn “reduces inflammation”. The thermal images often touted alongside grounding (before/after) show a positive response (thermal imaging can be a bit dodgy in accuracy but it captures some essence of effectiveness).

Maintaining proper blood flow and blood pressure. Perhaps the most interesting and fundamentally undebatable benefit of grounding. As stated above we are electromagnetic beings, and our blood flow exemplifies that. Both the lining of the blood vessel and surface of our red blood cells have a negative charge. This negative charge is imperative because it prevents rouleaux and coagulation, or the stacking of blood cells. If you blood cells stack, they are far easier to clump/clot and cause a blockage. Like charges repel, so having a sufficient “zeta potential” or negative charge on our RBCs will keep the blood flowing smoothly. Grounding helps maintain that. A study linked HERE showed how Earthing/Grounding reduces blood viscosity. 

“Grounding increases the surface charge on RBCs and thereby reduces blood viscosity and clumping. Grounding appears to be one of the simplest and yet most profound interventions for helping reduce cardiovascular risk and cardiovascular events.”

Regulating our circadian rhythm. A lesser touted benefit to grounding is its ability to influence our circadian rhythm or our “body clock”.

I am under the belief now that our circadian health is THE MOST IMPORTANT ASPECT of HEALTH. Why? Because literally all of our downstream biological functions are dictated by our circadian rhythm. This is why light, meal/exercise timing, sleep, connection to nature are all so important & interconnected.

The main input might be light, but that doesn’t mean there aren’t more inputs to the complex system that is our body. Connection to the earth is another. How do we know? Grounding has been proven to regulate cortisol rhythms. One of the biggest signs of a irregular circadian rhythm is cortisol and melatonin cycles that are out of whack. When you are grounded you are connected to the earth in the position of your geographical location. This is not proven, but its quite logical that the reason grounding helps regulate circadian rhythm is because along with those electrons you are getting a signal sent to your brain about the location/time/season it is where you are in that moment. It is the only logical explanation and it is one of the reasons I am such a big fan of grounding as MUCH as possible, especially after travel.

I recently released my first health optimization guide that includes all the travel hacks I use (including grounding) to completely avoid jet lag on long haul flights: AVOIDING JET LAG-An In Depth Guide to Hacking the Stressors of Travel.

This guide is extremely comprehensive, and application specific. It is a 30 page PDF that goes into WHY travel is so bad for us, and what you can do pre/during/post travel to avoid jet lag completely. If you travel often, this is worth checking out…but I warn you it is dense and only worth purchasing if you are willing to learn. 

Grounding PROTOCOLS:

1. Just do it-bare feet on the ground

2. Length? 1 min is better than 0…5 min even better…2 hours even better still. There is no threshold dose. 

3. Surfaces? Dirt/Grass/Rocks/Sand/Ocean all great. If it is wet and post thunderstorm, even better. Concrete works but asphalt is not the best. 

4. Grounding shoes? Not comparable to barefoot but still better than rubber/plastic soled shoes. I will write more about this in the near future as I am conducting experiments with different shoes on different surfaces. 

5. IT IS LITERALLY FREE

Big Grounding did not pay me to write this, even though I am an electrical engineer. Seriously, grounding is a no brainer. You may not “feel” anything, but the more you do it and the more disconnected you are to start…the better you will feel I can guarantee that. We are electromagnetic creates of Earth, it is about damn time we get back to connecting with our natural input signals. 

Stay Sovereign, 

-Tristan

Originally written July 25th, 2023

@ dd664d5e:5633d319

Ingredients

• 1 kg of pork roast with rind, such as shoulder or a lean belly
• 1 bottle of beer, light or dark
• chopped German-style mirepoix (best combination, for this recipe, includes celery root, carrot, red onion, and leeks)
• salt, pepper, nutmeg
• 1 diced garlic clove

Directions

1. Spread the vegetables on the bottom of the roasting pan.
2. Pour half the beer over the roast. (Drink the other half.)
3. Season the meat, to taste.
4. Roast the meat at 180 °C, until done (depends upon the weight of the roast).
5. Remove the meat from the oven, and wrap in aluminum foil.
6. Pour 2-3 cups of water into the roasting pan.
7. Pour/scrape everything from the pan into a sieve over a sauce pot.
8. Press the vegetables against the sieve, with the back of a spoon, to ensure that you get all that good dripping flavor into the sauce.
9. Defat the sauce with a grease separator, then pour it back into the pot.
10. Thicken the sauce, slightly (it should remain slightly watery, and not turn into a gravy), according to your usual method.
11. Open the foil and slice the roast.
12. Serve with the sauce.

@ da19b5d2:1f6cbfaa

I hear it all the time. People want to save up X amount so they can retire. Apparently, it is this time and space we are all supposed to want to get to. But what does it mean? I hear things like I want to travel, I want to have free time to spend with family, I want to not have to work, I want to play golf, I want to buy some property. And what else? What next? For me, if I am not working on building or contributing something towards a vision, I feel like I have no purpose. What is a hu-man with no purpose? Where are we truly headed, perhaps it is a mirage. I think what we really want is freedom to work on the things we want to work on. Don't we all want a reason to get up in the morning? Don't we always want to have a goal in mind to work towards? What if you suddenly had financial freedom? How would you actually spend your days. Have you thought about what you would do in your 'retirement'? Obviously this is a very personal question. I want to hear what people are passionate about making happen in their future. And if we are making things happen, are we really re-tired or are we just finally free? Why would want anyone to be tired again? 😉 Thank you for reading and commenting. 💚

@ 378562cd:a6fc6773

In our hyper-connected world, we are constantly bombarded with information — news of tragedies, celebrity gossip, and societal controversies — all delivered to us in real-time, whether we ask for it or not.

But here’s a profound truth: If you don’t know about it, it doesn’t matter to you. It’s almost like it doesn’t even happen!

This isn’t about apathy or ignoring the suffering of others. It’s about recognizing that our minds and hearts have limits. There’s only so much we can hold, care for, or act upon before it all becomes noise. And when we step back and filter out what truly matters to us, we find a liberating sense of peace.

In our hyper-connected world, we are constantly bombarded with information — news of tragedies, celebrity gossip, and societal controversies — all delivered to us in real-time, whether we ask for it or not.

When Knowing is a Burden

Consider this: if a bus full of strangers tragically ran off a cliff halfway around the world, it’s undeniably sad. But if you never heard about it, would it affect your day, your thoughts, or your actions? It wouldn’t. Not because you’re heartless but because it’s not within your sphere of influence or awareness.

Similarly, when a celebrity you barely know goes through a messy divorce, why does that need to occupy your thoughts? If you never knew about it, it would make no difference in your life. And yet, the world shouts these details at us, demanding our attention for things that often have no real bearing on our existence.

The Cost of Knowing Too Much

Knowing everything that happens everywhere comes with a cost:

• Emotional Overload\ The human mind isn’t designed to process the pain, suffering, or drama of millions of people at once. Constant exposure to these stories can lead to anxiety, sadness, or even a sense of helplessness.
• Loss of Focus\ The more attention we give to distant events or irrelevant gossip, the less energy we have for the people and moments that truly matter in our own lives.
• Manufactured Cravings\ Advertisements and media feed us desires we didn’t have before. A new product, a luxurious vacation, or a perfect lifestyle — all things you might not have craved if you hadn’t been shown them.

The Beauty of Not Knowing

When you step away from the constant influx of information, you create space to focus on what’s real and meaningful in your life.

• Your family and close friends. Their joys and struggles are the ones you can genuinely care about and impact.
• Your passions and goals. These deserve your full attention, free from unnecessary distractions.
• Your mental peace. Without the noise, you can think clearly, feel deeply, and live authentically.

What Truly Matters?

Not knowing isn’t about closing your eyes to the world. It’s about understanding the difference between what’s important and what’s irrelevant. It’s a practice of asking yourself:

• Does this affect me or the people I love?
• Can I do anything meaningful about this?
• Will knowing this bring me peace, joy, or purpose?
• Will BUYING this bring me peace, joy or purpose?

If the answer is no, it’s okay to let it go.

Living in Your Sphere of Influence

Focusing on what you can control and care for has immense power. Your energy has the most impact in your sphere of influence—the people, places, and things you interact with directly.

By letting go of what lies outside that sphere, you free yourself from unnecessary burdens and find deeper joy in the things that truly matter.

A New Year’s Challenge

This year, challenge yourself to embrace the art of not knowing.

• Curate your inputs: Limit news consumption to what directly affects you.
• Mute the noise: Avoid gossip, sensational headlines, and irrelevant drama.
• Stay present: Focus on the people and moments around you.

In doing so, you’ll find not only peace but also the clarity to live a life driven by your own values and priorities — not the ever-changing noise of the world.

The Freedom of Letting Go

When you embrace the profound truth that if you don’t know about it, it doesn’t matter to you, you unlock a freedom that few ever experience. You stop carrying the weight of the world’s chaos and instead focus on the beauty, joy, and love within your own life.

This year, let’s make peace with not knowing — and in doing so, rediscover what truly matters.

Breaking Free from the Cycle of Consumerism

Consumerism isn’t just about buying things — it’s about the constant hunger for more. More stuff, more information, more experiences. It thrives on the idea that what you have and who you are isn’t enough, and it manipulates you into believing that fulfillment lies just one purchase or experience away. But here’s the truth: the cycle of consumerism isn’t designed to fulfill you — it’s designed to keep you chasing.

If we want to find peace with not knowing, we must also confront the role consumerism plays in feeding our dissatisfaction and overstimulation.

The Problem with Consumerism

Consumerism is fueled by two main forces:

• Artificial Wants: Advertising and media don’t just sell products; they sell dissatisfaction. They show you a life that seems better than yours and make you believe that buying their product will bridge the gap.
• Overexposure: The constant influx of social media, news, and targeted ads ensures you’re always aware of what you don’t have, subtly making you feel inadequate or left out.
• The result? A world where happiness feels like it’s always just out of reach — an exhausting race that benefits corporations far more than individuals.

The Cost of Consumerism

The cycle of consumerism doesn’t just drain your wallet; it also takes a toll on your mental, emotional, and spiritual well-being:

• Mental Overload: Constant exposure to new products and ideas creates decision fatigue and anxiety.
• Emotional Burnout: Comparing your life to idealized versions portrayed in ads or social media can lead to dissatisfaction and low self-esteem.
• Spiritual Disconnect: Consumerism shifts your focus away from meaningful relationships, personal growth, and spiritual fulfillment, tethering your joy to material possessions.

# Combatting Consumerism: A Game Plan for Freedom

Breaking free from consumerism requires intentional effort, but it’s deeply rewarding. Here’s a game plan to start:

## 1. Detox Your Inputs - Unfollow Excess: Reduce your exposure to ads and influencers who push a lifestyle of constant consumption. - Limit Social Media: Spend less time scrolling through content designed to spark envy or desire. - Set Boundaries: Avoid shopping as a pastime or browsing “just to look.”

## 2. Shift Your Mindset - Practice Gratitude: Focus on what you already have, not what you lack. - Redefine Success: Measure your life by relationships, growth, and experiences, not possessions. - Adopt Minimalism: Learn to appreciate simplicity and find joy in having less.

## 3. Choose Quality Over Quantity - Invest in Essentials: Buy fewer items, but prioritize durability and quality. - Focus on Experiences: Spend on memories, not material things. - Be Mindful of Upgrades: Don’t replace what’s working fine just because something new is available.

## 4. Build Intentional Habits - Wait Before Buying: Give yourself 24 hours to think before making any purchase. - Create a Wishlist: Write down non-essential items you want. Review the list monthly to see if you still want them. - Track Spending: Be aware of where your money goes, and prioritize needs over wants.

## 5. Engage with Your Community - Support Local: Choose local businesses and artisans over big corporations. - Focus on Relationships: Invest time in people, not possessions. - Participate in Sharing Economies: Borrow, lend, and swap items with neighbors or friends instead of buying.

# Living a Life of Intentional Simplicity

This is food for thought and I promise you it is a battle at this point. It will be difficult but you must gain back control of your own thoughts, desires etc…

Take care and God bless!

@ b83e6f82:73c27758

Citrine 0.7.0

• Update quartz dependency
• Check if events are deleted
• Recover service after crash
• Add back button in the events screen
• Fix delete old events
• Fix backup dialog showing up again

Download it with zap.store, Obtainium, f-droid or download it directly in the releases page

If you like my work consider making a donation

Verifying the release

In order to verify the release, you'll need to have gpg or gpg2 installed on your system. Once you've obtained a copy (and hopefully verified that as well), you'll first need to import the keys that have signed this release if you haven't done so already:

bash gpg --keyserver hkps://keys.openpgp.org --recv-keys 44F0AAEB77F373747E3D5444885822EED3A26A6D

Once you have his PGP key you can verify the release (assuming manifest-v0.7.0.txt and manifest-v0.7.0.txt.sig are in the current directory) with:

bash gpg --verify manifest-v0.7.0.txt.sig manifest-v0.7.0.txt

You should see the following if the verification was successful:

bash gpg: Signature made Fri 13 Sep 2024 08:06:52 AM -03 gpg: using RSA key 44F0AAEB77F373747E3D5444885822EED3A26A6D gpg: Good signature from "greenart7c3 <greenart7c3@proton.me>"

That will verify the signature on the main manifest page which ensures integrity and authenticity of the binaries you've downloaded locally. Next, depending on your operating system you should then re-calculate the sha256 sum of the binary, and compare that with the following hashes:

bash cat manifest-v0.7.0.txt

One can use the shasum -a 256 <file name here> tool in order to re-compute the sha256 hash of the target binary for your operating system. The produced hash should be compared with the hashes listed above and they should match exactly

@ eee391ee:8d0b97c2

Amber 3.1.0

• Fix bunker requests showing up again after accepting
• Move bunker and nostrconnect to its own files
• Fix a infinite loop when receiving bunker requests
• Show relays after the app is connected
• Recover service when app crashes
• Update quartz dependency
• Fix ui contrast when using dark theme

Download it with zap.store, Obtainium, f-droid or download it directly in the releases page

If you like my work consider making a donation

Verifying the release

In order to verify the release, you'll need to have gpg or gpg2 installed on your system. Once you've obtained a copy (and hopefully verified that as well), you'll first need to import the keys that have signed this release if you haven't done so already:

bash gpg --keyserver hkps://keys.openpgp.org --recv-keys 44F0AAEB77F373747E3D5444885822EED3A26A6D

Once you have his PGP key you can verify the release (assuming manifest-v3.1.0.txt and manifest-v3.1.0.txt.sig are in the current directory) with:

bash gpg --verify manifest-v3.1.0.txt.sig manifest-v3.1.0.txt

You should see the following if the verification was successful:

bash gpg: Signature made Fri 13 Sep 2024 08:06:52 AM -03 gpg: using RSA key 44F0AAEB77F373747E3D5444885822EED3A26A6D gpg: Good signature from "greenart7c3 <greenart7c3@proton.me>"

That will verify the signature on the main manifest page which ensures integrity and authenticity of the binaries you've downloaded locally. Next, depending on your operating system you should then re-calculate the sha256 sum of the binary, and compare that with the following hashes:

bash cat manifest-v3.1.0.txt

One can use the shasum -a 256 <file name here> tool in order to re-compute the sha256 hash of the target binary for your operating system. The produced hash should be compared with the hashes listed above and they should match exactly.

@ 2e8970de:63345c7a

So it turns out that supply and demand actually do work. Who would have thought. Building building building payed out for developers in Austin. And for renters too.

Here is an anecdote about a woman from Austin getting her renewal for $200 less than the previous year. Probably the first time during her lifetime.

Another anecdote are these offers where landlord offer the first 8 weeks of renting for free:

Discussion about this offer on Twitter

Third anecdote: A suburban home on Zillow:

source

Longer article about that topic: Rent prices drop more than 12% in Austin

originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/839611

@ 000002de:c05780a7

I've been watching old movies and documentaries over the last month and last night my lady and I watched "You Can't Take it with You" which I'd never seen. I really enjoyed it.

Here's a clip where the grandpa in the story declares to the IRS man that he doesn't believe in taxes. Its a thing of beauty.

Here's some of the dialog.

Wilbur G. Henderson, IRS Agent : Now, Mr. Vanderhoff, that's a very serious thing, not filing an income tax return.

Grandpa Martin Vanderhoff : Now, suppose I do pay you this money; mind you, I don't say that I'm going to, but, just for the sake of argument; what's the government going to do with it?

Wilbur G. Henderson, IRS Agent : What do you mean?

Grandpa Martin Vanderhoff : Well, what do I get for my money? For instance, if I go into a department store and buy something, why, there it is! I can see it. Well, what are they gonna give me?

Wilbur G. Henderson, IRS Agent : Why the government gives you everything! It protects you!

Grandpa Martin Vanderhoff : From what?

Wilbur G. Henderson, IRS Agent : Well, invasion! How do you think the government's gonna keep up the army and navy with all those battleships?

Grandpa Martin Vanderhoff : Battleships? The last time we used battleships was in the Spanish-American War. And what did we get out of that? Cuba - and we gave that back. Why, I wouldn't mind paying for something sensible.

Wilbur G. Henderson, IRS Agent : Something sensible? What about Congress and the Supreme Court and the President? We gotta pay them, don't we?

Grandpa Martin Vanderhoff : Not with my money! No, sir.

You can watch the whole film for free on YouTube. The movie has some other good moments where is demonstrates how bankers pull strings and manipulate the economy, law enforcement, and politics. Most of all I love the free spirit of the family.

Sadly this is a film you wouldn't see made today. At least not without more overt Marxist propaganda.

originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/839559

@ d57360cb:4fe7d935

These no doubt have had profound effects on my life. If you undertake them consistently over years you’ll undergo change.

1. Reading. Read everything, eventually you’ll get curious and find what you enjoy. Your focus will improve.
2. Meditate. Finding peace in yourself is a cheat code. Then you can bring the peace with you anywhere you go.
3. Exercise. Build muscle, build cardio. You’ll feel better mentally and physically.
4. Recover. Make recovery your highest priority. Get enough sleep, spend less time on screen, clean up your diet, drink water, touch grass, play, and get some sun.
5. Buy Bitcoin, humbly ignore any alternative, hold strong.

This is the list. It’s basic, it’s simple, too good to be true.

It works, only if you stay the course.

@ 2063cd79:57bd1320

Der Mempool ist voll. Voller als das Rosenrot an Heiligabend. Dies bedeutet in erster Linie hohe Transaktionsgebühren für On-Chain-Transaktionen. Doch auch während der Mempool verstopft ist, wie der Gotthardtunnel in der Urlaubssaison, bietet Bitcoins Layer 2 Lösung - das Lightning Netzwerk - schnelle und günstige Zahlungen, um Bitcoins Skalierungsgrenze zu überbrücken. Gerade in Zeiten von hohen Transaktionsgebühren und einem Mempool, der voller ist als Til Schweiger nach 13 Uhr, werden kleine Zahlungen, die On-Chain getätigt werden, immer unökonomischer und Lightning Zahlungen dadurch attraktiver.

Doch nicht jede/r Nutzer//in möchte auch gleichzeitig eine Lightning-Node betreiben, um in den Genuss zu kommen Lightning zu benutzen. In diesem Fall bieten Lightning Service Provider (LSP) und verschiedene Apps Abhilfe. Es gibt viele verschiedene Anbieter und viele verschiedene Varianten das gleiche Problem umzusetzen: Der/die Nutzer//in möchte mit möglichst wenig Aufwand Lightning benutzen und muss dazu seine/ihre Lightning Wallet zunächst erstmal mit (On-Chain) Bitcoin füttern. Das Umwandeln von L1 Bitcoin zu L2 Bitcoin übernimmt dann die Software. Aber auch andersherum kann es sein, dass Nutzer//innen viele Lightning Zahlungen erhalten und die gesammelten Sats gerne in L1 Bitcoin tauschen möchten. Um diesen Tauschvorgang abzuwickeln gibt es verschiedene Methoden. Eine dieser Methoden sind sogenannte Submarine Swaps.

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Erstmal vorab: Bitcoin ist Bitcoin, ob On-Chain auf der Basisschicht (Layer 1), oder Off-Chain auf der zweiten Schicht (Layer 2) in Form von Lightning. Man könnte es mit Bargeld vergleichen: Geld auf dem Konto kann problemlos hin- und hergeschoben werden, man kann es auf andere Konten schieben, Überweisungen tätigen oder Depots bezahlen. Wenn man allerdings Bargeld in der Tasche haben will, muss man eine Brücke von der digitalen Kontenwelt in die analoge Bargeldwelt schlagen. Diese Brücke stellen Bankautomaten, Supermarktkassen oder Bankschalter dar, oder eben jede Stelle, an der man Bargeld abheben kann. Das Geldmittel bleibt dabei das gleiche, es verändert nur seinen Aggregatzustand. So kann man Bitcoin in Lightning auch beschreiben, denn Bitcoin bleibt Bitcoin, es hat nur seinen Aggregatzustand temporär verändert. Auf der einen Seite sind also On-Chain-Transaktionen oder Layer 1 (L1) Zahlungen, auf der anderen Seite werde ich von Off-Chain- oder Lightning-Zahlungen oder Layer 2 (L2) und Sats sprechen.

Refresher

Im Bitcoin Stack gibt es verschiedene aufeinander aufbauende Layer und Bitcoin - das Netzwerk - bildet dabei die Grundschicht, das Fundament, auf dem weitere Schichten aufbauen. Bitcoin braucht zusätzlichen Protokolle und Netzwerke, um einen hohen Transaktionsdurchsatz und zukünftiges Wachstum zu gewährleisten. Das bedeutet ganz einfach, dass die Leistung und Geschwindigkeit der Blockchain und der darauf erfolgenden Transaktionen nicht darunter leidet, wenn mehr Nutzer//innen und höhere Transaktionsmengen hinzukommen. Denn Bitcoin selbst ist nicht skalierbar. Die Blockgröße ist begrenzt, die Blockzeit wird auf 10 Minuten geeicht und zusätzlich aufgewendete Energie verschnellert die Erstellung neuer Blöcke nicht, macht sie nicht günstiger und auch nicht effizienter.

Layer 2, also die zweite Schicht, beschreibt Anwendungen und Protokolle, die auf der Basis des ersten Layers, der originären Bitcoin Blockchain, aufbauen. Diese Anwendungen sind unabhängig von Bitcoin insofern, als dass sie den Ablauf und den Code von Bitcoin nicht direkt beeinflussen, das Bitcoin Protokoll bleibt dabei unangetastet. Allerdings erlauben sie dem/der Nutzer//in einen Umgang mit Bitcoin und Anwendungsmöglichkeiten, die über die nativen Funktionen von Bitcoin hinausgehen und fördern somit das Ökosystem rund um Bitcoin.

Lightning, die bekannteste Layer 2 Lösung, basiert auf einem Peer-to-Peer-System zur Durchführung von Mikrozahlungen über ein Mesh-Netzwerk von bidirektionalen Zahlungskanälen. Genau wie bei Bitcoin können bei Lightning eigene Netzwerkknoten betrieben und somit eigene Zahlungskanäle verwaltet werden.

Diese Zahlungskanäle ermöglichen es den Teilnehmer//innen, sich gegenseitig Geld zu überweisen, ohne alle ihre Transaktionen auf der Bitcoin-Blockchain öffentlich machen zu müssen. Zahlungskanäle werden geöffnet und die Blockchain sperrt in diesem Moment die verwendeten Bitcoins für die weitere Verwendung, und in Lightning wird nur der Gegenwert dieser Bitcoins gehandelt. Immer wenn Zahlungskanäle geschlossen werden, werden diese Transaktionen auf die Bitcoin Blockchain übertragen. Lightning-Zahlungen können auch über direkte Kanäle hinaus an andere Teilnehmer gesendet werden, da viele aufeinanderfolgende Kanäle miteinander verkettet werden können und sich eine Zahlung den besten Weg durch die Knotenpunkte dieses weitverzweigten P2P-Netzwerks sucht.

Anders als bei Bitcoin, muss der/die Betreiber//in eines Lightning-Knotens aktiv seine/ihre Kanäle und damit seine/ihre Liquidität managen. Es muss immer genug inbound (eingehend) und genug outbound (ausgehend) Liquidität zur Verfügung stehen, um Zahlungen sowohl zu tätigen als auch zu erhalten. Dies erfordert ein gewisses Verständnis und einen Verwaltungsaufwand, den nicht jede/r Nutzer//in bereit ist aufzubringen, da Kanäle (noch) jederzeit auf ihre Balance überwacht werden müssen.

Submarine Swaps erleichtern die Verwaltung der Liquidität dieser Lightning-Knoten. Sie können dabei helfen, eingehende Liquidität zu erhalten und Kanäle wieder aufzufüllen, wenn die Kapazität erschöpft ist, oder Tageseinnahmen in On-Chain Bitcoin umzuwandeln, um diese in Eigenverwahrung zu schützen.

Das Hauptproblem bei den verschiedenen Schichten im Bitcoin-Stack besteht darin, dass Transaktionen zwischen On-Chain-Bitcoin-Adressen (L1) und Off-Chain-Lightning-Adressen (L2) nicht direkt kompatibel sind. Man kann nicht einfach eine Lightning-Transaktion an jemanden senden, der Lightning nicht verwendet, sondern "nur" Bitcoin, oder umgekehrt. Diese Trennung schafft eine Barriere zwischen der Bitcoin-Blockchain und den Layer 2 Protokollen.

Submarine Swaps ermöglichen den direkten Austausch von Vermögenswerten zwischen Bitcoin (L1) und dem Lightning-Netzwerk (L2). Submarine Swaps sind eine spezielle Art von Atomic Swaps, die ohne Verwahrungsrisiko oder Counterparty Risk durchgeführt werden können.

Atomic Swaps

Atomic Swaps wurden eigentlich erfunden, um den Handel von Vermögenswerten zwischen zwei Blockchains mit unterschiedlichen Coins durchzuführen, heute bekannt als On-Chain Atomic Swap. Ein Beispiel wäre der direkte Austausch von Dogecoin oder Litecoin mit Bitcoin. Mit der Entwicklung und Einführung von Layer 2 Protokollen wurden Atomic Swaps schnell auch für Off-Chain-Transaktionen verwendet, ergo Off-Chain Atomic Swaps.

Was bedeutet dies in der Praxis? Ganz einfach dargestellt nehmen wir an, Person 1 und Person 2 wollen Bitcoin gegen Lightning-Bitcoin eintauschen. Person 1 hat einen bitcoin und bevorzugt 100.000.000 Sats im Lightning Netzwerk (🔗➡️⚡), da sie oft viele kleine Transaktionen tätigt, Person 2 hat 100.000.000 Sats im Lightning Netzwerk und würde gerne in On-Chain-Bitcoin tauschen (⚡➡️🔗), um ihr Erspartes in Selbstverwahrung zu verschieben. Wir nehmen auch an, dass Person 1 und Person 2 keine Lightning-Nodes oder Apps besitzen, die diesen Vorgang für sie automatisch übernehmen, es soll hier einfach die Transaktion verdeutlicht werden.

Um den Austausch durchzuführen, erstellt Person 2 zunächst eine Geheimzahl, einen Wert. Aus diesem Wert generiert sie dann auch einen Hash und sendet diesen Hash an Person 1, ohne den verborgenen Wert zu teilen. Dann erstellt Person 2 eine Transaktion und sperrt 100.000.000 Sats. Diese Sats können nur auf zwei Arten entsperrt werden. Entweder kann Person 1 mit Hilfe des ihr bekannten Werts die Sats einfordern, oder Person 2 kann ihre Sats nach Ablauf eines festgelegten Zeitraums (Anzahl von Blöcken) wieder zurückholen.

Im Moment können weder Person 1 noch Person 2 die Sats beanspruchen, da Person 1 den geheimen Wert nicht kennt (nur den Hash), und Person 2 kann die Sats nicht beanspruchen, da der Zeitraum noch nicht verstrichen ist. Diese zeitlich beschränkten Verträge nennt man Hash Time-Locked Contracts (HTLC).

Gleichzeitig erstellt Person 1 ihre Transaktion, die einen bitcoin sperrt. Der in dieser Transaktion gesperrte bitcoin kann auch wiederum nur auf zwei Arten eingefordert werden. Entweder kann Person 2 mit Hilfe des bekannten Werts den bitcoin einfordern, oder Person 1 holt sich ihren bitcoin zurück, nachdem der festgelegte Zeitraum verstrichen ist.

Beide Parteien haben also ihren jeweiligen Gegenwert für sich selbst gesperrt und für den anderen freigegeben, aber nur solange die Transaktion von beiden Seiten (in dem festgelegten Zeitraum) durchgeführt wird. Denn in dem Moment, in dem Person 2 den bitcoin einfordert, stellt sie Person 1 auch ihren geheimen Wert zur Verfügung, sodass sie die 100.000.000 Sats ausgezahlt bekommt. Für diese Transaktion zwischen zwei Parteien bedarf es keines Dritten. Lediglich die genutzten Smart-Contracts begünstigen diesen vertrauenslosen Handel, einen Atomic Swap zwischen dem Bitcoin-On-Chain und dem Bitcoin-Off-Chain-Lightning-Netzwerk.

Zurück zu Submarine Swaps

Ich möchte nochmal hervorheben, dass es sich um eine sehr vereinfachte Darstellung der Funktionsweise handelt, allerdings wollte ich auf abstrakte WEise erklären, wie diese SmartContracts funktionieren, ohne auf dem gleichen Protokoll zu laufen. Was bei Lightning-Lösungen zu Reibungen führt, ist das Verwalten von Kanälen, denn diese können aufgebraucht werden oder müssen neu ausbalanciert werden, wenn Nutzer//innen überwiegend Zahlungen empfangen oder versenden. Die größten Einschränkungen der aktuellen Lightning-Implementierung stellen das Öffnen und Schließen dieser Kanäle dar, da es dafür Transaktionsgebühren bedarf und eine gewisse Menge Bitcoin eingefroren wird, um einen Kanal zu öffnen. Dies bedeutet, dass ein Problem zwischen Lightning und On-Chain Bitcoin darin besteht, Gelder in und aus den beiden Umgebungen zu bekommen, ohne Kanäle öffnen und schließen zu müssen (um Kosten und Zeit zu sparen). Des Weiteren können Kanäle aufgebraucht werden, wenn Zahlungen hauptsächlich abfließen und es müssen neue Kanäle geöffnet werden, um die Nutzung fortzusetzen, obwohl im Wesentlichen unbegrenzte Transaktionen innerhalb eines Kanals gesendet werden können, solange die Netto Ein- und Ausgänge relativ stabil bleiben.

Die Verwaltung von Kanälen kostet On-Chain-Transaktionsgebühren und ist umso teurer, wenn der Mempool voller ist, als Johnny Depp nach der Trennung, was es unbequem, ineffizient und teuer macht, mehrere Kanäle wiederholt zu öffnen.

Submarine Swaps ermöglichen es, On-Chain Bitcoin in Off-Chain Bitcoin (🔗➡️⚡)- oder umgekehrt (⚡➡️🔗) - umzuwandeln. Sie basieren auf der gleichen Art von Bitcoin Smart-Contract wie Atomic Swaps, HTLCs, da diese sowohl On-Chain- als auch Off-Chain-Transaktionen umfassen können. Der Vorteil bei dieser Lösung liegt darin, dass HTLCs auch bei der Verkettung von Kanälen und Zahlungen verwendet werden und somit das Hauptkonstrukt für den Geldtransfer über das Lightning Netzwerk bilden. So wird Nutzer//innen und Wallet-Anbietern ermöglicht, Gelder vom Bitcoin-L1-Netzwerk direkt an das Lightning-Netzwerk oder andersrum vom Lightning-Netzwerk an das Bitcoin-L1-Netzwerk zu senden, ohne einen Drittanbieterdienst zu nutzen.

Damit bergen Submarine Swaps kein Counterparty Risiko und können ohne zusätzliche Barrieren wie Hintergrundprüfungen oder vertragliche Vereinbarungen durchgeführt werden. Entweder tauschen die beiden Parteien erfolgreich ihre Vermögenswerte aus, oder der Tausch findet nach Ablauf des festgelegten Zeitraums nicht statt. Aber zu keinem Zeitpunkt ist eine der Parteien in der Lage, mit den Einlagen der anderen Seite davonzukommen.

Die im Submarine Swap verwendete Form von HTLC-Smart-Contracts nennt man auch Swap-Provider und kann von einem Drittanbieter verwaltet werden, ist aber ein Smart Contract auf der Blockchain.Bekannte Implementierungen von Submarine Swaps direkt ins Endprodukt sind Lightning Wallets, wie Muun oder Breez.

Muun

Die Muun-Wallet ist notorisch dafür bekannt, eigentlich kein "echtes" Lightning-Wallet zu sein, denn alle Guthaben werden On-Chain in der Blockchain verwaltet. Die Muun-Wallet öffnet keine Kanäle für jeden Nutzer und verwendet stattdessen Submarine Swaps für Lightning-Zahlungen, was bedeutet, dass jedes Mal, wenn gesendet oder empfangen wird, eine On-Chain-Transaktion durchgeführt werden muss (und somit auch On-Chain-Gebühren anfallen). Dies bedeutet auch, dass Muun erstmal in Vorkasse geht, um schnelle Zahlungen aufrecht zu erhalten und ggf. Lightning-Zahlungen auf eine Blockbestätigung warten müssen, wenn Muun entscheidet, dass diese Transaktion ein zu hohes Risiko hat, unbestätigt ersetzt zu werden.

Der Vorteil dieses Ansatzes liegt darin, dass ein einheitlicher Kontostand dargestellt werden kann, der sowohl On-Chain- als auch Lightning-Transaktionen ermöglicht. Allerdings ist es nicht besonders einleuchtend, warum man sowohl L1 und L2 in einer Wallet verbinden muss, vor allem, wenn es bedeutet, dass sowohl Anbieter als auch Kunden potenziell höheren Gebühren ausgesetzt sind.

Breez

Ein weiterer Lightning-Wallet-Anbieter ist Breez. Auch hier werden Submarine Swaps genutzt, allerdings nur um Liquidität zu erzeugen. Denn obwohl L1-Bitcoin Zahlungen in Breez gespeichert werden können, bietet die Wallet die Möglichkeit, On-Chain-Bitcoin-Gelder über Submarine Swaps auf die Lightning-Wallet zu verschieben (🔗➡️⚡). Submarine Swaps werden in erster Linie verwendet, um eine einfache Benutzeroberfläche bereitzustellen. Das ermöglicht Breez vor allem auch, weniger Kanäle für seine Nutzer zu verwalten.

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Das Lightning-Netzwerk, aber auch alle andere Layer 2 Lösungen, sind unabdinglich, wenn es darum geht Bitcoin als Zahlungsmittel möglichst reibungslos, benutzfreundlich und vorallem günstig zu gestalten. Allerdings besteht immernoch ein Reibungspunkt zwischen L1 und L2 und dem verschieben von Geldwerten zwischen diesen beiden Schichten. Submarine Swaps sind eine Methode diese Reibung zu verringern, da sie Entwicklern die Möglichkeit bieten benutzerfreundliche Konzepte umzusetzen, die es ermöglichen Lightning-Wallets und -Services so zu programmieren, dass dem/der Nutzer//in der Transfer von Aggregatszuständen nicht bewusst wird.

Natürlich besteht auch die Möglichkeit diese Swaps selbst durchzuführen. Dafür gibt es viele Dienste, mit denen man einen Handel (Swap) durchführen kann. Einige Anbieter können sogar genutzt werden, um ein wenig Profit zu erzielen, denn manche Anbieter lassen sich Vorabliquidität in Form von On-Chain Bitcoin etwas kosten.

🫳🎤

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In diesem Sinne, 2... 1... Risiko!‌

@ 8f69ac99:4f92f5fd

Os humanos evoluíram para contar maçãs, não estrelas. Estamos programados para compreender números pequenos e tangíveis com facilidade, mas, no momento em que atingimos centenas ou milhares, os nossos cérebros começam a ter dificuldades. Esta limitação desempenha um papel significativo na fricção que as pessoas sentem ao tentar compreender Bitcoin, desde os seus fundamentos de segurança até ao seu sistema monetário.

A natureza abstracta de Bitcoin é construída sobre conceitos matemáticos complexos, incluindo criptografia e números grandes. No entanto, estes elementos podem ser esmagadores para muitos potenciais utilizadores, investidores e até especialistas. Neste artigo, vamos explorar porque é que os humanos têm dificuldade com números grandes e como esta limitação afecta a nossa compreensão de Bitcoin.

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Porque é que os humanos têm dificuldade com números grandes

O nosso cérebro está programado para pensar de forma linear e processar números pequenos com facilidade. No entanto, quando se trata de números grandes, tudo começa a parecer confuso. Limitações evolutivas significam que fomos desenvolvidos para contar maçãs, não estrelas. Para além de algumas dezenas, os números começam a parecer "muitos" em vez de quantidades específicas.

Por exemplo, considere o número de chaves privadas possíveis em Bitcoin. Com 256 bits usados para encriptação, isto traduz-se em aproximadamente $$2^{256}$$ chaves únicas. Embora este número seja impressionante, a maioria das pessoas tem dificuldade em compreender a sua enormidade. Para colocar em perspectiva: - Existem mais átomos no universo observável do que grãos de areia em todas as praias da Terra.

Além disso, o nosso cérebro frequentemente luta para entender fenómenos exponenciais, que desempenham um papel crucial no sucesso de Bitcoin. O crescimento da população mundial ou o número de hashes efectuados por segundo pelos mineradores de Bitcoin podem parecer incompreensíveis devido à sua natureza rápida.

Finalmente, a falta de pontos de referência do dia a dia dificulta a compreensão de conceitos complexos como chaves privadas e hashrate. Por exemplo, dizer "100 biliões" pode significar algo para si, mas decompor isso em números mais pequenos e manejáveis é uma história completamente diferente.

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A História do Tabuleiro de Xadrez e o Grão de Arroz - uma pequena explicação didáctica sobre exponenciais.

Certa vez, um matemático indiano inventou o jogo de xadrez e apresentou-o ao rei local (frequentemente chamado de Maharaja). O rei ficou tão impressionado com o jogo que ofereceu recompensar o matemático com qualquer coisa que ele desejasse.

O matemático humildemente pediu um único grão de arroz para ser colocado na primeira casa do tabuleiro de xadrez, e que a quantidade de arroz fosse duplicada em cada casa seguinte. O rei, pensando que este era um pedido modesto, concordou imediatamente.

O processo começou: - 1 grão na primeira casa,
- 2 grãos na segunda,
- 4 grãos na terceira,
- 8 grãos na quarta, e assim por diante.

Mas, à medida que avançavam, os números começaram a crescer rapidamente. Na 20.ª casa, já eram necessários mais de 1 milhão de grãos de arroz. Na 40.ª casa, o total ultrapassava 1 bilião de grãos. Na 64.ª e última casa, o total era um espantoso 18 quintiliões de grãos de arroz ($$2^{64} - 1$$).

Esta quantidade era tão vasta que exigiria mais arroz do que poderia ser cultivado na Terra naquela época. O rei, ao perceber que subestimara o pedido do matemático, foi forçado a admitir derrota ou, em algumas versões da história, puniu o matemático pela sua astúcia.

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Bitcoin e Números Grandes: A Tecnologia Incompreendida

A complexidade de Bitcoin reside na sua dependência de criptografia e números imensos. Vamos explorar três áreas chave onde estes conceitos podem criar atrito.

A Segurança Incompreensível das Chaves Privadas

A segurança de Bitcoin assenta na escala absoluta do seu espaço de chaves privadas. Existem $$2^{256}$$ chaves possíveis — um número tão grande que tentar adivinhar uma chave não é apenas improvável, é praticamente impossível. É como se lhe pedisse para adivinhar o número em que estou a pensar entre 1 e 115792089237316195423570985008687907853269984665640564039457584007913129639936!

Para colocar isto em perspectiva: - Imagine que existem mais estrelas no universo observável do que grãos de areia nas praias da Terra. Mesmo que combinasse todos os grãos de areia e estrelas, o número resultante ainda seria inferior a ```$$2^{256}$$```.

Esta escala impressionante garante a robustez da segurança criptográfica de Bitcoin, mas pode parecer esmagadora para os recém-chegados.

O Hashrate de 1 Zettahash/s

Recentemente, a mineração de Bitcoin ultrapassou a marca de 1 zettahash por segundo ($$10^{21}$$ hashes por segundo). Esta medida de poder computacional destaca a escala imensa da segurança da rede.

Para ilustrar: - Imagine tentar adivinhar um número biliões de vezes por segundo, por pessoa, para todos os humanos na Terra. Mesmo com todo este esforço combinado, mal arranharíamos a superfície do actual hashrate de Bitcoin.

Este poder computacional imenso é o que garante que, uma vez adicionada uma transacção à timechain (ou blockchain se preferir) de Bitcoin, seja praticamente impossível alterá-la.

A Barreira da Criptografia

A criptografia de curva elíptica, ECC, um elemento chave em Bitcoin, utiliza matemática avançada que pode parecer abstracta para não especialistas. Baseia-se em "funções unidireccionais," onde gerar uma chave pública a partir de uma chave privada é fácil, mas reverter o processo é quase impossível.

O recente medo da computação quântica (apenas FUD), mostra bem esta segurança na matemática. O Willow, o computador da quântico da Google, com 105 qubits, resolveu um problema de benchmark em 5 minutos, que levaria a um super computador 10 septiliões de anos a resolver (mais tempo que a idade do universo, 13.8 mil milhões de anos).

Para conseguir encontrar a chave privada a partir de uma chave publica, seriam necessários cerca de 124000 Willows para o fazer em 1 dia, ou cerca de 340 para o fazer em 1 ano. E mesmo assim, apenas os endereços mais antigos, P2PK (Pay to Public Key) estariam vulneráveis, os endereços P2PKH (Pay to Public Key Hash) tem mais um nível de segurança, o hash.

O Willow teria que ter milhões ou milhares de milhões de qubits para conseguir descobrir uma chave privada a partir da chave publica. Não temos ainda tecnologia para isso...

Para simplificar: - Pense nisso como uma fechadura que só pode ser aberta com uma chave única. Uma vez trancada, o processo é irreversível sem essa chave, proporcionando uma segurança incomparável.

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O Obstáculo Psicológico: Viés de Unidade

Além dos aspectos técnicos, a psicologia desempenha um papel importante na forma como as pessoas percebem o valor, ou melhor o preço, de bitcoin. O viés da unidade — a tendência de preferir números inteiros — pode criar uma barreira emocional.

O Problema do "Preço Alto" de bitcoin

Ver o preço de bitcoin em dezenas (centenas?) de milhares de euros pode dissuadir potenciais investidores, que podem sentir que é demasiado caro ou inacessível. Esta percepção persiste, embora bitcoin possa ser dividido em unidades mais pequenas.

Satoshis como Solução

A menor unidade de bitcoin, o satoshi (1/100.000.000 BTC), oferece uma solução para este viés. Apresentar bitcoin em termos de satoshis permite pontos de preço mais compreensíveis. Por exemplo: - "1.000 sats custam €1,00" soa muito mais acessível do que "€100.000 por bitcoin."

O uso de satoshis reformula o valor de bitcoin, facilitando a sua compreensão e acessibilidade. E sim, pode comprar €1,00 de bitcoin, ou até mesmo menos de €0,01!

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Conclusão

A dificuldade com números grandes não é única de Bitcoin, mas a sua natureza digital e abstracta amplifica o desafio. Desde a escala incompreensível das chaves privadas até à enorme hashrate e ao obstáculo psicológico do viés de unidade, estas barreiras podem dificultar a compreensão e adopção.

No entanto, ao: 1. Simplificar conceitos criptográficos,
2. Usar analogias compreensíveis, e
3. Promover os satoshis como unidade padrão,

podemos tornar Bitcoin mais acessível para a pessoa comum. Assim como a sociedade aprendeu a abraçar a electricidade sem precisar entender os electrões, também podemos abraçar Bitcoin sem compreender completamente cada número por trás dele.

bitcoin #quantum

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Photo by Greg Rakozy on Unsplash

@ 000002de:c05780a7

Apparently the Prime Clown in Canada is stepping down. Apparently the Orange Man beat the democrat machine. Are "we" winning? No.

I've had the illness of following politics for most of my life. I have never been less invested but I continue to see people missing the point. Several years ago there was an effort in California to remove Gavin Newsom from office. They call it a recall in the state.

When I hear people talk about Biden, or Newsom, or whoever you would think that all we need to do is vote the bum out and we are on the right path. That's way off. Trump's election isn't the goal but rather a sign of a minor shift in the culture and influence.

A mistake I see over and over again is focusing on the personalities. The puppets. The men. As if they are the problem. The problems are so much deeper. It's the culture, the programming, and the puppet masters. The problems are upstream of politicians. Remove one and another will replace them.

I don't so much care that Trump is less bad that Biden. Its that people make the mistake of focusing on the flag being blown by the wind than the wind itself. The politician is simply a result of many other more important factors.

Politicians work under an incentive structure that rewards promising things they cannot deliver. Even things that are not possible. Their only accountability is the voters and donors. The donors get what they want and the voters usually are to uninformed or dumb to realize what is going on. When they do realize it the other team is so demonized they either stick with their team or just don't vote.

The longer I look at democracy and the modern state the more absurd it appears to me. It's not that the men are bad or the government in power is bad. It's the whole incentive structure. There are almost no negative consequences pushing against this nonsense.

I have heard it said that the default view of political figures should be that of the tobacco executives. Today I think it should be the view of the medical insurance CEOs. The default view. There are exceptions but they are rare and work in spite of the system.

The solution is freedom and voluntary interaction. Removing the monopoly state. Remove the monopoly on violence. It would not be a utopia but IMO the incentives would be better.

The culture we create and the choices we make each day are making an impact. Remember that the flag doesn't control the wind. The wind controls the flag.

originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/839442

@ bf47c19e:c3d2573b

Originalan tekst na linkedin.com

12.04.2024 / Autor: Aleksandar Matanović

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60/40 portfolio je dugo važio za idealan izbor nekome ko ima umerenu sklonost ka riziku, a nema vremena da prati berzu. Dakle, ubaciš 60% u akcije, 40% u obveznice i pustiš vreme da radi svoje.

Malo sam se igrao sa brojkama i računao šta bi bilo da je neko u taj portfolio ubacio malo Bitkoina. Period koji je obrađen je januar 2014 - januar 2024. Ovde napominjem da nikako nisam radio "cherry picking", to jest nisam birao period u kome se Bitkoin pokazao u najboljem mogućem svetlu. Maltene sam uradio suprotno. Da sam izabrao bilo koji januar pre 2014-te, prinosi na BTC bi bili neuporedivo veći. Čak i da sam izabrao januar 2015-te ili 2016-te, takođe bi prinosi bili veći jer je cena tada bila niža nego u januaru 2014-te. Izbor datuma je bio posledica želje da zaokružim jednu celu deceniju, period nakon kojeg su strpljivi investitori nagrađeni time što ne plaćaju porez na kapitalnu dobit.

Obradio sam 3 realna scenarija:

1. Klasičan 60/40 portfolio. Na uloženih $10.000 u januaru 2014. godine, 10 godina kasnije bismo imali tačno $17.434. Prosečan godišnji prinos je 5,72%.
2. 99% uloženo u 60/40 portfolio, 1% uloženo u Bitkoin. Na uloženih $10.000, imali bismo $22.505 ili 8,45% godišnje. Samo 1% u BTC, a skoro 3% veći godišnji prinos. (narandžasta linija)
3. 90% uloženo u 60/40 portfolio, 10% uloženo u Bitkoin. Sad već postaje zabavno... od $10.000 do $68.145, što bi bilo 21,16% godišnje - jače od proseka Vorena Bafeta. (zelena linija)

Uzeo sam u obzir i rizike i zamislio da je u ovom periodu cena Bitkoina polako padala i na kraju pala na 0. Dakle naredna 2 scenarija su hipotetička.

1. 99% uloženo u 60/40 portfolio, 1% uloženo u Bitkoin, Bitkoin propao. Investirano $10.000, dobijeno $17.259 ili 5.61% godišnje. Minimalni gubitak u odnosu na čist 60/40 portfolio iz prvog scenarija. Zbog toga se na grafiku vide 4 linije iako ih ima 5, toliko je mala razlika.
2. 90% uloženo u 60/40 portfolio, 10% uloženo u Bitkoin, Bitkoin propao. Investirano $10.000, dobijeno $15.690 ili 4.61% godišnje. To je ona donja. ljubičasta linija na grafikonu. Nije neki prinos, ali nije ni katastrofa.

Mogao sam da idem i sa preko 10%, naravno završili bismo na preko $100.000. Međutim, hteo sam da budem konzervativan i stvari gledam iz ugla investitora koji ipak ima nešto manji apetit ka riziku i nedovljno poznaje Bitkoin. Mogao sam i da uzmem drugačiji period. Na primer, za jan 2012 - jan 2022 bi narandžasta linija završila na preko milion dolara, a zelena na preko 10 miliona. Da, nije greška u računici... zaista biste za 10 godina, počev od januara 2012-te imali preko milion dolara da ste uložili ukupno $10.000, 99% u akcije i obveznice, a 1% u Bitkoin. Sa 90% u akcijama i obveznicama i 10% u Bitkoinu, već ste na 8 cifara.

Istorijske performanse nisu garancija budućih prinosa. Investiranje u Bitkoin je rizično. Ignorisanje Bitkoina je rizično. Svako bira svoj rizik. Ovo nije investicioni savet, ovo je prijateljski savet.

@ bf47c19e:c3d2573b

Originalan tekst na ecd.rs

05.04.2022. / Autor: Aleksandar Matanović

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Većinu ljudi ka Bitkoinu privuče mogućnost brze zarade. Gledajući istorijsko kretanje cene, deluje im da je bilo izuzetno lako obogatiti se uz odgovarajući tajming kupovine i prodaje. Naravno, u praksi stvari umeju dosta drugačije da izgledaju. Jednom kada se uđe, najjači poriv da se kupuje bude baš kad je cena najviša i euforija na vrhuncu, dok pad cene uglavnom uzrokuje paničnu prodaju baš u najgorem trenutku. Novajlije se tu retko odmah snađu.

Neki posle gubitaka i razočarenja kompletno napuste ceo kripto ekosistem misleći da je problem u tržištu, a ne u njihovoj naivnosti i brzopletosti. Drugi ostanu, pa se ili izvešte u trgovanju ili počnu da rudare ili se zaljube u tehnologiju ili nauče da budu strpljivi ili nađi neki svoj put u ovoj industriji. Ipak, mnogima, neretko i pravim veteranima koji su već godinama tu, prečesto promaknu najbitnije karakteristike Bitkoina.

Zamrzavanje bankovnih računa

Nažalost, ponekad su potrebne teške situacije da bi se prave vrednosti nečega shvatile. Ne kaže se uzalud: „Na muci se poznaju junaci“. U poslednjih mesec-dva svedoci smo događaja za koje smo mislili, ili smo se barem nadali da nisu mogući. Najpre protesti u Kanadi i reakcija „demokratske“ vlasti koja je bila tako oštra, da je se ni najveći diktatori ne bi postideli. Zatim i nešto mnogo gore, a to je rat u Ukrajini.

Ne ulazeći u to ko je za šta kriv, jer dovoljno se njih tom tematikom bavi, činjenica da je su neki Kanađani, Rusi i Ukrajinci praktično preko noći postali odsečeni od finansijskog sistema od kojeg u nekoj meri zavise. U Kanadi je vlada nepodobnima zamrzavala bankovne račune, Rusima su uglavnom spolja „isekli“ mnoge novčane tokove na način da, kao što to obično i biva, najviše trpe građani koji ništa nikome nisu skrivili, a šta tek reći za Ukrajince koji su, bez dileme, najgore prošli.

Prava vrednost Bitkoina

Neki često kažu da Bitkoin nema upotrebnu vrednost i da služi samo za špekulacije. Međutim, u situaciji kada je račun u banci zamrznut zbog učešća u protestima, nije loše imati neku vrednost koju je nemoguće zamrznuti, a vrlo lako se može unovčiti po potrebi. Kada više ne rade PayPal, VISA, MasterCard, SWIFT… a imate poslovnog partnera koji treba nešto da vam uplati ili rođaka koji treba da vam pošalje novac, dosta je koristan novac koji niko ne može da zaustavi i za čije korišćenje ničija dozvola nije potrebna Na kraju, ako padaju bombe i treba da bežite glavom bez obzira, imati imovinu koja je u digitalnom obliku i koja ide svuda sa vama, a ne mora da se nosi, je zlata vredno. Ili možda bolje reći „digitalnog zlata (kako neki zovu Bitkoin) vredno“.

Najbitnije karakteristika Bitkoina mnogima promiču, jer srećom mnogi nisu bili u situaciji da im te njegove karakteristike budu bitne. Te karakteristike su neotuđivost, dostupnost i otpornost na sve vrste cenzure.

Nikada u istoriji nismo imali mogućnost da novac ili neku drugu vrednost sa par klikova prenesemo na drugi kraj sveta, a da ne moramo nikoga da pitamo za dozvolu da to uradimo. I dok god standardni kanali rade, teško razumemo pravu vrednost koju ta mogućnost pruža.

„Problem je što je cena mnogo volatilna, pa je zato neupotrebljiv za bilo šta ozbiljno“, često se može čuti. Da, problem je dok ne dođete u situaciju da možete sa sobom poneti nešto ili ništa. Problem je dok niste suočeni sa izborom da novac pošaljete tako ili nikako. Onda par procenata promene cene na dnevnom nivou ne znači ništa jer rešavate problem koji nikako drugačije ne možete rešiti. I postaje nebitno da li ste ga kupili u savršenom trenutku ili ste možda mogli i bolje da prođete.

@ 9a9d51f8:7f8f6f60

@ 46025249:0a7e0424

Hello world

@ e83b66a8:b0526c2b

To use American vernacular, ya’ll gonna hate on me, but back when Ledger announced their Stax, I ordered one for delivery in 3 months. Two years later, about 3 months ago, I finally received it.

Because of their doxxing and seed grab policies I would no longer consider using it for any serious holdings, but my wife is starting to acquire her own stack of Bitcoin and so believing it was the iPOD of Bitcoin wallets, I gave it to her to use as her hardware wallet.

Because she was new to self custody I had already setup the ledger and I sat with her while she tried to use it.

She used her phone and the Ledger app to attempt to move Bitcoin from Revolut to the wallet.

Nothing worked, nothing.

The Ledger Stax needed updating, but would turn off in the middle of updating so would never finish, we gave up trying to do that.

We then tried to obtain an address to receive funds to, it offer 4 types of Bitcoin wallets Legacy, Segwit, Native Segwit and Taproot. But it didn’t explain them at all, meaning you had no idea which was which.

Then when it offered to verify the address the Stax got into a loop, which required me to do a physical reboot (long press power button).

At last we managed to verify an address, but this wasn’t displayed on the Stax as a QR code, an unbelievably obvious reason for having a epaper screen, instead having to use the iPhone to copy and paste the address between the Ledger Live app and Revolut.

When we did this, Revolut said there was an error with the address and to try again later.

I know you’re all going to mock me for attempting to use the Stax, but I had assumed up until yesterday that it at least had a good UI.

Boy, was I wrong

@ 52adc2ef:9f4bc0ba

สวัสดีครับวันนี้อยากจะมาขอสรุปคลิป

เงิน ถูกสร้างจาก อากาศธาตุอย่างแท้จริง

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Odl7VqwcELI&t=610s

Speaker คุณปกป้อง Thai Ratel

พวกเราน่าจะเคยได้ยินกันว่า รัฐบาลสามารถพิมพ์เงินได้ ในความคิดเราตอนเด็กคือ การมีเครื่องพิมพ์ธนบัตรเเละพิมพ์ออกมาเยอะๆเเบบที่เคยเห็นในภาพยนตน์

แต่จริงๆการพิมพ์เงินไม่ใช่วิธี Physical แบบนั้น มันง่ายกว่านั้นมากๆ (อยากจะพิมพ์เงินบ้างเลย5555)

คำถามคือ How ทำยังไง ซึ่งเป็นกระบวนการทางบัญชี เราต้องเข้าใจหลักการทางบัญชีก่อน เเละในสื่อหรือข่าวต่างๆจะไม่มีการบอกตรงๆว่ากำลังพิมพ์เงินอยู่

ซึ่งเค้าจะใช้คำเเบบให้เรางงๆ เช่น -ปริมาณหนี้สาธารณะสูงขึ้น (เข้าใจง่ายๆคือกู้เงินเพิ่ม ซื้อพันธบัตรรัฐบาลเพิ่ม)

-Quantitative Easing (QE) มาตรการผ่อนคลายเชิงนโยบาย

-Yield curve control (เป็นการเข้าไปซื้อพันธบัตรเพื่อควบคุมผลตอบเเทนเป็นไปตามที่กำหนด คือกู้ไปซื้อเหมือน QE)

การที่เข้าใจการพิมพ์เงินต้องเข้าใจ

กลไกการสร้างเงิน

หลักสำคัญคือเราไม่สามารถเเก้ไขในบัญชีเอง มันผิดเเน่ๆ แต่ต้องเเก้ไขยังไงให้ถูกหลักกฎหมายเเละบัญชี

"การเสกเงินหรือเพิ่มเงินต้องมีของมีค่าหนุนหลัง"

ทุกธนาคารเค้าไม่ได้พิมพ์เงินขึ้นมาเปล่าๆ มันมีของมีค่าหนุนหลัง คำถามคือของมีค่าที่หนุนหลังการเสกเงิน คืออะไร

Monetary Base และ Deposit

Monetary Base คือ เงินที่รัฐบาลกลางสร้างโดยตรง ที่หมุนเวียนอยู่เป็นธนบัตร Deposit คือ ตัวเลขเงินฝากของธนาคารพาณิชย์

ขอบคุณรูปภาพจาก ช่อง Rightshift https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Odl7VqwcELI&t=610s

ตัวเลขที่เป็นเงินฝากของธนาคารมียอดที่สูงกว่าเงินที่รัฐบาลสร้างโดยตรง เพราะว่ามีการเสกเงินเกิดขึ้นในระบบงั้นเรามาดูกันว่าทำกันยังไงเริ่มที่

Fractional Reserve Banking (ระบบธนาคารสำรองเงินสดบางส่วน) การที่ตัวเลขเงินฝากสูงกว่าเงินที่รัฐบาลออกใช้จริงต้องเข้าใจระะบบ Fractional Reserve Banking ก่อน

ขอบคุณรูปภาพจาก https://web.facebook.com/SiamstrUpdate

ระบบนี้เป็นการสำรองเงินบางส่วนไม่จำเป็นต้องสำรอง 100% เช่น มีเงินฝากในธนาคาร 100 บาท ถ้าตามสิ่งที่ควรจะเป็นเเล้วสามารถปล่อยกู้ได้ 100 บาท ซึ่งควรตรงไปตรงมาง่ายๆ

เเต่ Fractional Reserve Banking สามารถปล่อยกู้เกินได้ เพราะคาดเดาว่าผู้คนไม่มีทางที่จะพร้อมใจกันมาถอนเงินสดพร้อมๆกัน ทำให้เกิดวงจรของเงินในระบบที่เพิ่มขึ้นได้ตามรูปด้านบน

Balance Sheet (งบดุล) อธิบายเเบบง่ายๆ งบดุล เป็นการเเสดงปริมาณ

ของที่มี เเละ ที่มาของสิ่งนั้น

สินทรัพย์=ส่วนผู้ถือหุ้น+หนี้สิน

โดยทั้งสองฝั่งต้องเท่ากันเสมอ ต่อไปเรามาทำความเข้าใจความหมายกัน

สินทรัพย์ คือ ทรัพยากรที่คาดว่าจะได้เงิน หรือ ประโยชน์ในอนาคต หนี้สิน คือ ภาระของบริษัท ต้องชำระโดย สินทรัพย์เท่านั้น

การฝากเเละการยืม การฝาก คือ ผู้รับฝากไม่มีสิทธิ์ที่จะใช้ของ การยืม คือ ผู้ยืมมีสิทธิ์ใช้ของตนกว่าผู้ให้ยืมจะมาทวงคืน

ตัวอย่าง เราไปฝากรถ ผู้ที่รับฝากไม่สามารถที่จะเอารถเราไปขับได้ เเต่ถ้าเราให้ยืมรถ คนยืมจะนำรถไปขับเเล้วมาคืนเรา เป็นต้น

ย้อนกลับมาที่ธนาคาร การลงงบดุลของธนาคาร เงินฝากจะไม่ใช่เป็น การฝากเงิน เเต่เป็น การยืมเงิน

สมมุติ Bob นำเงินมาฝากธนาคาร 100 บาท

ธนาคารจะลงในส่วนของ ทรัพย์สินธนาคาร เเละฝั่งที่เป็นเงินฝาก จะใส่ในส่วนของหนี้สิน เพราะต้องเป็นการยืมธนาคารจะสามารถมีสิทธิ์ในการใช้เงิน

ขอบคุณรูปภาพจาก ช่อง Rightshift https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Odl7VqwcELI&t=610s

จากรูปจะเห็นว่าการลงบัญชีงบดุลก็จะถูกต้องตามหลักทุกอย่าง ซึ่งธนาคารจะสามารถนำเงินที่ยืมเราไปประกอบธุรกรรมอย่างอื่นได้

เเต่ธนาคารไม่ได้เเค่รับฝากเงินเท่านั้น ธนาคารหารายได้จากการปล่อยสินเชื่อด้วย ถ้าเป็นการปล่อยกู้เเบบใช้เงินที่มีอยู่จริงคงไม่มีปัญหาเเต่ธนาคารใช้วิธี

เสกเงินจากอากาศ

สมมุติเพิ่มเติมจากตัวอย่างของ Bob ให้มี Alice มากู้ยืมเงินธนาคารเป็นจำนวนเงิน 300 บาท

ธนาคารจะทำสัญญากู้ยืมเงินเเละใส่ในงบดุลในส่วนของทรัพย์สิน เพราะนิยามของทรัพย์สิน คือ คาดว่าจะได้ประโยชน์ในอนาคต

เเละอีกฝั่งนึง ถ้า Alice ยังไม่เอาเงินสดจริงไป ธนาคารจะใส่เงิน 300 บาทลงใส่ส่วนของหนี้สินหรือเงินฝาก

ขอบคุณรูปภาพจาก ช่อง Rightshift https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Odl7VqwcELI&t=610s

สรุปจากตัวอย่าง ธนาคารมีเงินของ Bob เเค่ 100 บาท เเต่ในความเป็นจริงสามารถทำให้งบดุลมีเงิน ทั้งหมด 400 บาทได้

เเละเงินที่ Bob นำมาฝาก 100 บาทนั้นธนาคารก็จะถือไว้เผื่ออนาคตมีคนมาถอนเงินสดจริงๆ สามารถที่จะใช้เงินส่วนนี้ในการจ่ายเงินสดเเทนได้

ทั้งหมดคือวิธีการของ Fractional Reserve Banking

ธนาคารกลาง

ถ้าเป็นภาคใหญ่ขึ้นมาจาก ธนาคารพาณิชย์ เปลี่ยนเป็น ธนาคารกลาง เเละจาก Alice เปลี่ยนเป็น รัฐบาล ธนาคารกลางจะพิมพ์ธนบัตรได้มี 2 ส่วนคือ

1.National Reserve คือ ทองคำ เงินสกุลต่างๆ 2.พันธบัตรรัฐบาล

ภาพมันจะคล้ายกันเเต่เปลี่ยนเเค่ตัวละคร เมื่อรัฐบาลต้องการเสกเงินขึ้นมาเพื่อใช้จ่าย หรืออะไรก็เเล้วเเต่ จะไปขอกู้จากธนาคารกลางสัญญาเงินกู้นั้นเรียกว่า พันธบัตรรัฐบาล

ธนาคารกลางลงในบัญชีฝั่งของทรัพย์สิน ส่วนฝั่งของหนี้สิน ใส่เป็นส่วนของเงินฝากธนาคารกลางหรือ ธนบัตร นั้นเอง

ขอบคุณรูปภาพจาก ช่อง Rightshift https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Odl7VqwcELI&t=610s

ถ้าจะให้พูดสรุปได้เลย เงินคือหนี้

ถ้าจะพูดให้ลึกเเละเข้าใจ

หนี้คือ สิ่งที่เรายืมมาก่อนเเละต้องจ่ายคืน เเละในระบบนี้มีคนพิมพ์เงินขึ้นมาใช้ก่อนเเละผลักให้พวกเราใช้คืนนั้นเอง

หวังว่าจะให้ทุกคนเข้าใจว่าเงินสามารถที่จะเสกจากอากาศได้ เเละวิธีการ concept ในภาครวมเพื่อให้ทุกคนตระหนักว่า โลกของเราตอนนี้เต็มไปด้วยหนี้ เเละ เงินที่ออกมาทำให้เงินที่เราถืออยู่เสื่อมมูลค่าลง

@ 5d4b6c8d:8a1c1ee3

I'm putting some notes down, so I don't forget what happened in this game come podcast time.

This is most people's anticipated NBA Finals match up. The Thunder are still without Chet Holmgren and Alex Caruso, while the Celtics are fully intact.

The game was neck and neck for a while. It felt more like a Celtic (game: slower, low intensity) and the Celtics did build a little lead that they held for a while.

I was wondering why OKC wasn't playing with their normal defensive intensity and thinking they need to go back and watch how Miami was able to repeatedly dominate Boston in the playoffs. But then, OKC flipped the switch and were all over Boston: forcing turnovers, chase-down blocks, deflecting balls, etc.

Final score: 105-92 OKC

Takeaway: OKC is not the team Boston wants to play in the Finals

originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/839260

@ 5d4b6c8d:8a1c1ee3

It's officially the off-season for the Silver and Black. After several teams shot their draft position in the foot, the Raiders will be picking 6th.

That's high enough to try to trade up for one of the QB's, but I expect it won't be easy to pry those picks away from Tennessee or Cleveland, nor will it be easy to leap frog the Giants. So, let's see who we can get at 6th.

Mock Draft

6th Pick: DT Mason Graham 37th Pick: QB Jalen Milroe 68th Pick: WR Elic Ayomanor 73rd Pick: OT Grey Zabel 107th Pick: RB TreVeyon Henderson 142nd Pick: CB Mello Dotson 179th Pick: OG Jaeden Roberts 212th Pick: S Dante Trader Jr 216th Pick: QB Will Howard 222nd Pick: DE Kaimon Rucker

In lieu of a top QB, I'm going BPA with the first pick. The Raiders defensive line dramatically over-performed this season, considering the unbelievable injuries. Mason Graham will round out a line that also starts Maxx Crosby, Christian Wilkins, and Malcolm Koonce/Tyree Wilson. I hope we can keep the interim D-line coach, because he's done a great job and unearthed some promising rotation level talent.

For QB, I ended up going with the "heir and a spare" strategy. There's a lot of uncertainty around Milroe, so I took a flyer on the Ohio State QB in the 7th. The nice thing about having a competent high-end backup QB already is that drafting a day 1 starter isn't urgent. The Raiders can swing for the fences.

Otherwise, the focus was upgrading the offense and filling in depth on defense.

originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/839218

@ edeb837b:ac664163

What is Social Trading?

Social trading is a revolutionary approach to financial markets, leveraging the power of community and technology to democratize trading and investing. Unlike traditional trading, where individuals make isolated decisions based on personal research and analysis, social trading allows users to observe, interact, and replicate the trading activities of others. This communal approach not only opens up financial markets to novices but also creates a collaborative environment where traders of all levels can learn and grow together.

The Core Concept of Social Trading

At its core, social trading is about transparency and connectivity. It transforms the solitary act of trading into a collective endeavor, where information, strategies, and experiences are shared openly within a community. This is facilitated through platforms that provide real-time access to the trading activities of others, enabling users to follow successful traders, copy their trades, and gain insights into market trends.

Key Elements of Social Trading:

1. Trade Sharing: Traders share their trades with the community in real-time, providing insights into their strategies and market movements.
2. Copy Trading: Less experienced traders can automatically replicate the trades of successful investors, benefiting from their expertise without needing deep market knowledge.
3. Community Interaction: Platforms often include features like discussion forums, leaderboards, and social media integration to foster interaction and learning.

The Rise of NVSTly: The Best Platform for Social Trading

What Sets NVSTly Apart?

Among the plethora of social trading platforms, NVSTly stands out as a premier choice for several reasons. It combines a user-friendly interface with robust features, making it an ideal platform for both novice and experienced traders. Here’s why NVSTly is the best platform for social trading:

1. Completely Free: Unlike many other platforms that impose a paywall, NVSTly is completely free. Users can sign up and access all features without any cost, making it accessible to everyone.
2. Cross-Platform Availability: NVSTly is available on both web browsers and mobile devices (iOS and Android). This flexibility ensures that users can trade and interact with the community anytime, anywhere.
3. Unique Discord Integration: NVSTly is the only social trading platform fully integrated with Discord. Through a unique bot, users can perform almost all actions on NVSTly directly through Discord, enhancing community interaction and ease of use.

NVSTly’s Standout Features

NVSTly offers a comprehensive suite of features designed to enhance the social trading experience:

• Real-Time Trade Tracking and Sharing: Users can track, share, or copy trades in real-time. Each position comes with extensive insights and performance stats.
• Multi-Market Support: NVSTly supports trading in stocks, options, and over 25 cryptocurrency exchanges, with plans to include futures and forex markets soon.
• Trade Insight UI: Every trade has a dedicated UI showing all events (open, average, trim, exit) along with real-time asset data and a unique POV chart marking key trading points.
• Global Trades Feed: A real-time feed showing all trades submitted by users. It includes filters to show trades from specific traders, top trades, or specific tickers.
• Global Leaderboards: Rankings of top traders for each market or combined markets, allowing users to follow and learn from the best.
• Real-Time Notifications: Follow any trader and receive notifications of their trades in real-time.
• Brokerage Integration: Automated tracking and sharing of trades executed within the broker, with cryptocurrency exchange integration coming soon.
• Automated Signals and Sharing: Trades can be shared instantaneously to social media and Discord.
• Future Goals: NVSTly aims to implement 1-click copy trading, simplifying the process even further.
• Trader Dashboards: In-depth performance stats for each trader, including trade history, win rate, total gain, average gain/loss/return, highest winning trade, and more.

Why NVSTly is Ideal for Social Traders

NVSTly's blend of comprehensive features, accessibility, and unique integrations makes it the ultimate platform for social trading. Whether you’re a beginner looking to learn from seasoned traders or an experienced investor seeking to share your insights and grow your following, NVSTly provides the tools and community to achieve your goals.

The platform’s commitment to being free and its integration with popular communication tools like Discord highlight its user-centric approach. By fostering a supportive and interactive environment, NVSTly not only enhances trading success but also builds a vibrant community of traders who can thrive together.

In conclusion, NVSTly redefines social trading by combining cutting-edge technology with a robust community framework. Its extensive features and unique integrations position it as the leading platform for anyone looking to engage in social trading. Sign up today and experience the future of trading with NVSTly.

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NVSTly is available for free on web, mobile devices (iOS & Google Play), and is fully integrated with Discord via a unique bot- the only of it's kind and available to any server or trading community on Discord. Or feel free to join a community of over 45,000 investors & traders on our Discod server.

@ 07f367da:0e76880d

• https://cms.newspoole.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=10299
• 전장연과 서울시 구도에서 은폐되는 것
• 입력 2023.02.16 16:35

전장연과 보수정치인들

얼마 전 2월 2일, 오세훈 서울시장과 박경석 전국장애인차별철폐연대(이하 전장연) 대표의 면담이 있었다. 해당 면담에 관해 필자의 SNS에서는 이에 대한 평들이 있었다. SNS 타임라인을 구성한 필자의 편향성 덕분에, 전장연을 옹호하고 서울시를 비판하는 내용 일변도였다. 이 논란 중에 장애인활동지원예산 관련한 글들이 눈에 보였다. 이준석 전 대표가 썰전에서 한 발언, 김상한 복지정책실장의 발언에 대한 반박이 반복되면서, 나는 이미 시장화된 사회서비스 분야에 대한 문제인식이 은폐되고 노동자를 억압하는 논리가 다시 확산되고 있다고 느꼈다.

이준석 전 대표와 김상한 복지실장의 말을 보자.

이준석: 탈시설 예산을 늘리면 그 돈이 어디로 갑니까? ... 탈시설 추진하는 시민단체나 아니면 사회단체로 가는 것 아닙니까? 집행기관이 거기잖아요. ... 장애인들에게 전달되기까지 그 과정 중에서 사업을 수행하는 기관들이 그 돈을 가져가잖아요.

2022년 5월 12일 JTBC썰전 라이브

과연 그게 24시간 활동보조를 붙여서 자립생활하는 것이 정말 장애인을 위한 것이냐 아니면 활동보조인력을 위한 것이냐. 아니면 활동보조서비스를 제공하는 그 단체를 위한 것인지에 대해서 여러 의구심들을 제시하는 의견들이 또 있습니다. 심지어는 활동보조서비스를 제공하는 기관에서 25% 수수료를 가져가는 그것 때문에 혹시 그 재정여건을 개선시키기 위해서 탈시설을 강조하는 거 아니냐 의구심이 있거든요.

서울시 김상한 복지정책실장 발언. 출처: 비마이너, [전문] 전장연-오세훈 단독 공개 대담 녹취록, < https://www.beminor.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=24563 >, 2023.02.02.

이 두 발언을 이어서 풀어보자면 "활동보조서비스를 제공하는 기관에서 25% 수수료를 가져가는 그것 때문에 혹시 그 재정여건을 개선시키기 위해서 탈시설을 강조하는 거 아니냐 의구심이 있"고, 그 돈이 "탈시설 추진하는 시민단체나 사회단체로 가는 것"아니냐는 의심이다. 이를 반론하기 위해 장애인언론 비마이너와 넓게 진보적 장애인 인권운동의 자장에 있는 사람들은 ▲장애인활동지원사업은 수익사업이 아니고 남는게 없으며 ▲시민사회단체. 즉, 전장연으로 돈이 흘러갈 리가 없다고 주장하고 있었다.[^1]

필자는 전장연이 주장하는 탈시설 이념에 동의한다. 노인장기요양분야에서도 지역사회계속거주 이념(Aging in place)이 실현되기를 바란다. 또 김상한 실장과 이준석 전 대표가 과장하듯이 탈시설 예산 전부가 전장연으로 흘러들어간다고 생각하지는 않는다. 그리고 전장연이 단순히 수수료 몇 퍼센트를 먹기 위해 투쟁을 하고 있다고 생각하지도 않는다. 하지만 그에 반론하여 말하듯 활동지원사업이 수익사업이 아니며, 전장연으로 돈이 전혀 흘러가지 않는다고 생각하지도 않는다.

장애인자립생활센터의 유일한 수익사업 활동지원사업

필자는 장애인자립생활센터에서 근무하고 있다. 이 센터는 활동지원사업을 기초지자체로부터 수탁받아 사업을 진행하고 있다. 전장연에 소속된 여러 단체들의 회원센터이기도 하다. 나는 한때 활동지원사업 운영위원(활동지원사분)이기도 했고, 노사협의회 노동자위원이기도 하다. 그리고 공교롭게 박 대표는 해당 센터의 운영위원이다.[^2]

필자는 센터와 현재 분쟁중에 있다. 당사자로서 체불임금과 관련한 노동청 진정을 제기하였으며 해당 사건은 검사의 기소의견이 법원에 전달되어 있다. 필자가 센터와 싸움을 결심하게 된 이유는 활동지원사를 소외시키고 도구화하는 센터의 행태에 배신감을 느꼈기 때문이다. 센터는 활동지원사들(시간급제 노동자들)의 수당을 삭제하는 취업규칙 개정을 강행하면서 노동자들에게 '개정된 근로기준법이 반영된 것'이라는 거짓말을 하고 서명을 받았다. 운동단체답게 평소에는 장애인과 노동자가 연대해서 투쟁해야 한다는 말을 하며 노동자들의 열악한 노동조건에 대한 책임을 정부로 돌렸지만, 노동조합이 투쟁해온 경과는 무시한 채, 정보약자인 노동자들을 기망하며 노동조건을 후퇴시키고 사업주로서의 법적 권한만을 강조했다.

그렇게 취업규칙을 개정하고 얼마 후에 층이 4개인 건물로 이사를 할 계획을 세웠다. 본인이 입사할 때는 2개의 사무실을 사용하는 작은 센터였다. 노사협의회에서 필자는 공간유지비용이 어떻게 마련되는지를 물었다. 센터는 이에 대해 설명하지 않았다. 본인은 공간유지비용이 센터가 수행하는 여러 사업에 의해 합리적으로 배분되어야 하는 것 아니냐고 주장했다. 활동지원사업과 무관한 사업의 공간이용비용으로 활동지원사업 수익금을 사용하는 것이 정당화될 수는 없다고 생각했기 때문이다.[^3] 이에 센터장은 타 사업에서는 공간운영비용이 나오지 않으며, 그 비용을 사업별로 분담하라는 주장은 사실상 사업을 하지 말라는 말과 같다고 항변했다. 센터의 유일한 수익사업은 활동지원사업이라고 주장했다.

공간뿐만이 아니었다. 활동지원사업 수익금으로 전장연 관련 단체 회비가 지출되었다. 제세공과금 명목이었다. 서울장애인차별철폐연대, 한국장애인자립생활센터협의회, 서울장애인자립생활센터협의회, 전국장애인야학협의회, 장애해방 열사 단, 박종필추모사업회, 피플퍼스트. 그 수가 많았다. 이 각종 단체들에 대해 활동지원사업과의 관련성을 얼마나 인정해야 할지는 각자의 판단이 있을터이다. 사업을 수탁한 기초지자체에 민원을 제기하였고, 일부는 사업과의 관련성이 인정되지 않아, 이제 앞으로 그렇게 하지 말라는 '시정지시'가 뒤늦게 있었다.

센터가 수탁하고있는 다른 사업분야는 필자도 잘 모른다. 센터가 상세히 설명하지도 않거니와, 센터장이 말하는 대로 믿을뿐이다. 하지만 보조금이라서 전혀 쓸 수 없다는 말을 쉽게 할 수 있을 정도로 활동지원사업이 단순하지는 않다. 센터 운영에 있어 의사결정 권한이 있는 운영위원들은 대부분 전장연 관련인사로 채워져 있다. 특별히 이 센터만을 탓하기 위해 하는 말이 아니라, 수년간 여러 종류의 사업체를 보아도 서로서로가 운영위원이 되어주며 적당히 친한 사람들로 자리를 매우는게 이 업계 풍토라면 풍토다. 관리감독의 책임이 있는 기초자치단체 공무원의 행정능력도 그렇게 꼼꼼하지 않다. 복지부 지침은 양이 많을 뿐만 아니라 공무원의 순환보직으로 매번 숙지되지 않는다. 대부분의 사람들은 센터 내부사정을 잘 알기도 힘들고, 민원을 제기해도 시정이 어렵다.

아무리 전장연 깍아내리기에 대한 반론이라고 하지만 민간위탁으로 점철된 한국의 사회복지사업이 투명하다고 강조하는 것은 거짓말 아닌가. 사회복지분야 회계투명성을 위해 투쟁하고 있는 사람들의 노고를 무시하는 발언이다. 그 말을 하는 사람들은 장애인수용시설사업을 하는 사회복지법인들의 재정이 투명하다고 믿고 있을까.

활동지원사업 수익금의 '일부'는 전장연으로 흘러가는 것이 맞다. 전부 흘러가는것도 아니고 전혀 흘러가지 않는것도 아니고 '일부'는 흘러간다. 그리고 개별행위자들은 그 부스러기 같은 '일부' 때문에 취업규칙을 고치고 노동자들을 기망한다. 한자협 소속 장애인자립생활센터 중, 활동지원사업을 하는 비율은 몇프로나 되는가? 오히려 사업을 수탁하지 않은 자립생활센터를 찾기가 힘들다. 사업을 하지 않는 자립생활센터들도 활동지원사업 수탁을 받고자 안달이다. 이는 활동지원사업을 통해 공간을 마련-유지하고, 자금을 운용할 틈을 만들기 위해서이지 않은가.

최소한의 운영을 위해서건, 공간확보를 위함이건, 회원단체 회비 납부를 위해서건 정부에 의해 수입이 정해진 사업구조에서 활동지원기관이 자금을 확보하기 위한 전략은 노동자들의 노동조건 후퇴이다. 이 과정에서 희생되는 것은 노동자들이다. 그리고 노동자들이 가장 많이 듣는 이야기는 전장연을 위한 반론에서 강조되는 대로 활동지원사업이 '수익사업이 아니다', '남는게 없다'는 식의 주장들이다. 우리노조는 활동지원사업을 수행하는 각종 종교재단, 복지관 등에서 활동지원사 노동권 확보를 위한 투쟁을 이어왔다. 그들이 하는 말도 똑같았다. 노동자들에게 임금채권포기각서를 요구한 사업장 대표가 하는 말도 '정부지원이 부족하다', '남는게 없다', '어쩔 수 없다'였다.[^4] 그리고 정작 사건화되어 검찰이 회계를 요구해 검토하자 그렇게 사정이 나쁘지도 않았다. 전장연을 옹호하는 사람들의 말도 노동자의 노동조건을 후퇴시키고 억압하는 논리를 반복하고 있다.

정부와 서울시의 무책임

탈시설 예산 일부가 전장연으로 흘러들어가는 매커니즘의 바탕에는 결국 시장화된 사회서비스가 있다. 정부의 재정을 투입하면서도 민간위탁 시키면 이윤의 논리가 반영될 수밖에 없다. 결국 이런 구조를 설정하고 있는 것은 정부이고 지자체이다. 다른 활동지원기관들의 재정이용은 투명한가? 활동지원기관 일반의 재정이 어디로 도는지 알 수는 있는가?

활동지원사 입장에서는 활동지원기관을 성장시킨 비용이 어디에서 나오는지 궁금하다. 활동지원기관이 정말로 근로기준법을 지킬 수 없을 정도로 상황이 어려운지 알고 싶다. 하지만 회계자료 요구는 번번히 거절당하고, 운영사정은 설명들을 수 없다. 중앙정부는 활동지원기관의 회계를 확보하지도 못할 뿐만 아니라, 관리감독 권한이 있는 기초지자체는 회계를 입수했다 하더라도 "영업비밀"이라며 공개를 거부한다. 만약 오세훈 서울시장이 시민사회단체로 흘러들어가는 일부분 만이라도 진정으로 문제라 여긴다면 활동지원기관의 회계를 투명하게 유지하고 정부가 관리감독을 잘하면 된다. 오해하지말라. 전장연의 회계가 아니라 정부 수탁사업자로서 활동지원기관의 회계 말이다.

또 다른 방안으로는 민간위탁사업자를 없애고 공공 운영 하여 정부가 직접 서비스를 제공하는 방안이다. 서비스 제공 과정에서 발생하는 손해건 수익이건 정부에게 돌아가도록 하면 된다. 노동자들과 시민사회단체는 시장화된 사회서비스에 문제인식을 느끼고 사회서비스 공적 전달체계로의 개편을 바라며 오랜세월 투쟁해왔다. 그러한 목소리들의 성과가 사회서비스원이다. 서울시사회서비스원 설립 당시 자립생활센터는 "민간기관의 피해"를 걱정하기도 했다.[^5] 서울시사회서비스원이 잘되면, 자신들의 입지가 줄어든다고 판단한 것이다.

사회서비스원의 성과는 우리사회가 코로나19를 겪으며 더욱 두드러지게 드러났다. 민간위탁기관과 대비되게 인력수급이 비교적 안정적인 서울시사회서비스원은 긴급한 상황 긴급하게 인력을 투입할 수 있었다. 직접서비스를 제공하는 돌봄노동자들은 소중한 노동으로 격상되었다. "일상의 영웅"으로 칭송받으며 "필수노동자"라고 칭해지기도 했다. 하지만 윤석열 정부 들어 사회서비스원 전체를 통폐합 하는 기조이고, 서울시로 국한해 보아도 서울시사회서비스원은 축소되고 있다.[^6] 장애인활동지원사업을 제공하던 노원종합재가센터가 폐지되고 성동종합재가센터만 남아 있다. 사회서비스원의 활동지원인력도 줄었다. 놀라운 것은 장애인자립생활센터가 걱정하던 사안을 사회서비스원 대표가 규탄하고 있다는 사실이다.[^7] 오세훈 시장의 보좌관 출신으로 알려진 황정일 대표이사는 오세훈 서울시장이 새로이 임명한 사람이다.

서울시사회서비스원의 축소는 공공운영의 축소이고 민간위탁기관이 활동할 시장의 범위를 더 넓어지게 만드는 처사이다. 서울시가 접던 판도 다시 깔아주면서 노름하지 말라하는 모양새다. 오세훈의 서울시는 여러모로 보아도 전장연을 깍아내릴 자격조차 없다.

사회서비스 공공성 확보하라

활동지원사들은 정부가 예산을 낮게 책정하고, 센터는 정부를 핑계대는 핑퐁게임에 참으로 오랜세월동안 노출되어 왔다. 그 결과는 상시적 고용불안에 노출되어 있으면서도 언제나 최저임금과 근로기준법상 법정수당을 지급받지 못하는 현실이다.

나는 보수정치인들의 전장연 깍아내리기와 그를 방어하는 논쟁의 구도에서 또다시 이 핑퐁게임을 본다. 각자가 그렇게 주장하는 전체적 의도가 왜 없겠는가. 그렇다고 단편적 주장을 무시하면 그것은 그것대로 남아 누군가를 괴롭힐 것이다. 나는 사회서비스 공공성 확보가 중요하다고 주장할 수 밖에 없다. 이 방안만이 노동자와 인력공급에 불안을 느끼는 장애인을 위하는 방안이라고 생각한다. 사회서비스 전달체계 구조에 대한 고민이 절실하다.

[^1]: 비마이너, [탈시설 팩트체크] 탈시설 예산 늘리면 그 돈은 어디로 갈까?, < https://www.beminor.com/news/curationView.html?idxno=23397 >, 2022.05.23. [^2]: 2022년 초 해당 센터 총회자료 기준 [^3]: 보건복지부에서 매년 발간하는 「장애인활동지원사업안내」에서는 수익금을 활동지원인력 인건비로 최우선적으로 사용하도록 하고 있다. [^4]: 해당 사건은 대법원까지 간 끝에 사업주의 유죄가 확정됐다. 최초 문제제기 이후 4년이 걸렸다. 관련기사. 에이블뉴스, “활동지원사 임금포기 확인서 서명 강요 유죄”, < http://www.ablenews.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=87514 >, 2020.03.16. / 매일노동뉴스, “임금포기각서 요구, 거부한 조합원은 초단시간 노동자로”, < http://www.labortoday.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=203984&fbclid=IwAR3KQ-KWnFsSaIq7D9zkrJXG9foGgtECVNJ0ulxgPTXRIEv_DF4AO1la-oU >, 2021.07.21. [^5]: "사실 사회복지가 공공의 영역에서 국가가 책임지고 가야 하는 방향성은 맞으나, 재가노인요양기관 뿐 아니라 장애인활동지원기관도 운영의 큰 부분을 바우처 사업으로 가져가고 있는 상황에서 자칫 잘못하면, 민과 관의 경쟁구도로, 민간 기관들이 피해를 볼수도 있는 상황이기 때문이다."_장애인자립생활센터 활동지원사업 운영위원회 사업평가 발췌, 2019. [^6]: 2023년 서울시의 사회서비스원 관련 예산은 69억으로 142억원이 삭감되었다. 서울시사회서비스원 유지 자체가 불투명하다. 서울사회서비스원의 노동자 탄압에 대해서는 김호세아, 참여와혁신, "[기고] 서울시사회서비스원 돌봄노동자들 월급도둑 취급은 부당하다", < https://www.laborplus.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=30697 > , 2022.12.22. [^7]: 뉴스인오늘, [인터뷰] 서울시사회서비스원 황정일대표, 여러분은 서울시사회서비스원에 대해 얼마나 알고 계십니까?, < http://www.focus24.co.kr/47715 >, 2023.01.16.

@ 07f367da:0e76880d

• https://cms.newspoole.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=10273
• 장애인활동지원사 월급 천만원
• 입력 2023.01.17 17:20

“장애인활동지원사가 돈을 많이 번다”는 발화의 이면

종종 활동지원사들이 돈을 많이 번다는 이야기를 듣는 일이 있다. 바로 얼마 전 보건복지부 공무원 면담을 하는데 노조 앞에서 담당 행정사무관이 이렇게 말했다. 장애인에게 24시간 서비스하면서 월 800만 원 소득을 얻는 분들은 다른 건 필요 없고 그냥 계속 그런 식으로 근무하길 원한다고 말이다. 그는 이렇게 말하며 노동조합의 제도 개선 요구를 일축하고 있었다.

이런 종류의 발언은 현장에서도 많이 나온다. 연초다 보니 연말정산을 안내하는 전담인력은 활동지원사에게 이렇게 안내했다 한다. “월 천만 원씩 버시는 분들이 센터 여러 개 하시잖아요. 그러니까….” 설명의 요지는 간단하다. 직장이 여러 곳인 노동자는 원천징수 영수증을 사업장별로 각각 발급받아 제출해야 한다는 내용이다. 그런데 이런 설명을 할 때도 “월 천만 원”이라는 금액이 그 앞에 붙는다.

우리 사회 일반의 노동 인식에는 기대가 없지만, 진보적 장애인 인권운동을 표방하는 이들조차 이런 발언을 쉽게 한다. 노동자들을 지원하면서 경악했던 사건 중 하나는 한 장애인 활동가가 우리 조합원이 일하는 장소에서 활동지원사의 노동을 폄훼해서 벌어진 갈등이었다. 그 활동가는 자신의 발언을 변호하기 위해 “밥 먹고 잠자면서도 돈 버는 거 아니냐”, “천만 원까지 벌 수 있다”, “장애인들이 얼마나 좋은 일자리를 만들어 준 거냐” 같은 이야기가 ‘장판(장애인 인권 운동판)’에서 농담처럼 나오는 이야기라고 주장하는 서신을 제출했다.

활동지원사의 수입이 월 천만 원이라는 말은 어떤 맥락 속에 있는 말이다. 연봉으로 치면 1억 2천. 이것은 그저 누군가가 선망하는 직종의 월수입에 대한 사실을 표현하는 말이 아니다. 그 말의 이면에는 장애인활동지원사 같이 별것도 하지 않는 일에서, 밥 먹고 잠을 자면서도 월 천만 원의 수입이 가능하니, 행정사무관의 태도처럼 정부에 감사하고 군소리를 말던가, 장애인 인권운동가의 태도처럼 그 제도 혹은 좋은 일자리를 만들어낸 진보적 장애인 인권운동에 감사하며 군소리를 말아야 한다는 뜻이 내포되어 있다. 발화자들이 의식하건 의식하지 못하건 이는 우리 사회 일반에 만연한 젠더화된 노동 혹은 돌봄노동에 대한 저평가와 멸시를 반영한 발화이다.

장시간노동이 가능한 조건을 만든 이유가 뭔지 물어야

활동지원사 일반이 월평균 천만 원을 버는 직종은 당연히 아니다. 활동지원사의 월 근무시간은 편차가 크다. 일하는 시간만큼 급여가 발생하는 시간급제 노동자이고, 일할 수 있는 시간도 매칭되는 장애인에 따라 차이가 크다. 급여의 수준보다도 근무시간의 불안정성이 활동지원사에게는 더욱 큰 문제로 다가온다.

2020년 공공운수노조 의료연대본부에서 발간한 “장애인활동지원사 노동·인권 실태 결과”에 의하면 설문에 응한 전업 활동지원사 월 근무시간의 최저값은 10시간이고 최대 597시간으로 편차가 심하다. 조사 당시의 전업 활동지원사 월평균 근무시간은 158.31시간이다. 2022년 수가 기준으로 평균 임금을 계산해보면 175만 원에 해당한다.

편차가 큰 근무시간 분포를 생각하면, 하루 24시간을 한 달 내도록 일하면 월 천만 원의 수입도 가능하긴 하다. 이렇게 근무하는 활동지원사들은 하루 24시간의 근무가 가능하도록 하기 위해 3개의 활동지원기관에 등록하여 근무해야 한다. 8시간의 근무는 A기관에서 근무한 것으로 기록하고, 다음 8시간은 B기관에서, 그 다음의 8시간은 C기관에서 근무한 것으로 기록하는 식이다.

이런 식의 노동형태가 개인의 차원에서도 제도적 차원에서도 추구할만할 노동형태는 아니다. 실제로 장시간 노동을 하는 조합원들은 결국 몸이 아파서 그런 노동을 유지할 수 없는 경우가 많다. 그렇다면 이런 노동형태에 대한 비난을 개별 노동자가 떠맡아야 할 문제일까? 나는 이런 식의 노동형태가 가능한 이유가 무엇인지는 따져 물어야 한다고 생각한다. 애초부터 이런 노동이 가능한 조건을 만들어둔 이유는 무엇인지 물어야 한다고 생각한다.

정부와 기관의 공모, 노동자 권리의 소멸

활동지원사가 센터를 여러 개 등록하는 데에는 정부와 활동지원기관의 암묵적 공모가 있다. 제도 법제화 이전에 활동지원사는 1개의 사업장에만 속할 수 있었다. 활동지원사가 수행한 근무는 모두 한 명의 ‘사장님’ 밑에서 이루어진다. 근로기준법은 사업장을 기준으로 적용되고, 법률상 법정근무시간 8시간을 넘어가는 근무시간은 연장근무수당을 지급해야만 한다. 하지만 활동지원제도가 법제화되면서 활동지원사 또한 여러 기관에 등록할 수 있도록 정부가 규제를 풀었다. 정부의 핑계는 장애인이용자들의 선택권을 보장하기 위해서라고 말했지만, 사실 이런 식의 선택권 보장은 장애인이용자들이 기관을 선택하는 것만으로도 충분히 실현이 가능했다. 이러한 변화의 실체는 노동자의 권리를 찢어 없앨 수 있도록 길을 열어둔 것이다.

활동지원기관들은 소속 활동지원사들의 근무시간을 여러 기관으로 찢어 나누기 시작했다. 활동지원사는 같은 장애인 이용자에게 같은 서비스를 제공하면서도, 여러 곳(활동지원기관)의 소속이 되어야만 했다. 결국, 근무시간은 사업장의 개수만큼 나누어져 계산되었고, 노동자가 더 받아야만 할 법정수당도 사라지게 되었다. 그리고 기관들은 이러한 노동시간 찢기를 자신들과 친한 중개기관들끼리 서로 나누며 진행하였고, 그들은 이러한 연계를 통해 월 서비스 총 시간(곧 수익)은 유지할 수 있었다. 이러한 조치들은 현재에도 활동지원기관들 사이에서 이루어지고 있는 것이 현실이다.

다른 센터가 다른 노동자를 파견하면 활동지원사의 장시간노동도 가능하지 않다. 하지만 문제는 인력을 구하기도 힘들뿐더러 장애인이 원하는 수준의 서비스를 받기가 힘들다는 문제가 있다. 장애인의 입장에서는 자신에게 익숙한 1명의 활동지원사가 계속 서비스해 주기를 바라는 경우들이 있다. 행정사무관도 이런 경우들을 언급했다. 하지만 나는 1명의 활동지원사만을 고집하는 장애인이용자들의 욕구가 인정되어야 한다고 생각하지는 않는다. 그 단 1명의 활동지원사가 아프거나 사고로 인해 근무할 수 없게 된다면, 그 활동지원사에게 의존되어 있던 장애인의 삶은 순식간에 무너질 수도 있기 때문이다. 자립은 의존으로부터의 탈피가 아니라 의존의 선택이자 분산이라고 탈시설 자립생활운동 활동가들은 말한다. 1명의 익숙한 활동지원사가 아니라, 자신이 편안히 서비스 받을 수 있는 여러 명의 활동지원사가 확보되는 것이 장애인 삶의 안정성 측면에서도, 활동지원사의 건강권 측면에서도 올바르다. 다른 활동지원사가 와서 비슷한 수준의 서비스를 제공한다면 장애인이용자는 그 단 1명의 활동지원사를 고집할 이유가 없다.

장애인이 1명의 활동지원사가 계속 서비스를 제공해 주길 바라는 이면에는 장애인 이용자가 바라는 최소 수준의 서비스 정도를 보장할 수 없는 활동지원서비스의 불안정성, 교육시스템의 부재가 바탕하고 있다. 그리고 그 외에도, 24시간 서비스를 제공하는 활동지원사들의 경우 다른 활동지원사들은 엄두 낼 수 없는 압도적인 서비스를 제공하는 경우가 많은데, 특장차를 구매하여 장애인에게 차량서비스를 제공하거나(운수사업법 위반), 석션(의료법 위반) 등 의료서비스를 제공하는 경우가 이에 해당한다. 장애인이 이런 서비스를 제공할 수 있는 활동지원사를 구하는 것은 당연히 어렵고, 대체불가능한 지위에 있는 활동지원사는 장시간노동이 불가피해진다. 이런 경우들도 이동권이 보장되지 않는 현실과 일상적 의료서비스가 제공되지 않는 현실이 바탕하는 것이다.

종합해 보자면 인력을 구할 수 없는 장애인의 필요와 법정수당 지급을 회피하고자 하는 활동지원기관의 이해, 생활에 필요한 임금을 충당하고자 장시간노동을 선택하는 노동자의 결정, 거기에 인력수급 안정성 확보와 교육시스템 구축이라는 과제를 회피하고자 하는 정부의 의지 속에서 월 천만 원 수익의 활동지원사가 가능하게 된다. 이 천만 원의 수익도 사실은 노동자로서는 삭제된 권리의 결과물이다. 장시간노동을 하고 돈을 많이 벌고자 하는 노동자의 선택은 이 전체 과정에서 얼마만큼의 주도권을 가지고 있을까.

이러한 조건들을 무시한 채 돈을 많이 버니까 입을 다물고 있으라는 식의 발화를 받아들일 수는 없다. 무엇보다 정부와 행정관료가 이런 식의 말을 해서는 안 된다. 정말 그것이 문제라면 여타의 정부 일자리 사업처럼 노동자는 1개의 일자리 사업에만 참여할 수 있도록 제한하면 된다. 하지만 왜 그렇게 하지 않을까? 어떤 난리가 날지 눈에 뻔하기 때문이다.

노동혐오 장애혐오

하는 일 없이 돈을 번다는 인식의 매개에는 심야 서비스에 대한 인식이 끼어있다. 사람이 잠을 자지 않고 일을 할 수는 없으며, 장애인이 잠자는 동안에 일하지 않으면서도 돈을 번다는 인식이다.

이런 인식은 정부나 사회보장정보원 부정수급 방지 교육자료를 보아도 알 수 있다. 사회보장정보원 교육자료에는 사회서비스 사업별 주요 이상 결제 유형으로 모든 서비스에서 심야결제를 꼽고 있다. 밤에 서비스한다고 보고하는 노동자는 부정수급 의혹을 받고 이와 함께 밤에 서비스 받는 장애인은 상시로 부정수급 의혹을 받으며 정부의 감시 대상이 된다. 복지 수급권이 권리가 아니라 낙인이 되는 데에는 이런 논리들이 작동한다.

달리 말하면 ‘장애인이 잠을 자는데 일을 할 리가 없잖아’는 ‘잠자는 시간에 서비스 받을 리가 없잖아’와 한 쌍의 인식이다. 이를 보면서 서비스 대상자에 대한 인식과 노동자에 대한 인식의 연결고리를 본다. “유전병자 한 명이 60살까지 살기 위해 평균 5만 마르크의 비용이 듭니다.”라는 나치의 발화와 장애인 권리 예산을 깎아내리는 정부의 인식이 다르지 않다고 장애인 인권운동은 말한다. “장애인활동지원사가 1년 버는 돈이 1억 2천입니다”라는 발화는 장애인에게 투여되는 국가 예산이 그를 웃돈다는 것을 함의하기도 한다.

활동지원사노동자와 장애인당사자가 이런 논리에 동조해야 할까? 일반적-통계적 사실에 부합하지도 않을뿐더러, 우리 사회가 나아가야 할 방향에도 적절한 인식은 아니다. 예산 논리에 매몰된 정부 관료가 이런 발언을 하면 차라리 규탄을 할 수 있지만, 우리가 이런 이야기를 농담으로 한다는 사실은 견디기 힘들다. 이런 이야기 농담으로라도 하지 말라.

@ 07f367da:0e76880d

• https://www.newspoole.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=10154
• 입력 2022.10.14 17:02
• 제목: 활동지원사 수급 문제, 왜 활동지원사에게는 묻지 않을까?

활동지원사 수급 문제, 왜 활동지원사에게는 묻지 않을까?

장애인활동지원제도의 문제점으로 반복적으로 지적되는 것 중의 하나가, 활동지원인력의 수급 불안정이다. 장애인 부모와 장애인이용자들은 활동지원사를 구할 수 없어 괴롭다고 말한다. 이 정도 주장에 그치면 고충을 느끼는 당사자로서 느끼는 바를 말하고 정부에 해결을 촉구하는 활동으로 이해할 수 있다. 그런데 여기서 더 나아가 다른 제도적 주장을 하기도 한다. 장애인 가족에게도 활동지원서비스를 제공할 수 있도록 허용해달라는 내용이거나, 용처를 제한한 바우처 대신에 현금으로 달라는 개인예산제와 관련된 주장이 이어진다.

가족 활동지원 허용을 주장하는 사람이나, 개인예산제를 도입하라고 주장하는 사람이나, 결론적으로 이를 주장하는 사람에게 ‘현금’을 달라는 주장으로 내용을 정리할 수 있다. 매칭이 되지 않는 장애인을 둔 가족은, 내가 장애인을 돌보니 활동지원사와 동일하게 임금을 받도록 해달라거나 자신만이 장애인 자녀를 돌볼 수 있으니 나에게 임금을 달라고 주장한다. 매칭이 안 되는 장애인 당사자는 바우처를 현금화하여 자신에게 주면 필요한 곳에 더 지혜롭게 쓸 수 있을 것이라 주장한다.

이러한 주제에 있어서는 그 주장이 오래된 만큼이나 비판도 오래되었다. 그래서 여기서 중언부언 말할 필요는 없어 보인다. 다만 그러한 논의와 별개로 해당 장애인이 활동지원사를 구하지 못하는 문제를 왜 장애인에게서 답을 구하는지는 항상 의문스럽다. 최근 MZ[^1]가 퇴사를 해서 기업들이 속이 탄다는 이야기들이 있었는데, 이런 문제의 해법을 사장님께 여쭈면 나오는 답은 뻔하다. 그러니까 나에게 ‘가족 활동지원 허용’과 ‘개인예산제’같은 해법은 사장님들이 말하는 ‘요즘 젊은것들의 근성을 키우기 위한 획기적인 방안’과 꼭 같은 느낌이다. MZ가 퇴사하는 이유는 MZ에게 물어봐야 한다. 활동지원사를 못 구하는 이유는? 활동지원사들이 왜 안가는지를 물어야 한다.

현장에서 활동지원사를 하고 노동조합 활동을 하면서, 매칭이 되지 않는다고 소문난 장애인 이용자들을 몇 알고 있다. 실제로 긴급하게 투입이 되어 본 적도 있고, 아는 사람이 문제의 장애인이용자에게 서비스를 제공하면서 고통스러움을 토로한 적도 있다. 좀 죄송한 말씀이지만, 사람들이 안가는 데에는 안 갈만한 이유가 있다. 장애인 개인의 행동이 문제인 경우도 있고, 그의 물적 인적 환경이 문제인 경우도 있고, 안타깝게도 제도의 한계 때문인 경우도 있다. 어쨌거나 해법은 활동지원사 입장에서 기피되는 원인에 대한 제거가 있어야 매칭이 원활히 이루어진다.

일부 관계자들은 활동지원사들이 중증장애인을 기피한다는 주장을 하기도 한다. 하지만 내 입장에서 또는 주변의 활동지원사를 보아도, 바우처 시간이 넉넉한 장애인이용자를 활동지원사들이 선호한다. 시간을 많이 받는다는 것은 국가가 시행하는 종합조사 검사표에서 높은 점수를 획득했다는 뜻이고 달리 말하면 시간이 많은 장애인이용자는 국가가 공인한 중증장애인이라는 의미이기도 하다. 누구는 중증장애인을 기피한다고 말하고, 누구는 중증장애인일수록 좋다고 말하는 현상이 벌어진다.

나는 이러한 괴리가 장애를 보는 관점의 충돌로 읽힌다. 장애인인권운동은 오랜 시간 장애의 의료적 모델에 저항해왔다. 그리고 여전히 국가가 설계한 종합조사 검사표 질문에는 능력과 기능을 집중적으로 묻는 질문들이 즐비하다. 활동지원사들이 중증장애인을 기피한다고 주장하는 사람들의 장애관은 의료적 모델인 경우도 있고 사회적 모델인 경우도 있다. 그리고 노동자 입장에서는 장애에 대한 급부적 모델이라고 할만한 시각이 존재한다. 이 시각에서는 국가가 정한 15개의 장애유형 따위는 상관없고, 장애가 사회적으로 어떤 차별을 받는지도 무관심하며, 그저 노동자 자신이 어떤 급부를 얼마나 많이 제공해야 하는지가 중요하다.

노동자 입장에서 최고의 직장은 일은 쉬우면서 임금을 많이 주고 사회적 인정도 받는 직장이다. 활동지원사들은 중증장애인을 기피하는 것이 아니라, 돈이 너무 안되거나 돈에 비해서 힘든 장애인이용자를 기피한다. 기피되는 중증장애인이란 국가가 충분히 인정한 중증장애인은 아니며, 한편으로는 노동자 입장에서는 너무나도 서비스하기 힘든 어떤 업무가 있는 장애인이용자이다. 그리고 그 극단적 대척점에는 국가는 너무나도 인정해서 많은 시간은 부여되었지만, 노동자 입장에서는 별일을 시키지 않는 소위 좋은 이용자들이 있다.

나는 각 관점들의 의견에 대한 종합적이고 총체적인 반영이 있어야 한다고 생각하는 편이다. 장애인이용자 개개인의 욕구를 반영하고, 사회적 의미에서 그러한 욕구가 권리로 인정되어야 할지 판단 후 보장하며, 그 권리를 보장하기 위해서는 얼마만큼의 노동이 필요한지에 대한 고려가 되어야 한다. 의료적 모델은 장애인들을 줄 세워 선별하여 예산을 아끼기 쉽기에 정부에 의해 선호될 뿐이고, 사회적 모델은 장애인의 욕구를 충분히 반영할 수 있다 판단되어 장애인권운동에서 선호될 뿐이다. 하지만 장애인의 욕구가 충분히 반영되고 과도한 예산이 투입된다고 할지라도 누군가는 선호되고 누군가는 기피되는 현상을 피할 수는 없다. 결국은 노동자가 어떻게 움직이는지에 대한 고려가 있어야만 한다. 노동강도를 평등화 할 수 있는 정책적 지원, 여러 시도들이 고민되어야만 한다.

[^1]: MZ 세대(MZ Generation). 밀레니얼 세대와 Z세대를 아우르는 용어이다. 1980년대 초부터 2000년대 초반에 출생한 사람에 해당한다.

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The rise of Bitcoin and cryptocurrencies has reshaped the global financial system, igniting new possibilities for innovation and development. In North America, a region at the forefront of technological advancements and economic influence, Bitcoin communities have played a pivotal role in advancing the adoption and utilization of digital currencies. These communities are engaged in a wide array of activities, from fostering education and providing technical support to promoting business opportunities and advocating for policy changes. This article will highlight 23 Bitcoin communities across North America, shedding light on their latest achievements and future ambitions in driving the expansion of Bitcoin technology, education, and economic empowerment. It offers readers a comprehensive understanding of the North American Bitcoin ecosystem and its significant influence on the global stage.

Thank you, nostr:npub1yzvxlwp7wawed5vgefwfmugvumtp8c8t0etk3g8sky4n0ndvyxesnxrf8q decentralized media client on Nostr to support people in owning their voice. #iOS #​Android, for supporting the publication of the Bitcoin Community Newsletter. Most of the content has been reviewed and confirmed by the South American communities. If there are any omissions, please feel free to reach out to me.

1.PlebLabs nostr:npub1an84q6c03wml5lf0uwcqcr20ydwv0t0lvv0xktlcfs9seattef8sdhz6yg * Introduction PlebLab is a hacker space and community accelerator based in Austin, Texas, dedicated to supporting the next generation of Bitcoin developers and startups. It brings together developers, hackers, creatives, and open-source builders to create a collaborative and innovative environment. PlebLab offers workshops, hackathons, and Startup Days to foster learning and growth within the Bitcoin ecosystem. By providing exposure, mentorship, and collaboration opportunities, PlebLab helps early-stage Bitcoin projects succeed. Its core philosophy is to support free and open-source development, driving innovation and progress within the Bitcoin space. * Latest Updates Recently, the PlebLab has continued to make significant strides in driving Bitcoin innovation and entrepreneurship. They have launched the second season of Top Builder, with a series of top-tier workshops focusing on Bitcoin Accounting, Bitcoin UX & UI Design, Bitcoin Marketing and Media, and more. These workshops aim to discover the next generation of Bitcoin industry startups, with participants having the chance to win up to $15,000 in BTC. The events will bring together Bitcoin developers and entrepreneurs, providing opportunities for showcasing ideas and networking. Additionally, PlebLab will host workshops related to Bitcoin technology and applications, helping members deepen their understanding of Bitcoin Core and enhance their development skills.

2.BAYAREA * Introduction Bay Area Bitcoin Users is a community formed by the people, for the people, aimed at providing an open and inclusive platform for all Bitcoin enthusiasts. The community regularly hosts events in the Bay Area, offering a space to share ideas, opinions, memes, and have relaxed discussions. It’s a great fit for anyone looking to dive deeper into Bitcoin technology or simply enjoy gatherings with like-minded individuals. * Latest Updates Recently, the Bay Area Bitcoin Users community hosted a Bitcoin Holiday Party at Eve (1535 Folsom St) in San Francisco, California. The event featured a Socratic seminar co-hosted by BitDevs and LitDevs at Digital Garage, followed by a festive celebration with music, snacks, a bar, and Bitcoin-related interactions. Designed as a family-friendly gathering, the event welcomed children accompanied by guardians, even though no specific activities for kids were organized.

3.Ann Arbor Bitcoin nostr:npub1j4dvdn24dp963f4sfak0g6nz0chnw8tyglvs3pn9gqhhhfukmrfsyznne7 * Introduction Ann Arbor Bitcoin is a community-focused organization based in Ann Arbor, Michigan, dedicated to fostering Bitcoin adoption and engagement. The group hosts regular meetups and events, providing a platform for Bitcoin enthusiasts to share knowledge and exchange ideas. * Latest Updates Recently, there have been no new updates from the community, with the latest event dating back to December 2022, which encouraged everyone to join their Telegram group to stay updated on all the latest news about meetups.

4.Bit Miami * Introduction BitMiami is a vibrant community dedicated to exploring and learning about the Bitcoin ecosystem in South Florida. * Latest Updates Recently, the BitMiami community has shared various Bitcoin-related events and updates. They highlighted Bitcoin Vortex Week in Miami and also focused on the HODLween event. BitMiami continues to support the growth of the South Florida Bitcoin community by reposting valuable content from local Bitcoin enthusiasts and organizations. They also encourage community members to actively engage with the Bitcoin ecosystem through meetups and educational opportunities.

5.Seattle Bitcoin and Beer nostr:npub1x2dm3cwqt0v9tqlf0ppzztaskn3th2x40p33hepl8rkwdgedw8eshypm5s * Introduction Seattle Bitcoin and Beer is a community that brings together Bitcoin enthusiasts and freedom lovers in Seattle. They regularly meet to discuss Bitcoin and build strong local connections in a city that may not always embrace freedom. The group fosters collaboration while enjoying good beer along the way. * Latest Updates Recently, the Seattle Bitcoin and Beer community hosted a monthly meetup on December 26th at the Old Stove Brewery on Nickerson St. Ship Canal, aiming to expand the sovereignty of the Bitcoin user network in the Great Northwest. Although this wasn't a cryptocurrency-exclusive meetup, participants gathered in a relaxed atmosphere to discuss Bitcoin and strengthen community connections.

6.Bitcoin Aruba * Introduction Bitcoin Aruba is a community dedicated to promoting the use and acceptance of Bitcoin across the beautiful island of Aruba. Their mission is to encourage local businesses and individuals to embrace Bitcoin as a payment option, creating a vibrant ecosystem where people can experience the freedom and potential of decentralized currency.. * Latest Updates Recently, the Bitcoin Aruba community has shared various Bitcoin-related updates on Twitter. They highlighted and reposted content from several Bitcoin initiatives, including the StackSats 250k Sat giveaway, BTCPay Server’s holiday greetings, and discussions on the importance of running your own Bitcoin node. Additionally, Bitcoin Aruba has been encouraging community members to actively engage in the Bitcoin ecosystem, with a focus on topics like node operation and privacy protection.

7.Bitcoin Beach Yucatan nostr:npub1w2my0n7rklzdgw7anjdnssq8mjzkpr54apqeg3pk9qjauu9dt26smyydvm * Introduction Bitcoin Beach Yucatán is a community dedicated to promoting Bitcoin education and adoption throughout the Yucatán state. * Latest Updates Recently, there have been no new updates from the community. The latest event dates back to Oct 2024, when they shared a post calling for help for the disaster-stricken area of Sisal, requesting food, clothing, and other essential supplies.

8.Bitcoin Brunch Miami * Introduction Bitcoin Brunch Miami is a community where Bitcoin enthusiasts gather every Sunday for casual discussions over brunch. * Latest Updates Recently, there have been no new updates from the community on twitter, The latest event dates back to July 2023. However, Bitcoin Brunch Miami has already hosted five brunch discussions in December.

9.Bitcoin Charlotte nostr:npub1p7g986pc56qmvryplgzka0fsrpuwlk6mxk3h686w4e46n74e56qqhz88vk * Introduction Bitcoin Charlotte is a community for those passionate about Bitcoin, decentralization, privacy, and freedom. It provides opportunities to connect with individuals at the forefront of this transformative technology through social events, workshops, and online hangouts. The community’s mission is to educate and empower people to break free from financial dependence on banks and governments by embracing Bitcoin, the most superior form of money in history. * Latest Updates Recently, the Bitcoin Charlotte community hosted several events, including an in-person meetup at Southern Strain Brewery in Plaza Midwood, where members connected with like-minded individuals and celebrated Bitcoin's potential for financial liberation by purchasing beer with Bitcoin. Additionally, the community held an online Bitcoin meetup and knowledge-sharing session on December 2, further promoting Bitcoin education and awareness.

10.Bitcoin Ciudadela * Introduction Bitcoin Ciudadela is focused on transforming San Cristóbal de las Casas and Chiapas into strongholds for Bitcoin adoption and education. The community aims to build a robust network of Mexican Bitcoiners who are united in promoting the benefits of decentralized finance and empowering individuals with knowledge about Bitcoin. * Latest Updates Recently, there have been no new updates from the community. The latest event dates back to Apr 2024, when they shared a post criticizing those who supported restrictions on freedom and praised those who fought for liberty, questioned authority, and stood against oppression.

11.Bitcoin Jungle nostr:npub14f26g7dddy6dpltc70da3pg4e5w2p4apzzqjuugnsr2ema6e3y6s2xv7lu * Introduction Bitcoin Jungle is an open-source community project built on the Bitcoin Lightning Network, aiming to create a circular Bitcoin economy. It supports individuals and businesses by providing education, resources, and technology to drive Bitcoin adoption. Starting in the Golden Triangle region of Costa Rica, the project strives to set an example for Bitcoin communities. The goal is to establish a sustainable Bitcoin ecosystem for communities worldwide. * Latest Updates Recently, Bitcoin Jungle is actively preparing for the next Bitcoin Freedom Festival, which will take place from February 20th to 24th, 2025, at the Awake Earth Festival in Uvita, Costa Rica. The event will combine Bitcoin seminars with a music festival, lectures, and discussions, aiming to attract new audiences to the Bitcoin space in a unique and engaging way.

12.Bitcoin Lake Guatemala nostr:npub1a4excy7uf9z3mcafvm9cwdr549dl5lpazuvpr2nc550vf27n5a4scqq5k2 * Introduction Bitcoin Lake Guatemala is a Bitcoin community located in Guatemala, focused on promoting the use and education of Bitcoin in the Lake Atitlán region. By supporting local businesses in adopting Bitcoin payments and providing educational resources, the community aims to build a sustainable economy based on Bitcoin. * Latest Updates Recently, the community has shared one update，this post celebrates the continued growth and resilience of the Bitcoin movement, marking a significant milestone for the community.

13.Round Rock Bitcoiners nostr:npub17ysayggwumkpkpgsq75axd7ed9guw03wz9jldz5d0zrkgz0cja2qd09tzu * Introduction Round Rock Bitcoiners is a Bitcoin community in Round Rock, Texas, dedicated to promoting Bitcoin knowledge and adoption. Through monthly meetups and resource sharing, the group supports individuals and small businesses in adopting Bitcoin and fosters a local peer-to-peer network. * Latest Updates Recently, The Round Rock Bitcoiners community has been actively organizing events to promote Bitcoin education and strengthen community bonds. Recently, they hosted a screening of the film No More Inflation, exploring the future of money and inflation-free solutions, followed by a Bitcoin-themed happy hour. Additionally, they announced the second biennial Base58 Bitcoin LARP event, offering participants a unique experience of hands-on learning, networking, and fun. Additionally, they shared posts addressing KYC privacy risks, critical discussions about the IRS, the legacy of cypherpunk ideals, and new features in the Bitcoin ecosystem, such as Zaps integration with the Rumble platform.

14.SacTown Bitcoin * Introduction Sactown Bitcoiners is a Bitcoin-focused community with members from across the Greater Sacramento region. The group hosts two monthly events: a discussion and member-led presentation at the Arden-Dimick Library on the 4th Thursday and a social gathering at a brewery or restaurant on the 2nd Thursday. Discussions revolve around Bitcoin, covering topics like money, hope, and the future under a Bitcoin standard. Open to Bitcoin enthusiasts, beginners, and maximalists alike, the community maintains a strict “Bitcoin only” policy, creating a dedicated space for pure Bitcoin conversations. * Latest Updates Recently, SacTown Bitcoin hosted a Christmas Party and highlighted Bitcoin's transformative impact. On December 12, 2024, SacTown Bitcoin hosted the Sactown Bitcoiners Christmas Party at Turkovich Family Wines Tasting Room. The event featured a potluck, a white elephant gift exchange (participants were asked to bring a gift worth approximately $20), and a raffle. Additionally, SacTown Bitcoin has been focusing on the profound impact of Bitcoin on personal financial understanding and its potential to disrupt economic inequalities. They have shared posts highlighting insights from financial and investment professionals inspired by Bitcoin, as well as discussions on how Bitcoin empowers ordinary people to benefit from asset growth.

15.San Diego Bitcoiners * Introduction San Diego Bitcoiners is a community dedicated to learning and discussing Bitcoin, providing a platform for anyone interested in the cryptocurrency. Established during the COVID-19 pandemic, the community hosts monthly events featuring guest speakers, brief presentations, or casual conversations. Meetings are held every second Thursday of the month at Quantum Brewing in Kearny Mesa, welcoming all Bitcoin enthusiasts. * Latest Updates Recently, San Diego Bitcoiners have been actively engaged in promoting Bitcoin education and fostering community interaction. They were featured in a local news article as the oldest running Bitcoin meetup in San Diego. The community has been sharing important reminders, such as testing Bitcoin wallet backups every six months. They also continue to host regular meetups, with a focus on practical demonstrations, including CoinJoin and wallet integrations like Sparrow Wallet and JoinMarket. The latest meetup took place in December at Quantum Brewing, where members gathered to discuss Bitcoin and explore new tools in the ecosystem.

16.SLC-BTC * Introduction The SLC-BTC community focuses on Bitcoin and the Lightning Network, welcoming participants of all experience levels. Regular meetups feature discussions on topics such as Bitcoin protocol, software, economics, self-custody, and mining. Whether you're a newcomer or an experienced user, the community encourages open dialogue and answers any Bitcoin-related questions. * Latest Updates Recently, the SLC-BTC community hosted a series of successful events, including a Christmas party, thanks to the active participation and support of its members. During the party, the community offered a variety of giveaways and collaborated with several partners. Additionally, the community organized a Christmas Potluck Party and celebrated the milestone of Bitcoin's price breaking 100K. SLC-BTC continues to provide opportunities for Bitcoin enthusiasts to connect, learn, and grow together.

17.Topeka Bitcoin * Introduction The Topeka Bitcoin Meet-up aims to expand knowledge and awareness within the community. Hosted at local businesses, the group discusses topics such as Bitcoin (network vs asset), the Lightning Network, running a full node, self-custody, and accumulation strategies. Additionally, the community explores Bitcoin literature, podcasts, and other relevant topics. * Latest Updates Recently, the Topeka Bitcoin community shared some interesting Bitcoin-related insights and updates on Twitter. Members celebrated the new year, highlighting the concept of "time is money" and encouraging everyone to accumulate at least 31,536,000 Sats this year (one sat per second). The community also discussed the concept of "sat/cent parity," offering a unique perspective on Bitcoin's value. Additionally, Topeka Bitcoin shared creative activities related to Bitcoin, such as Bitcoin-friendly cruise line initiatives.

18.Vancouver Bitcoiners * Introduction The Vancouver Bitcoin community is a dedicated group of Bitcoin enthusiasts actively engaging in events like Bitdevs and more. With the motto “Splendor Sine Inflatione” (Splendor Without Inflation), the community focuses on fostering knowledge and connections around Bitcoin. * Latest Updates Recently, the Vancouver Bitcoiners community has been actively involved in advocating for Vancouver to become a Bitcoin-friendly city. Community members have supported Mayor Ken Sim's proposal to invest in Bitcoin and have participated in backing the city council's Bitcoin-friendly motion. Additionally, the community has voiced concern over the Bitcoin mining ban in British Columbia, suggesting the use of local renewable energy sources like tidal, wind, and solar power for Bitcoin mining to expand the grid and utilize excess heat from mining rigs. During the council's discussions, the community also supported the idea of Vancouver building a Bitcoin reserve, despite the associated risks.

19.Victoria Bitcoin * Introduction Victoria Bitcoin is a community that regularly hosts Bitcoin-focused meetups and BitDevs seminars, typically held one to two times a month. These events are free and open to the public, providing opportunities for discussion, learning, and networking. Community members can also win prizes from Canada's Bitcoin self-custody pioneers, Bull Bitcoin and Coinkite. The community places a strong emphasis on privacy, with all discussions following Chatham House rules. * Latest Updates Recently, the Victoria Bitcoin community has been actively hosting several Bitcoin-related events, fostering interaction and engagement among local Bitcoin enthusiasts. The community regularly organizes “Bitcoin & Coffee” meetups, providing members with opportunities to discuss Bitcoin. The most recent event was scheduled for December 22 at Discovery Coffee. Additionally, the community hosted an exciting Christmas party on December 13, where attendees enjoyed free pizza, beer, and champagne, and Christmas gifts were purchased with Bitcoin, showcasing the practical use of Bitcoin in everyday life. The event also included a Bitcoin giveaway for lucky participants..

20.Michigan Bitcoin Meetup in Benton Harbor * Introduction Michigan Bitcoin Meetup in Benton Harbor is a community focused on exploring Bitcoin's impact on investing, entrepreneurship, and self-sovereignty. It provides a platform for like-minded individuals to connect, learn, and share ideas. * Latest Updates Recently, there have been no new updates from the community. The latest event dates back to Nov 2024, which Announced Bitcoin Meetup Night in Benton Harbor on Thursday, November 21.

21.Western Mass Bitcoin Meetup nostr:npub1xgyjasdztryl9sg6nfdm2wcj0j3qjs03sq7a0an32pg0lr5l6yaqxhgu7s * Introduction Western Mass Bitcoin Meetup is a community focused on connecting local bitcoiners, promoting bitcoin education, and increasing merchant adoption. The group hosts monthly meetups and offers support for newcomers in areas like self-custody, Lightning Network, and mining. * Latest Updates Recently, the Western Mass Bitcoin Meetup has been actively organizing events to foster community engagement and growth. On December 8th, they hosted a social meetup at Fitzwilly's in Northampton, providing a space for Bitcoin enthusiasts to connect and share ideas. Additionally, they are preparing for their 29th meetup on January 5th in East Longmeadow, continuing to offer a platform for local Bitcoin supporters to gather and collaborate.

22.Yes Bitcoin Haiti nostr:npub1mjmaggp53xan2435wdse8ts06pzfcjejfex4pxasu67kxs5hqdpsyk7hx8 * Introduction Yes Bitcoin Haiti is Haiti's first Bitcoin-only initiative, launched to empower communities through Bitcoin education and adoption. Founded by Phanor Mendelking in February 2024, the project focuses on spreading financial literacy, promoting economic growth, and building a circular Bitcoin economy. Its mission includes offering local Bitcoin certification, hosting meetups and workshops, and onboarding businesses and community members. Operating from St. Michel de l'Attalaye, it aims to drive financial inclusion and resilience in Haiti's challenging economic landscape. * Latest Updates Recently, the Yes Bitcoin Haiti community has been actively advancing Bitcoin education. The first batch of students is nearing the end of their courses, with two students leading the discussion of Chapter 10 in preparation for the upcoming final exams and graduation. Additionally, the community has showcased proof-of-work in action, reinforcing the spread of Bitcoin knowledge through student-led lessons and engagement in activities.

23.YYC Bitcoin * Introduction YYC Bitcoin is a community-focused meetup dedicated to growing, educating, and supporting the Bitcoin ecosystem in Calgary. The group hosts biweekly meetups for networking and learning, covering essential Bitcoin topics such as wallet setup, privacy, multisig, lightning, and mining. Newcomers are encouraged to visit the website to familiarize themselves with key concepts and bring their questions to future events. * Latest Updates Recently, YYC Bitcoin has actively promoted Bitcoin education and outreach through several updates. They shared the BTC Sessions year-end recap and the The 4th Annual BTC Sessions HODLiday Special, engaging community participation. Additionally, YYC Bitcoin reposted Blockstream Jade's promotional offer, encouraging the purchase of hardware wallets. The community also highlighted Bitcoin Mentor's personalized coaching services to help members better understand Bitcoin technology. Furthermore, they supported and promoted ticket sales for the Learning Bitcoin 2025 conference, further advancing Bitcoin education.

@ 7776c32d:45558888

Attached is a screenshot of the reddit profile of one of my possible past victims.

A few days ago, it crushed my soul to look at this not knowing if this /u/ykorea person is alive, and knowing even if she is, there must be other victims that are dead. I wrote most of this post those few days ago. After the harassment I've faced in the past few days with no significant backup, I'm numb to it.

I have never been able to get solid answers on what happened to ykorea after she stopped posting, but her posts read like someone that might have committed suicide over money lost trading options. I didn't make her lose money, but I contributed to her leaving, whether it was by suicide or not.

She is not Digit, but she is another woman I met on wallstreetbets - meaning, of all the people I might have accidentally killed, at least two are women from wallstreetbets possibly dead via suicide. I would have preferred to save both of them. I just cause so many deaths, two possible ones happen to line up that way instead.

This ykorea woman said something hurtful to me once, something to do with how lonely I was and how women never cared about me at the time. I don't remember the specifics beyond that. I harassed her with hateful reminders of how she hurt me for a while, and still ended up forgetting the details myself by now.

Soon after that, I got rich, and she happened to befriend me for a brief time, not mentioning our past differences. I didn't mention them either because I wasn't sure if becoming acquainted with me was burying the hatchet, or simply forgetting I was the same guy from all the hateful comments.

She was having a hard time financially and I wanted to help her, but I still wasn't rich enough to help everyone I want to help, and I didn't deem her worthy of being one of those few prioritized people I'd try to give some financial support. I was distrustful of any woman trying to find such support from men on wallstreetbets.

Why did I care enough about her words to be hurt by them enough to harass her over it for a while, but not care about her enough to really become a close supportive friend to her later? Because I'm a dangerously bad person and I can't cut off the cycle of abuse I'm in. People have made me learn to suppress my sympathy and I don't have the emotional capacity to afford to get it back. But I have the emotional capacity for anger, all day, every day. I can always afford anger. I'm the kind of person all the good writers warn you about in every story with any meaning. The kind of person they warn you not to be, and the kind of person they warn you not to make others into. None of us ever learn the easy way, do we?

She had not become friends with me based on burying the hatchet. She had forgotten who I was. That topic came up eventually and she was embarrassed about forgetting, and she pretty much stopped talking to me.

I didn't tell her to buy AMC. If she lost money on bad trades, that probably added more to her leaving than me. But I added to it by being a bad person. Whoever made her buy AMC could have been a bad person too, but it's also possible they were just misguided and desperate like her. I'm a monster, capable of nothing but offering good advice nobody takes, and making people hate themselves over their mistakes. I'm even worse than people who are just good at getting their advice taken by giving bad advice.

Unless Digit is alive. If she is, I can stop doing this. If I can stop doing this, people who keep giving bad advice can be worse than me. Every time I have proof she's alive, it becomes so much easier to just be fucking nice to people like Kurt Vonnegut says to do. But she deleted her accounts over a year ago and I keep getting more scared, and no matter how hard I try to cultivate self control, the best I can do is be a little less cruel, a little more forgiving, a little less selfish - not enough to stop contributing to suicides. Not enough to stop contributing to deaths of slaves in third world countries making products I use. Not enough. If I've failed her, I do believe I will not stop failing everyone as long as I live.

Remember, I wrote most of this with those feelings I had a few days ago, before the recent events where nostr:npub1jk9h2jsa8hjmtm9qlcca942473gnyhuynz5rmgve0dlu6hpeazxqc3lqz7 triggered a new wave of harassment against me and cornered me in a position where I have no better strategy than trying to cause suicides on nostr. It's all obvious and droll now. People die. So what? Digit isn't here to make lives matter anyway. This stuff will only matter if she shows up.

But it's not just me. Everyone contributes to suicides in their own way. Everyone contributes to climate change. Everyone uses products made by slaves. Almost any suicidal person can be helped by almost anyone who cares enough. If you don't know that, you don't understand. Tragic deaths happen millions of times a year because of society, not me in particular.

And everyone failed Digit spectacularly in the time I knew her. The world was made miserable for her and I need her to be strong enough to be living in it anyway. When I knew her, she couldn't be angry at everyone like I can, her love for everyone forced her to turn anger in on herself. I need proof she survived that, because if she wasn't strong enough to survive absorbing everyone's bullshit like that, I can't even get my hopes up about trying. All I can do if she's gone is be the world's punishment for her, and my own punishment at the same time - but not make myself the sponge of everyone's punishment. Worse people have to suffer more, as long as I'm suffering like this for who I am.

Take nostr:npub1dergggklka99wwrs92yz8wdjs952h2ux2ha2ed598ngwu9w7a6fsh9xzpc for example. Despite recently losing his dad to suicide, he seems to be pretending he's unaware of the harassment I'm facing over a loved one I'm worried about; or perhaps he echo chambers himself so extensively that he's actually not aware.

I believe, like me, he cannot think of a way to cope with his loss without causing it to happen to others for the rest of his life. Unlike me, I don't think he'll admit it or take responsibility for it. Unlike me, I don't think he's tried to fight it and found himself cornered; I think he's just fine with it because he's part of a society that's fine with behaving this way and blaming the victims. I think he'll probably be one of the many people using me to cause others to commit suicide but pretending to have no responsibility in the matter, pretending it's magically all me. Meanwhile, I actually admit my own part in it.

I will be punished for this, and eventually I will probably be permanently stopped from standing up for the truth. That only makes me more motivated to punish all the deceptive pieces of shit that have done this to the world, until I am fucking stopped.

While we're on the topic of uncertain speculation, my bet is neither me or Gigi can really enjoy the killing. We must both be empty shells. Maybe the reason he can't take responsibility is because, far from enjoying it, he actually finds the bloodshed more unbearable than I do.

What about the rest of you? Do you all find reality too unbearable to face, or are some of you gleefully enjoying the process of abusing and deceiving others while more and more people die? I think some of you are - and the police that might arrest me for my posts someday will do nothing about it. So I'll do what I can myself, and people will die in the crossfire. So be it.

Maybe I can't make any of you take responsibility, but when a nostr user commits suicide, I will have done everything I can to make you think the words "I failed to prevent this" and feel the weight of them.

@ 75d2e92b:4e9baa11

Imagine this: inflation is like rust on a machine. It forces the gears of the economy to keep spinning, not because we want progress, but because if we stop, everything corrodes. Your savings? They’re not yours for long. Your energy? Wasted, turned to dust. The system is rigged to keep you running, just to stand still.

Governments print money like confetti 🎉, indebting future generations while your hard earned wealth evaporates. The rich? They move their "piles of gold" into assets, safe from the storm. But families, savers, the everyman? They watch their stored energy years of work devalue into nothingness.

But here’s where it gets personal for me.

I believe our generation is different. We’re on the cusp of a new era. Advances in AI 🤖, medicine 🩺, and genetics 🧬 might make us the first generation to live 150, 200 years or more. If that happens, what good is working today if the value of our sweat turns into cents tomorrow? Why should our life’s energy stored as money shrink while we grow older?

Do you want to work for 200 years? Or do you want your stored value, your time, your essence, to hold strong like a fortress?

Bitcoin is that fortress. 🏰 Unlike fiat, it doesn’t rust. It doesn’t erode. It doesn’t let anyone no government, no bank reach into your pocket and steal the fruits of your labor. Its fixed supply (21M forever) is the ultimate time machine, preserving your value across generations.

So here’s my take: Inflation is the Great Thief 🕵️‍♂️. It keeps the machine running but at the cost of your freedom, your time, and your future. Bitcoin is the oil and the shield. It’s the key to breaking free from this endless hamster wheel. 🐹💸

Do you want your energy spent today to be worth a millisecond of tomorrow’s? Or do you want a tool that fights back, protects your time, and keeps the gears turning on your terms?

Choose wisely. Choose Bitcoin. 🧡 BY: Falco

#Bitcoin #Freedom #TimeIsMoney #Cypherpunk

@ 44189afb:b62f396c

Changes

Daniel D’Aquino (20):

• Automated i18n file changes from npm run build
• Add notedeck waitlist page
• Refactor code into several smaller blocks
• Add tab component
• Add Nostr DM OTP support to Purple checkout
• Purple welcome page
• Add better troubleshooting to OTP auth
• Fix subtle purple icon issue
• Update navigation around the website
• Improve checkout refresh stability
• npm run i18n
• Improve build process
• Fix checkout and login for npubs devoid of a profile
• Fix expired session token detection and automatic logout
• Add Purple checkout maintenance mode option
• Add nix-shell support
• Notedeck alpha landing page and install instructions page
• Storybook setup for development
• Add Nostr note component
• WIP 2024 review page

William Casarin (2):

• notedeck tweaks
• 2024 damus wrapped

ashleendaly (1):

• fix good first link

pushed to damus.io:refs/heads/master

@ cf7ed325:050194cf

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For thrill-seekers, Explore Quad Biking Sharm el Sheikh with Sharm Day Tours is an exciting way to experience the desert landscape. You can also enjoy a Day Trip to Quad Bike in Sharm El Sheikh, where you’ll ride through the stunning dunes on a powerful quad bike.

If you're seeking family-friendly fun, Sharm El Sheikh Day Tours: Trip to Aqua Park offers a day of water slides and pools, perfect for all ages. For a unique underwater experience, consider an Explore Semi Submarine Excursion in Sharm el Sheikh, where you can see marine life through large windows without getting wet.

Sharm el Sheikh also offers incredible excursions to nearby natural wonders. Take a Colored Canyon Excursion Safari from Sharm el Sheikh to explore the breathtaking desert landscapes, or embark on a Saint Catherine Monastery One Day Excursion from Sharm el Sheikh to visit one of the world’s oldest Christian monasteries.

For those interested in cultural exploration, a Cairo 2 Days Excursions from Sharm el Sheikh or a Luxor Day Trip from Sharm el Sheikh will take you to the heart of Egypt’s ancient history. Alternatively, enjoy a Full Day Trip from Sharm el Sheikh to Cairo by Plane for a quick visit to the pyramids.

Whether you're booking a Glass Bottom Boat Excursion in Sharm el Sheikh or Petra Tours by Ferryboat with Sharm Day Tours, Sharm el Sheikh promises a diverse range of activities for every traveler

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@ 896c3ee8:e054cc31

I was scrolling through some news articles published by Primal.net/flash on my phone —Bitcoin up, Trump said this or that, accompanied by a screenshot of Twitter. I asked myself: why does social media exist? Is it to fulfill our need for social connection? Is it to show off our thoughts? Is it validation? It wasn’t like this long ago. It was a part of life now it is Life.

Quite some time ago, I was baffled to see a woman being prosecuted in a court of law based on what she had posted on Facebook! Facebook? Seriously, an internet post landing a person in jail? Since when? No one notified me. I thought the internet was just a thing—a toy for us to play with, have fun, and then return to our real life. I remember using Pidgin and IRC; back then, the internet was just a tool. One sudden day, all of that turned into serious business. Early internet, and by extension social media, was a fun place, but now it is a place where real money is spent and real lives are built. I mean, some of the richest companies are software companies—an industry titan propelled by intangible property. It is hard not to miss the early days when one could say absolutely anything in a forum post and leave forever, detached from the filth they spewed. Now we all know censorship, data mining, AI training, and laws getting involved. I cannot even take part in a cultural movement without being tracked and attacked. At some point, the internet attached itself to human consciousness so deeply that it has now become inseparable from the human experience and experience of life. Just like reading and writing, to live a modern life, one must have an internet connection and a social media account. It’s disheartening to think that our worth is often measured by the number of people who 'follow' us.

This attachment meant that there were powers who needed to control the internet. Laws were hopeless on the internet—one could break a list of laws of a particular country sitting from a boat in a faraway land where no jurisdictional police could touch a single fleck of their hair. This cross-border nature made it very necessary for law enforcement to up their game, and so they did. Now, posting something and forgetting it being associated with you is a dream of the past.

To achieve this, they went into a Hail Mary attempt to break human rights written in the declaration they all signed. The right to privacy needed to go first. You see, on the internet, you are not a human—just a fat, Mountain Dew-drinking piece of meat, a data generation machine. Rights mean very little for you if you are a keyboard warrior. No clause in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights said that an account on the internet is a human! So you lose privacy. Since law enforcers break privacy, it looks like it really is not a crime to break it. So, service providers break it too. Who is to stop them now? Law enforcers?

That is just the tip, perhaps even a necessary evil. Breaking privacy only allows enforcement of laws that have been written. There needs to be some mechanism to enforce laws that are not written—the so-called "soft laws" (a term used in international law). If illegal activity is to be curbed, instead of chasing after criminals, why not be proactive and get to the root of the evil: human thought? Here enters censorship. If you don't know about something you won't act on it. If you do not know about guns, you will not pick up a gun. Censorship allows law enforcers to enforce laws that may be written in the future, potential laws. Maybe one day, being on a particular political side will be deemed illegal, so let’s stop it now. Ever heard of a cat chasing a mouse? Censorship is just a mouse chasing a cat. A reversal of cause and effect.

These two factors, coupled with the internet's revenue stream—your attention—ruined the internet. Ads by God are one of the most human things humans have created: “Let us show you what you could be a part of. As you are right now, you seem unfulfilled; let us show you what you want.” The economy of attention is best tapped by creators working on our primal urge for reproduction. The porn industry is a mega titan for this reason. I do not have any bad words against the innovators working in that industry. They are the true and perhaps only industry that uses the internet to its maximum and has great respect for technology and technological innovation.

When I think more deeply about the purpose of social media, I realize I have no clear answer. Why should one show what their lunch looks like? What is the goal of sharing such trivial experiences? Perhaps the dopamine rush of likes and engagement is strong enough to motivate such actions. The definition of an individual gets blurred here. What is an individual person? A collection of social media posts? Or should we emphasize more on your offline version the flawed acne and angst filled individual who subscribes to the weird, concorted philosophy of Proudhon, Locke, and Marx? The algorithms have been determining the future of people on social media. People are worried about losing jobs to a computer now. Since YouTube and Instagram started utilizing attention to pay people, algorithms began to determine who should be paid and what should be paid. The ship of us being under a computer has long sailed.

To answer why social media exists, here is one study that identified ten uses and gratifications for using social media: social interaction, information seeking, passing time, entertainment, relaxation, communicatory utility, convenience utility, expression of opinion, information sharing, and surveillance/knowledge about others (reference ISSN: 1352-2752). Most studies you find will be in line with these. I will not expound more on this; you all know why you use social media, and you all also know why people use social media.

To end it, Nostr gives you certain things that traditional social media and the 'internet' fail to provide. You know what those are since you are here.

P.S.—This is written exclusively for the eyes in the Nostr ecosystem. I will not publish it anywhere else. Link people to this post even from outside; I don’t care.

@ e1d968f7:5d90f764

Marketing myself online has been an unexpected, and often eye-opening, part of my journey as an independent escort. When I first started, I really didn’t know what I was getting into. I figured I’d set up a profile, promote my services, and let the rest follow. But the reality is far more nuanced, and today I want to share how I've navigated marketing myself, from my initial steps on AdultWork to discovering Nostr, and how the support I receive online has started to evolve in exciting ways.

AdultWork: Where It All Started

When I began this journey, AdultWork was the obvious place to start. It’s a platform designed specifically for escorts, offering a range of services—from profiles to booking systems, to a built-in review mechanism. For me, it was the easiest, most professional way to begin advertising myself. I created my profile, uploaded photos, and listed my services, knowing that people could easily find me if they were looking for someone like me.

What I didn’t realise at first was how much of my online identity would be shaped by AdultWork. The reviews are integral to the platform. The good ones boost my confidence, and the negative ones, though difficult at times, serve as learning opportunities. Over time, I’ve refined my profile to reflect not only my services but also who I am. I’ve become more comfortable with sharing parts of myself in my descriptions and photos, building my profile into a place that represents my personality as well as what I offer.

Still, as I grew in my career, I wanted to expand beyond the confines of a booking platform. I felt the need to tell my story more deeply and connect with people on a personal level—something I couldn’t fully do on AdultWork alone.

X: A Place to Be Real (and Sometimes Overwhelm)

For a long time, X was my go-to platform. It felt more informal, a space where I could interact with others, share thoughts, and promote my services in a less rigid way than I could on AdultWork. I loved the freedom it gave me—though I quickly realised it also had its downsides. X can feel like a constant pressure to perform, to be entertaining, to remain visible, all while managing the fine line between personal and professional.

It was easy to get lost in the need for engagement, to check the likes and retweets, to respond to the messages. At the same time, X often felt shallow. It’s a platform where posts get buried quickly, and it’s hard to get the depth of interaction I was craving. Plus, there’s always the element of online trolls and unwanted attention, which can make things feel draining. While X has its perks, I found myself wanting more—a space where I could truly share my thoughts without the limitations of brevity or constantly having to fight for visibility.

Moving to Nostr: A Platform That Feels Like Home

That’s when I discovered Nostr. Initially, I was curious, but after diving deeper into its features, I realised it was exactly what I’d been looking for. Nostr is a decentralised platform, meaning it isn’t governed by any single company or algorithm, which gives me control over my content and how it’s shared. Unlike X, which often limits the reach of your posts based on engagement, Nostr gives me the freedom to publish long-form content, something I’ve always wanted to do with Behind Closed Doors.

Nostr allows me to share my stories, reflections, and insights in a more meaningful way. There’s no character limit, no algorithms skewing what people see—just raw, real content. I can write the posts I want, whether it’s about my day-to-day experiences as an escort, lessons I’ve learned, or reflections on what it means to be in this line of work.

But what really drew me to Nostr wasn’t just its ability to support long-form content—it was the community it fosters. There’s a real sense of connection with the people who follow me there. The platform allows people to support my work directly, which brings me to something that’s made a big difference: zapping.

Zapping: A New Way to Support My Work

One of the features Nostr offers that has truly resonated with me is the ability for my followers to “zap” my posts. For those unfamiliar with the term, zapping is a way of sending small tips or donations directly to content creators in exchange for their work. It's decentralised, meaning that the money goes directly to me, and there are no middlemen or platforms taking a cut.

At first, I wasn’t sure how to feel about it. I’d always been wary of asking for support, but as I’ve gotten more comfortable with the idea, I’ve realised that it’s not about begging or asking for handouts. It’s a way for people to say, “I see you. I appreciate your work. Here’s a way for me to show my support.”

It’s been amazing to feel the direct appreciation from my followers. Some zaps have been small, others larger, but each one has meant so much. It’s not just about the money—it’s about knowing that people value my work enough to contribute. It feels like a true exchange, where my content isn’t just for a transactional purpose but is actually connecting with people on a deeper level.

For me, this is a game-changer. Not only does Nostr give me the space to create and share without restrictions, but it allows me to build an entirely different kind of relationship with my audience. I can continue sharing my journey with them and receive direct, heartfelt support in return. It’s the kind of genuine, positive reinforcement that I’ve always wanted in my work.

Why I’m Excited About the Future

As I continue to build my presence on Nostr, I’m feeling more empowered than ever. It’s freeing to know that I’m not bound by any platform’s rules or algorithms. I can share my thoughts, my experiences, and my reflections without fear of being silenced or censored. And the ability for my followers to zap my posts is allowing me to feel truly supported in this journey.

Of course, I’ll still use AdultWork and X for the more practical side of my work—booking clients and staying visible in certain spaces—but Nostr is becoming my space to create, share, and connect in a way that feels authentic. It’s a platform that understands the value of long-form content, supports decentralised communication, and allows my followers to directly support my work.

Looking ahead, I’m excited to see how my presence on Nostr evolves. It feels like the perfect space to continue my blog series Behind Closed Doors, share new insights, and explore all the complexities of my life as an escort. It’s a place where I can finally market myself on my own terms—without compromise—and where my work is truly appreciated.

So, if you’ve enjoyed reading my posts here, I encourage you to join me on Nostr. Whether you want to read more of my journey, zap my posts to show your support, or just follow along as I continue to navigate this career, I’d love to have you along for the ride. I’m so grateful to have a platform where I can truly be myself.

Rebecca x

@ e1cded6c:151bd1be

What is Nostr?

Notwithstanding the lack of capitalisation, Nostr is an acronym for Notes and Other Stuff Transmitted by Relays. According to the website of its creator, Nostr was created in response to perceived issues with Twitter.

It’s important to be clear that Nostr is not an app or service that you sign up for. Rather it can be better understood as an open standard for social media that anyone can use. A useful analogy is the SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) used for email. You probably know how this works:

1. You write your email using Gmail, Outlook, or whichever email client you prefer.
2. Your message travels through various email servers.
3. The recipient can read it using any email client they choose.

Nostr works similarly:

1. You write your note in an Nostr client (like Damus, Primal, and many others).
2. Your note travels through Nostr relays (similar to email servers).
3. Others can read it using whichever Nostr client they prefer.

The use of a standard protocol enables interoperability, allowing users to choose their preferred software. No single company controls the system.

Isn’t Mastodon a decentralised social media platform? Why do we need another one?

While Nostr and Mastodon both enable decentralised socially communication, they take fundamentally different approaches. The comparison made above equating Nostr relays with email servers is actually imperfect and better describes the approach Mastodon takes. Mastodon does rely on servers run by organisations or individuals where users create accounts. Your identity is tied to your chosen server, similar to having a Gmail address. This means you are still at the mercy of the entity running the server.

Nostr, in contrast, removes the need for servers entirely. Your identity is a cryptographic key pair, which works directly with any compatible client or relay. This key pair is mathematically linked. One is a private key (which is kept secret, like a password) and the other is a public key (which you share freely, like an email address). This enables the impressive ability to use different clients with the same identity without the need for accounts. The downside is that the onus is users to safeguard their key pairs. There is no Nostr tech support to help with a lost private key!

Nostr aligns with library values

From a librarian’s perspective, there is a lot to like about Nostr. There is no central algorithm that controls what content is shown to you. Individual relays can choose what they show, but users can connect to other relays. The diversity of relays effectively prevents single-point censorship, as there is no central authority that can remove content from the entire network. Again, more is demanded from the user in terms of selecting which relays to connect to, but this aligns with the long-held value of librarians of developing information literate citizens capable of making such choices on their own. In an age of information overload, we need to trust people to select their own sources wisely rather than rely on centralised content moderation. Nostr protects freedom of speech at the protocol level, ensuring that no central authority can arbitrarily block content from being posted.

Nostr also scores highly on privacy. No personal information is needed to generate a private-public key pair. This obviously aligns with librarianship’s historical role in championing patron privacy as a cornerstone of intellectual freedom. The lack of a centralised authority allows users to access information with reduced risk of surveillance.

Information preservation is another library value that Nostr is better aligned with compared to centralised social media platforms. A lot of historically and culturally significant content has been posted to social media, and there is a need to preserve it and make it available for future research. However, it is doubtful that for-profit social media companies will prioritise this. The biggest advance in this respect came in 2010, when the Library of Congress announced with great fanfare that it would archive all public tweets. But in the face of various challenges, the project was scaled back in 2017. I could find no further updates from the LoC, and given the current ownership of Twitter/X I think it unlikely that much progress will be made. The centralised nature of traditional social media means that preservation is the hands of a single entity.

Contrast this with Nostr’s architecture that requires multiple relays and hence multiple copies of data. This creates resilience in a way that librarians will be familiar with (“Lots of Copies Keep Stuff Safe”). Libraries could potentially choose to create their own relays and preserve notes that are relevant to their own collection development policies. Again, the open nature of the protocol means that they would not have to seek permission to do this.

In essence, Nostr's decentralized architecture naturally aligns with core library values of intellectual freedom, privacy, and preservation, potentially providing a pathway to a truly open digital commons. Librarians and information professionals could play a pivotal role in shaping this online public square.

Getting started with Nostr

I am cautious of getting too carried away with the potential of Nostr. It currently has very few users for a social network. At the time of writing, the stats page of Nostr.Band showed the number of daily active users hovering below 20,000. This is a tiny fraction of the 245 million daily active users of Twitter/X. Given the importance of the network effect to social media, Nostr has a long way to go before it becomes a true competitor.

However, it is not inconceivable, and I would argue that the alignment of the Nostr architecture with our values makes it important for librarians to engage with and understand this technology. The best possible outcome would be a truly decentralised, censorship-resistant, online social space on top of which anyone could build apps and services. In such a world, individual citizens will need to be much more information literate and independent. As information professionals, librarians could play a leading role in adopting and advocating for this.

Nostr clients

The best way to get started is to download a client. As mentioned, there are many Nostr clients to choose from. Some offer additional features for subscribers. Try out a few to see which one you prefer and remember that you can use all of them with the same key pair!

• Primal (Web, iOS, and Android)
• Amethyst (Android)
• Damus (iOS)
• Nostur (iOS)

Recommended longer read

Exploring the Nostr Ecosystem: A Study of Decentralization and Resilience: This pre-print on arxiv.org provides a more technical introduction to Nostr. The Nostr primer that starts on page 4 is particularly helpful for new users.

@ 9c35fe6b:5977e45b

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@ bf47c19e:c3d2573b

bitcoinstandard.rs

---

PREUZMITE ODLOMAK

KUPITE KNJIGU

Autor Bitkoin standarda, ekonomista Sajfedin Amus, vešto uvodi svakog čitaoca u svet digitalnog novca pokazujući da bitkoin može da postane dominantni čuvar vrednosti u budućnosti, a jedna od glavnih snaga knjige je njena sposobnost da objasni kompleksne ekonomske i tehničke aspekte bitkoina na razumljiv i jednostavan način.

Sajfedin Amus prvo prikazuje fascinantnu istoriju tehnologija novca i istražuje šta je tim tehnologijama dalo njihovu monetarnu ulogu, kako su je izgubile, šta nas to uči o poželjnim osobinama novca i kako je bitkoin osmišljen da unapredi te tehnologije. Amus zatim objašnjava ekonomske, društvene, kulturne i političke prednosti zdravog novca u odnosu na nezdrav novac kako bi omogućio relevantnu raspravu o ulozi koju bi bitkoin mogao imati u digitalnoj ekonomiji budućnosti. Umesto kao valuta za kriminalce ili jeftina masovna mreža za plaćanja, ova knjiga pokazuje kako bitkoin izrasta kao decentralizovana, politički neutralna, slobodnotržišna alternativa nacionalnim centralnim bankama, sa potencijalno ogromnim implikacijama za individualnu slobodu i prosperitet.

Sa ovim osnovama, knjiga prelazi na objašnjenje funkcionisanja bitkoina na lak i intuitivan način. Bitkoin je decentralizovani, distribuirani softver koji omogućava svojim korisnicima da koriste internet za obavljanje tradicionalnih funkcija novca bez oslanjanja na bilo kakve autoritete ili infrastrukturu u fizičkom svetu. Bitkoin se tako najbolje razume kao prvi uspešno implementirani oblik digitalne gotovine i digitalnog tvrdog novca – digitalni oblik zlata.

Amusovo čvrsto razumevanje tehnoloških mogućnosti kao i istorijskih realnosti evolucije novca omogućava istraživanje posledica dobrovoljnog slobodnog tržišta novca. Izazivajući najsvetije državne monopole, bitkoin pomera klatno suvereniteta od vlada ka pojedincima, nudeći nam primamljivu mogućnost sveta u kojem je novac potpuno odvojen od politike i nesputan granicama.

Završno poglavlje knjige istražuje neka od najčešćih pitanja u vezi sa bitkoinom: Da li je rudarenje bitkoina rasipanje energije? Da li je bitkoin za kriminalce? Ko kontroliše bitkoin i mogu li ga promeniti ako žele? Kako se bitkoin može uništiti? I šta misliti o svim hiljadama kopija bitkoina i mnogim navodnim primenama bitkoinove „blockchain tehnologije“?

@ bf47c19e:c3d2573b

bitcoinstandard.rs

---

PREUZMITE ODLOMAK

KUPITE KNJIGU

Autor Bitkoin standarda, ekonomista Sajfedin Amus, vešto uvodi svakog čitaoca u svet digitalnog novca pokazujući da bitkoin može da postane dominantni čuvar vrednosti u budućnosti, a jedna od glavnih snaga knjige je njena sposobnost da objasni kompleksne ekonomske i tehničke aspekte bitkoina na razumljiv i jednostavan način.

Sajfedin Amus prvo prikazuje fascinantnu istoriju tehnologija novca i istražuje šta je tim tehnologijama dalo njihovu monetarnu ulogu, kako su je izgubile, šta nas to uči o poželjnim osobinama novca i kako je bitkoin osmišljen da unapredi te tehnologije. Amus zatim objašnjava ekonomske, društvene, kulturne i političke prednosti zdravog novca u odnosu na nezdrav novac kako bi omogućio relevantnu raspravu o ulozi koju bi bitkoin mogao imati u digitalnoj ekonomiji budućnosti. Umesto kao valuta za kriminalce ili jeftina masovna mreža za plaćanja, ova knjiga pokazuje kako bitkoin izrasta kao decentralizovana, politički neutralna, slobodnotržišna alternativa nacionalnim centralnim bankama, sa potencijalno ogromnim implikacijama za individualnu slobodu i prosperitet.

Sa ovim osnovama, knjiga prelazi na objašnjenje funkcionisanja bitkoina na lak i intuitivan način. Bitkoin je decentralizovani, distribuirani softver koji omogućava svojim korisnicima da koriste internet za obavljanje tradicionalnih funkcija novca bez oslanjanja na bilo kakve autoritete ili infrastrukturu u fizičkom svetu. Bitkoin se tako najbolje razume kao prvi uspešno implementirani oblik digitalne gotovine i digitalnog tvrdog novca – digitalni oblik zlata.

Amusovo čvrsto razumevanje tehnoloških mogućnosti kao i istorijskih realnosti evolucije novca omogućava istraživanje posledica dobrovoljnog slobodnog tržišta novca. Izazivajući najsvetije državne monopole, bitkoin pomera klatno suvereniteta od vlada ka pojedincima, nudeći nam primamljivu mogućnost sveta u kojem je novac potpuno odvojen od politike i nesputan granicama.

Završno poglavlje knjige istražuje neka od najčešćih pitanja u vezi sa bitkoinom: Da li je rudarenje bitkoina rasipanje energije? Da li je bitkoin za kriminalce? Ko kontroliše bitkoin i mogu li ga promeniti ako žele? Kako se bitkoin može uništiti? I šta misliti o svim hiljadama kopija bitkoina i mnogim navodnim primenama bitkoinove „blockchain tehnologije“?

@ bf47c19e:c3d2573b

bitcoinstandard.rs

---

PREUZMITE ODLOMAK

KUPITE KNJIGU

Autor Bitkoin standarda, ekonomista Sajfedin Amus, vešto uvodi svakog čitaoca u svet digitalnog novca pokazujući da bitkoin može da postane dominantni čuvar vrednosti u budućnosti, a jedna od glavnih snaga knjige je njena sposobnost da objasni kompleksne ekonomske i tehničke aspekte bitkoina na razumljiv i jednostavan način.

Sajfedin Amus prvo prikazuje fascinantnu istoriju tehnologija novca i istražuje šta je tim tehnologijama dalo njihovu monetarnu ulogu, kako su je izgubile, šta nas to uči o poželjnim osobinama novca i kako je bitkoin osmišljen da unapredi te tehnologije. Amus zatim objašnjava ekonomske, društvene, kulturne i političke prednosti zdravog novca u odnosu na nezdrav novac kako bi omogućio relevantnu raspravu o ulozi koju bi bitkoin mogao imati u digitalnoj ekonomiji budućnosti. Umesto kao valuta za kriminalce ili jeftina masovna mreža za plaćanja, ova knjiga pokazuje kako bitkoin izrasta kao decentralizovana, politički neutralna, slobodnotržišna alternativa nacionalnim centralnim bankama, sa potencijalno ogromnim implikacijama za individualnu slobodu i prosperitet.

Sa ovim osnovama, knjiga prelazi na objašnjenje funkcionisanja bitkoina na lak i intuitivan način. Bitkoin je decentralizovani, distribuirani softver koji omogućava svojim korisnicima da koriste internet za obavljanje tradicionalnih funkcija novca bez oslanjanja na bilo kakve autoritete ili infrastrukturu u fizičkom svetu. Bitkoin se tako najbolje razume kao prvi uspešno implementirani oblik digitalne gotovine i digitalnog tvrdog novca – digitalni oblik zlata.

Amusovo čvrsto razumevanje tehnoloških mogućnosti kao i istorijskih realnosti evolucije novca omogućava istraživanje posledica dobrovoljnog slobodnog tržišta novca. Izazivajući najsvetije državne monopole, bitkoin pomera klatno suvereniteta od vlada ka pojedincima, nudeći nam primamljivu mogućnost sveta u kojem je novac potpuno odvojen od politike i nesputan granicama.

Završno poglavlje knjige istražuje neka od najčešćih pitanja u vezi sa bitkoinom: Da li je rudarenje bitkoina rasipanje energije? Da li je bitkoin za kriminalce? Ko kontroliše bitkoin i mogu li ga promeniti ako žele? Kako se bitkoin može uništiti? I šta misliti o svim hiljadama kopija bitkoina i mnogim navodnim primenama bitkoinove „blockchain tehnologije“?

@ 5e13e5d5:217fe898

With the rapid development of science and technology, the popularization of information technology in modern society has made our lives more convenient and efficient. However, in this era of high information flow, the emergence of signal jammers has aroused widespread concern. This signal jammer not only plays an important role in certain specific situations, but is also part of the intersection of science and technology and daily life. This article will explore the positive impact of signal jammers and their application in our lives.

Basic concept of signal jammers Signal jammers, in simple terms, are a device that interferes with or blocks wireless signals in a specific frequency band by emitting radio waves. Usually, it can effectively shield mobile phone signals, Wi-Fi signals, etc. In some special occasions, this device is used to prevent information leakage, protect privacy, and ensure safety. Although the use of Cellular Jammer is subject to legal restrictions in some countries, the positive impact it brings cannot be ignored.

Protecting privacy and information security In the era of information explosion, the protection of personal privacy has become a thorny issue. Whether in public places or in private environments, the leakage of information may cause serious losses to individuals and enterprises. Signal jammers can effectively prevent external monitoring and sneak shots and protect people's privacy.

12 Antenna 5G Phone and WiFi Signal Jammer

For example, in some important meetings or negotiations, signal jammers can block external eavesdropping devices and ensure the confidentiality of communication content. The application of this technology not only improves the security of commercial transactions, but also enhances people's trust in their own information security.

Oppose harassment and criminal behavior In recent years, with the popularity of smart phones, various harassing calls and online frauds have emerged in an endless stream, posing a threat to the normal order of society. The use of signal jammers can curb these illegal activities to a certain extent. For example, in some public places, such as banks and shopping malls, installing Bluetooth Jammer can reduce the risk of criminals using communication equipment to carry out illegal activities.

In addition, signal jammers can also be used in special places such as prisons to prevent prisoners from making illegal contacts through mobile phones, making prison management more strict and efficient. The reasonable application of this technology can effectively combat illegal activities and contribute to social stability.

Promote scientific and technological innovation and industrial development The research and development and application of signal jammers have promoted the advancement of related technologies, such as innovations in radio communications, signal processing and other fields. At the same time, this has also created new market demand for the electronic product manufacturing industry. With the improvement of people's awareness of information security, the market potential of signal jammers has continued to expand, giving rise to the emergence of a series of emerging industries.

The participation of technology companies has injected new impetus into the development of Anti Drone Blocker, allowing the technology in this field to be continuously updated and iterated. Competition between companies has promoted the improvement of product performance and the reduction of costs, and ultimately enabled more users to benefit from this technology.

Optimizing public safety management In public safety management, signal jammers have also shown their unique advantages. For example, in the security work of major events, the use of signal jammers can effectively prevent terrorists from using mobile phones to perform remote detonation and other dangerous behaviors. By cutting off potential wireless signals, security personnel can better control the situation on the scene and ensure public safety.

At the same time, signal jammers also play an active role in emergency response. In natural disasters or other emergencies, signal jammers can help maintain the communication order on the scene and avoid network congestion caused by too much unnecessary communication. This application provides strong support for emergency management and improves rescue efficiency.

Conclusion As an important achievement of modern science and technology, the positive impact of Audio bug jammer cannot be underestimated. It not only plays an important role in protecting personal privacy and maintaining social security, but also promotes the innovation of related technologies and the development of industries. Although its use is subject to certain legal restrictions, if it can be used reasonably within the legal framework, signal jammers will undoubtedly bring more convenience and safety to our lives.

In the future, with the further development of science and technology, we look forward to seeing the wider application of signal jammers in various fields, so that technology can truly serve life, improve our quality of life, and build a safer information society.

@ bf47c19e:c3d2573b

"Misterija Satoši - Poreklo bitkoina" je francuski dokumentarno-animirani serijal koji dešifruje unutrašnje funkcionisanje bitkoin revolucije, dok istražuje identitet njenog tvorca.

Prvu decentralizovanu i pouzdanu kriptovalutu – bitkoin, osnovao je Satoši Nakamoto 3. januara 2009. godine. On je nestao 2011. i od tada ostaje anoniman, a njegov identitet je predmet svakakvih spekulacija. Tokom poslednjih 12 godina, vrednost bitkoina je porasla sa 0,001 na 69.000 dolara. Svi, od vlada do velikih korporacija, zainteresovali su se za Satošijev izum. Ko je Satoši Nakamoto? Kako je njegov izum postao toliko popularan? Šta nam bitkoin govori o svetu u kome živimo?

Ovaj serijal se prikazivao na Radio-televiziji Srbije (RTS 3) u sklopu novogodišnjeg muzičkog i filmskog programa 2022/2023. godine.

Naslov originala: "Le Mystère Satoshi"

Copyright: , ARTE.TV

@ 9d92077c:38d27146

Happy new year friends, and thank you for tuning in again to our techno-adventures.

Welcome to the first perfectly square year (2025=45²) since 1936 (=44²). Funny enough, 1936 is when Alan Turing publishedOn Computable Numbers.This is the paper that created the theoretical framework for modern computing... before any physical computer even existed! Thanks to UK copyright laws and the timing of Turing’s death, as of January 1st, 2025 this paper has entered the public domain. The foundation of computer science is now open-source. It was published on a perfect square year, and made public domain the following perfect square year. Poetic.

Here’s to hoping this year brings breakthroughs in healthy human connections with these machines.

As promised, we’ll keep things shorter this time. Onward.

Development Updates

Nostr Commerce Coordinators Whitepaper

Last month we published a paper outlining a severe limitation we found with the NIP-15 marketplace specification. We also proposed a solution, along with corresponding pull requests on Github.If you want to geek out with us you can read the full paper here.

Here’s a rough abstract:

Without a system capable of automating the process between a Customer's intent to purchase and a Merchant's acceptance, e-commerce on Nostr will not grow beyond small sales plagued with high-friction manual checkout steps. This proposal contains the groundwork for a new type of Nostr bot. A Nostr bot whose core function is handling NIP-15 checkout events automatically on behalf of a Merchant.

In plain English:

While building the functions of a real-life Nostr e-commerce store, we found a big problem causing checkout failures. This can be solved with an automated program, but we need an update to the Nostr marketplace specification to allow it to happen.

We also published home grown organic memes this month.

To be clear, lack of approval on our proposal doesn’t stop us from developing Conduit independently. We do feel a solution is needed for broader adoption, though.

This is the type of action we need to take to connect to the Nostr open-source development community and push important changes. So, expect more of these as we develop.

Joining Forces

Showing our work and reaching out to likeminded folks for comment didn’t take long to pay dividends. We’re now honored to be in a collaborative group with a few other teams developing Nostr-marketplace apps such as: - Cypher Space - Shopstr - Plebeian Market

This is the beautiful spirit of open-source collaboration at work. We’re all taking different approaches to a similar problem with the common goal of spreading freedom tech across the world. Instead of competing, we’re growing a new ecosystem together.

Open-source incentivizes this type of industry collaboration vs. the traditional competitive model. When your tech is instantly commoditized, other value vectors like brand reputation, team and operations matter a lot more. These things get better when you work together as an industry to grow your collective market share. This is common in mature commoditized industries. For example, US construction has lots of industry groups providing shared best practices to all companies. Open-source, along with the Nostr and Bitcoin protocols, incentivizes these pro-social business behaviors.

Medusa JS x Strfry Relay Accelerator

Medusais an open-source project we’ve had our eyes on since the beginning. They’ve already built out a ton of modular e-commerce solutions for folks like us looking to break the mold. Medusa provides all the features needed for modern e-commerce so you don’t need to reinvent the wheel. We’d hoped their work would provide a scaffolding for us to develop faster. Until recently, we couldn’t figure out how to tie it into a Nostr-based system without causing endless headaches.

Strfryis an efficient Nostr relay system developed by a talented Canadian programmer named Doug Hoyte. It’s currently used by most of the high traffic relays on Nostr. If you want to geek out on it, we recommend thisYouTube video of Doug’s presentation on Strfry. This was the clear relay of choice for ourConduit Commerce Coordinator(the bot system we proposed in theWhitepapermentioned above).

Last month, our tech chiefAcea Spades,pulled one out of his sleeve and got these two working together behind the scenes:

Pictured above: Conduit’s Medusa-based system successfully updating Nostr product events on a Strfry relay

He was able to update a product in Medusa, have it auto-sign a Nostr event, post it to the relay, and have the relay auto-delete the old product while keeping the new one. By doing this, he may have established the first product posting system between MedusaJS and a Nostr relay. That’s pretty cool, folks- and a huge step towards our vision of an easy to use Nostr system for merchants.

Conduit UX Sneak Peak

Last but not least, we made huge progress on our UX design through our collaboration withSantoral.

Screenshot 1 from the editing room: featuring the multi-cart HUD we’re excited to introduce.

This process has been fun and informative. While we’re spending time on the backend engineering too, Conduit is taking a UX-first approach to the build of the platform. This creative process is already paying dividends. It's helping us uncover the product design needed to give users a smooth and feature-rich experience.

The social experience is the top differentiator for a Nostr-based marketplace. This topic is front and center in all our UX working sessions.

Screenshot 2 from the editing room: showing the filter option for “My Network” vs. “Global” within a product category.

How do we show users the significance of the reputation-based content sorting system? How do we do this without taking away from a modern e-commerce experience? How can we do this in a way that’s fun and intuitive? We’re thinking about this in every working session with Santoral.

We’ll leave it there for now. Excited to share more on the UX front next month.

Upcoming Developments

Moar UX & a Landing Page

After an incredible “Phase 1” experience with Santoral, we’ve tasked them with more creative work. You can already see some of it in the screenshots above. They’re currently working on finalizing our design guidelines and applying them to the Hi-Fi wireframes. Then they'll deliver us the master Figma file for our developers to bring to life. This will include mobile screens.

We’ve got a new logo in the works, too. The fun part about our base Hamsa + Lightning logo design is we can rework it in so many ways without losing the essence:

Logo type 3/n. The alien lightning meteorite.

They’re also working with us on an updated landing page that will showcase what we’re building and tell the Conduit story visually. This page will serve as a portal to bring in a community of merchants and users who are excited about what we’re building.

Stayin’ Legal

Behind UX, our second biggest spend was on legal services. We’re going to be working with a forward thinking firm who will help us navigate the choppy regulatory waters of the Bitcoin e-commerce ocean. Beyond the normal start-up stuff, we hope for them to give us input on our designs to avoid potential pitfalls.

A wise Nostrich Lama.

We know that the platform we are building is just. We know that Nostr and Bitcoin are pro-humanity technologies. We believe them to be pro-democracy technologies as well. As we push forward, we’re bound to ruffle some feathers. So we need to make sure what we’re doing falls well within the established legal frameworks for us to survive (and thrive). Not everyone in this community will take this approach, and we respect that. But, this is the path Conduit is taking.

Plugging in Conduit.Coffee

Once we have the finalized design we’re going to start by launching and testing our own store, Conduit Coffee, on the platform. This one might be out a couple months, but it’s an important step to mention and one we’re really looking forward to!

In the meantime, don’t forget to stock up on yourConduit.Coffee.Our FOSS Friday sale was a success, and together we sent a solid bag of Christmas Bitcoin to OpenSats.In fact, we managed to sell out of our first coffee run! This is perfect, since we want to make sure we’re always delivering fresh roasted product to our followers. Thank you for your support.

Note: some of you have requested a “how-to” for Bitcoin/Lightning beginners for the current Conduit.Coffee site. We’ll get that to you in an interim bulletin soon! We’d be honored if your first Bitcoin commercial transaction was with us, and excited for you if it were to be the start of your freedom-tech journey.

Concluding 01/45²

When you’ve got a huge goal (like revolutionizing e-commerce or something like that), it’s tough to feel like you’ve accomplished anything. Especially at the beginning. Looking back on our recent developments has us motivated though. 2024 was a very creative and transformative year for us, with a lot built up under the surface preparing to show itself in 2025.

We’ve got an exciting year ahead. We wish you and your families health, wealth and happiness in the new year- whatever that uniquely means for each of you.

Please feel free toreach out to usand let us know your thoughts on anything we’ve shared. We’d love to hear from you.

Cheers,

Eric FJ- Caffeinated Operating Officer,Conduit Hodlings

Acea Spades- Caffeinated Tech Officer,Conduit Hodlings

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Postscript: Growing the Conduit Team

We are actively seeking motivated individuals to accelerate our mission. We’re courting a few people already, but as it stands we feel there are currently roles available in the following areas: - Social Media Marketing / Community Building - Merchant Relations / Strategic Partnerships - Web Development

Please reach out to us by Nostr DM if you are inspired by our mission and interested in helping with any of the above.

@ 16d11430:61640947

Introduction

The human body’s remarkable ability to bridge the physiological and psychological realms often gives rise to questions about the interplay between ancient spiritual practices and modern biochemistry. One such question pertains to the potential relationship between chakra activation—a concept from ancient spiritual traditions—and the secretion of dimethyltryptamine (DMT), an endogenous compound with profound psychoactive effects.

In this article, we explore the biophysical mechanisms that may underlie this connection, synthesizing insights from neurobiology, endocrinology, and spiritual traditions. While direct scientific evidence is limited, existing research and plausible hypotheses provide a compelling framework for further exploration.

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The Biochemistry of DMT

DMT is a tryptamine molecule derived from the amino acid tryptophan. Its synthesis involves two key steps:

1. Decarboxylation of Tryptophan: Tryptophan is converted into tryptamine, a neurotransmitter precursor.

2. Methylation of Tryptamine: The enzyme indolethylamine-N-methyltransferase (INMT) catalyzes the addition of methyl groups, forming DMT.

DMT is produced in small quantities in the human body and has been detected in:

Cerebrospinal fluid and bloodstream.

Tissues such as the lungs, liver, and brain, including the pineal gland (though its role in DMT synthesis is debated).

DMT’s ability to bind to serotonin 5-HT2A receptors in the brain gives it its potent psychoactive effects, influencing perception, cognition, and consciousness.

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Chakras and Neuroendocrine Systems

Chakras, as described in ancient yogic texts, are energy centers aligned with key anatomical structures:

1. Ajna Chakra (Third Eye): Associated with the pineal gland.

2. Sahasrara Chakra (Crown): Linked to higher states of consciousness and the brain's integration centers.

From a physiological perspective, these chakras correspond to nerve plexuses and endocrine glands that regulate vital functions and neurochemical balance. For instance:

The pineal gland is central to circadian rhythms and melatonin production, and it has been hypothesized to produce DMT.

The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis governs stress responses, which could influence DMT secretion.

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Mechanisms Linking Chakra Activation and DMT Secretion

1. Meditation and Neurochemical Modulation

Meditation, a common practice for activating chakras, induces measurable changes in brain activity and neurochemistry:

Increased Gamma Brain Waves: Associated with heightened states of awareness and transcendence.

Serotonin Regulation: Meditation enhances serotonin activity, a precursor in DMT synthesis.

Stress Reduction: Lower cortisol levels may optimize conditions for enzymes like INMT to function efficiently.

1. Breathwork and Hypoxia

Pranayama and other breathwork techniques, integral to chakra activation, can alter oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the blood. Hypoxia (low oxygen levels) is known to:

Stimulate the release of endogenous neurochemicals.

Potentially trigger DMT secretion as part of an adaptive stress response.

1. Pineal Gland Activation

The pineal gland, often called the "seat of the soul," has drawn significant attention in both spiritual and scientific contexts:

It expresses the enzyme INMT, essential for DMT synthesis.

Practices like focusing on the Ajna chakra (third eye) during meditation could theoretically stimulate the pineal gland, influencing DMT production.

1. Vibrational Frequencies and Resonance

Chanting or tonal vibrations (e.g., the sound "Om") during chakra activation may stimulate specific brain regions or glands through resonance effects. Such stimulation could hypothetically enhance DMT secretion, although direct evidence is lacking.

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Physiological Correlates of Altered States

Practitioners of chakra meditation often report vivid imagery, euphoria, or a sense of oneness—experiences similar to those induced by exogenous DMT. This raises the question: Could these altered states result from an increase in endogenous DMT secretion?

Near-Death Experiences (NDEs): Research in rats has shown elevated DMT levels in the brain during cardiac arrest, suggesting that extreme physiological states can trigger its release.

Dreaming: DMT’s psychoactive effects have led to hypotheses that it plays a role in REM sleep and the generation of dreams.

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Evidence and Limitations

While the theoretical links between chakra activation and DMT secretion are intriguing, direct evidence remains sparse. Key challenges include:

1. Difficulty Measuring DMT: Its rapid metabolism and trace quantities in the body make it hard to study.

2. Lack of Controlled Studies: Most insights come from anecdotal reports or animal models, not rigorous human trials.

However, recent advances in neuroimaging and biochemical assays hold promise for future research.

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Conclusion and Future Directions

The potential connection between chakra activation and endogenous DMT secretion represents a fascinating intersection of spirituality and biophysics. While the precise mechanisms remain elusive, emerging evidence suggests that practices like meditation, breathwork, and chanting may influence brain chemistry in profound ways.

Future studies should focus on:

Identifying triggers for DMT synthesis and release in humans.

Exploring the role of the pineal gland in altered states of consciousness.

Investigating the long-term effects of meditation and chakra activation on neurochemical balance.

By bridging ancient wisdom with modern science, we may unlock deeper insights into the mysteries of human consciousness.

---

References

1. Barker, S. A., et al. (2012). "The occurrence of N,N-dimethyltryptamine in mammals." Medical Hypotheses.

2. Dean, R. A., et al. (1991). "Biosynthesis of serotonin and melatonin in the pineal gland." Journal of Pineal Research.

3. Strassman, R. (2001). DMT: The Spirit Molecule. Rochester, VT: Park Street Press.

4. Mandell, A. J. (1980). "Neurotransmitter precursors and altered states of consciousness." Psychopharmacology Bulletin.

5. Gallimore, A. R. (2015). "Building alien worlds: The neuropsychological and evolutionary implications of DMT." Frontiers in Psychology.

@ 5579d5c0:db104ded

Until the release of Fiat Food by Matthew Lysiak and Saifedean Ammous, I struggled to connect the dots between the monetary system and the current diabesity epidemic.

This book provided the historical context and the economic mechanisms behind the decline in public health, revealing how inflation (a subtle form of theft) has eroded not just our wealth but also our health.

What is Fiat Health?

Fiat Health refers to a health paradigm shaped and controlled by centralised authorities, corporate interests, and profit-driven systems, analogous to how fiat money operates in the financial world.

It prioritises cheap, scalable, and industrialised solutions at the expense of long-term well-being, often sacrificing nutrient-dense, ancestral practices for convenience and mass production.

Inflation and Health

Inflation is often framed as a purely economic phenomenon, but its effects ripple into every aspect of our lives, including our health.

Just as gradual 2% to 3% annual weight gain can go unnoticed until a heart attack hits, the 2% to 3% annual reduction in purchasing power caused by inflation often escapes scrutiny until the cumulative impact becomes undeniable.

Between 2019 and 2023, the cost of a 300g ribeye steak from my local farmer rose by 79%, from £8.23 to £14.75. Meanwhile, my wages only increased by 14% during the same period.

Put simply my purchasing power and ability to buy nutrient dense food was reduced.

This disparity means that nutrient-dense foods like meat, eggs, and seafood are increasingly out of reach for many people and they have to work harder for their money meaning less time outdoors, less sleep and more stress.

Instead, they are forced to turn to cheaper, ultra-processed foods that are nutrient-depleted but calorie-dense. These foods contribute to the steady rise in chronic conditions like type 2 diabetes, obesity, and metabolic syndrome.

How fiat money shapes health systems

The link between fiat money and health outcomes is rooted in the incentives of those who control the money supply.

Governments, reliant on cheap credit from money printing, align with industries that benefit from mass production such as agri-food giants, pharmaceutical companies, and even medical institutions.

Universities and journals reinforce these trends, promoting sun avoidance and guidelines that prioritise grains, seed oils, and sugar over nutrient-dense options like meat, eggs, seafood and dairy.

The result is a public health crisis.

We are told to avoid the sun, eat low-fat diets, and prioritise grains, all while being sold processed foods as “healthy options.”

These recommendations, driven by profit rather than science, have contributed to widespread metabolic dysfunction.

Less than 10% of adults today have optimal metabolic health.

How to break free

To break free from this cycle, we must reject fiat health and embrace the principles of low-time preference health, focusing on long-term health fundamentals rather than short-term gratification and convenience.

1. Go outside: Sensible sun exposure is the cheapest most effective way to improve your health. In my opinion this is more important aspect of health which is often overlooked. More light improves hormonal balance, boosts mood, and enhances metabolic health.
2. Base your diet on nutrient-dense foods: Prioritise meat, eggs, dairy, seafood and add in fruit, vegetables, nuts, seeds, whole carbs. These are rich in essential fats, proteins, and micronutrients that your body needs to thrive.
3. Avoid Ultra-Processed foods: Cut out cheap grains, sugar, and seed oils. These foods are cheap to produce but costly to your health.
4. Support local and regenerative agriculture: Buying from local farmers not only improves the quality of your diet but also decentralises food production, aligning with the principles of Bitcoin.

How Bitcoin fixes this

Bitcoin offers a way out.

The principles of decentralisation, transparency, and resistance to inflation can be applied not only to money but also to health.

Just as Bitcoin restores individual sovereignty over wealth: sunlight, nutrient-dense & locally sourced foods restores sovereignty over health.

By adopting Bitcoin, you can preserve you purchasing power and reject fiat health.

You align yourself with a system that values long-term sustainability over short-term gain.

It’s time to question the narratives we’ve been fed by governments, corporations, and institutions.

It’s time to take back control of our wallets, our health, and our futures.

- Chris

If this resonates with you, I highly recommend reading Fiat Food. It’s a brilliantly researched and written book that connects the dots between money, food, and health.

I also offer health coaching services for busy individuals looking to take control of their health and navigate the fiat health system.

Book a free call with me here: https://calendly.com/hello-chrispatrick

@ 16d11430:61640947

Ah, the path to enlightenment has never been more accessible, my friends. Forget the mystics, the gurus, and the silent retreats. The ultimate deep meditative state is found by tuning your inner vibrations to the soothing hum of the money printer. That's right – the cosmic Brrrr is your new mantra.

Step 1: Assume the Position

First, sit comfortably in a position that screams "I understand fiat but choose to transcend it." Maybe cross-legged, maybe lounging in your gamer chair with a Bitcoin hoodie. Whatever works.

Step 2: Focus on the Sound

Close your eyes and visualize the printer in all its glory, churning out currency like a caffeinated octopus. Let the rhythm of Brrrr wash over you. This is not just a sound; it’s the vibration of a system so intricate, it persists by sheer force of mass cognitive dissonance.

Step 3: Sync with the Counter

Here’s the key: attune your mind to the rate of counter persistence. Each new unit of fiat materializes not as value, but as a data point in the algorithm of systemic confidence. Breathe in the inflation, exhale the diminishing purchasing power. Feel the balance.

Step 4: Become One with the System

As the printer continues its song, let your consciousness merge with the ledger of the world. Understand the duality: to some, it’s salvation; to others, a Ponzi scheme so complex even Madoff would blush. In this awareness lies the secret truth: the system operates because it must.

Step 5: Release and Reflect

Slowly emerge from your trance, whispering your final affirmation: "I am not a consumer; I am a node." Congratulations, you’ve transcended fiat reality. Treat yourself to a decentralized transaction to celebrate.

Post-Meditation Exercise:

For the fully enlightened, consider live-streaming your practice. Your audience will marvel at your ability to tune into a system that operates solely on the unspoken agreement that nobody asks too many questions.

Namaste, fellow printers of truth. May your sats always stack higher than the Fed’s balance sheet.

@ 662f9bff:8960f6b2

I remember taking this picture on the train from the airport into HK on my first morning after the overnight flight from Brussels via Zurich. Somehow I had expected that there might be a party on the plane since we flew over the end of the year, but...nothing! Also it did strike me as symbolic that I got a one-way ticket.

Great winter weather in HK this week - we spent a few days away in Cheung Chau; for such a small island there are sooo many people living there and it is a totally different atmosphere to much of Hong Kong - very traditional and relaxed.

211231 - Cheung Chau trip

Set 1/4 Set 2/4 Set 3/4 Set 4/4

Letter from ...around the worldRoger Price

Click to see photos from the trip

Apart from that, quite a few hikes this week - you have really got to appreciate the good weather and convenience of HK. No matter where you go you can easily get to and from the hike with public transport and you have all conceivable environments available - beach, forrest, mountain and even city-walks. Not to mention girls in the trees!

Following

Michael Saylor is a required follow - gotta appreciate his clarity of vision and eloquence of explanation. The CEO! Do also check out Michael's legacy, The Saylor Academy. Saylor Academy is a nonprofit initiative working since 2008 to offer free and open online courses to all who want to learn. Offering nearly 100 full-length courses at the college and professional levels, each built by subject matter experts. All courses are available to complete — at your pace, on your schedule, and free of cost. @saylor

Saifedean Ammous - author of The Fiat Standard - required reading for these times to understand what the governments are doing to you and your savings. @saifedean

Jeff Booth - author of The Price of Tomorrow - further evidence, if needed that the current system (over 100 years in the making) is ending. Jeff has a unique ability to connect the dots to something bigger. Few books offer a more succinct, provocative, and enlightening view of the world as it is today, and what it could be tomorrow. Your world view will transform instantly. @jeffbooth

Listening

Coming to a city near you - Price Gouging, Price Controls, And Inflation.... Pomp's latest newsletter read by him.

Joe Brown also explains how Turkey inches closer to Hyperinflation. I do rather think that you need to pay attention to what happens here. Turkey ranks 11th place globally in terms of GDP at PPP in 2020 ahead of Italy and Mexico and just behind UK and France.

Super interesting interview of Cory Klippstein, CEO of Swan Bitcoin - indeed a reminder that we are still early: SLP333 Cory Klippsten - Building for Bitcoiners

Watching

One of the best interviews of the year: Peter and Lyn discuss Currency wars; I can listen to Lyn all day.

Equally informative is James' Holiday special with Jeff Booth and Greg Foss

Mark explains all about endless wars: Central Banks Covert Plan For Never-Ending Stimulus | Get Ready. And then, George G: Breaking: Media Now Saying US Needs PRICE CONTROLS!!

James' fast-paced outlook for 2022 is wide-ranging and informative

I do recommend: Guy's tips for Security for your Crypto

Reading

I finally finished Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix. I really did not like this book when I read it 18 years ago. Second time round, though still a dark read, you will spot so many parallels to what is happening in the world right now. Well worth the 30+ hours on audible.com or 896 pages! Not to mention that whilst the "first wave" from Voldemort is over there are two more episodes to come...

Still In my queue: Harry Potter - book 6 (Half Blood Prince) and book 7 (Deathly Hallows) ...

I have now started on When Money Dies - The Nightmare of Deficit Spending, Devaluation, and Hyperinflation in Weimar, Germany. This really is required reading for these times. Those who do not learn from history are doomed to repeat it. Once aware of them you will see signs all around you.

I think it is not linked on their website but still accessible if you know where to look (maybe download and safestore it before it disappears): The Bank of England 1914-21 (Unpublished War History). This corroborates and elaborates on what you can read in The Creature from Jekyll Island.

That's it!

No one can be told what The Matrix is. \ You have to see it for yourself.

Do share this newsletter with any of your friends and family who might be interested.

You can also email me at: LetterFrom@rogerprice.me

💡Enjoy the newsletters in your own language : Dutch, French, German, Serbian, Chinese Traditional & Simplified, Thai and Burmese.

@ 662f9bff:8960f6b2

Season's greetings from Hong Kong - as we approach the end of the year I am taking a few days off work (mostly) - so I have a bit more time for some personal projects and interests. We will be island hopping again/still this week!

Considering the need for improved privacy and security on mobile phones, I am experimenting with CalyxOS - on a very nice Pixel 4. Surprisingly pleasant experience on a Google-free device. It was easy to replace Android on the phone and you have pretty much all you need via either the F-Droid or Aurora app stores - certainly if you enable MicroG (not a bad option, I think). Do let me know your thoughts on this if you use it. Documentation here. Apps that are handy on the phone:

• Signal - Messaging. Avoid WhatsApp, FB Messenger and others if possible
• Brave Browser - privacy oriented version of Chrome - just great!
• Element - Group Chat and conversations
• Antenna - Podcasts.. just a great experience
• Bitwarden - Password manager - it just works... highly recommended
• NewPipe - Youtube without all the nonsense!
• Phoenix - Lighning & Bitcoin payments - and I do not even live in El Salvador
• DuckDuckGo - Search.. why would you use anything else?

I am also experimenting with Raspberry Pi - these are fascinating little devices - if you are interested to know more, do say. Among other things they allow you to host your own private servers that keep data safe whilst being securely accessible by a personal VPN.

Something completely different - a little video update from my hike around The Peak...

Following

On Twitter, I do recommend following @DougAntin and do check our his website and newsletter: The Sovereign Individual Weekly

@Laserhodl is also an interesting follow - do listen to his interview by Stephan Livera

Listening

• Listen and learn to clear talk on what is happening and will come soon in the Macro World: w/ Jeff Booth, Preston Pysh & Greg Foss

I do love listening to Guy Swan - he has really read more on this topic than anyone else and he happily shares his knowledge. Here his and Lyn's knowledge!

• Proof of Stake & Stablecoins - Part 1: A Centralization Dilemma [Lyn Alden]
• Proof of Stake & Stablecoins - Part 2 [Lyn Alden] - you will understand why Proof of Stake networks are vulnerable to government manipulation unlike Bitcoin with its Proof of Work mining.

Watching

Guy's weekly news review is required weekly watching - issued every Monday so we see it Tuesday morning in HK. Do also subscribe to his newsletter

Mark explains how the measuring stick is being changed to steal from you

If you have seen The Matrix Resurrections

• you may have missed some Easter Eggs
• you may or may not be ready for the Full Decode - warning, this is DEEP

In case you heard about Log4j and wondered what it was and why it's important

BTW - you might be interested to Restore YouTube Dislikes

Reading

I am still reading Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, Book 5. So many interesting parallels in the book to what is happening right now in the world. Gotta wonder, this is book 5 and there is still book 6 to come...

In my queue: When Money Dies by Adam Fergusson - I feel this may be very relevant in the month ahead - already so in some countries...

If case you missed them - I do recommend:

• The Creature from Jekyll Island - The untold history of the FED...
• Sovereign Individual - written in 1997 they did predict personal computers, mobile phones, cryptocurrencies and even the current pandemic situation..
• The Fourth Turning - we have been here before

For audio-books, I do recommend getting used to listening at >= 1.5x speed. After a while 1.8x to 2x is quite fine and you will wonder how you ever did differently!

That's it!

No one can be told what The Matrix is. \ You have to see it for yourself.

Do share this newsletter with any of your friends and family who might be interested.

You can also email me at: LetterFrom@rogerprice.me

💡Enjoy the newsletters in your own language : Dutch, French, German, Serbian, Chinese Traditional & Simplified, Thai and Burmese.

@ 662f9bff:8960f6b2

(12-22-21) Something of a computer-centric update this week, ahead of Christmas. Responding to several folks asking about this and with the continual drumbeat of new threats (echoes of 1984?) and recurring theft of personal and business data, you might find it useful to have some suggestions from many years of industry experience - let me know if you need more!

Backups

Top priority - ensure that you have backups of your critical data and that you are able to recover it; keep in mind that if you have not tested your backup you should consider that you do not really have one. Yes, testing backups is a real pain!

A good starting point is the 3-2-1 strategy. Have at least three copies of your important data on two different backup media with at least one copy somewhere offsite. You can always increment these numbers to make things more resilient. For onsite storage it's a good idea to keep the media in a solid metal safe for protection against fire, theft and electromagnetic attacks.

Important to have the recovery steps written down safely and available in case of need - when trouble hits you will appreciate this advice AND remember test from time to time.

If your data on Social media sites is important, consider getting and keeping a download that is included in your backups from time to time; all the major services have to offer this.

Passwords

Use a password manager - there is no excuse. A good password manager makes it easy to create and use a strong password for every site and application that you use and for all of these to be different; this is important to avoid that compromise of one supplier would expose all your other systems using same password. A good password manager also works on Mobile and Computer browsers and should be accessible securely on all your devices.

Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA)

Just do it - and avoid using SMS for this if possible (risk of SIM swap attack). MFA ensures that someone needs more than just your username and password to log in to your accounts. Consider Time-based One Time Password solutions (TOTP). Be sure that you have backup of this stored safely and it can be useful to have it in several devices

Patching vs Anti-virus

For personal use, the best thing you can do is to ensure that you timely apply vendor patches. It's generally a good idea to wait a couple of days from patch release just in case the patch causes issues but after a week or so, just patch! Both Windows PCs and Macs are decent choices these days as long as you use and do not disable the built-in protections with Mac being slightly easier to keep safe and secure, I think!

I wouldn't recommend antivirus for personal use - other than possible on-demand scans/checks or clean-up if you do get or suspect a malware infection. Windows and MacOS contain pretty good malware protection measures and use of 3rd party products can open up additional risks.

Mobile Phones

Android or Apple/iOS? For most people, Apple is generally simpler and safer but there are trade-offs, including cost! Android systems tend to be slower to get patches and easier for criminals to exploit - if you use one, keep it up to date and avoid unofficial App Stores. An interesting wrinkle here is that the Google Pixel phones are generally patched more quickly and they also allow you to install Privacy Centric operating system in place of Android (eg CalyxOS); with this approach it is possible to "de-google" yourself - not a bad ambition!

Privacy

Be aware that all the cloud-based services and most mobile Apps that you use are tracking what you do and they may well be doing much worse with your data. In theory they need to tell you in Privacy Policy but can anyone read or understand these and you are pretty helpless when these change them unilaterally. So - choose carefully which services you use and minimse unnecessary sharing of data!

That's it!

No one can be told what The Matrix is. \ You have to see it for yourself.

Do share this newsletter with any of your friends and family who might be interested.

You can also email me at: LetterFrom@rogerprice.me

💡Enjoy the newsletters in your own language : Dutch, French, German, Serbian, Chinese Traditional & Simplified, Thai and Burmese.

@ bf47c19e:c3d2573b

Originalni tekst na linkedin.com

07.12.2016 / Autor: Aleksandar Matanović

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Kažu da su svi generali pametni posle bitke. Međutim, pošto sam se i pre „bitke“ pokazao kao dobar general (moj intervju u članku objavljenom 2 meseca pre „bitke“), daću sebi za pravo da pokušam da objasnim šta se desilo i zašto se desilo. Koga mrzi da čita članak, evo ukratko o čemu se radilo: Početkom maja sam bio zamoljen da prokomentarišem kako će prepolovljavanje nagrade za rudare u julu uticati na cenu bitkoina. Rekao sam tada da mislim da će cena do prepolovljavanja (između tačke „A“ i tačke „B“ na grafikonu) rasti, da će posle prepolovljavanja (od tačke „B“ pa na dalje) kratkoročno cena pasti, pa da će nakon toga dugoročno rasti. Upravo tako nešto se i desilo. Ipak, moram da naglasim da cena bitkoina zavisi od mnogih faktora i zaista je teško izolovati uticaj nekog pojedinačnog faktora na cenu, tako da se svaka ovakva analiza mora uzeti sa dosta rezerve.

Ovog jula desilo se nešto što se dešava jednom u 4 godine... a nisu Olimpijske igre ili 29-ti februar. Nagrada za bitkoin rudare se prepolovila i sada iznosi 12.5 bitkoina po bloku (uz to naravno ide i zbir provizija svih transakcija u bloku, ali taj iznos je i dalje bitno manji od 12.5 btc). Mnogi su mislili da će taj događaj vinuti cenu bitkoina u nebesa, verovatno i zbog toga što je nakon prethodnog prepolovljavanja nagrade krenuo rast koji je za manje od godinu dana rezultirao u povećanju cene od preko 10.000%. Ipak, prepolovljanje nagrade nije, barem kratkoročno, donelo očekivani skok cene. Objašnjenje za to se može tražiti u Hipotezi Efikasnog Tržišta.

Hipoteza Efikasnog Tržišta (HET), u svom jačem obliku, tvrdi da se sve javno dostupne informacije o nečemu (u ovom slučaju – o bitkoinu) već ogledaju u ceni tog nečega. Zbog toga, analizom tih javno dostupnih informacija nije moguće „pobediti“ tržište. Možemo diskutovati o tome koliko je tržište bitkoina efikasno i u kojoj meri je ova hipoteza na njega primenjiva, kao i tome koliko je i sama HET valjana, ali meni je početkom maja baš ta hipoteza pomogla da predvidim kretanje cene pre i posle prepolovljavanja.

Da bi cena nečega rasla, mora da postoji povećan broj onih koji to žele da kupe u odnosu na broj onih koji to žele da prodaju. Hajde da na trenutak zamislimo da se prepolovljavanje nagrade dogodilo potpuno neočekivano, to jest da niko nije znao da će se dogoditi. Špekulanti bi brzo shvatili da će se zbog smanjenog tempa generisanja novih bitkoina verovatno poremetiti odnos ponude i potražnje (u korist potražnje) i krenuli bi da kupuju nadajući se da će kasnije prodati po većoj ceni. Nesumljivo, to bi dovelo do rasta cene bitkoina, verovatno naglog.

Međutim, pošto se za prepolovljavanje unapred znalo da će se dogoditi i kada će se dogoditi, po HET ta, javno dostupna, informacija se već reflektovala na cenu pre prepolovljavanja. Prostim jezikom rečeno, pošto su ljudi očekivali rast cene posle prepolovljavanja, oni su mesecima unapred kupovali bitkoine, nadajući se da će da profitiraju posle rasta. Sva ta silna kupovina pred prepolovljavanje je povećela potražnju pa samim tim i cenu bitkoina. Ali, baš zato što su svi pokupovali bitkoine pred prepolovljavanje, kad se prepolovljavanje dogodilo – više nije imao ko da kupuje. A cena ne može da raste dalje ako nema dovoljno potražnje da tu cenu gura na gore. Baš zbog te smanjene potražnje, cena bitkoina je mesecima posle prepolovljavanja stagnirala, čak je imala i jedan ozbiljan pad, zbog BitFinex-a.

Dugoročno, naravno da je logično da prepolovljavanje nagrade ipak donese rast cene. Najpre, tempo generisanja novih bitkoina se smanjuje, a ako potražnja nastavi da raste sličnom brzinom kao i ranije, cena mora da raste. Takođe, prepolovljavanje nagrade je prepolovilo profit rudarima, koji će sada želeti da prodaju bitkoine po višoj ceni da bi zadržali sličan nivo prihoda kao ranije. Videćemo da li je jesenji rast cene upravo početak tog dugoročnog trenda rasta koji sam u članku prognozirao ili samo privremena stvar. Ipak, tu je još dosta drugih faktora, pre svih pitanje kako će bitkoin zajednica odgovoriti na problem skaliranja - što će biti jedna od narednih tema.

Napomena: Ova analiza predstavlja moje lično viđenje situacije. Nisam ekspert za analizu kretanja cene, tako da ovde navedene informacije ne treba uzimati kao relevantne pri eventualnim odlukama o kupovini ili prodaji kriptovaluta.

@ 4d41a7cb:7d3633cc

Review

\ Dedicated to bitcoiners, who stand to benefit financially from the great wealth transfer that is taking place while the fiat system is being demonetized, the book emphasizes that true wealth is in the inner virtues and not in the outer.  Virtues are the spirit in which we do things; they are the most important thing because they define who we really are, beyond what we have. 

Real wealth comes from the virtues we live by.

As we navigate through periods of darkness, transition, and madness, marking the end of one cycle and the start of another, bushido serves as a beacon of light for those who seek to comprehend their own virtuous selves and contribute to the development of civilization. It recognizes that virtues serve as the foundation, a metaphysical science or natural law that surpasses religious beliefs.

The Bushido of Bitcoin serves as a guide for individuals seeking personal growth and a higher purpose during this period of change and adversity. We cannot acquire these values with fiat, gold, or bitcoin; we must cultivate them with patience and practice them on a daily basis. This is the ultimate form of lowering time preference: considering our legacy and future generations.

The War of All Ages

It is important to recognize that we are at war. This war is not new; I call it the war of all ages, and it is a war between slavery and freedom. Our ancestors have been fighting this war for millennia, and it is thanks to the warriors of the past that we are here now, enjoying our freedoms and all the things of modern life. 

This eternal war is interdimensional: it is a spiritual, intellectual, and physical war. To win, or at least have a worthy battle, we must start from the spiritual realm, the source of all. Only by becoming strong spirits and expanding consciousness can we win on the mental and physical plane. 

However, if we confine ourselves to the physical realm and attempt to combat and shape ourselves from there, we are unlikely to attain any significant outcomes. The war starts from within (against ourselves), and this book is here to help us understand exactly that. 

How you act physically shows your intellectual and spiritual state. The physical is the result of the metaphysical, and only by understanding this can we understand the immorality, the criminality, the ugliness, and the failure of the present system. These are the harmful fruits of a poisonous tree.

Aspects of the war & the virtues we must embody to win

It's better to be a warrior in a garden than a gardener in a war.

The Bushido of Bitcoin virtues are justice/righteousness, courage, compassion/love, honor, honesty/integrity, responsibility, excellence, respect, duty/loyalty, and restraint/self-control.

These are the qualities associated with leadership and responsibility. It takes active cultivation and practice to develop this set of virtues, but they are the key to achieve success in whatever we want to.  (...) In the materialistic world we are living in, these virtues are scarce, and as we know scarcity for something desirable makes it more valuable. Especially honor, responsibility and excellence virtues that are very difficult to find in the marketplace. 

> We transcend childhood by taking responsibility. (...)* The price of freedom, or more specifically autonomy, is responsibility. 

All these virtues are necessary to become real men and give a worthy fight during this war we call life, because the war starts with our biggest enemy: ourselves.  

### \ A war against ourselves

-Individuals = micro

The fiat system aims to crush our spirit and steal our soul. In order to win, we need to become the best version of ourselves. We need to improve in the fiscal, emotional, spiritual, and psychological aspects. How we all live and behave reflects our values back into society. Our behavior shapes who we become.

The Samurai believed in doing, not saying. Action and behavior demonstrated their faith, knowledge, and values more than words ever could. 

The miracle of being alive means that we had 4096 ancestors during the last 10 generations before us. That implies that there were 2048 couples of men and women who overcame hardship, built civilization, learned, taught, fought, reproduced, and died. They went through all of this, and who knows what else had to happen for us to be here and now. 

This is a sign of gratitude to be alive and an awakening of a desire to honor our ancestors and our descendants. We have in our blood a strand of DNA that contains unique information from all of them. If we fail to follow the lineage of our ancestors, we are essentially discarding centuries of biological, intellectual, and economic wealth.

THIS IS WHY BUILDING A STRONG FAMILY IS OUR PRIMARY DUTY.

True mastery lies in the real beyond comfort, and requires you transcend technology, by becoming the protagonist of the story. (...) You are either the producer or the product. You are either the master of your domain, or you are a slave to circumstance. You either establish your own territory, or you are a guest (or a captive) of somebody else (…) Territory is not only physical, it is also metaphysical; it includes the body, the mind and the spirit.** 

In order to be a protagonist, you need to be honest with yourself; you need to take responsibility and stop outsourcing the result to politicians, priests, or experts. We possess the power, and we must reclaim it as we relinquished it voluntarily. If we outsource the responsibility, we are victims or slaves. Victims and slaves are weak; they are domesticated humans. 

Victims are not free; they are slaves of their fears, beliefs, and circumstances. Being free is about taking responsibility, making everything you can shape your fault, and placing yourself at the cause and not at the effect. It's not what happens to you but what you do with it that matters.

Without self-control, you are a slave; you are at the behest or control of something else—be it the circumstances, impulses, or another person. It’s not virtuous to be a slave, to live dependent, or to impose ideas on others that you do not live by.

> If courage is the peak virtue of a warrior, then self-control is the peak virtue of the leader.*

Lying is a sign of weakness, dishonor, and shame. And this starts with the lies we tell ourselves, before we lie to others. In order to be free we have to recognize we are slaves sometimes in some ways, and it has always been like this. 

As the battle for the soul of humanity rages on, Bitcoiners, being the most likely group to ascend economically speaking, have a duty to become better people, and men in particular must lead. 

Given the current leadership crisis, it is imperative that we develop into strong leaders as soon as possible. If we don't, then who will? And in order to do this, we must lead by example, especially by resisting impulses that might lead to harmful or destructive behaviors.

Becoming stronger, wiser, and richer is not an option; it is our duty. If we are soft of the body, we are also soft of the mind and spirit. 

Whether the goal is strength, endurance, courage, or self-control, instead of trying to minimize pain all the time, we might seek instead to gradually increase how much pain we can bear. The goal being not an escape from pain, but a transcendence or integration of it. 

Also being mindful of your relationships and time with others is your greatest asset.

The ability to say no is a superpower. Slaves must say ‘yes’ to everything, but the master and the sovereign individual is he who can say no.**

You are in charge of your own destiny. 

### \ Culture war

-Sum of the individuals = macro

The materialistic view of humanity is what brought us here: Marxist, Keynesian, collectivist, mob rule democracies, and every ideology and system that ignores the universal truths. Such systems are bound to collapse from their inception. The immorality of the monetary system, which supported the information war against us through lies, indoctrination, and false mental models that most people operate under, is the direct cause of these systems' failure.

Dystopian societies are built on micromanagement, interruption, interference, and surveillance. They are built on the idea that the human beings who make them up are numbers on a spreadsheet that can be mathematically manipulated as though they’re all equal.

History has repeatedly demonstrated the failure of this ideology and its system. The only thing keeping it alive is the infinite debt system. However, the cycle is nearing its conclusion, and the fiat system has reached its peak; there's no turning back.

Argentina has become aware of this phenomenon and has expressed its desire for freedom and a reduction in state intervention. They have come to understand that socialism is the root of all evils, a realization that began with their central bank. Even the former president recognized this fact and communicated it to the people, educating them about Austrian economics. This is a sign of the changing times we are going through. 

Not only do we believe fairy tales about world affairs in this culture war, but we also learn toy versions of economics, law, and politics. Not only do they teach us to despise our history, our ancestors, and those "backward systems," but they also instill a hatred for our past.

People tell us that the founding fathers of our republic were racists and tyrants, that the Bible and the constitutions were merely a creation of primitive minds, and that its significance has diminished in modern times. This is all part of a plan to create chaos and weaken the foundations of our society so they can gain control. 

To be truly honorable and worthy of remembrance is to have respect for yourself, for others, for tradition, for authority, and even for your enemy.

If we use our common sense and judge by their fruits, paying attention to the architecture, the arts, the literature, and the culture of the time, it's easy to see that they were achieving better results than those we are experiencing today. So we should ask the question: Why? 

Of course, weak money has a significant influence on our time preference, but it's not the only factor. The root cause lies in the virtues; it is evident that the religions, cultures, and governments of the past performed their function more effectively than we do today because they were somehow more truthful and virtuous in their intentions. 

We are transitioning, but we are still living in a culture that incentivizes weakness and immorality while disincentivizing strength and character. Cheap dopamine and excessive comfort are depleting our energy and purpose, contributing to the high rates of depression and suicide.

It’s our responsibility to start changing this. We are going through a death spiral that is destroying families, the fundamental core of our humanity, with debt, inflation, and taxes. The ideologies, distractions, and challenges of the modern world are leading us in a completely opposite direction to the one our ancestors followed, and it is not difficult to see that that direction is the abyss.

Family is the most important unit and is precisely what’s been attacked by the globalist, communist, slave, and ghoul classes of the world because it is an institution of saving and compounding, not only for material wealth, but for biological, intellectual, and spiritual wealth.** 

The power structures are actively pursuing this goal through various means. The power structures are not only extracting our economic wealth through fiat money, which is in danger of collapsing, but they are also taking our spiritual and biological wealth. This is the real three-dimensional war I talk about. 

Instead of needing to rebuild again from scratch, the new generation of strong men can make the necessary repairs and build onwards to new heights. (...) allow humanity to better converse and compound its progress. This is the key to real civilizational progress. 

The status quo has reached this level of madness and tyranny because people do not want to see, hear, and speak the truth. Lying is a sign of weakness, dishonor, and shame; these are common aspects of today's democratic systems and fiat institutions, which act as magnets for dishonest people and parasites.

As G. Michael Hopf said: 'Hard times create strong men. Strong men create good times. Good times create weak men. And, weak men create hard times.

We are going through hard times created by weak men that were corrupted by power, not because power is evil.

It’s very easy to see people selling their soul for material possessions, and this is a clear sign of weakness and a lack of self-respect. (...) Slaves and parasites sell their souls, their dignity, and their honor for money. The point of being sovereign is that you do not.

“For what shall it profit a man if he shall gain the whole world and lose his own soul?” Jesus Christ 

Now we are transitioning, strong men are rising to create good times again.

These are the acts of a hero: to tell the truth in a world of lies. To inspire others to do the same.

But saying the truth is not enough, we need to take action, create, expand and protect.

Economic war

Thanks, Satoshi, for Bitcoin!

Empires and nations crumble along with their currencies and trade. Financial education is crucial to navigate this process and emerge stronger, rather than weaker.

Money is power, and you must learn how to channel it (...) We must master money like we master the sword or the pen (...) You have to both adopt the virtues laid out in this book and master the economic game. Money is power, and power is necessary—not evil. Power is just your capacity to channel energy, and money is fundamentally just that: energy.

By becoming better, smarter, and more affluent, we will beat them at their own game. (...) To ultimately wrest control from the parasites, we need a new class of leader: warrior-merchant-philosopher-king.**

Not all value can be measured in money, and this is critical for maintaining a relationship to the ‘moral’ or sacred dimension of the universe. While material wealth is important, spiritual wealth remains something no amount of money can buy. 

How much better to get wisdom than gold, to get insight rather than silver! Proverbs 16:16**

Satoshi solved one of the biggest problems in human history: an unjust monetary system. Specifically, the debt-based fractional reserve system that the moneychangers created to steal from producers.

Broken money breaks everything else downstream. It destroys the individual, the family, and the community, and in time, it destroys the state itself, unless they have full, digital, panopticon control over it—which is why they want CBDCs so badly. They will distract you with fairy tales about AI, racism, and climate change, while the real threat is coming to a bank account near you.

This system and its traps are as old as civilization itself, from the times of Jesus Christ to Napoleon to the present. The immorality and criminality of this system have significantly impacted various aspects of our civilization and culture, including the economic situation, education, communication, and the food and health industries, to name a few.

We need to understand and respect the stage of the cycle we are in, recognize it, and adapt. 

> Bitcoin makes this whole game of monetary inflation and hidden theft much harder to play. In fact, it’s impossible to issue new bitcoin, so if you adopt it, you’re on that standard, and if you do not, in time the money you are using will trend to worthless against Bitcoin. We either choose to adapt to its reality or pay the price of not doing so.We need to understand and respect the stage of the cycle we are in, recognize it, and adapt.*

Bitcoin makes this whole game of monetary inflation and hidden theft much harder to play. In fact, it’s impossible to issue new bitcoin, so if you adopt it, you’re on that standard, and if you do not, in time the money you are using will trend to worthless against Bitcoin. We either choose to adapt to its reality or pay the price of not doing so.

For the first time we have a culture of savers, known as hodlers” (...) “Bitcoin made savings great again (...) Saving is the cornerstone for a functional, stable, and sovereign life and civilization. 

Humankind will forever remember October 31, 2008, as the turning point in its timeline. Since that moment, we have gained access to a set of rules devoid of rulers, enabling us to retain and store all the fruits of our labor in a parallel energy based hard money system. This allows us to enjoy the benefits of natural deflation, which artificial inflation had been stealing from us for decades.

Satoshi fixed the money, the foundation of our society, the backbone of commerce, and the most significant language of humanity, enabling global communication and value exchange without any barriers. He also provided us with a tool to break free from financial slavery.

For the first time in history, we can safeguard our private property in a pure metaphysical manner, shielding it from physical threats and violent theft. This completely changes the dynamic of power and incentives. 

If you have any interest in the importance of family, children, or legacy, then saving independent, incorruptible money (i.e., Bitcoin) must be the central part of your economic focus. Wake up and stop supporting the enemy. Stop feeding the parasite. Have some self-respect and store your wealth in Bitcoin.

Governance war

Globalism vs National Sovereignty

Globalism contradicts national sovereignty by allowing a supranational entity to make decisions for the "greater good of the earth." This may seem absurd, but it's precisely what they're attempting to achieve.

Globalism (hidden communism / collectivism) is a failure. Every nation and culture has its unique ways; we are not equal, it is impossible to lump them all together and attempt to control them at the same time under the same ways. This is what institutions like the World Economic Forum, the United Nations, the World Bank, and the IMF want. Instead, they should not do it because they lack authority and nobody asked them to, and because it's practically impossible.

Lying is a sign of weakness, dishonor, and shame; common aspects of nowadays democratic systems and fiat institutions that act like magnets for dishonest people and parasites.

Feudalism was not all tyranny and oppression.” (...) “This gross misunderstanding of feudalism is somewhat expected considering what happened during the French Revolution.” (...) “It was only after the fall of feudalism that we opened the door to true despotism and large-scale democracy worldwide. Democracy and mob rule lead to the fall of nations, peoples, and empires. Money printing comes after and helps it along.

The only thing they can do, and they have been doing, is destabilizing the nations, incentivizing mass migrations, and creating economic chaos just to justify their interference (going a)and “help.” All of this is aimed at creating justifications for increasing the deficit and printing more money for their own agendas.

They envision a society of mindless automatons, or NPCs, controlled by algorithms, akin to numbers in a computer. They have already been enslaving the nations and succeeded in many aspects. This was only made possible by their ability to control the nations through their access to credit and their conditions.

The parasites and hyenas have become overly confident and arrogant, thinking they can nip at our heels, torment our families, and tear down everything beautiful around us, as if we won’t notice. They have confused tolerance and slumber for weakness.

But Bitcoin can change this dynamic forever. If nations want to protect their sovereignty, they have to grow their hashrate capacity and bitcoin reserves. Additionally, it is crucial for their citizens to increase their production, savings, and investments in bitcoin. The first step to killing a parasite is to stop feeding it, so we need to stop using their system whenever possible and adopt alternative and parallel options. Prioritizing local producers and consumer-focused products over solely profit-seeking businesses is crucial.

Good governance comes from good leadership. By inspiring people and pulling them along, you create more leaders who each have more autonomy. Ruling by fear and punishment is ineffective in the long run (...)

> Now we are coming awake and getting angry—which is precisely what the bureaucratic class is most afraid of.*

Be The Change (BTC)

You want to see in the world

It is time to stand up for what’s right. We are at war—a war against our freedom. 1776 or 1984 is our choice, and we vote with our behavior; whether conscious or unconscious, we are participating in the outcome.

Bitcoin comes with a duty and loyalty to your future self, your family, your community or tribe, and, for a select few, a duty to the world (...) This is the ultimate lowering of one’s time preference and perhaps the most fundamental utility of a sound money like Bitcoin (...) To be a bitcoiner comes with the duty to be an honorable person, because having freedom comes with the responsibility to do something with it.

Courage is not the absence of fear but the quality of mind and spirit that enables one to meet danger in spite of it. It’s faith in action—the virtue to face danger or death in order to defend what’s right. Courage is doing what's right, despite the consequences.

Fear is the number one enemy, killer of initiative, abundance, and a fulfilling life. The Bible writes "Fear not" 365 times. The number one fear is the fear of death. Once you conquer this fear, you'll overcome most others, and nothing can stop you.

A phrase I love is: Let your fear of regret be stronger than your fear of failure. So embrace courage and live the life you want to. 

We need to get stronger, more conscious, wiser, and more powerful. Elevate ourselves and surround ourselves with like-valued individuals. 

Build an alliance of men to protect your women, your families, and your tribe. Use this alliance to strengthen each other and hold each other accountable. Develop rites of passage together. 

> The pace of change is faster than it has ever been.* 

We have the power, and we need to demonstrate this, leading by example and inspiring others to take action.

We are the only legitimate teachers and role models for our children, and they are likewise the only legitimate role models for their—not the government, Hollywood, Netflix, social media, their ‘peers, and certainly not some disembodied virtue-signaling global organization that thinks it knows best.

We are empowered to shape history. Following these virtues, seeking truth and taking action is the way. With tools like Bitcoin and Nostr, freeing money and data sharing from centralized control, we can break the chains forever, to build a more just and free world.

Build family, create deep relations with like-valued people, and leave a legacy for the coming ones. (...) Find a mission, a family, a tribe, or virtues worth dying for. 

This is our time. A new energy is rising.

I want to thank you, Aleksandar Svetski, for this masterpiece and encourage you to continue sharing your wisdom with others.

Bitcoin and Nostr, or slavery!

@ 662f9bff:8960f6b2

Only in HK can you go golfing on a remote island, come back in the evening, leave your golf clubs at the quay, go for dinner and pick them up on the way home!

We spent most of the last week up in Sai Kung, way up in the North East - things in HK are so handy, so even this is just an easy one hour from Central on public transport. Weather this week was fantastic - 18-24 degrees and mostly sunny; November and December are the best months of the year here. It will be nice weather till about 6 January and then it switches to cool and cloudy till Chinese New Year after which the humidity will return.

Planning

Over the Christmas and New Year period I expect to have a bit more time for things so, responding to requests from people I plan to share a few things you might find handy

• Stay Safe online - tips and tricks to ensure that your mobile phones and computers are safe from hackers. Also protecting access to your critical data and accounts.
• Secure Messaging and Chat - this is becoming increasingly important with arbitrary (or not?) censorship, cancellation and bot-driven targetting becoming routine. With diminishing trust in the existing platforms many are looking for safer alternatives - I'll share my suggestions.
• Privacy tools - there are quite a few tools that enable you to keep private your data and transactions - we will be exploring those too and sharing suggestions.

Following

On Twitter, I do recommend following @DougAntin and do check our his website and newsletter: The Sovereign Individual Weekly

Listening

Fascinating interview of @LaserHodl by Stephan Livera - you need to listen to this because obviously this is not allowed on YT. Pro tip: do get used to listening to Podcasts and YT and 1.75x-2x speed - you will quickly find it the ONLY way to do it!

Watching

Guy's weekly news review is required weekly watching - issued every Monday UK time, Tuesday mornings here in HK. This week's update.

Guy's longest video every is dedicated to the recent World Economic Forum slew of whitepapers outlining their plan for World Domination - required watching here. Blow by Blow:\ 1:33 What Is The World Economic Forum? 4:00 Introduction 6:38 Corporations And Central Banks 14:13 Stablecoin And CBDC Regulations 18:28 Stablecoin And CBDC Risks 24:55 Stablecoins And Financial Inclusion 30:52 Digital Currencies For Humanitarian Aid 33:56 CBDC “Privacy” 38:40 Stablecoin And CBDC Interoperability 42:02 CBDC Technology

Blow by blow accunt and analysis of the recent CEO Testimony: Government vs. CRYPTO by Guy - watch and learn - summary here, blows below!\ 1:25 About The Hearing 3:37 Opening Statements 9:18 Stablecoin Questions 12:18 Crypto Market Questions 14:18 Regulation Questions 17:56 Crazy Questions 21:02 Crypto Mining Questions 24:05 Hearing Analysis 26:57 Outro

Reading

I am still reading Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, Book 5. Progress this week has been a bit slow with a lot on at work but I hope to have more time in the weeks ahead to finish the series, for a second time!

I am also re-reading (listening on Audible) Mythos - narrated by Stephen Fry. This is absolutely AMAZING and highly recommended. There is so much wisdom in these stories from antiquity - you have got to wonder....!

That's it!

No one can be told what The Matrix is. \ You have to see it for yourself.

Do share this newsletter with any of your friends and family who might be interested.\ You can also email me at: LetterFrom@rogerprice.me

💡Enjoy the newsletters in your own language : Dutch, French, German, Serbian, Chinese Traditional & Simplified, Thai and Burmese.

@ 04ed2b8f:75be6756

Tired? So what? Do you think success waits for you to feel rested? Achievements don’t care about your comfort, and neither should you. The truth is brutal: either you keep going, or you get left behind. Sitting around waiting for the “perfect moment” is a luxury for those who don’t want it bad enough.

Why Excuses Don’t Cut It

Feeling tired doesn’t make you special—it’s a universal experience. Everyone feels drained, but only the determined push through. The difference between winners and everyone else? Winners get it done, regardless of how they feel.
- Fatigue Is Temporary: That exhaustion you feel? It will pass. But quitting creates a habit that sticks.
- Action Over Emotion: Don’t let how you feel dictate what you do. Feelings are fleeting; the work is what matters.
- Nobody Cares About Excuses: Harsh truth—no one’s handing out awards for “almost tried.” Results are what count.

Strength Is Built in the Struggle

Every time you push through fatigue, you become stronger. You’re not just building your dreams—you’re building your resilience.
- Growth Comes From Resistance: Muscles grow under tension. The same applies to your mind and willpower.
- Tired? Good. It means you’re working. It means you’re on the edge of improvement. Keep going.
- Prove It to Yourself: This is your chance to show yourself what you’re made of. Are you going to quit, or are you going to fight?

What’s the Alternative?

Let’s be real. The alternative to pushing through is stagnation. If you quit now, where does that leave you?
- Wasted Time: All the effort you’ve already put in—gone. Do you want to start over later, or finish now?
- Living With Regret: The pain of pushing through is nothing compared to the pain of looking back and wishing you’d tried harder.

How to Push Through the Exhaustion

It’s not easy, but nothing worth having ever is. When you’re tired, here’s how to keep moving:
- Simplify the Task: Stop overthinking. Break it into smaller, manageable steps. Focus on the next move.
- Use the Pain as Fuel: Let the fact that you’re tired ignite your determination. Think of it as a test you refuse to fail.
- Visualize the Finish Line: Picture what success looks and feels like. Let that vision pull you forward.

You’ve Got More in You

Being tired is a signal, but it’s not a stop sign. You have more in you than you realize, but you’ll never know unless you push past the point of comfort. Remember, the best don’t quit when they’re tired—they keep going until the job is done.

Final Challenge

So, what’s it going to be? Are you going to fold under the weight of your own excuses, or are you going to rise and fight? Being tired isn’t an excuse—it’s proof that you’re in the arena, doing the work. Now finish what you started.

Because tired or not, the goal doesn’t care. And neither should you.

@ 662f9bff:8960f6b2

Reading this week

• Blocksize War - Bitcoin’s blocksize war was waged from August 2015 to November 2017. On the surface, the battle was about the amount of data allowed in each bitcoin block, however it exposed much deeper issues, such as who controls bitcoin’s protocol rules. It is not possible to cover every twist and turn in the labyrinthine conflict or all the arguments, but this is a chronology of the most significant events. Quite a bit of it happened in HK with those famous overnight meetings in Cyberport. \ \ I remember being immensely frustrated and confused at the time about what was happening - having read the book it does indeed seem that even many of the participants did not understand what was happening or what would happen next depending on whch course was picked - CRAZY STUFF!!
• Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix - Book 5 in the series. Dark times have come to Hogwarts. After the Dementors' attack on his cousin Dudley, Harry Potter knows that Voldemort will stop at nothing to find him. There are many who deny the Dark Lord's return, but Harry is not alone: a secret order gathers at Grimmauld Place to fight against the dark forces. Harry must allow Professor Snape to teach him how to protect himself from Voldemort's savage assaults on his mind. But they are growing stronger by the day and Harry is running out of time....
• I am re-reading (listening on audible.com) Mythos - narrated by Stephen Fry. Stephen is fantastic - he brings life to Greek Mythology and you have got to wonder where all these stories really come from. So many interesting insights and possibilities. Absolutely recommended.
• Also re-reading Sovereign Individual - it is truely remarkable that James Davidson and William Rees-Mogg (father of the current one!) wrote this back in 1997 - they did predict mobile phones, personal computers, cryptocurrencies and even pandemic, governmental overreach and restrictions including capital controls and preventing international travel.

Youtube links

• Required watching: Jeff Booth, interviewed by James. The Price of Tomorrow! A must hear interview on the key to our future. You do need to open your eyes and stop taking the Soma. His book is here - recommended reading. Indeed people focus on the symtoms and avoid (even disallow) discussion on the root cause. As Raoul explained the current situation has been nore than 100 years in the making.
• Great interview by Peter McCormack with Brandon on Fourth Turning - a great explanation and super interesting discussion and insights.
• Guy explains how badly behaved Danske Bank was. Those in Northern Ireland will recognise that name as being the new owner of Northern Bank that was renowned for the largest ever Bank Raid!
• If you ever wondered how the Millennial Generation is different from the Baby Boomers, just watch: Ellio explains the recent crypto crash this weekend past. This is not a one-off - he posts every single day and he is running a company with more than a hundred developers working on his projects.
• Do check out Academy of ideas

vx

That's it!

No one can be told what The Matrix is. \ You have to see it for yourself.

Do share this newsletter with any of your friends and family who might be interested.\ You can also email me at: LetterFrom@rogerprice.me

💡Enjoy the newsletters in your own language : Dutch, French, German, Serbian, Chinese Traditional & Simplified, Thai and Burmese.

@ 662f9bff:8960f6b2

Loosely inspired by Alistair Cooke's Letter from America, this is where it all begins.

In the weeks and months ahead my intention is to gather my thoughts and share things that I find interesting and maybe good to know. I will be pulling from many sources and I plan to experiment with various media to see what works best.

Feel free to check back from time to time to see what has been added. You can also subscribe to get notified when I post updates. Feel free also to reach out to me and suggest topics that you would like to me to cover or enlarge upon.

For starters - a few interesting things happened or occurred to me this past week:

Raoul Paul (former Goldman Sachs Hedge fund manager) did a great explainer on how the world got into the current state; spoiler: it took over 100 years to get like this and there were many pivotal moments including WW1, WW2, Bretton Woods, 1971 Nixon Shock, Vietnam (and perpetual) war and now this! - Raoul's sequel to the exponential age and here with James of IA. You can also catch the full, uninterrupted version in his own words here on Realvision

Saifedean Ammous has gleaned and published similar insights in The Fiat Standard - a superb follow-on to his earlier book, The Bitcoin Standard. The contrast could not be more obvious - and his podcast explainer here

For those who prefer historical references, check The Creature From Jekyll Island - a long read but each chapter starts with a summary so you can read all the summaries and dive deeper where you dare.

Crazy but true, all of this was foreseen in The Sovereign Individual, written back in 1997. You will be amazed that they foresaw mobile phones, personal computers, cryptocurrencies and even pandemic, governmental overreach and restrictions including capital controls and preventing international travel.

Not to mention The Fourth Turning which reveals clearly the cycles that the world goes through. This too clearly foresaw the current situation and indicates how things might well develop.

Michael Saylor, CEO of MicroStrategy, is unstoppable. He, like Raoul, seems to be one one of the articulate leaders foreseen in The Sovereign Individual. Do listen to his interview with Peter McCormack and one with John Vallis, not to mention that amazing interview on Fox News!

A couple of classics worth mentioning - Animal Farm where all are equal but some are more equal than others and where history and constitution get rewritten when it suits. An then of course there is Brave New World where, among other things, the masses are kept subdued with soma.

Lastly for today, you have got to wonder if Satoshi Nakamoto a time traveller - read his whitepaper here. They say there is no smoke without fire and there is certainly plenty of smoke at the moment - not least from Joe Wiesenthal, Editor and Host at Bloomberg - here. Recent days also marked a turning point where narrative shifts from "inflation is transient" to "inflation is good for you" (echoes of Animal Farm...).

Enough for now. You may well want to disconnect from the Matrix and be more selective in your information sources - also it's good to have your priorities right and live life to the maximum.

Do reach out to me with your thoughts and suggestions - I'll be sharing mine.

Roger

That's it!

No one can be told what The Matrix is. \ You have to see it for yourself.

Do share this newsletter with any of your friends and family who might be interested.\ You can also email me at: LetterFrom@rogerprice.me

💡Enjoy the newsletters in your own language : Dutch, French, German, Serbian, Chinese Traditional & Simplified, Thai and Burmese.

@ b9af65f8:443fbde5

MU789 đang khẳng định vị thế là một trong những nền tảng kỹ thuật số tiên tiến và được yêu thích nhất hiện nay. Với thiết kế hiện đại và tính năng vượt trội, MU789 không chỉ mang lại sự tiện ích mà còn tạo ra một không gian phong phú, nơi người dùng có thể tận hưởng và khám phá nhiều hoạt động thú vị. Nền tảng này được xây dựng trên nguyên tắc đảm bảo sự hài lòng của người dùng thông qua trải nghiệm an toàn, tiện lợi và dễ tiếp cận.

Một điểm nổi bật của MU789 là sự đơn giản và tối ưu hóa trong giao diện. Dù bạn là người dùng mới hay đã có kinh nghiệm, nền tảng này luôn đảm bảo bạn có thể dễ dàng khám phá và sử dụng mọi tính năng. Các tính năng được sắp xếp khoa học và trực quan, giúp tiết kiệm thời gian và mang lại cảm giác thoải mái trong suốt quá trình sử dụng. MU789 cũng tương thích hoàn hảo trên mọi thiết bị, từ máy tính đến điện thoại di động, mang lại sự thuận tiện tối đa.

Tính an toàn và bảo mật là những yếu tố không thể thiếu khi nói đến Mu789. Nền tảng này cam kết bảo vệ thông tin cá nhân của người dùng bằng các công nghệ tiên tiến nhất. Quy trình kiểm soát nghiêm ngặt, hệ thống mã hóa dữ liệu hiện đại, và sự minh bạch trong quản lý giúp MU789 trở thành một lựa chọn đáng tin cậy. Người dùng có thể hoàn toàn yên tâm khi sử dụng nền tảng mà không phải lo lắng về các vấn đề bảo mật.

MU789 còn nổi bật với cách tiếp cận hướng đến cộng đồng. Nền tảng này không chỉ đơn thuần là một nơi để khám phá, mà còn là một không gian kết nối và giao lưu. Tại đây, người dùng có thể chia sẻ kinh nghiệm, học hỏi lẫn nhau và tham gia vào các hoạt động ý nghĩa. Môi trường thân thiện và tích cực của MU789 góp phần xây dựng một cộng đồng gắn kết, nơi mọi người cảm thấy mình thực sự thuộc về.

Tóm lại, MU789 là một nền tảng mang lại sự kết hợp hoàn hảo giữa công nghệ hiện đại, bảo mật vượt trội và tinh thần cộng đồng. Với cam kết đem đến trải nghiệm tốt nhất cho người dùng, MU789 không ngừng đổi mới và cải tiến để đáp ứng nhu cầu ngày càng cao của cộng đồng kỹ thuật số. Dù bạn là một người đam mê công nghệ hay chỉ đơn giản muốn tìm kiếm một không gian tiện ích, MU789 chắc chắn sẽ là điểm đến lý tưởng cho bạn.

@ b9af65f8:443fbde5

Trong thời đại kỹ thuật số không ngừng phát triển, các nền tảng cung cấp trải nghiệm tương tác và liền mạch ngày càng được ưa chuộng. VND789 nổi bật như một cái tên hàng đầu, mang đến cho người dùng một không gian năng động với nhiều tính năng thú vị. Được thiết kế với trọng tâm là người dùng, VND789 ưu tiên sự dễ dàng truy cập, tính bảo mật và sự hài lòng, tạo nên một môi trường thu hút mọi người quay lại.

Một trong những điểm mạnh của Vnd789 nằm ở giao diện thân thiện với người dùng. Nền tảng này được thiết kế trực quan, đảm bảo rằng người dùng ở mọi cấp độ đều có thể dễ dàng sử dụng. Dù bạn đang khám phá các lựa chọn giải trí phong phú hay cập nhật các xu hướng mới nhất, VND789 đảm bảo mọi tương tác diễn ra suôn sẻ và thú vị. Thiết kế hiện đại kết hợp với công nghệ tiên tiến mang lại trải nghiệm linh hoạt trên mọi thiết bị.

Tính bảo mật là một yếu tố cốt lõi làm nên sức hút của VND789. Nền tảng áp dụng các biện pháp mạnh mẽ để đảm bảo bảo vệ dữ liệu người dùng, mang lại sự yên tâm khi sử dụng. Các công nghệ mã hóa tiên tiến, quy trình xác minh nghiêm ngặt và việc cập nhật liên tục đảm bảo rằng người dùng có thể tập trung tận hưởng nền tảng mà không lo ngại. Sự minh bạch và đáng tin cậy là nền tảng trong hoạt động của VND789, khiến nó trở thành cái tên được nhiều người tin tưởng.

Điều thực sự làm nên sự khác biệt của VND789 chính là cam kết với sự gắn kết cộng đồng. Nền tảng tạo ra một môi trường nơi người dùng có thể kết nối, chia sẻ ý tưởng và tham gia vào nhiều hoạt động đa dạng. Với trọng tâm là sự bao hàm, VND789 xây dựng những mối quan hệ vượt ra ngoài không gian kỹ thuật số, mang lại cảm giác gắn kết giữa các thành viên. Chính cảm giác cộng đồng mạnh mẽ này làm tăng thêm giá trị trải nghiệm và khuyến khích sự gắn bó lâu dài.

Tóm lại, VND789 mang đến sự kết hợp độc đáo giữa đổi mới, bảo mật và tinh thần cộng đồng, làm nên một nền tảng nổi bật trong không gian kỹ thuật số. Với sự chú trọng vào sự hài lòng của người dùng và các tính năng hiện đại, VND789 xứng đáng là người dẫn đầu trong việc mang lại những trải nghiệm hấp dẫn. Dù bạn là người yêu công nghệ lâu năm hay mới bước chân vào thế giới kỹ thuật số, VND789 cung cấp một không gian mời gọi và an toàn để bạn khám phá và tận hưởng.

@ a012dc82:6458a70d

Table Of Content

• The Anticipation of Bitcoin Halving

• Progress Status: 85% Complete

• Long-Term Holders and Their Influence

• Analyzing the Supply Trends

• What History Tells Us

• Conclusion

• FAQ

In the dynamic world of cryptocurrency, certain events stand out as pivotal moments that can shape the trajectory of the market. One such event is the Bitcoin halving, a process that reduces the rewards for mining Bitcoin by half, effectively slowing down the rate at which new Bitcoins are created. As we approach the next halving, scheduled for mid-2024, there's a palpable sense of anticipation among investors and market watchers. This article delves into the current status of the halving process and examines the role of long-term holders in influencing market trends.

The Anticipation of Bitcoin Halving

The cryptocurrency market is on the brink of a significant phase. With the next Bitcoin halving anticipated in mid-2024, the event is garnering immense attention from investors. Historical patterns suggest that a full-fledged bull market might not commence until the following year.

Progress Status: 85% Complete

Recent data reveals that the Bitcoin halving process is 85% complete. Concurrently, the supply of Bitcoin held by long-term holders (LTHs) is nearing its all-time high (ATH). In past cycles, such a scenario indicated the proximity of a macro bottom, which was then succeeded by the onset of a new cycle.

Long-Term Holders and Their Influence

The amount of Bitcoin supply in the possession of long-term holders has traditionally served as a reliable gauge for the cryptocurrency market's health. This metric has shown an inverse correlation with Bitcoin's long-term price trajectory.

During market lows, long-term hodlers tend to keep their assets stationary. The most significant surge in LTH possession typically transpires during intense bear markets. This is when steadfast investors, despite witnessing Bitcoin's price plummet, choose not to sell. Their conviction lies in the belief that the market will eventually recover, making their investments profitable.

Conversely, during a bull market's unraveling, the spike in Bitcoin's price prompts LTHs to become increasingly inclined to sell their assets for profit. Historically, every major bull market has seen a sharp decline in the supply held by LTHs. This leads to the coins transitioning to short-term holders (STHs), who are motivated by quick profit prospects.

Analyzing the Supply Trends

A cryptocurrency analyst showcased a chart depicting the Bitcoin supply in the hands of long-term holders. The chart reveals that the current BTC supply ratio held by LTHs is nearing its ATH of 76%, a benchmark set in late 2015 before the second halving.

Historically, this indicator peaked several months before each Bitcoin halving. Following this peak, the supply held by LTHs would typically plateau until several months post the subsequent halving. A significant drop in this metric was observed roughly six months after the event, marking the advent of a mature bull market.

What History Tells Us

If past patterns hold true, the cryptocurrency market might experience a sideways trend for approximately a year. The upcoming Bitcoin halving in mid-April 2024 might not have an immediate influence on Bitcoin's price. Its repercussions might only manifest in the last quarter of 2024 and continue into 2025.

This forecast aligns with the trends observed in the supply chart of long-term holders. The indicator is on the verge of reaching its ATH and might require around 12 months to reverse its trajectory, transitioning into a distribution phase. The commencement of LTHs selling post the Bitcoin halving could be one of the early indicators of a budding cryptocurrency bull run.

Conclusion

The Bitcoin halving is more than just a technical event; it's a significant milestone that has historically influenced market dynamics and investor behavior. As we inch closer to the next halving, the role of long-term holders becomes increasingly crucial. Their actions, whether holding steadfastly or choosing to sell, can set the tone for the market's direction in the subsequent months. While history offers insights, the ever-evolving nature of the cryptocurrency landscape means that nothing is set in stone. Investors and enthusiasts alike should remain vigilant, informed, and prepared for the myriad possibilities the future holds.

FAQ

When is the next Bitcoin halving expected? The next Bitcoin halving is anticipated to occur in mid-2024.

How does the halving impact long-term holders? Historically, as the halving approaches, the supply of Bitcoin held by long-term holders (LTHs) nears its all-time high, influencing market trends and price trajectories.

What does the current data suggest about the halving process? Current data indicates that the Bitcoin halving process is 85% complete, with the supply held by LTHs nearing its all-time high.

How has Bitcoin halving influenced market dynamics in the past? In previous cycles, the approach of a halving event signaled the proximity of a macro bottom, followed by the early phase of a new market cycle.

That's all for today

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Agricultural environmental monitoring In agricultural environments, ammonia sensors are used to monitor ammonia emissions, which is essential for farmland health management and environmental protection. Traditional monitoring methods usually require large instruments and complex operations, while microelectronic ammonia sensors have become an important tool for agricultural environmental monitoring due to their advantages such as fast response, high sensitivity and low cost. For example, microelectronic ammonia sensors can monitor ammonia emissions from livestock and poultry farms, detect problems in a timely manner and take measures to adjust them. In addition, sensors can also be used to monitor the ammonia nitrogen content in the soil, help rationally fertilize and increase crop yields.

Environmental monitoring of urban underground integrated pipe corridor construction In the construction of urban underground integrated pipe corridors, ammonia sensors are used to monitor the ammonia concentration in the compartment that houses the drainage pipes. This helps to ensure the safe operation of the integrated pipe corridor and prevent environmental pollution and safety hazards caused by ammonia leakage. The ammonia sensor monitors the ammonia concentration in the environment in real time through a gas sensitive element, outputs current, and converts the ammonia concentration into a digital signal for transmission and processing.

Smart public toilet environmental monitoring In the smart public toilet environmental monitoring system, the ammonia microelectronic sensor is responsible for monitoring the ammonia concentration in the public toilet. The system also includes a management platform, a monitoring terminal, an intelligent linkage and a transmission part, which can monitor the temperature and humidity, ammonia and other environmental gas concentrations in the public toilet in real time, and upload them to the environmental monitoring platform in real time. When the harmful gas content in the public toilet exceeds the standard, the system will issue an alarm message to pay attention to the safety of the toilet users in time. The ammonia microelectronic sensor uses a semiconductor sensor probe as the core detection device, which has the characteristics of fast response, high sensitivity and strong anti-interference ability.

In summary, ammonia sensors play an important role in environmental monitoring, helping us to better manage and protect the environment through real-time monitoring and data analysis.

@ da19b5d2:1f6cbfaa

he touches the sun

she creates the ground

he keeps her safe

when no one's around

without her

he feels so unreal

like a lightning bolt

with no grounds to feel

his shoulders are strong

her hips are so sexy

without both

both just feel empty

she moves like the moon

while he stares at the ceiling

this thing we call life ☯️

what a wonderful feeling

-d☀️t🌓

@ 07f367da:0e76880d

• 제멋대로 방치된 장애인활동지원사 보수교육
• https://www.newspoole.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=10927
• 2024.12.31 21:55

---

활동지원기관으로부터 보수교육을 받았다. 매년 빠지지 않던 부정수급 예방 교육이 포함되어 있었다. 모 장애인자립생활센터의 대리(코디네이터, 전담인력)를 강사로 초청하여 부정수급 예방 교육을 했다.

교육 내용 중 두 부분 잘못된 내용이었다. 첫째, 이용자 두 사람에게 각각 연속으로 차례대로 서비스할 때는 30분 시간을 두고 결제하라고 교육했다. 둘째, 장애인이 공공일자리에 참여하는 경우 근로지원인을 일단 신청하고 신청이 받아들여지지 않으면 활동지원을 쓸 수 있다고 했다.

보건복지부에서는 부정수급을 막기 위해서 점검해야 할 사례들을 지침에서 나열하고 있는데, "한 수급자에게 급여 종료 후 다른 수급자에게 가는 이동시간을 고려하지 않고 이루어진 결제"를 연속결제라 명명하고 "사유의 정당성 확인"하라고 되어 있다. 그런데 왜 30분 시간을 두고 결제하라는 교육을 할까?

일선의 공무원들은 활동지원사가 한 이용자에게 서비스를 종료하고 30분 안에 다른 이용자에게 서비스를 시작하면, 지침대로 사유의 정당성을 확인하기 위해 이를 소명할 것을 요구한다. 30분이 넘어가면 소명을 요구하지 않는다. 중요한 것은 이 소명이 전담인력 입장에서는 업무가 된다는 점이다. 교육 강사가 예를 든 사례는 요양보호사를 겸직하는 활동지원사가 노인장기요양서비스를 제공 후 곧바로 활동지원을 제공한 사례였는데, 노인장기요양기관은 활동지원기관에 소명자료를 잘 제공해 주지 않으므로 30분의 간격을 두어야 한다고 교육했다. 이런 경우 자신은 30분의 간격을 두고 결제를 하게 하고는 장애인이용자에게 양해를 구해 조금 더 결제할 수 있도록 부탁한다고 했다.

전담인력 입장에서야 30분 간격을 두고 근무기록을 남기고 소명절차를 밟지 않는 것이 편할 수 있다. 하지만 여기서 여러 가지 문제가 발생한다. 30분의 시간이 지나기를 기다리면서 활동지원사가 서비스를 제공하다가 장애인이용자를 다치게 하거나, 재산상 손해를 입혀도 보험 처리를 하지 못할 수 있다. 해당 시간에 노동자가 일하다 다쳐도 보호받지 못할 수 있다. 그뿐 아니다. 전담인력이 이용자에게 양해를 구해 조금 더 결제할 수 있도록 한다는 말은 한마디로 부정수급을 권하는 격이다. 정말 제대로 된 교육 내용이 되려면 서비스하는 동안 정직하게 근무기록을 남기고, 정부가 소명을 요구할 수 있으니 소명할 수 있는 자료를 남길 수 있도록 교육하는 게 옳다.

생계지원의 경우도 마찬가지다. 장애인이 공공일자리사업에 참여한다는 것은 공공일자리를 통해 노동하고 급여를 받는다는 뜻이다. 이것은 최근에 논란이 된 활동지원 생계지원과 관련된 내용이다.

한국장애인고용공단은 장애인 스스로 업무를 충분히 진행할 수 있다고 판단하여 근로지원인 서비스 대상자로 여기지 않을 수도 있다. 그렇다면 당연히 공공일자리 업무는 장애인당사자 스스로가 수행해야 한다. 공단에서 장애인을 근로지원인 서비스 대상자로 보지 않는다고 해서, 활동지원사가 근로지원을 해도 된다는 의미는 아니다. 활동지원사는 공공일자리 사업에 참여하는 장애인을 지원함에 있어서도, 장애인의 생계를 지원하는 내용이 아닌 그 외의 활동지원서비스를 수행해야 한다.

자립생활센터 직원인 강사 입장에서는 공공일자리 장애인의 업무를 비장애인이 지원해 주면 빠르고 속 시원하며 행정 처리도 용이할 수 있다. 하지만 자신이 편하다고 그릇된 교육을 해서는 안 된다.

장애인활동지원사 보수교육은 "활동지원사 역량 강화와 급여 질 향상"을 위해 매년 실시한다. 하지만 그 중요도에 비해 사업장의 재량에만 내맡겨져 있다. 잘못된 교육의 피해는 온전히 잘못 교육받은 노동자와 장애인에게로 돌아간다. 강사의 수준과 교육의 내용에 대한 검증이 필요하다.