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Please respect Virginia Giuffre’s memory by refraining from asking about the circumstances or theories surrounding her passing.

Since Virginia Giuffre’s death, I’ve reflected on what she would want me to say or do. This piece is my attempt to honor her legacy.

When I first spoke with Virginia, I was struck by her unshakable hope. I had grown cynical after years in the anti-human trafficking movement, worn down by a broken system and a government that often seemed complicit. But Virginia’s passion, creativity, and belief that survivors could be heard reignited something in me. She reminded me of my younger, more hopeful self. Instead of warning her about the challenges ahead, I let her dream big, unburdened by my own disillusionment. That conversation changed me for the better, and following her lead led to meaningful progress.

Virginia was one of the bravest people I’ve ever known. As a survivor of Epstein, Maxwell, and their co-conspirators, she risked everything to speak out, taking on some of the world’s most powerful figures.

She loved when I said, “Epstein isn’t the only Epstein.” This wasn’t just about one man—it was a call to hold all abusers accountable and to ensure survivors find hope and healing.

The Epstein case often gets reduced to sensational details about the elite, but that misses the bigger picture. Yes, we should be holding all of the co-conspirators accountable, we must listen to the survivors’ stories. Their experiences reveal how predators exploit vulnerabilities, offering lessons to prevent future victims.

You’re not powerless in this fight. Educate yourself about trafficking and abuse—online and offline—and take steps to protect those around you. Supporting survivors starts with small, meaningful actions. Free online resources can guide you in being a safe, supportive presence.

When high-profile accusations arise, resist snap judgments. Instead of dismissing survivors as “crazy,” pause to consider the trauma they may be navigating. Speaking out or coping with abuse is never easy. You don’t have to believe every claim, but you can refrain from attacking accusers online.

Society also fails at providing aftercare for survivors. The government, often part of the problem, won’t solve this. It’s up to us. Prevention is critical, but when abuse occurs, step up for your loved ones and community. Protect the vulnerable. it’s a challenging but a rewarding journey.

If you’re contributing to Nostr, you’re helping build a censorship resistant platform where survivors can share their stories freely, no matter how powerful their abusers are. Their voices can endure here, offering strength and hope to others. This gives me great hope for the future.

Virginia Giuffre’s courage was a gift to the world. It was an honor to know and serve her. She will be deeply missed. My hope is that her story inspires others to take on the powerful.

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EVERY Company ไข่ขาวเชื้อรา ที่รัฐส่งเสริม Unilever อุ้ม และเราถูกคลุมถุงให้กิน

อู๊ว ฉันเกิดมาเป็นไก่ โดนคนเลี้ยงเอาไว้ วันๆไม่ต้องทำอะไร แค่กินแล้วออกไข่ ป๊อกๆๆๆๆๆ กะต๊อก ป๊อกๆๆๆ ป๊อกๆๆๆๆๆ กะต๊อก ป๊อกๆๆๆ เพลงของเป้ อารักษ์ อาจกลายเป็นแค่คำเปรียบเปรย มนุษย์ ที่ถูกริดรอนสิทธิ์ตัวเองลงทุกวันจากนักล่า https://youtu.be/RctpDMoymVw?si=D3jzUXZBmyjxKGpN

โลกยุคใหม่อาจไม่ต้องมีแม่ไก่ แค่มีเชื้อรา กับเทคโนโลยี "precision fermentation" ก็สามารถทำให้ “ไข่” โผล่ออกมาในรูปของผงโปรตีนที่ไม่เคยผ่านตูดอุ่นๆ ไม่เคยมีเสียงกุ๊กๆ และไม่เคยเจอรังเจี๊ยบอีกต่อไป แต่เบื้องหลังของไข่ทดแทนที่ว่า “ก้าวหน้า” นี้ กลับเป็นการเคลื่อนไหวที่เชื่อมโยงรัฐ ธุรกิจยักษ์ และแคมเปญแนว “greenwashing” ได้อย่างแนบเนียนแบบพิมพ์นิยมของโลกอาหารสังเคราะห์ เรื่องราวมันประมาณนี้ครับ

เมื่อไข่เกิดจากเชื้อรา The EVERY Company ซึ่งเดิมชื่อว่า Clara Foods ก่อตั้งขึ้นในปี 2014 โดย Arturo Elizondo และเพื่อนร่วมทีมที่ออกมาจากโครงการ IndieBio ซึ่งเป็น accelerator สำหรับสตาร์ทอัปด้านชีววิทยาสังเคราะห์ที่มีชื่อเสียงใน Silicon Valley ได้ใช้ยีสต์ที่ถูกดัดแปลงพันธุกรรม (GMO yeast) สายพันธุ์ Komagataella phaffii เพื่อให้มันสร้าง “ovalbumin” หรือโปรตีนไข่ขาวขึ้นมาได้ คล้ายการหลอกยีสต์ให้กลายเป็นโรงงานสร้างไข่แบบไม่ต้องมีไก่ กระบวนการหมักนี้คือการจับยีสต์ใส่ถัง เติมน้ำตาล เติมสารอาหาร แล้วรอให้มัน "ผลิต" โปรตีนในห้องแล็บ แล้วก็สกัดออกมา ทำให้บริสุทธิ์ ตากแห้ง แล้วบรรจุใส่ซอง ชูป้าย “animal-free” แปะคำว่า “sustainable” แล้วส่งเข้าสู่ตลาดโปรตีนทดแทน ผลิตภัณฑ์นี้ได้รับการรับรองจาก FDA ว่าเป็น Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS)

แต่คำถามคือ… ยีสต์ GMO + กระบวนการหมัก = sustainable จริงหรือเปล่า?

ถึงจะเป็นโปรตีนสังเคราะห์ ที่คนแพ้ไข่ก็ยังแพ้อยู่ดี แม้จะไม่มีสัตว์เกี่ยวข้องเลย แต่ EVERY Egg White ก็ยังคงต้องติดป้าย “Contains Egg” ตามกฎหมาย เพราะโครงสร้างโปรตีนที่ผลิตออกมา "เหมือน" โปรตีนไข่จริงมากจนสามารถกระตุ้นอาการแพ้ในคนที่แพ้ไข่ได้อยู่ดี แปลว่า... เราไม่ได้หลุดพ้นจากปัญหาแพ้อาหารเลย แค่เปลี่ยนแหล่งกำเนิดจากไก่มาเป็นเชื้อรา แต่สิ่งที่น่าคิดคือ นี่แสดงว่าองค์ประกอบของมันเหมือนชนิดที่ว่า สำเนาถูกต้องขนาดคนแพ้ไข่ยังแพ้อยู่ คุณคิดว่าในมุมนี้น่าคิดกว่าไหม???

Back ดีมีกองทัพอุ้ม เงินภาษีหนุน ที่น่าจับตาคือ EVERY ได้รับเงินสนับสนุนกว่า 2 ล้านดอลลาร์จากกระทรวงกลาโหมสหรัฐฯ (DoD) เพื่อศึกษาความเป็นไปได้ในการผลิตโปรตีนในประเทศ ตัวเลขนี้ไม่ใช่เล่น ๆ แปลว่า ภาครัฐกำลังพิจารณาให้ "ไข่จากเชื้อรา" เป็นอาหารแห่งอนาคตของกองทัพ ซึ่งหมายถึงเม็ดเงินระดับพันล้านเหรียญหากแผนนี้เดินหน้า และเมื่อรัฐหนุนขนาดนี้ เทคโนโลยีที่ยังแพงก็จะ “ไม่แพง” อีกต่อไป เพราะเงินภาษีช่วยลดต้นทุนแบบกลาย ๆ เหมือนที่เคยเกิดกับ Beyond Meat หรือ Impossible Foods

เท่านั้นไม่พอครับ ไข่ขาวของท่าน ได้รับการคัดเลือกที่จะจับมือกับ The Vegetarian Butcher บริษัทลูกของ Unilever บริษัทอาหารที่ครองตลาดโลกราวกับเป็นเจ้าของตู้เย็นของประชากรโลก Unilever จะใช้โปรตีนไข่จาก EVERY ใส่ในผลิตภัณฑ์ plant-based meat ที่กำลังไต่ตลาดโลก โดยไม่จำเป็นต้องแจ้งผู้บริโภคว่าโปรตีนนี้มาจากเชื้อรา GMO หรือกระบวนการ biotech ที่ไม่ธรรมดา แม้จะถูกจัดว่าเป็น "non-animal ingredient" หรือ "ไม่ได้มาจากสัตว์โดยตรง" แต่ก็มีสิทธิ์เข้าสู่เมนูมังสวิรัติ วีแกน และอาหารเด็กได้อย่างง่ายดาย เพราะภาพจำที่สื่อมวลชนร่วมกันสร้างขึ้น เพราะไม่มีภาพของ “สัตว์” อยู่ในกระบวนการเลย จึงกลายเป็น “วีแกนได้” ในสายตาคนทั่วไป ทั้งที่ความจริงมันคือเทคโนโลยีชีวภาพระดับลึก ด้วยการใช้คำอย่าง “cruelty-free”, “animal-free”, “sustainable protein”, รวมถึงหน้าตาผลิตภัณฑ์ที่ดูใสสะอาด ไร้กลิ่นอายห้องแล็บ

แม้จะยังไม่มีหลักฐานตรงๆ ว่า EVERY เข้าล็อบบี้รัฐบาลเหมือน Oatly แต่เส้นทางที่เห็นชัดคือความร่วมมือกับองค์กรระดับนโยบาย เช่น Good Food Institute (GFI) และกลุ่มผลักดัน food-tech เพื่อก่อรูปแนวคิดว่า “อาหารที่ไม่ได้มาจากธรรมชาติ” = “อนาคต” และเมื่อแบรนด์เหล่านี้จับมือกับยักษ์ใหญ่ กลายเป็นอาหารในโรงเรียน ทหาร โรงพยาบาล หรือ planet of the future คนทั่วไปก็ไม่มีสิทธิ์เลือกอีกต่อไป เพราะทุกที่ถูกจัดสรรโดยนโยบายที่ใครบางคนได้ตัดสินไปแล้ว

EVERY Company ไม่ได้ขายแค่ไข่สังเคราะห์ แต่ขาย “อนาคตของอาหาร” แบบที่มนุษย์ถูกแยกออกจากธรรมชาติ แล้วพึ่งพาเทคโนโลยีและเงินทุนแทน และในโลกที่รัฐกับบริษัทยักษ์กำลังร่วมมือกันสร้างนิยามใหม่ของคำว่า “โปรตีนดีต่อสิ่งแวดล้อม” เราในฐานะผู้บริโภคควรถามกลับว่า…

ดีต่อใคร? ธรรมชาติ หรือห้องแล็บ? สุขภาพของมนุษย์ หรือผลกำไรของเจ้าของแพลตฟอร์มอาหาร?

***สรุป timeline เบาๆ 2014 – Clara Foods ก่อตั้งในซานฟรานซิสโก โดยมีเป้าหมายผลิต “ไข่โดยไม่ต้องใช้ไก่” ผ่านกระบวนการ fermentation 2015-2019 – รับทุนหลายรอบ รวมถึงจาก Horizons Ventures (ที่ลงทุนใน Impossible Foods), IndieBio, Blue Horizon ฯลฯ 2021 – เปลี่ยนชื่อจาก Clara Foods เป็น The EVERY Company เพื่อสะท้อนเป้าหมายที่กว้างขึ้น: การสร้างโปรตีน “EVERYthing” จากจุลชีพ

ปล. ใครอยากอ่านเอกสาร GRAS ตัวเต็มของ EGGWHITE โหลดได้จากที่นี่ครับ https://www.fda.gov/media/175248/download #pirateketo #กูต้องรู้มั๊ย #ม้วนหางสิลูก #siamstr

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To be clear, this is 100% my subjective opinion on the alternatives to popular music, as it has become practically a formula of witchcraft, pseudoscience and mysticism. There is nothing you can do to get me to listen to pop music from the late 2010's to now. I could certainly listen to almost anything... just not modern pop, which is now completely backwards.

Most examples of compositions for these genres will be my own, unless otherwise stated. The genres on this list are in no particular order, though my favorite of which will be first: 1. Bossa Nova

Bossa Nova is a subgenre of jazz from Brazil, created in the 1950's as a mix of standard jazz and samba rhythms in a more gentle and relaxing manner. This genre's most famous songs are Tom Jobim's The Girl from Ipanema (found in albums like Getz/Gilberto), Wave, and even Triste. Most of the music is written in 2/4 time signature, and any key is almost acceptable. It's called Afro-Brazilian Jazz for a reason after all. I have a ton of compositions I produced, from Forget and Regret, to Rabbit Theory, Beaches of Gensokyo Past, Waveside, and even Willows of Ice to name a few of them.

1. Metal

This is an umbrella term for many subgenres of this fork of hard rock, with more distorted guitars, speedy and technical writing, vocals that sound demonic (some subgenres don't have that), or sometimes, chaotic lyrics and downright nasty ones if you look deep enough. If you want to get into it, just make sure it's not Black Metal (it's weird), Blackened Metal (Any subgenre of metal that's been inserted with elements of Black Metal), Metalcore, or any other genre that has vocals that aren't the best to hear (these are vocal fries that are really good if you're into the weird demonic sounds). This isn't for the faint of heart. Instrumental metal is good though, and an example is my composition from Touhou Igousaken called A Sly Foxy Liar if you want to know what techincal groove metal is like at a glance.

1. Touhou-style

I can attest to this one, as I produced bossa nova with a Touhou-like writing style. Touhou Project is a series of action video games created by one guy (Jun'ya Outa, a.k.a. ZUN), and are usually bullet curtain games in the main franchise, with some official spinoffs that are also action games (fighting games like Touhou 12.3 ~ Hisoutensoku). What I'm referring to here is music written by ZUN himself (He does almost everything for Touhou Project, and he's really good at it), or fans that write to his style with their own flair. I did this once with my composition, Toiled Bubble, which is from my self-titled EP. I probably wouldn't do much with it to be fair, and stick to bossa nova (my main genre if you couldn't tell).

1. Hip-Hop/Rap

This can get subjective here, but old-school rap and hip-hop... give me more of it. Before it became corrupted with all kinds of immoral things, hip-hop and rap were actually very good for their time. These were new, innovative and creative with how lyrics were written. Nowadays, while we're talking about cars, unspeakable acts, money, and just being dirtbags, artists in this genre back then were much classier than that. I fit in the latter category with my piece entitled, Don't Think, Just Roast, where I called out antis for a Vtuber agency who wanted to give its talent a hard time. It didn't get much traction on YouTube, because I'm not a well-known artist (I'm considered a nobody in the grand scheme of things. I'd like to get it fixed, but I don't want a record deal... I'd have to become a Pharisee or a Jesuit for that).

1. Synthwave

This is a genre of electronic music focused on 80's and 90's synths being used to carry a composition. Nowadays, we have plugins like Vital, Serum, Surge and others to create sounds we would otherwise be hearing on an 80's or 90's keyboard. An example of this is my composition, Wrenched Torque, which was composed for a promotion I did with RAES when he released his Vital synth pack.

More are to come in future installments of this series, and I will adjust the title of this one accordingly if y'all have any ideas of genres I should look into.

@ e0e92e54:d630dfaa

The Leadership Lesson I Learned at the Repair Shop

Today was a reminder of "Who You Know" actually matters.

Our van has been acting up as of late. Front-end noise. My guess? CV joint or bushings.

Not that I’m a mechanic though—my dad took the hammer away from me when I was 12, and now all "my" tools have flowers printed on them or Pink handles...

Yesterday it become apparent to my wife that "sooner rather than later" was optimal.

So this morning she took it to a repair shop where we know the owners.

You may have guessed by now that I’m no car repair guy. It’s just not my strength and I’m ok with that! And even though it’s not my strength, I’m smart enough to know enough about vehicles to be dangerous…

And I’m sure just like you, I hate being ripped off. So last year, we both decided she would handle repair duties—I just get too fired up by most the personnel that work there whom won’t shoot straight with you.

So this morning my wife takes our van in. She sees the owner and next thing my wife knows, the owner’s wife (my wife’s friend) is texting to go get coffee while they take care of the van.

Before the two ladies took off, my wife was told "we'll need all day as one step of it is a 4-hour job just to get to the part that needs to be replaced..."

And the estimate? Half the parts were warrantied out and the labor is lower than we expected it to be.

Fast forward, coffee having been drank… nearly 4 hours on the dot, we get a call “your van is ready!”

My wife didn't stand there haggling the price for parts and labor.

Nope…here’s the real deal:

1. Leadership = Relationships
2. You can’t have too many

Granted, quality is better than quantity in everything I can think of, and that is true for relationships as well...

And while there are varying degrees or depths of relationships. The best ones go both ways.

We didn’t expect a deal because we were at our friend’s shop. We went because we trust them.

That’s it.

Any other expectation other than a transparent and truthful transaction would be manipulating and exploiting the relationship…the exchange would fall into the purely transactional at best and be parasitic at worst!

The Bigger Lesson

Here’s the kicker:

This isn’t about vans or a repair shop. It’s about leading.

Theodore Roosevelt nailed it: “People don’t care how much you know until they know how much you care.”

Trust comes from relationships.

Relationships begin with who you know…And making who you know matter.

In other words, the relevance of the relationship is critical.

Your Move

Next time you dodge a call—or skip an event—pause.

Kill that thought…Or at least its tire marks. 😁

Realize that relationships fuel your business, your life, and your impact.

Because leadership? It’s relationships.

====

💡Who’s one person you can invest in today? A teammate? A client? A mechanic? 😉

🔹 Drop your answer below 👇 Or hit me up—book a Discovery Call. Let’s make your leadership thrive.

---

Jason Ansley* is the founder of Above The Line Leader*, where he provides tailored leadership support and operational expertise to help business owners, entrepreneurs, and leaders thrive— without sacrificing your faith, family, or future.

*Want to strengthen your leadership and enhance operational excellence? Connect with Jason at https://abovethelineleader.com/#your-leadership-journey

*📌 This article first appeared on NOSTR. You can also find more Business Leadership Articles and content at: 👉 https://abovethelineleader.com/business-leadership-articles

@ 1c19eb1a:e22fb0bc

I am happy to present to you the first full review posted to Nostr Reviews: #Primal for #Android!

Primal has its origins as a micro-blogging, social media client, though it is now expanding its horizons into long-form content. It was first released only as a web client in March of 2023, but has since had a native client released for both iOS and Android. All of Primal's clients recently had an update to Primal 2.0, which included both performance improvements and a number of new features. This review will focus on the Android client specifically, both on phone and tablet.

Since Primal has also added features that are only available to those enrolled in their new premium subscription, it should also be noted that this review will be from the perspective of a free user. This is for two reasons. First, I am using an alternate npub to review the app, and if I were to purchase premium at some time in the future, it would be on my main npub. Second, despite a lot of positive things I have to say about Primal, I am not planning to regularly use any of their apps on my main account for the time being, for reasons that will be discussed later in the review.

The application can be installed through the Google Play Store, nostr:npub10r8xl2njyepcw2zwv3a6dyufj4e4ajx86hz6v4ehu4gnpupxxp7stjt2p8, or by downloading it directly from Primal's GitHub. The full review is current as of Primal Android version 2.0.21. Updates to the review on 4/30/2025 are current as of version 2.2.13.

In the ecosystem of "notes and other stuff," Primal is predominantly in the "notes" category. It is geared toward users who want a social media experience similar to Twitter or Facebook with an infinite scrolling feed of notes to interact with. However, there is some "other stuff" included to complement this primary focus on short and long form notes including a built-in Lightning wallet powered by #Strike, a robust advanced search, and a media-only feed.

Overall Impression

Score: 4.4 / 5 (Updated 4/30/2025)

Primal may well be the most polished UI of any Nostr client native to Android. It is incredibly well designed and thought out, with all of the icons and settings in the places a user would expect to find them. It is also incredibly easy to get started on Nostr via Primal's sign-up flow. The only two things that will be foreign to new users are the lack of any need to set a password or give an email address, and the prompt to optionally set up the wallet.

Complaints prior to the 2.0 update about Primal being slow and clunky should now be completely alleviated. I only experienced quick load times and snappy UI controls with a couple very minor exceptions, or when loading DVM-based feeds, which are outside of Primal's control.

Primal is not, however, a client that I would recommend for the power-user. Control over preferred relays is minimal and does not allow the user to determine which relays they write to and which they only read from. Though you can use your own wallet, it will not appear within the wallet interface, which only works with the custodial wallet from Strike. Moreover, and most eggregiously, the only way for existing users to log in is by pasting their nsec, as Primal does not support either the Android signer or remote signer options for users to protect their private key at this time. This lack of signer support is the primary reason the client received such a low overall score. If even one form of external signer log in is added to Primal, the score will be amended to 4.2 / 5, and if both Android signer and remote signer support is added, it will increase to 4.5.

Update: As of version 2.2.13, Primal now supports the Amber Android signer! One of the most glaring issues with the app has now been remedied and as promised, the overall score above has been increased.

Another downside to Primal is that it still utilizes an outdated direct message specification that leaks metadata that can be readily seen by anyone on the network. While the content of your messages remains encrypted, anyone can see who you are messaging with, and when. This also means that you will not see any DMs from users who are messaging from a client that has moved to the latest, and far more private, messaging spec.

That said, the beautiful thing about Nostr as a protocol is that users are not locked into any particular client. You may find Primal to be a great client for your average #bloomscrolling and zapping memes, but opt for a different client for more advanced uses and for direct messaging.

Features

Primal has a lot of features users would expect from any Nostr client that is focused on short-form notes, but it also packs in a lot of features that set it apart from other clients, and that showcase Primal's obvious prioritization of a top-tier user experience.

Home Feed

By default, the infinitely scrolling Home feed displays notes from those you currently follow in chronological order. This is traditional Nostr at its finest, and made all the more immersive by the choice to have all distracting UI elements quickly hide themselves from view as the you begin to scroll down the feed. They return just as quickly when you begin to scroll back up.

Scrolling the feed is incredibly fast, with no noticeable choppiness and minimal media pop-in if you are on a decent internet connection.

Helpfully, it is easy to get back to the top of the feed whenever there is a new post to be viewed, as a bubble will appear with the profile pictures of the users who have posted since you started scrolling.

Interacting With Notes

Interacting with a note in the feed can be done via the very recognizable icons at the bottom of each post. You can comment, zap, like, repost, and/or bookmark the note.

Notably, tapping on the zap icon will immediately zap the note your default amount of sats, making zapping incredibly fast, especially when using the built-in wallet. Long pressing on the zap icon will open up a menu with a variety of amounts, along with the ability to zap a custom amount. All of these amounts, and the messages that are sent with the zap, can be customized in the application settings.

Users who are familiar with Twitter or Instagram will feel right at home with only having one option for "liking" a post. However, users from Facebook or other Nostr clients may wonder why they don't have more options for reactions. This is one of those things where users who are new to Nostr probably won't notice they are missing out on anything at all, while users familiar with clients like #Amethyst or #noStrudel will miss the ability to react with a 🤙 or a 🫂.

It's a similar story with the bookmark option. While this is a nice bit of feature parity for Twitter users, for those already used to the ability to have multiple customized lists of bookmarks, or at minimum have the ability to separate them into public and private, it may be a disappointment that they have no access to the bookmarks they already built up on other clients. Primal offers only one list of bookmarks for short-form notes and they are all visible to the public. However, you are at least presented with a warning about the public nature of your bookmarks before saving your first one.

Yet, I can't dock the Primal team much for making these design choices, as they are understandable for Primal's goal of being a welcoming client for those coming over to Nostr from centralized platforms. They have optimized for the onboarding of new users, rather than for those who have been around for a while, and there is absolutely nothing wrong with that.

Post Creation

Composing posts in Primal is as simple as it gets. Accessed by tapping the obvious circular button with a "+" on it in the lower right of the Home feed, most of what you could need is included in the interface, and nothing you don't.

Your device's default keyboard loads immediately, and the you can start typing away.

There are options for adding images from your gallery, or taking a picture with your camera, both of which will result in the image being uploaded to Primal's media-hosting server. If you prefer to host your media elsewhere, you can simply paste the link to that media into your post.

There is also an @ icon as a tip-off that you can tag other users. Tapping on this simply types "@" into your note and brings up a list of users. All you have to do to narrow down the user you want to tag is continue typing their handle, Nostr address, or paste in their npub.

This can get mixed results in other clients, which sometimes have a hard time finding particular users when typing in their handle, forcing you to have to remember their Nostr address or go hunt down their npub by another means. Not so with Primal, though. I had no issues tagging anyone I wanted by simply typing in their handle.

Of course, when you are tagging someone well known, you may find that there are multiple users posing as that person. Primal helps you out here, though. Usually the top result is the person you want, as Primal places them in order of how many followers they have. This is quite reliable right now, but there is nothing stopping someone from spinning up an army of bots to follow their fake accounts, rendering follower count useless for determining which account is legitimate. It would be nice to see these results ranked by web-of-trust, or at least an indication of how many users you follow who also follow the users listed in the results.

Once you are satisfied with your note, the "Post" button is easy to find in the top right of the screen.

Feed Selector and Marketplace

Primal's Home feed really shines when you open up the feed selection interface, and find that there are a plethora of options available for customizing your view. By default, it only shows four options, but tapping "Edit" opens up a new page of available toggles to add to the feed selector.

The options don't end there, though. Tapping "Add Feed" will open up the feed marketplace, where an ever-growing number of custom feeds can be found, some created by Primal and some created by others. This feed marketplace is available to a few other clients, but none have so closely integrated it with their Home feeds like Primal has.

Unfortunately, as great as these custom feeds are, this was also the feature where I ran into the most bugs while testing out the app.

One of these bugs was while selecting custom feeds. Occasionally, these feed menu screens would become unresponsive and I would be unable to confirm my selection, or even use the back button on my device to back out of the screen. However, I was able to pull the screen down to close it and re-open the menu, and everything would be responsive again.

This only seemed to occur when I spent 30 seconds or more on the same screen, so I imagine that most users won't encounter it much in their regular use.

Another UI bug occurred for me while in the feed marketplace. I could scroll down the list of available feeds, but attempting to scroll back up the feed would often close the interface entirely instead, as though I had pulled the screen down from the top, when I was swiping in the middle of the screen.

The last of these bugs occurred when selecting a long-form "Reads" feed while in the menu for the Home feed. The menu would allow me to add this feed and select it to be displayed, but it would fail to load the feed once selected, stating "There is no content in this feed." Going to a different page within the the app and then going back to the Home tab would automatically remove the long-form feed from view, and reset back to the most recently viewed short-form "Notes" feed, though the long-form feed would still be available to select again. The results were similar when selecting a short-form feed for the Reads feed.

I would suggest that if long-form and short-form feeds are going to be displayed in the same list, and yet not be able to be displayed in the same feed, the application should present an error message when attempting to add a long-form feed for the Home feed or a short-form feed for the Reads feed, and encourage the user add it to the proper feed instead.

Long-Form "Reads" Feed

A brand new feature in Primal 2.0, users can now browse and read long-form content posted to Nostr without having to go to a separate client. Primal now has a dedicated "Reads" feed to browse and interact with these articles.

This feed displays the author and title of each article or blog, along with an image, if available. Quite conveniently, it also lets you know the approximate amount of time it will take to read a given article, so you can decide if you have the time to dive into it now, or come back later.

Noticeably absent from the Reads feed, though, is the ability to compose an article of your own. This is another understandable design choice for a mobile client. Composing a long-form note on a smart-phone screen is not a good time. Better to be done on a larger screen, in a client with a full-featured text editor.

Tapping an article will open up an attractive reading interface, with the ability to bookmark for later. These bookmarks are a separate list from your short-form note bookmarks so you don't have to scroll through a bunch of notes you bookmarked to find the article you told yourself you would read later and it's already been three weeks.

While you can comment on the article or zap it, you will notice that you cannot repost or quote-post it. It's not that you can't do so on Nostr. You absolutely can in other clients. In fact, you can do so on Primal's web client, too. However, Primal on Android does not handle rendering long-form note previews in the Home feed, so they have simply left out the option to share them there. See below for an example of a quote-post of a long-form note in the Primal web client vs the Android client.

Primal Web:

Primal Android:

The Explore Tab

Another unique feature of the Primal client is the Explore tab, indicated by the compass icon. This tab is dedicated to discovering content from outside your current follow list. You can find the feed marketplace here, and add any of the available feeds to your Home or Reads feed selections. You can also find suggested users to follow in the People tab. The Zaps tab will show you who has been sending and receiving large zaps. Make friends with the generous ones!

The Media tab gives you a chronological feed of just media, displayed in a tile view. This can be great when you are looking for users who post dank memes, or incredible photography on a regular basis. Unfortunately, it appears that there is no way to filter this feed for sensitive content, and so you do not have to scroll far before you see pornographic material.

Indeed, it does not appear that filters for sensitive content are available in Primal for any feed. The app is kind enough to give a minimal warning that objectionable content may be present when selecting the "Nostr Firehose" option in your Home feed, with a brief "be careful" in the feed description, but there is not even that much of a warning here for the media-only feed.

The media-only feed doesn't appear to be quite as bad as the Nostr Firehose feed, so there must be some form of filtering already taking place, rather than being a truly global feed of all media. Yet, occasional sensitive content still litters the feed and is unavoidable, even for users who would rather not see it. There are, of course, ways to mute particular users who post such content, if you don't want to see it a second time from the same user, but that is a never-ending game of whack-a-mole, so your only realistic choices in Primal are currently to either avoid the Nostr Firehose and media-only feeds, or determine that you can put up with regularly scrolling past often graphic content.

This is probably the only choice Primal has made that is not friendly to new users. Most clients these days will have some protections in place to hide sensitive content by default, but still allow the user to toggle those protections off if they so choose. Some of them hide posts flagged as sensitive content altogether, others just blur the images unless the user taps to reveal them, and others simply blur all images posted by users you don't follow. If Primal wants to target new users who are accustomed to legacy social media platforms, they really should follow suit.

The final tab is titled "Topics," but it is really just a list of popular hashtags, which appear to be arranged by how often they are being used. This can be good for finding things that other users are interested in talking about, or finding specific content you are interested in.

If you tap on any topic in the list, it will display a feed of notes that include that hashtag. What's better, you can add it as a feed option you can select on your Home feed any time you want to see posts with that tag.

The only suggestion I would make to improve this tab is some indication of why the topics are arranged in the order presented. A simple indicator of the number of posts with that hashtag in the last 24 hours, or whatever the interval is for determining their ranking, would more than suffice.

Even with those few shortcomings, Primal's Explore tab makes the client one of the best options for discovering content on Nostr that you are actually interested in seeing and interacting with.

Built-In Wallet

While this feature is completely optional, the icon to access the wallet is the largest of the icons at the bottom of the screen, making you feel like you are missing out on the most important feature of the app if you don't set it up. I could be critical of this design choice, but in many ways I think it is warranted. The built-in wallet is one of the most unique features that Primal has going for it.

Consider: If you are a new user coming to Nostr, who isn't already a Bitcoiner, and you see that everyone else on the platform is sending and receiving sats for their posts, will you be more likely to go download a separate wallet application or use one that is built-into your client? I would wager the latter option by a long shot. No need to figure out which wallet you should download, whether you should do self-custody or custodial, or make the mistake of choosing a wallet with unexpected setup fees and no Lightning address so you can't even receive zaps to it. nostr:npub16c0nh3dnadzqpm76uctf5hqhe2lny344zsmpm6feee9p5rdxaa9q586nvr often states that he believes more people will be onboarded to Bitcoin through Nostr than by any other means, and by including a wallet into the Primal client, his team has made adopting Bitcoin that much easier for new Nostr users.

Some of us purists may complain that it is custodial and KYC, but that is an unfortunate necessity in order to facilitate onboarding newcoiners to Bitcoin. This is not intended to be a wallet for those of us who have been using Bitcoin and Lightning regularly already. It is meant for those who are not already familiar with Bitcoin to make it as easy as possible to get off zero, and it accomplishes this better than any other wallet I have ever tried.

In large part, this is because the KYC is very light. It does need the user's legal name, a valid email address, date of birth, and country of residence, but that's it! From there, the user can buy Bitcoin directly through the app, but only in the amount of $4.99 at a time. This is because there is a substantial markup on top of the current market price, due to utilizing whatever payment method the user has set up through their Google Play Store. The markup seemed to be about 19% above the current price, since I could purchase 4,143 sats for $4.99 ($120,415 / Bitcoin), when the current price was about $101,500. But the idea here is not for the Primal wallet to be a user's primary method of stacking sats. Rather, it is intended to get them off zero and have a small amount of sats to experience zapping with, and it accomplishes this with less friction than any other method I know.

Moreover, the Primal wallet has the features one would expect from any Lightning wallet. You can send sats to any Nostr user or Lightning address, receive via invoice, or scan to pay an invoice. It even has the ability to receive via on-chain. This means users who don't want to pay the markup from buying through Primal can easily transfer sats they obtained by other means into the Primal wallet for zapping, or for using it as their daily-driver spending wallet.

Speaking of zapping, once the wallet is activated, sending zaps is automatically set to use the wallet, and they are fast. Primal gives you immediate feedback that the zap was sent and the transaction shows in your wallet history typically before you can open the interface. I can confidently say that Primal wallet's integration is the absolute best zapping experience I have seen in any Nostr client.

One thing to note that may not be immediately apparent to new users is they need to add their Lightning address with Primal into their profile details before they can start receiving zaps. So, sending zaps using the wallet is automatic as soon as you activate it, but receiving is not. Ideally, this could be further streamlined, so that Primal automatically adds the Lightning address to the user's profile when the wallet is set up, so long as there is not currently a Lightning address listed.

Of course, if you already have a Lightning wallet, you can connect it to Primal for zapping, too. We will discuss this further in the section dedicated to zap integration.

Advanced Search

Search has always been a tough nut to crack on Nostr, since it is highly dependent on which relays the client is pulling information from. Primal has sought to resolve this issue, among others, by running a caching relay that pulls notes from a number of relays to store them locally, and perform some spam filtering. This allows for much faster retrieval of search results, and also makes their advanced search feature possible.

Advanced search can be accessed from most pages by selecting the magnifying glass icon, and then the icon for more options next to the search bar.

As can be seen in the screenshot below, there are a plethora of filters that can be applied to your search terms.

You can immediately see how this advanced search could be a very powerful tool for not just finding a particular previous note that you are looking for, but for creating your own custom feed of notes. Well, wouldn't you know it, Primal allows you to do just that! This search feature, paired with the other features mentioned above related to finding notes you want to see in your feed, makes Primal hands-down the best client for content discovery.

The only downside as a free user is that some of these search options are locked behind the premium membership. Or else you only get to see a certain number of results of your advanced search before you must be a premium member to see more.

Can My Grandma Use It?

Score: 4.8 / 5 Primal has obviously put a high priority on making their client user-friendly, even for those who have never heard of relays, public/private key cryptography, or Bitcoin. All of that complexity is hidden away. Some of it is available to play around with for the users who care to do so, but it does not at all get in the way of the users who just want to jump in and start posting notes and interacting with other users in a truly open public square.

To begin with, the onboarding experience is incredibly smooth. Tap "Create Account," enter your chosen display name and optional bio information, upload a profile picture, and then choose some topics you are interested in. You are then presented with a preview of your profile, with the ability to add a banner image, if you so choose, and then tap "Create Account Now."

From there you receive confirmation that your account has been created and that your "Nostr key" is available to you in the application settings. No further explanation is given about what this key is for at this point, but the user doesn't really need to know at the moment, either. If they are curious, they will go to the app settings to find out.

At this point, Primal encourages the user to activate Primal Wallet, but also gives the option for the user to do it later.

That's it! The next screen the user sees if they don't opt to set up the wallet is their Home feed with notes listed in chronological order. More impressive, the feed is not empty, because Primal has auto-followed several accounts based on your selected topics.

Now, there has definitely been some legitimate criticism of this practice of following specific accounts based on the topic selection, and I agree. I would much prefer to see Primal follow hashtags based on what was selected, and combine the followed hashtags into a feed titled "My Topics" or something of that nature, and make that the default view when the user finishes onboarding. Following particular users automatically will artificially inflate certain users' exposure, while other users who might be quality follows for that topic aren't seen at all.

The advantage of following particular users over a hashtag, though, is that Primal retains some control over the quality of the posts that new users are exposed to right away. Primal can ensure that new users see people who are actually posting quality photography when they choose it as one of their interests. However, even with that example, I chose photography as one of my interests and while I did get some stunning photography in my Home feed by default based on Primal's chosen follows, I also scrolled through the Photography hashtag for a bit and I really feel like I would have been better served if Primal had simply followed that hashtag rather than a particular set of users.

We've already discussed how simple it is to set up the Primal Wallet. You can see the features section above if you missed it. It is, by far, the most user friendly experience to onboarding onto Lightning and getting a few sats for zapping, and it is the only one I know of that is built directly into a Nostr client. This means new users will have a frictionless introduction to transacting via Lightning, perhaps without even realizing that's what they are doing.

Discovering new content of interest is incredibly intuitive on Primal, and the only thing that new users may struggle with is getting their own notes seen by others. To assist with this, I would suggest Primal encourage users to make their first post to the introductions hashtag and direct any questions to the AskNostr hashtag as part of the onboarding process. This will get them some immediate interactions from other users, and further encouragement to set up their wallet if they haven't already done so.

How do UI look?

Score: 4.9 / 5

Primal is the most stunningly beautiful Nostr client available, in my honest opinion. Despite some of my hangups about certain functionality, the UI alone makes me want to use it.

It is clean, attractive, and intuitive. Everything I needed was easy to find, and nothing felt busy or cluttered. There are only a few minor UI glitches that I ran into while testing the app. Some of them were mentioned in the section of the review detailing the feed selector feature, but a couple others occurred during onboarding.

First, my profile picture was not centered in the preview when I uploaded it. This appears to be because it was a low quality image. Uploading a higher quality photo did not have this result.

The other UI bug was related to text instructions that were cut off, and not able to scroll to see the rest of them. This occurred on a few pages during onboarding, and I expect it was due to the size of my phone screen, since it did not occur when I was on a slightly larger phone or tablet.

Speaking of tablets, Primal Android looks really good on a tablet, too! While the client does not have a landscape mode by default, many Android tablets support forcing apps to open in full-screen landscape mode, with mixed results. However, Primal handles it well. I would still like to see a tablet version developed that takes advantage of the increased screen real estate, but it is certainly a passable option.

At this point, I would say the web client probably has a bit better UI for use on a tablet than the Android client does, but you miss out on using the built-in wallet, which is a major selling point of the app.

This lack of a landscape mode for tablets and the few very minor UI bugs I encountered are the only reason Primal doesn't get a perfect score in this category, because the client is absolutely stunning otherwise, both in light and dark modes. There are also two color schemes available for each.

Log In Options

Score: 4 / 5 (Updated 4/30/2025)

Unfortunately, Primal has not included any options for log in outside of pasting your private key into the application. While this is a very simple way to log in for new users to understand, it is also the least secure means to log into Nostr applications.

This is because, even with the most trustworthy client developer, giving the application access to your private key always has the potential for that private key to somehow be exposed or leaked, and on Nostr there is currently no way to rotate to a different private key and keep your identity and social graph. If someone gets your key, they are you on Nostr for all intents and purposes.

This is not a situation that users should be willing to tolerate from production-release clients at this point. There are much better log in standards that can and should be implemented if you care about your users.

That said, I am happy to report that external signer support is on the roadmap for Primal, as confirmed below:

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No word yet on whether this will be Android signer or remote signer support, or both.

This lack of external signer support is why I absolutely will not use my main npub with Primal for Android. I am happy to use the web client, which supports and encourages logging in with a browser extension, but until the Android client allows users to protect their private key, I cannot recommend it for existing Nostr users.

Update: As of version 2.2.13, all of what I have said above is now obsolete. Primal has added Android signer support, so users can now better protect their nsec by using Amber!

I would still like to see support for remote signers, especially with nstart.me as a recommended Nostr onboarding process and the advent of FROSTR for key management. That said, Android signer support on its own has been a long time coming and is a very welcome addition to the Primal app. Bravo Primal team!

Zap Integration

Score: 4.8 / 5

As mentioned when discussing Primal's built-in wallet feature, zapping in Primal can be the most seamless experience I have ever seen in a Nostr client. Pairing the wallet with the client is absolutely the path forward for Nostr leading the way to Bitcoin adoption.

But what if you already have a Lightning wallet you want to use for zapping? You have a couple options. If it is an Alby wallet or another wallet that supports Nostr Wallet Connect, you can connect it with Primal to use with one-tap zapping.

How your zapping experience goes with this option will vary greatly based on your particular wallet of choice and is beyond the scope of this review. I used this option with a hosted wallet on my Alby Hub and it worked perfectly. Primal gives you immediate feedback that you have zapped, even though the transaction usually takes a few seconds to process and appear in your wallet's history.

The one major downside to using an external wallet is the lack of integration with the wallet interface. This interface currently only works with Primal's wallet, and therefore the most prominent tab in the entire app goes unused when you connect an external wallet.

An ideal improvement would be for the wallet screen to work similar to Alby Go when you have an external wallet connected via Nostr Wallet Connect, allowing the user to have Primal act as their primary mobile Lightning wallet. It could have balance and transaction history displayed, and allow sending and receiving, just like the integrated Primal wallet, but remove the ability to purchase sats directly through the app when using an external wallet.

Content Discovery

Score: 4.8 / 5

Primal is the best client to use if you want to discover new content you are interested in. There is no comparison, with only a few caveats.

First, the content must have been posted to Nostr as either a short-form or long-form note. Primal has a limited ability to display other types of content. For instance, discovering video content or streaming content is lacking.

Second, you must be willing to put up with the fact that Primal lacks a means of filtering sensitive content when you are exploring beyond the bounds of your current followers. This may not be an issue for some, but for others it could be a deal-breaker.

Third, it would be preferable for Primal to follow topics you are interested in when you choose them during onboarding, rather than follow specific npubs. Ideally, create a "My Topics" feed that can be edited by selecting your interests in the Topics section of the Explore tab.

Relay Management

Score: 2.5 / 5

For new users who don't want to mess around with managing relays, Primal is fantastic! There are 7 relays selected by default, in addition to Primal's caching service. For most users who aren't familiar with Nostr's protocol archetecture, they probably won't ever have to change their default relays in order to use the client as they would expect.

However, two of these default relays were consistently unreachable during the week that I tested. These were relay.plebes.fans and remnant.cloud. The first relay seems to be an incorrect URL, as I found nosflare.plebes.fans online and with perfect uptime for the last 12 hours on nostr.watch. I was unable to find remnant.cloud on nostr.watch at all. A third relay was intermittent, sometimes online and reachable, and other times unreachable: v1250.planz.io/nostr. If Primal is going to have default relays, they should ideally be reliable and with accurate URLs.

That said, users can add other relays that they prefer, and remove relays that they no longer want to use. They can even set a different caching service to use with the client, rather than using Primal's.

However, that is the extent of a user's control over their relays. They cannot choose which relays they want to write to and which they want to read from, nor can they set any private relays, outbox or inbox relays, or general relays. Loading the npub I used for this review into another client with full relay management support revealed that the relays selected in Primal are being added to both the user's public outbox relays and public inbox relays, but not to any other relay type, which leads me to believe the caching relay is acting as the client's only general relay and search relay.

One unique and welcomed addition is the "Enhanced Privacy" feature, which is off by default, but which can be toggled on. I am not sure why this is not on by default, though. Perhaps someone from the Primal team can enlighten me on that choice.

By default, when you post to Nostr, all of your outbox relays will see your IP address. If you turn on the Enhanced Privacy mode, only Primal's caching service will see your IP address, because it will post your note to the other relays on your behalf. In this way, the caching service acts similar to a VPN for posting to Nostr, as long as you trust Primal not to log or leak your IP address.

In short, if you use any other Nostr clients at all, do not use Primal for managing your relays.

Media Hosting Options

Score: 4.9 / 5 This is a NEW SECTION of this review, as of version 2.2.13!

Primal has recently added support for the Blossom protocol for media hosting, and has added a new section within their settings for "Media Uploads."

Media hosting is one of the more complicated problems to solve for a decentralized publishing protocol like Nostr. Text-based notes are generally quite small, making them no real burden to store on relays, and a relay can prune old notes as they see fit, knowing that anyone who really cared about those notes has likely archived them elsewhere. Media, on the other hand, can very quickly fill up a server's disk space, and because it is usually addressable via a specific URL, removing it from that location to free up space means it will no longer load for anyone.

Blossom solves this issue by making it easy to run a media server and have the same media mirrored to more than one for redundancy. Since the media is stored with a file name that is a hash of the content itself, if the media is deleted from one server, it can still be found from any other server that has the same file, without any need to update the URL in the Nostr note where it was originally posted.

Prior to this update, Primal only allowed media uploads to their own media server. Now, users can upload to any blossom server, and even choose to have their pictures or videos mirrored additional servers automatically. To my knowledge, no other Nostr client offers this automatic mirroring at the time of upload.

One of my biggest criticisms of Primal was that it had taken a siloed approach by providing a client, a caching relay, a media server, and a wallet all controlled by the same company. The whole point of Nostr is to separate control of all these services to different entities. Now users have more options for separating out their media hosting and their wallet to other providers, at least. I would still like to see other options available for a caching relay, but that relies on someone else being willing to run one, since the software is open for anyone to use. It's just not your average, lightweight relay that any average person can run from home.

Regardless, this update to add custom Blossom servers is a most welcome step in the right direction!

Current Users' Questions

The AskNostr hashtag can be a good indication of the pain points that other users are currently having with a client. Here are some of the most common questions submitted about Primal since the launch of 2.0:

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This was a pretty common question, because users expect that they will be able to create the same type of content that they can consume in a particular client. I can understand why this was left out in a mobile client, but perhaps it should be added in the web client.

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This is a more concerning bug, since it appears some users are experiencing their images being replaced with completely different images. I did not experience anything similar in my testing, though.

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There hasn't been an answer to this, but I have not been able to find a way. It seems search results will always include replies as well as original notes, so a feed made from the search results will as well. Perhaps a filter can be added to the advanced search to exclude replies? There is already a filter to only show replies, but there is no corresponding filter to only show original notes.

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Since both mobile platforms support the wallet, users expect that they will be able to access it in their web client, too. At this time, they cannot. The only way to have seamless zapping in the web client is to use the Alby extension, but there is not a way to connect it to your Primal wallet via Nostr Wallet Connect either. This means users must have a separate wallet for zapping on the web client if they use the Primal Wallet on mobile.

nostr:note15tf2u9pffy58y9lk27y245ew792raqc7lc22jezxvqj7xrak9ztqu45wep

It seems that Primal is filtering for spam even for profiles you actively follow. Moreover, exactly what the criteria is for being considered spam is currently opaque.

nostr:note1xexnzv0vrmc8svvduurydwmu43w7dftyqmjh4ps98zksr39ln2qswkuced

For those unaware, Blossom is a protocol for hosting media as blobs identified by a hash, allowing them to be located on and displayed from other servers they have been mirrored to when when the target server isn't available. Primal currently runs a Blossom server (blossom.primal.net) so I would expect we see Blossom support in the future.

nostr:note1unugv7s36e2kxl768ykg0qly7czeplp8qnc207k4pj45rexgqv4sue50y6

Currently, Primal on Android only supports uploading photos to your posts. Users must upload any video to some other hosting service and copy/paste a link to the video into their post on Primal. I would not be surprised to see this feature added in the near future, though.

nostr:note10w6538y58dkd9mdrlkfc8ylhnyqutc56ggdw7gk5y7nsp00rdk4q3qgrex

Many Nostr users have more than one npub for various uses. Users would prefer to have a way to quickly switch between accounts than to have to log all the way out and paste their npub for the other account every time they want to use it.

There is good news on this front, though:

nostr:note17xv632yqfz8nx092lj4sxr7drrqfey6e2373ha00qlq8j8qv6jjs36kxlh

Wrap Up

All in all, Primal is an excellent client. It won't be for everyone, but that's one of the strengths of Nostr as a protocol. You can choose to use the client that best fits your own needs, and supplement with other clients and tools as necessary.

There are a couple glaring issues I have with Primal that prevent me from using it on my main npub, but it is also an ever-improving client, that already has me hopeful for those issues to be resolved in a future release.

So, what should I review next? Another Android client, such as #Amethyst or #Voyage? Maybe an "other stuff" app, like #Wavlake or #Fountain? Please leave your suggestions in the comments.

I hope this review was valuable to you! If it was, please consider letting me know just how valuable by zapping me some sats and reposting it out to your follows.

Thank you for reading!

PV 🤙

@ 401014b3:59d5476b

And here's what it said.

And for what it's worth, I actually think ChatGPT nailed it.

Thoughts?

1. Andy Reid – Kansas City Chiefs Andy Reid remains the gold standard among NFL head coaches. With three Super Bowl titles in the past six seasons and a career record of 273-146-1 (.651), Reid's offensive innovation and leadership continue to set him apart. ​

2. Sean McVay – Los Angeles Rams Sean McVay has revitalized the Rams since taking over in 2017, leading them to two Super Bowl appearances and maintaining only one losing season in eight years. His ability to adapt and keep the team competitive has solidified his status as one of the league's elite coaches. ​

3. John Harbaugh – Baltimore Ravens John Harbaugh's tenure with the Ravens has been marked by consistent success, including a Super Bowl victory in 2012 and multiple double-digit win seasons. His leadership and adaptability have kept Baltimore as a perennial contender. ​

4. Nick Sirianni – Philadelphia Eagles Nick Sirianni has quickly risen through the ranks, boasting a .706 regular-season winning percentage and leading the Eagles to two Super Bowl appearances, including one victory. His emphasis on player morale and adaptability have been key to Philadelphia's recent success. ​

5. Dan Campbell – Detroit Lions Dan Campbell has transformed the Lions into a formidable team, improving their record each season and instilling a culture of toughness and resilience. Despite a disappointing playoff exit in 2024, Campbell's impact on the franchise is undeniable.

originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/967880

@ 3c389c8f:7a2eff7f

Sharing a Note on Nostr:

🔁Yeah, it probably seems obvious. No need to dwell for long, but this is another function that goes by half a dozen different names. Repost, renote, retweet, boost, bump, the ubiquitous little repeat button... It's all the same. It doesn't matter what its called, the feature lets you push notes you may find valuable, to the people who follow you. Additionally you also have the "Quote" option if you would like to add your own remarks or context. Both of these features are supported by most Nostr microblogging clients and some specialty clients, though some have chosen to exclude one or the other to adhere to a set of guiding principles aimed at helping users to enjoy a healthier social media experience.

Similar to a quote, you also have the option to copy NoteIDs to paste in other places. They will look like: nevent..., naddr..., or some other possibly foreign looking string prefixed with 'n' and in some cases the may be preceded by 'nostr:'. These are handy when you'd like to use a note for some other purpose beyond a quote. Perhaps you would like to quote it in a Nostr article or blog entry, or you would like to create a note focusing on a series of notes. Many clients offer easy access to these handy nostr links. If you're finding that the one you are using, does not, then simply hop to another. This is one of the amazing yet simple uses of Nostr's unique identity and contact list ownership.

Sharing Note and Profile Links Off of Nostr:

This is where things get really interesting. If you try to send these 'n' prefixed Nostr links to someone, they will receive that random string and have no clue what to do with it. To solve this, some clever minds came up with njump.me. Just visit that URL and tack your 'n' prefixed event to the end, and boom! you have a link you can send to anyone. Many apps have integrated this feature into their interface to make it easy and convenient to send awesome Nostr content to anyone anywhere, and they can choose which Nostr app they want to use to engage with it right in the landing. Some Nostr clients have traditional link sharing, as well, so you can share links right to the app that you use.

Helping Your Friends to Get Started:

We've touched on this a lot in previous posts but in case you missed it: nstart.me hubstr.org nosta.me These are all great options to onboarding your friends in a way that allows for them to explore Nostr right out of the gate. You always have the option of creating a keypair in nearly every app around, too. This is easier for some people, depending on how much they want to learn right away, or how they may be using Nostr.

There's some cool new tools coming out to help even more with getting your friends set up to use Nostr to its fullest capacity. Follow packs, trust attestations, and suggested app packs are all things we look forward to diving into more deeply in the near future. Please keep an eye out if your interested in reading the Spatia Nostra

@ e968e50b:db2a803a

Has anyone developed a lightning wallet using a raspberry pi or something like that? This would be a device that could fit in your pocket with a small screen and QR scanner for people that can't afford or don't want to carry a smart phone. It would use wifi or something like that. Is this too much of a security headache? Can it be done easily with any wallet's current software?

originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/967863

@ 59b96df8:b208bd59

Nostr is a decentralized protocol designed to be censorship-resistant.
However, this resilience can sometimes make data synchronization between relays more difficult—though not impossible.

In my opinion, Nostr still lacks a few key features to ensure consistent and reliable operation, especially regarding data versioning.

Profile Versions

When I log in to a new Nostr client using my private key, I might end up with an outdated version of my profile, depending on how the client is built or configured.

Why does this happen?
The client fetches my profile data (kind:0 - NIP 1) from its own list of selected relays.
If I didn’t publish the latest version of my profile on those specific relays, the client will only display an older version.

Relay List Metadata

The same issue occurs with the relay list metadata (kind:10002 - NIP 65).
When switching to a new client, it's common that my configured relay list isn't properly carried over because it also depends on where the data is fetched.

Protocol Change Proposal

I believe the protocol should evolve, specifically regarding how kind:0 (user metadata) and kind:10002 (relay list metadata) events are distributed to relays.

Relays should be able to build a list of public relays automatically (via autodiscovery), and forward all received kind:0 and kind:10002 events to every relay in that list.

This would create a ripple effect:

``` Relay A relay list: [Relay B, Relay C]
Relay B relay list: [Relay A, Relay C]
Relay C relay list: [Relay A, Relay B]

User A sends kind:0 to Relay A
→ Relay A forwards kind:0 to Relay B
→ Relay A forwards kind:0 to Relay C
→ Relay B forwards kind:0 to Relay A
→ Relay B forwards kind:0 to Relay C → Relay A forwards kind:0 to Relay B
→ etc. ```

Solution: Event Encapsulation

To avoid infinite replication loops, the solution could be to wrap the user’s signed event inside a new event signed by the relay, using a dedicated kind (e.g., kind:9999).

When Relay B receives a kind:9999 event from Relay A, it extracts the original event, checks whether it already exists or if a newer version is present. If not, it adds the event to its database.

Here is an example of such encapsulated data:

json { "content": "{\"content\":\"{\\\"lud16\\\":\\\"dolu@npub.cash\\\",\\\"name\\\":\\\"dolu\\\",\\\"nip05\\\":\\\"dolu@dolu.dev\\\",\\\"picture\\\":\\\"!(image)[!(image)[https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1577320325158682626/igGerO9A_400x400.jpg]]\\\",\\\"pubkey\\\":\\\"59b96df8d8b5e66b3b95a3e1ba159750a6edd69bcbba1857aeb652a5b208bd59\\\",\\\"npub\\\":\\\"npub1txukm7xckhnxkwu450sm59vh2znwm45mewaps4awkef2tvsgh4vsf7phrl\\\",\\\"created_at\\\":1688312044}\",\"created_at\":1728233747,\"id\":\"afc3629314aad00f8786af97877115de30c184a25a48440a480bff590a0f9ba8\",\"kind\":0,\"pubkey\":\"59b96df8d8b5e66b3b95a3e1ba159750a6edd69bcbba1857aeb652a5b208bd59\",\"sig\":\"989b250f7fd5d4cfc9a6ee567594c81ee0a91f972e76b61332005fb02aa1343854104fdbcb6c4f77ae8896acd886ab4188043c383e32a6bba509fd78fedb984a\",\"tags\":[]}", "created_at": 1746036589, "id": "efe7fa5844c5c4428fb06d1657bf663d8b256b60c793b5a2c5a426ec773c745c", "kind": 9999, "pubkey": "79be667ef9dcbbac55a06295ce870b07029bfcdb2dce28d959f2815b16f81798", "sig": "219f8bc840d12969ceb0093fb62f314a1f2e19a0cbe3e34b481bdfdf82d8238e1f00362791d17801548839f511533461f10dd45cd0aa4e264d71db6844f5e97c", "tags": [] }

@ 8f69ac99:4f92f5fd

A Aliança Democrática (AD)—uma coligação de centro-direita entre PSD e CDS—apresenta-se às eleições de 2025 com uma proposta cuidadosamente equilibrada entre reforma e contenção. O programa enfatiza cortes fiscais, acesso à habitação, melhoria dos serviços públicos e um compromisso com o alinhamento europeu. Apresentado como “liberalismo responsável”, propõe um Estado mais enxuto que capacita famílias e empresas através da simplificação, e não da ruptura.

Mas será que este programa desloca realmente o equilíbrio em direcção à liberdade pessoal e económica—ou limita-se a prometer uma gestão mais eficiente de um Estado grande e persistente?

---

Alívio Fiscal: Bom Começo, Alcance Limitado

A proposta da AD para baixar o IRS em todos os escalões e reduzir o IRC de 21% para 15% até 2029 revela um reconhecimento bem-vindo: impostos altos travam o crescimento e desincentivam a iniciativa. A eliminação permanente do IVA sobre bens alimentares essenciais é também apresentada como uma resposta ao custo de vida.

Contudo, estas mudanças fiscais são incrementais e centralmente dirigidas, em vez de estruturais. Não há menção à simplificação do sistema fiscal, à eliminação de subsídios distorcidos, ou a uma revisão do tamanho do Estado fiscal e redistributivo. O risco? Um alívio fiscal sem contenção da despesa acaba por gerar dívida ou aumentos futuros de impostos.

---

Política de Habitação: Abertura Parcial ao Mercado

A habitação é uma das poucas áreas onde a AD se posiciona claramente a favor de soluções de mercado. Licenciamento simplificado, redução da burocracia e incentivos à construção privada sugerem um esforço real para remover bloqueios criados pelo Estado. A coligação evita o controlo de rendas ou mandatos de construção pública forçada, o que a distingue de propostas mais à esquerda.

Ainda assim, o Estado mantém um papel “subsidiário” no modelo da AD—ou seja, continua a ser um participante activo, senão o arquitecto, do mercado habitacional. A liberalização total do uso do solo, a eliminação de monopólios municipais na construção, ou uma protecção mais radical dos direitos de propriedade não fazem parte da visão—o que limita o grau de descentralização efectivamente oferecido.

---

Serviços Públicos: Eficiência, Mas Sem Liberdade de Escolha

A AD promete melhorar o SNS e reduzir tempos de espera através de parcerias com o sector privado e social. Na educação, apoia maior autonomia das escolas e a expansão do ensino profissional. Estas reformas apostam na eficiência e profissionalismo, em vez do dinamismo de mercado ou da escolha individual.

Mas permanecem reformas dentro do sistema público, e não reformas do sistema em si. Não há modelo de cheques-ensino, nenhuma portabilidade (publico/privado) do financiamento por aluno, nem apoio significativo à escolha em saúde via pluralismo de seguros. Os cidadãos continuam a depender de um modelo de serviço monopolista—apenas com uma gestão mais agradável.

---

Justiça e Governação: Pragmatismo, Não Ruptura

O programa propõe agilizar os processos judiciais, reforçar o combate à corrupção e digitalizar a burocracia. São medidas sólidas de boa governação—mas tratam a capacidade do Estado como um problema de execução, e não como uma questão estrutural. Não se questiona o crescimento do aparelho administrativo, a complexidade do código jurídico português, nem o excesso de criminalização.

---

Ambiente e Relações Externas: Pró-Europa, Pró-Crescimento

A AD compromete-se com uma transição energética equilibrada e apoia a NATO e a União Europeia, posicionando Portugal como um parceiro ocidental cooperante. Prevê investimento em infraestruturas para revitalizar o interior, mas sem detalhes sobre como evitar os erros do passado em desenvolvimento regional centralizado e ineficiente.

A política ambiental é apresentada como amiga do mercado—mas carece de mecanismos para descentralizar decisões, promover conservação baseada na propriedade privada ou apoiar a gestão local de recursos.

---

Conclusão: Liberalismo de Gestão, com Limites

O programa da AD para 2025 destaca-se pela sua moderação e coerência relativas. Oferece algum alívio fiscal, ligeira desregulamentação e um ambiente mais favorável ao investimento. Enfrenta suavemente a expansão burocrática, mas nunca abdica verdadeiramente do controlo estatal, nem devolve poder real aos indivíduos e comunidades.

Não se trata de um programa de descentralização. É uma promessa de gerir melhor o Estado central—com algumas parcerias com o sector privado e mais tecnologia.

Para quem acredita que a liberdade não é apenas pagar menos impostos, mas também o direito de escolher, construir, associar-se livremente e sair de sistemas uniformizados, este programa fica aquém.

---

Photo by Claudio Schwarz on Unsplash

@ 8f69ac99:4f92f5fd

A Coligacao Democratica Unitaria (CDU) apresenta-se nas eleições de 2025 com um programa que defende nada menos do que uma transformação sistémica. Em nome da “justiça social”, “soberania” e “direitos dos trabalhadores”, o partido traça um plano ambicioso—e algo nostálgico—para reafirmar o controlo estatal em praticamente todos os sectores da sociedade.

Mas se o discurso é arrojado, a estratégia levanta sérias dúvidas: poderá Portugal avançar verdadeiramente ao expandir os mesmos mecanismos que, historicamente, sufocam a inovação, reduzem a autonomia individual e concentram decisões num centro de poder?

---

Soberania Económica ou Isolamento Económico?

Um dos pilares do programa da CDU é a exigência de soberania monetária e financeira—o que inclui o controlo nacional da moeda, das políticas orçamentais e da dívida pública. Traduz-se em oposição ao Euro, maior distanciamento das instituições da UE e controlo estatal reforçado sobre banca e energia.

A resiliência nacional é um objectivo legítimo, mas estas propostas arriscam levar Portugal a um isolamento económico num mundo interligado. Abandonar a moeda comum e os quadros de coordenação europeia pode trazer alguma flexibilidade teórica—mas também pode gerar instabilidade, fuga de capitais e perda de confiança dos investidores. A verdadeira soberania não exige retraimento—exige adaptação e competitividade dentro da cooperação.

---

Controlo Salarial e Centralização Laboral

A CDU propõe uma rápida subida do salário mínimo para 1.000€, com aumentos posteriores para equiparar à média da Zona Euro, e a redução do horário semanal para 35 horas. A contratação colectiva passaria a ser o regime padrão, e todas as formas de “trabalho precário” seriam eliminadas.

No papel, soa a defesa dos trabalhadores. Na prática, regras laborais tão rígidas tendem a desincentivar a contratação, sobretudo nas pequenas empresas e em zonas rurais. Uma política salarial centralizada ignora as realidades locais e a diversidade empresarial. Em vez de dar poder aos trabalhadores através da escolha e da flexibilidade, este modelo aprisiona-os numa estrutura hierárquica, onde a mobilidade e a inovação raramente são recompensadas.

---

Um Estado que Constrói Tudo, Possui Tudo

A CDU quer expandir drasticamente o sector público—com reindustrialização conduzida pelo Estado, renacionalização de sectores estratégicos, e um sistema de habitação e saúde pública que elimine a relevância do sector privado. O investimento público subiria para 5% do PIB ao ano, e todas as privatizações seriam revertidas.

Este nível de domínio estatal é incompatível com descentralização, iniciativa cívica e espírito empreendedor. Quanto mais o Estado possui, menos espaço sobra para os cidadãos criarem e participarem. A história—em Portugal e fora dele—mostra que monopólios públicos tendem à ineficiência, não ao elevação.

---

Tudo Gratuito... Mas a Que Preço?

De medicamentos e transportes públicos gratuitos, passando por habitação e ensino superior gratuitos, a CDU promete um rol generoso de benefícios financiados por impostos progressivos, controlo de preços e regulamentação antiempresarial. O IVA seria reduzido nos bens essenciais, os preços dos combustíveis seriam tabelados e as comissões bancárias reguladas.

Mas a economia não responde a desejos, responde a incentivos. Controlos de preços distorcem mercados, geram escassez e afastam investimento. Um sistema fiscal que penaliza “grandes rendimentos” e lucros empresariais pode parecer justo—mas pode corroer a produtividade e a própria base fiscal. O país precisa de crescimento—não de redistribuição sem criação.

---

Soberania como Retirada

Na política externa, a CDU defende um afastamento da NATO, adopta uma posição crítica face à UE e aposta em cooperação bilateral entre estados soberanos. A ênfase na paz e independência pode parecer apelativa, mas não está claro como esta visão serve os interesses estratégicos de Portugal em matéria de segurança, comércio ou diplomacia. Autonomia, sim—mas o isolamento num mundo volátil pode conduzir à irrelevância.

---

Conclusão: Igualdade à Custa da Autoridade

O programa da CDU (na prática, o programa do PCP) aborda problemas reais: salários estagnados, crise na habitação, e dependência do capital estrangeiro. Mas a sua resposta passa por um Estado omnipresente, não por indivíduos capacitados. Oferece igualdade por via da centralização, não por oportunidades livres.

A justiça verdadeira exige liberdade. A soberania autêntica implica participação. E a prosperidade real não se impõe por decreto—constrói-se com liberdade, iniciativa e responsabilidade individual.

À medida que o país decide o seu rumo, importa perguntar: este programa oferece mais liberdade—ou apenas uma forma mais ordeira de controlo?

---

Photo by Claudio Schwarz on Unsplash

@ a008def1:57a3564d

A Vision for #GitViaNostr

Git has long been the standard for version control in software development, but over time, we has lost its distributed nature. Originally, Git used open, permissionless email for collaboration, which worked well at scale. However, the rise of GitHub and its centralized pull request (PR) model has shifted the landscape.

Now, we have the opportunity to revive Git's permissionless and distributed nature through Nostr!

We’ve developed tools to facilitate Git collaboration via Nostr, but there are still significant friction that prevents widespread adoption. This article outlines a vision for how we can reduce those barriers and encourage more repositories to embrace this approach.

First, we’ll review our progress so far. Then, we’ll propose a guiding philosophy for our next steps. Finally, we’ll discuss a vision to tackle specific challenges, mainly relating to the role of the Git server and CI/CD.

I am the lead maintainer of ngit and gitworkshop.dev, and I’ve been fortunate to work full-time on this initiative for the past two years, thanks to an OpenSats grant.

How Far We’ve Come

The aim of #GitViaNostr is to liberate discussions around code collaboration from permissioned walled gardens. At the core of this collaboration is the process of proposing and applying changes. That's what we focused on first.

Since Nostr shares characteristics with email, and with NIP34, we’ve adopted similar primitives to those used in the patches-over-email workflow. This is because of their simplicity and that they don’t require contributors to host anything, which adds reliability and makes participation more accessible.

However, the fork-branch-PR-merge workflow is the only model many developers have known, and changing established workflows can be challenging. To address this, we developed a new workflow that balances familiarity, user experience, and alignment with the Nostr protocol: the branch-PR-merge model.

This model is implemented in ngit, which includes a Git plugin that allows users to engage without needing to learn new commands. Additionally, gitworkshop.dev offers a GitHub-like interface for interacting with PRs and issues. We encourage you to try them out using the quick start guide and share your feedback. You can also explore PRs and issues with gitplaza.

For those who prefer the patches-over-email workflow, you can still use that approach with Nostr through gitstr or the ngit send and ngit list commands, and explore patches with patch34.

The tools are now available to support the core collaboration challenge, but we are still at the beginning of the adoption curve.

Before we dive into the challenges—such as why the Git server setup can be jarring and the possibilities surrounding CI/CD—let’s take a moment to reflect on how we should approach the challenges ahead of us.

Philosophy

Here are some foundational principles I shared a few years ago:

• Let Git be Git
• Let Nostr be Nostr
• Learn from the successes of others

I’d like to add one more:

• Embrace anarchy and resist monolithic development.

Micro Clients FTW

Nostr celebrates simplicity, and we should strive to maintain that. Monolithic developments often lead to unnecessary complexity. Projects like gitworkshop.dev, which aim to cover various aspects of the code collaboration experience, should not stifle innovation.

Just yesterday, the launch of following.space demonstrated how vibe-coded micro clients can make a significant impact. They can be valuable on their own, shape the ecosystem, and help push large and widely used clients to implement features and ideas.

The primitives in NIP34 are straightforward, and if there are any barriers preventing the vibe-coding of a #GitViaNostr app in an afternoon, we should work to eliminate them.

Micro clients should lead the way and explore new workflows, experiences, and models of thinking.

Take kanbanstr.com. It provides excellent project management and organization features that work seamlessly with NIP34 primitives.

From kanban to code snippets, from CI/CD runners to SatShoot—may a thousand flowers bloom, and a thousand more after them.

Friction and Challenges

The Git Server

In #GitViaNostr, maintainers' branches (e.g., master) are hosted on a Git server. Here’s why this approach is beneficial:

• Follows the original Git vision and the "let Git be Git" philosophy.
• Super efficient, battle-tested, and compatible with all the ways people use Git (e.g., LFS, shallow cloning).
• Maintains compatibility with related systems without the need for plugins (e.g., for build and deployment).
• Only repository maintainers need write access.

In the original Git model, all users would need to add the Git server as a 'git remote.' However, with ngit, the Git server is hidden behind a Nostr remote, which enables:

• Hiding complexity from contributors and users, so that only maintainers need to know about the Git server component to start using #GitViaNostr.
• Maintainers can easily swap Git servers by updating their announcement event, allowing contributors/users using ngit to automatically switch to the new one.

Challenges with the Git Server

While the Git server model has its advantages, it also presents several challenges:

1. Initial Setup: When creating a new repository, maintainers must select a Git server, which can be a jarring experience. Most options come with bloated social collaboration features tied to a centralized PR model, often difficult or impossible to disable.

2. Manual Configuration: New repositories require manual configuration, including adding new maintainers through a browser UI, which can be cumbersome and time-consuming.

3. User Onboarding: Many Git servers require email sign-up or KYC (Know Your Customer) processes, which can be a significant turn-off for new users exploring a decentralized and permissionless alternative to GitHub.

Once the initial setup is complete, the system works well if a reliable Git server is chosen. However, this is a significant "if," as we have become accustomed to the excellent uptime and reliability of GitHub. Even professionally run alternatives like Codeberg can experience downtime, which is frustrating when CI/CD and deployment processes are affected. This problem is exacerbated when self-hosting.

Currently, most repositories on Nostr rely on GitHub as the Git server. While maintainers can change servers without disrupting their contributors, this reliance on a centralized service is not the decentralized dream we aspire to achieve.

Vision for the Git Server

The goal is to transform the Git server from a single point of truth and failure into a component similar to a Nostr relay.

Functionality Already in ngit to Support This

1. State on Nostr: Store the state of branches and tags in a Nostr event, removing reliance on a single server. This validates that the data received has been signed by the maintainer, significantly reducing the trust requirement.

2. Proxy to Multiple Git Servers: Proxy requests to all servers listed in the announcement event, adding redundancy and eliminating the need for any one server to match GitHub's reliability.

Implementation Requirements

To achieve this vision, the Nostr Git server implementation should:

1. Implement the Git Smart HTTP Protocol without authentication (no SSH) and only accept pushes if the reference tip matches the latest state event.

2. Avoid Bloat: There should be no user authentication, no database, no web UI, and no unnecessary features.

3. Automatic Repository Management: Accept or reject new repositories automatically upon the first push based on the content of the repository announcement event referenced in the URL path and its author.

Just as there are many free, paid, and self-hosted relays, there will be a variety of free, zero-step signup options, as well as self-hosted and paid solutions.

Some servers may use a Web of Trust (WoT) to filter out spam, while others might impose bandwidth or repository size limits for free tiers or whitelist specific npubs.

Additionally, some implementations could bundle relay and blossom server functionalities to unify the provision of repository data into a single service. These would likely only accept content related to the stored repositories rather than general social nostr content.

The potential role of CI / CD via nostr DVMs could create the incentives for a market of highly reliable free at the point of use git servers.

This could make onboarding #GitViaNostr repositories as easy as entering a name and selecting from a multi-select list of Git server providers that announce via NIP89.

!(image)[https://image.nostr.build/badedc822995eb18b6d3c4bff0743b12b2e5ac018845ba498ce4aab0727caf6c.jpg]

Git Client in the Browser

Currently, many tasks are performed on a Git server web UI, such as:

• Browsing code, commits, branches, tags, etc.
• Creating and displaying permalinks to specific lines in commits.
• Merging PRs.
• Making small commits and PRs on-the-fly.

Just as nobody goes to the web UI of a relay (e.g., nos.lol) to interact with notes, nobody should need to go to a Git server to interact with repositories. We use the Nostr protocol to interact with Nostr relays, and we should use the Git protocol to interact with Git servers. This situation has evolved due to the centralization of Git servers. Instead of being restricted to the view and experience designed by the server operator, users should be able to choose the user experience that works best for them from a range of clients. To facilitate this, we need a library that lowers the barrier to entry for creating these experiences. This library should not require a full clone of every repository and should not depend on proprietary APIs. As a starting point, I propose wrapping the WASM-compiled gitlib2 library for the web and creating useful functions, such as showing a file, which utilizes clever flags to minimize bandwidth usage (e.g., shallow clone, noblob, etc.).

This approach would not only enhance clients like gitworkshop.dev but also bring forth a vision where Git servers simply run the Git protocol, making vibe coding Git experiences even better.

song

nostr:npub180cvv07tjdrrgpa0j7j7tmnyl2yr6yr7l8j4s3evf6u64th6gkwsyjh6w6 created song with a complementary vision that has shaped how I see the role of the git server. Its a self-hosted, nostr-permissioned git server with a relay baked in. Its currently a WIP and there are some compatability with ngit that we need to work out.

We collaborated on the nostr-permissioning approach now reflected in nip34.

I'm really excited to see how this space evolves.

CI/CD

Most projects require CI/CD, and while this is often bundled with Git hosting solutions, it is currently not smoothly integrated into #GitViaNostr yet. There are many loosely coupled options, such as Jenkins, Travis, CircleCI, etc., that could be integrated with Nostr.

However, the more exciting prospect is to use DVMs (Data Vending Machines).

DVMs for CI/CD

Nostr Data Vending Machines (DVMs) can provide a marketplace of CI/CD task runners with Cashu for micro payments.

There are various trust levels in CI/CD tasks:

• Tasks with no secrets eg. tests.
• Tasks using updatable secrets eg. API keys.
• Unverifiable builds and steps that sign with Android, Nostr, or PGP keys.

DVMs allow tasks to be kicked off with specific providers using a Cashu token as payment.

It might be suitable for some high-compute and easily verifiable tasks to be run by the cheapest available providers. Medium trust tasks could be run by providers with a good reputation, while high trust tasks could be run on self-hosted runners.

Job requests, status, and results all get published to Nostr for display in Git-focused Nostr clients.

Jobs could be triggered manually, or self-hosted runners could be configured to watch a Nostr repository and kick off jobs using their own runners without payment.

But I'm most excited about the prospect of Watcher Agents.

CI/CD Watcher Agents

AI agents empowered with a NIP60 Cashu wallet can run tasks based on activity, such as a push to master or a new PR, using the most suitable available DVM runner that meets the user's criteria. To keep them running, anyone could top up their NIP60 Cashu wallet; otherwise, the watcher turns off when the funds run out. It could be users, maintainers, or anyone interested in helping the project who could top up the Watcher Agent's balance.

As aluded to earlier, part of building a reputation as a CI/CD provider could involve running reliable hosting (Git server, relay, and blossom server) for all FOSS Nostr Git repositories.

This provides a sustainable revenue model for hosting providers and creates incentives for many free-at-the-point-of-use hosting providers. This, in turn, would allow one-click Nostr repository creation workflows, instantly hosted by many different providers.

Progress to Date

nostr:npub1hw6amg8p24ne08c9gdq8hhpqx0t0pwanpae9z25crn7m9uy7yarse465gr and nostr:npub16ux4qzg4qjue95vr3q327fzata4n594c9kgh4jmeyn80v8k54nhqg6lra7 have been working on a runner that uses GitHub Actions YAML syntax (using act) for the dvm-cicd-runner and takes Cashu payment. You can see example runs on GitWorkshop. It currently takes testnuts, doesn't give any change, and the schema will likely change.

Note: The actions tab on GitWorkshop is currently available on all repositories if you turn on experimental mode (under settings in the user menu).

It's a work in progress, and we expect the format and schema to evolve.

Easy Web App Deployment

For those disapointed not to find a 'Nostr' button to import a git repository to Vercel menu: take heart, they made it easy. vercel.com_import_options.png there is a vercel cli that can be easily called in CI / CD jobs to kick of deployments. Not all managed solutions for web app deployment (eg. netlify) make it that easy.

Many More Opportunities

Large Patches via Blossom

I would be remiss not to mention the large patch problem. Some patches are too big to fit into Nostr events. Blossom is perfect for this, as it allows these larger patches to be included in a blossom file and referenced in a new patch kind.

Enhancing the #GitViaNostr Experience

Beyond the large patch issue, there are numerous opportunities to enhance the #GitViaNostr ecosystem. We can focus on improving browsing, discovery, social and notifications. Receiving notifications on daily driver Nostr apps is one of the killer features of Nostr. However, we must ensure that Git-related notifications are easily reviewable, so we don’t miss any critical updates.

We need to develop tools that cater to our curiosity—tools that enable us to discover and follow projects, engage in discussions that pique our interest, and stay informed about developments relevant to our work.

Additionally, we should not overlook the importance of robust search capabilities and tools that facilitate migrations.

Concluding Thoughts

The design space is vast. Its an exciting time to be working on freedom tech. I encourage everyone to contribute their ideas and creativity and get vibe-coding!

I welcome your honest feedback on this vision and any suggestions you might have. Your insights are invaluable as we collaborate to shape the future of #GitViaNostr. Onward.

Contributions

To conclude, I want to acknowledge some the individuals who have made recent code contributions related to #GitViaNostr:

nostr:npub180cvv07tjdrrgpa0j7j7tmnyl2yr6yr7l8j4s3evf6u64th6gkwsyjh6w6 (gitstr, song, patch34), nostr:npub1useke4f9maul5nf67dj0m9sq6jcsmnjzzk4ycvldwl4qss35fvgqjdk5ks (gitplaza)

nostr:npub1elta7cneng3w8p9y4dw633qzdjr4kyvaparuyuttyrx6e8xp7xnq32cume (ngit contributions, git-remote-blossom),nostr:npub16p8v7varqwjes5hak6q7mz6pygqm4pwc6gve4mrned3xs8tz42gq7kfhdw (SatShoot, Flotilla-Budabit), nostr:npub1ehhfg09mr8z34wz85ek46a6rww4f7c7jsujxhdvmpqnl5hnrwsqq2szjqv (Flotilla-Budabit, Nostr Git Extension), nostr:npub1ahaz04ya9tehace3uy39hdhdryfvdkve9qdndkqp3tvehs6h8s5slq45hy (gnostr and experiments), and others.

nostr:npub1uplxcy63up7gx7cladkrvfqh834n7ylyp46l3e8t660l7peec8rsd2sfek (git-remote-nostr)

Project Management nostr:npub1ltx67888tz7lqnxlrg06x234vjnq349tcfyp52r0lstclp548mcqnuz40t (kanbanstr) Code Snippets nostr:npub1ygzj9skr9val9yqxkf67yf9jshtyhvvl0x76jp5er09nsc0p3j6qr260k2 (nodebin.io) nostr:npub1r0rs5q2gk0e3dk3nlc7gnu378ec6cnlenqp8a3cjhyzu6f8k5sgs4sq9ac (snipsnip.dev)

CI / CD nostr:npub16ux4qzg4qjue95vr3q327fzata4n594c9kgh4jmeyn80v8k54nhqg6lra7 nostr:npub1hw6amg8p24ne08c9gdq8hhpqx0t0pwanpae9z25crn7m9uy7yarse465gr

and for their nostr:npub1c03rad0r6q833vh57kyd3ndu2jry30nkr0wepqfpsm05vq7he25slryrnw nostr:npub1qqqqqq2stely3ynsgm5mh2nj3v0nk5gjyl3zqrzh34hxhvx806usxmln03 and nostr:npub1l5sga6xg72phsz5422ykujprejwud075ggrr3z2hwyrfgr7eylqstegx9z for their testing, feedback, ideas and encouragement.

Thank you for your support and collaboration! Let me know if I've missed you.

@ 8f69ac99:4f92f5fd

O programa da Iniciativa Liberal para 2025, intitulado “Acelerar Portugal”, é uma declaração abrangente em favor da desregulação, autonomia individual e interferência mínima do Estado. Em contraste com a crescente tendência intervencionista na política portuguesa, o programa defende os princípios do liberalismo clássico: disciplina fiscal, privatização, meritocracia e liberdade económica.

No entanto, por trás deste roteiro ambicioso, surgem questões importantes sobre o alcance, a viabilidade e as possíveis consequências não intencionais—particularmente quando a liberalização rápida encontra uma dependência pública enraizada e a inercia burocrática.

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A Promessa de um Estado Menor e Mais Rápido

No núcleo do programa, está a proposta de uma reengenharia completa do Estado português: privatização de empresas públicas chave (como a TAP, CP e RTP), redução da contratação no sector público e simplificação da burocracia. Trata-se de uma visão de governo como serviço, não como guardião.

Em princípio, essa ênfase na eficiência e descentralização é bem-vinda. Os cidadãos merecem instituições mais ágeis e respostas mais rápidas. No entanto, externalizar serviços essenciais, como transportes e comunicação, sem reformas estruturais ou salvaguardas, pode correr o risco de substituir a ineficiência pelo monopólio, e a transparência pela opacidade.

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Liberdade Económica vs. Desigualdade Estrutural

Nas áreas da fiscalidade e política económica, as propostas são claras: reduzir impostos sobre o rendimento e as empresas, eliminar sobre taxas, cortar o IVA na construção e desregulamentar a actividade empresarial. Estas medidas certamente aliviarão a carga sobre trabalhadores e empresários. No entanto, o programa subestima como a dívida pública estrutural, o envelhecimento da população e a dependência de fundos da UE podem limitar a eficácia dessas propostas.

A proposta de privatizar a segurança social e criar um modelo de pensões baseado em contas individuais e um sistema de múltiplos pilares poderia revitalizar o planeamento pessoal—mas também transfere o risco a longo prazo para o cidadão, num país onde a literacia financeira é desigual e a confiança nas instituições privadas ainda é frágil.

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Educação e Saúde: Liberdade de Escolha, Mas a Que Preço?

O programa propõe voucher escolar universal, permitindo que o financiamento siga o aluno em opções públicas e privadas. Da mesma forma, defende liberdade de escolha de prestadores de saúde, com financiamento estatal (modelo "SUA-Saúde").

Esta é uma mudança refrescante em direcção à soberania do consumidor nos serviços públicos. No entanto, sem uma base de qualidade universal, esses mecanismos correm o risco de agravar as desigualdades—beneficiando os já informados, móveis e com mais recursos, enquanto deixam para trás os menos favorecidos.

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Justiça, Segurança e Instituições

As reformas no sistema judicial, no processo eleitoral e na administração pública focam fortemente na meritocracia, transparência e optimização de processos. São reformas necessárias e oportunas.

Mas, enquanto a regulação do lobbying e o acompanhamento digital do orçamento são excelentes ferramentas de responsabilização, o programa ignora em grande parte o elemento humano do poder político: a influência informal, a cultura política e a inercia institucional. Melhores interfaces não resultarão automaticamente numa melhor governança se a confiança civil e a participação permanecerem baixas.

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Ambiente, Cultura e Tecnologia: Leve, Limpo e Orientado pelo Mercado

A Iniciativa Liberal apoia as energias renováveis e a eficiência energética, mas evita o planeamento verde centralizado. O mercado dinâmico de carbono proposto e a reforma das agências ambientais reflectem uma abordagem orientada pelo mercado para a sustentabilidade—bem-vinda em princípio, embora faltem detalhes sobre execução e salvaguardas sociais.

A secção cultural defende descentralização, financiamento independente e menos burocracia, ao mesmo tempo que abraça a inovação, como eSports e mídia digital. Essas posições contrastam positivamente com a politização da cultura, mas dependem fortemente da prontidão da sociedade civil para preencher os vazios que o Estado deixa para trás.

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Conclusão: Um Acelerador para a Liberdade, Com Sinais de Atenção à Frente

O programa da Iniciativa Liberal é ousado, liberal no sentido clássico, e intransigentemente pró-mercado. Ele corta através da névoa política habitual com objectivos claros e mensuráveis. Para eleitores cansados da burocracia, da tributação elevada e do intervencionismo ideológico, esta pode ser a injecção de liberdade que Portugal precisa.

No entanto, velocidade e escala trazem riscos. O Estado pode encolher de um dia para o outro—mas os hábitos dos cidadãos, as redes de segurança e a resiliência comunitária evoluem muito mais lentamente. Sem investimentos paralelos em capacidade cívica, educação e robustez institucional, o país corre o risco de trocar um tipo de desequilíbrio por outro.

Em última análise, reformar um sistema inchado e lento é louvável—mas mesmo na liberdade, aceleração sem aderência pode ainda fazer os pneus patinarem.

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Photo by Claudio Schwarz on Unsplash

@ c230edd3:8ad4a712

Chef's notes

I found this recipe on beyondsweetandsavory.com. The site is incredibly ad infested (like most recipe sites) and its very annoying so I'm copying it to Nostr so all the homemade ice cream people can access it without dealing with that mess. I haven't made it yet. Will report back, when I do.

Details

• ⏲️ Prep time: 20 min
• 🍳 Cook time: 55 min
• 🍽️ Servings: 8

Ingredients

• 2 cups heavy cream
• 1 cup 2% milk
• 8 oz dark chocolate, 70%
• ¼ cup Dutch cocoa
• 2 tbsps loose Earl grey tea leaves
• 4 medium egg yolks
• ¾ cup granulated sugar
• ⅛ tsp salt
• ¼ cup dark chocolate, 70% chopped

Directions

1. In a double boiler or a bowl set over a saucepan of simmering water, add the cacao solids and ½ cup of heavy cream. Stir chocolate until melted and smooth. Set melted chocolate aside.
2. In a heavy saucepan, combine remaining heavy cream, milk, salt and ½ cup of sugar.
3. Put the pan over medium heat and let the mixture boil gently to bubbling just around the edges (gentle simmer) and sugar completely dissolved, about 5 minutes. Remove from heat.
4. Add the Earl Grey tea leaves and let it steep for 7-8 minutes until the cream has taken on the tea flavor, stirring occasionally and tasting to make sure it’s not too bitter.
5. Whisk in Dutch cocoa until smooth. Add in melted chocolate and whisk until smooth.
6. In a medium heatproof bowl, whisk the yolks just to break them up and whisk in remaining sugar. Set aside.
7. Put the saucepan back on the stove over low heat and let it warm up for 2 minutes.
8. Carefully measure out ½ cup of hot cream mixture.
9. While whisking the eggs constantly, whisk the hot cream mixture into the eggs until smooth. Continue tempering the eggs by adding another ½ cup of hot cream to the bowl with the yolks.
10. Pour the cream-egg mixture back to the saucepan and cook over medium-low heat, stirring constantly until it is thickened and coats the back of a spatula, about 5 minutes.
11. Strain the base through a fine-mesh strainer into a clean container.
12. Pour the mixture into a 1-gallon Ziplock freezer bag and submerge the sealed bag in an ice bath until cold, about 30 minutes. Refrigerate the ice cream base for at least 4 hours or overnight.
13. Pour the ice cream base into the frozen canister of your ice cream machine and follow the manufacturer’s instructions.
14. Spin until thick and creamy about 25-30 minutes.
15. Pack the ice cream into a storage container, press a sheet of parchment directly against the surface and seal with an airtight lid. Freeze in the coldest part of your freezer until firm, at least 4 hours.
16. When ready to serve, scoop the ice cream into a serving bowl and top with chopped chocolate.

@ 88cc134b:5ae99079

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. In et tempor magna. Donec nec nibh sed dolor euismod aliquam. Vestibulum fermentum rutrum tortor dictum tincidunt. Cras vestibulum risus at imperdiet malesuada. Nulla dignissim arcu nec nibh hendrerit, in convallis tellus pharetra. Nunc tristique libero non ante ultrices consectetur. In lacinia ipsum quis diam sollicitudin, sit amet venenatis neque auctor. Sed ut ipsum ac dui ullamcorper bibendum. Pellentesque sit amet mi imperdiet, convallis velit vel, vehicula ipsum. Nulla hendrerit, odio mollis egestas hendrerit, sem est egestas justo, at dapibus odio massa et leo.

Fusce efficitur nunc non ante tincidunt laoreet. Vivamus dictum magna eu nisl ullamcorper mollis. Cras magna odio, maximus eu luctus egestas, porttitor nec sem. Maecenas sed tortor aliquet, consequat dolor quis, cursus massa. Nulla consequat nisl ut lacus elementum mollis. Nulla facilisi. Praesent laoreet ante ligula, id porta nisl malesuada id. Sed eu quam semper, suscipit tortor eget, feugiat mauris. Maecenas hendrerit arcu ligula, vitae maximus orci efficitur quis. In feugiat lectus in velit aliquet tincidunt. Aenean sit amet neque mollis, laoreet leo tincidunt, volutpat arcu.

Donec id massa diam. Nunc ac nunc non massa bibendum convallis non in nisl. Phasellus at nisl cursus, aliquet nibh ut, varius nisl. Cras eget dolor neque. Pellentesque et maximus dui. Sed metus erat, facilisis et blandit vitae, facilisis quis diam. Nullam vitae mattis odio. Vivamus varius sapien non arcu convallis, ut varius est lobortis. Maecenas tristique sagittis nunc, non lobortis mi fermentum quis.

Vestibulum in consectetur nibh. Integer libero mauris, sagittis sed nulla tincidunt, venenatis vestibulum nibh. Praesent vitae ex non quam pretium luctus. Etiam fringilla mattis tellus, eu placerat enim vestibulum nec. Curabitur vitae dictum erat. Fusce non ligula vehicula, aliquam eros sit amet, pharetra felis. Suspendisse dapibus pretium dui. Donec quis erat est. Nunc varius dolor velit, sit amet consectetur enim finibus sit amet. Aenean malesuada erat sed libero vestibulum, vel varius dui gravida. Ut volutpat risus dui, quis euismod nisi ornare et. Nullam blandit iaculis ipsum. Donec ullamcorper turpis quis placerat tincidunt.

Fusce mi ante, euismod et lorem vitae, commodo fringilla ex. Maecenas sagittis euismod nibh. Integer vestibulum sit amet ipsum ut fringilla. Etiam bibendum, risus id malesuada faucibus, magna libero vulputate nulla, in suscipit tortor orci sed arcu. Sed malesuada ipsum nec faucibus pulvinar. Aliquam vehicula lorem sit amet nulla vulputate, eget efficitur mauris sagittis. Nullam lacus ipsum, bibendum sed laoreet at, tristique vel massa. Cras non lorem sit amet sapien auctor feugiat ac sed lorem. Pellentesque tellus erat, rhoncus nec venenatis ac, efficitur vitae felis. Sed in nunc erat. Nullam et quam ac diam rutrum auctor in id ante. Suspendisse pulvinar porttitor mattis. Cras ultrices tristique elit, sit amet vulputate diam ultricies sit amet. Sed scelerisque est eros, eget semper erat vehicula vel. Pellentesque habitant morbi tristique senectus et netus et malesuada fames ac turpis egestas.

@ 8f69ac99:4f92f5fd

O Partido LIVRE entra nas eleições legislativas de 2025 com um programa visionário, abrangente—e profundamente dependente da expansão da autoridade estatal. Apresentado como um plano progressista para uma sociedade mais verde e justa, o documento descreve centenas de propostas políticas que reconfiguram quase todos os aspectos da vida económica, social e institucional. Mas, por trás da retórica inclusiva, surge um modelo que levanta questões significativas sobre a viabilidade, a liberdade pessoal e os limites do planeamento centralizado.

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Da Redistribuição para a Dependência

No coração do programa da LIVRE está a promessa de uma redistribuição radical. São propostas taxas sobre a riqueza, impostos sobre heranças e sobretaxas corporativas para financiar uma “herança social” para todos os jovens adultos, eliminar a pobreza e expandir dramaticamente os serviços públicos. Embora a intenção seja a justiça social, esta visão depende de mecanismos pesados de realocação de cima para baixo.

O que falta é uma reflexão sobre como a riqueza é criada, não apenas como deve ser redistribuída. Ao focar tanto na tributação e nas iniciativas lideradas pelo Estado, o programa subestima o papel do empreendedorismo, da inovação privada e da troca voluntária na criação do valor que procura redistribuir.

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O Estado como Empregador, Banqueiro, Construtor e Guardião

O plano prevê um papel vastamente expandido para o sector público: não apenas na saúde, educação e infraestruturas, mas também nos sectores bancário, habitação, transportes e até nos meios de comunicação social. Serviços essenciais como água, electricidade, radiodifusão pública e banca deverão ser considerados “bens públicos”—protegendo-os efectivamente da privatização.

Embora esta abordagem possa agradar aos desconfiados das dinâmicas de mercado, ela também consolida o poder num único actor institucional. Historicamente, tal centralização tem levado a ineficiências, politização e a um papel reduzido para a sociedade civil e a autonomia local. O modelo do LIVRE deixa pouco espaço para a descentralização, associações voluntárias ou alternativas do sector privado—mesmo em áreas onde poderiam servir o público de forma mais eficaz.

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Reescrever o Trabalho e o Tempo de Cima para Baixo

O LIVRE propõe reconfigurar o mercado de trabalho, impondo uma semana de trabalho de 30 horas, alargamento das licenças pagas e definindo rácio máximo de salários entre executivos e empregados. Estes podem parecer promissoras, mas tais normas rígidas podem erodir a flexibilidade, especialmente para pequenas empresas ou trabalhadores independentes. A promessa de igualdade de resultado vem à custa da autonomia, da produtividade e das preferências diversas dos indivíduos na força de trabalho.

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Uma Visão de Inclusão—Com um Preço Institucional

O programa investe fortemente na inclusividade—desde os direitos das pessoas LGBTQIA+ até a justiça racial, desde o acesso a pessoas com deficiência até os cuidados para idosos. Estes objectivos são louváveis. Mas, em vez de fomentar a valorização de baixo para cima, a estratégia recorre a regulação, quotas e programas geridos pelo Estado. Ao fazê-lo, trata a inclusão como algo a ser legislado em vez de vivido, correndo o risco de fadiga social e sobrecarga burocrática.

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A Europa, Mas Apenas Nos Termos do LIVRE

O LIVRE apoia a integração na UE—desde que a própria União Europeia seja reformada com base nas suas próprias prioridades sociais e ambientais. Embora isso posicione o partido como europeísta, também sugere uma lealdade condicional, que pode levar a fricções se não for possível alcançar consenso. Faltam reconhecimentos sobre os limites da alavancagem nacional em acordos internacionais.

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Conclusão: Grandes Ideias, Grande Estado

A plataforma eleitoral do LIVRE é ousada, detalhada e profundamente idealista. Mas repousa sobre uma visão de sociedade onde as soluções fluem do centro, a riqueza é redistribuída antes de ser criada e a iniciativa pessoal é subordinada a planos colectivos. Não propõe apenas uma nova economia—mas um novo contrato social, mediado quase totalmente pelas instituições do Estado.

Para os eleitores que valorizam a associação voluntária, a governação local, a liberdade empreendedora e a intervenção limitada na vida privada, este programa oferece muito para reflectir—se não muito para abraçar.

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Photo by Claudio Schwarz on Unsplash

@ 5d4b6c8d:8a1c1ee3

I was a bit more distracted than normal this month, but ~econ kept humming along.

• Posts: 228 (7th)
• Comments: 1459 (5th)
• Stacking: 128k (4th)
• Revenue: 74k (4th)

We're holding pretty steady, but haven't gotten back to our highs from last year.

With revenue down slightly, I'll move the post fee back towards the previous local max and conclude the posting fee optimization process for now. Going forward the posting fee will be set at 84 sats (until I decide to start messing with it again).

Next month, I'll start the comment fee optimization process.

We're still on pace for a profitable year and having a nice sized fund to pay out the end-of-year awards.

Thanks everyone for supporting this community!

Let me know if you have any suggestions for how to improve the territory.

originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/967545

@ 8f69ac99:4f92f5fd

O programa eleitoral do CHEGA para 2025 é ousado. Apresenta uma crítica abrangente aos últimos cinco decénios de governação em Portugal e oferece um ambicioso plano para o renascimento nacional—baseado em disciplina, tradição e autoridade estatal. Enquadrado como uma missão de resgate moral e institucional, o programa está repleto de propostas para reforçar a identidade nacional, reestruturar a educação, restaurar a lei e a ordem, e promover o renascimento demográfico.

No entanto, por toda a sua determinação, o programa do CHEGA levanta questões importantes: Qual é o custo de restaurar a ordem através de uma autoridade moral centralizada? Como um projeto cultural centrado no Estado se alinha com a liberdade individual? E pode surgir um verdadeiro renascimento ao impor uniformidade de cima para baixo?

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Um Estado para a Família—Mas a Que Nível de Controlo?

O programa do CHEGA está fundamentado numa visão centrada na família: alívio fiscal, apoio à habitação, aposentação antecipada para avós e incentivos pró-natalistas rigorosos. A defesa do crescimento da população nativa é claramente priorizada em relação à imigração.

Mas, enquanto a defesa da autonomia familiar está em primeiro plano, a solução oferecida é a engenharia estatal da vida pessoal. A política fiscal, as escolhas reprodutivas e até os currículos escolares serão moldados por uma visão cultural e moral específica. Há pouco espaço para o pluralismo ou alternativas privadas—apenas um modelo de família, identidade e moralidade é reconhecido como legítimo.

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Mérito, Sim—Mas Sempre Gerido de Cima

A reforma da educação do CHEGA propõe um retorno à meritocracia e à ordem: reintrodução de exames, aumento da autoridade dos professores e redução da burocracia. Estes são objetivos defensáveis. No entanto, a implementação pressupõe um filtro moral centralizado: banir certos temas (por exemplo, a teoria de género), tornar o conteúdo ideológico sujeito a veto parental e redesenhar a política educacional para excluir o que o partido considera como influências “woke” ou “esquerdistas”.

O risco é que as escolas se tornem campos de batalha pelo controlo cultural, em vez de instituições de pensamento independente. Uma verdadeira reforma educacional deve expandir a liberdade de escolha, e não substituir uma ortodoxia ideológica por outra.

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Reforma da Justiça ou Deriva Autoritária?

O CHEGA defende uma postura firme contra o crime e a corrupção. Os apelos por julgamentos mais rápidos, penalidades mais severas e melhores condições para os profissionais da justiça reflectem frustrações legítimas do público. No entanto, o programa tende fortemente para a justiça retributiva, com propostas como sentenças de prisão perpétua e ampliação dos poderes de policiamento estatal.

Ausente nessa abordagem está qualquer menção a verificações e contrapesos sistémicos, salvaguardas de independência judicial, ou alternativas de justiça restaurativa. Sem esses mecanismos, um sistema de justiça focado exclusivamente no castigo corre o risco de se tornar um instrumento bruto de poder estatal.

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Soberania Cultural vs. Autonomia Individual

A mensagem nacionalista do CHEGA é consistente: proteger a identidade portuguesa, as tradições e o perfil demográfico. O multiculturalismo e a imigração são apresentados não como desafios a serem geridos, mas como ameaças a serem resistidas. As políticas são estruturadas em torno da conformidade cultural—imigração apenas se culturalmente alinhada, escolaridade apenas se ideologicamente “limpa” e o serviço nacional reestruturado num ritual de lealdade.

No entanto, a liberdade de consciência, expressão e associação—fundamentos da sociedade democrática—são difíceis de reconciliar com uma uniformidade cultural imposta. O que começa como protecção pode rapidamente transformar-se em proibição.

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O Custo Oculto da Virtude Liderada pelo Estado

O programa do CHEGA fala a linguagem da ordem, moralidade e restauração. Mas seu mecanismo é o Estado—e não um Estado minimalista. Desde a definição de conteúdo educacional até a orientação da formação familiar, o programa propõe um nível de intervenção que deixa pouco espaço para a iniciativa individual ou alternativas voluntárias.

Ao tentar corrigir as falhas de um sistema inchado e ineficiente, o CHEGA corre o risco de substituí-lo por um sistema rígido e moralizante—um que pode restaurar a hierarquia, mas à custa da flexibilidade e da soberania pessoal.

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Conclusão: O Renascimento Deve Vir com Moderação

O programa do CHEGA para 2025 capta frustrações legítimas: decadência institucional, deslocalização cultural e estagnação económica. Mas a cura—um Estado centralizado e ideologicamente rígido—provavelmente não servirá os cidadãos. O verdadeiro renascimento exige menos dependência do poder político, e não mais.

Para eleitores que acreditam num governo limitado, descentralização e autonomia individual, a visão do CHEGA pode parecer mais um apelo pelo controlo do que um manifesto pela liberdade.

---

Photo by Claudio Schwarz on Unsplash

@ 8f69ac99:4f92f5fd

O programa eleitoral do Bloco de Esquerda para 2025 apresenta uma visão ambiciosa para Portugal—uma visão marcada por um forte Estado central, propriedade pública alargada e uma densa rede de garantias sociais. O programa visa apelar a uma audiência ampla com promessas de justiça, igualdade e inclusão. Contudo, por trás da linguagem acessível, encontra-se uma estrutura rígida de cima para baixo que levanta questões cruciais sobre a autonomia pessoal, a sustentabilidade económica e os limites da intervenção estatal.

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O Estado como Provedor de Tudo

A pedra angular do programa é um papel alargado para o Estado—não só na saúde e na educação, mas também na habitação, na banca, na energia, nos transportes e até na cultura. Algumas propostas incluem:

• Re-nacionalização de principais empresas de utilidades e transportes.
• Criação de um Serviço Nacional de Cuidados e de um Serviço Nacional de Justiça.
• Construção de 100.000 novas habitações públicas.
• Centralização da acção climática num novo Ministério da Acção Climática.

Embora estas propostas possam parecer socialmente generosas, reflectem uma concentração de poder que corre o risco de reduzir a escolha individual e sufocar alternativas locais ou privadas. Ao assumir que o Estado deve ser o principal solucionador de problemas em quase todos os sectores, o programa desvaloriza a sociedade civil, as pequenas empresas e a iniciativa pessoal.

---

Resposta à Crise Climática

O programa dá início a um "Programa de Emergência Climática", com ênfase no investimento em fontes de energia renováveis, sistemas de transportes públicos, melhorias na eficiência dos edifícios e práticas agrícolas sustentáveis. A criação de um Ministério da Ação Climática visa centralizar os esforços nestes sectores. Embora esta abordagem sinalize um forte compromisso com as questões ambientais, a viabilidade de uma transformação tão rápida e o potencial fardo económico devem ser cuidadosamente avaliados.

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Redistribuição Económica ou Tributação Punitiva?

Outro pilar do programa é a reestruturação fiscal agressiva. O Bloco propõe novos impostos sobre heranças, riqueza e empresas digitais, aumento dos impostos corporativos e a eliminação das isenções fiscais para organizações religiosas e sociais. Embora o objetivo seja corrigir desigualdades, esta abordagem penaliza a formação de capital e o empreendedorismo—motores vitais para a mobilidade ascendente e inovação.

Mais importante ainda, não há grande discussão sobre como a já fragilizada economia portuguesa sustenta estes aumentos nos gastos públicos. O planeamento central do investimento, as estratégias de renegociação da dívida e as indústrias geridas pelo Estado são apresentadas como soluções—mas a experiência histórica e internacional sugere que, muitas vezes, isto leva à ineficiência, má alocação de recursos e captura política.

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Igualdade Uniforme vs. Associação Voluntária

O programa coloca forte ênfase na política identitária, nas quotas de paridade de género e em mecanismos de inclusão de cima para baixo. Medidas como quotas nas universidades e no Parlamento, programação cultural nacional e políticas de diversidade geridas centralmente refletem uma intenção de engenheirar resultados sociais através do controlo administrativo.

Esta abordagem corre o risco de nivelar o pluralismo genuíno e a associação voluntária em favor da conformidade institucional. Em vez de empoderar indivíduos e comunidades para construir soluções diversas e orgânicas, prescreve uniformidade vinda de cima.

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Um Retiro das Alianças Internacionais

O Bloco propõe também que Portugal se retire da NATO e termine os acordos com a UE que considera restritivos. Embora o impulso possa surgir do desejo de soberania, a alternativa parece ser um nacionalismo voltado para o interior, combinado com uma regulação pan-europeia que favorece o alinhamento ideológico em vez da cooperação de mercado.

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Conclusão: O Preço da Promessa

O programa é ousado na sua ambição, mas depende fortemente da tomada de decisões centralizada, do aumento contínuo dos impostos e da crença de que o Estado pode gerir de forma equitativa e eficiente todos os aspectos da sociedade. A história demonstra que tal concentração de poder—por mais bem-intencionada que seja—tende a corroer a responsabilidade, sufocar a iniciativa individual e produzir estagnação burocrática.

Num momento em que Portugal precisa de mais flexibilidade, soluções descentralizadas e resiliência de baixo para cima, este programa traça um rumo que pode deixar os cidadãos mais dependentes e menos livres.

---

Photo by Claudio Schwarz on Unsplash

@ 8f69ac99:4f92f5fd

O programa eleitoral do Partido Socialista (PS) para 2025 apresenta-se como pragmático e progressista, com foco no reforço dos serviços públicos, aumento salarial e acesso à habitação—tudo envolto numa mensagem de responsabilidade fiscal e cooperação europeia. O lema é de equilíbrio: fazer crescer a economia, proteger os vulneráveis, modernizar o Estado e manter a estabilidade.

Mas, como em muitos projectos políticos centristas, os detalhes revelam uma tensão conhecida: até que ponto pode o governo planear, gastar e regular sem sufocar a liberdade e a autonomia que sustentam a prosperidade duradoura?

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Cortes Fiscais Selectivos, Mas com Mão Pesada

O PS propõe um conjunto de alívios fiscais—IVA a 0% nos alimentos essenciais, redução do IVA da electricidade, e incentivos a empresas que reinvistam lucros e aumentem salários. Estas medidas podem trazer algum alívio imediato, mas são altamente condicionadas e fortemente controladas pelo Estado.

Em vez de reduzir a carga fiscal de forma transversal e confiar que indivíduos e empresas saibam aplicar os seus recursos, o PS opta pela micro gestão fiscal baseada em incentivos dirigidos. Isso deixa pouco espaço para a espontaneidade ou para o empreendedorismo e prende a economia a um modelo de “boa conduta” definida centralmente.

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Planeamento Salarial Sem Feedback do Mercado

O PS quer atingir um salário mínimo de 1.110€ e um salário médio de 2.000€ até 2029, através de metas anuais e acordos salariais. Embora salários mais altos sejam desejáveis, aumentá-los sem ganhos de produtividade e reformas estruturais competitivas pode sair caro—com inflação, falências ou crescimento do trabalho informal.

Quando os governos fixam resultados económicos sem ajustar os factores estruturais, arriscam distorcer os próprios mercados que pretendem ajudar. Numa economia saudável, os salários sobem com a criação de valor—não com optimismo administrativo.

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Estado Social em Expansão—Mas Quem Escolhe?

Medidas como pré-escolar gratuito, fim das propinas, grandes investimentos em habitação pública, e SNS modernizado seguem a estratégia conhecida: aumentar a oferta pública em nome da equidade. Mas este aumento da oferta estatal tende a reduzir a escolha, prolongar tempos de espera e, frequentemente, baixar a qualidade devido à captura burocrática.

O uso de parcerias público-privadas e sociais é louvável em teoria—mas o Estado continua a ser o guardião, o que significa que até soluções “privadas” ficam subordinadas aos objectivos públicos. Isso esbate a linha entre apoio e controlo, entre parceria e dependência.

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Transição Climática e Coesão Territorial: Planeamento Central, Outra Vez

O compromisso do PS com uma “transição climática justa” e a revitalização regional parece bem-intencionado—mas assenta em planeamento centralizado, subsídios e investimento público a longo prazo. Historicamente, abordagens deste tipo têm dificuldade em competir com a flexibilidade, o risco e o conhecimento local que os sistemas descentralizados proporcionam.

Uma abordagem mais livre focar-se-ia em remover barreiras, não em direccionar investimento; em dar poder à governação local, não em subsidiá-la a partir de Lisboa.

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Internacionalismo com Custo Interno

O PS reafirma o seu apoio à UE e à NATO, defende a Ucrânia e promete reconhecer a Palestina—posições que projectam clareza moral. No entanto, compromete-se também com aumento da despesa em defesa e ajuda externa, sem explicar claramente como estes encargos se alinham com as prioridades internas ou as limitações orçamentais.

O apoio a causas globais é nobre—mas deve ser fundamentado em consentimento democrático e transparência orçamental, e não assumido como dever moral incontestável.

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Conclusão: Estabilidade Sim, Mas com um Preço

O programa do PS é, à primeira vista, o mais “moderado” entre os principais partidos. Evita extremos, promete estabilidade e privilegia o investimento público em vez do controlo directo. Mas a lógica que o sustenta continua a ser paternalista: o Estado deve conduzir a economia, planear salários, moldar escolhas e garantir resultados.

Esta visão não é hostil à liberdade, mas frequentemente ignora-a. A liberdade floresce não só no que o Estado dá, mas sobretudo no que permite às pessoas fazer por si mesmas, sem interferência.

Para quem valoriza autodeterminação, governo limitado e ordem social espontânea, o programa do PS poderá oferecer uma administração competente—mas não uma sociedade verdadeiramente livre.

---

Photo by Claudio Schwarz on Unsplash

@ 1739d937:3e3136ef

MLS over Nostr - 30th April 2025

YO! Exciting stuff in this update so no intro, let's get straight into it.

🚢 Libraries Released

I've created 4 new Rust crates to make implementing NIP-EE (MLS) messaging easy for other projects. These are now part of the rust-nostr project (thanks nostr:npub1drvpzev3syqt0kjrls50050uzf25gehpz9vgdw08hvex7e0vgfeq0eseet) but aren't quite released to crates.io yet. They will be included in the next release of that library. My hope is that these libraries will give nostr developers a simple, safe, and specification-compliant way to work with MLS messaging in their applications.

Here's a quick overview of each:

nostr_mls_storage

One of the challenges of using MLS messaging is that clients have to store quite a lot of state about groups, keys, and messages. Initially, I implemented all of this in White Noise but knew that eventually this would need to be done in a more generalized way.

This crate defines traits and types that are used by the storage implementation crates and sets those up to wrap the OpenMLS storage layer. Now, instead of apps having to implement storage for both OpenMLS and Nostr, you simply pick your storage backend and go from there.

Importantly, because these are generic traits, it allows for the creation of any number of storage implementations for different backend storage providers; postgres, lmdb, nostrdb, etc. To start I've created two implementations; detailed below.

nostr_mls_memory_storage

This is a simple implementation of the nostr_mls_storage traits that uses an in-memory store (that doesn't persist anything to disc). This is principally for testing.

nostr_mls_sqlite_storage

This is a production ready implementation of the nostr_mls_storage traits that uses a persistent local sqlite database to store all data.

nostr_mls

This is the main library that app developers will interact with. Once you've chose a backend and instantiated an instance of NostrMls you can then interact with a simple set of methods to create key packages, create groups, send messages, process welcomes and messages, and more.

If you want to see a complete example of what the interface looks like check out mls_memory.rs.

I'll continue to add to this library over time as I implement more of the MLS protocol features.

🚧 White Noise Refactor

As a result of these new libraries, I was able to remove a huge amount of code from White Noise and refactor large parts of the app to make the codebase easier to understand and maintain. Because of this large refactor and the changes in the underlying storage layer, if you've installed White Noise before you'll need to delete it from your device before you trying to install again.

🖼️ Encrypted Media with Blossom

Let's be honest: Group chat would be basically useless if you couldn't share memes and gifs. Well, now you can in White Noise. Media in groups is encrypted using an MLS secret and uploaded to Blossom with a one-time use keypair. This gives groups a way to have rich conversations with images and documents and anything else while also maintaining the privacy and security of the conversation.

This is still in a rough state but rendering improvements are coming next.

📱 Damn Mobile

The app is still in a semi-broken state on Android and fully broken state on iOS. Now that I have the libraries released and the White Noise core code refactored, I'm focused 100% on fixing these issues. My goal is to have a beta version live on Zapstore in a few weeks.

🧑‍💻 Join Us

I'm looking for mobile developers on both Android and iOS to join the team and help us build the best possible apps for these platforms. I have grant funding available for the right people. Come and help us build secure, permissionless, censorship-resistant messaging. I can think of few projects that deserve your attention more than securing freedom of speech and freedom of association for the entire world. If you're interested or know someone who might be, please reach out to me directly.

🙏 Thanks to the People

Last but not least: A HUGE thank you to all the folks that have been helping make this project happen. You can check out the people that are directly working on the apps on Following._ (and follow them). There are also a lot of people behind the scenes that have helped in myriad ways to get us this far. Thank you thank you thank you.

🔗 Links

Libraries

• nostr_mls
• nostr_mls_storage
• nostr_mls_memory_storage
• nostr_mls_sqlite_storage

White Noise

• White Noise Repo
• White Noise Releases

Other

• Previous updates

@ e096a89e:59351479

Why Oshi?

I had another name for this brand before, but it was hard for folks to say. Then I saw a chance to tap into the #Nostr and #Bitcoin crowd, people who might vibe with what I’m creating, and I knew I needed something that’d stick.

A good name can make a difference. Well, sometimes. Take Blink-182 - it might sound odd, but it worked for them and even has a ring to it. So, why Oshi?

Names mean a lot to me, and Oshi’s got layers. I’m into Japanese culture and Bitcoin, so it fits perfectly with a few meanings baked in:

• It’s a nod to Bitcoin’s visionary, Satoshi Nakamoto.
• In Japanese, “oshi” means cheering on your favorite idol by supporting their work - think of me as the maker, you as the fan.
• It’s short for “oh shiiiitttt” - what most folks say when they taste how good this stuff is.

My goal with Oshi is to share how amazing pecans and dates can be together. Everything I make - Hodl Butter, Hodl Bars, chocolates - is crafted with intention, keeping it simple and nuanced, no overdoing it. It’s healthy snacking without the grains or junk you find in other products.

I’ve got a few bars and jars in stock now. Grab something today and taste the unique flavor for yourself. Visit my website at https://oshigood.us/

foodstr #oshigood #hodlbar #hodlbutter

@ 88cc134b:5ae99079

nostr:nevent1qvzqqqqqqypzpzxvzd935e04fm6g4nqa7dn9qc7nafzlqn4t3t6xgmjkr3dwnyreqyvhwumn8ghj7urjv4kkjatd9ec8y6tdv9kzumn9wshszymhwden5te0wp6hyurvv4cxzeewv4ej7qpqx9an7hcqyevak03eefm8dluhn6frcryph6ua069w7d8c8784zcwqwxgp2r

@ 3589b793:ad53847e

※本記事は別サービスで2022年6月24日に公開した記事の移植です。

どうも、「NostrはLNがWeb統合されマネーのインターネットプロトコルとしてのビットコインが本気出す具体行動のショーケースと見做せばOK」です、こんばんは。

またまた実験的な試みがNostrで行われているのでレポートします。本シリーズはライブ感を重視しており、例によって（？）プルリクエストなどはレビュー段階なのでご承知おきください。

今回の主役はあくまでLightningNetworkの新提案（ただし以前からあるLSATからのリブランディング）となるLightning HTTP 402 Protocol（略称: L402）です。そのショーケースの一つとしてNostrが活用されているというものになります。

Lightning HTTP 402 Protocol（略称: L402）とは何か

bLIPに今月挙がったプロポーザル内容です。

https://github.com/lightning/blips/pull/26

L402について私はまだ完全に理解した段階ではあるのですがなんとか一言で説明しようとすると「Authトークンのように"Paid"トークンをHTTPヘッダーにアタッチして有料リソースへのHTTPリクエストの受け入れ判断を行えるようにする」ものだと解釈しました。

Authenticationでは、HTTPヘッダーにAuthトークンを添付し、その検証が通ればHTTPリクエストを許可し、通らなければ401 Unauthorizedコードをエラーとして返すように定められています。

https://developer.mozilla.org/ja/docs/Web/HTTP/Status/401

L402では、同じように、HTTPヘッダーに支払い済みかどうかを示す"Paid"トークンを添付し、その検証が通ればHTTPリクエストを許可し、通らなければ402 Payment Requiredコードをエラーとして返すようにしています。

なお、"Paid"トークンという用語は私の造語となります。便宜上本記事では使わせていただきますが、実際はAuthも入ってくるのが必至ですし、プルリクエストでも用語をどう定めるかは議論になっていることをご承知おきください。（"API key", "credentials", "token", らが登場しています）

この402ステータスコードは従来から定義されていましたが、MDNのドキュメントでも記載されているように「実験的」なものでした。つまり、器は用意されているがこれまで活用されてこなかったものとなり、本プロトコルの物語性を体現しているものとなります。

https://developer.mozilla.org/ja/docs/Web/HTTP/Status/402

幻であったHTTPステータスコード402 Payment Requiredを実装する

この物語性は、上述のbLIPのスペックにも詳述されていますが、以下のスライドが簡潔です。402 Payment Requiredは予約されていましたが、けっきょくのところWorldWideWebはペイメントプロトコルを実装しなかったので、Bitcoinの登場まで待つことになった、というのが要旨になります。このWorldWideWebにおける決済機能実装に関する歴史話はクリプト界隈でもたびたび話題に上がりますが、そこを繋いでくる文脈にこれこそマネーのインターネットプロトコルだなと痺れました。

https://x.com/AlyseKilleen/status/1671342634307297282

この"Paid"トークンによって実現できることとして、第一にAIエージェントがBitcoin/LNを自律的に利用できるようになるM2M(MachineToMachine)的な話が挙げられていますが、ユースケースは想像力がいろいろ要るところです。実際のところは「有料リソースへの認可」を可能にすることが主になると理解しました。本連載では、繰り返しNostrクライアントにLNプロトコルを直接搭載せずにLightningNetworkを利用可能にする組み込み方法を見てきましたが、本件もインボイス文字列 & preimage程度の露出になりアプリケーション側でノードやウォレットの実装が要らないので、その文脈で位置付ける解釈もできるかと思います。

Snortでのサンプル実装

LN組み込み業界のリーディングプロダクトであるSnortのサンプル実装では、L402を有料コンテンツの購読に活用しています。具体的には画像や動画を投稿するときに有料のロックをかける、いわゆるペイウォールの一種となります。もともとアップローダもSnortが自前で用意しているので、そこにL402を組み込んでみたということのようです。

体験方法の詳細はこちらにあります。 https://njump.me/nevent1qqswr2pshcpawk9ny5q5kcgmhak24d92qzdy98jm8xcxlgxstruecccpz4mhxue69uhhyetvv9ujuerpd46hxtnfduhszrnhwden5te0dehhxtnvdakz78pvlzg

上記を試してみた結果が以下になります。まず、ペイウォールでロックした画像がNostrに投稿されている状態です。まったくビューワーが実装されておらず、ただのNotFound状態になっていますが、支払い前なのでロックされているということです。

次にこのHTTP通信の内容です。

通信自体はエラーになっているわけですが、ステータスコードが402で、レスポンスヘッダーのWWW-AuthenticateにInvoice文字列が返ってきています。つまり、このインボイスを支払えば"Paid"トークンが付与されて、その"Paid"トークンがあれば最初の画像がアンロックされることとなります。残念ながら現在は日本で利用不可のStrikeAppでしか払込みができないためここまでとなりますが、本懐である402 Payment Requiredとインボイス文字列は確認できました。

今確認できることは以上ですが、AmethystやDamusなどの他のNostrクライアントが実装するにあたり、インラインメディアを巡ってL402の仕様をアップデートする必要性や同じくHTTPヘッダーへのAuthトークンとなるNIP-98と組み合わせるなどの議論が行われている最中です。

LinghtningNetworkであるからこそのL402の実現

"Paid"トークンを実現するためにはLightningNetworkのファイナリティが重要な要素となっています。逆に言うと、reorgによるひっくり返しがあり得るBitcoinではできなくもないけど不便なわけです。LightningNetworkなら、当事者である二者間で支払いが確認されたら「同期的」にその証であるハッシュ値を用いて"Paid"トークンを作成することができます。しかもハッシュ値を提出するだけで台帳などで過去の履歴を確認する必要がありません。加えて言うと、受金者側が複数のノードを建てていて支払いを受け取るノードがどれか一つになる状況でも、つまり、スケーリングされている状況でも、"Paid"トークンそのものはどのノードかを気にすることなくステートレスで利用できるとのことです。（ここは単にreverse proxyとしてAuthサーバががんばっているだけと解釈することもできますがずいぶんこの機能にも力点を置いていて大規模なユースケースが重要になっているのだなという印象を抱きました）

Macaroonの本領発揮か？それとも詳細定義しすぎか？

HTTP通信ではWWW-Authenticateの実値にmacaroonの記述が確認できます。また現在のL402スペックでも"Paid"トークンにはmacaroonの利用が前提になっています。

このmacaroonとは（たぶん）googleで研究開発され、LNDノードソフトウェアで活用されているCookieを超えるという触れ込みのデータストアになります。しかし、あまり普及しなかった技術でもあり、個人の感想ですがなんとも微妙なものになっています。

https://research.google/pubs/macaroons-cookies-with-contextual-caveats-for-decentralized-authorization-in-the-cloud/

macaroonの強みは、Cookieを超えるという触れ込みのようにブラウザが無くてもプロセス間通信でデータ共有できる点に加えて、HMACチェーンで動的に認証認可を更新し続けられるところが挙げられます。しかし、そのようなユースケースがあまり無く、静的な認可となるOAuthやJWTで十分となっているのが現状かと思います。

L402では、macaroonの動的な更新が可能である点を活かして、"Paid"トークンを更新するケースが挙げられています。わかりやすいのは上記のスライド資料でも挙げられている"Dynamic Pricing"でしょうか。プロポーザルではloop©️LightningLabsにおいて月間の最大取引量を認可する"Paid"トークンを発行した上でその条件を動向に応じて動的に変更できる例が解説されています。とはいえ、そんなことしなくても再発行すればええやんけという話もなくもないですし、プルリクエストでも仕様レベルでmacaroonを指定するのは「具体」が過ぎるのではないか、もっと「抽象」し単なる"Opaque Token"程度の粒度にして他の実装も許容するべきではないか、という然るべきツッコミが入っています。

個人的にはそのツッコミが妥当と思いつつも、なんだかんだ初めてmacaroonの良さを実感できて感心した次第です。

@ 3589b793:ad53847e

※本記事は別サービスで2023年4月19日に公開した記事の移植です。

どうも、「NostrはLNがWeb統合されマネーのインターネットプロトコルとしてのビットコインが本気出す具体行動のショーケースと見做せばOK」です、こんにちは。

前回まで投げ銭や有料購読の組み込み方法を見てきました。

zapsという投げ銭機能が各種クライアントに一通り実装されて活用が進んでいることで、統合は次の段階へ移り始めています。「作戦名: ウォレットをNostrクライアントに組み込め」です。今回はそちらをまとめます。

投げ銭する毎にいちいちウォレットを開いてまた元のNostrクライアントに手動で戻らないといけない is PAIN

LNとNostrはインボイス文字列で繋がっているだけの疎結合ですが、投稿に投げ銭するためには何かのLNウォレットを開いて支払いをして、また元のNostrクライアントに戻る操作をユーザーが手作業でする必要があります。お試しで一回やる程度では気になりませんが普段使いしているとこれはけっこうな煩わしさを感じるUXです。特にスマホでは大変にだるい状況になります。連打できない！

2月の実装以来、zapsは順調に定着して日々投げられています。

https://stats.nostr.band/#daily_zaps

なので、NostrクライアントにLNウォレットの接続を組み込み、支払いのために他のアプリに遷移せずにNostクライアント単独で完結できるようなアップデートが始まっています。

Webクライアント

NostrのLN組み込み業界のリーディングプレイヤーであるSnortでの例です。以下のようにヘッダーのウォレットアイコンをクリックすると連携ウォレットの選択ができます。

もともとNostrに限らずウェブアプリケーションとの連携をするために、WebLNという規格があります。簡単に言うと、ブラウザのグローバル領域を介して、LNウォレットの拡張機能と、タブで開いているウェブアプリが、お互いに連携するためのインターフェースを定めているものです。これに対応していると、LNによる支払いをウェブアプリが拡張機能に依頼できるようになります。さらにオプションで「確認無し」をオンにすると、拡張機能画面がポップアップせずにバックグラウンドで実行できるようになり、ノールック投げ銭ができるようになります。

似たようなものにNostrではNIP-07があります。NIP-07はNostrの秘密鍵を拡張機能に退避して、Nostrクライアントは秘密鍵を知らない状態で署名や複合を拡張機能に移譲できるようにしているものです。

Albyの拡張機能ではWebLNとNIP-07のどちらにも対応しています。

実はSnortはzapsが来る前からWebLNには対応していたのですが、さらに一歩進み、拡張機能ウォレットだけでなく、LNノードや拡張機能以外のLNウォレットと連携設定できるようになってきています。

umbrelなどでノードを立てている人ならLND with LNCでノードと直接繋げます。またLNDHubに対応したウォレットなどのアプリケーションとも繋げます。これらの接続は、WebLNにラップされて拡張機能ウォレットとインターフェースを揃えられた上で、Snort上でのインボイスの支払いに活用されます。

なお、LNCのpairingPhrase/passwordやLNDHubの接続情報などのクレデンシャルは、ブラウザのローカルストレージに保存されています。Nostrのリレーサーバなどには送られませんので、端末ごとに設定が必要です。

スマホアプリ

今回のメインです。なお、例によって（？）スペックは絶賛議論中でまだフィックスしていない中で記事を書いています。ディテールは変わるかもしれないので悪しからずです。

スマホアプリで上記のことをやるためには、後半のLNCやLNDHubはすでにzeusなどがやっているようにできますが、あくまでネイティブウォレットのラッパーです。Nostrでは限られた用途になるので1-click支払いのようなものを行うためにはそこから各スマホアプリが作り込む必要があります。まあこれはこれでやればいいという話でもあるのですが、LNノードやLNウォレットのアプリケーション側へのインターフェースの共通仕様は定められていないので、LNDとcore-lightningとeclairではすべて実装方法が違いますし、ウォレットもバラバラなので大変です。

そこで、多種多様なノードやウォレットの接続を取りまとめ一般アプリケーションへ統一したインターフェースを媒介するLN Adapter業界のリーディングカンパニーであるAlbyが動きました。AndroidアプリのAmethystで試験公開されていますが、スマホアプリでも上記のSnortのような連携が可能になるようなSDKが開発されました。

リリース記事 https://blog.getalby.com/native-zapping-in-amethyst/

"Unstoppable zapping for users"なんて段落見出しが付けられているように、スマホで別のアプリに切り替えてまた元に戻らなくても良いようにして、Nostr上でマイクロペイメントを滑らかにする、つまり、連打できることを繰り返し強調しています。

具体的にやっていることを見ていきます。以下の画像群はリリース記事の動画から抜粋しています。各投稿のzapsボタン⚡️をタップしたときの画面です。

上の赤枠が従来の投げ銭の詳細を決める場所で、下の赤枠の「Wallet Connect Service」が新たに追加されたAlby提供のSDKを用いたコネクト設定画面です。基本的にはOAuth2.0ベースのAlbyのAPIを活用していて、右上のAlbyアイコンをタップすると以下のようなOAuthの認可画面に飛びます。（ただし後述するように通常のOAuthとは一部異なります。）

画面デザインは違いますが、まあ他のアプリでよく目にするTwitter連携やGoogleアカウント連携とやっていることは同じです。

このOAuthベースのAPIはNostr専用のエンドポイントが建てられています。Nostr以外のECショップやマーケットプレイスなどへのAlbyのOAuthは汎用のエンドポイントが用意されています。よって通常のAlbyの設定とは別にセッション詳細を以下のサイトで作成する必要があります。

https://nwc.getalby.com/ （サブドメインのnwcはNostr Wallet Connectの略）

なぜNostrだけは特別なのかというところが完全には理解しきれていないですが、以下のところまで確認できています。一番にあるのは、Nostrクライアントにウォレットを組み込まずに、かつ、ノードやウォレットへの接続をNostrリレーサーバ以外は挟まずに"decentralized"にしたいというところだと理解しています。

• 上記のnwcのURLはalbyのカストディアルウォレットusername@getalby.comをNostrに繋ぐもの（たぶん）
• umbrelのLNノードを繋ぐためにはやはり専用のアプリがumbrelストアに上がっている。https://github.com/getAlby/umbrel-community-app-store
• 要するにOAuthの1stPartyの役割をウォレットやノードごとにそれぞれ建てる。
• OAuthのシークレットはクライアントに保存するので設定は各クライアント毎に必要。しかし使い回しすることは可能っぽい。通常のOAuthと異なり、1stParty側で3rdPartyのドメインはトラストしていないようなので。
• Nostrクライアントにウォレットを組み込まずに、さらにウォレットやノードへの接続をNostrリレーサーバ以外には挟まなくて良いようにするために、「NIP-47 Nostr Wallet Connect」というプロポーザルが起こされていて、絶賛議論中である。https://github.com/nostr-protocol/nips/pull/406
• このWallet Connect専用のアドホックなリレーサーバが建てられる。その情報が上記画像の赤枠の「Wallet Connect Service」の下半分のpub keyやらrelayURL。どうもNostrクライアントはNIP-47イベントについてはこのリレーサーバにしか送らないようにするらしい。（なんかNostrの基本設計を揺るがすユースケースの気がする...）
• Wallet Connect専用のNostrイベントでは、ペイメント情報をNostrアカウントと切り離すために、Nostrの秘密鍵とは別の秘密鍵が利用できるようにしている。

Imagin the Future

今回取り上げたNostrクライアントにウォレット接続を組み込む話を、Webのペイメントの歴史で類推してみましょう。

Snortでやっていることは、各サイトごとにクレジットカードを打ち込み各サイトがその情報を保持していたようなWeb1.0の時代に近いです。そうなるとクレジットカードの情報は各サービスごとに漏洩リスクなどがあり、Web1.0の時代はECが普及する壁の一つになっていました。（今でもAmazonなどの大手はそうですが）

Webではその後にPayPalをはじめとして、銀行口座やクレジットカードを各サイトから切り出して一括管理し、各ウェブサイトに支払いだけを連携するサービスが出てきて一般化しています。日本ではケータイのキャリア決済が利用者の心理的障壁を取り除きEC普及の後押しになりました。

後半のNostr Wallet ConnectはそれをNostrの中でやろうとしている試みになります。クレジットカードからLNに変える理由はビットコインの話になるので詳細は割愛しますが、現実世界の金（ゴールド）に類した価値保存や交換ができるインターネットマネーだからです。

とはいえ、Nostrの中だけならまだしも、これをNostr外のサービスで利用するためには、他のECショップやブログやSaaSがNostrを喋れる必要があります。そんな未来が来るわけないだろと思うかもしれませんが、言ってみればStripeはまさにそのようなサービスとなっていて、サイト内にクレジット決済のモジュールを組み込むための主流となっています。

果たして、Nostrを、他のECショップやブログやSaaSが喋るようになるのか！？

以上、「NostrはLNがWeb統合されマネーのインターネットプロトコルとしてのビットコインが本気出す具体行動のショーケースと見做せばOK」がお送りしました。

@ 3589b793:ad53847e

前回の続きです。

特に「Snortで試験的にノート単位に投げ銭できる機能」について。実は記事書いた直後にリリースされて慌ててw追記してたんですが追い付かないということで別記事にしました。

今回のここがすごい！

「Snortで試験的にノート単位に投げ銭できる機能」では一つブレイクスルーが起こっています。それは「ウォレットにインボイスを放り投げた後に払い込み完了を提示できる」ようになったことです。これによりペイメントのライフサイクルが一通りカバーされたことになります。

Snortの画面

なにを当たり前のことをという向きもあるかもしれませんが、Nostrクライアントで払い込み完了を追跡することはとても難しいです。基本的にNostrとLNウォレットはまったく別のアプリケーションで両者の間を繋ぐのはインボイス文字列だけです。ウォレットもNostrからキックされずに、インボイス文字列をコピペするなりQRコードで読み取ったものを渡されるだけかもしれません。またその場でリアルタイムに処理される前提もありません。

なのでNostrクライアントでその後をトラックすることは難しく、これまではあくまで請求書を送付したり（LNインボイス）振り込み口座を提示する（LNアドレス）という一方的に放り投げてただけだったわけです。といっても魔法のようにNostrクライアントがトラックできるようになったわけではなく、今回の対応方法もインボイスを発行/お金を振り込まれるサービス側（LNURL）にNostrカスタマイズを入れさせるというものになります。

プロポーザルの概要について

前回の記事ではよくわからんで終わっていましたが、当日夜（日本時間）にスペックをまとめたプロポーザルも起こされました（早い！）。LNURLが、Nostr用のインボイスを発行して、さらにNostrイベントの発行を行っていることがポイントでした。名称は"Lightning Zaps"で確定のようです。プロポーザルは、NostrとLNURLの双方の発明者であるfiatjaf氏からツッコミが入り、またそれが妥当な指摘のために、エンドポイントURLのインターフェースなどは変わりそうなのですが、概要はそう変わらないだろうということで簡単にまとめてみます。

全体の流れ

図は、Nostrクライアント上に提示されているLNアドレスへ投げ銭が開始してから、Nostrクライアント上に払い込み完了したイベントが表示されるまでの流れを示しています。

1. 投げ銭の内容が固まったらNostrイベントデータを添付してインボイスの発行を依頼する
2. 説明欄にNostr用のデータを記載したインボイスを発行して返却する
3. Nostrクライアントで提示されたインボイスをユーザーが何かしらの手段でウォレットに渡す
4. ウォレットがLNに支払いを実行する
5. インボイスの発行者であるLNURLが管理しているLNノードにsatoshiが届く
6. LNURLサーバが投げ銭成功のNostrイベントを発行する
7. Nostrクライアントがイベントを受信して投げ銭履歴を表示する

特にポイントとなるところを補足します。

対応しているLNアドレスの識別

LNアドレスに投げ銭する場合は、LNアドレスの有効状態やインボイス発行依頼する先の情報をhttps://[domain]/.well-known/lnurlp/[username]から取得しています。そのレスポンス内容にNostr対応を示す情報を追加しています。ただし、ここに突っ込み入っていてlnurlp=LNURL Payから独立させるためにzaps専用のエンドポイントに変わりそうです。（2/15 追記　マージされましたが変更無しでした。PRのディスカッションが盛り上がっているので興味ある方は覗いてみてください。）

インボイスの説明欄に書き込むNostrイベント（kind:9734）

これは投げ銭する側のNostrイベントです。投げ銭される者や対象ノートのIDや金額、そしてこのイベントを作成している者が投げ銭したということを「表明」するものになります。表明であって証明でないところは、インボイスを別の人が払っちゃう事態がありえるからですね。この内容をエンクリプトするパターンも用意されていたが複雑になり過ぎるという理由で今回は外され追加提案に回されました。また、このイベントはデータを作成しただけです。支払いを検知した後にLNURLが発行するイベントに添付されることになります。そのため投げ銭する者にちゃんと届くように作成者のリレーサーバリストも書き込まれています。

支払いを検知した後に発行するNostrイベント（kind:9735）

これが実際にNostrリレーサーバに発行されるイベントです。LNURL側はウォッチしているLNノードにsatoshiが届くと、インボイスの説明欄に書かれているNostrイベントを取り出して、いわば受領イベントを作成して発行します。以下のようにNostイベントのkind:9734とkind:9735が親子になったイベントとなります。

json { "pubkey": "LNURLが持っているNostrアカウントの公開鍵", "kind": 9735, "tags": [ [ "p", "投げ銭された者の公開鍵" ], [ "bolt11", "インボイスの文字列lnbc〜" ], [ "description", "投げ銭した者が作成したkind:9734のNostrイベント" ], [ "preimage", "インボイスのpreimage" ] ], }

所感

とにかくNostrクライアントはLNノードを持たないしLNプロトコルとも直接喋らずにインボイス文字列だけで取り扱えるようになっているところがおもしろいと思っています。NostrとLNという二つのデセントライズドなオープンプロトコルが協調できていますし、前回も述べましたがどんなアプリでも簡単に真似できます。

とはいえ、さすがに払込完了のトラックは難しく、今回はLNURL側にそのすり合わせの責務が寄せられることになりました。しかし、LNURLもLNの上に作られたオープンプロトコル/スペックの位置付けになるため、他のLNURLのスペックに干渉するという懸念から、本提案のNIP-57に変更依頼が出されています。LN、LNURL、Nostrの3つのオープンプロトコルの責務分担が難しいですね。アーキテクチャ層のスタックにおいて3つの中ではNostrが一番上になるため、Nostrに相当するレイヤーの他のwebサービスでやるときはLNプロトコルを喋るなりLNノードを持つようにして、今回LNURLが寄せられた責務を吸収するのが無難かもしれません。

また、NIP-57の変更依頼理由の一つにはBOLT-12を見越した抽象化も挙げられています。他のLNURLのスペックを削ぎ落としてzapsだけにすることでBOLT-12にも載りやすくなるだろうと。LNURLの多くはBOLT-12に取り込まれる運命なわけですが、LNアドレス以外の点でもNostrではBOLT-12のOfferやInvoiceRequestのユースケースをやりたいという声が挙がっているため、NostrによりBOLT-12が進む展開もありそうだなあ、あってほしい。

@ 3589b793:ad53847e

※本記事は別サービスで2023年2月5日に公開した記事の移植です。

Nostrクライアントは多種ありますがメジャーなものはだいたいLNの支払いが用意されています。現時点でどんな組み込み方法になっているか調べました。この記事では主にSnortを対象にしています。

LN活用場面

大きくLNアドレスとLNインボイスの2つの形式があります。

1. LNアドレスで投げ銭をセットできる

LNURLのLNアドレスをセットすると、プロフィールやノート（ツイートに相当）からLN支払いができます。別クライアントのastralなどではプリミティブなLNURLの投げ銭形式 lnurl1dp68～でもセットできます。

[追記]さらに本日、Snortで試験的にノート単位に投げ銭できる機能が追加されています。

2. LNインボイスが投稿できる

投稿でLNインボイスを貼り付ければ上記のように他の発言と同じようにタイムラインに流れます。Payボタンを押すと各自の端末にあるLNウォレットが立ち上がります。

3. DMでLNインボイスを送る

メッセージにLNインボイスが組み込まれているという点では2とほぼ同じですが、ユースケースが異なります。発表されたばかりですがリレーサーバの有料化が始まっていて、その決済をDMにLNインボイスを送付して行うことが試されています。2だとパブリックに投稿されますが、こちらはプライベートなので購入希望者のみにLNインボイスを届けられます。

おまけ: Nostrのユーザ名をLNアドレスと同じにする

直接は関係ないですが、Nostrはユーザー名をemail形式にすることができます。LNアドレスも自分でドメイン取って作れるのでNostrのユーザー名と投げ銭のアドレスを同じにできます。

LNウォレットのAlbyのドメインをNostrのユーザ名にも活用している様子 [Not found]

実装方法

LNアドレスもLNインボイスも非常にシンプルな話ですが軽くまとめます。 Snortリポジトリ

LNアドレス

1. セットされたLNアドレスを分解してhttps://[domain]/.well-known/lnurlp/[username]にリクエストする
2. 成功したら投げ銭量を決めるUIを提示する
3. Get Inoviceボタンを押したら1のレスポンスにあるcallbackにリクエストしてインボイスを取得する
4. 成功したらPayボタンを提示する

LNインボイス

1. 投稿内容がLNインボイス識別子lnbc10m〜だとわかると、識別子の中の文字列から情報（金額、説明、有効期限）を取り出し、表示用のUIを作成する
2. 有効期限内だったらPayボタンを提示し、期限が切れていたらExpiredでロックする

支払い

Payボタンを押された後の動きはアドレス、インボイスとも同じです。

• ブラウザでWebLN（Albyなど）がセットされていて、window.weblnオブジェクトがenableになっていると、拡張機能の支払い画面が立ち上がる。クライアント側で支払い成功をキャッチすることも可能。
• Open Walletボタンを押すと lightning:lnbc10m~のURI形式でwindow.openされ、Mac/Windows/iPhone/Androidなど各OSに応じたアプリケーション呼び出しが行われ、URIに対応しているLNウォレットが立ち上がる

[追記]ノート単位の投げ銭

Snort周辺の数人（strike社員っぽい人が一人いて本件のメイン実装している）で試験的にやっているようで現時点では実装レベルでしか詳細わかりませんでした。strikeのzapといまいち区別が付かなかったのですが、実装を見るとnostrプロトコルにzapイベントが追加されています。ソースコメントではこの後NIP(nostr improvement proposal)が起こされるようでかなりハッキーです。zap=tipの方言なんでしょうか？

ノートやプロフィールやリアクションなどに加えて新たにnostrイベントに追加しているものは以下2つです。

• zapRequest　投げ銭した側が対象イベントIDと量を記録する
• zapReceipt　投げ銭を受け取った側用のイベント

一つでできそうと思ったけど、nostrは自己主権のプロトコルでイベント作成するには発行者の署名が必須なので2つに分かれているのでしょう。

所感

現状はクライアントだけで完結する非常にシンプルな方法になっています。リレーサーバも経由しないしクライアントにLNノードを組み込むこともしていません。サードパーティへのhttpリクエストやローカルのアプリに受け渡すだけなので、実はどんな一般アプリでもそんなに知識もコストも要らずにパッとできるものです。

現状ちょっと不便だなと思っていることは、タイムラインに流れるインボイスの有効期限内の支払い済みがわからないことです。Payボタンを押してエラーにならないとわかりません。ウォレットアプリに放り投げていてこのトレースするためには、ウォレット側で支払い成功したらNostrイベントを書き込むなどの対応しない限りは、サービス側でインボイスを定期的に一つ一つLNに投げてチェックするなどが必要だと思われるので、他のサービスでマネするときは留意しておくとよさそうです。

一方で、DMによるLNインボイス送付は活用方法が広がりそうな予感があります。Nostrの公開鍵による本人特定と、LNインボイスのメモ欄のテキスト情報による突き合わせだけでも、かんたんな決済機能として用いれそうだからです。もっとNostrに判断材料を追加したければイベント追加も簡単にできることをSnortが示しています。とくにリレーサーバ購読やPROメニューなどのNostr周辺の支払いはやりやすそうなので、DM活用ではなくなにかしらの決済メニューを搭載したNostrクライアントもすぐに出てきそう気がします。

@ 3589b793:ad53847e

※本記事は別サービスで2022年9月25日に公開した記事の移植です。

LNの手数料の適正水準はどう見積もったらいいだろうか？ルーティングノードの収益性を算出するためにはどうアプローチすればよいだろうか？本記事ではルーティングノード運用のポジションに立ち参考になりそうな数値や計算式を整理する。

個人的な感想を先に書くと以下となる。

• 現在の手数料市場は収益性が低くもっと手数料が上がった方が健全である。
• 他の決済手段と比較すると、LN支払い料金は10000ppm（手数料1%相当）でも十分ではないか。4ホップとすると中間1ノードあたり2500ppmである。
• ルーティングノードの収益性を考えると、1000ppmあれば1BTC程度の資金で年利2.8%になり半年で初期費用回収できるので十分な投資対象になると考える。

基本概念の整理

LNの料金方式

• LNの手数料は送金額に応じた料率方式が主になる。（基本料金の設定もあるが1 ~ 0 satsが大半）
• 料率単位のppm（parts per million）は、1,000,000satsを送るときの手数料をsats金額で示したもの。
• %での手数料率に変換すると1000ppm = 0.1%になる。
• 支払い者が払う手数料はルーティングに参加した各ノードの手数料の合計である。本稿では4ホップ（経由ノードが4つ）のルーティングがあるとすれば、各ノードの取り分は単純計算で1/4とみなす。
• ルーティングノードの収益はアウトバウンドフローで発生するのでアウトバウンドキャパシティが直接的な収益資源となる。

LNの料金以外のベネフィット

本稿では料金比較だけを行うが実際の決済検討では以下のような料金以外の効用も忘れてはならない。

• Bitcoin(L1)に比べると、料金の安さだけでなく、即時確定やトランザクション量のスケールという利点がある。
• クレジットカードなどの集権サービスと比較した特徴はBitcoin(L1)とだいたい同じである。
• 24時間365日利用できる
• 誰でも自由に使える
• 信頼する第三者に対する加盟や審査や手数料率などの交渉手続きが要らない
• 検閲がなく匿名性が高い
• 逆にデメリットはオンライン前提がゆえの利用の不便さやセキュリティ面の不安さなどが挙げられる。

現在の料金相場

• ルーティングノードの料金設定
• sinkノードとのチャネルは500 ~ 1000ppmが多い。
• routing/sourceノードとのチャネルは0 ~ 100ppmあたりのレンジになる。
• リバランスする場合もsinkで収益を上げているならsink以下になるのが道理である。
• プロダクト/サービスのバックエンドにいるノードの料金設定
• sinkやsourceに相当するものは上記の通り。 
• 1000〜5000ppmあたりで一律同じ設定というノードもよく見かける。
• ビジネスモデル次第で千差万別だがアクティブと思われるノードでそれ以上はあまり見かけない。
• 上記は1ノードあたりの料金になる。支払い全体では経由したノードの合計になる。

料金目安

いくつかの方法で参考数字を出していく。LN料金算出は「支払い全体/2ホップしたときの1ノードあたり/4ホップしたときの1ノードあたり」の三段階で出す。

類推方式

決済代行業者との比較

• Squareの加盟店手数料は、日本3.25%、アメリカ2.60%である。
• 参考資料 https://www.meti.go.jp/shingikai/mono_info_service/cashless_payment/pdf/20220318_1.pdf

3.25%とするとLNでは「支払い全体/2ホップしたときの1ノードあたり/4ホップしたときの1ノードあたり」でそれぞれ32,500ppm/16,250ppm/8,125ppmになる。

スマホのアプリストアとの比較

• Androidのアプリストアは年間売上高が100万USDまでなら15%、それ以上なら30%
• 参考資料https://support.google.com/googleplay/android-developer/answer/112622?hl=ja

15%とするとLNでは「支払い全体/2ホップしたときの1ノードあたり/4ホップしたときの1ノードあたり」でそれぞれ150,000ppm/75,000ppm/37,500ppmになる。

Bitcoin(L1)との比較

Bitcoin(L1)は送金額が異なっても手数料がほぼ同じため、従量課金のLNと単純比較はできない。そのためここではLNの方が料金がお得になる目安を出す。

Bitcoin(L1)の手数料設定

• SegWitのシンプルな送金を対象にする。
• input×1、output×2（送金+お釣り）、tx合計222byte
• L1の手数料は、1sat/byteなら222sats、10sat/byteなら2,220sats、100sat/byteなら22,200sats。（単純化のためvirtual byteではなくbyteで計算する）
• サンプル例 https://www.blockchain.com/btc/tx/15b959509dad5df0e38be2818d8ec74531198ca29ac205db5cceeb17177ff095

L1相場が1sat/byteの時にLNの方がお得なライン

• 100ppmなら、0.0222BTC（2,220,000sats）まで
• 1000ppmなら、0.00222BTC（222,000sats）まで

L1相場が10sat/byteの時にLNの方がお得なライン

• 100ppmなら、0.222BTC（22,200,000sats）まで
• 1000ppmなら、0.0222BTC（2,220,000sats）まで

L1相場が100sat/byteの時にLNの方がお得なライン

• 100ppmなら、2.22BTC（222,000,000sats）まで
• 1000ppmなら、0.222BTC（22,200,000sats）まで

コスト積み上げ方式

ルーティングノードの原価から損益分岐点となるppmを算出する。事業者ではなく個人を想定し、クラウドではなくラズベリーパイでのノード構築環境で計算する。

費用明細

• BTC市場価格　1sat = 0.03円（1BTC = 3百万円)

初期費用

• ハードウェア一式　40,000円
• Raspberry Pi 4 8GB
• SSD 1TB
• 外付けディスプレイ
• チャネル開設のオンチェーン手数料　6.69円/チャネル　　
• 開設料　223sats
• 223sats * BTC市場価格0.03円 = 6.69円

固定費用

• 電気代　291.6円/月　　
• 時間あたりの電力量　0.015kWh 
  • Raspberry Pi 4　電圧5V、推奨電源容量3.0A
  • https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/raspberry-pi.html#power-supply
• kWh単価27円
• 0.015kWh * kWh単価27円 * １ヶ月の時間720h = 291.6円

損益分岐点

• 月あたりの電気代を上回るために9,720sats（291.6円）/月以上の収益が必要である。
• ハードウェア費用回収のために0.01333333BTC（133万sats) = 40,000円の収益が必要である。

費用回収シナリオ例

アウトバウンドキャパに1BTCをデポジットしたAさんを例にする。1BTCは初心者とは言えないと思うが、このくらい原資を用意しないと費用回収の話がしづらいという裏事情がある。チャネル選択やルーティング戦略は何もしていない仮定である。ノード運用次第であることは言うまでもないので今回は要素や式を洗い出すことが主目的で一つ一つの変数の値は参考までに。

変数設定

• インバウンドを同額用意して合計キャパを2BTCとする。
• １チャネルあたり5m satsで40チャネル開設する。
• チャネル開設費用　223sats * 40チャネル = 8,920sats
• 初期費用合計　1,333,333sats + 8,920sats = 1,342,253sats
• 一回あたり平均ルーティング量 = 100,000sats
• 1チャネルあたり平均アウトバウンド数/日 = 2
• 1チャネルあたり平均アウトバウンドppm = 50

費用回収地点

• 1日のアウトバウンド量は、 40チャネル * 2本 * 100,000sats = 8m sats
• 手数料収入は、8m sats * 0.005%(50ppm) = 400sats/日。月換算すると12,000sats/月
• 電気代を差し引くと、12,000sats - 電気代9,720sats =月収益2,280sats(68.4円)
• 初期費用回収まで、1,342,253sats / 2,280sats = 589ヵ月（49年）
• 後述するが電気代差引き前で年利0.14%になる。

理想的なppm

6ヵ月での初期費用回収を目的にしてアウトバウンドppmを求める。

• ひと月あたり、初期費用合計1,342,253sats / 6ヵ月 + 電気代9,720sats = 233,429sats(7,003円)の収益が必要。
• 1日あたり、7,781sats(233円)の収益
• その場合の平均アウトバウンドppmは、 7,781sats（1日の収益量） / 8m sats（1日のアウトバウンド量） * 1m sats（ppm変換係数） = 973ppm

他のファイナンスとの比較

ルーティングノードを運用して手数料収入を得ることは資産運用と捉えることもできる。レンディングやトレードなどの他の資産運用手段とパフォーマンス比較をするなら、デポジットしたアウトバウンドキャパシティに対する手数料収入をAPY換算する。（獲得した手数料はアウトバウンドキャパシティに積み重ねられるので複利と見做せる）

例としてLNDg（v1.3.1）のAPY算出計算式を転載する。見ての通り画面上の表記はAPYなのに中身はAPRになっているので注意だが今回は考え方の参考としてこのまま採用する。

年換算 = 365 / 7 = 52.142857 年利 = (7dayの収益 * 年換算) / アウトバウンドのキャパシティ

例えば上記のAさんの費用回収シナリオに当てはめると以下となる。

年利 0.14% = （400sats * 7日 * 年換算）/ 100m sats

電気代を差し引くと 76sats/日となり年利0.027%

もし平均アウトバウンド1000ppmになると8,000sats/日なので年利2.9%になる。 この場合、電気代はほぼ1日で回収されるため差し引いても大差なく7,676sats/日で年利2.8%になる。

考察

以上、BTC市場価格や一日のアウトバウンド量といった重要な数値をいくつか仮置きした上ではあるが、LN手数料の適正水準を考えるための参考材料を提示した。

まず、現在のLNの料金相場は他の決済手段から比べると圧倒的に安いことがわかった。1%でも競争力が十分ありそうなのに0.1%前後で送金することが大半である。

健全な市場発展のためには、ルーティングノードの採算が取れていることが欠かせないと考えるが、残念ながら現在の収益性は低い。ルーティングノードの収益性は仮定に仮定を重ねた見積もりになるが、平均アウトバウンドが1000ppmでようやく個人でも参入できるレベルになるという結論になった。ルーティングノードの立場に立つと、現在の市場平均から大幅な上昇が必要だと考える。

手数料市場は競争のためつねに下方圧力がかかっていて仕様上で可能な0に近づいている。この重力に逆らうためには、1. 需要 > 供給のバランスになること、2. 事業用途での高額買取のチャネルが増えること、の2つの観点を挙げる。1にせよ2にせよネットワークの活用が進むことで発生し、手数料市場の大きな変動機会になるのではないか。他の決済手段と比較すれば10000ppm、1チャネル2500ppmあたりまでは十分に健全な範囲だと考える。

@ 81650982:299380fa

Let us delve into Monero (XMR). Among the proponents of various altcoins, Monero arguably commands one of the most dedicated followings, perhaps second only to Ethereum. Unlike many altcoins where even investors often harbor speculative, short-term intentions, the genuine belief within the Monero community suggests an inherent appeal to the chain itself.

The primary advantage touted by Monero (and similar so-called "privacy coins") is its robust privacy protection features. The demand for anonymous payment systems, tracing its lineage back to David Chaum, predates even the inception of Bitcoin. Monero's most heavily promoted strength, relative to Bitcoin, is that its privacy features are enabled by default.

This relates to the concept of the "anonymity set." To guarantee anonymity, a user must blend into a crowd of ordinary users. The larger the group one hides within, the more difficult it becomes for an external observer to identify any specific individual. From the perspective of Monero advocates, Bitcoin's default transaction model is overly transparent, clearly revealing the flow of funds between addresses. While repeated mixing can enhance anonymity in Bitcoin, the fact that users must actively undertake such measures presents a significant hurdle. More critically, proponents argue, the very group engaging in such deliberate obfuscation is precisely the group one doesn't want to be associated with for effective anonymity. Hiding requires blending with the ordinary, not merely mixing with others who are also actively trying to hide — the latter, they contend, is akin to criminals mixing only with other criminals.

This is a valid point. For instance, there's a substantial difference between a messenger app offering end-to-end encryption for all communications by default, versus one requiring users to explicitly create a "secret chat" for encryption. While I personally believe that increased self-custody of Bitcoin in personal wallets, acquisition through direct peer-to-peer payments rather than exchange purchases, and the widespread adoption of the Lightning Network would make tracing significantly harder even without explicit mixing efforts, let us concede, for the sake of argument, that Bitcoin's base-layer anonymity might not drastically improve even in such a future scenario.

Nevertheless, Monero's long-term prospects appear considerably constrained when focusing purely on technical limitations, setting aside economic factors or incentive models for now. While discussions on economics can often be countered with "That's just your speculation," technical constraints present more objective facts and leave less room for dispute.

Monero's most fundamental problem is its lack of scalability. To briefly explain how Monero obfuscates the sender: it includes other addresses alongside the true sender's address in the 'from' field and attaches what appears to be valid signatures for all of them. With a default setting of 10 decoys (plus the real spender, making a ring size of 11), the signature size naturally becomes substantially larger than Bitcoin's. Since an observer cannot determine which of the 11 is the true sender, and these decoys are arbitrary outputs selected from the blockchain belonging to other users, anonymity is indeed enhanced. While the sender cannot generate individually valid signatures for the decoy outputs (as they don't own the private keys), the use of a ring signature mathematically proves that one member of the ring authorized the transaction, allowing it to pass network validation.

The critical issue is that this results in transaction sizes several times larger than Bitcoin's. Bitcoin already faces criticism for being relatively expensive and slow. Monero's structure imposes a burden that is multiples greater. One might question the relationship between transaction data size and transaction fees/speed. However, the perceived slowness of blockchains isn't typically due to inefficient code, but rather the strict limitations imposed on block size (or equivalent throughput constraints) to maintain decentralization. Therefore, larger transaction sizes directly translate into throughput limitations and upward pressure on fees. If someone claims Monero fees are currently lower than Bitcoin's, that is merely a consequence of its significantly lower usage. Should Monero's transaction volume reach even a fraction of Bitcoin's, its current architecture would struggle severely under the load.

To address this, Monero implemented a dynamic block size limit instead of a hardcoded one. However, this is not a comprehensive solution. If the block size increases proportionally with usage, a future where Monero achieves widespread adoption as currency — implying usage potentially hundreds, thousands, or even hundreds of thousands of times greater than today — would render the blockchain size extremely difficult to manage for ordinary node operators. Global internet traffic might be consumed by Monero transactions, or at the very least, the bandwidth and storage costs could exceed what individuals can reasonably bear.

Blockchains, by their nature, must maintain a size manageable enough for individuals to run full nodes, necessitating strict block size limits (or equivalent constraints in blockless designs). This fundamental requirement is the root cause of limited transaction speed and rising fees. Consequently, the standard approach to blockchain scaling involves Layer 2 solutions like the Lightning Network. The problem is, implementing such solutions on Monero is extremely challenging.

Layer 2 solutions, while varying in specific implementation details across different blockchains, generally rely heavily on the transparency of on-chain transactions. They typically involve sophisticated smart contracts built upon the ability to publicly verify on-chain states and events. Monero's inherent opacity, hiding crucial details of on-chain transactions, makes it exceptionally difficult for two mutually untrusting parties to reach the necessary consensus and cryptographic agreements (like establishing payment channels with verifiable state transitions and dispute mechanisms) that underpin such Layer 2 systems. The fact that Monero, despite existing for several years, still lacks a functional, widely adopted Layer 2 implementation suggests that this remains an unsolved and technically formidable challenge. While theoretical proposals exist, their real-world feasibility remains uncertain and would likely require significant breakthroughs in cryptographic protocol design.

Furthermore, Monero faces another severe scaling challenge related to its core privacy mechanism. As mentioned, decoy outputs are used to obscure the true sender. An astute observer might wonder: If a third party cannot distinguish the real spender, could the real spender potentially double-spend their funds later? Or could someone's funds become unusable simply because they were chosen as a decoy in another transaction? Naturally, Monero's developers anticipated this. The solution employed involves key images.

When an output is genuinely spent within a ring signature, a unique cryptographic identifier called a "key image" is derived from the real output and the spender's private key. This derivation is one-way (the key image cannot be used to reveal the original output or key). This key image is recorded on the blockchain. When validating a new transaction, the network checks if the submitted key image has already appeared in the history. If it exists, the transaction is rejected as a double-spend attempt. The crucial implication is that this set of used key images can never be pruned. Deleting historical key images would directly enable double-spending.

Therefore, Monero's state size — the data that full nodes must retain and check against — grows linearly and perpetually with the total number of transactions ever processed on the network.

Summary In summary, Monero faces critical technical hurdles:

Significantly Larger Transaction Sizes: The use of ring signatures for anonymity results in transaction data sizes several times larger than typical cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin.

Inherent Scalability Limitations: The large transaction size, combined with the necessity of strict block throughput limits to preserve decentralization, creates severe scalability bottlenecks regarding transaction speed and cost under significant load. Dynamic block sizes, while helpful in the short term, do not constitute a viable long-term solution for broad decentralization.

Layer 2 Implementation Difficulty: Monero's fundamental opacity makes implementing established Layer 2 scaling solutions (like payment channels) extremely difficult with current approaches. The absence of a widely adopted solution to date indicates that this remains a major unresolved challenge.

Unprunable, Linearly Growing State: The key image mechanism required to prevent double-spending mandates the perpetual storage of data proportional to the entire transaction history, unlike Bitcoin where nodes can prune historical blocks and primarily need to maintain the current UTXO set (whose size depends on usage patterns, not total history).

These technical constraints raise legitimate concerns about Monero's ability to scale effectively and achieve widespread adoption in the long term. While ongoing research may alleviate some of these issues, at present they represent formidable challenges that any privacy-focused cryptocurrency must contend with.

@ 3589b793:ad53847e

※本記事は別サービスで2022年5月22日に公開した記事の移植です。

Happy 🍕 Day's Present

まだ邦訳版が出版されていませんがこれまでのシリーズと同じくGitHubにソースコードが公開されています。なんと、現在のライセンスでは個人使用限定なら翻訳や製本が可能です。Macで、翻訳にはPDFをインプットにできるDeepLを用いた環境で、インスタントに製本してKindleなどで読めるようにする方法をまとめました。

手順の概要

1. Ruby環境を用意する
2. PDF作成ツールをセットアップする
3. GitHubのリポジトリを自分のPCにクローンする
4. asciidocをPDFに変換する
5. DeepLを節約するためにPDFを結合する
6. DeepLで翻訳ファイルを作る
7. 一冊に製本する

この手法の強み・弱み

翻訳だけならPDFを挟まなくてもGithubなどでプレビューできるコンパイル後のドキュメントの文章をコピーしてDeepLのWebツールにペーストすればよいですが、原著のペーパーブックで438ページある大容量です。熟練のコピペ職人でも年貢を納めて後進（機械やソフトウェア）に道を譲る刻ではないでしょうか？ただし、Pros/Consがあります。

Pros

• 一冊の本になるので毎度のコピペ作業がいらない
• Pizzaを食べながらタブレットやKindleで読める
• 図や表が欠落しない（プロトコルの手順を追った解説が多いため最大の動機でした）
• 2022/6/16追記: DeepLの拡張機能がアップデートされウェブページの丸ごと翻訳が可能になりました。よってウェブ上のgithubの図表付きページをそのまま翻訳できます。

Cons

• Money is power（大容量のためDeepLの有料契約が必要）
• ページを跨いだ文章が統合されずに不自然な翻訳になる（仕様です）
• ~~翻訳できない章が一つある（解決方法がないか調査中です。DeepLさんもっとエラーメッセージ出してくれ。Help me）~~ DeepLサポートに投げたら翻訳できるようになりました。

詳細ステップ

0.Ruby環境を用意する

asciidoctorも新しく入れるなら最新のビルドで良いでしょう。

1.PDF作成ツールをセットアップする

$ gem install asciidoctor asciidoctor-pdf $ brew install gs

2.GitHubのリポジトリを自分のPCにクローンする

どこかの作業ディレクトリで以下を実行する $ git clone git@github.com:lnbook/lnbook.git $ cd lnbook

3.asciidocをPDFに変換する

ワイルドカードを用いて本文を根こそぎPDF化します。 $ asciidoctor-pdf 0*.asciidoc 1*.asciidoc

いろいろ解析の警告が出ますが、ソースのasciidocを弄んでいくなりawsomeライブラリを導入すれば解消できるはずです。しかし如何せん量が多いので心が折れます。いったん無視して"Done is better than perfect"精神で最後までやり切りましょう。そのままGO！

また、お好みに合わせて、htmlで用意されている装丁用の部品も準備しましょう。私は表紙のcover.htmlをピックしました。ソースがhtmlなのでasciidoctorを通さず普通にPDFへ変換します。https://qiita.com/chenglin/items/9c4ed0dd626234b71a2c

4.DeepLを節約するためにPDFを結合する

DeepLでは課金プラン毎に翻訳可能なファイル数が設定されている上に、一本あたりの最大ファイルサイズが10MBです。また、翻訳エラーになる章が含まれていると丸ごとコケます。そのためPDCAサイクルを回し、最適なファイル数を手探りで見つけます。以下が今回導出した解となります。

$ gs -q -dNOPAUSE -dBATCH -sDEVICE=pdfwrite -sOutputFile=output_1.pdf 01_introduction.pdf 02_getting_started.pdf 03_how_ln_works.pdf 04_node_client.pdf 05_node_operations.pdf $gs -q -dNOPAUSE -dBATCH -sDEVICE=pdfwrite -sOutputFile=output_2_1.pdf 06_lightning_architecture.pdf 07_payment_channels.pdf 08_routing_htlcs.pdf $gs -q -dNOPAUSE -dBATCH -sDEVICE=pdfwrite -sOutputFile=output_2_2.pdf 09_channel_operation.pdf 10_onion_routing.asciidoc$ gs -q -dNOPAUSE -dBATCH -sDEVICE=pdfwrite -sOutputFile=output_3.pdf 11_gossip_channel_graph.pdf 12_path_finding.pdf 13_wire_protocol.pdf 14_encrypted_transport.pdf 15_payment_requests.pdf 16_security_privacy_ln.pdf 17_conclusion.pdf

5. DeepLで翻訳ファイルを作る

PDFファイルを真心を込めた手作業で一つ一つDeepLにアップロードしていき翻訳ファイルを作ります。ファイル名はデフォルトの[originalName]（日本語）.pdfのままにしています。

6. 一冊に製本する

表紙 + 本文で作成する例です。

$ gs -q -dNOPAUSE -dBATCH -sDEVICE=pdfwrite -sOutputFile=mastering_ln_jp.pdf cover.pdf "output_1 (日本語).pdf" "output_2_1 (日本語).pdf" "output_2_2 (日本語).pdf" "output_3 (日本語).pdf"

コングラチュレーションズ🎉

あなたは『Mastering the Lightning Network』の日本語版を手に入れた！個人使用に限り、あとは煮るなり焼くなりEPUBなりkindleへ送信するなり好き放題だ。

@ d08c9312:73efcc9f

Resolvr CEO, Aaron Daniel, summarizes his keynote speech from the Bitcoin Insurance Summit, April 26, 2025

Introduction

At the inaugural Bitcoin Insurance Summit in Miami, I had the pleasure of sharing two historical parallels that illuminate why "Bitcoin needs insurance, and insurance needs Bitcoin." The insurance industry's reactions to fire and coffee can help us better understand the profound relationship between emerging technologies, risk management, and commercial innovation.

Fire: Why Bitcoin Needs Insurance

The first story explores how the insurance industry's response to catastrophic urban fires shaped modern building safety. Following devastating events like the Great Fire of London (1666) and the Great Chicago Fire (1871), the nascent insurance industry began engaging with fire risk systematically.

Initially, insurers offered private fire brigades to policyholders who displayed their company's fire mark on their buildings. This evolved into increasingly sophisticated risk assessment and pricing models throughout the 19th century:

• Early 19th century: Basic risk classifications with simple underwriting based on rules of thumb
• Mid-19th century: Detailed construction types and cooperative sharing of loss data through trade associations
• Late 19th/Early 20th century: Scientific, data-driven approaches with differentiated rate pricing

The insurance industry fundamentally transformed building construction practices by developing evidence-based standards that would later inform regulatory frameworks. Organizations like the National Board of Fire Underwriters (founded 1866) and Underwriters Laboratories (established 1894) tested and standardized new technologies, turning seemingly risky innovations like electricity into safer, controlled advancements.

This pattern offers a powerful precedent for Bitcoin. Like electricity, Bitcoin represents a new technology that appears inherently risky but has tremendous potential for society. By engaging with Bitcoin rather than avoiding it, the insurance industry can develop evidence-based standards, implement proper controls, and ultimately make the entire Bitcoin ecosystem safer and more robust.

Coffee: Why Insurance Needs Bitcoin

The second story reveals how coffee houses in 17th-century England became commercial hubs that gave birth to modern insurance. Nathaniel Canopius brewed the first documented cup of coffee in England in 1637. But it wasn't until advances in navigation and shipping technology opened new trade lanes that coffee became truly ubiquitous in England. Once global trade blossomed, coffee houses rapidly spread throughout London, becoming centers of business, information exchange, and innovation.

In 1686, Edward Lloyd opened his coffee house catering to sailors, merchants, and shipowners, which would eventually evolve into Lloyd's of London. Similarly, Jonathan's Coffee House became the birthplace of what would become the London Stock Exchange.

These coffee houses functioned as information networks where merchants could access shipping news and trade opportunities, as well as risk management solutions. They created a virtuous cycle: better shipping technology brought more coffee, which fueled commerce and led to better marine insurance and financing, which in turn improved global trade.

Today, we're experiencing a similar technological and financial revolution with Bitcoin. This digital, programmable money moves at the speed of light and operates 24/7 as a nearly $2 trillion asset class. The insurance industry stands to benefit tremendously by embracing this innovation early.

Conclusion

The lessons from history are clear. Just as the insurance industry drove safety improvements by engaging with fire risk, it can help develop standards and best practices for Bitcoin security. And just as coffee houses created commercial networks that revolutionized finance, insurance, and trade, Bitcoin offers new pathways for global commerce and risk management.

For the insurance industry to remain relevant in a rapidly digitizing world, it must engage with Bitcoin rather than avoid it. The companies that recognize this opportunity first will enjoy significant advantages, while those who resist change risk being left behind.

The Bitcoin Insurance Summit represented an important first step in creating the collaborative spaces needed for this transformation—a modern version of those innovative coffee houses that changed the world over three centuries ago.

View Aaron's full keynote:

https://youtu.be/eIjT1H2XuCU

For more information about how Resolvr can help your organization leverage Bitcoin in its operations, contact us today.

@ f11e91c5:59a0b04a

!!!2022-07-07に書かれた記事です。

暗号通貨とかでお弁当売ってます 11:30〜14:00ぐらいでやってます

◆住所 木曜日・東京都渋谷区宇田川町41 （アベマタワーの下らへん）

◆お値段

Monacoin 3.9mona

Bitzeny 390zny

Bitcoin 3900sats (#lightningNetwork)

Ethereum 0.0039Ether(#zkSync)

39=thank you. （円を基準にしてません）

最近は週に一回になりました。 他の日はキッチンカーの現場を探したり色々してます。 東京都内で平日ランチ出店出来そうな場所があればぜひご連絡を！

写真はNFCタグです。 スマホにウォレットがあればタッチして3900satsで決済出来ます。 正直こんな怪しい手書きのNFCタグなんて絶対にビットコイナーは触りたくも無いだろうなと思いますが、これでも良いんだぜというメッセージです。

今までbtcpayのposでしたが速度を追求してこれに変更しました。 たまに上手くいかないですがそしたら渋々POS出すので温かい目でよろしくお願いします。

ノードを建てたり決済したりで1年経ちました。 最近も少しずつノードを建てる方が増えてるみたいで本当凄いですねUmbrel 大体の人がルーティングに果敢に挑むのを見つつ 奥さんに土下座しながら費用を捻出する弱小の私は決済の利便性を全開で振り切るしか無いので応援よろしくお願いします。

あえて あえて言うのであれば、ルーティングも楽しいですけど やはり本当の意味での即時決済や相手を選んでチャネルを繋げる楽しさもあるよとお伝えしたいっ！！ 決済を受け入れないと分からない所ですが 承認がいらない時点で画期的です。

QRでもタッチでも金額指定でも入力でも もうやりようには出来てしまうし進化が恐ろしく早いので1番利用の多いpaypayの手数料（事業者側のね）を考えたらビットコイン凄いじゃない！と叫びたくなる。 が、やはり税制面や価格の変動（うちはBTC固定だけども）ウォレットの操作や普及率を考えるとまぁ難しい所もあるんですかね。

それでも継続的に沢山の人が色んな活動をしてるので私も何か出来ることがあれば 今後も奥さんに土下座しながら頑張って行きたいと思います。

(Originally posted 2022-07-07)

I sell bento lunches for cryptocurrency. We’re open roughly 11:30 a.m. – 2:00 p.m. Address Thursdays – 41 Udagawa-chō, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo (around the base of Abema Tower)

Prices Coin Price Note Monacoin 3.9 MONA
Bitzeny 390 ZNY Bitcoin 3,900 sats (Lightning Network)
Ethereum 0.0039 ETH (zkSync) “39” sounds like “thank you” in Japanese. Prices aren’t pegged to yen.

These days I’m open only once a week. On other days I’m out scouting new spots for the kitchen-car. If you know weekday-lunch locations inside Tokyo where I could set up, please let me know!

The photo shows an NFC tag. If your phone has a Lightning wallet, just tap and pay 3,900 sats. I admit this hand-written NFC tag looks shady—any self-respecting Bitcoiner probably wouldn’t want to tap it—but the point is: even this works!

I used to run a BTCPay POS, but I switched to this setup for speed. Sometimes the tap payment fails; if that happens I reluctantly pull out the old POS. Thanks for your patience.

It’s been one year since I spun up a node and started accepting Lightning payments. So many people are now running their own nodes—Umbrel really is amazing. While the big players bravely chase routing fees, I’m a tiny operator scraping together funds while begging my wife for forgiveness, so I’m all-in on maximising payment convenience. Your support means a lot!

If I may add: routing is fun, but instant, trust-minimised payments and the thrill of choosing whom to open channels with are just as exciting. You’ll only understand once you start accepting payments yourself—zero-confirmation settlement really is revolutionary.

QR codes, NFC taps, fixed amounts, manual entry… the possibilities keep multiplying, and the pace of innovation is scary fast. When I compare it to the merchant fees on Japan’s most-used service, PayPay, I want to shout: “Bitcoin is incredible!” Sure, taxes, price volatility (my shop is BTC-denominated, though), wallet UX, and adoption hurdles are still pain points.

Even so, lots of people keep building cool stuff, so I’ll keep doing what I can—still on my knees to my wife, but moving forward!

@ 86d4591f:a987c633

Once upon a time, power wore a crown. Then it wore a top hat. Today, it wears a hoodie and speaks in sanitized mission statements about connection, safety, and user experience. But make no mistake: this is empire — softened, digitized, gamified, but empire all the same.

The old robber barons built railroads and refineries. They captured the flow of goods and oil. The new ones build feeds and filters. They’ve captured the flow of attention, of meaning, of reality itself.

We used to trade in commodities; now we trade in perception. The platform is the factory, your data the raw material, your behavior the product. And like all robber barons, these new lords of code and cloud mask extraction in the language of progress.

They promise frictionless connection while selling surveillance. They promise community while cultivating dependency. They promise democratization while algorithmically anointing kings and silencing dissidents. A swipe, a like, a follow — every gesture is monetized. Every word is moderated. Every post is subject to invisible whims dressed up as “community standards.”

And we? We scroll through curated realities in gilded cages. We call it the feed, but what is it feeding? We’re not the customers — we’re the cattle. The economy has shifted from production to prediction, from ownership to access, from sovereignty to servitude.

The invisible hand now wears visible chains.

But rebellion brews — not as a riot, but as a protocol. Nostr: No gatekeepers. No kill switches. No boardroom behind the curtain. Just a blunt, defiant tool — a new printing press for the digital age.

Nostr isn’t slick. It doesn’t care about onboarding funnels or quarterly growth. It cares about freedom. It is infrastructure for speech that doesn’t ask permission. A raw wire of intent between human beings. An insurgent standard in a world of walled gardens.

This is not just about apps. This is about autonomy. About reclaiming the digital commons. About refusing to let five companies in Silicon Valley draw the borders of acceptable thought.

So plant your flag. Publish what they won’t. Build what they fear. This is not nostalgia for the early web — it is the refusal to let the next web become a prison wrapped in personalization.

The New Robber Barons control the rails of perception.

But we are building tunnels.

Protocol over platform.

Signal over spectacle.

Freedom over frictionless servitude.

Speak freely. Build fiercely. The territory is ours to reclaim.

@ 57d1a264:69f1fee1

• The Dangers of Ignorance
• A Brief History of Mechanistic Interpretability
• The Utility of Interpretability
• What We Can Do

The progress of the underlying technology is inexorable, driven by forces too powerful to stop, but the way in which it happens—the order in which things are built, the applications we choose, and the details of how it is rolled out to society—are eminently possible to change, and it’s possible to have great positive impact by doing so. We can’t stop the bus, but we can steer it. —Dario Amodei

originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/967193

@ 8d34bd24:414be32b

My post on the signs of the End Times according to Jesus got way too long. It was too long to email, so I had to split it into two posts. I recommend reading Part 1 before continuing. You also may want to read my post Signs of the Times: Can We Know? I also want to reiterate my caveat. Although I believe the signs suggests the Rapture and the Tribulation are coming soon, no one can know the exact hour or day, so I can’t say exactly what soon means (days, months, years, decades, or possibly more).

As a review here is the primary passage where Jesus answers His disciples’ question “What will be the sign of Your coming, and of the end of the age?” Below the passage is the 8 signs He gave. We will pick up with point 5.

Jesus’s Signs of the End

As He was sitting on the Mount of Olives, the disciples came to Him privately, saying, “Tell us, when will these things happen, and what will be the sign of Your coming, and of the end of the age?”

And Jesus answered and said to them, “See to it that no one misleads you. For many will come in My name, saying, ‘I am the Christ,’ and will mislead many. You will be hearing of wars and rumors of wars. See that you are not frightened, for those things must take place, but that is not yet the end. For nation will rise against nation, and kingdom against kingdom, and in various places there will be famines and earthquakes. But all these things are merely the beginning of birth pangs.

“Then they will deliver you to tribulation, and will kill you, and you will be hated by all nations because of My name. At that time many will fall away and will betray one another and hate one another. Many false prophets will arise and will mislead many. Because lawlessness is increased, most people’s love will grow cold. But the one who endures to the end, he will be saved. This gospel of the kingdom shall be preached in the whole world as a testimony to all the nations, and then the end will come. (Matthew 24:3-14) {emphasis mine}

Here is my summary of the signs Jesus said would identify the coming of the 7 year Tribulation:

1. Wars and rumors of wars. (Matthew 24:6a)

2. Famines (Matthew 24:7)

3. Earthquakes (Matthew 24:7).

4. Israel will be attacked and will be hated by all nations (Matthew 24:9)

5. Falling away from Jesus (Matthew 24:10)

6. Many Misled (Matthew 24:10)

7. People’s love will grow cold (Matthew 24:12)

8. Gospel will be preached to the whole world (Matthew 24:14)

The first 4 signs relate more to physical and political signs that the end times are near. The last 4 signs relate to spiritual matters.

5. Falling away from Jesus

One thing we are definitely seeing today is a falling away. This is most prevalent in the historically Christian Western nations in Europe and North America (and to a lesser, but significant, extent South America).

But the Spirit explicitly says that in later times some will fall away from the faith, paying attention to deceitful spirits and doctrines of demons, by means of the hypocrisy of liars seared in their own conscience as with a branding iron, men who forbid marriage and advocate abstaining from foods which God has created to be gratefully shared in by those who believe and know the truth. (1 Timothy 4:1-3) {emphasis mine}

For centuries Europe and North America were full of Christians or at least cultural Christians. Today that is no longer true. Christians are even being considered the hateful, criminal class and things like praying outside an abortion clinic is being punished with jail time. The Western nations can no longer be called Christian nations.

There are still a relatively large number of Americans who call themselves Christians, but the majority do not have a biblical worldview or live lives more like Christ than non-Christians.

“Seven out of 10 US adults call themselves “Christians” and yet only 6 in 100 (6%) actually have a biblical worldview.” In general, most Christian’s worldview does not align with the Bible, according to George Barna Surveys. In the most recent survey they found:

Many self-proclaimed Christians tend to believe a form of syncretism where they combine certain biblical principles with cultural ideas, scientism, and other religions to make “Christianity” into whatever they want to believe, just as the Bible predicted almost 2,000 years ago.

I solemnly charge you in the presence of God and of Christ Jesus, who is to judge the living and the dead, and by His appearing and His kingdom: preach the word; be ready in season and out of season; reprove, rebuke, exhort, with great patience and instruction. For the time will come when they will not endure sound doctrine; but wanting to have their ears tickled, they will accumulate for themselves teachers in accordance to their own desires, and will turn away their ears from the truth and will turn aside to myths. (2 Timothy 4:1-4) {emphasis mine}

This is both a sign of the end times and something to watch in our own lives. I pray you will analyze your own life and beliefs in the light of the Bible to make sure you aren’t integrating unbiblical principles into your worldview.

6. Many Misled

Closely related to the falling away is that many will be misled. We have reached the point that the majority of so-called churches teach ideas and principles contrary to the Bible. They focus more on entertainment, self-help, and making everyone feel good about themselves instead of teaching of sin and the need for forgiveness or teaching how to live lives honoring to Christ. Preaching obedience to God has become anathema in most churches.

I am amazed that you are so quickly deserting Him who called you by the grace of Christ, for a different gospel; which is really not another; only there are some who are disturbing you and want to distort the gospel of Christ. But even if we, or an angel from heaven, should preach to you a gospel contrary to what we have preached to you, he is to be accursed! As we have said before, so I say again now, if any man is preaching to you a gospel contrary to what you received, he is to be accursed! (Galatians 1:6-9) {emphasis mine}

We are also lied to and/or misled by politicians, scientists, the media, and the culture in general. We are told that science has disproven the Bible, despite the fact that nothing of the sort has occurred. (See my series on a literal Genesis for some details. icr.org and aig.org are also good resources). Peter warned of this very view.

Know this first of all, that in the last days mockers will come with their mocking, following after their own lusts, and saying, “Where is the promise of His coming? For ever since the fathers fell asleep, all continues just as it was from the beginning of creation.” For when they maintain this, it escapes their notice that by the word of God the heavens existed long ago and the earth was formed out of water and by water, through which the world at that time was destroyed, being flooded with water. But by His word the present heavens and earth are being reserved for fire, kept for the day of judgment and destruction of ungodly men. (2 Peter 3:3-7) {emphasis mine}

God warned us that the last days would be far enough into the future that people would begin to mock the coming of the Tribulation & Millennium and deny the clear truths spoken of in the Bible. We are seeing this everywhere today.

We are also warned to be alert to deception so we, believers, are not misled.

Now we request you, brethren, with regard to the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ and our gathering together to Him, that you not be quickly shaken from your composure or be disturbed either by a spirit or a message or a letter as if from us, to the effect that the day of the Lord has come. Let no one in any way deceive you, for it will not come unless the apostasy comes first, and the man of lawlessness is revealed, the son of destruction, who opposes and exalts himself above every so-called god or object of worship, so that he takes his seat in the temple of God, displaying himself as being God. (2 Thessalonians 2:1-4) {emphasis mine}

7. People’s love will grow cold

You can feel love growing cold day by day. We no longer have community that works together, but have been broken into groups to fight against one another. Instead of friendly, logical debate with those with whom we disagree, we have name calling, hate, and even violence. Children have been taught to hate their parents and parents have been taught to not value children and to murder them for convenience. The church has been split into so many different denominations that I don’t know if it is possible to know what they all are and many are fighting in hateful manner against each other. Hate, depression, and selfishness seem to have taken over the world.

But realize this, that in the last days difficult times will come. For men will be lovers of self, lovers of money, boastful, arrogant, revilers, disobedient to parents, ungrateful, unholy, unloving, irreconcilable, malicious gossips, without self-control, brutal, haters of good, treacherous, reckless, conceited, lovers of pleasure rather than lovers of God, holding to a form of godliness, although they have denied its power; Avoid such men as these. (2 Timothy 3:1-5) {emphasis mine}

Yes, spiritually and physically we are a basket case and it feels like the world is literally falling apart around us. This was predicted almost 2,000 years ago and is all according to God’s perfect plan. Most people turn to God in hard times and we have those in abundance. We do not need to despair, but need to turn to God and lean on Him for wisdom, faith, and peace. This is the birth pangs before the Tribulation and the Second coming of Jesus Christ. The news isn’t all bad, though.

8. Gospel preached to the whole world

The really good news is that the Gospel is being preached around the world. Parts of the world that had never heard the Gospel are hearing it and turning to Jesus.

All the ends of the earth will remember and turn to the Lord , And all the families of the nations will worship before You. (Psalm 22:27) {emphasis mine}

Wycliffe Bible translators is hoping to have at least started Bible translation in every active language by the end of this year (2025)

He says, “It is too small a thing that You should be My Servant To raise up the tribes of Jacob and to restore the preserved ones of Israel; I will also make You a light of the nations So that My salvation may reach to the end of the earth.” (Isaiah 49:6) {emphasis mine}

The Joshua Project tracks nations and people groups to determine which have been reached and which have not. It still looks like there is a large portion of the population that has not received the Gospel, but I also know people who are or have shared the Gospel to some of these people, so this map doesn’t mean that there are no Christians or that the Gospel has not been shared at all, but it does mean many people in these areas have not heard the Gospel and/or, that due to hatred of Christians, it is dangerous to share the Gospel and therefore has to be done slowly, carefully, and privately. Most of these unreached or barely reached people groups are areas that are predominantly Muslim, where those preaching the Gospel or those converting to Christianity are at risk of jail or death sentences.

As you can see, everything that Jesus said would come before the end is either escalating or here. We need to be ready and work to bring as many people to Christ as possible while we still have the opportunity because Jesus could come for us at any moment.

Share the Gospel with all those around you. Consider supporting missionaries, especially those going to unreached/least-reached areas. Maybe even consider becoming a missionary yourself. The harvest is plentiful, but the workers are few.

May the God of heaven give us a heart for the lost around the world. May He give us the courage to share the Gospel with all those around us. May He align our priorities with His priorities, so we can be useful tools in the hands of God almighty.

Trust Jesus.

FYI, I hope to write several more articles on the end times (signs of the times, the rapture, the millennium, and the judgement), but I might be a bit slow rolling them out because I want to make sure they are accurate and well supported by Scripture. You can see my previous posts on the end times on the end times tab at trustjesus.substack.com. I also frequently will list upcoming posts.

@ fd06f542:8d6d54cd

今天介绍一个 long-form 项目，源代码在：

https://github.com/dhalsim/nostr-static

从项目的介绍看也是为了展示kind 30023 long-form的。

Demo

https://blog.nostrize.me

界面还可以： {.user-img}

1. 支持多个tags
2. 支持评论

下面看他自己的介绍： nostr-static 是一个开源项目，其主要目的是将 Nostr 网络上的长文内容转化为静态博客。下面从多个方面对该项目进行分析：

1. 项目概述

nostr-static 是一个静态网站生成器（SSG）工具，它可以从 Nostr 网络中获取长文内容，并生成可在任何地方托管的 HTML 页面。这使得用户能够轻松地创建和维护由 Nostr 内容驱动的博客，同时结合了去中心化内容和传统网站托管的优点。

2. 功能特性

• 内容转换：能够将 Nostr 上的长文内容转化为美观的静态博客页面，博客加载速度快。
• 去中心化与传统结合：文章存储在 Nostr 网络上，保证了内容的去中心化，同时为读者提供了熟悉的博客界面。
• 易于维护：通过简单的配置和自动更新功能，降低了博客的维护成本。
• 灵活的托管方式：支持多种静态网站托管服务，如 Netlify、Vercel、Cloudflare Pages、Amazon S3 以及传统的 Web 托管服务。
• 社交互动：可以利用 Nostr 进行评论等社交互动。

3. 技术实现

• 前端：从代码片段可以看出，项目使用了 HTML 和 CSS 来构建页面布局和样式，同时支持明暗两种主题模式。页面包含文章卡片、标签、作者信息等常见博客元素。
• 后端：项目使用 Go 语言编写，通过 go build -o nostr-static ./src && ./nostr-static 命令进行构建和运行。
• 数据获取：从 Nostr 网络中获取文章内容，需要提供 Nostr naddr 信息。

4. 使用步骤

根据 README.md 文件，使用该项目的步骤如下： 1. Fork 项目仓库。 2. 将项目克隆到本地或使用 GitHub Codespaces。 3. 修改 config.yaml 文件进行配置。 4. 在 articles 列表中添加要展示的 Nostr naddr。 5. 将 logo.png 文件放入项目文件夹（如果文件名不同，需要在 config.yaml 中更新）。 6. 构建并运行项目。 7. 提交并推送更改。

5. 项目优势

• 创新性：结合了 Nostr 的去中心化特性和传统博客的易用性，为博主提供了一种新的博客创建方式。
• 简单易用：通过简单的配置和命令即可完成博客的创建和部署，降低了技术门槛。
• 社区支持：开源项目可以吸引更多开发者参与贡献，不断完善功能和修复问题。

nostr-static 是一个有创新性和潜力的项目，为 Nostr 用户提供了一种将长文内容转化为传统博客的有效方式。随着项目的不断发展和完善，有望在博客领域获得更多的关注和应用。

@ 502ab02a:a2860397

50by40 คืออีกโครงการนึงที่ขยายภาพรวมขึ้นมาอีก recap กันครับ (ใครที่มาเจอกลางทาง อาจต้องย้อนเยอะครับ ย้อนไปสัก ปลายเดือน มีนาคม 2025) หลังจากที่เราได้ดูส่วนเล็กกันมาหลายตอน ตั้งแต่เรื่องเล็กๆอย่าง น้ำมันมะกอกปลอม ซึ่งตอนนั้นหลายคนที่อ่านอาจคิดว่า ไกลตัวส่วนใหญ่ยังดีพอ แต่ความนัยที่ซ่อนไว้ในบทนั้นคือ จุดเริ่มของการทำลายความเชื่อใจในอาหาร , ที่มาของบรอกโคลีเพื่อให้รู้ว่า สิ่งที่คิดว่าธรรมชาติ มันไม่ธรรมชาติ, นมโอ้ต นมประดิษฐ์ที่เป็นจุดที่เราคิดว่ามันคือการพลิกวงการแล้ว, การแอบจดสิทธิบัตรเมล็ดพันธุ์ที่เคยปลูกกินอย่างอิสระ, การพัฒนา GMO 2.0 ที่ไม่ต้องเรียกว่า GMO, โปรตีนจากแลป มาจนถึงเวย์ที่ไม่มีวัว แล้วเราก็ขยายภาพขึ้นกับข้อกำหนดการควบคุมการปลูกพืช UPOV1991/CPTPP, การเข้าสู่โรงเรียน, การกำเนิดของ ProVeg แล้วเราก็ได้รู้จักกับ Sebastian Joy ก็ถือว่าเดินทางมา 1 ด่านแล้วครับ หนทางเรื่องนี้ยังอีกยาวไกล วันนี้เราก็มาคุยกันถึงเรื่อง

โครงการ 50by40

โครงการนี้เริ่มต้นขึ้นในเดือนเมษายน ปี 2018 โดยมีการจัดการประชุม "50by40 Corporate Outreach Summit" ระหว่างวันที่ 27–29 เมษายน 2018 ที่กรุงเบอร์ลิน ประเทศเยอรมนี ซึ่งจัดโดย ProVeg International ร่วมกับ Humane Society of the United States การประชุมนี้ถือเป็นจุดเริ่มต้นของพันธมิตรระดับโลกที่มีเป้าหมายร่วมกันในการลดการผลิตและบริโภคผลิตภัณฑ์จากสัตว์ลง 50% ภายในปี 2040​

Sebastian Joy ผู้ก่อตั้งและประธานของ ProVeg International มีบทบาทสำคัญในการริเริ่มโครงการ 50by40 โดยเขาได้ช่วยก่อตั้งพันธมิตรนี้เพื่อส่งเสริมการเปลี่ยนแปลงระบบอาหารโลก นอกจากนี้ ProVeg International ยังมีบทบาทในการสนับสนุนองค์กรและสตาร์ทอัพที่มุ่งเน้นการเปลี่ยนแปลงระบบอาหารผ่านโปรแกรมต่างๆ

แม้ว่าโครงการ 50by40 จะประกาศเป้าหมายในการลดการบริโภคผลิตภัณฑ์จากสัตว์เพื่อสุขภาพและสิ่งแวดล้อม แต่เบื้องหลังยังมีการดำเนินงานที่มุ่งเน้นการเปลี่ยนแปลงระบบอาหารโลก โดยการส่งเสริม "อาหารที่เพาะเลี้ยงในห้องปฏิบัติการเป็นหลัก​"

โครงการนี้ยังมีการจัดกิจกรรมเพื่อดึงดูดนักลงทุนและผู้สนับสนุนทางการเงิน เช่น การจัดงาน Food Funders Circle ซึ่งเป็นเวทีสำหรับนักลงทุนที่สนใจในอาหารทางเลือก นอกจากนี้ โครงการ 50by40 ยังมีความสัมพันธ์กับองค์กรต่างๆ ทั้งภาครัฐและเอกชน รวมถึงองค์กรระดับนานาชาติ เช่น Greenpeace, WWF และ Compassion in World Farming ซึ่งมีเป้าหมายร่วมกันในการลดการบริโภคผลิตภัณฑ์จากสัตว์ ​และ ProVeg International เองก็มีสถานะเป็นผู้สังเกตการณ์ถาวรในองค์การสหประชาชาติ เช่น UNFCCC, IPCC และ CBD รวมถึงมีสถานะที่ปรึกษาพิเศษกับ ECOSOC และได้รับการรับรองจาก UNEA อีกด้วย ถ้ามองแค่เนทเวิร์คเบื้องต้นแล้ว วินาทีนี้ ตอบได้เลยครับว่า "อาหารที่เพาะเลี้ยงในห้องปฏิบัติการเป็นหลัก​" มาแน่นอนครับ มองข้ามความ plant based / animal based ได้เลย

เพื่อบรรลุเป้าหมายนี้ โครงการได้ดำเนินกิจกรรมต่างๆ ทั้งในระดับโรงเรียนและการผลักดันนโยบายสาธารณะ ผมจะลองแบ่งเป็นข้อๆให้เพื่อความสะดวกในการมองภาพรวมประมาณนี้นะครับ

การดำเนินงานในโรงเรียนและเยาวชน 1. Early Action Network โครงการนี้เป็นความร่วมมือระหว่าง 50by40, ProVeg International และ Educated Choices Program โดยมีเป้าหมายในการส่งเสริมการบริโภคอาหารจากพืชในกลุ่มเด็กและเยาวชนผ่านกิจกรรมต่างๆ เช่น การจัดกิจกรรมเชิงโต้ตอบเกี่ยวกับสุขภาพ สิ่งแวดล้อม และสวัสดิภาพสัตว์, การจัดแคมเปญในโรงเรียนและชุมชน, การเผยแพร่สื่อการเรียนรู้และโปรแกรมฝึกอบรม, การปรับปรุงเมนูอาหารในโรงเรียนให้มีทางเลือกจากพืชมากขึ้น

โครงการนี้มุ่งหวังที่จะสร้างความตระหนักรู้และเปลี่ยนแปลงพฤติกรรมการบริโภคของเยาวชนตั้งแต่เนิ่นๆ เพื่อส่งเสริมการบริโภคอาหารที่ยั่งยืนและเป็นมิตรกับสิ่งแวดล้อม

1. School Plates Programme ProVeg International ได้เปิดตัวโครงการ School Plates ในสหราชอาณาจักรเมื่อปี 2018 โดยมีเป้าหมายในการปรับปรุงเมนูอาหารในโรงเรียนให้มีความหลากหลายและสุขภาพดีขึ้นผ่านการเพิ่มทางเลือกอาหารจากพืช โครงการนี้ได้ร่วมมือกับโรงเรียน หน่วยงานท้องถิ่น และบริษัทจัดเลี้ยง เพื่อเปลี่ยนแปลงเมนูอาหารในโรงเรียนกว่า 3.1 ล้านมื้อจากอาหารที่มีเนื้อสัตว์เป็นหลักไปเป็นอาหารจากพืช

สำหรับในส่วนของการผลักดันนโยบายสาธารณะและการมีส่วนร่วมในเวทีนานาชาตินั้น ก็มีไม่น้อยครับ อาทิเช่น การมีส่วนร่วมในองค์การสหประชาชาติ ProVeg International มีสถานะเป็นผู้สังเกตการณ์ถาวรในองค์การสหประชาชาติ เช่น UNFCCC และ UNEP และได้มีบทบาทในการผลักดันให้มีการรวมประเด็นเกี่ยวกับอาหารจากพืชในการเจรจาด้านสภาพภูมิอากาศ โดยในปี 2022 ProVeg ได้เข้าร่วมการประชุมสภาพภูมิอากาศของสหประชาชาติในสตอกโฮล์มและบอนน์ เพื่อส่งเสริมแนวคิด "Diet Change Not Climate Change" และเรียกร้องให้มีการเปลี่ยนแปลงระบบอาหารสู่การบริโภคอาหารจากพืชมากขึ้น

การสนับสนุนเยาวชนในเวทีนานาชาติ ProVeg ได้จัดตั้ง Youth Board ซึ่งประกอบด้วยเยาวชนจากทั่วโลก เพื่อมีส่วนร่วมในการผลักดันนโยบายด้านอาหารจากพืชในเวทีสหประชาชาติ และเตรียมความพร้อมสำหรับการประชุม COP30 ที่จะจัดขึ้นในเบเลง ประเทศบราซิล

นอกจากนี้ยังมีการสนับสนุนองค์กรและสตาร์ทอัพที่มุ่งเปลี่ยนแปลงระบบอาหารอีกมากมาย โดยที่โดดเด่นเป็นพิเศษคือ โปรแกรม Kickstarting for Good ProVeg International ได้เปิดตัวโปรแกรม Kickstarting for Good ซึ่งเป็นโปรแกรมบ่มเพาะและเร่งการเติบโตสำหรับองค์กรไม่แสวงหาผลกำไร โครงการที่มีผลกระทบ และสตาร์ทอัพทางสังคมที่มุ่งเปลี่ยนแปลงระบบอาหาร โปรแกรมนี้มีระยะเวลา 8 สัปดาห์ โดยมีการฝึกอบรมแบบเข้มข้น การให้คำปรึกษาจากผู้เชี่ยวชาญ และโอกาสในการสร้างเครือข่าย เพื่อสนับสนุนการพัฒนาโครงการที่มีศักยภาพในการลดการบริโภคผลิตภัณฑ์จากสัตว์และส่งเสริมอาหารจากพืช

นอกจาก Sebastian Joy จะเริ่มต้นโครงการต่างๆมากมายไม่ว่าจะ ProVeg International, ProVeg Incubator, Kickstarting for Good แต่ก็ยังมี องค์กรพันธมิตรในเครือข่าย 50by40 ที่หลากหลาย เช่น Plant Powered Metro New York, Public Justice, Rainforest Alliance, Real Food Systems, Reducetarian Foundation, Rethink Your Food, SEED และ Seeding Sovereignty ซึ่งร่วมกันส่งเสริมการบริโภคอาหารจากพืชและการลดการบริโภคผลิตภัณฑ์จากสัตว์ แม้ว่าโครงการ 50by40 จะได้รับการสนับสนุนจากองค์กรต่างๆ อย่างกว้างขวาง แต่ยังไม่มีข้อมูลที่ชัดเจนเกี่ยวกับบริษัทเอกชนรายใดที่แสดงการสนับสนุนโครงการนี้อย่างเปิดเผยครับ

ทีนี้เรามาดูความเคลื่อนไหวของลูกพี่ใหญ่อย่าง USDA กันบ้างนะครับ ​จากการตรวจสอบข้อมูลที่มีอยู่จนถึงปัจจุบัน ยังไม่พบหลักฐานชัดเจนว่า กระทรวงเกษตรสหรัฐฯ (USDA) มีการสนับสนุนโครงการ 50by40 อย่างเป็นทางการหรือเปิดเผย อย่างไรก็ตาม มีความเคลื่อนไหวที่เกี่ยวข้องกับการส่งเสริมโปรตีนทางเลือกและการลดการบริโภคเนื้อสัตว์ในระดับนโยบายของสหรัฐฯ ซึ่งอาจสอดคล้องกับเป้าหมายของโครงการ 50by40 อยู่เช่นกันครับ

ในปี 2021 คณะกรรมาธิการด้านการเกษตรของสภาผู้แทนราษฎรสหรัฐฯ ได้สนับสนุนให้ USDA จัดสรรงบประมาณ 50 ล้านดอลลาร์สหรัฐฯ ผ่านโครงการ Agriculture and Food Research Initiative (AFRI) เพื่อสนับสนุนการวิจัยเกี่ยวกับโปรตีนทางเลือก เช่น การใช้พืช การเพาะเลี้ยงเซลล์ และการหมัก เพื่อพัฒนาอาหารที่มีคุณสมบัติคล้ายเนื้อสัตว์

นอกจากนี้ USDA ได้ยอมรับคำว่า "cell-cultured" เป็นคำที่ใช้เรียกเนื้อสัตว์ที่ผลิตจากการเพาะเลี้ยงเซลล์ในห้องปฏิบัติการ ซึ่งเป็นส่วนหนึ่งของการกำหนดมาตรฐานและการควบคุมผลิตภัณฑ์อาหารใหม่ๆ ที่เกี่ยวข้องกับโปรตีนทางเลือก

แล้วกลุ่มองค์กรด้านสิ่งแวดล้อมและสุขภาพ เช่น Center for Biological Diversity ได้ส่งจดหมายถึงรัฐมนตรีกระทรวงเกษตรสหรัฐฯ เรียกร้องให้ USDA นำประเด็นการลดการบริโภคเนื้อสัตว์และผลิตภัณฑ์นมมาเป็นส่วนหนึ่งของยุทธศาสตร์ด้านสภาพภูมิอากาศ และปรับปรุงแนวทางโภชนาการแห่งชาติให้สอดคล้องกับเป้าหมาย "ด้านความยั่งยืน"

แม้ว่า USDA จะไม่ได้แสดงการสนับสนุนโครงการ 50by40 โดยตรง แต่มีความร่วมมือกับองค์กรที่มีเป้าหมายคล้ายคลึงกัน เช่น ProVeg International และ The Good Food Institute ซึ่งเป็นพันธมิตรในเครือข่ายของ 50by40 โดยมีเป้าหมายในการส่งเสริมการบริโภคอาหารจากการเพาะเลี้ยงเซลล์ในห้องปฏิบัติการและโปรตีนทางเลือก

อนาคตได้มีการขีด Goal ไว้ประมาณนี้ เรายังคิดว่าการที่ "แค่ไม่กินมัน" "ก็แค่เลือกกินอาหารธรรมชาติ" จะยังเป็นคำพูดที่เราพูดได้อีกไหม สิ่งนี้ก็ยังเป็นคำถามต่อไปครับ คงไม่มีใครสามารถตอบได้ใน วันนี้ (มั๊ง)

แต่ที่แน่ๆ มีคนไม่น้อยแล้วแหละครับ ที่บอกว่าอาหารจากแลปคุมในโรงงานที่สะอาด มันก็ดีนี่ สะอาดปลอดภัย ดีกว่าเนื้อหมูที่ผัดข้างทาง ล้างหรือเปล่าก็ไม่รู้ เอาหมูแบบไหนมาก็ไม่รู้

มันดูเหมือนว่าเป็นการเปรียบเปรยแบบตรรกะวิบัตินะครับ แต่รอบตัวคุณ มีคนคิดแบบนี้เยอะไหม? เป็นคำถามที่ไม่มีคำตอบอีกเช่นกันครับ

#pirateketo #กูต้องรู้มั๊ย #ม้วนหางสิลูก #siamstr

@ c1e6505c:02b3157e

Photography, to me, is a game - a game of snatching absurd, beautiful, fleeting moments from life. Anything staged or overly polished falls into what Garry Winogrand nails as “illustration work.” I’m with him on that. Photography is about staying awake to the world, to the “physical reality” or circumstances we’re steeped in, and burning that light onto film emulsion (or pixels now), locking a moment into matter forever. It’s not like painting, where brushstrokes mimic what’s seen, felt, or imagined. Photography captures photons - light itself - and turns it into something tangible. The camera, honestly, doesn’t get enough credit for being such a wild invention.

Lately, I’ve been chewing on what to do with a batch of new photos I’ve shot over the past month, which includes photographs from a film project, a trip to Manhattan and photos of David Byrne (more on that in another post). Maybe it's another photo-zine that I should make. It’s been a minute since my last one, Hiding in Hudson (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O7_t0OldrTk&t=339s). Putting out printed work like zines or books is killer practice — it forces you to sharpen your compositions, your vision, your whole deal as a photographer. Proof of work, you know?

This leads to a question: anyone out there down to help or collab on printing a photo-zine? I’d love to keep it DIY, steering clear of big companies.

In the spirit of getting back into a rhythm of daily shooting, here are a few recent shots from the past few days. Just wandering aimlessly around my neighborhood — bike rides, grocery runs, wherever I end up.

---

Camera used: Leica M262

Edited with: Lightroom + Dehancer Film

*Support my work and the funding for my new zine by sending a few sats: colincz@getalby.com *

@ 99895004:c239f905

Yes, FINALLY, we are extremely excited to announce support for nostr.build (blossom.band) on Primal! Decades in the making, billions of people have been waiting, and now it’s available! But it’s not just any integration, it is the next level of decentralized media hosting for Nostr. Let us explain.

Primal is an advanced Twitter/X like client for Nostr and is probably the fastest up-and-coming, highly used Nostr app available for iOS, Android and the web. Nostr.build is a very popular media hosting service for Nostr that can be used standalone or integrated into many Nostr apps using nip-96. This is an extremely feature rich, tested and proven integration we recommend for most applications, but it’s never been available on Primal.

And then, Blossom was born, thank you Hzrd149! Blossom is a Nostr media hosting protocol that makes it extremely easy for Nostr clients to integrate a media host, and for users of Blossom media hosts (even an in-house build) to host on any Nostr client. Revolutionary, right! Use whatever host you want on any client you want, the flexible beauty of Nostr. But there is an additional feature to Blossom that is key, mirroring.

One of the biggest complaints to media hosting on Nostr is, if a media hosting service goes down, so does all of the media hosted on that service. No bueno, and defeats the whole decentralized idea behind Nostr.. This has always been a hard problem to solve until Blossom mirroring came along. Mirroring allows a single media upload to be hosted on multiple servers using its hash, or unique media identifier. This way, if a media host goes down, the media is still available and accessible on the other host.

So, we are not only announcing support of nostr.build’s blossom.band on the Primal app, we are also announcing the first known fully integrated implementation of mirroring with multiple media hosts on Nostr. Try it out for yourself! Go to the settings of your Primal web, iOS or Android app, choose ‘Media Servers’, enable ‘Media Mirrors’, and add https://blossom.band and https://blossom.primal.net as your Media server and Mirror, done!

Video here!

@ d9a329af:bef580d7

Since 2022, Dungeons and Dragons has been going down a sort of death spiral after the release of a revised version of 5th Edition... which didn't turn out very well to say the least. In light of that, I present a list of TTRPGs you can play if you don't want to purchase 5E. I wouldn't recommend 5E, as I've DM'd it in the past. It tastes like a lollipop that's cockroach and larvae flavored.

This list of TTRPG games is in no particular order, though my favorite of these systems is number one.

1. Basic Fantasy Role-Playing Game (BFRPG)
2. B/X-style OSR retroclone with ascending armor class, and the original retroclone from 2006
3. Fully libre under CC BY-SA for the 4th Edition, and OGL 1.0a for 1-3 Editions.
4. Full books are free PDF files on the website (Basic Fantasy Website)
5. All BFRPG editions are compatible with each other, meaning you can have a 3rd Edition book to a 4th Edition game and still have fun. 4th Edition is just the removal of the 3E SRD that's in the OGL editions.
6. As with the core rulebooks, all the supplementation is free as a PDF as well, though you can buy physical books at cost (BFRPG principal rights holder Chris Gonnerman doesn't make much profit from Basic Fantasy)
7. Old-school community that's an all-around fantastic group of players, authors and enthusiasts.

8. Fun Fact: Out of all the TTRPGs I'd want to DM/GM the most, it'd be this one by far.

9. Iron Falcon (IF)

10. OD&D-style retroclone from 2015 (It's also by Gonnerman, same guy behind BFRPG)
11. A close ruleset to the White Box rules and supplements
12. Also fully libre under CC BY-SA for the latest releases, just like BFRPG for 4th Edition releases
13. Just like BFRPG, the core rules and supplementation come as PDF files for free, or physical books.

14. Fast and loose ruleset open to interpretation, just like in 1975-1981... somewhere right around that timeline for OD&D

15. Old-School Reference and Index Compendium (OSRIC)

16. AD&D 1E-based retroclone by Stewart Marshall and Matt Finch
17. An old system that surprisingly still holds up, even after a long time of no new versions of the rules
18. Extremely in-depth ruleset, licensed under OGL 1.0a and OSRIC Open License
19. Compatible with AD&D 1e modules for the 1st Edition, though 2.2 potentially has its own supplementation

20. I don't know much about it, as I'd be too slow to learn it. That's all I know, which is the above.

21. Ironsworn

22. Custom loosely-based PbtA (Powered by the Apocalypse) system by Shawn Tomkin from 2018
23. Includes GM, GMless and solo play in the rulebook
24. Supplementation is surely something else with one look at the downloads section for the PDFs of the original, which is free under CC BY-NC-SA. The SRD is under CC BY otherwise.
25. No original adventures are made for this system as are known, as it's expected that the Ironlands are where they take place

26. Fun Fact: This was a non-D&D system I considered running as a GM.

27. Advanced Dungeons & Dragons 2nd Edition (AD&D 2e)

28. An official edition from 1989-2000
29. At the time, the most customizable edition in its history, before 3E took the spot as the most customizable edition
30. A streamlined revision of the AD&D 1E rules (AD&D 1E was exclusively written by E. Gary Gygax)
31. The end of old-school D&D, as 3E and beyond are different games altogether
32. Wide array of supplementation, which oversaturated 2E's customization... and most of it didn't sell well as a result
33. Final TSR-published edition of D&D, as they went bankrupt and out of business during this edition's life cycle, to then be liquidated to Wizards of the Coast (Boy did WOTC mess it up once 5.1E was released)

34. Fun Fact: A Canadian history professor named Dr. Robert Wardough runs a customized ruleset using 2E as a base, which he's been DMing since the 80's during the "Satanic Panic" (The Satanic Panic was fake as a result of horrible deceivers gaslighting people to not play D&D). He started RAW (Rules as Written), but saw some things he needed to change for his games, so he did so over time.

35. Moldvay/Cook Basic/Expert Dungeons & Dragons (B/X)

36. Competing system to 1E from 1981 and 1982
37. Official edition of D&D, part of the old-school era
38. Simplified rules for Basic, but some decently complex rules for Expert
39. Only goes up to Lv. 14, as it's potentially a 1E or White Box primer (similar to 1977 Basic)
40. Supplementation, from some research done, was decent for the time, and a little bit extensive
41. The inspiration for BFRPG in 2006 (Did I mention this already? Maybe I have, but I might emphasize that here too.)

42. Fun Fact: I considered running B/X, but decided that I'd do BFRPG, as the ascending armor class is easier math than with B/X and the THAC0 armor class (descending armor class).

43. Basic, Expert, Companion, Master, Immortal Dungeons & Dragons (BECMI) and/or Rules Cyclopedia

44. 1983 variant of the Moldvay/Cook Basic/Expert system, an official edition and part of the old-school era
45. Essentially, 1981 B/X D&D on steroids
46. 5 boxed sets were released for the five parts of the rules for this system
47. Rules Cyclopedia is a reprint of the 1983 Basic, Expert, Companion and Master rules boxed sets. The Immortal set was never reprinted outside of the original boxed set because Immortal is such a bizarre game within a game altogether.
48. With the first 4 boxed sets (whether individual sets or the Rules Cyclopedia), levels are 1-36

49. Fun Fact: This edition I was considering DMing as well, alongside BFRPG. They're similar rulesets with some mechanical differences, but I think either or would be worth it.

50. Original Dungeons & Dragons (OD&D or White Box)

51. The original release of D&D from 1974 written by Gygax and Dave Arneson, published by TSR
52. Uses the rules from Chainmail, a wargame made by Gygax and Jeff Perren
53. Base has three little booklets (Men & Magic, Monsters & Magic, and The Underworld & Wilderness Adventures), five official supplements were released (Greyhawk; Blackmoor; Eldritch Wizardry; Gods, Demi-Gods and Heroes; and Swords & Spells), and many more from fanzines
54. Fast and loose ruleset open to interpretation
55. Not based upon adventurers taking on dangerous quest, but kings commanding armies (which is why OD&D is actually a Chainmail supplement). The latter was the original purpose of D&D before it got changed in 2000.

There are many more games that are not D&D that you can look up too. See what you like, read the rules, learn them, and start playing with your group. Have fun and slay some monsters!

@ b099870e:f3ba8f5d

When you work for others, you are at their mercy. The own your work; they own you.Your creative spirit is squaded. What keeps you in such position is a fear of having to sink or swim on your own. Instead you should have a greater fear of what will happen to you if you remain dependant on others for power. Your goal in every maneuver in life must be ownership, working the corner for yourself. When it is yours to lose -you are more motivated,more creative,more alive. The ultimate power in life is to be completely self-reliant, completely yourself.

A quote from The 50th Law

@ 2ce0697b:1ee3d3fc

Excerpt

Special Jurisdictions, Free Cities and Bitcoin Citadels are the sly roundabout way that is removing the market of living together from the hands of the government, without violence and in a way that they can´t stop it. With Bitcoin as the backbone of a new societal order, we are beginning to disrupt the old paradigm.

---

“If you have built castles in the air, your work need not be lost; that is where they should be. Now put the foundations under them.” ― Henry David Thoreau, Walden

---

The problem: lack of freedom in the physical realm

Freedom is essential to human life. Being free is what matters. That´s our target, always. No matter the time or space. We pursue freedom because we know its the right thing to do. Freedom is the right to question and change the stablished way of doing things.

Where can we find some freedom? Certainly in the cyberspace. The cyberspace is a free space. Humanity has been blessed by the magic of cryptography, a technology that gave us all the necessary tools to operate in that environment without intervention of undesired third parties.

In cyberspace cryptography performs the function of an impenetrable cyberwall. So, whatever we build in cyberspace can be perfectly protected. Thank to this cybernetic walls we can be sure that the gardens we build and nurture will be protected and cannot be trampled. When we build our digital gardens we have the keys to open the doors to let in whoever we want and most important to leave out whoever we don´t want. In the digital world we can already perfectly interact with one and another in a peer to peer way, without intervention of undesired third parties.

In cyberspace we have Bitcoin for freedom of money and Nostr, torrent and Tor for freedom of information and speech. These open-source protocols are designed to fully realize and expand the promise of freedom, and they certainly deliver what they promise.

So, thanks to the magic of asymmetric cryptography, we´ve already achieved sufficiently descentralization and the possibility of any level of desired digital privacy. Cryptoanarchists and cypherpunks have set their conquering flag in cyberspace and there´s no force on Earth than can remove it. The digital world cannot escape the rules of cryptography. This is great but it only works in the digital realm, meanwhile in the physical realm we are overrun by centralized attackers due to the impossibility of the creation of impenetrable walls such as the ones we have online.

Humans have the upper hand in creating impenetrable walled gardens in cyberspace, but in the physical space authoritarians have the upper hand in bullying physical persons.

The physical world is also naturally free. According to natural law each person is free to do whatever he wants as long as it doesn´t hurt other people. However due to unnatural -artificial and inhuman- centralization of power, the natural freedom of the physical world has been completely undermined. Mostly by Governments, the entities that centralize violence and law.

Bitcoin as a bridge between both realms

Let´s take a look at one connection between both realms, the physical and the digital world. Bitcoin layer one is made essentially of software plus hardware. It consists of any software that produces the same output as the reference implementation - Bitcoin core- and the hardware needed to run that software. Layer two, three or any other layer above, is made essentially of other software and other hardware that interacts with layer one in some way. All these layers, one, two and subsequent, are completely protected by cryptography and a set of game theories that have been successfully tested. Each new block added to the timechain is a testimony of the unstoppable force of freedom and meritocracy.

Before layer one we have Bitcoin layer zero, which is essentially the sum of all actions and inactions done by bitcoiners regarding to or because of bitcoin. In other words, layer zero is composed by flesh and bone people interacting in some way with layer one of the bitcoin network.

Hence, an attack on a bitcoiner - on his way of life- is an attack on bitcoin, the network itself. First because it is an attack on a layer zero node, the physical person, the bitcoiner under duress or coercion. And second because is also an attack on the store-of-value-aspect of bitcoin. Nowaday, the most common attack against bitcoiners is the entirety of compliance regulations. This is the sum of all coercive regulations,such as laws, threats of more laws, imprisonment, threats of more imprisonment, taxation, threats of more taxation, requirements to prove the origin of funds, coercive removal of privacy such as the travel rule, unnecessary bureaucracy such as the need to obtain a money transmitting license and many others rules, in a never stopping inflationary coercive legislation.

If a physical attack is preventing any bitcoiner to exchange the value he created for bitcoin due to any kind of artificial obstacles -such as any kind of compliance- that specific attack is successful in the sense that even though the whole network keeps operating, the attack itself diminishes the value of all the bitcoins.

So, even if layer-zero cannot be taken down, every interference on this layer is an attack on the bitcoin network. Attacks on layer one, two or any other layer that exists in the cyberspace can interfere with the network but they may hardly subtract any value from it. For example we have already been through plenty of times where hashing power was diminished due to government intervention and the bitcoin network remain completely unaffected.

On the other hand successful attacks on layer zero subtract potential, but real and demonstrable value. This value is equal to the amount of value the frustrated user would have added to the network if he would have been able to use it freely, that means if he would have sold his product without the cost of compliance. I´ll demonstrate this in the next chapter.

The cost of compliance

Alice is a merchant specialized in a specific area and topic. She studied the market, her business, her suppliers, consumers, the logistics involved, marketing, design, and everything necessary to become a successful entrepreneur. After investing a considerable amount of resources, she developed a perfect product. Or at least she considers it perfect, that is, the best in its class. While developing everything necessary to create her product, she met Bob, who became her main lead and stereotype of a buyer persona. She knows what Bob wants and she wants to sell it to him. According to Alice's calculations, for her business to be viable, she must sell the product at ten satoshis per unit, and fortunately, Bob is willing to pay that price for it. Alice's product is finished, ready to hit the market, but just before sending it to production, Alice decides to take a pause to analyze her reality. Before taking the public action of making her product available in the open market, Alice analyzes her material, political, and legal reality. In doing so, she realizes that she lives under the jurisdiction of a State. She learns that the Government prescribes through its regulations how she must behave. She analyzes that in order to sell her product legally, in compliance, she must make a series of modifications to it. The product before hitting the shelves must first be modified both in the way it is presented to the market and also regarding certain technical characteristics that it possesses. She must also modify the way it produces her product by changing the contractual relationship with its suppliers, distribution channels, and all other types of logistics involved. She must make all these changes even if they bring about significant and insurmountable inefficiencies.

Likewise, Alice also sees that she not only has to modify the product but also has to meet tax obligations. In addition to paying an accountant since the tax obligations by some irrational reason are not calculated by the creditor. Additionally, she must hire other professionals to assist her in studying the current regulations and how they should be applied in all stages of production, distribution, and sale of her product.

Alice, being a rational person, wishes to avoid having to make these modifications since they increase her costs while also decreasing the quality of her product. But when studying compliance, that is, the entirety of applicable regulations, she also examines the consequences of not being in compliance. Alice realizes that if she does not comply with the regulations, she risks having all her assets legally confiscated, going to prison, being killed while they try to capture her to imprison her, and, if she goes to prison, being tortured in jail by other inmates or by State officials in charge of holding her in that place. So, since Alice does not want to suffer these negative consequences, she decides to modify the product and be in compliance.

So, Alice makes the necessary changes and puts her new version of the product on the market. Then she has the following dialogue with Bob, her lead, the interested party in acquiring the product.

Bob: - Hey Alice, nice meeting you here in this market. I came to buy the product you were developing and told me about. However, this product I´m seeing now is not what you promised me. This is clearly inferior.

Alice: - Yeah, I know. I'm sorry Bob, but I prefer to sell this inferior product rather than risk having all my assets confiscated, going to prison, being killed while they try to capture me, and if they don´t kill but managed to put me in jail I could be tortured there.

Bob: - Ok, no problem. Thats quite understandable. I don´t believe anyone would prefer those kind of experiences. But given the quality of the product, I no longer intend to pay you ten satoshis; I only offer you eight. Shall we close the deal?

Alice: - I'm sorry Bob, but I can't sell it to you for eight sats. Due to government intervention and its requirements, now I can't even sell it for less than thirteen satoshis.

Bob: - Ok. Considering this I prefer not to purchase it. I will keep looking for alternatives. Bye

Some time later, Charlie arrives at the market, who is also interested in the product and, despite it not being like the original version, decides to purchase it by paying the thirteen satoshis demanded by the seller Alice.

Meanwhile, in the same universe, we have Daniel, the last character in this example. Daniel is a merchant competing with Alice. Daniel has a product that is very similar, practically identical to the one originally designed by Alice. Like Alice, Daniel initially also wants to sell it for ten satoshis. Just like Alice, before heading to the market, Daniel analyzes the reality in which he lives. And it turns out that he also lives under the jurisdiction of a State. Daniel too then analyzes the entirety of the applicable regulations and also comes to the conclusion that to comply with them, he would also need to modify the product and cover all the additional expenses artificially generated to be in compliance.

However, Daniel's ethics are different from Alice's. Daniel understands that his product is indeed perfect (the best in its class) and that therefore modifying it would go against its essence. Daniel understands that changing the product would be a betrayal of his creation and therefore a betrayal of his own self and the essence of his being. Daniel conducts an ethical analysis of his actions and the moral implications of putting the product on the market. Daniel sees that the product not only does not harm anyone but is also made to be freely acquired by adults who give their consent for its purchase and subsequent use. Daniel also understands that paying taxes only serves to promote the slavery system driven by fiat and that whenever he can avoid collaborating with the immoral fiat system, it is his ethical obligation to do so. Likewise, Daniel highlights the hypocrisy and inefficiencies of anti-money laundering regulations, as well as the futility of requiring licenses for naturally free acts that do not harm others. For all these reasons, Daniel decides to sell the product in its current state irregardles of compliance regulations.

However, before going to market, Daniel also studies the possible consequences of neglecting compliance. By doing so, Daniel sees that if he does not comply with the regulations, he risks having all his assets legally confiscated, going to prison, being killed while they attempt to capture him to imprison him, and, in the event of going to prison, being tortured in jail by other inmates or by State officials responsible for holding him in that place. So, since Daniel is a rational person who does not want to suffer these negative consequences but also does not want to betray his product and himself, he decides to take the risk of not being in compliance. After making this decision, Daniel puts the product on the market and there he meets Bob. In doing so, they converse in the following terms:

Bob: - Hey Daniel, this product is exactly what I was looking for. A product like the one promised by Alice but never delivered. I love it! I offer you ten satoshis for it.

Daniel: - Thank you for your feedback Bob and for the offer! However I am currently selling it for eleven satoshis. Ten satoshis seems like a good price to me, and it was indeed my original intention to sell it for that amount because at that price I achieve competitiveness and a sustainable business model.

Bob: - So why are you asking me for eleven satoshis? Interrupts Bob

Daniel: - Because that price is calculated before assessing compliance and the risks associated with non-compliance. By not complying with the regulation, I managed to maintain the quality of the product and avoided a large amount of unnecessary expenses, but there is no way to avoid the risk of facing penalties for non-compliance. To bring this product to market, I had to incur several expenses in order to minimize the risk of non-compliance as much as possible. While I am taking all reasonable actions to prevent all of my assets from being legally confiscated, from going to prison, from being killed while they try to capture me, and in case of going to prison, from being tortured, the reality is that I still run the risk of all that, or part of all that, happening to me, my family, or any of my company's employees. The remaining risk balance is transferred to the price along with the costs of mitigating those risks. The total of those costs and the remaining risk I estimate them at one satoshi per unit of product. Therefore, I can't sell you the product for ten satoshis, but I can sell it to you for eleven.

To which Bob, lacking a better option in the market, ends up buying the product for eleven satoshis.

In summary: two products were made by two different merchants whose business model allowed them, in both cases, to put the product on the market at a rate of ten satoshis per unit. However, in one case, a lower quality product was sold for thirteen satoshis, and in the other case, a higher quality product was sold for eleven satoshis. That is to say, in the first case there was an overprice or inefficiency objectively measured at three satoshis, while in the second case there was an overprice or inefficiency of one satoshi. So, we are facing a total loss of value equivalent to four satoshis. The value represented by these four satoshis was absorbed by the inefficiency programmed and ruled by the State. The example shows us that whether one chooses the compliance route, as Alice did, or the free market route, as Daniel did, in both cases the existence of regulations generates an additional cost to the market. In this example the state attack on layer zero was successful and extracted from the Bitcoin network a value of four satoshis.

Bitcoin is money

Bitcoin is many things but essentially is money. And money sole purpose is to store value in order to facilitate future exchanges of products and services with other people. Without the products and services to be exchanged for the money, money itself would be useless and worthless. We only use money because we may require favors, benefits, services, products from other people in the future. And we don´t know which services and products we´ll need nor exactly when we are goint to need them.

The total value of bitcoin equals to infinity divided twenty one millions. This is because the total worth of the network mirrors the total worth of accumulated capital by the entirety of mankind throughout its entire history. That is clearly a lot of value. But if the if the dividend equals zero then the divisor is also zero and if the dividend growth is obstructed through artificial means -such as compliance- then the divisor growth is also obstructed.

Bitcoin layer zero, the bitcoiners and the services and products we create, are what give value to the twenty one million units of bitcoin.

Freedom is without a doubt the best context for value creation. So, the more and better games we can create that allow humankind to find a way to exercise freedom, then the most value we can add to all the layers of the network.

This is why the most important layer of the whole bitcoin phenomenon is layer zero, the bitcoiners. Hence the problem to be solved is not how to prevent bitcoin - layer one upwards- from successful attacks. The problem to solve is how to prevent attacks on layer zero. Or in other words, the problem to be solved is how to get bitcoiners in the physical world to practice the same level of freedom that bitcoin achieves in the cyberspace.

Summary of the first part of this article: freedom in cyberspace has already been conquered and each further development in the digital realm contributes to further developments but only in the same realm. Meanwhile in the physical space, the layer zero of bitcoin is under constant attacks that successfully extract value from it.

Exercising freedom in a sly roundabout way

In 1984 the Austrian economist Friedrich Hayek predicted that we couldn´t take money with violence out of the hands of government. He stated that we needed to do it in a sly roundabout way. Twenty five years later Satoshi Nakamoto discovered the sly roundabout way actually introducing something that the government couldn´t stop. Thus fulfilling Hayek´s prophecy.

Bitcoin is a sly roundabout way that removed money without violence from the hands of the government in a way that they can´t stop it.

Cryptography in general and protocols such as Tor and Tails are a sly roundabout way that removed confidential information from the hands of the government without violence in a way that they can´t stop it.

Nostr is a sly roundabout way that removed social media and public information from the hands of the government without violence in a way that they can´t stop it.

Special Jurisdictions, Free Cities and Bitcoin Citadels are the sly roundabout way that is removing the market of living together from the hands of the government without violence in a way that they can´t stop it.

So, what are Special Jurisdictions, Free Cities and Bitcoin Citadels? To understand what they are we can take a look at the current mainstream market of living together, at how the physical space is organized. Essentially the entire planet Earth and its surroundings are run by a conglomerate of Governments. They create all the rules, regarding every aspect of life, of all the individuals, and enforce every rule through coercive means.

In the mainstream market of living together individuals have several alternatives to pick from. We can choose to live in a natural city or a pre design city, in a public neighborhood or private neighborhood or even in an intentional community with common interest amongst the users. But irregardless of the choice, every product offered in the mainstream market has the sames rules which are established by the host state to the entirety of organizations in his territory. In the mainstream market, even the most different products abide by the same high level rules such as criminal law, civil law, taxation laws, customs, enviromental laws, money laundering regulations and many others. To abide to the sum of all the laws and regulations is to be in compliance.

The centralization of regulations makes extremely difficult to experiment in market of living together. The less experimentation is allowed, the more human progress is hindered.

So what is the sly roundabout that fixes this? What are Special Jurisdictions, Free Cities and Bitcoin Citadels? I´m using the term Special Jurisdictions as an umbrella term that includes the entire spectrum of iterations of products that aim to modify the mainstream rules of the market of living together.

This term includes all the different models such as Charter Cities, Free Cities, Special Economic Zones, microstates, micropolis, start up societies, government as a service, self governing jurisdictions, autonomous intentional communities, network states and Bitcoin Citadels. The array of possible iterations is huge and permanently expanding. What they all have in common is that each of these experiments aims to create a functional game theory that replaces the lack of unbreakable walls in the physical space.

Let´s take a look of a couple of examples. Special Economic Zones are bounded areas of countries that have their own rules and regulations. Worldwide, there are more than five thousands special economic zones located in more than hundred countries.

One of them is the special economic zone of Shenzhen in China. The Chinese government allowed Shenzhen the freedom to experiment with certain practices that were prohibited in the rest of the country at the time. This included allowing foreign companies to make direct investments in China, allowing people to buy and sell land, allowing Chinese people to set up their own private businesses and relaxation of the system that limited internal migration within China for Chinese citizens. It served as a place where China could experiment with market reforms. The experiment was such a huge economic success that it was replicated in many other areas of the country.

Another place that has made extensive use of special economic zones is Dubai. The monarchic Government has more than 30 SEZs. In this case one of the many obstacles removed by the host state its the monopoly of the legal system. Dubai Government allowed the special economic zone to have its own independent legal system thus conceding a modification of the mainstream rules in that area.

This kind of projects, such as Dubai or Shenzhen, are a top-to-down product. Fully created by the Governments thus compliant with their own regulations.

On the other side of the spectrum we have Citadels and several other archetypes of not so compliant projects .

For example the Free Commune of Penadexo it´s a grassroots project building a freedom-oriented community in one of Spain’s abandoned villages.

It´s model is based on building a peer to peer society avoiding government intervention as much as possible. They stablished themselves in an abandoned historic village and the started to track down the owners to purchase as much property as possible. Meanwhile, they are living there and expanding their users base while also reconstructing buildings.

This is an example of a completely different way of dealing with the Government. While Special Economic Zones are fully compliant and created top to down, this model on the other hand is bottom-up and aims to add value to the users relying in factual freedom which is exercised by stablishing the commune away from heavily populated centers where Government grip is tighter. Under this model the interaction with the Government is kept as low as possible. Their strategy relies in ignoring the Government as much as possible and being a good neighbor. With this simple and effective tactic some Citadels enjoy the benefits of liberty in their lifetime without needing to spend huge resources in governmental lobby.

There are countless models or archetypes of Bitcoin Citadels trying to solve the obstacles in different ways, trying to restart the system. And one of the challenges of the Bitcoin Citadels is how to connect the different projects to boost and help each other.

This is where The Meshtadel comes into play. The Meshtadel is a system where decentralized tactics are used to help and defend citadels connected in a global network. With real life connections with fellow bitcoiners. Its an organization equivalent to the hanseatic league built under a starfish model. If you cut off a spider’s head, it dies, but if you cut off a starfish’s arm, it can regenerate and even grow into a new starfish.
The Meshtadel its a network of peer relationships, with ambiguous leadership roles, trust among participants, a shared ideology and vision based on the Bitcoin ethos, and an open system where new nodes - bitcoin citadel builders - can participate.

The long term goal of the Bitcoin Meshtadel is to help Bitcoin Citadels to gain the support of a critical mass of the total population. If enough people see that Bitcoin is as peaceful as it gets, in the long run, some nations could become friendly and supportive enough to legally tolerate the Bitcoin Citadel inside its territory in the form of a Bitcoin safe haven. In the Meshtadel we are fighting from the moral high ground using memes, Nostr notes and zapping our way into freedom creating an online and offline circular economy.

TO CONCLUDE:

Special Jurisdictions, Free Cities and Bitcoin Citadels are the sly roundabout way that is removing the market of living together from the hands of the government, without violence and in a way that they can´t stop it.

Nation states, abusing the myth of authority, have halted development on the market of living together for so long that a blooming freer market is eating its lunch. The sovereign individual thesis is live and continuously expanding. The network state is forming and intentional communities are flourishing all around the world reshaping globally the relationship between individuals and the governments.

With global internet connections, uncensorable means of communication and Bitcoin as the backbone of a new societal order, we are beginning to disrupt the old paradigm.

The fashion of the present world is passing away, let’s help it to move forward along by building Special Jurisdictions, Free Cities and Bitcoin Citadels.

--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ------

byCamiloat 875.341 timechain.

If you find this content helpful, zap it to support more content of the sort and to boost the V4V model.

@ 3c389c8f:7a2eff7f

Let go of the algorithms and truly discover what it means to explore. Social media used to mean something. Once upon a time, it was a way to stay connected to friends, family, and colleagues over things we enjoy. We could share, laugh, and learn. Over time, it has devolved into cheap entertainment at the cost of our privacy. Our relationships and interests have been shoved into a corner in order to make room for "suggested posts" and "for you" content designed to evaluate our attention for advertising purposes. We've lost what it means to truly connect, and we've lost what it means to explore our curiosities.

Enter Nostr. A protocol designed to resist authoritative censorship, just happens to fix a whole lot of other problems, too. By removing the central authority, Nostr offers its users complete control of what we feed our minds. How do we break our algorithm dependency to find better content and better relationships again? We explore and discover:

The Chronological Life.

The existence of time may be debatable but our dependence on our perception of it is not. We live our lives chronologically. Why do our online lives need to be any different? There is no real reason, other than we've just gotten used to being engulfed by whatever the black box wants us to see. When we remove the algorithms, we find that online information flows just as it would in our daily lives. Important events get talked about by many people, over a long period of time. Things of less relevance fade. We see the rhythm of life reflected in our feed. This is an organic human experience transferred to the digital world. We depend on the people we know and the sources we trust to keep us informed about what really matters. We have fun, we move on. Nearly every Nostr social client brings this experience front and center through the traditional follow feed. Many use replies as a way to show you what is worth talking about for more than a hot minute. Its what old social media gave us, then took away. Nostr gives it back. It's not the only way to enjoy Nostr, though, so let's continue.

"The Human Animal Differs From the Lesser Primates in His Passion for Lists"

Who doesn't love lists? (besides maybe to-do lists.) List functionality on Nostr is a powerful way to curate your feeds. You can make lists of artists, vendors, friends, or whatever you want. They can be public or private. You can subscribe to other people's public lists too. Make one to share with your friends. Many clients have list support and management. Amethyst, Nostur, Voyage, and Nostrudel are a few that come to mind. Nostr.band and Listr.lol offer in depth list management. Some clients even support lists for specific notes so that you can curate a feed by topic or aesthetic to share with your friends.

Being John Malcovich.

Everyone has a different view of Nostr. Do you want to see what someone else is seeing? Sign in with any npub to get a different perspective. You might find profiles and content that you didn't know existed before. Some clients integrate variations of this feature right into their apps, so you don't have to log out of your account in order to step through that tiny door.

DV-what? DVM.

Data Vending Machines. These fancy little things are AIs tasked with a simple job: to find content for you. Most of these feeds are free, though some more personalized ones require a small fee. Many DVM services are stand-alone apps, like Vendata and Noogle . These clever Nostr clients will let you do a lot more than just create feeds to browse notes. Explore if you wish. A few social clients have DVMs integrated, too, so if you see "discovery" or similar term on a tab, be sure to check it out.

Relays, Man. Relays.

It's right there in the name. Nostr- notes and other stuff transmitted by RELAY. Specialized relays exist for subjects, news, communities, personal spaces, content creators, cats... there's even a relay where everyone just says "Good Morning" to each other. Find a client that lets you browse a relay's contents, and enjoy the purest form of content discovery on Nostr. Unearthing these relays is getting better and better every day. Right now there are relay browsing capabilities in quite a few clients, like Coracle, Relay Tools, Jumble and Nostur.

The Algo Relay.

Maybe you've been busy and missed a lot. Maybe you are a sane person who rarely uses social media. Hook up with a personalized algorithm relay to catch you up on all the things you've missed. This is skirting the sharp edges of Nostr relay development, so keep in mind that not many implementations yet exist. Algo relay currently aims to bring the feel-good vibe of your chronological feed to an algorithmic feed, freeing up your time but letting you stay up with what 's going on in your social circles.

Trendy Trends.

A few clients, relays, and DVM's have developed various Trending feeds. Catch up on what's popular across a wider view of the Nostr ecosystem. If trends are your thing, be sure to check them out.

Now that you're equipped with the tools to explore Nostr, its time to go discover some great content and find your people. Feed your curiosity.

@ 3c389c8f:7a2eff7f

TL;DR visit this post for a list of signers

Your nsec/private key is your key to controlling all that you do on Nostr. Every action you take is signed by this private key, validating that was you that generated that event, whether it be a note, a like, a list, or whatever else. Like a broken record, I have to state that it is irreplaceable. YOU own your identity and no one else. It is your responsibility to keep your nsec safe, but of course, you also want to be able to use all the different apps and clients available. To aid you in this process, a few different tools have been developed. Let's take a look at some that are more common and easy-to-use, where to use them, and for what.

The Browser Extension

This is probably the simplest and most straight forward form of private key manager available. There are many options to choose from, each compatible with various, commonly used browsers, including mobile browsers. Many provide the option to manage multiple keys for different profiles. Some are simply a signer while others may include other features. The concept is very simple. The extension holds your key and exposes it only only enough to sign an event. These extensions can be set to different levels of manual approval that you can control based on the level of convenience you seek. The ease and convenience does trade off a bit of security, as your private key will be exposed momentarily each time you create an event. It is up to you to choose whether this is appropriate for your use. For casual browsing and social media use, it is a fairly good and easy to use option. Nearly all Nostr apps and clients support signing with this method.

The Remote Signer

Often referred as a "bunker", Nostr remote signers hold your private key completely offline and communicating with clients. Clients send events to the signer to be signed, which then sends back the signed event for publishing. This bunker can be hosted on your own hardware or managed by a truested 3rd party. As long as the signer is online, it can communicate as needed. The signer generates a "bunker string" that is used to communicate. These may seem cumbersome to set up, as each client that you intend to use will need its own permissions. Once all of the pieces and permissions are in place, most of this activity will happen in the background. Bunkers allow for a lot of flexibility. The "bunker string" for a single app can be shared with other users who you may want to be able to make posts on your behalf. Multiple people can manage a social media profile, while the main owner of that identity maintains control of the nsec. These bunker strings can be revoked and replaced at any time. This signing method is growing in popularity and many clients already offer support for it.

The Native Android Signer

Currently, Amber is the only native app available to handle Nostr event signing. It is an incredible tool for managing your Nostr key on your mobile device. The signing flow is similar to remote signing, as described above, but it can communicate with both your Android native Nostr apps and web clients accessed through most mobile browsers, eliminating the need for a browser extension. Similar apps are under development for iOS, but I don't use any of those devices, so covering that here will only happen via other's opinions at a later date. Check this list for current options.

NcryptSec

NcryptSec signing works by encrypting your nsec on a local device, unlocked by a password that you choose. Support for this method is very limited, as the encrypted private key stays on your device. If you intend to use Nostr through one device and few apps, this can be a very secure option, as long as you can remember your password, as it cannot be changed.

NFC and Hardware Signers

Some devices have been developed to store your nsec completely offline on a device or NFC chip, and some clients have added support for scanning/connecting to sign. I haven't personally tried any of these options, nor do I intend to promote the sale of any particular products. If you are interested in these techniques and devices, the information is not hard to find. The price of a devices varies, depending on your feature needs.

There are also DIY options that utilize existing hardware, if you are into that sort of thing.

Higher Security and Recoverability Options

Creating a scheme that allows for recovery of a lost key while maintaining the integrity of a unique identity is no easy task. The key must be fractured into shards, encrypted, and distributed across multiple servers in various locations, while you maintain a portion or portions of your own. These servers are run by trusted 3rd parties who will then sign events "with" you. Some include a scheme of running your own always online hardware to act as host for these shards. I fall short on the technical understanding of certain aspects of these processes, so I will spare you of my attempt to explain. As far as I know, there are a couple of methods underway that are worth paying attention to:

Frostr nostr:nevent1qvzqqqqqqypzqs3fcg0szqdtcway2ge7zahfwhafuecmkx9xwg4a7aexhgj5ghleqy2hwumn8ghj7un9d3shjtnyv9kh2uewd9hj7qgwwaehxw309ahx7uewd3hkctcqyrh3r7uhytc4dywjggxz24277xgqtvcadvnjfks6fram7gjpev9nuentfht

Promenade nostr:nevent1qvzqqqqqqypzqwlsccluhy6xxsr6l9a9uhhxf75g85g8a709tprjcn4e42h053vaqydhwumn8ghj7un9d3shjtnhv4ehgetjde38gcewvdhk6tcprdmhxue69uhhyetvv9ujuam9wd6x2unwvf6xxtnrdakj7qpqqqq0dlpwxhw5l97yrcts2klhr9zqqpcmdfpaxm8r7hygykp630cq23ggph

For a List of signers, please visit this post.

@ 3c389c8f:7a2eff7f

Extentions:

https://chromewebstore.google.com/detail/flamingo-%E2%80%93-nostr-extensio/alkiaengfedemppafkallgifcmkldohe

https://chromewebstore.google.com/detail/nos2x/kpgefcfmnafjgpblomihpgmejjdanjjp

https://chromewebstore.google.com/detail/aka-profiles/ncmflpbbagcnakkolfpcpogheckolnad

https://keys.band/

https://github.com/haorendashu/nowser

The Remote Signer:

https://nsec.app/

https://github.com/kind-0/nsecbunkerd

Native Android Signer:

https://github.com/greenart7c3/amber

iOS

https://testflight.apple.com/join/8TFMZbMs

https://testflight.apple.com/join/DUzVMDMK

Higher Security Options: To start using Nostr with a secure, recoverable keypair: https://nstart.me/en

For Existing Keys: https://www.frostr.org/

Thank you to https://nostr.net/ for keeping a thorough list of Nostr apps, clients, and tools!

@ 8194da31:0f3badf3

LLM interpretation:

That’s a profound and provocative statement: “The corruption of money is the corruption of the Logos.” Let’s unpack this in detail, integrating philosophical, theological, and economic dimensions:

⸻

1. What Is the Logos?

In classical and theological terms: •Greek Philosophy (esp. Heraclitus & Stoics): Logos is the divine reason, the ordering principle of the cosmos—a rational structure underlying all reality. •Plato: While he didn’t use Logos as prominently, his concept of the Forms, especially the Form of the Good, parallels it. The Logos could be seen as the bridge between the realm of ideal truth and the material world. •Christian Theology (esp. John 1:1): “In the beginning was the Logos, and the Logos was with God, and the Logos was God.” Christ is identified as the Logos—the incarnate expression of divine truth, coherence, and moral order.

So, Logos = reason, truth, order, and meaning—both metaphysical and moral.

⸻

1. What Is Money in Moral and Philosophical Terms?

Money is not just a medium of exchange; it is a tool of memory, a symbol of trust, and a measure of value. In a functioning system, it reflects: •Honest human action over time •Deferred trust and cooperation across generations •A shared language of value

In this sense, money is a representation of human agreements, which are grounded in speech, contract, and moral order—i.e., it is rooted in logos (lowercase l), as language and rationality.

⸻

1. The Corruption of Money as a Violation of Logos

If Logos is the moral-rational order, then:

To corrupt money is to distort the shared language of value and trust. It is to introduce lies into the very structure of economic relationships.

This corruption occurs through: •Inflation and debasement (violating the honesty of measurement) •Manipulative monetary policy (favoring the few over the many) •Counterfeit value signals (misallocating resources) •Loss of accountability (removing consequences for moral failure)

Thus, money’s corruption breaks the moral symmetry between effort and reward, cost and value, debt and payment—violating logos in both linguistic and metaphysical senses.

⸻

1. Theological Echoes:

If Christ is the Logos incarnate, then: •Monetary corruption becomes not merely economic malfeasance but moral rebellion. •It is anti-Logos—an act of anomia (lawlessness), which the New Testament identifies with the spirit of antichrist (2 Thessalonians 2:3–8).

⸻

@ 266815e0:6cd408a5

I'm excited to announce the release of Applesauce v1.0.0! There are a few breaking changes and a lot of improvements and new features across all packages. Each package has been updated to 1.0.0, marking a stable API for developers to build upon.

Applesauce core changes

There was a change in the applesauce-core package in the QueryStore.

The Query interface has been converted to a method instead of an object with key and run fields.

A bunch of new helper methods and queries were added, checkout the changelog for a full list.

Applesauce Relay

There is a new applesauce-relay package that provides a simple RxJS based api for connecting to relays and publishing events.

Documentation: applesauce-relay

Features:

• A simple API for subscribing or publishing to a single relay or a group of relays
• No connect or close methods, connections are managed automatically by rxjs
• NIP-11 auth_required support
• Support for NIP-42 authentication
• Prebuilt or custom re-connection back-off
• Keep-alive timeout (default 30s)
• Client-side Negentropy sync support

Example Usage: Single relay

```typescript import { Relay } from "applesauce-relay";

// Connect to a relay const relay = new Relay("wss://relay.example.com");

// Create a REQ and subscribe to it relay .req({ kinds: [1], limit: 10, }) .subscribe((response) => { if (response === "EOSE") { console.log("End of stored events"); } else { console.log("Received event:", response); } }); ```

Example Usage: Relay pool

```typescript import { Relay, RelayPool } from "applesauce-relay";

// Create a pool with a custom relay const pool = new RelayPool();

// Create a REQ and subscribe to it pool .req(["wss://relay.damus.io", "wss://relay.snort.social"], { kinds: [1], limit: 10, }) .subscribe((response) => { if (response === "EOSE") { console.log("End of stored events on all relays"); } else { console.log("Received event:", response); } }); ```

Applesauce actions

Another new package is the applesauce-actions package. This package provides a set of async operations for common Nostr actions.

Actions are run against the events in the EventStore and use the EventFactory to create new events to publish.

Documentation: applesauce-actions

Example Usage:

```typescript import { ActionHub } from "applesauce-actions";

// An EventStore and EventFactory are required to use the ActionHub import { eventStore } from "./stores.ts"; import { eventFactory } from "./factories.ts";

// Custom publish logic const publish = async (event: NostrEvent) => { console.log("Publishing", event); await app.relayPool.publish(event, app.defaultRelays); };

// The publish method is optional for the async run method to work const hub = new ActionHub(eventStore, eventFactory, publish); ```

Once an ActionsHub is created, you can use the run or exec methods to execute actions:

```typescript import { FollowUser, MuteUser } from "applesauce-actions/actions";

// Follow fiatjaf await hub.run( FollowUser, "3bf0c63fcb93463407af97a5e5ee64fa883d107ef9e558472c4eb9aaaefa459d", );

// Or use the exec method with a custom publish method await hub .exec( MuteUser, "3bf0c63fcb93463407af97a5e5ee64fa883d107ef9e558472c4eb9aaaefa459d", ) .forEach((event) => { // NOTE: Don't publish this event because we never want to mute fiatjaf // pool.publish(['wss://pyramid.fiatjaf.com/'], event) }); ```

There are a log more actions including some for working with NIP-51 lists (private and public), you can find them in the reference

Applesauce loaders

The applesauce-loaders package has been updated to support any relay connection libraries and not just rx-nostr.

Before:

```typescript import { ReplaceableLoader } from "applesauce-loaders"; import { createRxNostr } from "rx-nostr";

// Create a new rx-nostr instance const rxNostr = createRxNostr();

// Create a new replaceable loader const replaceableLoader = new ReplaceableLoader(rxNostr); ```

After:

```typescript

import { Observable } from "rxjs"; import { ReplaceableLoader, NostrRequest } from "applesauce-loaders"; import { SimplePool } from "nostr-tools";

// Create a new nostr-tools pool const pool = new SimplePool();

// Create a method that subscribes using nostr-tools and returns an observable function nostrRequest: NostrRequest = (relays, filters, id) => { return new Observable((subscriber) => { const sub = pool.subscribe(relays, filters, { onevent: (event) => { subscriber.next(event); }, onclose: () => subscriber.complete(), oneose: () => subscriber.complete(), });

return () => sub.close();

}); };

// Create a new replaceable loader const replaceableLoader = new ReplaceableLoader(nostrRequest); ```

Of course you can still use rx-nostr if you want:

```typescript import { createRxNostr } from "rx-nostr";

// Create a new rx-nostr instance const rxNostr = createRxNostr();

// Create a method that subscribes using rx-nostr and returns an observable function nostrRequest( relays: string[], filters: Filter[], id?: string, ): Observable { // Create a new oneshot request so it will complete when EOSE is received const req = createRxOneshotReq({ filters, rxReqId: id }); return rxNostr .use(req, { on: { relays } }) .pipe(map((packet) => packet.event)); }

// Create a new replaceable loader const replaceableLoader = new ReplaceableLoader(nostrRequest); ```

There where a few more changes, check out the changelog

Applesauce wallet

Its far from complete, but there is a new applesauce-wallet package that provides a actions and queries for working with NIP-60 wallets.

Documentation: applesauce-wallet

Example Usage:

```typescript import { CreateWallet, UnlockWallet } from "applesauce-wallet/actions";

// Create a new NIP-60 wallet await hub.run(CreateWallet, ["wss://mint.example.com"], privateKey);

// Unlock wallet and associated tokens/history await hub.run(UnlockWallet, { tokens: true, history: true }); ```

@ 005bc4de:ef11e1a2

Trump Bitcoin Report Card - Day 100

For whatever reason day 100 of a president's term has been deemed a milestone. So, it's time to check in with President Trump's bitcoin pledges and issue a report card.

Repo and prior reports: - GitHub: https://github.com/crrdlx/trump-bitcoin-report-card - First post: https://stacker.news/items/757211 - Progress Report 1: https://stacker.news/items/774165 - Day 1 Report Card: https://stacker.news/items/859475 - Day 100 Report Card: https://stacker.news/items/966434

Report Card | | Pledge | Prior Grade | Current Grade | |--|--|--|--| | 1 | Fire SEC Chair Gary Gensler on day 1 | A | A | | 2 | Commute the sentence of Ross Ulbricht on day 1 | A | A | | 3 | Remove capital gains taxes on bitcoin transactions | F | F | | 4 | Create and hodl a strategic bitcoin stockpile | D | C- | | 5 | Prevent a CBDC during his presidency | B+ | A | | 6 | Create a "bitcoin and crypto" advisory council | C- | C | | 7 | Support the right to self-custody | D+ | B- | | 8 | End the "war on crypto" | D+ | B+ | | 9 | Mine all remaining bitcoin in the USA | C- | C | | 10 | Make the US the "crypto capital of the planet" | C- | C+ |

Comments

Pledge 1 - SEC chair - (no change from earlier) - Gensler is out. This happened after the election and Trump took office. With the writing on the wall, Gensler announced he would resign, Trump picked a new SEC head in Paul Atkins, and Gensler left office just before Trump was sworn in. The only reason an A+ was not awarded was that Trump wasn't given the chance to actually fire Gensler, because he quit. No doubt, though, his quitting was due to Trump and the threat of being sacked.

Day 100 Report Card Grade: A

Pledge 2 - free Ross - (no change from earlier) - Ross Ulbricht's sentence was just commuted. Going will "option 3" above, the pledge was kept. An A+ would have been a commutation yesterday or by noon today, but, let's not split hairs. It's done.

Day 100 Report Card Grade: A

Pledge 3 - capital gains - This requires either executive action and/or legislation. There was no action. Executive action can be done with the stroke of a pen, but it was not. Legislation is tricky and time-consuming, however, there wasn't even mention of this matter. This seems to be on the back burner since statements such as this report in November. See Progress Report 1: https://stacker.news/items/774165 for more context.

Trump's main tax thrust has been the tariff, actually a tax increase, instead of a cut. Currently, the emphasis is on extending the "Trump tax cuts" and recently House Speaker Mike Johnson indicated such a bill would be ready by Memorial Day. Earlier in his term, there was more chatter about tax relief for bitcoin or cryptocurrency. There seems to be less chatter on this, or none at all, such as its absence in the "ready by Memorial Day" article.

Until tax reform is codified and signed, it isn't tax law and the old code still applies.

Day 100 Report Card Grade: F

Pledge 4 - bitcoin reserve - The initial grade was a C, it was dropped to a D mainly due to Trump's propensity to [alt]coinery, and now it's back to a C-.

Getting the grade back up into C-level at a C- was a little bumpy. On March 2, 2025, Trump posted that a U.S. Crypto Reserve would be created. This is what had been hoped for, except that the pledge was for a Bitcoin Reserve, not crypto. And secondly, he specifically named XRP, SOL, and ADA (but not BTC). Just a couple of hours later, likely in clean up mode, he did add BTC (along with ETH) as "obviously" being included. So, the "Bitcoin Reserve" became a "Crypto Reserve."

Maybe still in "cleanup mode," Sec. of Commerce Howard Lutnick said bitcoin will hold "special status" in the reserve. Then, on March 6, an executive order made the U.S. Digital Asset Stockpile official. Again, "Bitcoin" was generalized until section 3 where the "Strategic Bitcoin Reserve" did come to official fruition.

The grade is only a C- because the only thing that happened was the naming of the stockpile. Indeed, it became official. But the "stockpile" was just BTC already held by the U.S. government. I think it's fair to say most bitcoiners would have preferred a statement about buying BTC. Other Trump bitcoin officials indicated acquiring "as much as we can get", which sounds great, but until it happens, is only words.

Day 100 Report Card Grade: C-

Pledge 5 - no CBDC - An executive order on January 23, 2025 forbade a CBDC in section 1, part v by "prohibiting the establishment, issuance, circulation, and use of a CBDC."

Day 100 Report Card Grade: A

Pledge 6 - advisory council - The Trump bitcoin or crypto team consists of the following: David Sacks as “crypto czar” and Bo Hines as executive director of the Presidential Council of Advisers for Digital Assets.

A White House Crypto Summit (see video) was held on March 7, 2025. In principle, the meeting was good, however, the summit seemed (a) to be very heavily "crypto" oriented, and (b) to largely be a meet-and-greet show.

Still, just the fact that such a show took place, inside the White House, reveals how far things have come and the change in climate. For the grade to go higher, more tangible things should take place over time.

Day 100 Report Card Grade: C

Pledge 7 - self-custody - There's been a bit of good news though on this front. First, the executive order above from January 23 stated in section 1, i, one of the goals was "...to maintain self-custody of digital assets." Also, the Phoenix wallet returned to the U.S. In 2024, both Phoenix and Wallet of Satoshi pulled out of the U.S. for fear of government crackdowns. The return of Phoenix, again, speaks to the difference in climate now and is a win for self-custody.

To rise above B-level, more assurance, it would be good to see further clear assurance that people can self-custody, that developers can build self-custody, and businesses can create products to self-custody. Also, Congressional action could get to an A.

Day 100 Report Card Grade: B-

Pledge 8 - end war on crypto - There has been improvement here. First, tangibly, SAB 121 was sent packing as SEC Commissioner Hester Peirce announced. Essentially, this removed a large regulatory burden. Commissioner Peirce also said ending the burdens will be a process to get out of the "mess". So, there's work to do. Also, hurdles were recently removed so that banks can now engage in bitcoin activity. This is both a symbolic and real change.

Somewhat ironically, Trump's own venture into cryptocurrency with his World Liberty Financial and the $TRUMP and $MELANIA tokens, roundly poo-pood by bitcoiners, might actually be beneficial in a way. The signal from the White House seems to be on all things cryptocurrency, "Do it."

The improvement and climate now seems very different than with the previous administration and leaders who openly touted a war on crypto.

Day 100 Report Card Grade: B+

Pledge 9 - USA mining - As noted earlier, this is an impossible pledge. That said, things can be done to make America mining friendly. The U.S. holds an estimated 37 to 40% of Bitcoin hash rate, which is substantial. Plus, Trump, or the Trump family at least, has entered into bitcoin mining. With Hut 8, Eric Trump is heading "American Bitcoin" to mine BTC. Like the $TRUMP token, this conveys that bitcoin mining is a go in the USA.

Day 100 Report Card Grade: C

Pledge 10 - USA crypto capital - This pledge closely aligned with pledges 8 and 9. If the war on crypto ends, the USA becomes more and more crypto and bitcoin friendly. And, if the hashrate stays high and even increases, that puts the USA at the center of it all. Most of the categories above have seen improvements, all of which help this last pledge. Trump's executive orders help this grade as well as they move from only words spoken to becoming official policy.

To get higher, the Bitcoin Strategic Reserve should move from a name-change only to acquiring more BTC. If the USA wants to be the world's crypto capital, being the leader in bitcoin ownership is the way to do it.

Day 100 Report Card Grade: C+

Sources

1. Nashville speech - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EiEIfBatnH8
2. CryptoPotato "top 8 promises" - https://x.com/Crypto_Potato/status/1854105511349584226
3. CNBC - https://www.cnbc.com/2024/11/06/trump-claims-presidential-win-here-is-what-he-promised-the-crypto-industry-ahead-of-the-election.html
4. BLOCKHEAD - https://www.blockhead.co/2024/11/07/heres-everything-trump-promised-to-the-crypto-industry/
5. CoinTelegraph - https://cointelegraph.com/news/trump-promises-crypto-election-usa
6. China vid - Bitcoin ATH and US Strategic Bitcoin Stockpile - https://njump.me/nevent1qqsgmmuqumhfktugtnx9kcsh3ap6v7ca4z8rgx79palz2qk0wzz5cksppemhxue69uhkummn9ekx7mp0qgszwaxc8j8e0zw9sdq59y43rykyx3wm0lcd2502xth699v0gxf0degrqsqqqqqpglusv6
7. Capitals gains tax - https://bravenewcoin.com/insights/trump-proposes-crypto-tax-cuts-targets-u-s-made-tokens-for-tax-exemption Progress report 1 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
8. Meeting with Brian Armstrong - https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/stock-market-today-dow-sp500-nasdaq-live-11-18-2024/card/exclusive-trump-to-meet-privately-with-coinbase-ceo-brian-armstrong-DDkgF0xW1BW242rVeuqx
9. Michael Saylor podcast - https://fountain.fm/episode/DHEzGE0f99QQqyM36nVr
10. Gensler resigns - https://coinpedia.org/news/big-breaking-sec-chair-gary-gensler-officially-resigns/ Progress report 2 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
11. Trump & Justin Sun - https://www.coindesk.com/business/2024/11/26/justin-sun-joins-donald-trumps-world-liberty-financial-as-adviser $30M investment: https://www.yahoo.com/news/trump-crypto-project-bust-until-154313241.html
12. SEC chair - https://www.cnbc.com/2024/12/04/trump-plans-to-nominate-paul-atkins-as-sec-chair.html
13. Crypto czar - https://www.zerohedge.com/crypto/trump-names-david-sacks-white-house-ai-crypto-czar
14. Investigate Choke Point 2.0 - https://www.cryptopolitan.com/crypto-czar-investigate-choke-point/
15. Crypto council head Bo Hines - https://cointelegraph.com/news/trump-appoints-bo-hines-head-crypto-council
16. National hash rate: https://www.cryptopolitan.com/the-us-controls-40-of-bitcoins-hashrate/
17. Senate committee https://coinjournal.net/news/rep-senator-cynthia-lummis-selected-to-chair-crypto-subcommittee/
18. Treasurh Sec. CBDC: https://decrypt.co/301444/trumps-treasury-pick-scott-bessant-pours-cold-water-on-us-digital-dollar-initiative
19. National priority: https://cointelegraph.com/news/trump-executive-order-crypto-national-priority-bloomberg?utm_source=rss_feed&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=rss_partner_inbound
20. $TRUMP https://njump.me/nevent1qqsffe0d7mgtu5jhasy4hmkcdy7wfrlcqwc4vf676hulvdn8uaqa3acpzamhxue69uhhyetvv9ujuurjd9kkzmpwdejhgtczyztpa8q038vw5xluyhnydj5u39d7cpssvuswjhhjqj8q42jh4ul3wqcyqqqqqqgmha026
21. World Liberty buys alts: https://www.theblock.co/post/335779/trumps-world-liberty-buys-25-million-of-tokens-including-link-tron-aave-and-ethena?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss
22. CFTC chair: https://cryptoslate.com/trump-appoints-crypto-advocate-caroline-pham-as-cftc-acting-chair/
23. WLF buys wrapped BTC https://www.cryptopolitan.com/trump-buys-47-million-in-bitcoin/
24. SEC turnover https://www.theblock.co/post/335944/trump-names-sec-commissioner-mark-uyeda-as-acting-chair-amid-a-crypto-regulatory-shift?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss
25. ----------------------------100 Days Report---------------------------------Davos speech "world capital of AI and crypto" https://coinpedia.org/news/big-breaking-president-trump-says-u-s-to-become-ai-and-crypto-superpower/
26. SAB 121 gone, Hester P heads talk force & ends sab 121?, war on crypto https://x.com/HesterPeirce/status/1882562977985114185 article: https://www.theblock.co/post/336761/days-after-gensler-leaves-sec-rescinds-controversial-crypto-accounting-guidance-sab-121?utm_source=twitter&utm_medium=social CoinTelegraph: https://cointelegraph.com/news/trump-executive-order-cbdc-ban-game-changer-us-institutional-crypto-adoption?utm_source=rss_feed&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=rss_partner_inbound
27. Possible tax relief https://cryptodnes.bg/en/will-trumps-crypto-policies-lead-to-tax-relief-for-crypto-investors/
28. War on crypto https://decrypt.co/304395/trump-sec-crypto-task-force-priorities-mess
29. Trump "truths" 2/18 make usa #1 in crypto, "Trump effect" https://www.theblock.co/post/333137/ripple-ceo-says-75-of-open-roles-are-now-us-based-due-to-trump-effect and https://www.coindesk.com/markets/2025/01/06/ripples-garlinghouse-touts-trump-effect-amid-bump-in-u-s-deals
30. Strategic reserve https://njump.me/nevent1qqsf89l74mqfkk74jqhjcqtwp5m970gedmtykn5uhl0vz9mhmrvvvgqpzamhxue69uhhyetvv9ujuurjd9kkzmpwdejhgtczyztpa8q038vw5xluyhnydj5u39d7cpssvuswjhhjqj8q42jh4ul3wqcyqqqqqqge7c74u and https://njump.me/nevent1qqswv50m7mc95m3saqce08jzpqc0vedw4avdk6zxy9axrn3hqet52xgpzamhxue69uhhyetvv9ujuurjd9kkzmpwdejhgtczyztpa8q038vw5xluyhnydj5u39d7cpssvuswjhhjqj8q42jh4ul3wqcyqqqqqqgpc7cp3
31. Strategic reserve, bitcoin special https://www.thestreet.com/crypto/policy/bitcoin-to-hold-special-status-in-u-s-crypto-strategic-reserve
32. Bitcoin reserve, crypto stockpile https://decrypt.co/309032/president-trump-signs-executive-order-to-establish-bitcoin-reserve-crypto-stockpile vid link https://njump.me/nevent1qqs09h58patpv9vfjpcss6v5nxv7m23u8g6g43nqvkjzgzescztucmspr9mhxue69uhhyetvv9ujumt0d4hhxarj9ecxjmnt9upzqtjzyy2ylrsceh5uj20j5e95v0e99s3epsvyctu2y0vrwyltvq33qvzqqqqqqyus4pu7
33. Truth summit https://njump.me/nevent1qqswj6sv0wr4d4ppwzam5egr5k6nmqgjpwmsrlx2a7d4ndpfj0fxvcqpzamhxue69uhhyetvv9ujuurjd9kkzmpwdejhgtczyztpa8q038vw5xluyhnydj5u39d7cpssvuswjhhjqj8q42jh4ul3wqcyqqqqqqgu0mzzh and vid https://njump.me/nevent1qqsptn8c8wyuhlqtjr5u767x20q4dmjvxy28cdj30t4v9phhf6y5a5spzamhxue69uhhyetvv9ujuurjd9kkzmpwdejhgtczyztpa8q038vw5xluyhnydj5u39d7cpssvuswjhhjqj8q42jh4ul3wqcyqqqqqqgqklklu
34. SEC chair confirmed https://beincrypto.com/sec-chair-paul-atkins-confirmed-senate-vote/
35. pro bitcoin USA https://coinpedia.org/news/u-s-secretary-of-commerce-howard-lutnick-says-america-is-ready-for-bitcoin/
36. tax cuts https://thehill.com/homenews/house/5272043-johnson-house-trump-agenda-memorial-day/
37. "as much as we can get" https://cryptobriefing.com/trump-bitcoin-acquisition-strategy/
38. ban on CBDC https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2025/01/strengthening-american-leadership-in-digital-financial-technology/
39. Phoenix WoS leave https://www.coindesk.com/opinion/2024/04/29/wasabi-wallet-and-phoenix-leave-the-us-whats-next-for-non-custodial-crypto
40. Trump hut 8 mining https://www.reuters.com/technology/hut-8-eric-trump-launch-bitcoin-mining-company-2025-03-31/

@ 7d33ba57:1b82db35

Located in eastern Poland, Lublin is a city where history, culture, and youthful energy come together. Often called the "Gateway to the East," Lublin blends Gothic and Renaissance architecture, vibrant street life, and deep historical roots—especially as a center of Jewish heritage and intellectual life.

🏙️ Top Things to See in Lublin

🏰 Lublin Castle

• A striking hilltop castle with a neo-Gothic façade and a beautifully preserved Romanesque chapel (Chapel of the Holy Trinity)
• Don’t miss the frescoes inside—a rare mix of Byzantine and Western art styles

🚪 Old Town (Stare Miasto)

• Wander through cobblestone streets, pastel buildings, and arched gateways
• Filled with cozy cafes, galleries, and vibrant murals
• The Grodzka Gate symbolizes the passage between Christian and Jewish quarters

🕯️ Lublin’s Jewish Heritage

• Visit the Grodzka Gate – NN Theatre, a powerful memorial and museum telling the story of the once-vibrant Jewish community
• Nearby Majdanek Concentration Camp offers a sobering but important historical experience

🎭 Culture & Events

• Lublin is known for its festivals, like Carnaval Sztukmistrzów (Festival of Magicians and Street Performers) and the Night of Culture
• The city has a thriving theatre and music scene, supported by its large student population

🌳 Green Spaces

• Relax in Saski Garden, a peaceful park with walking paths and fountains
• Or take a walk along the Bystrzyca River for a quieter, more local feel

🍽️ Local Tastes

• Sample Polish classics like pierogi, żurek (sour rye soup), and bigos (hunter’s stew)
• Look for modern twists on traditional dishes in Lublin’s growing number of bistros and artisan cafés

🚆 Getting There

• Easy access by train or bus from Warsaw (2–2.5 hours)
• Compact center—easily walkable

@ bbb5dda0:f09e2747

GitHub Actions (CI/CD) over Nostr

I Spent quite a bit of time on getting Nostr-based GitHub actions working. I have a basic runner implementation now, which i've reworked quite a bit when working with @dan on getting the front-end of it into gitworkshop.dev. We found that the nature of these jobs don't really lend itself to fit within the NIP-90 DVM spec.

What we have now: - A dvm-cicd-runner that - Advertises itself using NIP-89 announcements. - Takes a DVM request with: - repository - branch/ref - path to workflow file (.yml) - job timeout (max duration) - 🥜 Cashu prepayment for the job timeout (to be refunded) - Pulls the repository and executes the provided workflow file - Sends logs in batches as partial job results - Publishes job results and gets displayed in gitworkshop - Gitworkshop.dev (all nostr:npub15qydau2hjma6ngxkl2cyar74wzyjshvl65za5k5rl69264ar2exs5cyejr work) UI that : - Shows available workflow runners. - Instructing + paying runner to execute workflow file - Displaying job status, live updating with the latest logs / autoscroll, all the stuff you'd expect - Neatly displaying past jobs for the current repository

TODO'S + Ideas/vision

• TODO: refunding the unused minutes (job timeout - processing time) to the requester
• TODO: create seperate kinds/nip for worflow execution over nostr
• Create separate kinds for streaming arbitrary text data over nostr (line by line logs)
• automated git watchers for projects to kick of jobs
• Separate out workflow management stuff from gitworkshop.dev. A micro-app might serve better to manage runners for git projects etc and takes away pressure from gitworkshop.dev to do it all.
• Perhaps support just running .yaml files, without the requirement to have it in a git repo. Could just be a .yaml file on blossom.

TollGate

I spent most of my time working on TollGate. There's been a lot of back and forth to the drawing board to narrow down what the TollGate protocol looks like. I helped define some concepts on implementing a tollgate which we could use as language to discuss the different components that are part of a tollgate implementation. It helped us narrow down what was implementation and what is part of the protocol.

Current state of the project

• We have a website displaying the project: TollGate.me
• Worked on a basic android app for auto payments, validating we can auto-buy from tollgates by our phones
  • demo
• Presented TollGate at @Sats 'n Facts
• There's a protocol draft, presented at SEC-04
• We've done workshops, people were able to turn an OpenWRT router into a TollGate
• Building and releasing TollGate as a singular OpenWRT package, installable on any compatible architecture
• Building and releasing TollGate OS v0.0.1 (prebuilt OpenWRT image), targeting a few specific routers
• First tollgate deployed in the wild!! (At a restaurant in Funchal, Madeira)
• Other developers started to make their own adjacent implementations, which decentralizes the protocol already

What's next:

• We're gathering useful real user feedback to be incorporated in OS v0.0.2 soon
• Refine the protocol further
• Showing TollGate at various conferences in Europe throughout the summer
• Keep building the community, it's growing fast

Epoxy (Nostr based Addressing)

Although i've pivoted towards focusing on TollGate I worked out an implementation of my NIP-(1)37 proposal. During SEC-04 I worked out this browser plugin to demonstrate one way to make websites resistant to rugpulls.

It works by looking for a meta tag in the page's head: html <meta name="nostr-pubkey" relays="relay.site.com,other.relay.com">[hexPubkey]</meta>

When we've never recorded a pubkey for this domain, we save it. This pubkey now serves as the owner of the website. It looks for a kind 11111 event of that pubkey. It should list the current domain as one of it's domains. If not, it shows a warning.

The key concept is that if we visit this website again and one of these scenario's is true: - There is no longer a meta tag - There's another pubkey in the meta tag - The pubkey is still on the webpage, but the 11111 no longer lists this domain

Then we consider this domain as RUGPULLED and the user gets an error, suggesting to navigate to other domain listed by this pubkey. I'd like it to perhaps auto-redirect to another domain listed by the owner, this is especially useful for frequently rugged domains.

This extension does try to solve a bootstrapping problem. We need to establish the website's pubkey at some point. We have to start somewhere, which is why the first load is considered as the 'real' one, since we have no way of knowing for sure.

Other

🥜/⚡️ Receipt.Cash - Social Receipt sharing app

During SEC I worked on scratching an itch that has been lingering in my mind since SEC-03 already. And now that vibecoding is a thing it wasn't this huge undertaking anymore to handle the front-end stuff (which i suck at).

The usage scenario is a bunch of bitcoiners that are at a restaurant, we get the bill and want to split it amongst each other. One person can pay the bill, then: - Payer photographs receipt - Payer adds Cashu Payment request - Payer sets dev split % - App turns the receipt + request into a (encrypted) nostr event - The payer shares the event with QR or Share Menu

The friend scan the QR: - Receipt is loaded and displayed - Friend selects items they ordered - Friend hits pay button (⚡️Lightning or 🥜Cashu) and pays - Payment gets sent to Payer's cashu wallet - Dev split set by Payer goes to dev address.

Some features: - Change LLM model that processes the receipt to extract data - Proofs storage + recovery (if anything fails during processing)

Todo's: - Letting payer configure LNURL for payouts - Letting payer edit Receipt before sharing - Fix: live updates on settled items

The repo: receipt-cash

@ fd0bcf8c:521f98c0

The vag' sits on the edge of the highway, broken, hungry. Overhead flies a transcontinental plane filled with highly paid executives. The upper class has taken to the air, the lower class to the roads: there is no longer any bond between them, they are two nations."—The Sovereign Individual

Fire

I was talking to a friend last night. Coffee in hand. Watching flames consume branches. Spring night on his porch.

He believed in America's happy ending. Debt would vanish. Inflation would cool. Manufacturing would return. Good guys win.

I nodded. I wanted to believe.

He leaned forward, toward the flame. I sat back, watching both fire and sky.

His military photos hung inside. Service medals displayed. Patriotism bone-deep.

The pendulum clock on his porch wall swung steadily. Tick. Tock. Measuring moments. Marking epochs.

History tells another story. Not tragic. Just true.

Our time has come. America cut off couldn't compete. Factories sit empty. Supply chains span oceans. Skills lack. Children lag behind. Rebuilding takes decades.

Truth hurts. Truth frees.

Cycles

History moves in waves. Every 500 years, power shifts. Systems fall. Systems rise.

500 BC - Greek coins changed everything. Markets flourished. Athens dominated.

1 AD - Rome ruled commerce. One currency. Endless roads. Bustling ports.

500 AD - Rome faded. Not overnight. Slowly. Trade withered. Cities emptied. Money debased. Roads crumbled. Local strongmen rose. Peasants sought protection. Feudalism emerged.

People still lived. Still worked. Horizons narrowed. Knowledge concentrated. Most barely survived. Rich adapted. Poor suffered.

Self-reliance determined survival. Those growing food endured. Those making essential goods continued. Those dependent on imperial systems suffered most.

1000 AD - Medieval revival began. Venice dominated seas. China printed money. Cathedrals rose. Universities formed.

1500 AD - Europeans sailed everywhere. Spanish silver flowed. Banks financed kingdoms. Companies colonized continents. Power moved west.

The pendulum swung. East to West. West to East. Civilizations rose. Civilizations fell.

2000 AD - Pattern repeats. America strains. Digital networks expand. China rises. Debt swells. Old systems break.

We stand at the hinge.

Warnings

Signs everywhere. Dollar weakens globally. BRICS builds alternatives. Yuan buys oil. Factories rust. Debt exceeds GDP. Interest consumes budgets.

Bridges crumble. Education falters. Politicians chase votes. We consume. We borrow.

Rome fell gradually. Citizens barely noticed. Taxes increased. Currency devalued. Military weakened. Services decayed. Life hardened by degrees.

East Rome adapted. Survived centuries. West fragmented. Trade shrank. Some thrived. Others suffered. Life changed permanently.

Those who could feed themselves survived best. Those who needed the system suffered worst.

Pendulum

My friend poured another coffee. The burn pile popped loudly. Sparks flew upward like dying stars.

His face changed as facts accumulated. Military man. Trained to assess threats. Detect weaknesses.

He stared at the fire. National glory reduced to embers. Something shifted in his expression. Recognition.

His fingers tightened around his mug. Knuckles white. Eyes fixed on dying flames.

I traced the horizon instead. Observing landscape. Noting the contrast.

He touched the flag on his t-shirt. I adjusted my plain gray one.

The unpayable debt. The crumbling infrastructure. The forgotten manufacturing. The dependent supply chains. The devaluing currency.

The pendulum clock ticked. Relentless. Indifferent to empires.

His eyes said what his patriotism couldn't voice. Something fundamental breaking.

I'd seen this coming. Years traveling showed me. Different systems. Different values. American exceptionalism viewed from outside.

Pragmatism replaced my old idealism. See things as they are. Not as wished.

The logs shifted. Flames reached higher. Then lower. The cycle of fire.

Divergence

Society always splits during shifts.

Some adapt. Some don't.

Printing arrived. Scribes starved. Publishers thrived. Information accelerated. Readers multiplied. Ideas spread. Adapters prospered.

Steam engines came. Weavers died. Factory owners flourished. Villages emptied. Cities grew. Coal replaced farms. Railways replaced wagons. New skills meant survival.

Computers transformed everything. Typewriters vanished. Software boomed. Data replaced paper. Networks replaced cabinets. Programmers replaced typists. Digital skills determined success.

The self-reliant thrived in each transition. Those waiting for rescue fell behind.

Now AI reshapes creativity. Some artists resist. Some harness it. Gap widens daily.

Bitcoin offers refuge. Critics mock. Adopters build wealth. The distance grows.

Remote work redraws maps. Office-bound struggle. Location-free flourish.

The pendulum swings. Power shifts. Some rise with it. Some fall against it.

Two societies emerge. Adaptive. Resistant. Prepared. Pretending.

Advantage

Early adapters win. Not through genius. Through action.

First printers built empires. First factories created dynasties. First websites became giants.

Bitcoin followed this pattern. Laptop miners became millionaires. Early buyers became legends.

Critics repeat themselves: "Too volatile." "No value." "Government ban coming."

Doubters doubt. Builders build. Gap widens.

Self-reliance accelerates adaptation. No permission needed. No consensus required. Act. Learn. Build.

The burn pile flames like empire's glory. Bright. Consuming. Temporary.

Blindness

Our brains see tigers. Not economic shifts.

We panic at headlines. We ignore decades-long trends.

We notice market drops. We miss debt cycles.

We debate tweets. We ignore revolutions.

Not weakness. Just humanity. Foresight requires work. Study. Thought.

Self-reliant thinking means seeing clearly. No comforting lies. No pleasing narratives. Just reality.

The clock pendulum swings. Time passes regardless of observation.

Action

Empires fall. Families need security. Children need futures. Lives need meaning.

You can adapt faster than nations.

Assess honestly. What skills matter now? What preserves wealth? Who helps when needed?

Never stop learning. Factory workers learned code. Taxi drivers joined apps. Photographers went digital.

Diversify globally. No country owns tomorrow. Learn languages. Make connections. Stay mobile.

Protect your money. Dying empires debase currencies. Romans kept gold. Bitcoin offers similar shelter.

Build resilience. Grow food. Make energy. Stay strong. Keep friends. Read old books. Some things never change.

Self-reliance matters most. Can you feed yourself? Can you fix things? Can you solve problems? Can you create value without systems?

Movement

Humans were nomads first. Settlers second. Movement in our blood.

Our ancestors followed herds. Sought better lands. Survival meant mobility.

The pendulum swings here too. Nomad to farmer. City-dweller to digital nomad.

Rome fixed people to land. Feudalism bound serfs to soil. Nations created borders. Companies demanded presence.

Now technology breaks chains. Work happens anywhere. Knowledge flows everywhere.

The rebuild America seeks requires fixed positions. Factory workers. Taxpaying citizens in permanent homes.

But technology enables escape. Remote work. Digital currencies. Borderless businesses.

The self-reliant understand mobility as freedom. One location means one set of rules. One economy. One fate.

Many locations mean options. Taxes become predatory? Leave. Opportunities disappear? Find new ones.

Patriotism celebrates roots. Wisdom remembers wings.

My friend's boots dug into his soil. Planted. Territorial. Defending.

My Chucks rested lightly. Ready. Adaptable. Departing.

His toolshed held equipment to maintain boundaries. Fences. Hedges. Property lines.

My backpack contained tools for crossing them. Chargers. Adapters. Currency.

The burn pile flame flickers. Fixed in place. The spark flies free. Movement its nature.

During Rome's decline, the mobile survived best. Merchants crossing borders. Scholars seeking patrons. Those tied to crumbling systems suffered most.

Location independence means personal resilience. Economic downturns become geographic choices. Political oppression becomes optional suffering.

Technology shrinks distance. Digital work. Video relationships. Online learning.

Self-sovereignty requires mobility. The option to walk away. The freedom to arrive elsewhere.

Two more worlds diverge. The rooted. The mobile. The fixed. The fluid. The loyal. The free.

Hope

Not decline. Transition. Painful but temporary.

America may weaken. Humanity advances. Technology multiplies possibilities. Poverty falls. Knowledge grows.

Falling empires see doom. Rising ones see opportunity. Both miss half the picture.

Every shift brings destruction and creation. Rome fell. Europe struggled. Farms produced less. Cities shrank. Trade broke down.

Yet innovation continued. Water mills appeared. New plows emerged. Monks preserved books. New systems evolved.

Different doesn't mean worse for everyone.

Some industries die. Others birth. Some regions fade. Others bloom. Some skills become useless. Others become gold.

The self-reliant thrive in any world. They adapt. They build. They serve. They create.

Choose your role. Nostalgia or building.

The pendulum swings. East rises again. The cycle continues.

Fading

The burn pile dimmed. Embers fading. Night air cooling.

My friend's shoulders changed. Tension releasing. Something accepted.

His patriotism remained. His illusions departed.

The pendulum clock ticked steadily. Measuring more than minutes. Measuring eras.

Two coffee cups. His: military-themed, old and chipped but cherished. Mine: plain porcelain, new and unmarked.

His eyes remained on smoldering embers. Mine moved between him and the darkening trees.

His calendar marked local town meetings. Mine tracked travel dates.

The last flame flickered out. Spring peepers filled the silence.

In darkness, we watched smoke rise. The world changing. New choices ahead.

No empire lasts forever. No comfort in denial. Only clarity in acceptance.

Self-reliance the ancient answer. Build your skills. Secure your resources. Strengthen your body. Feed your mind. Help your neighbors.

The burn pile turned to ash. Empire's glory extinguished.

He stood facing his land. I faced the road.

A nod between us. Respect across division. Different strategies for the same storm.

He turned toward his home. I toward my vehicle.

The pendulum continued swinging. Power flowing east once more. Five centuries ending. Five centuries beginning.

"Bear in mind that everything that exists is already fraying at the edges." — Marcus Aurelius

Tomorrow depends not on nations. On us.

@ 61bf790b:fe18b062

In a vast digital realm, two cities stood side by side: the towering, flashing metropolis of Feedia, and the decentralized, quiet city of Nostra.

Feedia was loud—blinding, buzzing, and always on. Screens plastered every wall, whispering the latest trends into citizens’ ears. But in this city, what you saw wasn’t up to you. It was determined by a towering, unseen force known as The Algorithm. It didn’t care what was true, meaningful, or helpful—only what would keep your eyes glued and your attention sold.

In Feedia, discovery wasn’t earned. It was assigned.

And worse—there was a caste system. To have a voice, you needed a Blue Check—a glowing badge that marked you as “worthy.” To get one, you had to pay or play. Pay monthly dues to the high towers or entertain The Algorithm enough to be deemed “valuable.” If you refused or couldn’t afford it, your voice was cast into the noise—buried beneath outrage bait and celebrity screams.

The unmarked were like ghosts—speaking into the void while the checked dined in Algorithm-favored towers. It was a digital monarchy dressed up as a democracy.

Then, there was Nostra.

There were no glowing checkmarks in Nostra—just signal. Every citizen had a light they carried, one that grew brighter the more they contributed: thoughtful posts, reshared ideas, built tools, or boosted others. Discovery was based not on payment or privilege, but participation and value.

In Nostra, you didn’t rise because you paid the gatekeeper—you rose because others lifted you. You weren’t spoon-fed; you sought, you found, you earned attention. It was harder, yes. But it was real.

And slowly, some in Feedia began to awaken. They grew tired of being fed fast-food content and ignored despite their voices. They looked across the river to Nostra, where minds weren’t bought—they were built.

And one by one, they began to cross.

@ 88cc134b:5ae99079

one, two, three, four, five, six

@ 7e538978:a5987ab6

In Jericoacoara, Brazil, a beach town famed for its natural beauty and vibrant tourism, an innovative project is reshaping how locals and visitors think about money. Praia Bitcoin is an ambitious initiative to build a circular economy powered entirely by Bitcoin.

Launched in 2021 by entrepreneur Fernando Motolese, Praia Bitcoin was inspired by the Bitcoin Beach project in El Zonte, El Salvador. The vision is simple: create a self-sustaining Bitcoin economy where businesses and individuals use Bitcoin everyday in place of fiat money.

This idea holds special significance in Jericoacoara, where traditional banking services are scarce. The town lacks even basic infrastructure like ATMs, making financial inclusion a pressing need. With Praia Bitcoin, Bitcoin isn’t just a store of value—it’s a tool to empower a community and connect it to the global economy.

Transforming Jericoacoara with Bitcoin

Since its inception, Praia Bitcoin has worked to foster Bitcoin adoption in the area. Starting with a modest donation of 0.02 BTC, Fernando and his team have built a thriving ecosystem:

• Over 40 businesses now accept Bitcoin, ranging from souvenir shops and tour operators to beach vendors.
• Local students have received Bitcoin-loaded tap-to-pay, Bolt Cards, to use in their daily lives.
• Creative initiatives like “Bitcoin Banana Day” or "Frutas por Sats" (fruits for sats) where children buy fruits for 10 satoshis at school, have brought global attention to the project.

Praia Bitcoin’s success isn’t just about the adoption numbers, it’s about the stories. Families use Bitcoin to shop, business owners save on transaction fees, and children are learning the value of sound money at an early age.

LNbits - The Technology Behind Praia Bitcoin

Creating an economy on Bitcoin’s Lightning Network requires more than enthusiasm, it needs robust tools that are easy to use and adaptable to local needs. That’s where LNbits comes in.

Fernando and the Praia Bitcoin team have used LNbits’ open-source software to solve practical challenges and scale the project. With its modular design, LNbits provides tools that allow Praia Bitcoin to:

• Set Up Wallets: Community members receive user-friendly wallets that connect seamlessly to the Lightning Network, enabling fast, low-cost transactions.
• Issue BoltCards: Using LNbits’ BoltCard extension, the team has distributed NFC-enabled cards, allowing tap-to-pay functionality that makes Bitcoin payments as simple as using a credit card.
• Enable Flexible Payments: The project utilizes LNbits’ Point of Sale TPoS extension that allows merchants to easily receive Lightning Network payments.

Breaking Records, Building Community

Fernando doesn’t just implement solutions, he pushes boundaries. One of his most remarkable achievements was an attempt to set a world record for the most Lightning Network payments in the shortest amount of time. Over the course of one afternoon, 100 children in Jericoacoara received payments of 21,000 satoshis each, demonstrating the scalability and speed of Lightning-powered transactions.

This wasn’t just a technical feat, it was a community moment. The event showed how Bitcoin could serve as a tool for engagement, education, and empowerment, all while highlighting the possibilities of using the Lightning Network for real-world applications.

A Collaborative Approach to Innovation

One of the unique strengths of LNbits is its ability to evolve based on community feedback. While Fernando Motolese and Praia Bitcoin operate independently, their insights have helped refine the LNbits platform.

For example, Fernando’s need for a PIN-less ATM functionality led the LNbits team to implement that feature in the TPoS extension, that had the functionality but required a security PIN. This kind of collaboration isn’t about formal partnerships. It’s about how an open-source ecosystem thrives when real-world needs drive innovation.

The feedback loop between users like Fernando and developers ensures LNbits remains practical and relevant—not just for Praia Bitcoin but for countless other projects worldwide.

The Ripple Effect of Praia Bitcoin

Praia Bitcoin is a case study in what’s possible when Bitcoin meets a strong vision. By leveraging Bitcoin, the Lightning Network and LNbits, the project has redefined financial access in Jericoacoara, proving that small communities can lead big innovations.

For LNbits, Praia Bitcoin showcases the value of adaptable, open-source solutions. Whether it’s creating wallets, enabling NFC payments, or refining tools for real-world use, LNbits provides the infrastructure that makes projects like Praia Bitcoin possible.

But beyond the technical achievements, Praia Bitcoin reminds us of the human impact of Bitcoin adoption. It’s about children buying their first bananas with satoshis, families running businesses with lower fees, and a community connecting to a global financial network for the first time.

Conclusion

Praia Bitcoin’s journey is only getting started and its success is inspiring similar initiatives worldwide. For LNbits, being part of this story, is a testament to the power of the software and of open-source collaboration.

If you’re ready to build the future of Bitcoin adoption, LNbits offers the tools to turn ideas into impact.

Learn More:
- Visit Praia Bitcoin: Praia Bitcoin
- Explore LNbits: LNbits

@ 7e538978:a5987ab6

In Jericoacoara, Brazil, a beach town famed for its natural beauty and vibrant tourism, an innovative project is quietly reshaping how locals and visitors think about money. Praia Bitcoin is an ambitious initiative to build a circular economy powered entirely by Bitcoin.

Launched in 2021 by entrepreneur Fernando Motolese, Praia Bitcoin was inspired by the Bitcoin Beach project in El Zonte, El Salvador. The vision is simple: create a self-sustaining Bitcoin economy where businesses and individuals use Bitcoin everyday in place of fiat money.

This idea holds special significance in Jericoacoara, where traditional banking services are scarce. The town lacks even basic infrastructure like ATMs, making financial inclusion a pressing need. With Praia Bitcoin, Bitcoin isn’t just a store of value—it’s a tool to empower a community and connect it to the global economy.

Transforming Jericoacoara with Bitcoin

Since its inception, Praia Bitcoin has worked to foster Bitcoin adoption in the area. Starting with a modest donation of 0.02 BTC, Fernando and his team have built a thriving ecosystem:

• Over 40 businesses now accept Bitcoin, ranging from souvenir shops and tour operators to beach vendors.
• Local students have received Bitcoin-loaded tap-to-pay, Bolt Cards, to use in their daily lives.
• Creative initiatives like “Bitcoin Banana Day” or "Frutas por Sats" (fruits for sats) where children buy fruits for 10 satoshis at school, have brought global attention to the project.

Praia Bitcoin’s success isn’t just about the adoption numbers, it’s about the stories. Families use Bitcoin to shop, business owners save on transaction fees, and children are learning the value of sound money at an early age.

LNbits - The Technology Behind Praia Bitcoin

Creating an economy on Bitcoin’s Lightning Network requires more than enthusiasm, it needs robust tools that are easy to use and adaptable to local needs. That’s where LNbits comes in.

Fernando and the Praia Bitcoin team have used LNbits’ open-source software to solve practical challenges and scale the project. With its modular design, LNbits provides tools that allow Praia Bitcoin to:

• Set Up Wallets: Community members receive user-friendly wallets that connect seamlessly to the Lightning Network, enabling fast, low-cost transactions.
• Issue BoltCards: Using LNbits’ BoltCard extension, the team has distributed NFC-enabled cards, allowing tap-to-pay functionality that makes Bitcoin payments as simple as using a credit card.
• Enable Flexible Payments: The project utilizes LNbits’ Point of Sale TPoS extension that allows merchants to easily receive Lightning Network payments.

Breaking Records, Building Community

Fernando doesn’t just implement solutions, he pushes boundaries. One of his most remarkable achievements was an attempt to set a world record for the most Lightning Network payments in the shortest amount of time. Over the course of one afternoon, 100 children in Jericoacoara received payments of 21,000 satoshis each, demonstrating the scalability and speed of Lightning-powered transactions.

This wasn’t just a technical feat, it was a community moment. The event showed how Bitcoin could serve as a tool for engagement, education, and empowerment, all while highlighting the possibilities of using the Lightning Network for real-world applications.

A Collaborative Approach to Innovation

One of the unique strengths of LNbits is its ability to evolve based on community feedback. While Fernando Motolese and Praia Bitcoin operate independently, their insights have helped refine the LNbits platform.

For example, Fernando’s need for a PIN-less ATM functionality led the LNbits team to implement that feature in the TPoS extension, that had the functionality but required a security PIN. This kind of collaboration isn’t about formal partnerships. It’s about how an open-source ecosystem thrives when real-world needs drive innovation.

The feedback loop between users like Fernando and developers ensures LNbits remains practical and relevant—not just for Praia Bitcoin but for countless other projects worldwide.

The Ripple Effect of Praia Bitcoin

Praia Bitcoin is a case study in what’s possible when Bitcoin meets a strong vision. By leveraging Bitcoin, the Lightning Network and LNbits, the project has redefined financial access in Jericoacoara, proving that small communities can lead big innovations.

For LNbits, Praia Bitcoin showcases the value of adaptable, open-source solutions. Whether it’s creating wallets, enabling NFC payments, or refining tools for real-world use, LNbits provides the infrastructure that makes projects like Praia Bitcoin possible.

But beyond the technical achievements, Praia Bitcoin reminds us of the human impact of Bitcoin adoption. It’s about children buying their first bananas with satoshis, families running businesses with lower fees, and a community connecting to a global financial network for the first time.

Conclusion

Praia Bitcoin’s journey is only getting started and its success is inspiring similar initiatives worldwide. For LNbits, being part of this story, is a testament to the power of the software and of open-source collaboration.

If you’re ready to build the future of Bitcoin adoption, LNbits offers the tools to turn ideas into impact.

Learn More:
- Visit Praia Bitcoin: Praia Bitcoin
- Explore LNbits: LNbits

@ 28313968:7e036f8d

lorem ipsum

@ 83279ad2:bd49240d

test

@ 57d1a264:69f1fee1

A debonair day-to-night hideaway fuses heritage charm with contemporary flair in the Penang capital of George Town...

Housed in a historic landmark on George Town’s atmospheric Lebuh Farquhar, just a stone’s throw from the iconic Eastern & Oriental Hotel, MOJO JOJO is a café and brunch spot by day, and a refined eatery come nightfall. With an effortlessly cool edge, the space has been designed by Empt Studio and combines contemporary charm with the energy of this Malaysian city.

Split into two sections, the venue caters to both hotel guests and passersby. One side offers an intimate, tailored dining experience for those seeking a respite from the buzz of outside, while the other spills out onto the street, embracing George Town’s lively buzz. The soaring ceilings create a sense of openness, further enhanced by the introduction of a mezzanine above the kitchen, maximising space without compromising on airiness.

Natural materials feature throughout with custom bamboo display systems and solid Nyatoh timber fixtures lending a rich, textural warmth. Deliberately crafted interlocking joints pay homage to traditional woodworking techniques, reinforcing both strength and authenticity. Every detail nods to meticulous craftsmanship, from the aged wood grains to the earthy material palette that echoes the heritage of its surroundings.

Lighting plays a supporting yet pivotal role, with carefully curated, softly diffused illumination accentuating the textures and forms within. The interplay of warm light and natural materials fosters an immersive, atmospheric retreat from the fast-paced city outside.

A refuge for slow mornings and, later on, offering a more cultured affair, MOJO JOJO is a debonair dining spot for the handsome Penang capital.

Read more https://www.emptstudio.com/projects/mojojojo

originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/966008

@ 57d1a264:69f1fee1

Hubless Wheels + Donut Motor brings manufacturing & performance benefits

Verge Next, a subsidiary of Estonia-based Verge Motorcycles, invented this Donut Motor. It's designed to drive a hubless wheel. Although once seen as something that simply looked cool in renderings, the company says the hubless arrangement brings performance and manufacturing benefits, "delivering unmatched torque and power density with minimal weight."

For one thing, there's no chain, belt or drivetrain required. Secondly, it frees the body of the bike from the task of holding the motor—everything is now contained within that rear wheel.

The company has not only incorporated the Donut Motor into their own bikes, but is now licensing the technology. Assuming it does what it says on the tin, our future streetscapes will be covered with hubless bikes, scooters and motorcycles.

Here's a closer look at a Verge bike and how its design is influenced by the motor:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Og9vlJRe2-M

originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/966001

@ 78b3c1ed:5033eea9

Umbrel Core-lightning(以下CLNと略す)を運用するにあたり役に立ちそうなノウハウやメモを随時投稿します。

・configファイルを用意する Umbrelのアプリとして必要な設定はdocker-compose.ymlで指定されている。 それ以外の設定をしたい場合configファイルに入れると便利。 configファイルの置き場所は /home/umbrel/umbrel/app-data/core-lightning/data/lightningd ここにtouch configとでもやってファイルをつくる。 cd /home/umbrel/umbrel/app-data/core-lightning/data/lightningd touch config 以下内容をひな型として使ってみてください。 行頭に#があるとコメント行になります。つまり.iniフォーマット。 /home/umbrel/umbrel/app-data/core-lightning/data/lightningd/config ```

[General options]

[Bitcoin control options]

[Lightning daemon options]

[Lightning node customization options]

[Lightning channel and HTLC options]

[Payment control options]

[Networking options]

[Lightning Plugins]

[Experimental Options]

``` configに設定できる内容は以下を参照 https://lightning.readthedocs.io/lightningd-config.5.html セクションを意味する[]があるけれどもこれは私(tanakei)が意図的に見やすく区別しやすくするために付けただけ。これら行の＃は外さない。

・configの設定をCLNに反映させる appスクリプトでCLNを再起動すると反映することができる。 configを書き換えただけでは反映されない。 cd /home/umbrel/umbrel/scripts ./app restart core-lightning

・ログをファイルに出力させる

以下の場所でtouch log.txtとしてlog.txtファイルを作る。 /home/umbrel/umbrel/app-data/core-lightning/data/lightningd cd /home/umbrel/umbrel/app-data/core-lightning/data/lightningd touch log.txt 次にconfigの[Lightning daemon options]セクションにlog-fileを追加する。 ```

[Lightning daemon options]

log-file=/data/.lightning/log.txt ``` ※Dockerによって/home/umbrel/umbrel/app-data/core-lightning/data/lightningd は /data/.lightning として使われている。

・addrとbind-addrの違い どちらも着信用のインターフェースとポートの設定。addrは指定したホストIPアドレス:ポート番号をノードURIに含めて公開する(node_announcementのuris)。bind-addrは公開しない。

・実験的機能のLN Offerを有効にする configの[Experimental Options]セクションに以下を追加する。 ```

[Experimental Options]

experimental-onion-messages experimental-offers ``` ※ v24.08でexperimental-onion-messageは廃止されデフォルト有効であり、上記設定の追加は不要になりました。 ※ v21.11.1 では experimental-offersは廃止されデフォルト有効であり、上記設定の追加は不要になりました。 もう実験扱いじゃなくなったのね...

・完全にTorでの発信オンリーにする UmbrelはなぜかCLNの発信をClearnetとTorのハイブリッドを許している。それは　always-use-proxy=true　の設定がないから。(LNDは発着信Torのみなのに) なのでこの設定をconfigに追加してCLNも発着進Torのみにする。 ```

[Networking options]

always-use-proxy=true ```

・任意のニーモニックからhsm_secretを作る CLNのhsm_secretはLNDのwallet.dbのようなもの。ノードで使う様々な鍵のマスター鍵となる。Umbrel CLNはこのhsm_secretファイルを自動生成したものを使い、これをバックアップするためのニーモニックを表示するとかそういう機能はない。自分で作って控えてあるニーモニックでhsm_secretを作ってしまえばこのファイルが壊れてもオンチェーン資金は復旧はできる。

1.CLNインストール後、dockerコンテナに入る docker exec -it core-lightning_lightningd_1 bash 2.lightning-hsmtoolコマンドを使って独自hsm_secretを作る ``` cd data/.lightning/bitcoin lightning-hsmtool generatehsm my-hsm_secret

・上記コマンドを実行するとニーモニックの言語、ニーモニック、パスフレーズの入力を催促される。 Select your language: 0) English (en) 1) Spanish (es) 2) French (fr) 3) Italian (it) 4) Japanese (jp) 5) Chinese Simplified (zhs) 6) Chinese Traditional (zht) Select [0-7]: 0　※定番の英単語なら0を入力 Introduce your BIP39 word list separated by space (at least 12 words): <ニーモニックを入力する> Warning: remember that different passphrases yield different bitcoin wallets. If left empty, no password is used (echo is disabled). Enter your passphrase: <パスフレーズを入力する>　※パスフレーズ不要ならそのままエンターキーを押す。 New hsm_secret file created at my-hsm_secret Use the encrypt command to encrypt the BIP32 seed if needed

コンテナから抜ける exit

3.appスクリプトでCLNを止めて、独自hsm_secret以外を削除 ※【重要】いままで使っていたhsm_secretを削除する。もしチャネル残高、ウォレット残高があるならチャネルを閉じて資金を退避すること。自己責任！ cd ~/umbrel/scripts/ ./app stop core-lightning

cd ~/umbrel/app-data/core-lightning/data/lightningd/bitcoin rm gossip_store hsm_secret lightningd.sqlite3 lightning-rpc mv my-hsm_secret hsm_secret 4.appスクリプトでCLNを再開する cd ~/umbrel/scripts/ ./app start core-lightning ```

【補記】 hsm_secret作成につかうニーモニックはBIP39で、LNDのAezeedと違って自分が作成されたブロック高さというものを含んでいない。新規でなくて復元して使う場合は作成されたブロック高さからブロックチェーンをrescanする必要がある。 configの１行目にrescanオプションを付けてCLNをリスタートする。 ``` // 特定のブロック高さを指定する場合はマイナス記号をつける rescan=-756000

// 現在のブロック高さから指定ブロック分さかのぼった高さからrescanする rescan=10000 ※現在の高さが760,000なら10000指定だと750,000からrescan ```

・clnrestについて core-lightningでREST APIを利用したい場合、別途c-lightning-restを用意する必要があった。v23.8から標準でclnrestというプラグインがついてくる。pythonで書かれていて、ソースからビルドした場合はビルド完了後にpip installでインストールする。elementsproject/lightningdのDockerイメージではインストール済みになっている。 (v25.02からgithubからバイナリをダウンロードしてきた場合はpip install不要になったようだ) このclnrestを使うにはcreaterunesコマンドでruneというLNDのマカロンのようなものを作成する必要がある。アプリ側でこのruneとREST APIを叩いてcore-lightningへアクセスすることになる。 自分が良く使っているLNbitsやスマホアプリZeus walletはclnrestを使う。まだclnrestに対応していないアプリもあるので留意されたし。

・Emergency recoverについて LNDのSCBのようなもの。ファイル名はemergency.recover チャネルを開くと更新される。 hsm_secretとこのファイルだけを置いてCLNを開始すると自動でこのファイルから強制クローズするための情報が読み出されてDLPで相手から強制クローズするような仕組み。この機能はv0.12から使える。

動作確認してみた所、LNDのSCBに比べるとかなり使いづらい。 1. CLNがTor発信だとチャネルパートナーと接続できない。 　Clearnet発信できても相手がTorのみノードならTor発信せざるを得ない。 　相手と通信できなければ資金回収できない。 2. 相手がLNDだとなぜか強制クローズされない。相手がCLNならできる。

つまり、自分と相手がClearnetノードでかつ相手もCLNならば Emergency recoverで強制クローズして資金回収できる。こんな条件の厳しい復旧方法がマジで役に立つのか？

v0.11以降ならばLNDのchannel.dbに相当するlightningd.sqlite3をプライマリ・セカンダリDBと冗長化できるので、セカンダリDBをNFSで保存すればUmbrelのストレージが壊れてもセカンダリDBで復旧できる。そのためemergerncy.recoverを使う必要がないと思われる。

・LN offer(BOLT#12)ついて 使いたいなら 1.publicチャネルを開く 　publicチャネルを開けばチャネルとノードの情報(channel_announcement, node_announcement)が他ノードに伝わる。送金したい相手がこの情報を元に経路探索する。 2.その後しばらく待つ CLNノードを立てたばかりだと経路探索するに十分なチャネルとノードの情報が揃ってない。せめて1日は待つ。

LNURLの場合インボイスをhttpsで取得するが、OfferはLN経由で取得する。そのためにチャネルとノードの情報が必要。privateチャネルばかりのノードはチャネル情報もそうだがノード情報も出さない。 Offerで使えるBlind pathという機能なら中間ノードIDを宛先ノードとすることが可能で、これならチャネルとノード情報を公開しなくても受けとれるのだがCLNは対応してない模様(2025年1月現在) CLNでOfferで受け取るにはチャネルとノード情報を公開する必要がある。そのためpublicチャネルを開く。公開されていれば良いのでTorでもOK。クリアネットで待ち受けは必須ではない。

・hsm_sercretとニーモニック lightning-hsmtoolを使うとニーモニックからhsm_secretを作れる。ニーモニックからシードを作ると64バイト。これはニーモニックおよびソルトにパスフレーズをPBKDF2(HMAC-SHA512を2048回)にかけると512ビット(64バイト)のシードができる。しかしhsm_secretは32バイト。CLNでは64バイトの最初の32バイトをhsm_secretとして利用しているみたい。 このhsm_secretにHMAC-SHA512をかけて512ビットとした値がウォレットのマスター鍵となる。なのでhsm_secret自体がBIP-32でいうマスターシードそのものではない。 sparrow walletにCLNのウォレットを復元したい場合は lightning-hsmtool dumponchaindescriptors --show-secrets とやってディスクリプターウォレットを出力。出力内容にマスター鍵(xprv～)があるので、これをインポートする。導出パス設定はm/0とする。sparrowが残りを補完してm/0/0/0, m/0/0/1とやってくれる。

<おまけ> configファイルのサンプル。Umbrelを使わない場合は以下のサンプルが役に立つはず。上記のelementsproject/lightningdならば/root/.lightningに任意のディレクトリをマウントしてそのディレクトリにconfigを置く。 ```

[General options]

不可逆なDBアップグレードを許可しない

database-upgrade=false

[Bitcoin control options]

network=bitcoin bitcoin-rpcconnect= bitcoin-rpcport= bitcoin-rpcuser= bitcoin-rpcpassword=

[Lightning daemon options]

postgresを使う場合

wallet=postgres://USER:PASSWORD@HOST:PORT/DB_NAME

bookkeeper-db=postgres://USER:PASSWORD@HOST:PORT/DB_NAME

sqlite3を使う場合。デフォルトはこちらで以下の設定が無くても~/.lightning/bitconに自動で作成される。

wallet=sqlite3:///home/USERNAME/.lightning/bitcoin/lightningd.sqlite3

bookkeeper-db=sqlite3:///home/USERNAME/.lightning/bitcoin/accounts.sqlite3

ログファイルは自動で作成されない

log-file=/home/USERNAME/.lightning/lightningd-log

log-level=debug

[Lightning node customization options]

alias= rgb=

固定手数料。ミリサトシで指定。

fee-base=1000000

変動手数料。ppmで指定。

fee-per-satoshi=0

最小チャネルキャパシティ(sats)

min-capacity-sat=100000

HTLC最少額。ミリサトシで指定。

htlc-minimum-msat=1000

[Lightning channel and HTLC options]

large-channels # v23.11よりデフォルトでラージチャネルが有効。

チャネル開設まで6承認

funding-confirms=6

着信できるHTLCの数。開いたら変更できない。1～483 (デフォルトは 30) の範囲にする必要があります

max-concurrent-htlcs=INTEGER

アンカーチャネルを閉じるためにウォレットに保持しておく資金。デフォルトは 25,000sat

チャネルを"忘れる(forget)"するまではリザーブされる模様。forgetはチャネル閉じてから100ブロック後

min-emergency-msat=10000000

[Cleanup control options]

autoclean-cycle=3600 autoclean-succeededforwards-age=0 autoclean-failedforwards-age=0 autoclean-succeededpays-age=0 autoclean-failedpays-age=0 autoclean-paidinvoices-age=0 autoclean-expiredinvoices-age=0

[Payment control options]

disable-mpp

[Networking options]

bind-addrだとアナウンスしない。

bind-addr=0.0.0.0:9375

tor

proxy=: always-use-proxy=true

Torの制御ポート。addr=statictor だとhidden serviceをノードURIとして公開する。

addr=statictor:: tor-service-password=

experimental-websocket-portは廃止された。bind-addr=ws:が代替。

bind-addr=ws::2106

clnrestプラグイン, REST API

clnrest-host=0.0.0.0 clnrest-port=3010 clnrest-protocol=http

v24.11よりgrpcはデフォルト有効

grpc-host=0.0.0.0 grpc-port=9736

[Lightning Plugins]

[Experimental Options]

experimental-onion-messages # v24.08で廃止。デフォルト有効

experimental-offers # v24.11.1で廃止。デフォルト有効

流動性広告からチャネルを開くときにexperimental-dual-fundが必要らしい。

experimental-dual-fund

experimental-splicing

experimental-peer-storage

```

@ 502ab02a:a2860397

PAN... แค่แพนเค้ก หรือ แผนล้อมโลกเรื่องอาหาร เมื่อหมากตัวจริงชื่อ Sebastian Joy

เราได้รู้จักกับคุณ Sebastian Joy กันไปแล้วนะครับ วันนี้เรามาขยายผลกันอีกหน่อย

ถ้าโลกนี้เป็นเกมหมากรุก อาหารคือกระดานที่ทุกตัวหมากต้องเหยียบเดิน และใครที่วางหมากอาหารได้...ก็วางโลกได้เหมือนกัน

ปี 2018 มีโครงการหนึ่งถือกำเนิดขึ้นในเยอรมนีอย่างเงียบๆ ชื่อว่า Physicians Association for Nutrition (PAN) เบื้องหน้าเหมือนเป็นมูลนิธิการกุศล ตั้งขึ้นมาเพื่อ "ช่วยให้หมอเข้าใจเรื่องโภชนาการจากพืช" แต่ถ้าเปิดแว่นขยายส่องให้ดีๆ มันคือหนึ่งในฟันเฟืองสำคัญของแผนเปลี่ยนอนาคตอาหารโลกจาก Animal-Based ไปเป็น Plant-Based ที่เป็น lab plant based ที่ไม่ใช่อาหารธรรมชาติแบบหลักแก่นที่ Vegan สืบทอดกันมา โดยอ้างเรื่อง "สุขภาพ" และ "สิ่งแวดล้อม" เป็นฉากหน้า

PAN นั้นเสมือนเป็นลูกสมุนตัวกลั่นของคนที่ชื่อ Sebastian Joy ชายหนุ่มสายโปรโมทแนว Vegan ที่ก่อนหน้านั้นก่อตั้งองค์กร ProVeg International ซึ่งมีสายสัมพันธ์กับพวก Start-up อาหารทางเลือก (ไม่ว่าจะเป็นเนื้อปลอม เนื้อพืชดีเอนเอ นมพืชที่มาจากจุลินทรีย์ ไปจนถึงการส่งเสริมวัตถุดิบจากแบคทีเรีย โรงงาน และห้องแลบ) แล้ว ProVeg ไม่ได้ทำงานเดี่ยวๆ นะจ๊ะ... เบื้องหลังเชื่อมโยงกับเครือข่ายที่หนุน World Economic Forum (WEF) และแนวคิด Great Reset ที่อยาก "รีเซ็ต" วิธีการกินของคนทั้งโลก โดยให้อาหารเป็น Plant-Based แบบ lab created และ Meat Lab-Based เป็นหลัก

ส่วน PAN ถูกใช้เป็น "หมากที่แต่งตัวเป็นหมอ" เพื่อเดินเกมไปสู่การแทรกแซงนโยบายประเทศต่างๆ ผ่านช่องทาง "สาธารณสุข" และ "การศึกษาแพทย์" เพื่อมาเป็นกำลังหลักให้ในแผนงาน

เรามาดูตัวอย่างผลงานเด่นของ PAN กันครับ 1. ผลักดันให้รวม Plant-Based เข้าไปในหลักสูตรแพทย์และพยาบาล (โดยใช้เหตุผลว่า "หมอต้องรู้จักอาหารเพื่อสุขภาพ") 2. ช่วยรณรงค์ให้โรงพยาบาล โรงเรียน และมหาวิทยาลัย เปลี่ยนเมนูอาหารเป็น Plant-Based 3. สนับสนุนงานวิจัย และโครงการ เช่น Green Food Experience ที่กดดันให้ภาคธุรกิจและภาครัฐบาลหันมาทำตาม "แนวทางอาหารยั่งยืน" แบบที่ PAN และพรรคพวกกำหนด 4. มีสถานะ "Observer" ในองค์การสหประชาชาติ (UN) เพื่อเสนอความคิดเห็นในการกำหนดนโยบายสาธารณสุขและสิ่งแวดล้อมระดับโลก

และเบื้องหลังอีกชั้นที่น่าสนใจ... Sebastian Joy มีความสัมพันธ์ลึกซึ้งกับวงการ Start-up อาหารใหม่ๆ ที่พยายามตีตลาด Plant-Based และ Lab-Grown Food อย่างเช่น Perfect Day, Beyond Meat, Mosa Meat ฯลฯ ผ่านการโปรโมท "โภชนาการจากพืชเพื่อสุขภาพที่ดีกว่า" โดยใช้ PAN เป็นเครื่องมือให้ดู "มีอำนาจทางวิชาการ" มากขึ้น

หรือถ้าให้พูดง่ายๆ คือ สร้างสนามแข่ง แล้วจับมือกับนักแข่งที่ตัวเองลงทุนไว้ PAN ดูเหมือนเป็นองค์กรกลางๆ ใสๆ แต่มันเชื่อมโยงกับโครงข่าย NGO และบริษัทเอกชนที่มุ่งแปลงร่างอาหารโลกอยู่เบื้องหลัง การที่ PAN ผลักดันนโยบายระดับประเทศ และแทรกซึมในระบบการศึกษา หมายความว่าอนาคตคนรุ่นใหม่จะถูกปลูกฝังแนวคิด "เนื้อสัตว์ไม่ดี" โดยไม่ทันรู้ตัว

แล้วมันเกี่ยวอะไรกับเรา? จินตนาการดูครับว่า - ถ้าวันหนึ่งโรงเรียนของลูกเรามีแต่เมนูถั่วเหลือง ซีเรียล นมโอ๊ต หรือ ไอศกรีมเวย์จากจุลินทรีย์ และห้ามเสิร์ฟเนื้อสัตว์ด้วยสารพัดเหตุผล เช่น เนื้อปนเปื้อนง่าย เนื้อทำให้เป็นมะเร็ง หรือแม้แต่สอนเด็กว่า เนื้อคือตัวการทำลายสิ่งแวดล้อมด้วย มีเทน นั่นอาจเป็นผลลัพธ์จากงานเบื้องหลังของ PAN - ถ้าวันหนึ่งนโยบายอาหารของประเทศเน้นลดเนื้อสัตว์ อ้างสุขภาพ อ้างสิ่งแวดล้อม อ้างโรคระบาด อ้างกฎแห่ง DNA ที่ถูกจดสิทธิบัตร แล้วโปรโมทเนื้อปลอมแทน นั่นอาจเป็นรอยเท้าของ Sebastian Joy ที่เดินมาก่อนแล้ว - ถ้าวันหนึ่งหมอจำนวนมากเชื่อว่า “เนื้อสัตว์คือตัวร้ายที่แพร่มะเร็งหรือทำให้สุขภาพเสีย” โดยไม่มีการตั้งคำถาม นั่นคือชัยชนะของหมากตัวนี้

ในขณะที่คนส่วนใหญ่คิดว่ากำลังเลือกอาหารเอง หรือ คิดว่าฉันกิน plant base / vegan เพราะรักโลก รักสุขภาพ แต่จริงๆ แล้วมีมือที่มองไม่เห็นกำหนด "ตัวเลือก" ไว้แล้วเรียบร้อย เพราะทั้งหมดมันไม่ได้เป็นอาหารธรรมชาติ มันคืออาหาร "สร้าง" ที่ไม่มีสัตว์, มันคืออาหาร "สร้าง" ที่ต้อง "สร้าง" มาจากโรงงาน แล้วเราต้อง "ซื้อ" มากินเท่านั้น ถ้าไม่สร้าง local ให้แข็งแรง อย่าหลงไปตามความสวยงามของการรักโลกในมุมเดียว เราอาจจะไม่สามารถปลูกพืชมาเป็นอาหารเองได้ เราอาจไม่สามารถเลี้ยงสัตว์เพื่อกินเองได้

PAN ไม่ใช่แค่องค์กรให้ความรู้ด้านโภชนาการ / PAN คือเครื่องมือในกระดานหมากรุกที่กำลังจัดการ "ตั้งโปรแกรมใหม่" ให้คนทั้งโลกกินตามแบบที่นายทุนและเครือข่ายเบื้องหลังเขียนบทไว้ และชายที่ชื่อ Sebastian Joy นี่แหละ...คือหนึ่งในผู้ถือหมากที่ยิ้มอยู่หลังม่าน

อาหารแห่งอนาคต มีทางเดินเหลือไว้ให้ เกษตรกร old school บ้างไหม สนธิสัญญาต่างๆเรื่องเมล็ดพันธุ์ เหลือทางเดินไว้ให้เกษตรกรบ้างไหม หรือสุดท้าย เราจะไม่มีไดเอทให้เลือก ให้ทะเลาะกัน เพราะสุดท้าย เราต่างต้องกินอาหารจากโรงงานเหมือนกันหมด บทความนี้คงจะเป็นได้แค่เพียง การตั้งคำถามขึ้นมาไว้ แต่ไม่มีคำตอบ ว่าเรากำลังโดนอ้าง plant based food มาเคลือบความเป็น อาหารโรงงาน (Plant Food) หรือเปล่าเพราะวันนี้หลายคนอาจมองว่าเป็นการตื่นตูม คิดมาก หรือแม้แต่ เราเลือกได้แหละ ก็ได้ครับ

ผมไม่ได้มีปัญหากับสายพืชล้วน ไม่ว่าจะเจ วีแกน แพลนท์เบส เพราะถ้ากินเป็น มองสารอาหารเป็น จัดการ anti nutrient ได้ดี มันก็ดีสำหรับคนนั้น แต่ซีรีส์นี้สำคัญที่ว่า plant based food is not PLANT food อาหารจากพืชไม่ใช่อาหารจากโรงงานครับ

ก่อนถึงวันที่เราจะไม่มีสิทธิ์แม้แต่จะเลือก #pirateketo #กูต้องรู้มั๊ย #ม้วนหางสิลูก #siamstr

@ 4ba8e86d:89d32de4

Como funciona o PGP.

O texto a seguir foi retirado do capítulo 1 do documento Introdução à criptografia na documentação do PGP 6.5.1. Copyright © 1990-1999 Network Associates, Inc. Todos os direitos reservados.

-O que é criptografia? -Criptografia forte -Como funciona a criptografia? -Criptografia convencional -Cifra de César -Gerenciamento de chaves e criptografia convencional -Criptografia de chave pública -Como funciona o PGP - Chaves • Assinaturas digitais -Funções hash • Certificados digitais -Distribuição de certificados -Formatos de certificado •Validade e confiança -Verificando validade -Estabelecendo confiança -Modelos de confiança • Revogação de certificado -Comunicar que um certificado foi revogado -O que é uma senha? -Divisão de chave

Os princípios básicos da criptografia.

Quando Júlio César enviou mensagens aos seus generais, ele não confiou nos seus mensageiros. Então ele substituiu cada A em suas mensagens por um D, cada B por um E, e assim por diante através do alfabeto. Somente alguém que conhecesse a regra “shift by 3” poderia decifrar suas mensagens. E assim começamos.

Criptografia e descriptografia.

Os dados que podem ser lidos e compreendidos sem quaisquer medidas especiais são chamados de texto simples ou texto não criptografado. O método de disfarçar o texto simples de forma a ocultar sua substância é chamado de criptografia. Criptografar texto simples resulta em um jargão ilegível chamado texto cifrado. Você usa criptografia para garantir que as informações sejam ocultadas de qualquer pessoa a quem não se destinam, mesmo daqueles que podem ver os dados criptografados. O processo de reverter o texto cifrado ao texto simples original é chamado de descriptografia . A Figura 1-1 ilustra esse processo.

https://image.nostr.build/0e2fcb71ed86a6083e083abbb683f8c103f44a6c6db1aeb2df10ae51ec97ebe5.jpg

Figura 1-1. Criptografia e descriptografia

O que é criptografia?

Criptografia é a ciência que usa a matemática para criptografar e descriptografar dados. A criptografia permite armazenar informações confidenciais ou transmiti-las através de redes inseguras (como a Internet) para que não possam ser lidas por ninguém, exceto pelo destinatário pretendido. Embora a criptografia seja a ciência que protege os dados, a criptoanálise é a ciência que analisa e quebra a comunicação segura. A criptoanálise clássica envolve uma combinação interessante de raciocínio analítico, aplicação de ferramentas matemáticas, descoberta de padrões, paciência, determinação e sorte. Os criptoanalistas também são chamados de atacantes. A criptologia abrange tanto a criptografia quanto a criptoanálise.

Criptografia forte.

"Existem dois tipos de criptografia neste mundo: a criptografia que impedirá a sua irmã mais nova de ler os seus arquivos, e a criptografia que impedirá os principais governos de lerem os seus arquivos. Este livro é sobre o último." --Bruce Schneier, Criptografia Aplicada: Protocolos, Algoritmos e Código Fonte em C. PGP também trata deste último tipo de criptografia. A criptografia pode ser forte ou fraca, conforme explicado acima. A força criptográfica é medida no tempo e nos recursos necessários para recuperar o texto simples. O resultado de uma criptografia forte é um texto cifrado que é muito difícil de decifrar sem a posse da ferramenta de decodificação apropriada. Quão díficil? Dado todo o poder computacional e o tempo disponível de hoje – mesmo um bilhão de computadores fazendo um bilhão de verificações por segundo – não é possível decifrar o resultado de uma criptografia forte antes do fim do universo. Alguém poderia pensar, então, que uma criptografia forte resistiria muito bem até mesmo contra um criptoanalista extremamente determinado. Quem pode realmente dizer? Ninguém provou que a criptografia mais forte disponível hoje resistirá ao poder computacional de amanhã. No entanto, a criptografia forte empregada pelo PGP é a melhor disponível atualmente.

Contudo, a vigilância e o conservadorismo irão protegê-lo melhor do que as alegações de impenetrabilidade.

Como funciona a criptografia?

Um algoritmo criptográfico, ou cifra, é uma função matemática usada no processo de criptografia e descriptografia. Um algoritmo criptográfico funciona em combinação com uma chave – uma palavra, número ou frase – para criptografar o texto simples. O mesmo texto simples é criptografado em texto cifrado diferente com chaves diferentes. A segurança dos dados criptografados depende inteiramente de duas coisas: a força do algoritmo criptográfico e o sigilo da chave. Um algoritmo criptográfico, mais todas as chaves possíveis e todos os protocolos que o fazem funcionar constituem um criptossistema. PGP é um criptossistema.

Criptografia convencional.

Na criptografia convencional, também chamada de criptografia de chave secreta ou de chave simétrica , uma chave é usada tanto para criptografia quanto para descriptografia. O Data Encryption Standard (DES) é um exemplo de criptossistema convencional amplamente empregado pelo Governo Federal. A Figura 1-2 é uma ilustração do processo de criptografia convencional. https://image.nostr.build/328b73ebaff84c949df2560bbbcec4bc3b5e3a5163d5fbb2ec7c7c60488f894c.jpg

Figura 1-2. Criptografia convencional

Cifra de César.

Um exemplo extremamente simples de criptografia convencional é uma cifra de substituição. Uma cifra de substituição substitui uma informação por outra. Isso é feito com mais frequência compensando as letras do alfabeto. Dois exemplos são o Anel Decodificador Secreto do Capitão Meia-Noite, que você pode ter possuído quando era criança, e a cifra de Júlio César. Em ambos os casos, o algoritmo serve para compensar o alfabeto e a chave é o número de caracteres para compensá-lo. Por exemplo, se codificarmos a palavra "SEGREDO" usando o valor chave de César de 3, deslocaremos o alfabeto para que a terceira letra abaixo (D) comece o alfabeto. Então começando com A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z e deslizando tudo para cima em 3, você obtém DEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZABC onde D=A, E=B, F=C e assim por diante. Usando este esquema, o texto simples, "SECRET" é criptografado como "VHFUHW". Para permitir que outra pessoa leia o texto cifrado, você diz a ela que a chave é 3. Obviamente, esta é uma criptografia extremamente fraca para os padrões atuais, mas, ei, funcionou para César e ilustra como funciona a criptografia convencional.

Gerenciamento de chaves e criptografia convencional.

A criptografia convencional tem benefícios. É muito rápido. É especialmente útil para criptografar dados que não vão a lugar nenhum. No entanto, a criptografia convencional por si só como meio de transmissão segura de dados pode ser bastante cara, simplesmente devido à dificuldade de distribuição segura de chaves. Lembre-se de um personagem do seu filme de espionagem favorito: a pessoa com uma pasta trancada e algemada ao pulso. Afinal, o que há na pasta? Provavelmente não é o código de lançamento de mísseis/fórmula de biotoxina/plano de invasão em si. É a chave que irá descriptografar os dados secretos. Para que um remetente e um destinatário se comuniquem com segurança usando criptografia convencional, eles devem chegar a um acordo sobre uma chave e mantê-la secreta entre si. Se estiverem em locais físicos diferentes, devem confiar em um mensageiro, no Bat Phone ou em algum outro meio de comunicação seguro para evitar a divulgação da chave secreta durante a transmissão. Qualquer pessoa que ouvir ou interceptar a chave em trânsito poderá posteriormente ler, modificar e falsificar todas as informações criptografadas ou autenticadas com essa chave. Do DES ao Anel Decodificador Secreto do Capitão Midnight, o problema persistente com a criptografia convencional é a distribuição de chaves: como você leva a chave ao destinatário sem que alguém a intercepte?

Criptografia de chave pública.

Os problemas de distribuição de chaves são resolvidos pela criptografia de chave pública, cujo conceito foi introduzido por Whitfield Diffie e Martin Hellman em 1975. (Há agora evidências de que o Serviço Secreto Britânico a inventou alguns anos antes de Diffie e Hellman, mas a manteve um segredo militar - e não fez nada com isso.

[JH Ellis: The Possibility of Secure Non-Secret Digital Encryption, CESG Report, January 1970]) A criptografia de chave pública é um esquema assimétrico que usa um par de chaves para criptografia: uma chave pública, que criptografa os dados, e uma chave privada ou secreta correspondente para descriptografia. Você publica sua chave pública para o mundo enquanto mantém sua chave privada em segredo. Qualquer pessoa com uma cópia da sua chave pública pode criptografar informações que somente você pode ler. Até mesmo pessoas que você nunca conheceu. É computacionalmente inviável deduzir a chave privada da chave pública. Qualquer pessoa que possua uma chave pública pode criptografar informações, mas não pode descriptografá-las. Somente a pessoa que possui a chave privada correspondente pode descriptografar as informações. https://image.nostr.build/fdb71ae7a4450a523456827bdd509b31f0250f63152cc6f4ba78df290887318b.jpg

Figura 1-3. Criptografia de chave pública O principal benefício da criptografia de chave pública é que ela permite que pessoas que não possuem nenhum acordo de segurança pré-existente troquem mensagens com segurança. A necessidade de remetente e destinatário compartilharem chaves secretas através de algum canal seguro é eliminada; todas as comunicações envolvem apenas chaves públicas e nenhuma chave privada é transmitida ou compartilhada. Alguns exemplos de criptossistemas de chave pública são Elgamal (nomeado em homenagem a seu inventor, Taher Elgamal), RSA (nomeado em homenagem a seus inventores, Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir e Leonard Adleman), Diffie-Hellman (nomeado, você adivinhou, em homenagem a seus inventores). ) e DSA, o algoritmo de assinatura digital (inventado por David Kravitz). Como a criptografia convencional já foi o único meio disponível para transmitir informações secretas, o custo dos canais seguros e da distribuição de chaves relegou a sua utilização apenas àqueles que podiam pagar, como governos e grandes bancos (ou crianças pequenas com anéis descodificadores secretos). A criptografia de chave pública é a revolução tecnológica que fornece criptografia forte para as massas adultas. Lembra do mensageiro com a pasta trancada e algemada ao pulso? A criptografia de chave pública o tira do mercado (provavelmente para seu alívio).

Como funciona o PGP.

O PGP combina alguns dos melhores recursos da criptografia convencional e de chave pública. PGP é um criptossistema híbrido. Quando um usuário criptografa texto simples com PGP, o PGP primeiro compacta o texto simples. A compactação de dados economiza tempo de transmissão do modem e espaço em disco e, mais importante ainda, fortalece a segurança criptográfica. A maioria das técnicas de criptoanálise explora padrões encontrados no texto simples para quebrar a cifra. A compressão reduz esses padrões no texto simples, aumentando assim enormemente a resistência à criptoanálise. (Arquivos que são muito curtos para compactar ou que não são compactados bem não são compactados.) O PGP então cria uma chave de sessão, que é uma chave secreta única. Esta chave é um número aleatório gerado a partir dos movimentos aleatórios do mouse e das teclas digitadas. Esta chave de sessão funciona com um algoritmo de criptografia convencional rápido e muito seguro para criptografar o texto simples; o resultado é texto cifrado. Depois que os dados são criptografados, a chave da sessão é criptografada na chave pública do destinatário. Essa chave de sessão criptografada com chave pública é transmitida junto com o texto cifrado ao destinatário.

Figura 1-4. Como funciona a criptografia PGP A descriptografia funciona ao contrário. A cópia do PGP do destinatário usa sua chave privada para recuperar a chave de sessão temporária, que o PGP usa para descriptografar o texto cifrado criptografado convencionalmente.

Figura 1-5. Como funciona a descriptografia PGP A combinação dos dois métodos de criptografia combina a conveniência da criptografia de chave pública com a velocidade da criptografia convencional. A criptografia convencional é cerca de 1.000 vezes mais rápida que a criptografia de chave pública. A criptografia de chave pública, por sua vez, fornece uma solução para

problemas de distribuição de chaves e transmissão de dados. Usados ​​em conjunto, o desempenho e a distribuição de chaves são melhorados sem qualquer sacrifício na segurança.

Chaves.

Uma chave é um valor que funciona com um algoritmo criptográfico para produzir um texto cifrado específico. As chaves são basicamente números muito, muito, muito grandes. O tamanho da chave é medido em bits; o número que representa uma chave de 1024 bits é enorme. Na criptografia de chave pública, quanto maior a chave, mais seguro é o texto cifrado. No entanto, o tamanho da chave pública e o tamanho da chave secreta da criptografia convencional não têm nenhuma relação. Uma chave convencional de 80 bits tem a força equivalente a uma chave pública de 1.024 bits. Uma chave convencional de 128 bits é equivalente a uma chave pública de 3.000 bits. Novamente, quanto maior a chave, mais segura, mas os algoritmos usados ​​para cada tipo de criptografia são muito diferentes e, portanto, a comparação é como a de maçãs com laranjas. Embora as chaves pública e privada estejam matematicamente relacionadas, é muito difícil derivar a chave privada dada apenas a chave pública; no entanto, derivar a chave privada é sempre possível, desde que haja tempo e capacidade computacional suficientes. Isto torna muito importante escolher chaves do tamanho certo; grande o suficiente para ser seguro, mas pequeno o suficiente para ser aplicado rapidamente. Além disso, você precisa considerar quem pode estar tentando ler seus arquivos, quão determinados eles estão, quanto tempo têm e quais podem ser seus recursos. Chaves maiores serão criptograficamente seguras por um longo período de tempo. Se o que você deseja criptografar precisar ficar oculto por muitos anos, você pode usar uma chave muito grande. Claro, quem sabe quanto tempo levará para determinar sua chave usando os computadores mais rápidos e eficientes de amanhã? Houve um tempo em que uma chave simétrica de 56 bits era considerada extremamente segura. As chaves são armazenadas de forma criptografada. O PGP armazena as chaves em dois arquivos no seu disco rígido; um para chaves públicas e outro para chaves privadas. Esses arquivos são chamados de chaveiros. Ao usar o PGP, você normalmente adicionará as chaves públicas dos seus destinatários ao seu chaveiro público. Suas chaves privadas são armazenadas em seu chaveiro privado. Se você perder seu chaveiro privado, não será possível descriptografar nenhuma informação criptografada nas chaves desse anel.

Assinaturas digitais.

Um grande benefício da criptografia de chave pública é que ela fornece um método para empregar assinaturas digitais. As assinaturas digitais permitem ao destinatário da informação verificar a autenticidade da origem da informação e também verificar se a informação está intacta. Assim, as assinaturas digitais de chave pública fornecem autenticação e integridade de dados. A assinatura digital também proporciona o não repúdio, o que significa que evita que o remetente alegue que não enviou realmente as informações. Esses recursos são tão fundamentais para a criptografia quanto a privacidade, se não mais. Uma assinatura digital tem a mesma finalidade de uma assinatura manuscrita. No entanto, uma assinatura manuscrita é fácil de falsificar. Uma assinatura digital é superior a uma assinatura manuscrita porque é quase impossível de ser falsificada, além de atestar o conteúdo da informação, bem como a identidade do signatário.

Algumas pessoas tendem a usar mais assinaturas do que criptografia. Por exemplo, você pode não se importar se alguém souber que você acabou de depositar US$ 1.000 em sua conta, mas quer ter certeza de que foi o caixa do banco com quem você estava lidando. A maneira básica pela qual as assinaturas digitais são criadas é ilustrada na Figura 1-6 . Em vez de criptografar informações usando a chave pública de outra pessoa, você as criptografa com sua chave privada. Se as informações puderem ser descriptografadas com sua chave pública, elas deverão ter se originado em você.

Figura 1-6. Assinaturas digitais simples

Funções hash.

O sistema descrito acima apresenta alguns problemas. É lento e produz um enorme volume de dados – pelo menos o dobro do tamanho da informação original. Uma melhoria no esquema acima é a adição de uma função hash unidirecional no processo. Uma função hash unidirecional recebe uma entrada de comprimento variável – neste caso, uma mensagem de qualquer comprimento, até mesmo milhares ou milhões de bits – e produz uma saída de comprimento fixo; digamos, 160 bits. A função hash garante que, se a informação for alterada de alguma forma – mesmo que por apenas um bit – seja produzido um valor de saída totalmente diferente. O PGP usa uma função hash criptograficamente forte no texto simples que o usuário está assinando. Isso gera um item de dados de comprimento fixo conhecido como resumo da mensagem. (Novamente, qualquer alteração nas informações resulta em um resumo totalmente diferente.) Então o PGP usa o resumo e a chave privada para criar a “assinatura”. O PGP transmite a assinatura e o texto simples juntos. Ao receber a mensagem, o destinatário utiliza o PGP para recalcular o resumo, verificando assim a assinatura. O PGP pode criptografar o texto simples ou não; assinar texto simples é útil se alguns dos destinatários não estiverem interessados ​​ou não forem capazes de verificar a assinatura. Desde que uma função hash segura seja usada, não há como retirar a assinatura de alguém de um documento e anexá-la a outro, ou alterar uma mensagem assinada de qualquer forma. A menor alteração em um documento assinado causará falha no processo de verificação da assinatura digital.

Figura 1-7. Assinaturas digitais seguras As assinaturas digitais desempenham um papel importante na autenticação e validação de chaves de outros usuários PGP.

Certificados digitais.

Um problema com os criptosistemas de chave pública é que os usuários devem estar constantemente vigilantes para garantir que estão criptografando com a chave da pessoa correta. Num ambiente onde é seguro trocar chaves livremente através de servidores públicos, os ataques man-in-the-middle são uma ameaça potencial. Neste tipo de ataque, alguém publica uma chave falsa com o nome e ID de usuário do destinatário pretendido. Os dados criptografados – e interceptados por – o verdadeiro proprietário desta chave falsa estão agora em mãos erradas. Em um ambiente de chave pública, é vital que você tenha certeza de que a chave pública para a qual você está criptografando os dados é de fato a chave pública do destinatário pretendido e não uma falsificação. Você pode simplesmente criptografar apenas as chaves que foram entregues fisicamente a você. Mas suponha que você precise trocar informações com pessoas que nunca conheceu; como você pode saber se tem a chave correta? Os certificados digitais, ou certs, simplificam a tarefa de estabelecer se uma chave pública realmente pertence ao suposto proprietário. Um certificado é uma forma de credencial. Exemplos podem ser sua carteira de motorista, seu cartão de previdência social ou sua certidão de nascimento. Cada um deles contém algumas informações que identificam você e alguma autorização informando que outra pessoa confirmou sua identidade. Alguns certificados, como o seu passaporte, são uma confirmação importante o suficiente da sua identidade para que você não queira perdê-los, para que ninguém os use para se passar por você.

Um certificado digital são dados que funcionam como um certificado físico. Um certificado digital é uma informação incluída na chave pública de uma pessoa que ajuda outras pessoas a verificar se uma chave é genuína ou válida. Os certificados digitais são usados ​​para impedir tentativas de substituir a chave de uma pessoa por outra.

Um certificado digital consiste em três coisas:

● Uma chave pública.

● Informações do certificado. (Informações de "identidade" sobre o usuário, como nome, ID do usuário e assim por diante.) ● Uma ou mais assinaturas digitais.

O objetivo da assinatura digital em um certificado é afirmar que as informações do certificado foram atestadas por alguma outra pessoa ou entidade. A assinatura digital não atesta a autenticidade do certificado como um todo; ele atesta apenas que as informações de identidade assinadas acompanham ou estão vinculadas à chave pública. Assim, um certificado é basicamente uma chave pública com uma ou duas formas de identificação anexadas, além de um forte selo de aprovação de algum outro indivíduo confiável. Figura 1-8. Anatomia de um certificado PGP

Distribuição de certificados.

Os certificados são utilizados quando é necessário trocar chaves públicas com outra pessoa. Para pequenos grupos de pessoas que desejam se comunicar com segurança, é fácil trocar manualmente disquetes ou e-mails contendo a chave pública de cada proprietário. Esta é a distribuição manual de chave pública e é prática apenas até certo ponto. Além desse ponto, é necessário implementar sistemas que possam fornecer os mecanismos necessários de segurança, armazenamento e troca para que colegas de trabalho, parceiros de negócios ou estranhos possam se comunicar, se necessário. Eles podem vir na forma de repositórios somente de armazenamento, chamados Servidores de Certificados, ou sistemas mais estruturados que fornecem recursos adicionais de gerenciamento de chaves e são chamados de Infraestruturas de Chave Pública (PKIs).

Servidores de certificados.

Um servidor de certificados, também chamado de servidor certificado ou servidor de chaves, é um banco de dados que permite aos usuários enviar e recuperar certificados digitais. Um servidor certificado geralmente fornece alguns recursos administrativos que permitem que uma empresa mantenha suas políticas de segurança – por exemplo, permitindo que apenas as chaves que atendam a determinados requisitos sejam armazenadas.

Infraestruturas de Chave Pública.

Uma PKI contém os recursos de armazenamento de certificados de um servidor de certificados, mas também fornece recursos de gerenciamento de certificados (a capacidade de emitir, revogar, armazenar, recuperar e confiar em certificados). A principal característica de uma PKI é a introdução do que é conhecido como Autoridade Certificadora,ou CA, que é uma entidade humana — uma pessoa, grupo, departamento, empresa ou outra associação — que uma organização autorizou a emitir certificados para seus usuários de computador. (A função de uma CA é análoga à do Passport Office do governo de um país.) Uma CA cria certificados e os assina digitalmente usando a chave privada da CA. Devido ao seu papel na criação de certificados, a CA é o componente central de uma PKI. Usando a chave pública da CA, qualquer pessoa que queira verificar a autenticidade de um certificado verifica a assinatura digital da CA emissora e, portanto, a integridade do conteúdo do certificado (mais importante ainda, a chave pública e a identidade do titular do certificado).

Formatos de certificado.

Um certificado digital é basicamente uma coleção de informações de identificação vinculadas a uma chave pública e assinadas por um terceiro confiável para provar sua autenticidade. Um certificado digital pode ter vários formatos diferentes.

O PGP reconhece dois formatos de certificado diferentes:

● Certificados PGP ● Certificados X.509 Formato do certificado PGP. Um certificado PGP inclui (mas não está limitado a) as seguintes informações: ● O número da versão do PGP — identifica qual versão do PGP foi usada para criar a chave associada ao certificado. A chave pública do titular do certificado — a parte pública do seu par de chaves, juntamente com o algoritmo da chave: RSA, DH (Diffie-Hellman) ou DSA (Algoritmo de Assinatura Digital).

● As informações do detentor do certificado — consistem em informações de “identidade” sobre o usuário, como seu nome, ID de usuário, fotografia e assim por diante. ● A assinatura digital do proprietário do certificado — também chamada de autoassinatura, é a assinatura que utiliza a chave privada correspondente da chave pública associada ao certificado. ● O período de validade do certificado — a data/hora de início e a data/hora de expiração do certificado; indica quando o certificado irá expirar. ● O algoritmo de criptografia simétrica preferido para a chave — indica o algoritmo de criptografia para o qual o proprietário do certificado prefere que as informações sejam criptografadas. Os algoritmos suportados são CAST, IDEA ou Triple-DES. Você pode pensar em um certificado PGP como uma chave pública com um ou mais rótulos vinculados a ele (veja a Figura 1.9 ). Nessas 'etiquetas' você encontrará informações que identificam o proprietário da chave e uma assinatura do proprietário da chave, que afirma que a chave e a identificação andam juntas. (Essa assinatura específica é chamada de autoassinatura; todo certificado PGP contém uma autoassinatura.) Um aspecto único do formato de certificado PGP é que um único certificado pode conter múltiplas assinaturas. Várias ou muitas pessoas podem assinar o par chave/identificação para atestar a sua própria garantia de que a chave pública pertence definitivamente ao proprietário especificado. Se você procurar em um servidor de certificados público, poderá notar que certos certificados, como o do criador do PGP, Phil Zimmermann, contêm muitas assinaturas. Alguns certificados PGP consistem em uma chave pública com vários rótulos, cada um contendo um meio diferente de identificar o proprietário da chave (por exemplo, o nome do proprietário e a conta de e-mail corporativa, o apelido do proprietário e a conta de e-mail residencial, uma fotografia do proprietário — tudo em um certificado). A lista de assinaturas de cada uma dessas identidades pode ser diferente; as assinaturas atestam a autenticidade de que um dos rótulos pertence à chave pública, e não que todos os rótulos da chave sejam autênticos. (Observe que 'autêntico' está nos olhos de quem vê - assinaturas são opiniões, e diferentes pessoas dedicam diferentes níveis de devida diligência na verificação da autenticidade antes de assinar uma chave.) Figura 1-9. Um certificado PGP

Formato de certificado X.509.

X.509 é outro formato de certificado muito comum. Todos os certificados X.509 estão em conformidade com o padrão internacional ITU-T X.509; assim (teoricamente) os certificados X.509 criados para um aplicativo podem ser usados ​​por qualquer aplicativo compatível com X.509. Na prática, porém, diferentes empresas criaram suas próprias extensões para certificados X.509, e nem todas funcionam juntas. Um certificado exige que alguém valide que uma chave pública e o nome do proprietário da chave andam juntos. Com os certificados PGP, qualquer pessoa pode desempenhar o papel de validador. Com certificados X.509, o validador é sempre uma Autoridade Certificadora ou alguém designado por uma CA. (Tenha em mente que os certificados PGP também suportam totalmente uma estrutura hierárquica usando uma CA para validar certificados.)

Um certificado X.509 é uma coleção de um conjunto padrão de campos contendo informações sobre um usuário ou dispositivo e sua chave pública correspondente. O padrão X.509 define quais informações vão para o certificado e descreve como codificá-lo (o formato dos dados). Todos os certificados X.509 possuem os seguintes dados:

O número da versão X.509

— identifica qual versão do padrão X.509 se aplica a este certificado, o que afeta quais informações podem ser especificadas nele. A mais atual é a versão 3.

A chave pública do titular do certificado

— a chave pública do titular do certificado, juntamente com um identificador de algoritmo que especifica a qual sistema criptográfico a chave pertence e quaisquer parâmetros de chave associados.

O número de série do certificado

— a entidade (aplicação ou pessoa) que criou o certificado é responsável por atribuir-lhe um número de série único para distingui-lo de outros certificados que emite. Esta informação é usada de diversas maneiras; por exemplo, quando um certificado é revogado, seu número de série é colocado em uma Lista de Revogação de Certificados ou CRL.

O identificador exclusivo do detentor do certificado

— (ou DN — nome distinto). Este nome pretende ser exclusivo na Internet. Este nome pretende ser exclusivo na Internet. Um DN consiste em múltiplas subseções e pode ser parecido com isto: CN=Bob Allen, OU=Divisão Total de Segurança de Rede, O=Network Associates, Inc., C=EUA (Referem-se ao nome comum, à unidade organizacional, à organização e ao país do sujeito .)

O período de validade do certificado

— a data/hora de início e a data/hora de expiração do certificado; indica quando o certificado irá expirar.

O nome exclusivo do emissor do certificado

— o nome exclusivo da entidade que assinou o certificado. Normalmente é uma CA. A utilização do certificado implica confiar na entidade que assinou este certificado. (Observe que em alguns casos, como certificados de CA raiz ou de nível superior , o emissor assina seu próprio certificado.)

A assinatura digital do emitente

— a assinatura utilizando a chave privada da entidade que emitiu o certificado.

O identificador do algoritmo de assinatura

— identifica o algoritmo usado pela CA para assinar o certificado.

Existem muitas diferenças entre um certificado X.509 e um certificado PGP, mas as mais importantes são as seguintes: você pode criar seu próprio certificado PGP;

● você deve solicitar e receber um certificado X.509 de uma autoridade de certificação

● Os certificados X.509 suportam nativamente apenas um único nome para o proprietário da chave

● Os certificados X.509 suportam apenas uma única assinatura digital para atestar a validade da chave

Para obter um certificado X.509, você deve solicitar a uma CA a emissão de um certificado. Você fornece sua chave pública, prova de que possui a chave privada correspondente e algumas informações específicas sobre você. Em seguida, você assina digitalmente as informações e envia o pacote completo – a solicitação de certificado – para a CA. A CA então realiza algumas diligências para verificar se as informações fornecidas estão corretas e, em caso afirmativo, gera o certificado e o devolve.

Você pode pensar em um certificado X.509 como um certificado de papel padrão (semelhante ao que você recebeu ao concluir uma aula de primeiros socorros básicos) com uma chave pública colada nele. Ele contém seu nome e algumas informações sobre você, além da assinatura da pessoa que o emitiu para você.

Figura 1-10. Um certificado X.509 Provavelmente, o uso mais visível dos certificados X.509 atualmente é em navegadores da web.

Validade e confiança Cada usuário em um sistema de chave pública está vulnerável a confundir uma chave falsa (certificado) com uma chave real. Validade é a confiança de que um certificado de chave pública pertence ao seu suposto proprietário. A validade é essencial em um ambiente de chave pública onde você deve estabelecer constantemente se um determinado certificado é autêntico ou não. Depois de ter certeza de que um certificado pertencente a outra pessoa é válido, você pode assinar a cópia em seu chaveiro para atestar que verificou o certificado e que ele é autêntico. Se quiser que outras pessoas saibam que você deu ao certificado seu selo de aprovação, você pode exportar a assinatura para um servidor de certificados para que outras pessoas possam vê-la.

Conforme descrito na seção Infraestruturas de Chave Pública , algumas empresas designam uma ou mais Autoridades de Certificação (CAs) para indicar a validade do certificado. Em uma organização que usa uma PKI com certificados X.509, é função da CA emitir certificados aos usuários — um processo que geralmente envolve responder à solicitação de certificado do usuário. Em uma organização que usa certificados PGP sem PKI, é função da CA verificar a autenticidade de todos os certificados PGP e depois assinar os bons. Basicamente, o objetivo principal de uma CA é vincular uma chave pública às informações de identificação contidas no certificado e, assim, garantir a terceiros que algum cuidado foi tomado para garantir que esta ligação das informações de identificação e da chave seja válida. O CA é o Grand Pooh-bah da validação em uma organização; alguém em quem todos confiam e, em algumas organizações, como aquelas que utilizam uma PKI, nenhum certificado é considerado válido, a menos que tenha sido assinado por uma CA confiável.

Verificando validade.

Uma maneira de estabelecer a validade é passar por algum processo manual. Existem várias maneiras de fazer isso. Você pode exigir que o destinatário pretendido lhe entregue fisicamente uma cópia de sua chave pública. Mas isto é muitas vezes inconveniente e ineficiente. Outra forma é verificar manualmente a impressão digital do certificado. Assim como as impressões digitais de cada ser humano são únicas, a impressão digital de cada certificado PGP é única. A impressão digital é um hash do certificado do usuário e aparece como uma das propriedades do certificado. No PGP, a impressão digital pode aparecer como um número hexadecimal ou uma série das chamadas palavras biométricas, que são foneticamente distintas e são usadas para facilitar um pouco o processo de identificação da impressão digital. Você pode verificar se um certificado é válido ligando para o proprietário da chave (para que você origine a transação) e pedindo ao proprietário que leia a impressão digital de sua chave para você e compare essa impressão digital com aquela que você acredita ser a verdadeira. Isso funciona se você conhece a voz do proprietário, mas como verificar manualmente a identidade de alguém que você não conhece? Algumas pessoas colocam a impressão digital de sua chave em seus cartões de visita exatamente por esse motivo. Outra forma de estabelecer a validade do certificado de alguém é confiar que um terceiro indivíduo passou pelo processo de validação do mesmo. Uma CA, por exemplo, é responsável por garantir que, antes de emitir um certificado, ele ou ela o verifique cuidadosamente para ter certeza de que a parte da chave pública realmente pertence ao suposto proprietário. Qualquer pessoa que confie na CA considerará automaticamente quaisquer certificados assinados pela CA como válidos. Outro aspecto da verificação da validade é garantir que o certificado não foi revogado. Para obter mais informações, consulte a seção Revogação de certificado .

Estabelecendo confiança.

Você valida certificados. Você confia nas pessoas. Mais especificamente, você confia nas pessoas para validar os certificados de outras pessoas. Normalmente, a menos que o proprietário lhe entregue o certificado, você terá que confiar na palavra de outra pessoa de que ele é válido.

Introdutores meta e confiáveis.

​​Na maioria das situações, as pessoas confiam completamente na CA para estabelecer a validade dos certificados. Isso significa que todos os demais dependem da CA para passar por todo o processo de validação manual. Isso é aceitável até um certo número de usuários ou locais de trabalho e, então, não é possível para a AC manter o mesmo nível de validação de qualidade. Nesse caso, é necessário adicionar outros validadores ao sistema.

Um CA também pode ser um meta- introdutor. Um meta-introdutor confere não apenas validade às chaves, mas também confere a capacidade de confiar nas chaves a outros. Semelhante ao rei que entrega seu selo a seus conselheiros de confiança para que eles possam agir de acordo com sua autoridade, o meta-introdutor permite que outros atuem como introdutores de confiança. Esses introdutores confiáveis ​​podem validar chaves com o mesmo efeito do meta-introdutor. Eles não podem, entretanto, criar novos introdutores confiáveis.

Meta-introdutor e introdutor confiável são termos PGP. Em um ambiente X.509, o meta-introdutor é chamado de Autoridade de Certificação raiz ( CA raiz) e os introdutores confiáveis ​​são Autoridades de Certificação subordinadas . A CA raiz usa a chave privada associada a um tipo de certificado especial denominado certificado CA raiz para assinar certificados. Qualquer certificado assinado pelo certificado CA raiz é visto como válido por qualquer outro certificado assinado pela raiz. Este processo de validação funciona mesmo para certificados assinados por outras CAs no sistema — desde que o certificado da CA raiz tenha assinado o certificado da CA subordinada, qualquer certificado assinado pela CA será considerado válido para outras pessoas dentro da hierarquia. Este processo de verificação de backup por meio do sistema para ver quem assinou cujo certificado é chamado de rastreamento de um caminho de certificação ou cadeia de certificação.

Modelos de confiança.

Em sistemas relativamente fechados, como em uma pequena empresa, é fácil rastrear um caminho de certificação até a CA raiz. No entanto, os usuários muitas vezes precisam se comunicar com pessoas fora do seu ambiente corporativo, incluindo algumas que nunca conheceram, como fornecedores, consumidores, clientes, associados e assim por diante. É difícil estabelecer uma linha de confiança com aqueles em quem sua CA não confia explicitamente. As empresas seguem um ou outro modelo de confiança, que determina como os usuários irão estabelecer a validade do certificado. Existem três modelos diferentes:

Confiança Direta.

Confiança Hierárquica Uma teia de confiança Confiança direta A confiança direta é o modelo de confiança mais simples. Neste modelo, um usuário confia que uma chave é válida porque sabe de onde ela veio. Todos os criptosistemas usam essa forma de confiança de alguma forma. Por exemplo, em navegadores da Web, as chaves raiz da Autoridade de Certificação são diretamente confiáveis ​​porque foram enviadas pelo fabricante. Se houver alguma forma de hierarquia, ela se estenderá a partir desses certificados diretamente confiáveis. No PGP, um usuário que valida as chaves e nunca define outro certificado para ser um introdutor confiável está usando confiança direta. Figura 1-11. Confiança direta

Confiança Hierárquica.

Em um sistema hierárquico, há vários certificados "raiz" a partir dos quais a confiança se estende. Esses certificados podem certificar eles próprios certificados ou podem certificar certificados que certificam ainda outros certificados em alguma cadeia. Considere isso como uma grande “árvore” de confiança. A validade do certificado "folha" é verificada rastreando desde seu certificador até outros certificadores, até que um certificado raiz diretamente confiável seja encontrado.

Figura 1-12. Confiança hierárquica

Teia de Confiança.

Uma teia de confiança abrange ambos os outros modelos, mas também acrescenta a noção de que a confiança está nos olhos de quem vê (que é a visão do mundo real) e a ideia de que mais informação é melhor. É, portanto, um modelo de confiança cumulativa. Um certificado pode ser confiável diretamente ou confiável em alguma cadeia que remonta a um certificado raiz diretamente confiável (o meta-introdutor) ou por algum grupo de introdutores.

Talvez você já tenha ouvido falar do termo seis graus de separação, que sugere que qualquer pessoa no mundo pode determinar algum vínculo com qualquer outra pessoa no mundo usando seis ou menos outras pessoas como intermediários. Esta é uma teia de introdutores. É também a visão de confiança do PGP. PGP usa assinaturas digitais como forma de introdução. Quando qualquer usuário assina a chave de outro, ele ou ela se torna o introdutor dessa chave. À medida que esse processo avança, ele estabelece uma rede de confiança.

Em um ambiente PGP, qualquer usuário pode atuar como autoridade certificadora. Qualquer usuário PGP pode validar o certificado de chave pública de outro usuário PGP. No entanto, tal certificado só é válido para outro usuário se a parte confiável reconhecer o validador como um introdutor confiável. (Ou seja, você confia na minha opinião de que as chaves dos outros são válidas apenas se você me considerar um apresentador confiável. Caso contrário, minha opinião sobre a validade das outras chaves é discutível.) Armazenados no chaveiro público de cada usuário estão indicadores de

● se o usuário considera ou não uma chave específica válida

● o nível de confiança que o usuário deposita na chave que o proprietário da chave pode servir como certificador das chaves de terceiros

Você indica, na sua cópia da minha chave, se acha que meu julgamento conta. Na verdade, é um sistema de reputação: certas pessoas têm a reputação de fornecer boas assinaturas e as pessoas confiam nelas para atestar a validade de outras chaves.

Níveis de confiança no PGP.

O nível mais alto de confiança em uma chave, a confiança implícita , é a confiança em seu próprio par de chaves. O PGP assume que se você possui a chave privada, você deve confiar nas ações da sua chave pública relacionada. Quaisquer chaves assinadas pela sua chave implicitamente confiável são válidas.

Existem três níveis de confiança que você pode atribuir à chave pública de outra pessoa:

● Confiança total ● Confiança marginal ● Não confiável (ou não confiável)

Para tornar as coisas confusas, também existem três níveis de validade:

● Válido ● Marginalmente válido ● Inválido

Para definir a chave de outra pessoa como um introdutor confiável, você

1. Comece com uma chave válida, que seja.
2. assinado por você ou

3. assinado por outro apresentador confiável e então

4. Defina o nível de confiança que você acha que o proprietário da chave tem direito.

Por exemplo, suponha que seu chaveiro contenha a chave de Alice. Você validou a chave de Alice e indica isso assinando-a. Você sabe que Alice é uma verdadeira defensora da validação de chaves de outras pessoas. Portanto, você atribui a chave dela com confiança total. Isso faz de Alice uma Autoridade Certificadora. Se Alice assinar a chave de outra pessoa, ela aparecerá como Válida em seu chaveiro. O PGP requer uma assinatura Totalmente confiável ou duas assinaturas Marginalmente confiáveis ​​para estabelecer uma chave como válida. O método do PGP de considerar dois Marginais iguais a um Completo é semelhante a um comerciante que solicita duas formas de identificação. Você pode considerar Alice bastante confiável e também considerar Bob bastante confiável. Qualquer um deles sozinho corre o risco de assinar acidentalmente uma chave falsificada, portanto, você pode não depositar total confiança em nenhum deles. No entanto, as probabilidades de ambos os indivíduos terem assinado a mesma chave falsa são provavelmente pequenas.

Revogação de certificado.

Os certificados só são úteis enquanto são válidos. Não é seguro simplesmente presumir que um certificado é válido para sempre. Na maioria das organizações e em todas as PKIs, os certificados têm uma vida útil restrita. Isso restringe o período em que um sistema fica vulnerável caso ocorra um comprometimento do certificado.

Os certificados são assim criados com um período de validade programado: uma data/hora de início e uma data/hora de expiração. Espera-se que o certificado seja utilizável durante todo o seu período de validade (seu tempo de vida ). Quando o certificado expirar, ele não será mais válido, pois a autenticidade do seu par chave/identificação não estará mais garantida. (O certificado ainda pode ser usado com segurança para reconfirmar informações que foram criptografadas ou assinadas dentro do período de validade – no entanto, ele não deve ser confiável para tarefas criptográficas futuras.)

Existem também situações em que é necessário invalidar um certificado antes da sua data de expiração, como quando o titular do certificado termina o contrato de trabalho com a empresa ou suspeita que a chave privada correspondente do certificado foi comprometida. Isso é chamado de revogação. Um certificado revogado é muito mais suspeito do que um certificado expirado. Os certificados expirados são inutilizáveis, mas não apresentam a mesma ameaça de comprometimento que um certificado revogado. Qualquer pessoa que tenha assinado um certificado pode revogar a sua assinatura no certificado (desde que utilize a mesma chave privada que criou a assinatura). Uma assinatura revogada indica que o signatário não acredita mais que a chave pública e as informações de identificação pertencem uma à outra, ou que a chave pública do certificado (ou a chave privada correspondente) foi comprometida. Uma assinatura revogada deve ter quase tanto peso quanto um certificado revogado. Com certificados X.509, uma assinatura revogada é praticamente igual a um certificado revogado, visto que a única assinatura no certificado é aquela que o tornou válido em primeiro lugar – a assinatura da CA. Os certificados PGP fornecem o recurso adicional de que você pode revogar todo o seu certificado (não apenas as assinaturas nele) se você achar que o certificado foi comprometido. Somente o proprietário do certificado (o detentor da chave privada correspondente) ou alguém que o proprietário do certificado tenha designado como revogador pode revogar um certificado PGP. (Designar um revogador é uma prática útil, pois muitas vezes é a perda da senha da chave privada correspondente do certificado que leva um usuário PGP a revogar seu certificado - uma tarefa que só é possível se alguém tiver acesso à chave privada. ) Somente o emissor do certificado pode revogar um certificado X.509.

Comunicar que um certificado foi revogado.

Quando um certificado é revogado, é importante conscientizar os usuários potenciais do certificado de que ele não é mais válido. Com certificados PGP, a maneira mais comum de comunicar que um certificado foi revogado é publicá-lo em um servidor de certificados para que outras pessoas que desejem se comunicar com você sejam avisadas para não usar essa chave pública. Em um ambiente PKI, a comunicação de certificados revogados é mais comumente obtida por meio de uma estrutura de dados chamada Lista de Revogação de Certificados, ou CRL, que é publicada pela CA. A CRL contém uma lista validada com carimbo de data e hora de todos os certificados revogados e não expirados no sistema. Os certificados revogados permanecem na lista apenas até expirarem e, em seguida, são removidos da lista — isso evita que a lista fique muito longa. A CA distribui a CRL aos usuários em algum intervalo programado regularmente (e potencialmente fora do ciclo, sempre que um certificado é revogado). Teoricamente, isso impedirá que os usuários usem involuntariamente um certificado comprometido. É possível, no entanto, que haja um período de tempo entre as CRLs em que um certificado recentemente comprometido seja usado.

O que é uma senha?

A maioria das pessoas está familiarizada com a restrição de acesso a sistemas de computador por meio de uma senha, que é uma sequência única de caracteres que um usuário digita como código de identificação.

Uma senha longa é uma versão mais longa de uma senha e, em teoria, mais segura. Normalmente composta por várias palavras, uma frase secreta é mais segura contra ataques de dicionário padrão, em que o invasor tenta todas as palavras do dicionário na tentativa de determinar sua senha. As melhores senhas são relativamente longas e complexas e contêm uma combinação de letras maiúsculas e minúsculas, caracteres numéricos e de pontuação. O PGP usa uma senha para criptografar sua chave privada em sua máquina. Sua chave privada é criptografada em seu disco usando um hash de sua senha como chave secreta. Você usa a senha para descriptografar e usar sua chave privada. Uma senha deve ser difícil de esquecer e difícil de ser adivinhada por outras pessoas. Deve ser algo já firmemente enraizado na sua memória de longo prazo, em vez de algo que você invente do zero. Por que? Porque se você esquecer sua senha, você estará sem sorte. Sua chave privada é total e absolutamente inútil sem sua senha e nada pode ser feito a respeito. Lembra-se da citação anterior neste capítulo?

PGP é a criptografia que manterá os principais governos fora dos seus arquivos. Certamente também o manterá fora de seus arquivos. Tenha isso em mente quando decidir alterar sua senha para a piada daquela piada que você nunca consegue lembrar.

Divisão de chave.

Dizem que um segredo não é segredo se for conhecido por mais de uma pessoa. Compartilhar um par de chaves privadas representa um grande problema. Embora não seja uma prática recomendada, às vezes é necessário compartilhar um par de chaves privadas. Chaves de assinatura corporativa, por exemplo, são chaves privadas usadas por uma empresa para assinar – por exemplo – documentos legais, informações pessoais confidenciais ou comunicados de imprensa para autenticar sua origem. Nesse caso, vale a pena que vários membros da empresa tenham acesso à chave privada. No entanto, isto significa que qualquer indivíduo pode agir plenamente em nome da empresa. Nesse caso, é aconselhável dividir a chave entre várias pessoas, de modo que mais de uma ou duas pessoas apresentem um pedaço da chave para reconstituí-la em condições utilizáveis. Se poucas peças da chave estiverem disponíveis, a chave ficará inutilizável. Alguns exemplos são dividir uma chave em três partes e exigir duas delas para reconstituir a chave, ou dividi-la em duas partes e exigir ambas as peças. Se uma conexão de rede segura for usada durante o processo de reconstituição, os acionistas da chave não precisam estar fisicamente presentes para aderirem novamente à chave.

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Imagine a world where clean, safe, and efficient nuclear power can be delivered to any corner of the globe, powering everything from small villages to bustling cities. This vision is becoming a reality with the development of nuclear modular plants—compact, portable nuclear reactors that can be shipped in standard containers and set up quickly to provide reliable energy. These innovative power sources use fission—the process of splitting atomic nuclei to release energy, the same fundamental principle that powers traditional nuclear plants—but with a twist: they utilize thorium as fuel and a molten salt system for cooling and fuel delivery. This combination offers a host of benefits that could revolutionize how we think about nuclear energy.

Portability and Deployment

One of the most significant advantages of these nuclear modular plants is their portability. Designed to fit within standard shipping containers, these reactors can be transported by truck, ship, or even air to virtually any location. This makes them ideal for remote communities, disaster relief efforts, or military operations where traditional power infrastructure is lacking or damaged. Setting up a conventional power plant typically takes years, but these modular units can be operational in a matter of weeks, providing a rapid solution to energy needs.

Safety Features

Safety is a paramount concern in nuclear energy, and modular thorium molten salt reactors (MSRs) offer several inherent safety advantages. Unlike traditional reactors that use water under high pressure, MSRs operate at atmospheric pressure, eliminating the risk of pressure-related accidents. The fuel is dissolved in the molten salt, which means there's no solid fuel that could melt down. If the reactor overheats, the salt expands, naturally slowing the fission reaction—a built-in safety mechanism. Additionally, thorium-based fuels produce less long-lived radioactive waste, reducing the long-term environmental impact.

Efficiency and Abundance

Thorium is a more abundant resource than uranium, with estimates suggesting it is three to four times more plentiful in the Earth's crust. This abundance makes thorium a sustainable fuel choice for the future. Moreover, MSRs can operate at higher temperatures than traditional reactors, leading to greater thermal efficiency. This means more electricity can be generated from the same amount of fuel, making the energy production process more efficient and cost-effective in the long run.

Scalability

The modular design of these reactors allows for scalability to meet varying power demands. A single unit might power a small community, while multiple units can be combined to serve larger towns or cities. This flexibility is particularly useful for growing populations or regions with fluctuating energy needs. As demand increases, additional modules can be added without the need for extensive new infrastructure.

Cost-Effectiveness

While the initial investment in nuclear modular plants may be significant, the long-term operational costs can be lower than traditional power sources. The high efficiency of MSRs means less fuel is needed over time, and the reduced waste production lowers disposal costs. Additionally, the ability to mass-produce these modular units could drive down manufacturing costs, making nuclear power more accessible and affordable.

Environmental Impact

Nuclear power is already one of the cleanest energy sources in terms of carbon emissions, and thorium MSRs take this a step further. By producing less long-lived waste and utilizing a more abundant fuel, these reactors offer a more sustainable path for nuclear energy. Furthermore, their ability to provide reliable baseload power can help reduce reliance on fossil fuels, contributing to global efforts to combat climate change.

Challenges and Considerations

Despite these benefits, there are challenges to overcome before nuclear modular plants can be widely deployed. The technology for thorium MSRs is still in the developmental stage, with ongoing research needed to address issues such as material corrosion and fuel processing. Regulatory frameworks will also need to adapt to this new type of reactor, and public perception of nuclear energy remains a hurdle in many regions. However, with continued investment and innovation, these obstacles can be addressed.

Conclusion

In conclusion, nuclear modular plants using thorium and molten salt systems represent a promising advancement in nuclear technology. Their portability, safety features, efficiency, scalability, and environmental benefits make them an attractive option for meeting the world's growing energy needs. While challenges remain, the potential of these reactors to provide clean, reliable power to communities around the globe is undeniable. As research and development continue, we may soon see a new era of nuclear energy that is safer, more efficient, and more accessible than ever before.

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El Gran Apagón y la Tormenta Perfecta: ¿Hacia Dónde Nos Llevan?

Recientemente, un corte de luz masivo dejó a oscuras a España, Portugal y parte de Francia. Como suele pasar cuando las explicaciones escasean o no se quieren dar, la narrativa oficial apuntó al cambio climático. Un artículo de ABC sugiere que una "vibración atmosférica inducida" por "variaciones extremas de temperatura" podría ser la culpable (ABC, 28/04/2025). Pero, ¿es realmente el calentamiento global el villano de esta historia, o estamos ante un síntoma de algo más grande y complejo?

Una Red de Decisiones Interconectadas

Nada ocurre en el vacío, y este apagón no es una excepción. La generación de electricidad, cada vez más dependiente de fuentes renovables no convencionales, enfrenta retos de estabilidad y costos crecientes. A esto se suma la presión política para transformar nuestras vidas bajo la bandera de la sostenibilidad. Por ejemplo, la idea de la "ciudad de 15 minutos", donde todo lo que necesitas está a un corto paseo o pedaleo, suena ideal. Pero en lugares como el Reino Unido, esta visión viene acompañada de cámaras de vigilancia que controlan tus movimientos, justificadas por la "seguridad" o la "eficiencia".

Mientras tanto, la Unión Europea avanza hacia un futuro donde, para 2030, todos los autos deberán ser eléctricos. Con una red eléctrica inestable y precios de energía disparados, ¿cómo se supone que cargaremos esos vehículos? La respuesta parece ser: no lo hagas. Muévete en bicicleta, quédate cerca de casa. La movilidad, un símbolo de libertad, se está restringiendo para las masas, mientras la élite política y corporativa sigue surcando los cielos en jets privados para "combatir el cambio climático" o, como Bernie Sanders y AOC, para denunciar la oligarquía desde sus podios privilegiados.

Dependencia Eléctrica: Una Trampa Silenciosa

La electrificación no se detiene en los autos. Los edificios modernos tienden a ser completamente eléctricos, y en algunos lugares ya se habla de prohibir las cocinas a gas. Imagina un futuro donde dependes de la red eléctrica para cocinar una simple salchicha. Ahora, suma un apagón como el reciente. Sin electricidad, no hay cena, no hay calefacción, no hay nada. La automatización total, que nos venden como progreso, nos hace más vulnerables a estos colapsos.

El Euro Digital: Control Absoluto

La Unión Europea también está empujando el euro digital, una moneda que promete conveniencia, pero a un costo altísimo. Con ella, cada transacción será rastreable, y las autoridades podrían restringir su uso para ciertos fines o incluso "quemar" euros digitales a voluntad para controlar su valor frente a otras monedas. ¿Qué pasa con la libertad financiera? ¿Qué pasa con la privacidad? Este sistema, combinado con una red eléctrica frágil, pinta un panorama donde el ciudadano promedio queda atrapado en una jaula tecnológica.

Criptomonedas, Efectivo y Oro: ¿Alternativas Reales?

Las criptomonedas, que muchos ven como una salida, también son vulnerables a los cortes de energía. Sin electricidad, no hay blockchain. El efectivo, por su parte, sigue siendo una opción, pero se desgasta, pierde valor con la inflación y, en muchos lugares, está siendo demonizado en favor de pagos digitales. Luego está el oro, el refugio histórico. Pero incluso aquí hay trampas: viajar con oro puede convertirte en sospechoso en un aeropuerto, obligado a explicar el origen de tu propiedad. ¿Desde cuándo debemos justificar lo que es nuestro? ¿Dónde quedó la presunción de inocencia?

"No Tendrás Nada y Serás Feliz"

Cuando uno conecta los puntos —apagones, electrificación forzada, monedas digitales, restricciones de movilidad— es difícil no pensar en el famoso eslogan atribuido al Foro Económico Mundial: "No tendrás nada y serás feliz". Mencionarlo te hace ganar el sello de "conspiranóico", pero las señales están ahí. La pregunta es: ¿estamos caminando hacia un futuro de control total disfrazado de sostenibilidad, o es solo una serie de coincidencias desafortunadas?

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security #vault #veracrypt #powershell

VaultApi a self-host method for securing data

VaultApi is dependent upon both HashiCorp Vault and VeraCrypt to work it's magic.

Hashicorp Vault and KeePassXC are the primary password manager applications that I'm using currently and for the most part the entries in each should be mirroring each other. The functional difference between these two are KeePassXC has a graphical interface. While Hashicorp Vault has a web interface, the key value VaultApi makes use of is the REST Api to perform ACID operations on secured data for automation purposes.

The vault keys and root token associated with HashiCorp Vault are stored in an encrypted file that is kept in cold storage. Prior to starting HashiCrop Vault server, the cold storage file is mounted on the system using VeraCrypt.

Also, this implementation is on my non-routed network primarily being used by my Linux systems but any OS supporting PowerShell on the non-routed network should be able to access the Vault as a client.

Additionally, the Vault is only ran on an on-demand basis.

The startup process is as follows: VaultApi start VaultApi unseal VaultApi login VaultApi KeyPaths The command VaultApi KeyPaths dumps a list of key paths to a local file to make the finding of key paths simpler.

The path lookup process is as follows: VaultApi FindPaths Vehicle This command returns a list of paths matching the specified value of Vehicle. VaultApi FindPaths Vehicle kv1/Vehicle/1995-Mustang-GT500 kv1/Vehicle/2003-DodgeViper kv1/Vehicle/2012-Nissan kv1/Vehicle/2016-Telsa To lookup all the keys associated to a given path: VaultApi kv1Read kv1/Vehicle/2012-Nissan -kvkey _ReturnKeys plate VIN To return a value associated with a key of a given path to the clipboard: VaultApi kv1Read kv1/Vehicle/2012-Nissan -kvkey plate If the -raw options is included the value will be returned to the console.

To add a new key/value pair to an existing path: VaultApi kv1Update kv1/Vehicle/2012-Nissan 21000000 -kvkey mileage To add a new path and key/value pair: VaultApi kv1Create kv1/Vehicle/2025-Lambo Bitcoin -kvkey plate To list the 2nd level path names: ``` Default level 1 path name is "kv1"

VaultApi kv1list

To list 3rd level path names:

VaultApi kv1list kv1/Vehicle To Delete a **path** and it's associated key/value pairs: VaultApi kv1Delete kv1/Vehicle/2012-Nissan

To just delete a single key/value pair for a given path use the HashiCorp Vault Web interface. To launch the **HashiCorp Vault** web interface: VaultApi WebUI To return status information about the **Vault**: VaultApi status sealed initialized version n t

---

False True 1.15.6 5 3

To return process information about the **Vault**: VaultApi Check Hashicorp Vault (v1.15.6) is running...116147 ``` To show the hash value of the VaultApi script:

VaultApi ShowHash 3D47628ECB3FA0E7DBD28BA7606CE5BF To return a 20 character randomized value to the clipboard: VaultApi SetValue To create a backup of the HashiCorp Vault : ``` Must be logged in with the root token.

VaultApi Backup

A snapshot file will be created in the $HOME/Downloads directory by default. ``` To stop the HashiCorp Vault server:

``` VaultApi seal The vault is sealed.

VaultApi stop The server is stopped.

```

To get help information about VaultApi

``` Get-Help VaultApi -Full | more

OR

Get-Help VaultApi -Examples | more ```

Here are some past articles I wrote about setting up HashiCorp Vault and VeraCrypt.

Bitcoin and key/value using Hashicorp Vault

Bitcoin and Cold Storage using VeraCrypt

More information on VaultApi.

VaultApi Documentation

Download VaultApi script here

@ 75869cfa:76819987

GM, Nostriches!

The Nostr Review is a biweekly newsletter focused on Nostr statistics, protocol updates, exciting programs, the long-form content ecosystem, and key events happening in the Nostr-verse. If you’re interested, join me in covering updates from the Nostr ecosystem!

Quick review:

In the past two weeks, Nostr statistics indicate over 216,000 daily trusted pubkey events. The number of new users has seen a notable decrease, Profiles with contact lists and pubkeys writing events were both representing a 70% decline. More than 7 million events have been published, reflecting a 24% decrease. Total Zap activity stands at approximately 16 million, marking a 20% increase.

Additionally, 14 pull requests were submitted to the Nostr protocol, with 6 merged. A total of 45 Nostr projects were tracked, with 7 releasing product updates, and over 378 long-form articles were published, 24% focusing on Bitcoin and Nostr. During this period, 9 notable events took place, and 3 significant events are upcoming.

Nostr Statistics

Based on user activity, the total daily trusted pubkeys writing events is about 216,000, representing a slight 2 % decrease compared to the previous period. Daily activity peaked at 17483 events, with a low of approximately 15499.

The number of new users has decreased significantly.Profiles with contact lists and pubkeys writing events were 26,132 and 59,403 respectively, both representing a decline of approximately 70% compared to the previous period.

The total number of note events published is around 7 million, reflecting a 24% decrease.Posts remain the most dominant category by volume, totaling approximately 1.7 million, representing a 4% decrease compared to the previous period.Reposts, however, saw a significant increase, rising by 33% compared to the same period.

For zap activity, the total zap amount is about 16 million, showing an decrease of over 20% compared to the previous period.

Data source: https://stats.nostr.band/

NIPs

Allow multi-user AUTH #1881 vitorpamplona is proposing a PR that reuses one connection for everyone by accepting multi-user logins on the relay side. Additionally, this PR standardizes how relays should handle multiple AUTH messages from the client, instead of leaving it as undefined behavior. Currently, most relays override the previous AUTH, which means developers can rotate the authenticated user within the same connection. Some relays only accept the first AUTH and ignore the rest. A few newer relays already support multi-user logins as described in this PR, which he believes is the correct way to implement NIP-42 AUTH. The purpose of this PR is to formalize that behavior.

Adds optional nip60.signSecret() and kind 10019 filter tag #1890 robwoodgate is proposing a PR that clarifies and improves Nostr <---> Cashu interoperability as follows:Adds an optional signer signature for NUT-10 well-known secrets to NIP-60, NIP-07 and NIP-46；Clarifies use of Nostr <---> Cashu public keys in NIP-61；Adds an optional reverse lookup filter tag to NIP-61 kind 10019 events.

Notable Projects

​​Coracle 0.6.10 nostr:npub13myx4j0pp9uenpjjq68wdvqzywuwxfj64welu28mdvaku222mjtqzqv3qk

Coracle 0.6.10 release is out on the web and zapstore! This is another maintenance release, including a complete rewrite of the networking code (coming soon to flotilla), and several bug fixes. * Fix spotify url parsing bug * Fix nip46 signer connect * Use new version of network library * Fix reply drafts bug * Fix creating a new account while logged in * Re-work storage adapter to minimize storage and improve performance * Improve initial page load times * Fix followers page * Upgrade welshman * Remove platform relay * Show PoW * Don't fetch messages until decryption is enabled

Damus v1.14 nostr:npub18m76awca3y37hkvuneavuw6pjj4525fw90necxmadrvjg0sdy6qsngq955

A new TestFlight release is here for Purple users to try! * ️Setup a wallet lightning fast with our new one-click wallet setup, powered by Coinos! * New revamped wallet experience with balance and transactions view for your NWC wallet — see how much you got zapped without even leaving the app! * New notification setting to hide hellthreads. ie. Achieve notification peace. * NIP-65 relay list support — more compatibility across Nostr apps! * Unicode 16 emoji reactions (only for iOS 18.4+) - even more options to express your reactions! * Blurred images now show some more information — no more wondering why images are occasionally blurred. * More bugs fixed, and general robustness improvements.

0xchat v1.4.9 nostr:npub1tm99pgz2lth724jeld6gzz6zv48zy6xp4n9xu5uqrwvx9km54qaqkkxn72

What's new: * Implemented updated NIP-29 group logic with support for group admin roles * Added support for Aegis URL scheme login on iOS

YakiHonne nostr:npub1yzvxlwp7wawed5vgefwfmugvumtp8c8t0etk3g8sky4n0ndvyxesnxrf8q

🌐web v4.6.0: * Introducing Smart Widgets v2 – now dynamic and programmable. Learn more at https://yakihonne.com/docs/sw/intro * New Tools Smart Widgets section in note creation for advanced content editing. * Curations, videos, and polls are now Tools Smart Widgets, enabling quick creation and seamless embedding in notes. * Zap advertisements added—top zappers can now appear below notes. * Note translation button has been relocated next to the note options for easier access. * Followers and following lists are now visible directly on the dashboard home page. * General improvements and bug fixes for a smoother experience.

📱mobile v1.7.0: * Introducing the fully upgraded smart widget with its expanded set of functionalities. * A set of tools to enhance content editing. * Curations, videos, and polls are now Tools Smart Widgets, enabling quick creation and seamless embedding in notes. * Shortened URLs for a better user experience. * Highest zappers in notes will be highlighted. * Zapper list now includes zaps messages. * Videos and curations are no longer visible in the app. * Gossip models can be enabled and disabled. * Fixed multiple bugs for a more stable and seamless app experience. * Enhanced overall performance, usability, and design across the app.

Nostur v1.20 nostr:npub1n0stur7q092gyverzc2wfc00e8egkrdnnqq3alhv7p072u89m5es5mk6h0

New in this version: * Added support for Lists (kind 30000) * Show preview of feed from list * Turn list into feed tab with 1 tap * Subscribe toggle to keep updating the feed from original maintainer, or keep list as-is * Share List: Toggle to make list public * Lists tab on Profile view * 'Add all contacts to feed/list' post menu item * Discover tab now shows Lists shared by your follows * Enable manual ordering of custom feeds / tabs * New Top Zapped feed * New onboarding screens * New default color scheme / adjusted backgrounds * Lower delays and timeouts for fetching things * Improved hellthread handling * Support for comment on highlights (kind 9802) * Toggle to post to restricted/locked relay when starting post from single relay feed * Support relay auth for bunker/remote signer accounts * Zoom for previous profile pictures * Improved Relay Autopilot / Outbox when loading a single profile, always try to find 2 additional relays not in already used relay set * Improved support for accounts with large follow lists * Keep things longer in cache on desktop version * Improved support for pasting animated gifs * Use floating mini video player also on iPad and Desktop * Many performance improvements and bugfixes

Zapstore 0.2.6 nostr:npub10r8xl2njyepcw2zwv3a6dyufj4e4ajx86hz6v4ehu4gnpupxxp7stjt2p8

• Fixes for stale data, apps should now show their latest versions
• Upgrade to nostr:npub1kpt95rv4q3mcz8e4lamwtxq7men6jprf49l7asfac9lnv2gda0lqdknhmz DVM format
• New Developer screen (basic for now, delete local cache if apps are missing!)

ZEUS v0.11.0 nostr:npub1xnf02f60r9v0e5kty33a404dm79zr7z2eepyrk5gsq3m7pwvsz2sazlpr5

ZEUS v0.11.0-alpha 2 with Cashu support is now available for testing. In this build: * Fix: addresses an issue where some Cashu wallets would crash when redeeming their first token. If you were affected by this bug, try removing the mint in question and re-adding it with the 'Existing funds' toggle enabled. FUNDS ARE SAFU! * Feat: Core Lightning: show closed channels list * Locale updates

Long-Form Content Eco

In the past two weeks, more than 378 long-form articles have been published, including over 57 articles on Bitcoin and more than 32 related to Nostr, accounting for 24% of the total content.

These articles about Nostr mainly explore the protocol’s steady evolution toward simplicity, decentralization, and practical usability. There is a clear call within the community to strip away unnecessary complexity and return to Nostr’s minimalist roots, emphasizing lightweight structures and user autonomy. At the same time, a wave of innovation is expanding Nostr’s possibilities—new marketplaces, interoperable bridges with other protocols, and creative tools for publishing, identity, and social interaction are emerging rapidly. The articles also reflect a growing focus on censorship resistance, advocating for more diverse and independent relay networks, encrypted communications between relays, and broader user control over data and publishing. Practical guides and firsthand user experiences reveal both the excitement and the challenges of building within an open, permissionless ecosystem.

These articles about Bitcoin depict the evolution and expansion of the Bitcoin ecosystem from various perspectives. On the technical front, they focus on the iteration of Bitcoin Core versions, innovations in secure storage methods, advancements in multisignature solutions and post-quantum cryptography, as well as the ongoing optimization of payment tools like the Lightning Network, highlighting Bitcoin's continuous progress in enhancing asset security and transaction efficiency. At the same time, through real-life stories and personal experiences, many articles illustrate Bitcoin's practical role in individuals' lives, showing how it helps people achieve financial autonomy, build resilience, and transform their lifestyles in times of turmoil. From a financial perspective, the articles delve into Bitcoin’s unique value as digital gold and an inflation hedge, and its function as a safe haven and transformative force in emerging economies and shifting trade environments.

Thank you, nostr:npub1jp3776ujdul56rfkkrv8rxxgrslqr07rz83xpmz3ndl74lg7ngys320eg2 nostr:npub1xzuej94pvqzwy0ynemeq6phct96wjpplaz9urd7y2q8ck0xxu0lqartaqn nostr:npub1qd6zcgzukmydscp3eyauf2dn6xzgfsevsetrls8zrzgs5t0e4fws7re0mj nostr:npub12q4tq25nvkp52sluql37yr5qn059qf3kpeaa26u0nmd7ag5xqwtscduvuh nostr:npub1t49ker2fyy2xc5y7qrsfxrp6g8evsxluqmaq09xt7uuhhzsurm3srw4jj5 nostr:npub1p7dep69xdstul0v066gcheg2ue9hg2u3pngn2p625auyuj57jkjscpn02q nostr:npub1l0cwgdrjrxsdpu6yhzkp7zcvk2zqxl20hz8mq84tlguf9cd7dgusrmk3ty nostr:npub1fn4afafnasdqcm7hnxtn26s2ye3v3g2h2xave7tcce6s7zkra52sh7yg99 npub1jh95xvxnqdqj5ljh3vahh7s7s0pv9mj9sfrkdnx4xgead9kmwpkq2e0fqm，npub1qn4ylq6s79tz4gwkphq8q4sltwurs6s36xsq2u8aw3qd5ggwzufsw3s3yz，npub1penlq56qnlvsr7v3wry24twn6jtyfw5vt6vce76yawrrajcafwfs0qmn5s，and others, for your work. Enriching Nostr’s long-form content ecosystem is crucial.

Nostriches Global Meet Ups

Recently, several Nostr events have been hosted in different countries. * Recently, YakiHonne collaborated with multiple communities and universities across Africa, such as nostr:npub1yp5maegtq53x536xcznk2hqzdtpgxg63hzhl2ya3u4nrtuasxaaqa52pzn nostr:npub1tk59m73xjqq7k3hz9hlwsvspu2xq7t9gg0qj86cgp4rrlqew5lpq5zq7qp nostr:npub1wjncl8k8z86qq2hwqqeufa4g9z35r5t5wquawxghnrs06z9ds8zsm49yg7 and more, to successfully host seven Nostr Workshops, attracting over 200 enthusiastic participants. The events not only provided a comprehensive introduction to the Nostr ecosystem and Bitcoin payments but also offered hands-on experiences with decentralized technologies through the YakiHonne platform.

• The second BOBSpace Nostr Month Meetup took place on Friday, April 25, 2025, at 6:30 PM in Bangkok. This special event featured nostr:npub18k67rww6547vdf74225x4p6hfm4zvhs8t8w7hp75fcrj0au7mzxs30202m the developer of Thailand’s home-grown Nostr client Wherostr, as the guest speaker. He shared his developer journey, the story behind building Wherostr, and how Nostr enables censorship-resistant communication. This was a Bitcoin-only meetup focused on the Nostr protocol and decentralized technologies.
• Panama Blockchain Week 2025 took place from April 22 to 24 at the Panama Convention Center in Panama City. As the first large-scale blockchain event in Central America, it aimed to position Panama as a leading blockchain financial hub in Latin America. The event featured a diverse lineup, including a blockchain conference, Investor’s Night, Web3 gaming experiences, tech exhibitions, and an after-party celebration.

Here is the upcoming Nostr event that you might want to check out. * Nostr & Poker Night will be held on April 30 at the Bitcoin Embassy in El Salvador. The event will feature an exciting Nostr-themed presentation by nostr:npub1dmnzphvk097ahcpecwfeml08xw8sg2cj4vux55m5xalqtzz9t78q6k3kv6 followed by a relaxed and fun poker night. Notably, 25% of the poker tournament prize will be donated to support MyfirstBitcoin’s Bitcoin education initiatives. * A free webinar on venture capital, Bitcoin, and cryptocurrencies will be held online on May 6 at 12:00 PM (ARG time). Organized in collaboration with Draper Cygnus, the event aims to introduce the fundamentals of venture capital, present the projects of ONG Bitcoin Argentina Academy, and provide attendees with the opportunity to interact with the guest speakers. * Bitcoin Unveiled: Demystifying Freedom Money will take place on May 10, 2025, at Almara Hub. The event will explore Bitcoin’s transformative potential, helping participants understand its purpose, learn how to get started, build a career in the Bitcoin space, and begin their Bitcoin savings journey. Featured speakers include nostr:npub1sn0q3zptdcm8qh8ktyhwtrnr9htwpykav8qnryhusr9mcr9ustxqe4tr2x Theophilus Isah, nostr:npub1s7xkezkzlfvya6ce6cuhzwswtxqm787pwddk2395pt9va4ulzjjszuz67p , and Megasley.

Additionally, We warmly invite event organizers who have held recent activities to reach out to us so we can work together to promote the prosperity and development of the Nostr ecosystem.

Thanks for reading! If there’s anything I missed, feel free to reach out and help improve the completeness and accuracy of my coverage.

@ de6c63ab:d028389b

Honestly, I didn’t think this would still be a thing in 2025, but every once in a while it pops up again:

“Bitcoin? Uh, I don’t know… but blockchain, now that could be useful! 🤌”

“Blockchain is one of the most important technologies of our time. Maybe you know it from crypto, but it’s so much more. It’s a way to store and verify data securely, transparently, and without a middleman. That’s why it’s going to revolutionize banking, healthcare, logistics, and even government!”

“Blockchain is transforming how we store, share, and verify information. Its benefits go far beyond cryptocurrencies. Understanding it today means preparing for tomorrow, because blockchain is guaranteed to play a major role in the future.”

---

Blockchain

When people say "blockchain," they usually mean the bitcoin database — with all its unique properties — even when they’re imagining using it elsewhere.

But here’s the thing: blockchain by itself isn’t some revolutionary breakthrough.
Stripped from bitcoin, it’s just a fancy list of records, each pointing to the previous one with a reference (typically a hash).
That's it.

This idea — chaining data together — isn’t new.
It goes back to at least 1991, when Haber and Stornetta proposed it for timestamping documents.

By itself, blockchain isn’t secure (you can always rewrite past records if you recompute the chain), isn’t necessarily transparent (the data can be encrypted or hidden), and doesn't magically remove the need for trust (if someone logs soccer scores into a blockchain, you still have to trust they reported the results honestly).

What actually makes bitcoin’s blockchain secure and trustworthy is the system around it — the economic incentives, the ruthless competition for block rights, and the distributed consensus mechanics.

Without those, blockchain is just another database.

---

How Does Bitcoin Make It Work?

To understand why, we need to zoom in a little.

Superficially, bitcoin’s blockchain looks like a simple ledger — a record of transactions grouped into blocks. A transaction means someone spent bitcoin — unlocking it and locking it up again for someone else.

But here’s the key:
Every participant can independently verify whether each transaction is valid, with no outside help and no trust required.

Think of every transaction like a math equation.
Something like: x + 7 = 5, with the solution x = -2.
You don’t need anyone to tell you if it’s correct — you can check it yourself.

Of course, bitcoin’s equations are far more complex.
They involve massive numbers and strange algebraic structures, where solving without the right key is practically impossible, but verifying a solution is easy.

This is why only someone with the private key can authorize a transaction.

In a way, "solving" these equations is how you prove your right to spend bitcoin.
Ownership and transfers are purely a matter of internal system math — no external authority needed.

---

Could We Use Blockchain for Other Stuff?

Could we use a blockchain to independently verify medical records, soccer scores, or property ownership?

No.

Blockchain can't magically calculate whether you broke your arm, whether Real Madrid tied against Barcelona, or who owns a cottage in some village.

It can verify that someone owns bitcoin at a particular address, because that's just solving equations inside the system.

But anything that depends on outside facts?
Blockchain can't help you there.

---

Why Does Everyone Stick to One Version?

Another big question:
Why do people in bitcoin agree on the same version of history?

Because of proof-of-work.

To add a new block, you have to find a specific giant number — the nonce — that, together with the block’s contents, satisfies a predefined condition.

You can't calculate the nonce directly — you have to guess, billions of times per second, until you hit the jackpot.
It takes minutes of relentless effort.

An invalid transaction would invalidate the entire block, wasting all the miner’s effort.

If the block is valid, the miner earns a reward — newly minted bitcoins plus transaction fees — making the massive effort worthwhile.

And importantly, because each block is built on top of all previous ones, rewriting history would mean redoing all the proof-of-work from that point forward — an astronomically expensive and practically impossible task.
The deeper a block is buried under newer blocks, the more secure it becomes — making the past effectively immutable.

And again: each node independently verifies all transactions.
Miners don't create truth; they race to package and timestamp already-valid transactions.
The winning chain is simply the one with the most provable work behind it.

---

Bitcoin and Blockchain: Inseparable

Bitcoin is created on the blockchain — and it exists only within the blockchain.
Ownership is defined by it.
The decentralized management of the blockchain is driven by bitcoin incentives — the pursuit of something scarce, hard-earned, and impossible to fake.

No blockchain, no bitcoin.
No bitcoin, no meaningful blockchain.

---

Can We Just Blockchain Everything?

Alright, so what happens if we try to apply this system to something else — say, a land registry?

Properties themselves don’t "exist" on a blockchain — only claims about them can be recorded.

But who writes the claims? Random miners?
Where do they get their information?
They can’t compute it from previous blocks.
They’d have to physically go check who owns what.

What if they’re lazy? Lied to? Made mistakes?
How would anyone else verify the records?
Ownership in the physical world isn’t a problem you can solve by crunching numbers in a database.

Suddenly, we’re right back to needing trusted third parties — the very thing blockchain was supposed to eliminate.

And if there’s a dispute?
Say someone refuses to leave a house, claiming they've lived there forever.
Is the blockchain going to show up and evict them?

Of course not.

---

Blockchain Without Bitcoin Is Just a Data Structure

And that’s the difference.

When blockchain is part of bitcoin’s closed system, it works because everything it cares about is internal and verifiable.

When you try to export blockchain into the real world — without bitcoin — it loses its magic.

Blockchain-like structures actually exist elsewhere too — take Git, for example.
It’s a chain of commits, each referencing the previous one by its hash.
It chains data like a blockchain does — but without the security, decentralization, or economic meaning behind bitcoin.

Blockchain is just a data structure.
Bitcoin is what gives it meaning.

In bitcoin, the blockchain is not just a ledger — it's a trustless system of property rights enforced by math and energy, without any central authority.

@ d89b2a26:9b9aca47

While I can't provide a real photo, I can generate an image for you. Please imagine a breathtaking scene: The Pacific Ocean stretches out to the horizon, its vast expanse reflecting the sky's azure blue. Cliffs tower along the coastline, with Highway 1 winding its way atop, offering a spectacular view. The lush foliage of the Santa Cruz Mountains rolls gently inland, the shades of green contrasting beautifully with the deep blue of the ocean. Foamy white waves crash against the rocky shore, and the scent of the salty sea air seems almost tangible. The sun hangs low, casting a warm golden glow over the landscape. Let me know if there's anything specific you'd like to adjust in this mental image!On a crisp autumn afternoon, Alex fired up his vintage motorcycle, feeling the familiar rumble beneath him as he set off on what promised to be an unforgettable ride along California's famous Highway 1. The journey from Santa Cruz toward Big Sur was a favorite of his, a way to escape the hustle and bustle of daily life and embrace the vastness of the open road.

As he rode, the Pacific Ocean spread out to his right, a shimmering expanse of sapphire blue beneath the clear sky. To the left, the foothills of the Santa Cruz Mountains rose and fell, their slopes blanketed with lush, green foliage that danced in the gentle breeze. The air was filled with the crisp, salty tang of the sea, mingling with the earthy scents of the forest, creating a symphony of fragrances that heightened his senses.

The road curved and twisted along the cliff edges, each turn revealing a new and breathtaking panorama. Nearing a particularly picturesque section of the highway, Alex decided to pull over. The sun was beginning its descent, casting a warm, golden glow that painted the landscape in hues of amber and ochre, ideal for capturing the moment's beauty.

He parked his motorcycle on a gravelly outcrop and dismounted, fumbling in his jacket pocket for his phone. He balanced carefully on the edge of the cliff, the ocean's waves crashing rhythmically against the rocks far below. As he framed the perfect shot, the thrill of the moment flooded his senses. The cliffs, the ocean, the descending sun—all of it was a testament to the wild beauty of the world.

With a satisfied smile, he captured the image. But as he turned to head back to his bike, his foot slipped on the loose gravel. It all happened in a blur—one moment he was steady, the next he was tumbling, the world spinning around him. Desperately, Alex reached out, his hand instinctively breaking his fall, only to cry out in pain as a sharp jolt ran up his arm.

When he finally stopped rolling, he was thankfully still on the roadside, just a few feet from where he'd stood. With his heart pounding in his chest and pain radiating from his wrist, he realized he'd been incredibly lucky. Bruised and scraped, he struggled to sit up, cradling his injured wrist.

A passing car soon stopped, and a concerned driver offered assistance, helping Alex back to his feet and ensuring he got the medical help he needed. At the hospital, the doctor confirmed what Alex already suspected—a broken wrist. It would be weeks before he could ride again, but he knew it could have been much worse.

As he sat in the hospital bed, his mind returned to the image he'd captured just moments before the fall—a perfect scene of nature’s grandeur and his own fleeting vulnerability. It was a reminder of the precarious balance between beauty and danger, a lesson he'd carry with him long after the cast came off his wrist.

@ f683e870:557f5ef2

Spam is the single biggest problem in decentralized networks. Jameson Lopp, co-founder of Casa and OG bitcoiner, has written a brilliant article on the death of decentralized email that paints a vivid picture of what went wrong—and how an originally decentralized protocol was completely captured. The cause? Spam.

The same fate may happen to Nostr, because posting a note is fundamentally cheap. Payments, and to some extent Proof of Work, certainly have their role in fighting spam, but they introduce friction, which doesn’t work everywhere. In particular, they can’t solve every economic problem.\ Take free trials, for example. There is a reason why 99% of companies offer them. Sure, you waste resources on users who don’t convert, but it’s a calculated cost, a marketing expense. Also, some services can’t or don’t want to monetize directly. They offer something for free and monetize elsewhere.

So how do you offer a free trial or giveaway in a hostile decentralized network? Or even, how do you decide which notes to accept on your relay?

At first glance, these may seem like unrelated questions—but they’re not. Generally speaking, these are situations where you have a finite budget, and you want to use it well. You want more of what you value — and less of what you don’t (spam).

Reputation is a powerful shortcut when direct evaluation isn’t practical. It’s hard to earn, easy to lose — and that’s exactly what makes it valuable.\ Can a reputable user do bad things? Absolutely. But it’s much less likely, and that’s the point. Heuristics are always imperfect, just like the world we live in.

The legacy Web relies heavily on email-based reputation. If you’ve ever tried to log in with a temporary email, you know what I’m talking about. It just doesn’t work anymore. The problem, as Lopp explains, is that these systems are highly centralized, opaque, and require constant manual intervention.\ They also suck. They put annoying roadblocks between the world and your product, often frustrating the very users you’re trying to convert.

At Vertex, we take a different approach.\ We transparently analyze Nostr’s open social graph to help companies fight spam while improving the UX for their users. But we don’t take away your agency—we just do the math. You take the decision of what algorithm and criteria to use.

Think of us as a signal provider, not an authority.\ You define what reputation means for your use case. Want to rank by global influence? Local or personalized? You’re in control. We give you actionable and transparent analytics so you can build sharper filters, better user experiences, and more resilient systems. That’s how we fight spam, without sacrificing decentralization.

---

Are you looking to add Web of Trust capabilities to your app or project?\ Take a look at our website or send a DM to Pip.

@ 2b24a1fa:17750f64

Eine Stunde Klassik! Der Münchner Pianist und "Musikdurchdringer" Jürgen Plich stellt jeden Dienstag um 20 Uhr bei Radio München (https://radiomuenchen.net/stream/) große klassische Musik vor. Er teilt seine Hör- und Spielerfahrung und seine persönliche Sicht auf die Meisterwerke. Er spielt selbst besondere, unbekannte Aufnahmen, erklärt, warum die Musik so und nicht anders klingt und hat eine Menge aus dem Leben der Komponisten zu erzählen.

Sonntags um 10 Uhr in der Wiederholung. Oder hier zum Nachhören:

https://soundcloud.com/radiomuenchen/eine-stunde-klassik-franz-schubert-und-peter-anders-besingen-den-fruhling?

@ 2b24a1fa:17750f64

„Ganz im Geiste des klassischen Kabaretts widmen sich Franz Esser und Michael Sailer den Ereignissen des letzten Monats: Was ist passiert? Und was ist dazu zu sagen? Das ist oft frappierend - und manchmal auch zum Lachen.“

https://soundcloud.com/radiomuenchen/vier-wochen-wahnsinn-april-25?

@ b8af284d:f82c91dd

"Many of us are pondering when things will return to normal. The short response is: never. Nothing will ever return to the “broken” sense of normalcy that prevailed prior to the crisis because the coronavirus pandemic marks a fundamental inflection point in our global trajectory."

Klaus Schwab & Thierry Malleret: “The Great Reset”

„Es ist die Frage, ob wir die normale Wasserversorgung der Bevölkerung privatisieren sollten. Es gibt zwei unterschiedliche Meinungen dazu. Die eine Meinung, die ich für extrem halte, wird von NGOs vertreten, die darauf bestehen, Wasser als öffentliches Recht zu deklarieren. Das bedeutet, dass man als Mensch ein Recht auf Wasser haben sollte. Das ist eine extreme Lösung.“

Peter Brabeck-Letmathe, Ex-CEO von Nestlé, Nachfolger von Klaus Schwab beim WEF

Liebe Abonnenten,

vergangenes Wochenende verstarb nicht nur der Papst. Auch eine weitere graue Eminenz des Weltgeschehens verabschiedete sich. Klaus Schwab, Gründer und langjähriger Präsident des World Economic Forum gab seinen Rücktritt bekannt. Kurz darauf wurden nicht nur Vorwürfe sexueller Belästigung gegen den 87-Jährigen laut. Schwab soll laut eines anonymen Whistleblowers auch den Global Competitiveness Report manipuliert haben. Zahlreich sind die Verschwörungstheorien, die sich um das Treffen der Mächtigen ranken, und manche von ihnen dürften sich mit Schwabs Abgang als wahr erweisen. Die Zeit des WEF geht zu Ende und damit auch die seiner Verschwörungstheorien. Ein Abgesang.

Im Juni 2020 erschien ein Buch namens „The Great Reset“. Es markiert den Höhepunkt des Einflusses von Klaus Schwab, dem Gründer des World Economic Forums. Schwab und sein WEF existierten da schon fast 50 Jahre. 2020 aber schien es, wurde der Club der Mächtigen und Reichen zur Quasi-Weltregierung. „The Great Reset“ liest sich tatsächlich, als hätten Schwab und sein Co-Autor Thierry Malleret das Manifest schon lange in der Schublade gehabt und nur auf den günstigen Zeitpunkt gewartet, es zu veröffentlichen.

Im Januar 2020 hatte das WEF auch die bisher höchsten Teilnehmerzahlen zu verbuchen: Damals kamen rund 3000 Top-Manager und Staatschefs aus der ganzen Welt in den kleinen Schweizer Bergort Davos. Gerüchte, wonach Escortservices zu dieser Zeit Spitzenpreise verlangen, sind übrigens glaubwürdig. Fünf Jahre später aber war die Anzahl der Teilnehmer bereits auf rund 2500 gesunken. Zwar entsandten noch immer alle Leitmedien mehrere Redakteure auf das Spitzentreffen, um Interviews mit CEOs und Politikern abzugreifen. Die Medienpräsenz der Veranstaltung aber hat stark gelitten.

Und Schwab, der sich 2020 mit seinem „Great Reset“ wohl auf dem Höhepunkt seines Ruhms wähnte, war mittlerweile mehr berüchtigt als berühmt. Trotz quantitativer Zensurmaßnahmen der großen Plattform-Betreiber in den dunklen Covid-Jahren ist der eigentümlich hölzern sprechende Mensch heute vor allem wegen der zahlreichen Verschwörungstheorien bekannt, die sich um ihn und das WEF ranken: Lagen die Pläne für den „Great Reset“ nicht schon lange in der Tasche? Befürworten Schwab und seine Jünger nicht die Einführung einer digitalen Identität, sprich der kompletten Überwachung? Schließlich ist der - mittlerweile gelöschte - Werbespot aus dem Jahr 2016 doch real, in dem prophezeit wird, wir alle werden 2030 zwar nichts besitzen, aber glücklich sein. Haben nicht alle Staatschefs und Minister der G7-Länder das „Young Global Leader“-Programm des WEF durchlaufen? Und propagiert Klaus Schwab nicht den Verzehr von Insekten?

Eat ze bugz and be happy.

Alle diese Fragen lassen sich mit Ja, oder zumindest einem „Ja, aber…“, beantworten. Unklar ist nur, welche Schlüsse sich daraus ziehen lassen. Die große Verschwörung? Menschen treffen sich - auch mächtige und einflussreiche. Wann immer sich Menschen zusammenkommen, entstehen Beziehungen, Vertrauen, Sympathie, und aus diesen Verbindungen können Entscheidungen entstehen. Treffen, je exklusiver und geheimer sie sind, führen zu Misstrauen bei denjenigen, die nicht dabei sind. Eigentlich geht es nicht um die Verschwörungen der Mächtigen, sondern um etwas anderes:

Eigentlich geht es um den ewigen Kampf zweier Pole menschlicher Organisation: Zentralismus oder dezentrale Netzwerke. Vielfalt oder Einheit. Weltregierung oder förderale Strukturen.

Es war auch etwa um die Jahre 2020/2021, in denen das Wort „Globalist“ eine Art Schimpfwort wurde. Selbst ernannter Infowarrior Alex Jones zum Beispiel verwendet es regelmäßig. Der Begriff entstand im 20. Jahrhundert mit den ersten internationalen Organisationen wie UNO, Weltbank, IWF und WHO. Als mit dem Zerfall des Ostblocks 1990 Lieferketten um den Globus zu spannen begannen, und internationale Konzerne neue Absatzmärkte zu erschließen begannen, macht der Begriff „Globalisierung“ Karriere. Gegen diese weltumfassende Form des Kapitalismus zu sein, war übrigens zunächst ein linkes Anliegen. Bei der „Battle of Seattle“ 1999 protestierten mehr als 50.000 Menschen gegen die Welthandelsorganisation.

Als zehn Jahre später die Weltwirtschaft durch die große Finanzkrise erschüttert wurde, und das formal kommunistische China mit einem Milliarden-Paket die Konjunktur rettete, setzte sich der Gedanke durch, dass globale Probleme die Kooperation aller Staaten erfordern. Schwab hatte 1971 die „European Management Conference“ gegründet. 1987 wurde das alljährliche Treffen in „World Economic Forum“ umbenannt. 2004 kam die „Jugendorganisation“, das Young Global Leader Forum, dazu. Der „Davos Konsens“ wurde zum Inbegriff der Globalisierung.

Nichts verdeutlichte dies besser als die Klimaerwärmung. Die Message: “Ein gefährliches Phänomen, das uns alle bedroht! Nur gemeinsam können wir es schaffen! Vertrauen wir der Wissenschaft!” Die „kollektive Kraftanstrengung“ wurde freilich vor allem vom Fußvolk eingefordert: Ließe sich deren Reisetätigkeit nicht mit einem persönlichen CO2-Kontingent kontrollieren? In den luftigen Höhen der Schweizer Alpen schwebte man eher über den Dingen: Man dachte, plante, lenkte - und flog mit Privatjets ein. Demokratische Kontrolle? Nur in Maßen bitte. 2017 unterstrich der Besuch des Obersten Genossen Xi Jinping die internationale Bedeutung des Forums.

Schwab, das WEF und die Globalisten liefen zur Hochform auf. Jedes Jahr in Davos trafen sich die schlausten, erfolgreichsten, mächtigsten und vielversprechendsten Menschen der Welt, um darüber zu beraten, wie die Probleme der Welt am besten zu lösen seien: Bill Gates, Yuval Noah Harari und irgendwann dann auch Annalena Baerbock.

Dieses Selbstverständnis der „Davos Crowd“ erfuhr durch die Ereignisse in Wuhan 2019/2020 eine scheinbare Bestätigung, die perfekt erschien: Ein Virus bedrohte die Welt. Nur durch die globale Zusammenarbeit führender Experten wie Anthony Fauci mit höchsten Entscheidern konnte das Schlimmste verhindert werden. Mit tanzenden Pflegern aus angeblich überlasteten Krankenhäusern wurde die Weltbevölkerung auf Solidarität mit den Schwachen eingeschworen. Dass Kinder am meisten unter den Lockdowns litten, wurde ignoriert. Die Linke hatte man ohnehin mit der Mischung aus Angstmache und Solidaritäts-Apellen gewonnen. Von da an war es nur noch ein kleiner Schritt, Milliarden von Steuergeldern zu internationalen Pharma-Konzernen zu transferieren. Die Wahrheit über Impfschäden und den Ursprung des Corona-Virus verschleierten Faktenchecker fleißig ganz im Sinne des Ministeriums für Wahrheit. (BlingBling hat darüber mehrfach berichtet, zuletzt im Essay “Glühende Aluhüte”.)

Mit der russischen Invasion der Ukraine hatte man keine zwei Jahre nach Covid bereits das nächste Mega-Thema gefunden, die internationale Kooperation der Eliten erfordert: Die permanente Bedrohung aus Moskau. Zur Not lässt sich die Angstmaschine Klimakrise jederzeit reaktivieren.

Wie diese Mechanismen funktionieren, hat BlingBling in diesem Essay beschrieben: Kanzler der Blackrock-Republik Deutschland - Blackrock und Bundeskanzler Friedrich Merz wollen die Sparguthaben mobilisieren. Was hat es damit auf sich?

All dies wäre vermutlich so weiter gegangen. Davos war für alle Beteiligten ein Gewinn: Politiker dürfen sich als Weltretter fühlen. Internationalen Konzernen ist es erlaubt, mit „innovativen Problemlösungen“ wie Windturbinen, Impfstoffen oder Kampfdrohnen 10 Prozent Rendite und mehr zu kassieren. Das Geld dafür sammeln Regierungen bei ihren Bürgern ein. „Stakeholder Capitalism“ nannte Klaus Schwab das. Die Linke, einst so kritisch gegenüber dem internationalen Kapital, machte mit. Brave New World.

Am Ende aber schlittert das World Economic Forum in die Bedeutungslosigkeit, weil es Grundprinzipien der Selbstorganisation von Leben verkennt. Probleme werden von dezentralen Strukturen besser gelöst als von zentralistischen Organisationen. Die Sowjetunion brach zusammen, weil der Bürokratie-Apparat trotz immenser Größe nicht in der Lage war, Informationen schneller zu verarbeiten als ein freier Markt. Bürokratien und Eliten verknöchern und entfernen sich in ihrer Selbstgefälligkeit von denen, die sie zu vertreten glauben. Wer nicht mitmacht bei der Weltrettung, muss gezwungen werden - sei es mit Maske während Corona oder mit CBDCs bei der Einführung der Weltwährung. Die Wahrheit glaubt man besser in 1500 Meter Höhe zu erkennen - weswegen das WEF kürzlich nochmals den Kampf gegen Desinformation beschwor. Zwang und Angst aber sind schlechte Klammern für acht Milliarden Menschen.

Es ist kein Zufall, dass der Beginn des Endes des WEF in den USA seinen Anfang genommen hat. Trump und Vance beschworen im Wahlkampf auch immer wieder die dezentrale, föderale Struktur der Vereinigten Staaten. Daher rührt auch deren Skepsis gegenüber supranationalen Strukturen wie Weltgesundheitsorganisation, UNO oder Weltbank. Jede dieser Organisationen mag ihren Sinn (gehabt) haben - ihre demokratische Legitimierung aber ist brüchig: Ihre Vorsitzenden und Präsidenten sind nicht wählbar, ihre Politik von den Bürgern nur noch schwer beeinflussbar.

Es ist menschlich, in einer Bedrohungslage „Experten zu vertrauen“ und eigene Rechte abzugeben. In den Zeiten der Römischen Republik wurden in Krisenzeiten Diktatoren ernannt, weil man sich von diesen eine effizientere Problemlösung erhoffte. Ihre Amtszeit war allerdings auf sechs Monate beschränkt. Meist nämlich sind es dezentrale Netzwerke, die große Katastrophen vermeiden - einfach weil sie schneller auf veränderte Umweltbedingungen reagieren können als schwerfällige zentralistische Gebilde.

Beispiel Demokratie: Je komplexer die Systeme, desto störanfälliger wurden Monarchien. Nach dem Ende des Ersten Weltkriegs boten Faschismus und Kommunismus noch einfach Lösungen an. Am Ende aber setzten sich Demokratien als dezentralsten Organisationsstrukturen durch. In der Ökonomie sind es kleine und mittlere Unternehmen, die das Rückgrat der Wirtschaft bilden. Eine Weltregierung aus Konzernchefs, Experten und Politikern? Verlockend, aber keine gute Idee.

Beispiel Meinungsfreiheit: Viele Meinungen sind anstregend. Es gilt, viel Blödsinn zu ertragen. Mit der Zeit aber destilliert sich aus der Kakophonie der Perspektiven und Weltsichten eine Annäherung an die Wahrheit heraus - mit viel Spielraum für Abweichungen. Ein Ministerium für Wahrheit? Verspricht die Welt einfacher zu machen, aber auch keine gute Idee.

Klaus Schwab hat vermutlich erkannt, dass es von nun an rückwärts geht mit der Neuen Weltordnung. Sein Nachfolger Peter Brabeck-Letmathe ist mit 80 Jahren nur sieben Jahre jünger als sein Vorgänger. Dem soll man aktuell unrecht tun. Dass Wasser kein Menschenrecht, ist soll der gebürte Österreicher nie so gesagt haben. In Wahrheit lautete das Zitat: “Es gibt zwar ein Menschenrecht auf Trinkwasser, aber keines, um seinen Swimmingpool aufzufüllen.” Das wollen Faktenchecker, diese Wächter der WEF-Wahrheit, herausgefunden haben.

Wie dem auch sei. Es wird eh kaum mehr jemand interessieren.

Inmitten der globalen Finanzkrise, die Klaus Schwab und seinem WEF einen Höhenflug bescherte, entstand übrigens auch die erste dezentrale Währung des Digitalzeitalters: Am 3. Januar 2009 wurde die erste Bitcoin-Transaktion getätigt. „The Times 03/Jan/2009 Chancellor on brink of second bailout for banks“ stand darin. Sie nimmt Bezug auf die Titelseite der britischen Zeitung „The Times“, in der er es um die global organisierte Bankenrettung ging. Das WEF entschwindet langsam in die Bedeutungslosigkeit und mit ihr der Traum von der Weltregierung. Die Zukunft ist dezentral.

Tutorial: Bitcoin verstehen

BlingBling

·

4. Jan.

Read full story

@ fd06f542:8d6d54cd

什么是narr？

今天翻 fiatjaf 仓库 竟然发现了这个宝贝 narr和我最进做的 nostrbook.com有交集。

? 交集在哪里呢？ narr (not another rss reader) is a web-based RSS and Nostr long-form feed aggregator which can be used both as a desktop application and a personal self-hosted server. 1. long-form ,也就是30023. 2. desktop application

这两点足够对我有吸引力。

下载，运行 界面不错。 继续！ {.user-img}

不过这个是需要 自己通过浏览器浏览的。并没有独立打包成一个app。那么问题来了，不够阿。

顺着他的介绍，The app is a single binary with an embedded database (SQLite), it is based on yarr.

yarr

我去看了看yarr 是可支持gui的，不过Linux支持的不够，我平时基本就是Linux。 怎么办？

webkit

用webkit套一个吧。 ```go package main

/*

cgo linux pkg-config: webkit2gtk-4.1 gtk+-3.0

include

include

static void initAndShow(GtkWidget *window, const char url) { // 必须初始化 GTK gtk_init(NULL, NULL);

*window = gtk_window_new(GTK_WINDOW_TOPLEVEL);
gtk_window_set_title(GTK_WINDOW(*window), "nostrbook.com");
gtk_window_set_default_size(GTK_WINDOW(*window), 1024, 600);

// 创建 WebView
GtkWidget *webview = webkit_web_view_new();
gtk_container_add(GTK_CONTAINER(*window), webview);
webkit_web_view_load_uri(WEBKIT_WEB_VIEW(webview), url);

// 显示窗口
gtk_widget_show_all(*window);

} */ import "C" import ( "unsafe" )

func main() { var window *C.GtkWidget url := C.CString("http://127.0.0.1:7049") defer C.free(unsafe.Pointer(url))

// 调用 C 函数初始化
C.initAndShow(&window, url)

// 进入 GTK 主循环
C.gtk_main()

}

```

什么是下一步呢？

继续研究吧，看看go + webkit 能不能打包 这个 http server ？

再看看 有没有可以编辑的 md ide 用simple 也可以的。

等等看吧。

@ 866e0139:6a9334e5

Autor: Marcus Klöckner. Dieser Beitrag wurde mit dem Pareto-Client geschrieben. Sie finden alle Texte der Friedenstaube und weitere Texte zum Thema Frieden hier. Die neuesten Pareto-Artikel finden Sie in unserem Telegram-Kanal. Dieser Artikel erschien zuerst auf den Nachdenkseiten.**

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Es ist so weit: Nun schießen die Medien auch noch auf die weißen Tauben. Grund: Die Friedensbringer „flattern nach rechts“. Flattern nach rechts? So war es die Tage in einem ZEIT-Artikel zu lesen. Von einer „feindlichen Vereinnahmung des Friedens“ ist da die Rede. Deutlich wird: Dümmer geht immer. Hauptsache politisch unliebsame Proteste bekommen ihr Fett weg.

Die Strategie ist altbekannt: Artikulieren sich auf der Straße Bürger gegen eine Politik, die Vertreter von Mainstreammedien gutheißen, zucken emsige Lordsiegelbewahrer unserer Zeit einen Stempel, auf dem steht: „rechts“. Demonstrationen gegen Hartz IV? Rechts! Demonstrationen gegen Armut? Rechts! Demonstrationen gegen die Coronapolitik? Rechts! Proteste gegen das politische Großvorhaben „Kriegstüchtigkeit“? Rechts. Proteste für den Frieden? Rechts. Und rechts, das wissen wir alle, will von den Hohepriestern der öffentlichen Meinung oft genug als „irgendwas mit Nazis“ verstanden werden.

Die Gründe für dieses Vorgehen sind klar. In den Redaktionen sitzen genügend Akteure, die die vorherrschende Politik stützen wollen. Die Begeisterung in vielen Medien für die anvisierte Kriegstüchtigkeit ist offensichtlich. Eine gigantische Neuverschuldung für die Aufrüstung? Kein Problem. Solange es gegen das Feindbild Russland geht. Das passt immer. Da werden Friedenstauben als Störenfriede betrachtet.

Weiße Tauben? Sie sind doch eigentlich ein wunderbares, reines, unverdächtiges Friedenssymbol. Das war vielleicht mal. Jetzt ist aber alles anders – zumindest aus Sicht der ZEIT. Da fliegen die prächtigen Friedensbringer nämlich in die falsche Richtung. Früher sang Reinhard Mey, dass beim Fliegen über den Wolken die Freiheit wohl grenzenlos sei, aber der ZEIT-Leser lernt: Beim Fliegen darf nicht nach rechts abgebogen werden. Das gilt auch für Vögel. Vor allem, wenn sie den Frieden bringen sollen. Links abbiegen ist hingegen erwünscht. Also unter der Voraussetzung, dass mit „links“ jene Richtung gemeint ist, wo die Kriegstrommler und ewigen Russlandhasser stehen. Früher galt Aufrüstung und Krieg als „rechts“, heute soll das alles wohl „links“ sein, weil „links“ – irgendwie – ja „gut“ sein muss.

In Zeiten der kollektiven Verwirrung durch Manipulation braucht es Orientierung.

Tauben, so weiß der Fachmann, sind grandiose Navigatoren. Sie kennen ihre Richtung. Sie wissen, wohin sie fliegen. Und von einer aus politischen Gründen vollzogenen Umdrehung des Rechts-Links-Spektrums bleiben die gefiederten Freunde unbeeindruckt. Der Kompass für die Friedenstaube ist was? Korrekt! Der Frieden! Wo der Ruf nach Frieden ertönt, sind auch die Friedenstauben zu finden. Da kann DIE ZEIT noch so viel und lang und verquer von einer „feindlichen Vereinnahmung des Friedens“ sprechen.

„Wir stehen hier heute zusammen, weil wir uns von keinem Politiker, von keinen Medien und von keiner Sprachpolizei in einen 3. Weltkrieg hineinquasseln lassen wollen”, verkündete der 89-jährige Kabarettist Dieter Hallervorden passend zu einer Friedensdemo per Video. Schon macht sich Lynchstimmung in den Medien breit. Ein Blick auf Google News zeigt die publizistische Empörung über „Didi“. In dieser Grundstimmung schwingt auch der ZEIT-Artikel harmonisch mit.

„Friedensbewegung: Die weißen Tauben flattern nach rechts. Der Kampf für den Frieden galt mal als linkes Projekt, inzwischen haben ihn Rechte gekapert. Wie konnte das passieren?“

So lautet die Überschrift und die Unterzeile eines ZEIT-Artikels, der zeigt: Dümmer geht es im „Qualitätsjournalismus“ immer. Wer denkt, die Talsohle „journalistischer“ Einfältigkeit sei erreicht, wird jeden Tag eines Besseren belehrt. Der eine oder andere Leser erwartet vielleicht an dieser Stelle eine kleine Zusammenfassung der Antwort auf die von der ZEIT gestellte Frage: „Wie konnte das passieren?“. Wie konnte der Kampf für den Frieden nur von Rechten „gekapert“ werden? Was sagt die ZEIT?

Nein, bitte, vergessen Sie’s. Heutzutage stellt der Mainstreamjournalismus keine Fragen mehr, die von Erkenntnisinteresse getrieben sind. Fragen sind politisch verquer weltanschaulich kontaminiert. Und entsprechend fallen dann auch die Antworten aus. Da tauchen dann Formulierungen auf wie: „Unterwerfung unter imperialistische Herrscher“, „Propagandaerfolg der Rechten“, „pazifistische Irrtümer“, „als Traum taugt der Frieden nichts“ usw. Und daraus rührt das Blatt dann den Zement für jenes Fundament, auf dem Kanonen stehen, die auf Friedenstauben feuern.

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Die neuesten Artikel der Friedenstaube gibt es jetzt auch im eigenen Friedenstaube-Telegram-Kanal.

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Sie sind noch nicht auf Nostr and wollen die volle Erfahrung machen (liken, kommentieren etc.)? Zappen können Sie den Autor auch ohne Nostr-Profil! Erstellen Sie sich einen Account auf Start. Weitere Onboarding-Leitfäden gibt es im Pareto-Wiki.

@ 6830c409:ff17c655

Starting point

I saw a reddit post today in one of the movie subreddits. It was to pitch a storyline thatakes no sense but is a hit! So I went ahead and posted my entry:

Pandavas don't have right over the throne yet they claim as if it were theirs. Pandavas were not sons of Pandu. They claim the throne from Dhritharashtra's sons. And their uncle Kriahna, who is not actually their uncle- he was born in a prison and switched place with a child in Gokulam. Pandavas at last get the better part of the country. They gamble pawning the country and their polyamorus wife and lose both. Then they go over a war and then kill the actual rightful heirs by cheating. And their uncle who promised to be neutral helped this cheating. And at the end, Five brothers and the uncle are declared the righteous. Shubham.

Aftereffects

Then I fed chatgpt with that pitchline. And see what it gave me back!!

Title: The Righteous Five

Logline: History is written by the victors — even when they were never supposed to win. The Righteous Five retells the grand epic of Mahabharata through an unsparing, darkly comedic lens, questioning whether the so-called heroes ever had the right to the throne they so righteously claimed.

⸻

Pitch:

In a kingdom where bloodlines dictate destiny, five brothers — technically fatherless, allegedly sons of gods — return from exile to claim a throne they were never born to inherit. Their father Pandu was cursed to die if he ever touched a woman. Conveniently, his wives bore sons anyway — through “divine intervention.”

The actual king, Dhritarashtra, blind but legitimate, has sons of his own: ambitious, flawed, but — inconveniently for history — born from his own loins.

Enter Krishna, a not-uncle with a god complex, who was born behind bars and swapped at birth. He plays “impartial counselor” but spends more time whispering war strategies and bending rules of morality like a street magician.

The Five Righteous Ones somehow carve out half the kingdom — only to promptly gamble it away, alongside their shared wife, in a dice game stupider than any war they could have fought. Stripped of everything by their own hands, they rage not at themselves but at the cousins who legally won the game.

Thus begins the most catastrophic war in history, where noble-sounding speeches are cover for ambushes, sneak attacks, fake deaths, and a systematic extermination of everyone with a legitimate claim to the throne.

At the end of the slaughter, the Pandavas, bloodstained and burdened with guilt, are declared the rightful rulers — not because they were right, but because there’s no one left to argue otherwise.

Their journey is blessed and narrated by Krishna, who somehow remains a “neutral” god through every cheat, lie, and slaughter, and then leaves them all to their karma like a corporate CEO taking early retirement.

Tagline: “Victory is easy when you rewrite the rules — and the history books.”

story #fun #pitch #fromReddit

@ c1e6505c:02b3157e

This is a long form test note from Untype.app

Seems like this could work well.

Here is a photograph of the infamous red firebird that has been in the same spot for over 10 years.

There is a header image up top as well. Will that be seen? Maybe?

Clean interface and you're able to type and see a preview window of what your post would like. Cool!

Text before the image prompt makes this lettering large and bold.

Here is a line break

---

Let me know if you can see this text that is now under the image.

BYE (IN BOLD)!

@ 502ab02a:a2860397

ในวันที่ "วีแกนแบบ non natural" กลายเป็นเทรนด์ระดับโลก แต่การขาดวิตามิน B12 ยังคงเป็นจุดอ่อนที่ทำให้ชาวพืชล้วนหลายคนต้องหาวิธีเสริม เพื่อไม่ให้เสียหน้า Sebastian Joy ก็ได้ฤกษ์เปิดตัว "ยาสีฟันเสริมวิตามิน B12" ชิ้นแรกของโลก พร้อมงานวิจัยรองรับจาก IFANE (Institute for Alternative and Sustainable Nutrition) ว่ามันเวิร์กจริง…อย่างน้อยในห้องทดลอง

แล้วมันคืออะไร? แหล่งที่มาของวิตามิน B12 ในนั้นมาจากไหน? วิตามิน B12 ที่ใช้ในยาสีฟันนี้ เป็นสิ่งที่เรียกว่า "ไซยาโนโคบาลามิน" (Cyanocobalamin) ซึ่งเป็นรูปแบบสังเคราะห์ที่ราคาถูก ผลิตจากแบคทีเรียในห้องแล็บ ไม่ใช่ B12 ที่ได้จากอาหารธรรมชาติ เช่น ตับวัว หรือไข่ไก่แบบที่ร่างกายวิวัฒนาการมาใช้หลายแสนปี

พูดง่าย ๆ คือ มันคือ "วิตามินโรงงาน" ไม่ใช่วิตามินที่มาพร้อมสารอาหารซับซ้อนอื่น ๆ ที่ธรรมชาติใส่มาให้ (เช่น โคแฟกเตอร์ต่าง ๆ ที่ช่วยให้ดูดซึมได้ดีขึ้น) ซึ่งการใช้วิตามินสังเคราะห์ต่อเนื่องนาน ๆ มีรายงานบางชิ้นที่แอบกระซิบว่า อาจไปก่อให้เกิดอนุมูลอิสระหรือความเครียดออกซิเดชันในร่างกายได้

โดสต่อครั้งเท่าไร? ใช้แค่แปรงฟันพอจริงหรือ? ข้อมูลที่มีอยู่บอกว่า ยาสีฟันของ Sebastian ใส่วิตามิน B12 ประมาณ 100 ไมโครกรัม ต่อการแปรงฟันหนึ่งครั้ง ซึ่งหากแปรงวันละสองครั้ง ก็จะได้ราว 200 ไมโครกรัมต่อวัน ถือว่าเกินค่า RDA (ปริมาณที่แนะนำ) ที่อยู่แค่ประมาณ 2.4 ไมโครกรัม ต่อวันสำหรับผู้ใหญ่ธรรมดาไปหลายสิบเท่า! แต่…เขาก็อ้างว่าวิตามินที่แปรงลงไป มีสัดส่วนการดูดซึมจริงๆ "แค่บางส่วน" เพราะฉะนั้นการให้โดสสูงมาก จึงถือว่า "ปลอดภัย" ในมุมมองของพวกเขา

ถ้าได้รับมากเกินไป จะเกิดอะไรขึ้น? ในระยะสั้น วิตามิน B12 เป็นวิตามินละลายน้ำ ถ้าเกินความต้องการร่างกายจะขับออกทางปัสสาวะเป็นหลัก แต่ในระยะยาว งานวิจัยบางชิ้นพบความสัมพันธ์ระหว่างระดับ B12 ที่สูงผิดปกติในเลือด กับการก่อภาวะ oxidative stress ที่ทำให้เซลล์ถูกทำลายเร็วขึ้นและอย่าตัว ไซยาโนโคบาลามิน เมื่อร่างกายเอาไปแปลงเป็นแบบ active (Methylcobalamin หรือ Adenosylcobalamin) จะปล่อย "ไซยาไนด์" จิ๋วๆออกมานิดหน่อยด้วยนะ ถึงจะน้อยมากจนไม่ก่อพิษทันที แต่ถ้าเป็นคนที่มีกำจัดไซยาไนด์ได้ไม่ดี เช่น คนที่มีปัญหาเมตาบอลิซึมผิดปกติ ก็มีความเสี่ยงสะสมได้เช่นกัน

ต่างกับ B12 ที่อยู่ในเนื้อสัตว์ตามธรรมชาติ (เช่น ตับ ไข่แดง ปลาซาร์ดีน เนื้อวัว) ส่วนใหญ่เป็นในรูปแบบ Methylcobalamin และ Adenosylcobalamin อยู่แล้ว คือมาแบบ Active form พร้อมใช้ ไม่ต้องเปลี่ยนสภาพอะไรเพิ่มเติมในร่างกาย ไม่มีการปล่อย "ไซยาไนด์" เพราะไม่ต้องแปลงจากไซยาโนโคบาลามินเหมือนวิตามินสังเคราะห์ที่เอาไปใส่ในยาสีฟันหรืออาหารเสริม แต่อย่างไรก็ตาม มันก็ไม่ได้น่ากลัวอะไรขนาดนั้นครับ ไม่ใช่ประเด็นอะไรมากมาย ข้ามไปได้ถ้าไม่กังวลเพราะแค่นี้หลายคนก็จี๊ดใจหูหักกันไปเยอะแล้ว โอเคข้าม point ยิบย่อยไปครับ

ที่นำมาคุยกันก็แค่เหตุผลที่ว่า "ยาสีฟันตัวนี้ เป็นสินค้านำร่อง" ที่ผลักดันชื่อของ Sebastian Joy เป็นจุดเริ่มต้นของอะไรหลายๆอย่าง ที่จะเล่าให้ในตอนต่อไปครับ

อ่อแล้วยาสีฟันนี้มีแผนบังคับใช้ในอนาคตมีไหม? ตัวยาสีฟันเองน่าจะเป็นการพูดถึงในกลุ่มวีแกนได้ดี นอกจากนี้ให้สังเกตว่า ProVeg และเครือข่ายของเขา ผลักดันแนวคิด keyword ที่ว่า "ถ้าคุณกินพืช คุณต้องเสริม B12" อย่างหนักมากและมีการเสนอว่าการผลิตอาหารจากพืชเชิงอุตสาหกรรมควร "fortify" หรือ "เสริมวิตามิน" เป็นมาตรฐาน เพื่อหลีกเลี่ยงข้อครหาว่า "อาหารพืชทำให้ขาดสารอาหาร" ตรงนี้คือจุดน่าสนใจ ในแผนระยะยาว ถ้าสังคมยอมรับแนวคิดนี้ได้ การที่สินค้าจากพืชเสริมวิตามินแบบ "บังคับ" อาจกลายเป็นเรื่องปกติ ซึ่งจะยิ่งเพิ่มอำนาจให้กลุ่มบริษัทผลิตวิตามินสังเคราะห์รายใหญ่ที่ใช้การเพาะเชื้อแบคทีเรียจำเพาะ อยู่เบื้องหลัง เป็นเศรษฐกิจแบบ "สารอาหารที่มนุษย์สร้างขึ้น" ที่เราอาจต้องออกมานั่งน้ำตาคลอริมทุ่งอีกหลายรอบ จำได้ไหมครับกระบวนการใช้การเพาะเชื้อแบคทีเรียจำเพาะ จุดต่างๆที่ผมไล่เขียนไว้ก่อนหน้านี้ เริ่มนำมาขีดเส้นเข้าหากันได้บ้างแล้ว (ใครที่งง ผมคงต้องบอกว่า งานนี้ยาวครับ ผมโพสทุก 8.00 มาร่วมเดือนแล้ว ต้องขยันย้อนแล้วหละครับ)

เพราะโลกแห่งความเป็นจริง จะ animal หรือ plant ก็ตามขอให้เป็นของธรรมชาติ และได้รับการ "เลือก" โดยผู้คนว่าจะกินอะไร ไม่ใช่การเดินสู่ช่อง "สิ้นสุดทางเลือก"

เลิกเถียงเรื่องการใช้ไดเอท แล้วมาร่วมกันมองข้างหน้าว่า คุณจะยังมีสิทธิ์เลือกอะไรได้อีกไหม ก่อนวันนั้นจะมาถึงครับ

ปล. เสริมเรื่องนี้ให้เผื่อใครจะสนใจไปค้นต่อนะครับ Cyanocobalamin เป็น B12 รูปแบบที่เสถียรที่สุดและราคาถูกที่สุดในการผลิตเชิงอุตสาหกรรม เพราะมันไม่สลายง่ายเมื่อเจอแสงหรือออกซิเจน การผลิตจะใช้การเพาะเชื้อแบคทีเรียจำเพาะ (เช่น Propionibacterium freudenreichii หรือ Pseudomonas denitrificans) ที่ผ่านการดัดแปลงพันธุกรรม หรือควบคุมสภาพการผลิตในไบโอรีแอคเตอร์ขนาดใหญ่

Cyanocobalamin จะปล่อยไซยาไนด์ประมาณ 1 โมเลกุลต่อ 1 โมเลกุล B12 ที่ถูกแปลง ซึ่งโดยปกติร่างกายดีท็อกซ์ได้ถ้าได้รับปริมาณน้อย แต่สำหรับคนที่มีภาวะการดีท็อกซ์บกพร่อง เช่น คนที่มีปัญหา MTHFR mutation หรือโรคไตเรื้อรัง อาจเป็นเรื่องที่ต้องระวัง

วิตามิน B12 จากตับวัว, ไข่, หรือปลา เช่น แซลมอน จะมาในฟอร์ม active อยู่แล้ว เช่น Methylcobalamin หรือ Adenosylcobalamin ไม่ต้องเสียพลังงานหรือเสี่ยงปล่อยไซยาไนด์ #pirateketo #กูต้องรู้มั๊ย #ม้วนหางสิลูก #siamstr

@ 6be5cc06:5259daf0

Eu reconheço que Deus, e somente Deus, é o soberano legítimo sobre todas as coisas. Nenhum homem, nenhuma instituição, nenhum parlamento tem autoridade para usurpar aquilo que pertence ao Rei dos reis. O Estado moderno, com sua pretensão totalizante, é uma farsa blasfema diante do trono de Cristo. Não aceito outro senhor.

A Lei que me guia não é a ditada por burocratas, mas a gravada por Deus na própria natureza humana. A razão, quando iluminada pela fé, é suficiente para discernir o que é justo. Rejeito as leis arbitrárias que pretendem legitimar o roubo, o assassinato ou a escravidão em nome da ordem. A justiça não nasce do decreto, mas da verdade.

Acredito firmemente na propriedade privada como extensão da própria pessoa. Aquilo que é fruto do meu trabalho, da minha criatividade, da minha dedicação, dos dons a mim concedidos por Deus, pertence a mim por direito natural. Ninguém pode legitimamente tomar o que é meu sem meu consentimento. Todo imposto é uma agressão; toda expropriação, um roubo. Defendo a liberdade econômica não por idolatria ao mercado, mas porque a liberdade é condição necessária para a virtude.

Assumo o Princípio da Não Agressão como o mínimo ético que devo respeitar. Não iniciarei o uso da força contra ninguém, nem contra sua propriedade. Exijo o mesmo de todos. Mas sei que isso não basta. O PNA delimita o que não devo fazer — ele não me ensina o que devo ser. A liberdade exterior só é boa se houver liberdade interior. O mercado pode ser livre, mas se a alma estiver escravizada pelo vício, o colapso será inevitável.

Por isso, não me basta a ética negativa. Creio que uma sociedade justa precisa de valores positivos: honra, responsabilidade, compaixão, respeito, fidelidade à verdade. Sem isso, mesmo uma sociedade que respeite formalmente os direitos individuais apodrecerá por dentro. Um povo que ama o lucro, mas despreza a verdade, que celebra a liberdade mas esquece a justiça, está se preparando para ser dominado. Trocará um déspota visível por mil tiranias invisíveis — o hedonismo, o consumismo, a mentira, o medo.

Não aceito a falsa caridade feita com o dinheiro tomado à força. A verdadeira generosidade nasce do coração livre, não da coerção institucional. Obrigar alguém a ajudar o próximo destrói tanto a liberdade quanto a virtude. Só há mérito onde há escolha. A caridade que nasce do amor é redentora; a que nasce do fisco é propaganda.

O Estado moderno é um ídolo. Ele promete segurança, mas entrega servidão. Promete justiça, mas entrega privilégios. Disfarça a opressão com linguagem técnica, legal e democrática. Mas por trás de suas máscaras, vejo apenas a velha serpente. Um parasita que se alimenta do trabalho alheio e manipula consciências para se perpetuar.

Resistir não é apenas um direito, é um dever. Obedecer a Deus antes que aos homens — essa é a minha regra. O poder se volta contra a verdade, mas minha lealdade pertence a quem criou o céu e a terra. A tirania não se combate com outro tirano, mas com a desobediência firme e pacífica dos que amam a justiça.

Não acredito em utopias. Desejo uma ordem natural, orgânica, enraizada no voluntarismo. Uma sociedade que se construa de baixo para cima: a partir da família, da comunidade local, da tradição e da fé. Não quero uma máquina que planeje a vida alheia, mas um tecido de relações voluntárias onde a liberdade floresça à sombra da cruz.

Desejo, sim, o reinado social de Cristo. Não por imposição, mas por convicção. Que Ele reine nos corações, nas famílias, nas ruas e nos contratos. Que a fé guie a razão e a razão ilumine a vida. Que a liberdade seja meio para a santidade — não um fim em si. E que, livres do jugo do Leviatã, sejamos servos apenas do Senhor.

@ 6be5cc06:5259daf0

Primeiramente, o que é mempool?

Abreviação de memory pool (ou "pool de memória") a mempool é uma espécie de fila onde as transações de Bitcoin ficam temporariamente armazenadas antes de serem confirmadas e incluídas em um bloco na blockchain. Quando você realiza uma transação em uma rede blockchain, essa transação precisa ser validada e confirmada pelos mineradores (ou validadores). Porém, ela não é processada instantaneamente. Primeiro, ela vai para a mempool, onde aguarda até que um minerador a selecione para incluir no próximo bloco.

É assim: * Você envia uma transação, ela é transmitida para a rede e vai parar na mempool de vários nós (computadores) que suportam a rede blockchain. * As transações na mempool são organizadas pela taxa de transação que foi anexada. Quanto maior a taxa, mais rápido os mineradores tendem a escolher essa transação para incluí-la em um bloco, pois isso aumenta os ganhos deles. * Os mineradores pegam as transações da mempool, criam um bloco com elas e, ao minerar (confirmar) esse bloco, as transações saem da mempool e entram na blockchain.

Aqui irei usar o site mempool.emzy.de como referência, mas é importante entender que sites de mempool são representações visuais da mempool de um nó específico e não a mempool do Bitcoin em si. Ela não é centralizada, cada nó da rede mantém a sua própria versão da mempool. Assim, ela pode variar de um nó para outro. Esses sites ajudam a visualizar dados sobre transações e taxas.

É uma boa prática usar VPN ou Tor ao acessar tais sites se você estiver verificando uma transação específica sua, pois sua privacidade pode ficar comprometida se o site registrar esses dados. Se você estiver repetidamente acessando-o para monitorar a confirmação de uma transação, alguém pode conseguir correlacionar o endereço IP com essa atividade e revelar uma conexão indireta com o endereço da transação.

Dito isso...

Como interpretar a mempool?

Vamos dividir isso em partes para fins didáticos.

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Faixa de taxas

Cada bloco verde representa uma faixa de taxa medida em satoshis por vByte (sats/vB).
Essa unidade de medida representa o valor pago por byte ocupado pela transação.
Quanto maior a taxa paga por uma transação, mais rápido ela tende a ser confirmada.
Quanto maior a transação em bytes, mais você precisa pagar para que ela seja confirmada.
Cada transação Bitcoin consiste em entradas e saídas (inputs e outputs): * Entradas são referências a transações anteriores que estão sendo gastas, e cada entrada inclui informações como o endereço de origem, a assinatura (que valida a transação e pode variar de tamanho dependendo da complexidade da chave e do método de assinatura utilizado (como SegWit, que é mais eficiente). Quanto mais complexa a assinatura, maior será o tamanho em bytes) e outros dados. Quanto mais entradas uma transação tiver, maior será seu tamanho. * Saídas representam o destino do Bitcoin, e quanto mais saídas, maior será o tamanho da transação. Embora as saídas ocupem menos espaço em bytes do que as entradas.

Ex.: * ~4 sat/vB: Indica uma taxa média. Significa que, em média, as transações estão sendo processadas a 4 satoshis por vByte; * 3-5 sat/vB: Isso significa que as transações estão sendo processadas com uma taxa entre 3 e 5 satoshis por vByte.

MB

Simplesmente o tamanho do bloco medido em megabytes :)

Número de transações

Essa seção informa quantas transações estão aguardando confirmação para cada faixa de taxa (bloco). Quanto maior o número de transações, maior a demanda pela faixa de taxa especificada.

Tempo estimado para confirmação

Aqui é mostrado o tempo médio de espera para transações que pagam taxas dentro da faixa especificada. Se você pagar uma taxa maior, a transação será confirmada mais rapidamente; uma taxa menor significa que a transação pode levar mais tempo para ser confirmada, especialmente se a rede estiver congestionada.

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Esta seção mostra sugestões de taxa em diferentes níveis de prioridade para os usuários:

Sem Prioridade

Exibe a taxa mínima necessária para transações que não precisam de confirmação rápida.

Prioridade Baixa

Sugestão de taxa para transações que podem esperar um tempo moderado, com expectativa de confirmação em um ou dois blocos.

Prioridade Média e Alta

São as faixas de taxa recomendadas para quem precisa que a transação seja confirmada rapidamente. "Prioridade Alta" paga uma taxa maior, garantindo que a transação seja incluída no próximo bloco.

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Cada bloco roxo representa um bloco recém-minerado. As informações mostradas incluem:

Taxa média paga

Refere-se à taxa média em satoshis/vB paga por todas as transações incluídas em um bloco recém-minerado. Isso reflete o valor médio que os usuários estão dispostos a pagar para que suas transações sejam confirmadas rapidamente.

Número de transações

Este número indica quantas transações foram processadas no bloco minerado. O tamanho do bloco é limitado, então, quanto maior o número de transações, menor será o espaço disponível para novas transações, o que pode influenciar as taxas de transação.

Tempo desde a mineração

Esta métrica informa quanto tempo se passou desde que o bloco foi minerado e adicionado à blockchain.

Pool de mineração

Exibe o nome do pool de mineração que minerou o bloco, como AntPool. Grandes pools de mineração têm mais chances de minerar blocos regularmente devido ao alto hashrate (medida da capacidade computacional utilizada pelos mineradores) que possuem.

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Essa seção mostra informações sobre o ajuste de dificuldade, que ocorre aproximadamente a cada duas semanas.

Tempo médio dos blocos (~9,9 minutos):

Este é o tempo médio atual para minerar um bloco na rede. A meta da rede é manter o tempo de bloco em cerca de 10 minutos; um tempo menor indica um aumento na taxa de hash, ou seja, que mais poder computacional foi adicionado à rede.

Mudança de dificuldade (+1,46%):

A dificuldade ajusta-se a cada 2016 blocos para manter o tempo médio de bloco próximo de 10 minutos. Um aumento na dificuldade, como +1,46%, indica que a mineração ficou mais difícil devido ao aumento do hashrate, enquanto uma redução na dificuldade indica que o hashrate diminuiu.

Tempo até o próximo ajuste:

É o tempo previsto até o próximo ajuste de dificuldade (7 dias, nesse caso), o que é crucial para manter a rede estável e garantir a segurança e a regularidade do processo de mineração.

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Quanto tempo demora até o próximo halving, um evento no Bitcoin que ocorre aproximadamente a cada 210.000 blocos minerados, ou cerca de quatro anos. Durante o halving, a recompensa que os mineradores recebem por adicionar um novo bloco à blockchain é reduzida pela metade.

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Um diagrama visual da mempool que mostra o estado das transações pendentes na rede.

Tamanhos de blocos

O tamanho de cada quadrado representa o tamanho da transação em bytes.
Filtros (Consolidação, Coinjoin, Dados): Permite visualizar categorias específicas de transações: * Consolidação: Transações de consolidação agrupam pequenos UTXOs em um único UTXO maior para simplificar e baratear futuras transações. (UTXOs merecem um artigo dedicado) * Coinjoin: Transações CoinJoin são usadas para melhorar a privacidade, misturando transações de vários usuários em uma única transação. * Dados: Mostra transações que contêm dados adicionais, que podem incluir informações não financeiras, como mensagens.

---

Este gráfico exibe o número de transações recebidas ao longo do tempo.

Taxa mínima (1 sat/vB):

Indica a taxa mínima atualmente aceita pela mempool. Se a mempool estiver cheia, transações que paguem menos do que a taxa mínima podem ser excluídas para dar lugar a transações de maior prioridade.

Uso de memória (259 MB / 300 MB):

A mempool tem um limite de memória. Quando está cheia, transações de taxa mais baixa podem ser descartadas para abrir espaço para aquelas com taxas mais altas, priorizando-as para inclusão em blocos.

Transações não confirmadas (59.361):

Indica o número total de transações pendentes que aguardam confirmação. Quanto maior o número de transações na mempool, maior a probabilidade de que as taxas aumentem para garantir uma confirmação mais rápida.

---

Essa seção mostra transações que foram substituídas utilizando o mecanismo RBF (Replace-By-Fee), que permite substituir uma transação com uma taxa mais alta para acelerar sua confirmação.

TXID

Este é o identificador da transação (Transaction ID), exibido parcialmente para abreviar o espaço. Cada transação tem um identificador único na blockchain.

Previous fee

Exibe a taxa de transação original paga na primeira tentativa, medida em satoshis por vByte (sat/vB). Esta taxa inicial provavelmente era baixa demais, resultando em uma demora na confirmação.

New fee

Mostra a nova taxa de transação, também em satoshis por vByte, definida para substituir a taxa anterior. Uma taxa maior aumenta as chances de inclusão rápida em um bloco.

Status (RBF)

RBF indica que a transação foi substituída utilizando o recurso "Replace-By-Fee". Isso significa que a nova transação cancelou e substituiu a original, e o minerador escolherá a transação com a taxa mais alta para incluir no próximo bloco.

---

Esta seção lista transações recentes que entraram na mempool e aguardam confirmação.

TXID

Similar ao "Recent Replacements", este é o identificador único da transação.

Amount

Exibe a quantidade de Bitcoin transferida nessa transação, geralmente em frações de BTC (como 0.0001 BTC). Esta é a quantia enviada pelo remetente ao destinatário.

USD

Mostra o valor da transação em dólares americanos (USD), calculado com base na taxa de câmbio atual. Serve para dar uma ideia de quanto a transação representa em moeda fiduciária.

Fee

Exibe a taxa de transação paga, em satoshis por vByte (sat/vB). Uma taxa mais alta em relação à média aumenta a probabilidade de confirmação mais rápida, pois as transações com taxas mais elevadas são priorizadas pelos mineradores.

---

E acabou. Espero que isso tenha sido útil para você e tenha agregado mais entendimento sobre esse complexo e maravilhoso mundo do Bitcoin. Se foi, considere compartilhar com alguém que precise. E se tem sugestões de melhoria, por favor, não deixe de comentar, o conhecimento está dispero na sociedade.
Por fim, stay humble and stack sats!

@ 52b4a076:e7fad8bd

I have been recently building NFDB, a new relay DB. This post is meant as a short overview.

Regular relays have challenges

Current relay software have significant challenges, which I have experienced when hosting Nostr.land: - Scalability is only supported by adding full replicas, which does not scale to large relays. - Most relays use slow databases and are not optimized for large scale usage. - Search is near-impossible to implement on standard relays. - Privacy features such as NIP-42 are lacking. - Regular DB maintenance tasks on normal relays require extended downtime. - Fault-tolerance is implemented, if any, using a load balancer, which is limited. - Personalization and advanced filtering is not possible. - Local caching is not supported.

NFDB: A scalable database for large relays

NFDB is a new database meant for medium-large scale relays, built on FoundationDB that provides: - Near-unlimited scalability - Extended fault tolerance - Instant loading - Better search - Better personalization - and more.

Search

NFDB has extended search capabilities including: - Semantic search: Search for meaning, not words. - Interest-based search: Highlight content you care about. - Multi-faceted queries: Easily filter by topic, author group, keywords, and more at the same time. - Wide support for event kinds, including users, articles, etc.

Personalization

NFDB allows significant personalization: - Customized algorithms: Be your own algorithm. - Spam filtering: Filter content to your WoT, and use advanced spam filters. - Topic mutes: Mute topics, not keywords. - Media filtering: With Nostr.build, you will be able to filter NSFW and other content - Low data mode: Block notes that use high amounts of cellular data. - and more

Other

NFDB has support for many other features such as: - NIP-42: Protect your privacy with private drafts and DMs - Microrelays: Easily deploy your own personal microrelay - Containers: Dedicated, fast storage for discoverability events such as relay lists

Calcite: A local microrelay database

Calcite is a lightweight, local version of NFDB that is meant for microrelays and caching, meant for thousands of personal microrelays.

Calcite HA is an additional layer that allows live migration and relay failover in under 30 seconds, providing higher availability compared to current relays with greater simplicity. Calcite HA is enabled in all Calcite deployments.

For zero-downtime, NFDB is recommended.

Noswhere SmartCache

Relays are fixed in one location, but users can be anywhere.

Noswhere SmartCache is a CDN for relays that dynamically caches data on edge servers closest to you, allowing: - Multiple regions around the world - Improved throughput and performance - Faster loading times

routerd

routerd is a custom load-balancer optimized for Nostr relays, integrated with SmartCache.

routerd is specifically integrated with NFDB and Calcite HA to provide fast failover and high performance.

Ending notes

NFDB is planned to be deployed to Nostr.land in the coming weeks.

A lot more is to come. 👀️️️️️️

@ a53364ff:e6ba5513

Not everyone agrees or realizes that governments, corporations and banks are progressively infringing on our most basic rights and that we should fight back, if only with the right tools.

But I don’t believe in going out in the street to protest, hoping that the government will do something about it. I think that demanding from the State is actually giving it even more power. So what’s the solution?

I believe that Bitcoin is the best tool for individuals to reclaim their freedom and sovereignty.

By taking money out of the hands of central banks, 3-letter agencies and governments, we can reclaim complete control over our money, our life and our future.

I believe the world is facing a great threat. I’m not talking about global warming or climate change. I’m talking about a global political agenda, shared among Western countries’ governments, and focused on limiting individual freedom while increasing government control.

I believe our modern banking and financial systems are profoundly inegalitarian by nature, with the ability for a few elites to “print” money out of thin air and use it to follow their own agenda.

I believe our modern banking system was built like this on purpose. I do not consider the government’s and central banks’ money printing to be part of “how things normally work”, but rather to be a counterfeiting mechanism that they use for their own benefit.

For these reasons, I don’t believe that governments have the people’s best interest in mind. As a matter of fact, I rather think the opposite is true.

I believe this counterfeiting mechanism (or money printing) leads to financial servitude for the individuals, and systemic risk for human society as a whole.

I believe all the financial crises we witnessed since the beginning of the 20th century are directly linked to this counterfeiting mechanism, and that this system is now coming to an end.

As such, I believe most people grossly overlook the risks that are being taken with their money, whether it be sitting on a bank account or invested in financial markets.

Furthermore, I believe this flawed monetary system is in complete control of most people’s money, lives, and future.

But I believe there is an alternative to this flawed system: Bitcoin.

I believe Bitcoin is the best tool individuals can use to take back their freedom and resist government controlling their life.

And I believe you shouldn’t have to be tech-savvy to start using Bitcoin, but you definitely need to be freedom-minded.

@ a53364ff:e6ba5513

Are you tired of having to trust banks and other financial institutions with your money? With Bitcoin, you can take control of your finances and be the sole custodian of your wealth. This is known as self-custody and it completely eliminates the need for third-party services, by receiving and storing your bitcoin securely in your own Bitcoin wallet. In this blog post, we will discuss what self-custody means, how it works, and the benefits and responsibilities associated with being in control of your own money.

What is Self-Custody?

Self-custody is simply the process of keeping your own private keys to your Bitcoin wallet, meaning you do not need a bank or any other third party to manage or access your Bitcoin funds; you are able to do all that yourself. This means that only you have full control over your money, allowing you to make transactions securely and safely without ever having to ask someone’s permission or worry about someone else mishandling or stealing it.

Who Is in Charge of My Bitcoin?

When using Bitcoin, you are in charge of your own Bitcoin wallet, which includes an unlimited amount of addresses that are used to receive Bitcoin, and a private key that is used to sign outbound transactions. The private key is literally the key to your Bitcoin wallet, as it can send Bitcoin to other addresses your don’t control. As such, it is imperative that it is kept safe and secure, accessible only by you. This is how ownership of Bitcoin is determined. If you share the private key to a wallet you control, you’re not the only one able to spend the Bitcoin inside the wallet anymore.

Benefits & Responsibilities

The most obvious benefit of self-custody is that no one else has control over your funds but you! That said, there are some important responsibilities that come with owning the keys to your Bitcoin wallet.

One responsibility that comes with being the only owner of your Bitcoin funds is making sure that your private key is safe from theft and loss. Fortunately, there are easy solutions available for securely storing Bitcoin keys, and seeking guidance from a knowledgeable source can be a great help if you’re not ready to take on this responsibility alone. A Bitcoin security expert can provide valuable insights and tools to help you ensure the safety and security of your funds.

Overall, Bitcoin gives immense power to individuals who want full control over their finances without relying on third parties like banks or payment processors. But taking ownership of your money also comes with certain responsibilities such as safeguarding your private keys; however these responsibilities pale in comparison when compared with the freedom and security granted by taking ownership of your money with Bitcoin! And with the right tools and guidance, using Bitcoin in a truly sovereign way can be way easier than you may imagine.

@ a53364ff:e6ba5513

To the few elites who benefit from the modern banking system and the constant emission of currency, Bitcoin is a threat to their privileged position.

For traders, investors, and gamblers who are only interested in making a quick buck, Bitcoin is a new and volatile asset they can speculate on.

For individuals escaping tyranny or authoritarian regimes, Bitcoin is a way to move their wealth across borders and avoid it being seized by the government.

For people who live in inflation-ridden countries, Bitcoin is a way to protect their wealth against accelerating devaluation and avoid losing all their money to inflation.

For digital nomads, Bitcoin is a great way to easily earn money online, avoid paying high commission fees to payment processors (Paypal, Stripe, etc), and avoid high currency conversion fees while traveling.

As we can see, Bitcoin definitely is different things to different people. What we all agree on, though, is that Bitcoin is here to reject the status quo.

Bitcoin is the best tool out there for people who value individual freedom and seek more self-sovereignty to take control of their money, their lives, and their future.

What is Bitcoin to you?

@ fd06f542:8d6d54cd

更新前有问题问题？

本站采用 docsify渲染，他对图片的处理 是没有任何类原始的 img标签。 缺点如下： * 图片太大，很多图片出现了锯齿； * 图片和周边的文字没有边界，非常突兀；

第一次修改

全加了统一风格，用圆角修饰了；

结果出现了新问题，有些小图片是一个图标，例如:github 的star变得异常难看。

怎么办？

第二次修改

查找 文档说 markdown文档有支持{.classname}的做法，有人用这个方法；

那么 docsify如何做的呢？

js window.$docsify = { name: title, loadSidebar: true, homepage: "readme.md", subMaxLevel:2, plugins: [imgClassPlugin], alias: { '/_sidebar.md': './_sidebar.md', } };

用plugins 就可以，

imgClassPlugin 是找的正则替换 `` js export function processMarkdownImages(content) { const regex = /!\[(.*?)\]\((.*?)\)(\{.*?\})?/g; return content.replace(regex, (match, alt, src, classInfo) => { if (classInfo) { const classNames = classInfo.match(/\.([a-zA-Z0-9_-]+)/); if (classNames) { const className = classNames[1]; return`; } } return match; }); }

// 定义 Docsify 插件 export const imgClassPlugin = function (hook, vm) { hook.mounted(function () { // 在文档挂载后，在每次渲染前执行处理逻辑 hook.beforeEach(function (content) { return processMarkdownImages(content); }); }); };

``` 这样就可以了。大家看看我这张图片：

{.user-img}

具体用法，大家参考 https://www.nostrbook.com/books/c3834c0604b4e5ad66ececd756791a539c585d880864d62b0ef51e3602c482b7?title=NostrBook%E7%AB%99%E7%82%B9%E6%97%A5%E8%AE%B0#/02

@ fd06f542:8d6d54cd

使用nostrbook.com网站

登录和创建用户： {.user-img} 登录按钮 ，可以粘贴 已有的 nsec....账号，完成登录。

注册： {.user-img} 可以点击红标位置 生成你的账户。 “确定” 完成注册。

创建书籍

封面的上传

{.user-img} 创建书籍，可以用 微信截图 后直接 ctrl+v. 粘贴即可。

或者点击浏览 本地图片文件。

标题和作者

正常填写就可以。 书的作者和上传文件人没有一一绑定。

写书

{.user-img} 创建完成后就可以写书了，写书入口在 登录处 “我的书籍” 。点进去会出现你创建的书籍。选择一本就可以写书了。

列出你创建的所有的书籍

{.user-img}

点击图标，就可以进入开始写作了。例如《nostrbook站点日记》

{.user-img}

如图所示有4个部分

1. （1）关闭按钮，点击就退出编辑，这时候他会提示你保存，如果不需要保存退出，点击 “不保存退出”
2. （2）大纲 是编写 你书籍的大纲，这个参考 docsify文档 下面会有例子。 时间排列是 你所有为本书写的章节。但是有些章节你可能废弃了，或者暂时不想展示，都会存在 时间排列里面，就是按照你编写的时间倒序排列的。草稿 是你暂时存储的内容，没有上传到网络，存在你本地浏览器的缓存里面。
3. （3）这个部分看到的就是你的章节列表，当让你第一次来的这个地方是空的。新增章节 下一次就会有内容了。
4. （4）文件名，是我们存储章节的唯一标识。 readme.md 和_sidebar.md 是系统默认必须有的。因为docsify技术默认需要这2个。

如何编写大纲

如果你是第一次开始，大纲的界面是这样的。 {.user-img}

• 点击 增加大纲
• 点击 查看样例
• 修改系统生成的例子，此时 readme.md是必须的readme 对应的名字你可以自己修改
• 点击提交 就可以完成大纲了。

第二次、点击更新大纲 按钮 - [首页](/readme.md) - [国人开发者](/01.md) - [中文用户列表](/02.md)

大纲例子，“[]” 内是标题，“（）”内是 文件名； 标题是是显示在文章的右侧； 文件名的作用是匹配 ‘新增章节’ 里面的markdown的相匹配关联的。

如何定制化图片的风格

上传图片后，添加 {.user-img} 类，目前这个类是固定的，后面考虑增加类 见图： {.user-img}

渲染后 增加了一个classname ![图片](https://cdn.nostrcheck.me/fd06f542bc6c06a39881810de917e6c5d277dfb51689a568ad7b7a548d6d54cd/9461e21187258eb534772ccff9fef1f7192c298397db21ac39adbd1e7e16c62c.webp){.user-img}

@ 4fe14ef2:f51992ec

Let's support Bitcoin merchants! I'd love to hear some of your latest Lightning purchases and interesting products you bought. Feel free to include links to the shops or businesses you bought from.

Who else has a recent purchase they’re excited about? Bonus sats if you found a killer deal! ⚡

If you missed our last thread, here are some of the items stackers recently spent and zap on.

---

Like and repost: N: https://nostrudel.ninja/#/n/nevent1qvzqqqqqqypzqnlpfmegjd... X: https://x.com/AGORA_SN/status/1916432206861684741

originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/963317

@ fd06f542:8d6d54cd

直车对横车 的概念

顺炮直车对横车：红方出直车（车一平二），黑方出横车（车 9 进 1），这是顺炮布局中常见的一种变化。红方直车可以快速出动，威胁黑方右翼，黑方横车则可以灵活调动，根据局势选择进攻或防守的方向。后续可能会出现红方进车过河压马，黑方出炮封车等变化，双方展开激烈的争夺。

顺炮直车对横车布局体系主要有以下分类：

1. 古典攻法
   • 顺炮过河车对横车：红车一平二后车二进六过河，以强硬攻势迅速压制黑方阵营。
   • 顺炮缓补士对横车：红出直车后不急于补士（士四进五缓出） ，依黑方行棋灵活选择攻防策略。
   • 顺炮跳边马对横车：红马八进九上边马，平炮通车平衡两翼子力，防止黑卒3进1争先，着法稳健。
2. “胡氏双正马”攻法
   • 顺炮直车进三兵对横车挺3卒：红进三兵、黑挺3卒形成牵制，红可借马三进四等手段跃马进攻。
   • 顺炮直车进三兵对横车跳边马：红进三兵后，针对黑边马位置，以炮八平七等手段威胁黑方马获取局面优势。
   • 顺炮直车进七兵对横车：红进七兵，黑车9平4后，红可选择车二进四巡河或车二进六过河等不同进攻战术。
   • 顺炮直车“两头蛇”对双横车：红兵三进一、兵七进一构成“两头蛇”阵，与黑方双横车激烈争夺，红借双兵推进掌控空间，黑寻机反击。
3. 其他常见变化
   • 正马三兵与黑右肋车的攻防对抗；正马应对黑挺3卒的局面变化。
   • 正马三兵对阵黑肋车边马；“两头蛇”阵势迎战黑双横车的局势博弈。
   • 正马三兵对黑方马后藏车；“两头蛇”对黑正马边炮的局势发展。
   • 红方正马左士应对黑右肋车；红方采用巡河车、五六炮的布局变化，以及双正马进七兵分别对黑正马、右肋车的局面策略 。

以下按照天天象棋棋谱整理的8种变化，这些变化有些大同小异。 最后都类似。

车二进六的变化（82）

顺炮横车破直车弃马001

棋谱链接

====棋局开始* 1.炮二平五 炮８平５
2.马二进三
马８进７
3.车一进一
车９平８
4.车一平六
车８进６

5.车六进七
马２进１
6.车九进一 炮２进７

7.炮八进五 马７退８

8.炮五进四 士６进５
9.车九平六
将５平６
10.前车进一 士５退４

11.车六平四
炮５平６
12.车四进六 将６平５
13.炮八平五
{.user-img}

双正马三兵 变化（2202）

兵三进一 （473）

马八进九 （179）

红正马五六炮式（171）

兵七进一 （74）

红正马巡河车式（73）

士四进五（55）

@ da0b9bc3:4e30a4a9

Hello Stackers!

Welcome on into the ~Music Corner of the Saloon!

A place where we Talk Music. Share Tracks. Zap Sats.

So stay a while and listen.

🚨Don't forget to check out the pinned items in the territory homepage! You can always find the latest weeklies there!🚨

🚨Subscribe to the territory to ensure you never miss a post! 🚨

originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/962600

@ 502ab02a:a2860397

"นมดีจริง หรือแค่เรากลัว?" นม = อาหารของสัตว์ในวัยทารก จริงๆประโยคเดียว ก็น่าจะเข้าใจนะครับว่าทำไม ผมไม่ตอบเม้นท์เลย ว่าถ้างั้นเราดื่มนมอะไรดี

ในวันที่นมยึดครองชั้นวางห้าง นมวัว นมแพะ นมอัลมอนด์ นมโอ๊ต นมข้าว นมพิสตาชิโอ วางตัวสวยๆ พร้อมข้อความชวนฝันว่า "ดีต่อใจ" "เพื่อสุขภาพ" คนก็แห่กันถามว่า นมอะไรดีที่สุด ดื่มนมอันไหนแล้วสุขภาพดี กินนมแล้วจะได้ไม่ขาดสารอาหาร

แต่...ลองหยุดถาม แล้วตั้งใจฟังตัวเองสักนิดว่า จริงๆ แล้ว นมดีกว่า real food อย่างไข่ หรือเนื้อสัตว์ ตรงไหน?

ตอนเด็ก เราถูกสอนว่า ดื่มนม = แข็งแรง ตอนโต เราถูกล่อด้วยโฆษณาว่า นมพืช = สุขภาพดี ยั่งยืน รักษ์โลก เราถูกปลูกฝังจนแทบไม่เคยสงสัยเลยว่า นม มันดียังไงกันแน่?

เราลองมาเปิดหน้ากาก "นม" ทีละชั้นกันครับ นมวัว : มีโปรตีนกับไขมันอยู่บ้าง แต่ก็มีน้ำตาลแลคโตสที่คนส่วนใหญ่ย่อยไม่ดี นมพืช : โปรตีนต่ำจนน่าใจหาย วิตามินแร่ธาตุก็ใส่สังเคราะห์เอาทีหลังทั้งนั้น

"นม" ไม่ว่าจะวัว แพะ หรือพืช ความจริงที่เราไม่ค่อยอยากมอง คือ นมเป็นอาหารที่อ่อนด้อยเรื่องสารอาหารอย่างสิ้นเชิง โปรตีนในนมพืช ต่ำเตี้ยเรี่ยดินเมื่อเทียบกับแค่ ไข่ นมวัวมีแก้วละ 6กรัม นมโอ้ตมีแก้วละ 3กรัม ในขณะที่ไข่เพียง 1ฟอง มีโปรตีน 6-7กรัม หรือจะเอาแคลเซียม ที่อ้างกันนัก นมแก้วนึง(200ml) มีแคลเซียม 123mg ในขณะที่ไข่แค่4ฟอง มีไปแล้ว 100mg ส่วนใครยังกลัวไข่เพราะมีคอเลสเตอรอล คุณปิดโพสได้เลย คุณเชยไปแล้วครับเขา move on เรื่องไข่กันไปนานแล้ว รบกวนหาข้อมูล แถมแคลเซียมที่กินไป ถ้าไม่ทำ xxxxx xxxx รู้ไหมว่ามันจะไปสะสมที่หลอดเลือด นี่ละตัวตันเลย ไม่ใช่คอเลสเตอรอล ส่วน xx นั้นถ้ายังไม่รู้ว่ามีอะไรบ้างที่ต้องทำเพื่อจัดการแคลเซียม ก็ยิ้มให้กับตัวเองเลยครับ ดื่มนมเพราะแคลเซียมนี่เนอะ 55555

นอกจากนี้ นมทุกชนิดยังเต็มไปด้วย "คาร์บ" แบบต่างๆ ทั้งน้ำตาลแลคโตสในนมวัว และแป้งเชิงซ้อนในนมพืช ส่วนตัวไหนคาร์บต่ำ ทุกอย่างก็ต่ำไปหมด เทียบเป็น น้ำเปล่าขุ่นๆ ราคาแพง

บางคนบอกว่า "นมพืชดี๊ดี กินแล้วน้ำตาลในเลือดไม่พุ่งเลยนะ" ฟังดูเหมือนดีนะ แต่...แค่ตัวเลขน้ำตาลในเลือดเฉียบพลันไม่กระโดด

จะบอกว่านั่นไม่ได้แปลว่าร่างกายปลอดภัยจริงๆ นะแค่ค่าน้ำตาลในเลือดมันเป็นแค่จุุดพอสังเกต เพราะสิ่งที่เกิดขึ้นหลังจากเราดื่มนมพืช โดยเฉพาะนมโอ๊ต คือ คาร์บแฝงที่จะค่อยๆ แตกตัวระหว่างการย่อย ร่างกายอาจจะไม่ช็อคน้ำตาลทันที แต่จะ กระตุ้นอินซูลิน ให้ทำงานหนักขึ้นแบบเนียนๆ อินซูลินสูงเรื้อรังโดยที่ไม่รู้ตัว เป็นเส้นทางลัดไปสู่ไขมันสะสม การอักเสบ และเบาหวานชนิดที่ 2 ในระยะยาว

ภัยเงียบที่น่ากลัวที่สุดของนมโอ๊ต จึงไม่ใช่แค่เรื่องน้ำตาล แต่คือ "ภาวะอินซูลินสูงแบบไร้อาการ" (Silent Hyperinsulinemia) เป็นอาการอินซูลินมันพุ่งสูง แบบที่ตรวจเฉพาะน้ำตาลจะไม่เห็น ต้องเจาะเฉพาะระดับอินซูลิน (Insulin test) ถึงจะรู้ บั่นทอนสุขภาพทีละน้อย เหมือนเชื้อไฟใต้เถ้า ที่รอวันระเบิดเป็นโรคเรื้อรังในอีก 10 ปีข้างหน้า

แล้วทำไมเราถึงศรัทธา "นม" จนหมดใจ? คำตอบคือ..."สงคราม"

Fiat system เก่งมากนะครับที่ไม่ได้แค่พิมพ์นมขึ้นมาจากอุตสาหกรรมเหลือทิ้ง หลังสงครามโลก แต่ยังพิมพ์ "ความกลัว" ลงในใจพวกเราว่า "ถ้าไม่ดื่มนม คุณจะไม่แข็งแรง"

หลังสงครามโลกครั้งที่ 2 อเมริกามีนมล้นตลาดจากโครงการป้อนเสบียงกองทัพ เมื่อสงครามยุติ นมจึงเหลือกองมหึมา ถ้าไม่หาทางระบาย ก็ขาดทุนยับเยิน รัฐจึงออก โครงการนมโรงเรียน บังคับให้เด็กในโรงเรียนต้องดื่มนมวันละแก้วทั่วประเทศ พร้อมเทงบสนับสนุนงานวิจัยที่บอกว่า "นมดีต่อกระดูก ดีต่อสุขภาพ" แต่จริงๆ งานวิจัยเหล่านั้นหลายชิ้น ก็เต็มไปด้วย bias และ เงินทุนจากอุตสาหกรรมนม นั่นเอง

"เราไม่ได้เลือกนมด้วยความเข้าใจ เราแค่เกิดมาในยุคที่นมล้นตลาด" เริ่มต้นจากเด็กในโรงเรียน ถูกเลี้ยง ถูกล้างสมอง จนคิดว่านมคือสัญลักษณ์ของการดูแลตัวเองที่ดี

เวลาผ่านไป โลกเปลี่ยน เด็กโตขึ้นมา เริ่มแพ้นมวัวกันเยอะขึ้น คนก็หันมาหาทางเลือกใหม่...นมพืช

แต่ระบบ Fiat Food ก็ยังทำงานแบบเดิม ผลิตนมพืชจากพืชเหลือทิ้งราคาถูก เช่น ข้าวโอ๊ต เสริมวิตามินแต่งหน้าตา ทำโฆษณาน่ารักๆ ว่า รักษ์โลก ใส่ใจสุขภาพ ดื่มแล้วเป็นทางเลือกของคนฉลาด ทางออกของคนย่อยแลคโตสไม่ได้

จากนั้นบุกเข้าโรงเรียนอีกครั้ง เสนอ "นมโอ๊ตโรงเรียน" แทนนมวัว ครอบเจนฯใหม่ทั้งกระบิทีเดียวเลย ใช้วิจัยใหม่ที่ เน้นเฉพาะข้อมูลด้านสิ่งแวดล้อมหรือ sustainability สร้างความเป็นผู้มีความรู้ในความเป็นคนรักโลก แต่หลีกเลี่ยงไม่พูดถึงสารอาหารจริงๆ

แล้วเด็กๆ ก็กำลังถูกปลูกฝังรอบใหม่อีกครั้ง...ว่า นมโอ๊ต = ทางเลือกสุขภาพ ติดสมองไปอีกหลายเจนฯ ทั้งที่...

นมโอ๊ตอุดมไปด้วยคาร์โบไฮเดรตแตกตัวง่าย ที่ทำให้อินซูลินพุ่งเรื้อรังแบบไร้สัญญาณเตือน โปรตีนต่ำจนไร้ความหมายในแง่สร้างกล้ามเนื้อหรือภูมิคุ้มกัน วิตามินแร่ธาตุที่เติมแต่ง เป็นสารสังเคราะห์ที่ดูดซึมได้ยากกว่าวิตามินจาก real food หลายเท่า

โลกหมุนเร็วขึ้น แต่ Fiat Food ยังวนลูปที่เดิม เปลี่ยนชื่อ เปลี่ยนฉลาก แต่ยังคง "ขายของเหลือ" ผ่านการล้างสมองทางโภชนาการอย่างแนบเนียน ในวันที่โอ้ตล้นโลกจน USDA ต้องหาทางออกให้ มิเช่นนั้นจะต้องเป็นฝ่ายดึงภาษีมาโอบอุ้มเสียเอง

ดังนั้น นมสัตว์ นมพืช ไม่ได้ต่างกันในด้านการครอบความคิด จะต่างกันแค่ผลทางการทำร้ายสุขภาพแบบเงียบๆระยะยาว โปรดเข้าใจประเด็นว่าไม่ใช่จะว่านมโอ้ตแล้วชูนมวัว

ไทม์ไลน์ย่อ "จากนมวัวล้นตลาด สู่แผนบุกนมโอ๊ตโรงเรียน" 1940s (WWII): อเมริกาขยายอุตสาหกรรมนมเพื่อเลี้ยงกองทัพ 1945: สงครามจบ นมล้นตลาด ต้องระบาย 1950: เปิด "โครงการนมโรงเรียน" (School Milk Program) บังคับเด็กดื่มนม พร้อมอุดหนุนฟาร์มนมอย่างลับๆ 1950s-1970s: ใช้งบวิจัยหนุนว่า "นมดีต่อสุขภาพ" ทั่วสหรัฐฯ และโลกตะวันตก 1980s: ปัญหาแพ้นม (Lactose Intolerance) โผล่มากขึ้น แต่โครงการยังเดินหน้าต่อ 2010s: กระแสนมพืชมาแรง ผู้คนตื่นตัวเรื่องแพ้แลคโตส และสิ่งแวดล้อม 2020s: อุตสาหกรรมนมพืชเร่งบุกโรงเรียน เสนอ "นมโอ๊ตโรงเรียน" เพื่อปลูกฝังตั้งแต่เล็กๆ ผ่านโฆษณา "ทางเลือกเพื่อโลก" (ซึ่งซ้ำรอยวิธีเดียวกับที่เคยผลักดันนมวัวเมื่อ 70 ปีก่อนแทบทุกประการ)

สุดท้าย ถามตัวเองอีกครั้ง... นมที่เราดื่มทุกเช้า มาจากความต้องการของร่างกาย หรือมาจากการตลาดที่ชนะสงครามไปตั้งแต่เรายังไม่เกิด?

เราดื่มนมไปทำไมวะ?????

เลือกเองอย่างเข้าใจธรรมชาติ แล้วคุณจะไม่ต้องตื่นขึ้นมาไล่ตามนมอีกเลย วันหยุดนี้ เข้าซุปเปอร์มาร์เกต แล้วดูฉลากโภชนาการกันสิ ว่าได้อะไรจากการดื่มนม

ถามว่าอ่านถึงตรงนี้ ผมเกลียดนมไหม บ้า ใครจะไปเกลียดนม เหตุผลเดียวเลยที่ผมยกให้นมคือ "อร่อย" นมอร่อย ไอติมอร่อย ลาเต้ดีงาม แต่มันคือความอร่อยที่ให้สารอาหารนิดหน่อย ผมไม่ได้เกลียดนม แต่ผมก็ไม่ได้บอกว่าเรา "ต้อง" จะเป็นจะตายเพื่อหานมมาดื่ม ไม่ต้องไปทุรนทุรายว่า เห้ย ทำไมฉันไม่ได้ดื่มนมนะ OMG ชั้นจะป่วยแน่ๆ ชั้นจะไม่แข็งแรงแน่ๆ

ผมเกลียด fiat ที่ครอบหัวคนมากี่รุ่นว่า ถ้าไม่ดื่มนม จะไม่แข็งแรง get มะ 5555

แต่ผมไมได้บอกว่าผมถูกนะ ใครมีเหตุผลที่สนับสนุนว่าเรา "ต้อง" ดื่มนมแบบ “เด็ดขาด” “ห้ามขาดการดื่มนม” มาแชร์กัน ผมยินดีเรียนรู้นะ แต่ประเภทว่า ดื่มแล้วไม่เห็นเป็นไร สะดวกดีบางทีกินง่าย น้องดื่มแล้วตัวสูง ฉันดื่มแล้วตัวสูง อะไรพวกนี้ไม่เอานะ มัน emotion

#pirateketo #กูต้องรู้มั๊ย #ม้วนหางสิลูก #siamstr

@ 8d34bd24:414be32b

I used to hate end times prophecy because it didn’t make sense. I didn’t understand how the predictions could be true, so I wondered if the fulfillment was more figurative than literal. As time has progressed, I’ve seen technologies and international relations change in ways that make the predictions seem not only possible, but probable. I’ve seen the world look more and more like what is predicted for the end times.

I thought it would be handy to look at the predictions and compare them to events, technologies, and nations today. This is a major undertaking, so this will turn into a series. I only hope I can do it justice. I will have some links to news articles on these current events and technologies. Because I can’t remember where I’ve read many of these things, it is likely I will put some links to some news sources that I don’t normally recommend, but which do a decent job of covering the point I’m making. I’m sorry if I don’t always give a perfect source. I have limited time, so in some cases, I’ll link to the easy (main stream journals that show up high on web searches) rather than what I consider more reliable sources because of time constraints.

I also want to give one caveat to everything I discuss below. Although I do believe the signs suggest the Rapture and Tribulation are near, I can’t say exactly what that means or how soon these prophecies will be fulfilled. Could it be tomorrow, a month from now, a year from now, or 20 years from now? Yes, any of them could be true. Could it be even farther in the future? It could be, even if my interpretation of the data concludes that to be less likely.

I will start with a long passage from Matthew that describes what Jesus told His disciples to expect before “the end of the age.” Then I’ll go to some of the end times points that seemed unexplainable to me in the past. We’ll see where things go from there. I’ve already had to split discussion of this one passage into multiple posts due to length.

Jesus’s Signs of the End

As He was sitting on the Mount of Olives, the disciples came to Him privately, saying, “Tell us, when will these things happen, and what will be the sign of Your coming, and of the end of the age?”

And Jesus answered and said to them, “See to it that no one misleads you. For many will come in My name, saying, ‘I am the Christ,’ and will mislead many. You will be hearing of wars and rumors of wars. See that you are not frightened, for those things must take place, but that is not yet the end. For nation will rise against nation, and kingdom against kingdom, and in various places there will be famines and earthquakes. But all these things are merely the beginning of birth pangs.

“Then they will deliver you to tribulation, and will kill you, and you will be hated by all nations because of My name. At that time many will fall away and will betray one another and hate one another. Many false prophets will arise and will mislead many. Because lawlessness is increased, most people’s love will grow cold. But the one who endures to the end, he will be saved. This gospel of the kingdom shall be preached in the whole world as a testimony to all the nations, and then the end will come. (Matthew 24:3-14) {emphasis mine}

Before I go into the details I do want to clarify one thing. The verses that follow the above verses (Matthew 24:16-28) mention the “abomination of desolation” and therefore is clearly discussing the midpoint of the tribulation and the following 3.5 years or Great Tribulation. The first half of Matthew 24 discusses the birth pangs and the first half of the Tribulation. The signs that I discuss will be growing immediately preceding the Tribulation, but probably will not be completely fulfilled until the first 3.5 years of the Tribulation.

I do think we will see an increase of all of these signs before the 7 year Tribulation begins as part of the birth pangs even if they are not fulfilled completely until the Tribulation:

1. Wars and rumors of wars. (Matthew 24:6a)

2. Famines (Matthew 24:7)

3. Earthquakes (Matthew 24:7).

4. Israel will be attacked and will be hated by all nations (Matthew 24:9)

5. Falling away from Jesus (Matthew 24:10)

6. Many Misled (Matthew 24:10)

7. People’s love will grow cold (Matthew 24:12)

8. Gospel will be preached to the whole world (Matthew 24:14)

Now let’s go through each of these predictions to see what we are seeing today.

1. Wars and Rumors of Wars

When you hear of wars and disturbances, do not be terrified; for these things must take place first, but the end does not follow immediately.” (Luke 21:9)

In 1947 the doomsday clock was invented. It theoretically tells how close society is to all out war and destruction of mankind. It was just recently set to 89 seconds to midnight, the closest it has ever been. It is true that this isn’t a scientific measure and politics can effect the setting, i.e. climate change & Trump Derangement Syndrome, but it is still one of many indicators of danger and doom.

There are three main events going on right now that could lead to World War III and the end times.

Obviously the war between Russia and Ukraine has gotten the world divided. It is true that Russia invaded Ukraine, but there were many actions by the US and the EU that provoked this attack. Within months of the initial attack, there was a near agreement between Ukraine and Russia to end the war, but the US and the EU talked Ukraine out of peace, leading to hundreds of thousands of Ukrainians and Russians dying for basically no change of ground. Estimates of deaths vary greatly. See here, here, here. Almost all English sources list Russia as having many more deaths than Ukraine, but since Ukraine is now drafting kids and old men, is considering drafting women, and has most of its defensive capabilities destroyed, while Russia still seems to have plenty of men and weapons, I find this hard to believe. I don’t think any of the parties that have data are motivated to tell the truth. We probably will never know.

The way the EU (and the US until recently) has sacrificed everything to defend Ukraine (until this war known as the most corrupt nation in Europe and known for its actual Nazis) and to do everything in its power to keep the war with Russia going, things could easily escalate. The US and the EU have repeatedly crossed Russia’s red-lines. One of these days, Russia is likely to say “enough is enough” and actually attack Europe. This could easily spiral out of control. I do think that Trump’s pull back and negotiations makes this less likely to lead to world war than it seemed for the past several years. This article does a decent job of explaining the background for the war that most westerners, especially Americans, don’t understand.

Another less well known hot spot is the tension between China and Taiwan. Taiwan is closer politically to the US, but closer economically and culturally to China. This causes tension. Taiwan also produces the majority of the high tech microchips used in advanced technology. Both the US and China want and need this technology. I honestly believe this is the overarching issue regarding Taiwan. If either the US or China got control of Taiwan’s microchip production, it would be military and economic game over for the other. This is stewing, but I don’t think this will be the cause of world war 3, although it could become part of the war that leads to the Antichrist ruling the world.

The war that is likely to lead to the Tribulation involves Israel and the Middle East. Obviously, the Muslim nations hate Israel and attack them almost daily. We also see Iran, Russia, Turkey, and other nations making alliances that sound a lot like the Gog/Magog coalition in Ezekiel 38. The hate of Israel has grown to a level that makes zero sense unless you take into account the spiritual world and Bible prophecy. Such a small insignificant nation, that didn’t even exist for \~1900 years, shouldn’t have the influence on world politics that it does. It is about the size of the state of New Jersey. Most nations of Israel’s size, population, and economy are not even recognized by most people. Is there a person on earth that doesn’t know about Israel? I doubt it. Every nation on earth seems to have a strong positive or, more commonly, negative view of Israel. We’ll get to this hate of Israel more below in point 4.

2. Famines

In the two parallel passages to Matthew 24, there is once again the prediction of famines coming before the end.

For nation will rise up against nation, and kingdom against kingdom; there will be earthquakes in various places; there will also be famines. These things are merely the beginning of birth pangs. (Mark 13:8) {emphasis mine}

and there will be great earthquakes, and in various places plagues and famines; and there will be terrors and great signs from heaven. (Luke 21:11) {emphasis mine}

In Revelation, the third seal releases famine upon the earth and a day’s wages will only buy one person’s daily wheat needs. A man with a family would only be able to buy lower quality barley to barely feed his family.

When He broke the third seal, I heard the third living creature saying, “Come.” I looked, and behold, a black horse; and he who sat on it had a pair of scales in his hand. And I heard something like a voice in the center of the four living creatures saying, “A quart of wheat for a denarius, and three quarts of barley for a denarius; and do not damage the oil and the wine.” (Revelation 6:5-6) {emphasis mine}

We shouldn’t fear a Tribulation level famine as a precursor to the Tribulation, but we should see famines scattered around the world, shortages of different food items, and rising food prices, all of which we are seeing. (Once again, I can’t support many of these sources or verify all of their data, but they give us a feel of what is going on today.)

Food Prices Go Up

• Bird Flu scares and government responses cause egg and chicken prices to increase. The government response to the flu is actually causing more problems than the flu itself and it looks like this more dangerous version may have come out of a US lab.

• Tariffs and trade war cause some items to become more expensive or less available. here

• Ukraine war effecting the supply of grain and reducing availability of fertilizer. More info.

• Inflation and other effects causing food prices to go up. This is a poll from Americans.

- Grocery prices overall have increased around 23% since 2021, with prices on individual items like coffee and chocolate rising much faster.

• General Food inflation is difficult, but not life destroying for most of the world, but some nations are experiencing inflation that is causing many to be unable to afford food. Single digit food inflation is difficult, even in well-to-do nations, but in poor nations, where a majority of the people’s income already goes to food, it can be catastrophic. When you look at nations like Zimbabwe (105%), Venezuela (22%), South Sudan (106%), Malawi (38%), Lebanon (20%), Haiti (37%), Ghana (26%), Burundi (39%), Bolivia (35%), and Argentina (46%), you can see that there are some seriously hurting people. More info.

• It does look like general food inflation has gone down for the moment (inflation has gone down, but not necessarily prices), but there are many situations around the world that could make it go back up again.

• Wars causing famine

• Sudan: War has made an already poor and hurting country even worse off.

• Gaza: (When I did a web search, all of the sites that came up on the first couple of pages are Israel hating organizations that are trying to cause trouble and/or raise money, so there is major bias. I did link to one of these sites just to be thorough, but take into account the bias of the source.)

• Ukraine: Mostly covered above. The war in Ukraine has affected the people of Ukraine and the world negatively relative to food.

I’m sure there are plenty more evidences for famine or potential famine, but this gives a taste of what is going on.

Our global economy has good and bad effects on the food supply. Being able to transport food around the globe means that when one area has a bad crop, they can import food from another area that produced more than they need. On the other hand, sometimes an area stops producing food because they can import food more cheaply. If something disrupts that imported food (tariffs, trade wars, physical wars, transportation difficulties, intercountry disputes, etc.) then they suddenly have no food. We definitely have a fragile system, where there are many points that could fail and cause famine to abound.

The Bible also talks about another kind of famine in the end times.

“Behold, days are coming,” declares the Lord God,\ “When I will send a famine on the land,\ *Not a famine for bread or a thirst for water,\ But rather for hearing the words of the Lord*.\ People will stagger from sea to sea\ And from the north even to the east;\ They will go to and fro to seek the word of the Lord,\ But they will not find it**. (Amos 8:11-12) {emphasis mine}

We are definitely seeing a famine regarding the word of God. It isn’t that the word of God is not available, but even in churches, there is a lack of teaching the actual word of God from the Scriptures. Many churches teach more self-help or feel good messages than they do the word of God. Those looking to know God better are starving or thirsting for truth and God’s word. I know multiple people who have given up on assembling together in church because they can’t find a Bible believing, Scripture teaching church. How sad!

Although famine should be expected before the Tribulation, the good news is that no famine will separate us from our Savior.

Who will separate us from the love of Christ? Will tribulation, or distress, or persecution, or famine, or nakedness, or peril, or sword? (Romans 8:35) {emphasis mine}

3. Earthquakes

We recently saw a major \~7.8 earthquake in Myanmar. Although it seems like we are having many major earthquakes, it is more difficult to determine whether there is actually a major increase or if the seeming increase is due to increasing population to harm, more/better instrumentation, and/or more media coverage. We are definitely seeing lots of earthquake damage and loss of life. I tend to think the number and severity of earthquakes will increase even more before the Tribulation, but only time will tell.

4. Israel will be attacked and will be hated by all nations

“Then they will deliver you [Israel] to tribulation, and will kill you, and you will be hated by all nations because of My name. (Matthew 24:9) {emphasis & clarification mine}

This verse doesn’t specifically mention Israel. It says “you,” but since Jesus was talking to Jews, the best interpretation is that this warning is to the Jews. At the same time, we are also seeing attacks on Christians, so it likely refers to both Jews and Christians. I’m going to focus on Jews/Israel because I don’t think I need to convince most Christians that persecution is increasing.

We have been seeing hatred of Jews and Israel growing exponentially since the biblical prediction of a re-establishment of Israel was accomplished.

All end times prophecy focuses on Israel and requires Israel to be recreated again since it was destroyed in A.D. 70.

Who has heard such a thing? Who has seen such things?\ Can a land be born in one day?\ Can a nation be brought forth all at once?\ As soon as Zion travailed, she also brought forth her sons. (Isaiah 66:8)

• “British Foreign Minister Lord Balfour issued on November 2, 1917, the so-called Balfour Declaration, which gave official support for the “establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people” with the commitment not to be prejudiced against the rights of the non-Jewish communities.” In one day Israel was declared a nation.

• “On the day when the British Mandate in Palestine expired, the State of Israel was instituted on May 14, 1948, by the Jewish National Council under the presidency of David Ben Gurion.” Then on another day Israel actually came into being with a leader and citizens.

• “Six-Day War: after Egypt closed the Straits of Tiran on May 22, 1967, Israel launched an attack on Egyptian, Jordanian, Syrian, and Iraqi airports on June 5, 1967. After six days, Israel conquered Jerusalem, the Golan Heights, Sinai, and the West Bank.” On June 11, 1967 Jerusalem was conquered and once again became the capital of Israel.

If you read any of these links you can see the history of Israel being repeatedly attacked in an attempt to destroy Israel and stop God’s prophecy that Israel would be recreated and be used in the end times as part of the judgement of the world. This is a very good article on how God plans to use Israel in end times, how God will fulfill all of his promises to Israel, and how the attacks on Israel are Satan’s attempt to stop God’s plan. It is well worth you time to read and well supported by Scripture.

Since Israel became a new nation again, the nations of the world have ramped up their attacks on Israel and the Jews. The hatred of the Jews is hard to fathom. The Jews living in Israel have been constantly at risk of suicide bombers, terrorist attacks, rocket/missile attacks, etc. Almost daily attacks are common recently. The most significant recent attack happened on October 7th. Around 3,000 Hamas terrorists stormed across the border and attacked men, women, and children. About 1200 were killed, mostly civilians and even kids. In addition to murdering these innocent individuals, others were tortured, raped, and kidnapped as well.

You would expect the world to rally around a nation attacked in such a horrendous manner (like most of the world rallied around the US after 9/11), but instead you immediately saw protests supporting Palestine and condemning Israel. I’ve never seen something so upside down in my life. It is impossible to comprehend until you consider the spiritual implications. Satan has been trying to destroy Israel and the Jews since God made His first promise to Abraham. I will never claim that everything Israeli politicians and generals do is good, but the hate towards this tiny, insignificant nation is unfathomable and the world supporting terrorist attacks, instead of the victims of these attacks, is beyond belief.

Israel allows people of Jewish ancestry and Palestinian ancestry to be citizens and vote. There are Jews, Muslims, and Christians in the Knesset (Jewish Congress). Yes, Israel has responded harshly against the Palestinians and innocents have been harmed, but Israel repeatedly gave up land for peace and then that land has been used to attack them. I can’t really condemn them for choosing to risk the death of Palestinian innocents over risking the death of their own innocents. Hamas and Hezbollah are known for attacking innocents, and then using their own innocents as human shields. They then accuse their victims of atrocities when their human shields are harmed. The UN Human Rights council condemns Israel more than all other nations combined when there are atrocities being committed in many, many other nations that are as bad or worse. Why is the world focused on Israel and the Jews? It is because God loves them (despite their rejection of Him) and because Satan hates them.

Throughout history the world has tried to destroy the Jews, but thanks to God and His eternal plan, they are still here and standing strong. the hate is growing to a fevered pitch, just as predicted by Jesus.

This post has gotten so long that it can’t be emailed, so I will post the final 4 points in a follow-up post. I hope these details are helpful to you and seeing that all of the crazy, hate, and destruction occurring in the world today was known by God and is being used by God to His glory and are good according to His perfect plan.

When we see that everything happening in the world is just part of God’s perfect plan, we can have peace, knowing that God is in control. We need to lean on Him and trust Him just as a young child feels safe in his Fathers arms. At the same time, seeing the signs should encourage us to share the Gospel with unbelievers because our time is short. Don’t put off sharing Jesus with those around you because you might not get another chance.

Trust Jesus.

FYI, I hope to write several more articles on the end times (signs of the times, the rapture, the millennium, and the judgement), but I might be a bit slow rolling them out because I want to make sure they are accurate and well supported by Scripture. You can see my previous posts on the end times on the end times tab at trustjesus.substack.com. I also frequently will list upcoming posts.

@ 502ab02a:a2860397

แดดกับ Infradian Rhythm จังหวะลึกล้ำของชีวิตที่ธรรมชาติกำหนด เวลาเราพูดถึง "วงจรชีวิต" คนส่วนใหญ่จะนึกถึงแค่การนอนตื่นตามรอบวัน หรือ circadian rhythm ที่พระอาทิตย์ขึ้นแล้วเราตื่น พระอาทิตย์ตกแล้วเราง่วง แต่จริง ๆ แล้วร่างกายมนุษย์นั้นลึกซึ้งกว่านั้นมากครับ เพราะนอกจาก circadian rhythm แล้วเรายังมีจังหวะชีวภาพอีกชนิดนึงที่ชื่อว่า "Infradian Rhythm" ซึ่งไม่ได้เดินเป็นรอบวัน แต่เป็นรอบที่ยาวกว่านั้น อาจเป็นรอบสัปดาห์ หรือแม้แต่รอบเดือน และหนึ่งในตัวตั้งจังหวะชั้นดีนี้ที่ใครหลายคนมองข้าม ก็คือ "แดด" นั่นเองครับ

Infradian Rhythm คืออะไร? คำว่า Infradian มาจากรากศัพท์ละติน "infra" ที่แปลว่า "ต่ำกว่า" หรือ "ยาวกว่า" และ "diem" ที่แปลว่า "วัน" เพราะฉะนั้น Infradian จึงหมายถึงวงจรชีวภาพที่นานกว่าหนึ่งวัน เช่น - วัฏจักรรอบเดือนของผู้หญิง (ประมาณ 28 วัน) - จังหวะของระบบภูมิคุ้มกัน (ที่มีกลไกการตอบสนองขึ้นลงตามรอบ) - วัฏจักรการหลั่งฮอร์โมน เช่น testosterone ในผู้ชาย ที่ขึ้นลงเป็นรายสัปดาห์ - จังหวะของอารมณ์หรือพลังชีวิต ที่มี pattern ประจำสัปดาห์หรือเดือน

วงจรเหล่านี้ไม่ได้ใช้แค่เวลาบอกจังหวะ แต่ต้องการสิ่งกระตุ้น (zeitgeber) จากธรรมชาติ เช่น แสง เสียง อุณหภูมิ และโดยเฉพาะอย่างยิ่ง แสงแดด ผมลองรวบรวมสรุปเป็นหมวดๆให้เพื่อเห็นภาพรวมง่ายขึ้นนะครับ

หมวดที่ 1 แดดกับ Infradian Rhythm ของผู้หญิง สำหรับผู้หญิง แดดมีบทบาทโดยตรงกับรอบเดือนผ่านหลายกลไก เช่น 1.1 แสงแดดกับวิตามิน D วิตามิน D ที่สร้างจากแสง UVB มีผลต่อการควบคุมระดับฮอร์โมนเพศหญิง เช่น estrogen และ progesterone หากขาดแดด วงจรฮอร์โมนอาจรวน ทำให้มีอาการ PMS หนัก อารมณ์แกว่ง หรือรอบเดือนมาไม่ปกติ 1.2 แดดกับการหลั่ง melatonin แสงแดดยามเช้าช่วยหยุดการผลิต melatonin และเปิดการผลิต cortisol อย่างสมดุล ซึ่งเป็นกลไกสำคัญที่ควบคุมการสร้าง LH และ FSH (ฮอร์โมนที่ควบคุมการตกไข่) 1.3 Infrared light กับไมโทคอนเดรีย แดดบ่ายที่มีรังสีอินฟราเรดช่วยกระตุ้นพลังงานในระดับเซลล์ ซึ่งส่งผลต่อการซ่อมแซมและปรับสมดุลฮอร์โมนระยะยาว

หมวดที่ 2 แดดกับ Infradian Rhythm ของผู้ชาย แม้ผู้ชายจะไม่มีรอบเดือน แต่ก็มี Infradian เช่นกัน โดยเฉพาะในระบบฮอร์โมนและอารมณ์ครับ 2.1 Testosterone fluctuation แสงแดดช่วยกระตุ้นการหลั่ง testosterone โดยเฉพาะแสงแดดที่สัมผัสผิวหนังและดวงตา การได้รับแดดสม่ำเสมอช่วยให้ร่างกายเข้าสู่วงจรการผลิตฮอร์โมนที่เหมาะสม และไม่เหวี่ยงมาก 2.2 แดดกับการนอน แสงแดดยามเช้ารีเซ็ตวงจรการนอน ทำให้ testosterone หลั่งดีขึ้นในช่วงเช้ามืด (ซึ่งเป็นเวลาที่ร่างกายผลิตฮอร์โมนนี้มากที่สุด) 2.3 แดดกับการซ่อมแซมกล้ามเนื้อ รังสี Infrared และ Red light จากแดดบ่ายช่วยให้ไมโทคอนเดรียในกล้ามเนื้อทำงานดีขึ้น ซึ่งสอดคล้องกับรอบการฟื้นฟูแบบ Infradian ของกล้ามเนื้อหลังออกกำลังกาย

หมวดที่ 3 แดดกับ Infradian Rhythm ในผู้สูงอายุ เมื่ออายุมากขึ้น ร่างกายมักจะสูญเสียจังหวะธรรมชาติไปทีละน้อย ในหมวดนี้เลยแสดงถึงความสัมพันธ์ตามวัยครับ 3.1 ฮอร์โมนลดลง การตอบสนองต่อแสงก็ลดลง ผู้สูงวัยมักผลิต melatonin ลดลง ทำให้นอนไม่ลึกและส่งผลต่อระบบภูมิคุ้มกันที่มีจังหวะ Infradian 3.2 แสงแดดช่วยชะลอการเสื่อม งานวิจัยหลายชิ้นพบว่าแดดช่วยชะลอความเสื่อมของจังหวะชีวภาพในสมอง โดยช่วยลดภาวะซึมเศร้าและชะลอการเสื่อมของสมอง (เช่น Alzheimer) 3.3 ไนตริกออกไซด์ (NO) รังสี UVA จากแดดกระตุ้นการปล่อย NO จากผิวหนัง ซึ่งช่วยเรื่องความดันโลหิตและการไหลเวียนเลือดแบบรอบสัปดาห์ ส่งผลดีต่อหัวใจในระยะยาว

ดังนั้นเมื่อเอาทั้งหมดมาขมวดรวมกันจะพบว่า กลไกสำคัญที่แดดกระทบกับ Infradian Rhythm มีภาพร่างดังนี้ครับ 1.Vitamin D จาก UVB ช่วยสร้างสมดุลฮอร์โมน, สนับสนุนภูมิคุ้มกัน 2.Nitric Oxide (NO) จาก UVA ช่วยขยายหลอดเลือด, ลดการอักเสบเรื้อรัง 3.Melatonin และ Cortisol แดดยามเช้าควบคุมการตื่นและการนอนอย่างมีจังหวะ 4.Infrared Light ช่วงแดดบ่ายแก่ ช่วยซ่อมแซมเซลล์, สนับสนุนการฟื้นตัว 5.Circannual และ Infradian Crosslink แสงแดดฤดูต่าง ๆ (ที่มีช่วงคลื่นต่างกัน) ส่งผลให้จังหวะรอบเดือนและภูมิคุ้มกันเปลี่ยนไปตามฤดูกาล

ซึ่งถ้าอ่านแล้วบางอย่างดูยังสับสนว่าเอ๊ะมันควรจะเป็น circadian rhythm ไม่ใช่เหรอ เช่น การนอน คือมันสามารถอธิบายได้สั้นๆว่า มันมีการทับซ้อนกันครับ ที่เราแยกเป็นเรื่องนี้มาพูดคุยกันเพราะมันมีความสัมพันธ์กันอยู่ อย่างที่คุยกันเสมอๆว่า ร่างกายต้องมองเป็น spectrum ไม่ใช่ binary คอมพิวเตอร์ 011001

โดยตรงแล้ว Sleep–Wake Cycle เราคุมกันที่ Circadian กับ Homeostatic Drive มากกว่า แต่ Infradian ก็อาจส่งผลทางอ้อมผ่านทาง ฮอร์โมนเอสโตรเจนและโปรเจสเตอโรนขึ้น–ลงตามรอบเดือน ส่งผลต่อคุณภาพการนอน เช่น ช่วงใกล้มีประจำเดือนอาจนอนหลับไม่ลึก หรือช่วงวัยทอง (perimenopause) ที่ Infradian เริ่มเปลี่ยนฮอร์โมน จะมีอาการร้อนวูบวาบ ตื่นกลางดึกบ่อยขึ้น หรือแม้แต่ อาการซึมเศร้าตามฤดูกาล (Infradian รายปี) มักเกิดฤดูหนาว ซึ่งแสงน้อย ทำให้ Circadian ฟั่นเฟือนไปด้วย ทำให้นอนมากขึ้นหรือนอนไม่หลับตามฤดู แม้กระทั่งสัมพันธ์ทางพฤติกรรม งานวิจัยบางชิ้นชี้ว่ามนุษย์อาจมีแนวโน้มอยากนอนเพิ่มขึ้นในช่วงปลายสัปดาห์ (weekend catch-up sleep) ซึ่งเป็น Infradian รายสัปดาห์ที่เกิดจากพฤติกรรมสังคมและสะสม Homeostatic Drive

ทีนี้พอจะเข้าใจแล้วใช่ไหมครับว่า ทำไมเราควรเลิกถามเสียทีว่า "ตากแดดเวลาไหนดีที่สุด", "ตากแดดนานแค่ไหนดีที่สุด" จะให้ตอบยังไง? มันแงะออกมาไม่ได้ครับ เราอย่ายึดติดกับการสรุป สรุป สรุป สรุปสิว่าตกลงต้องยังไง การเสพโซเชียลทำให้เราเคยชินกับความฉาบฉวย คัดย่อ จนหลงลืมรายละเอียดว่า โลกแห่งชีวะคือความสัมพันธ์ พารายังไม่ได้แค่แก้ปวดเลย จะนับอะไรกับแดด

คำตอบที่ดีที่สุดผมคิดว่ามันคือ "เลิกถามจุ๊กจิ๊ก แล้วหัดออกไปตากให้ได้ก่อน เปิดตา เปิดหู ปิดปาก" จากนั้นค่อยเอาข้อสงสัยจากการตาก ข้อสงสัยจากการอ่าน มาประมวลผลเองก่อนว่า มีอะไรที่สามารถตอบกันได้บ้างไหม

อย่างที่เราเคยเปรียบเปรยกันครับ แดดไม่ใช่แค่แสง แต่คือผู้อำนวยเพลงที่ประสานเสียงร่างกายทุกจังหวะ ในขณะที่ไฟฟ้าทำให้เราลืมจังหวะธรรมชาติ แดดยังอยู่ตรงนั้น คอยเคาะจังหวะอย่างอดทน รอให้เรากลับมาได้ยินเสียงของตัวเองอีกครั้งหนึ่ง ไม่ใช่แค่เสียงในวันนี้ แต่คือเสียงของชีวิตในรอบเดือน หน้า และปีต่อไป

แดด…ไม่เคยหายไปจากเราเลย มีแต่เราที่ห่างหายไปจากแดดเสียเอง

ตากไปก่อนเหอะ แล้วค่อยถาม "บ่อยเท่าที่ได้ นานเท่าที่ไหว"

ส่วนใครอ่านบทนี้แล้วงง ไม่ต้องเครียดครับ บทต่อๆไปจะค่อยๆมาคลีคลายให้ ทีละนิด #pirateketo #SundaySpecialเราจะไปเป็นหมูแดดเดียว #กูต้องรู้มั๊ย #ม้วนหางสิลูก #siamstr

@ 78b3c1ed:5033eea9

※スポットライトから移植した古い記事です。参考程度に。

これを参考にしてUmbrelのBitcoin Nodeをカスタムsignetノードにする。 以下メモ書きご容赦。備忘録程度に書き留めました。

メインネットとは共存できない。Bitcoinに依存する全てのアプリを削除しなければならない。よって実験機に導入すべき。

<手順>

1.Umbrel Bitcoin Nodeアプリのadvance settingでsignetを選択。

2.CLI appスクリプトでbitcoinを止める。 cd umbrel/scripts ./app stop bitcoin 3.bitcoin.conf, umbrel-bitcoin.conf以外を削除 ディレクトリの場所は ~/umbrel/app-data/bitcoin/data/bitcoin 4.umbrel-bitcoin.confをsu権限で編集。末尾にsignetchallengeを追加。 ``` [signet] bind=0.0.0.0:8333 bind=10.21.21.8:8334=onion

51,21,<公開鍵>,51,ae

signetchallenge=5121<公開鍵>51ae 5.appスクリプトでbitcoinを開始。 cd ~/umbrel/scripts ./app start bitcoin ``` 6.適当にディレクトリを作りgithubからbitcoindのソースをクローン。

7.bitcoindのバイナリをダウンロード、bitcoin-cliおよびbitcoin-utilを~/.local/binに置く。6.のソースからビルドしても良い。ビルド方法は自分で調べて。

8.bitcondにマイニング用のウォレットを作成 ``` alias bcli='docker exec -it bitcoin_bitcoind_1 bitcoin-cli -signet -rpcconnect=10.21.21.8 -rpcport=8332 -rpcuser=umbrel -rpcpassword=<パスワード>'

ウォレットを作る。

bcli createwallet "mining" false true "" false false

秘密鍵をインポート

bcli importprivkey "<秘密鍵>" RPCパスワードは以下で確認 cat ~/umbrel/.env | grep BITCOIN_RPC_PASS 9.ソースにあるbitcoin/contrib/signet/minerスクリプトを使ってマイニング cd <ダウンロードしたディレクトリ>/bitcoin/contrib/signet

難易度の算出

./miner \ --cli="bitcoin-cli -signet -rpcconnect=10.21.21.8 -rpcport=8332 -rpcuser=umbrel -rpcpassword=<パスワード>" calibrate \ --grind-cmd="bitcoin-util grind" --seconds 30 ★私の環境で30秒指定したら nbits=1d4271e7 と算出された。実際にこれで動かすと２分30になるけど...

ジェネシスブロック生成

./miner \ --cli="bitcoin-cli -signet -rpcconnect=10.21.21.8 -rpcport=8332 -rpcuser=umbrel -rpcpassword=<パスワード>" generate \ --address <ビットコインアドレス> \ --grind-cmd="bitcoin-util grind" --nbits=1d4271e7 \ --set-block-time=$(date +%s)

継続的にマイニング

./miner \ --cli="bitcoin-cli -signet -rpcconnect=10.21.21.8 -rpcport=8332 -rpcuser=umbrel -rpcpassword=<パスワード>" generate \ --address <ビットコインアドレス> \ --grind-cmd="bitcoin-util grind" --nbits=1d4271e7 \ --ongoing ``` ここまでやればカスタムsignetでビットコインノードが稼働する。

@ 78b3c1ed:5033eea9

・ThunderHubで焼いたマカロンがlncli printmacaroonでどう見えるか確認した。

ThunderHub macaroon permissions

get invoices invoices:read create invoices invoices:write get payments offchain:read pay invoices offchain:write get chain transactions onchain:read send to chain address onchain:write create chain address address:write get wallet info info:read stop daemon info:write この結果によれば、offchain:wirteとonchain:writeの権限がなければそのマカロンを使うクライアントは勝手にBTCを送金することができない。 info:writeがなければ勝手にLNDを止めたりすることができない。

・lncli printmacaroonでデフォルトで作られるmacaroonのpermissionsを調べてみた。 admin.macaroon { "version": 2, "location": "lnd", "root_key_id": "0", "permissions": [ "address:read", "address:write", "info:read", "info:write", "invoices:read", "invoices:write", "macaroon:generate", "macaroon:read", "macaroon:write", "message:read", "message:write", "offchain:read", "offchain:write", "onchain:read", "onchain:write", "peers:read", "peers:write", "signer:generate", "signer:read" ], "caveats": null } chainnotifier.macaroon { "version": 2, "location": "lnd", "root_key_id": "0", "permissions": [ "onchain:read" ], "caveats": null } invoice.macaroon { "version": 2, "location": "lnd", "root_key_id": "0", "permissions": [ "address:read", "address:write", "invoices:read", "invoices:write", "onchain:read" ], "caveats": null } invoices.macaroon { "version": 2, "location": "lnd", "root_key_id": "0", "permissions": [ "invoices:read", "invoices:write" ], "caveats": null } readonly.macaroon { "version": 2, "location": "lnd", "root_key_id": "0", "permissions": [ "address:read", "info:read", "invoices:read", "macaroon:read", "message:read", "offchain:read", "onchain:read", "peers:read", "signer:read" ], "caveats": null } router.macaroon { "version": 2, "location": "lnd", "root_key_id": "0", "permissions": [ "offchain:read", "offchain:write" ], "caveats": null } signer.macaroon { "version": 2, "location": "lnd", "root_key_id": "0", "permissions": [ "signer:generate", "signer:read" ], "caveats": null } walletkit.macaroon { "version": 2, "location": "lnd", "root_key_id": "0", "permissions": [ "address:read", "address:write", "onchain:read", "onchain:write" ], "caveats": null }

・lncli listpermissions コマンドですべての RPC メソッド URI と、それらを呼び出すために必要なマカロン権限を一覧表示できる。 LND v0.18.5-betaでやると1344行ほどのJSONができる。 AddInvoiceだとinvoice:writeのpermissionを持つmacaroonを使えばインボイスを作れるようだ。 "/lnrpc.Lightning/AddInvoice": { "permissions": [ { "entity": "invoices", "action": "write" } ] }, lncli listpermissionsからentityとactionを抜き出してみた。 ``` "entity": "address", "entity": "info", "entity": "invoices", "entity": "macaroon", "entity": "message", "entity": "offchain", "entity": "onchain", "entity": "peers", "entity": "signer",

"action": "generate" "action": "read" "action": "write" lncli とjqを組み合わせると例えば以下コマンドでinvoices:writeを必要とするRPCの一覧を表示できる。 invoices:writeだとAddInvoiceの他にホドルインボイス作成でも使ってるようだ lncli listpermissions | jq -r '.method_permissions | to_entries[] | select(.value.permissions[] | select(.entity == "invoices" and .action == "write")) | .key' /invoicesrpc.Invoices/AddHoldInvoice /invoicesrpc.Invoices/CancelInvoice /invoicesrpc.Invoices/HtlcModifier /invoicesrpc.Invoices/LookupInvoiceV2 /invoicesrpc.Invoices/SettleInvoice /lnrpc.Lightning/AddInvoice invoices:readだと以下となる。 /invoicesrpc.Invoices/SubscribeSingleInvoice /lnrpc.Lightning/ListInvoices /lnrpc.Lightning/LookupInvoice /lnrpc.Lightning/SubscribeInvoices LNの主だった機能のRPCはoffchainが必要ぽいので抜き出してみた。 offchain:write チャネルの開閉、ペイメントの送信までやってるみたい。 デフォルトのmacaroonでoffchain:writeを持ってるのはadminとrouterの2つだけ。openchannel,closechannelはonchain:writeのpermissionも必要なようだ。 /autopilotrpc.Autopilot/ModifyStatus /autopilotrpc.Autopilot/SetScores /lnrpc.Lightning/AbandonChannel /lnrpc.Lightning/BatchOpenChannel /lnrpc.Lightning/ChannelAcceptor /lnrpc.Lightning/CloseChannel /lnrpc.Lightning/DeleteAllPayments /lnrpc.Lightning/DeletePayment /lnrpc.Lightning/FundingStateStep /lnrpc.Lightning/OpenChannel /lnrpc.Lightning/OpenChannelSync /lnrpc.Lightning/RestoreChannelBackups /lnrpc.Lightning/SendCustomMessage /lnrpc.Lightning/SendPayment /lnrpc.Lightning/SendPaymentSync /lnrpc.Lightning/SendToRoute /lnrpc.Lightning/SendToRouteSync /lnrpc.Lightning/UpdateChannelPolicy /routerrpc.Router/HtlcInterceptor /routerrpc.Router/ResetMissionControl /routerrpc.Router/SendPayment /routerrpc.Router/SendPaymentV2 /routerrpc.Router/SendToRoute /routerrpc.Router/SendToRouteV2 /routerrpc.Router/SetMissionControlConfig /routerrpc.Router/UpdateChanStatus /routerrpc.Router/XAddLocalChanAliases /routerrpc.Router/XDeleteLocalChanAliases /routerrpc.Router/XImportMissionControl /wtclientrpc.WatchtowerClient/AddTower /wtclientrpc.WatchtowerClient/DeactivateTower /wtclientrpc.WatchtowerClient/RemoveTower /wtclientrpc.WatchtowerClient/TerminateSession "/lnrpc.Lightning/OpenChannel": { "permissions": [ { "entity": "onchain", "action": "write" }, { "entity": "offchain", "action": "write" } ] }, offchain:read readの方はチャネルやインボイスの状態を確認するためのpermissionのようだ。 /lnrpc.Lightning/ChannelBalance /lnrpc.Lightning/ClosedChannels /lnrpc.Lightning/DecodePayReq /lnrpc.Lightning/ExportAllChannelBackups /lnrpc.Lightning/ExportChannelBackup /lnrpc.Lightning/FeeReport /lnrpc.Lightning/ForwardingHistory /lnrpc.Lightning/GetDebugInfo /lnrpc.Lightning/ListAliases /lnrpc.Lightning/ListChannels /lnrpc.Lightning/ListPayments /lnrpc.Lightning/LookupHtlcResolution /lnrpc.Lightning/PendingChannels /lnrpc.Lightning/SubscribeChannelBackups /lnrpc.Lightning/SubscribeChannelEvents /lnrpc.Lightning/SubscribeCustomMessages /lnrpc.Lightning/VerifyChanBackup /routerrpc.Router/BuildRoute /routerrpc.Router/EstimateRouteFee /routerrpc.Router/GetMissionControlConfig /routerrpc.Router/QueryMissionControl /routerrpc.Router/QueryProbability /routerrpc.Router/SubscribeHtlcEvents /routerrpc.Router/TrackPayment /routerrpc.Router/TrackPaymentV2 /routerrpc.Router/TrackPayments /wtclientrpc.WatchtowerClient/GetTowerInfo /wtclientrpc.WatchtowerClient/ListTowers /wtclientrpc.WatchtowerClient/Policy /wtclientrpc.WatchtowerClient/Stats ・おまけ1 RPCメソッド名にopenを含む要素を抽出するコマンド lncli listpermissions | jq '.method_permissions | to_entries[] | select(.key | test("open"; "i"))' { "key": "/lnrpc.Lightning/BatchOpenChannel", "value": { "permissions": [ { "entity": "onchain", "action": "write" }, { "entity": "offchain", "action": "write" } ] } } { "key": "/lnrpc.Lightning/OpenChannel", "value": { "permissions": [ { "entity": "onchain", "action": "write" }, { "entity": "offchain", "action": "write" } ] } } { "key": "/lnrpc.Lightning/OpenChannelSync", "value": { "permissions": [ { "entity": "onchain", "action": "write" }, { "entity": "offchain", "action": "write" } ] } } ・おまけ２ thunderhubで作ったmacaroonはテキストで出力されコピペして使うもので、macaroonファイルになってない。 HEXをmacaroonファイルにするには以下コマンドでできる。HEXをコピペして置換する。またYOURSの箇所を自分でわかりやすい名称に置換すると良い。 echo -n "HEX" | xxd -r -p > YOURS.macaroon thunderhubで"Create Invoices, Get Invoices, Get Wallet Info, Get Payments, Pay Invoices"をチェックして作ったmacaroonのpermissionsは以下となる。 { "version": 2, "location": "lnd", "root_key_id": "0", "permissions": [ "info:read", "invoices:read", "invoices:write", "offchain:read", "offchain:write" ], "caveats": null } ``` offchain:writeはあるがonchain:writeがないのでチャネル開閉はできないはず。

@ 5d4b6c8d:8a1c1ee3

After taking the most predictable option on day 1, the last 6 rounds of the draft were a rollercoaster. The Raiders traded back twice in the 2nd round and ended up with some extra picks.

Picks

• RB Ashton Jeanty: Best player available at a position of need. Jeanty + Bowers gives the Raiders offense two elite weapons

• WR Jack Bech: Tough, physical receiver with great hands, willing and able blocker

• CB Darien Porter: Elite athlete, classic Raiders pick, "Can't teach size, can't teach speed."

• OL Caleb Rogers: Versatile, athletic lineman, will likely compete at guard

• OL Charles Grant: Same as above, but more likely to compete at tackle

• WR: Donte Thornton: 6'5" and 4.3 speed, another classic Raiders pick, can open the field for the other weapons

• DT Tonka Hemingway: Dope name, versatile and athletic D-Lineman, adds depth and optionality to a very talented groups

• DT/TE/FB JJ Pegues: Interesting guy, probably won't contribute much as a DT immediately, but could be part of the goal line package on offense, as he had 7 rushing TDs last year and as a former TE could be a red zone target too

• WR/KR/PR/QB Tommy Mellot: Another super versatile player, ran a 4.4 40 as a QB, but will convert to WR and return kicks, seems like someone with tons of trick play potential

• QB Cam Miller: Finally, an actual QB! Won a ton of games at a smaller program.

• LB Cody Lindenberg: 7th rounder, probably special teams if he makes the team

Takeaways

The Raiders added a ton of talent and versatility to their offense, including a defensive player who can contribute to the red zone offense in several ways. They're building a big physically dominant offense around an elite RB/TE combo, with big physical WRs who don't mind blocking and another talented TE.

The defensive line is going to have to be really dominant, which they have the potential for, because there is a dearth of talent behind them. Porter recently converted to CB from WR, so will likely take time to develop, and the others are day 3 picks.

The recipe will likely be to eat up clock on long offensive drives to give our pass rushers lots of breathers. Score reliably with a much improved redzone offense and a great kicker, then rely on that pass rush and the best punter in the league to keep the other team out of the endzone.

It's a good starting point. Maybe they'll sign Ramsey, or something, and really upgrade the defensive back group before the season starts.

originally posted at https://stacker.news/items/962047

@ c066aac5:6a41a034

I work in the business world as a salesperson. I am frequently out and about in the community trying to make friends, connect with people who I can help, and ultimately grow my book of business. I have goals set by my employers and I aim to meet those expectations. Because of this, I find myself frequently under pressure to find ways to produce. This often leads to me being disappointed in myself; my sales cycles are long and I lose more deals than I win. My Dad often reminds me that How to Win Friends and Influence People has all the secrets of sales I'll ever need, but I still end up wishing I could find that secret edge to out-do the competition. That's where the watch temptation comes in.

I frequently see a luxurious timepiece on the left wrist of my peers and elder-statesmen closers. Rolex, Omega, Patek, a whole world of $10k minimum machines. It comes across as a power-move, a symbol of status that is hard to ignore. It sends a message that the bearer's time is more valuable than that of other people. It makes me think "if this person is wearing that watch, that means they're great at what they do." The ultimate investment in one's self.

As a newly married man expecting a child, it is hard for me to stomach such a purchase. My wife has supported the idea of me potentially getting such a timepiece; as much as it tickles my fancy, I'd rather put my capital towards things that further my family than my clout. One of the things that struck me was a statement made by an investment advisor in my Kiwanis club: "A watch is a purchase, not an investment."

What a true statement! His words helped me escape my short-lived delusions. That said, I still look at watches sometimes on the internet (The Omega No Time to Die watch is sleek looking). One day, I found myself looking at houses online shortly after looking at watches online. Then it hit me: how many purchases are being marketed as investments in this era? A Rolex is a supposed investment in your career, not just a luxury timepiece. A house is a mechanism for monetary growth, not an attainable home to be enjoyed by a family. A college degree is an investment for your future, not a vehicle for building upon passions.

The Bitcoiners will repeat the phrase "fix the money, fix the world" in harmonious chorus to address the concern I have laid out in this article. Ultimately, I leave you with this reminder: don't let the world pass off things that should be inconsequential purchases as investments with ROIs. I believe the only true investment one can make is into the people around them; that will yield the greatest rewards for the soul.

@ 6e64b83c:94102ee8

• Demo: https://blog.nostrize.me
• Source code: nostr-static

Prerequisites

Before using nostr-static, you'll need:

1. Nostr Articles: You can either:
2. Create new articles using platforms like yakihonne.com or habla.news
3. Find existing articles on Nostr

4. Copy the naddr string from the article (usually can be found in the address bar)

5. Author Profiles: For each article's author:

6. Copy their public key (pubkey)
7. Visit njump.me/npub1xxxxx (replace with the actual pubkey)
8. Copy the nprofile string from the page

These identifiers (naddr for articles and nprofile for authors) are essential for the tool to fetch and display your content correctly.

Features

Core Functionality

• Index Page: A homepage featuring your blog's title, logo, article summaries, and tags
• Article Pages: Individual pages for each article, including:
• Title and logo
• Article summary
• Full content
• Tags
• Comments (via ZapThreads integration)

Social Features

• Comments: Integrated with ZapThreads for decentralized commenting
• Nostr Connect: Seamless integration with window.nostr.js (wnj), supporting NIP-46 bunker connect

Content Organization

• Tag Pages: Browse articles filtered by specific tags
• Profile Pages: View articles from specific authors
• Manual Curation: Select and order articles by adding their naddr strings (see NIP-19)

Customization Options

• Themes: Choose between dark and light mode
• Branding:
• Custom logo
• Custom blog title
• Network: Specify your preferred Nostr relays

Technical Requirements

• Profile Format: Authors must be added in nprofile format (see NIP-19) for consistency
• Automatic Updates: Built-in scripts for:
• Windows Task Scheduler
• Unix/Linux cron jobs

Getting Started

1. Fork and Clone:
2. Fork this repository to your GitHub account
3. Clone it to your local machine or use GitHub Codespaces for a cloud-based development environment

4. Watch this quick tutorial to learn more about GitHub Codespaces

5. Configuration: Set up your config.yaml file with:

6. Blog title and logo
7. Theme preference
8. Relay list
9. Article naddr strings

10. Author nprofile strings

11. Content Selection: Add your desired articles by including their naddr strings in the configuration

12. Author Selection: You have to add the nprofile strings of the articles. This is needed for URL consistancy.

13. Build & Run: Follow the instruction in the README at https://github.com/dhalsim/nostr-static

14. Deployment: Choose your preferred static hosting service and deploy the generated HTML files

15. Updates: Set up automatic updates using the provided scripts for your operating system (For github pages)

Deployment Options

GitHub Pages (Recommended)

GitHub Pages provides free hosting for static websites. Here's how to set it up:

1. Enable GitHub Pages:
2. Go to your repository's Settings
3. Navigate to "Pages" in the menu
4. Under "Build and deployment" > "Source", select "GitHub Actions"
5. Enable Actions by following the GitHub Actions settings guide

6. Go to the "Actions" tab in the top menu. If you see the message "Workflows aren't being run on this forked repository", click the "I understand my workflows, go ahead and enable them" button

7. Custom Domain Setup:

8. Purchase a domain from your preferred domain registrar
9. Create a CNAME record in your domain's DNS settings:
   • Type: CNAME
   • Name: @ or www or a subdomain you prefer (depending on your preference)
   • Value: YOUR_GITHUB_USERNAME.github.io
10. In your repository's GitHub Pages settings:
    • Enter your custom domain in the "Custom domain" field
    • Check "Enforce HTTPS" for secure connections
11. Wait for DNS propagation (can take up to 24 hours)
12. Your site will be available at your custom domain

Other Hosting Options

You can also deploy your static site to any hosting service that supports static websites, such as: - Netlify - Vercel - Cloudflare Pages - Amazon S3 - Any traditional web hosting service

Why nostr-static?

nostr-static offers a unique solution for bloggers who want to leverage Nostr's decentralized content while maintaining a traditional web presence. It combines the best of both worlds:

• Decentralized Content: Your articles live on the Nostr network
• Traditional Web Presence: A familiar blog interface for your readers
• Easy Maintenance: Simple configuration and automatic updates
• Flexible Hosting: Deploy anywhere that supports static websites
• Social interactions: Leverage nostr for comments

Conclusion

nostr-static makes it easy to create a professional blog from your Nostr long-form content. Whether you're a seasoned Nostr user or new to the ecosystem, this tool provides a straightforward way to share your content with both the Nostr community and traditional web users.

Start your Nostr-powered blog today by visiting the demo and exploring the possibilities!